Otia imperialia = Recreation for an emperor 9780198202882, 0198202881

Table of contents :
x-li
l-ixc
1-16
18-129
128-165
164-233
234-309
308-397
396-423
422-549
548-601
600-701
700-781
780-857
856-905
904-1013

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x

P R EF ACE

first appeared in 1999 in our printed lecture Gervase o/Tilbury and the Encyclopaedic Tradition (Leicester, 1999). Philip Stell has assisted in computerizing the index. We are indebted to our copy-editor John Cordy for his vigilance, and to Anne Gelling who has seen this work through the press. Finally, SEB would like to thank her community for allocating Gervase a cell and allowing her time for the work. Their patient forbearance has been reminiscent of that of the friends of Sir Thomas Underwood at the end of Trollope's Ralph the Heir: 'Nevertheless, let us hope that the change of air may tend to future diligence, and that the magnum opus may yet be achieved. We have heard of editions of Aristophanes, of Polybius, of the Iliad, of Ovid, and what not, which have ever been forthcoming under the hands of notable scholars, who have grown grey amidst the renewed promises which have been given. And some of these works have come forth, belying the prophecies of incredulous friends . . . .' S.E.B. J.W.B. QJ.idenham York [999

CONTENTS

XlI

Abbreviated References

xxv

INTRODUCTION I. II.

xxv

THE AUTHOR THE OTIA IMP£RIA.LIA

Date of composition, tide, and structure 'A description of the whole world' . , 'A comparison of the priestly and ktngly powers 'The marvels of every province' III.

tV. V.

lxiii

THE MANUSCRIPTS

Descriptions of the manuscripts The status of N The relationship between N and

fJ;

Stemma

HISTORY OF THE TEXT THIS EDITION

Orthography and word order . Treatment of place names and biblical quotaUons VI.

xJCXviii xxxviii xlii xlviii Iv

COMMENTARY ON THE LORD'S PRAYER AND OTHER WORKS

!xiii Ixxix lxxxiii Ixxxv \xxxvii

Ixxxix xc

xcii xcvi

LIST OF SIGLA XCVII

PLATES TEXT AND TRANSLATION BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III APPENDICES

1. Addenda in fJ but not in N II. Other addenda not in N m. Commentary on the Lord's Prayer Indexes

ABBREVIATED REFERENCES

ABBREVIATED REFERENCES

AASS

Acta Sanctorum, ed. J Bolland et al. (Antwerp, 1643- ) Achard, Description C. F. Achard, Description historique, giographique et topographique ... de la Provence, 2 vols. (Aix, 17&]--8) ADB Allgemeine Deutsche Biographit, 56 vols. (Leipzig, 1875-1912) Anderson, Alexander's A. R. Anderson, Alexander's Cate, Cog, and Gate Magog, and the Inclosed Nations (Cambridge, Mass., 1932) Apuieius, De tieo Socratis De deo Socratis, in Ap.lie: Opuscules philosophiques et fragments, ed. J Beau;eu (Paris, '973) Athanasius, Vila Antonii v.ta S. Antonii (PC xxvi); Vita Antonii: La plus ancienne vernon Jaline de /a vie de S. Anloiu par S. Athanase, ed. H. Hoppenbrouwers, Latinitas

Augustine, CW. Authentica

Barlow, Edward the Confossor

Oulstianorum Primaeva, xiv (Nijrnegen, 1960) De ' quinquagesimus ilIe, quia runc erat Loth, ut dicunt, quinquaginta annorum, uel quia runc erat quinquagesimus annus' ex quo Dominus Iocurus est Abrae

of the Chaldaeans, in which Haran is buried, and his tomb is still pointed out there. I2To Seth, son of Adam, was born a son who was called Enos, which means 'human being' or 'man', signifying his possession of strength and reason; for he was the firs! to start calling on the name of the Lord. Perhaps he was the first to invent words of intercession for calling on God. But the Hebrews mostly think that he devised images for worshipping God, and that he erred; or perhaps he made an image of God to arouse people from their sloth and make them remember God, as is done today. I2 13But then Josephus" says, speaking of Abraham: He first dared to proclaim God to be the sole Creator of all things, and he was able to renew and reform the opinions which other people held concerning God. This truth he inferred from the changing phenomena of land and sea, from the occurrences which affect the sun and moon, and from all the alterations which are constantly taking place in the heavenly sphere. Berosus the ChaIdaeanl5 also makes mention of Abraham, saying: In the tenth generation after the flood there was among the Chaldaeans a man versed in heavenly matters." Some even say that Abraham trained Zoroaster, the inventor of the art of magic, in knowledge of the stars. 17This Zoroaster was Noah's son, Ham, called by another name; at this time he was still alive and was reigning in Bactria, but Ninus, son of Belus, king of Assyria, conquered him. This same Zoroaster wrote down the seven liberal arts on fourteen columns, seven of bronze and seven of brick, to safeguard them against both judgments; his books, however, were burnt by Ninus." "In addition Abraham used his knowledge of the Slars to institute the year of jubilee on his return from the slaughter of the four kings. I9 The year of jubilee is the fiftieth year, when captives are released. The name jubilee comes from jobel, which means 'release' or 'beginning'. The reason why the fiftieth year was established as the jubilee-year is that Lot was then, so they say, fifty years old, or else that il was then the fiftieth year since the Lord spoke to

110

f errauerit MSS; errant Comeslor ~ effigiauerit Deum MSS,' effigiauit Dominum Comntor J de supplied by author N J super XQ • abrahaam Tlfith aam supplied by QusluJr N • uiuens IUpplied by tJUlJwr N .. lie XQ' bractria N Z -que QI; enim X ; quod N :I est em. N .. annus supplied ~ aUIItm(l) N

a. Comestor, Gm., c. 29 (PL exeviii. 1080); Gen. 4: z6. Porro ... celestibus rebus expertus] Cf. Comestor. Gen., c. 44 (PL cxcviii. 1(92). 14 O. Josephus, Am. i. 155-6. IS cr. ibid. i. ISS. Berosus, or Berossus (&.341)-£.2.70 Be) W3S a priest of Bel, and author of the Greek BabykmiD&a, a history of Babylon, lost in its original form. An abridgement, made in the first century Be by Alexander Polyhistor, is also lost, but excerpts from it have come down to us in the works of Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, Oement of Alexandria, and othen. See Stanley M. Burstein, Tile 'Baby/olf.i.at:a· of BeroSS'US, Sources and Monographs, So"""" from the Ancient N= wI, i (s) (Malibu, 1978), 5-It; I. P. Cory, A1Ui.ml FraprmlS (London, 1876), pp. 't-j-So. 12-12 Seth ... sicut hodie fit]

III

I.

13-13

16 O. ComCStor, Gen., c. 41 (PL cxcvili. 10(5). On the Persian sage and prophet Zoroaster, see A. V. Williams Jackson, Z()l'(J4Jter: The ProjMI (Jf A1fGietu It'{~,. (New York,

1919). 17-17 l3-IS

QIi ... libros aus combussit] Cf. Comestor, Gen., c. 39 (PL cxcviii. logo). Ad hee . . . imiwi. in tcrris (p. 112)] Cf. ibid. e. 47 (PL cxcvili. I09S). Every

fiftieth year was observed by the Jews as a year of jubilee, when slaves were freed and possessions restored (Lev. 25: S-(7). 19 Gen. I flJ/Q1P Vel si forte ... maculasse helow Cf. Josephus, An'. iii. 135. ingressa .. . 'ex genere suo'] Cf. Comestor, Gen., c. 33 (PL cxcvili. I083-4); Gen. 6: 19-20, 7: 2. U The Comestor's point is that, although no animals were eaten before the flood, their narures already made them either suitable or unsuitable as food: 'Vel tunc dicta sunt immunda, quu: etiam tunc naturaliter esui hominum non erant aptl. Ideo dixi, natunlitez, quia nulla adhuc ad edcndum roocessa' ('Or else those animals which even then were not naturaUy suited to human consumption were already caned unclean; I said "naturally", because up to that time no animals had been granted as food'). U It was believed that some creatures, such as fleas, did not always reproduce sexually, but cou1d be generated from various substances; cf. OM, i. 8; Augustine, Civ. xv. 27 (CSEL xl (.J. , .. : PL xli. 475)· t7-n lngresso ... ob aeris purptioneml Cf. Comestor, Gm., c. 34 (PL cxcvijj. 108+); Gen. T II, 20; OtitJ, 1. 12, PP·76-7· 23

2+-~

159

2& Gervase has (probably accidentally) omitted the 'apertae sunt' ('were opened') found in both the Vulgate and the Comestor's text. 29-J9 Cf. Cicero. De re puh/~Q, vi. 18. 19; Macrobius, Commenram, ii. 4. 14. Gervase has added this comment 10 the Cornestor's material, just as he did in i. 12 above. 10 The meaning of i1liti4tes in this context is obscure; cf. Comestor: 'Abusive quilibet aquarum meatus dicuntur initiales, id cst cataract2e.' n Mark 13: 31. l2,..Jl

Cf. Glossa qrJintJria, PL cUv. ~; Eccles. r; 4.

160

GERVASE OF TILB U RY

OT/A IMPERIAL/A, I. '5

iterum: 33Celum aerewn, de quo aues celi; unde Petrus: 'Celi aUlem, qui nunc sunt, c.t terra OOdem uerbo repositi sunt, igni reseruati' , aperte docens quia non" alii celi sunt igne perituri quam aqua perditi, id est inania et nebulosa. b 33 Et iterum super MatheuID, 'Celum et terra transibunt', 3; id est: 35Innouabuntur, deposita priori forma, manente autcm substancia, unde dicitur: 'Terra in etemum stat. u: 3S Vel si forte tunc erant montes, potuit napar sa.crificiorum et ignis tantum ascendisse et aera tan tum maculasse. 36

''This is the airy heaven, to which belong the birds of heaven; and so Peter said: 'But the heavens and the earth which are now, are kept in store by the same word, reserved for fire', teaching plainly that no other heavens are to perish in the fire than the ones which were destroyed by the water, that is, the empty and cloudy heavens.''' And again the gloss on 'Heaven and earth shall pass away'''' in Matthew explains: ''They shall be renewed, putting off their fonner appearance, while the substance remains; and so it is truly said: 'The earth abides for ever.'" Alternatively, if by chance the mountains were in existence then, the smoke from burnt offerings could have ascended to such a height and caused such pollution of the air."

xxv. Egressus ah area expositio II

hMense secunda, septima et uicesima die mensis, dixit Dominus ad Noe: Egredere de arca, tu et uxor tua, et filii tui, et uxores filiorum tuorum.' Coniuncrim illbentur exire, qui disiunctim intrauerant. 1 Tunc enim 'dixit Deus' ad Noe: 'Ingredieris' in aream tu et filii tui," uxor tua et uxores filiorum tuorutn, J ac si diceret: Tempore affiictionis uacandum" est ab amplexihus. 2 Tempore uero egressionis af peuitentia et spiritu contribulato,' 'tunc redit tempus amplectendi. Vnde mox subiunxit illud originale mandatum: 'Cressite et multiplicaruini." Huic quoque consonat Apostolus cum ait ut uir' et uxor ad tempus earnali inuicem fraudarentur debito ut uacent oratioui. ' ~uia uero maxime timebat Noc ne Dominus iterum aquas diluuii .. non om. GI(JSSa

~

aubuJosa N

.. Egressus ab area expositio, 1Pith expositio supplied ~ author N; Egressus ab archa A; om. C; Expositio I; De egressione Noe ab archa XQ • Deus supplied by author (ctwm:tmg Dominus) N; Dominus AQ C ingmlieris XI; ingredietis NAQingrediens C ~ et add.. after tui ]+,." ~ uocandum N fa] et N , uir supplied by author N 3)....]3 Celum ... inania et nebulosa] Cf. G/qJM ot'JitUJria, loco cit.; :2. Pet. 3: 7; and see above, i. I, D. 32. The Gwss, like the Epistle of St Peter, says that the heaven which will be destroyed by fi.rt: is 11. replacement of the one which was destroyed by water; the tUm inserted in the text bert: (see appantus) would seem to prodooe the opposite sense, but in fact Gervase means that in each case it is the lowest, airy heaven that is in question, successive appearanoes of it being destroyed while its 'essence' or 'substance' remains

unch2Jlg Porro Aerocerauni dicuntur propter altitudinem et fulminum ictus; j Grece enim fulmen} ceraunos dicitur. s Vel acros ignis, ceraunia i summitas, propter ardentes surnmitates ex ictu frequentium fulminurn./6 Sane 'a fonte Tigridis usque ad Carras ciuitatem, inter Massagetas et Parthos, mons est Ariobarzanes. m A Carris' ciuitate usque ad oppidum Cadippi, inter Bactrianos et Yrcanos, mons est Memarmali,' ubi amomum nascitur; a quo proximum iugum Parthau dicitur. Ab opido Cathippi usque ad uieum Saphrim, inter Dahas," Sacaraucas, et Partienas, mons est Oscobares, ubi Ganges oritur et laser nascitur.' A fonte fluminis Gangis usque ad fontes' fluminis' Ortorogorre qui sunt' a septentrione, ubi sunt montani Paropanisade, mons est" Taurus. A fontibus Ortorogorre usque ad ciuitatem Onorogorre, inter Chunos, ~ Scithas, et Gandaridas, mons est Caucasus. Vltimus antem, inter Eoas et Passiadras, mons Ymabus x uel Ymauus/ b linera mutata in u,)!; ubi flumen Chrysorhoas" et promontorium Samara orientali excipiuntur' occeano. 19itur a monte Ymauo, hoc est' ab imo Caucaso et dextra parte arienris, ubi occeanus Sericus tenditur, usque ad promontorium Boreurn et flumen Boreurn (unde dicuntur Yperborei montes)! inde tenus Scithico mari quod est a septentrione, usque ad mare Caspium quod est ab occasu, et usque ad extentum Caucasi iugum quod est ad meridiem, Yrcanorurn et Scitharum gentes sunt quadraginta tres,' propter terrarum infecundam diffusionem late oberrantes.' Porro 8Annenia regia sita est inter TaurWD et CaUcasUID, a Capadocia usque ad mare Caspium protensa, ab eurtY habens mOntes Acroceraunos, ex quibus collibus Tigris oritur. In his quoque montibus archa post diluuium sedisse perhibetur,8 in monte

the Albani; it affords passes in that region. The mountains from the Caspian passes to the Armenian Gates, or right to the source of the river Tigris, betwt;en Armenia and Iberia, are called the Acroceraunian mountains? They acquired this name because of their height and their susceptibility to lightning strikes; for the Greek word for lightning is KEpaVVOS' Alternatively the name may be derived from o.KpOS meaning 'fire' and KEpavlIla meaning 'summit', on account of their summits being on fire as a result of being struck so often by lightning.· Then 'from the source of the Tigris to the city of Carrhae, between the Massagetae and the Parthians, comes the Ariobarzanes range. From the city of Carrhae to the town of Cathippus, between the Bactrians and the Hyrcanians, is the Memarmalian range, where the halsam-shrub grows; the mountain next to this range is called Parthau. From the town of Cathippus to the village of Saphri, between the Dahae, the Sacae, and the Parthians, is the Oscobares range, where the Ganges rises, and the asafoetida-plant grows. From the source of the river Ganges to the springs of the river Ottorogorra, whicb lie to the north where the Paropamasidae Mountains are, is the Taurus range. From the springs of the Ottorogorra to the city of Ottorogorra, between the Chuni, the Scythians, and the Gandaridae, is the Caucasus range. Last, between the Eoae and the Passyadrae, where the river Chrysorhoas and the promontory of Samara meet the eastern ocean, is Mount !mabus or, changing the letter b to a v, !mavus. So from Mount Imavus, that is, from the end of the Caucasus range and the right-hand side of the east, where the Seric Ocean extends, to the promontory of Boreum and the river Boreum (from which the Hyperborean Mountains take their name), and from there to the Scythian Sea in the north, to the Caspian Sea in the west, and the Caucasus chain stretched out to the south, forty-three tribes of Hyrcanians and Scythians live. They lead a far-ranging nomadic existence because of the vast tracts of barten land.' Next, 8the region of Armenia lies between Taurus and Caucasus, stretching from Cappadocia to the Caspian Sea. To the south-east it bas the Acroceraunian Mountains, the bills in which the Tigris has its source. It is said that it was also in these mountains that the ark came to rest after the flood, 8 on the highest peak in the Taurus range,

226

[22'

lll

j fluminis) nUllius N fulminum ictus fl./; Ouminum iactus NACX; fulminwn iactus (ictus MS C) Isidore j fulmen QI; £lumen NACX i cerania N 1 fulminum co"tcting fluminum N. fulminum Afl]; f1uminum Ariobarzanes OrMius; Cariobarzanes MSS "Carris I tlIUI OrosifJs; Carras He • Memarmali IUpplied iy aulh"., N; Momannali {J , Dahas Oromn; duas MSS f oritur (correcting nascitur) et laser nascitur mpplied hy author N • fontes Orosiu.s; fontent MSS ~ fulminis N • est XQ .. est supplied hy autiwr N; om. Orosi#s • Chunos Onmw; hyrcos NA, Yrcos Cl, yrcinos fl., Yrcanos X • Eoas o,.OJoo; coos Ne; eos AfJ .. Ysmabus N Y Ysmauus N .. Ymabus uel Ymauus ... in uJ Imauus Orosiw • Otrysorhoas Orosiw; Criscitoas (- tor2S X) MSS ~ excipiuntur supplied by fIlUM,. N ~ est supplied by author N ~ unde dicuntur Yperborei montes om. Orosiw • xlii OrosjlU f ab euro] a septentrione lMiwt I

ex

...

S

227

C( Isidore, Etym. xiv. 8. 6.

Isidore's etymology is correct; r1.1(POV means summit. a fonte ... diffusionem late oberrantes] Cf. Orosius, Advenvm pagll1Wf, i. 8-a Armenia. diluuium sedisse perhibetur] Cf. Isidore, E/ytII. xiv. 3· 35. 6

7_7

2. 41-'7.

GERVASE OF TILB U R Y

OTIA IMPERIAL/A. II. 5

qui' est altissimus Tauri" montis et i Ararath publice uocatur. Est autem Ararath regio in Atmenia carnpestris, per quam Araxes fluit, iocredibilis ubenatis, ad radices Tauri montis.i 'Est autem duplex

commonly called Ararat. Ararat is also an area of flat land in Armenia, at the foot of Mount Taurus; the Araxes flows through it, and it is a region of incredibl~ richness. 'Armenia consists io fact of two parts, Upper and Lower Armenia.' The chief city io one of its parts is Tarsus, the second of the sees subject to the apostotic see of Antioch; in the other part of Armenia the chief city is Anavarza, which is the seventh of the sees subject to the apostolic see of Antioch, as we noted io the last chapter. There is also Lesser Armenia, containiog the city of Nicopolis. Now the tribes of the Amazons are found io the north, between the Araxes, the river of Armenia which flows down into the Caspian Sea, and Mount Taurus. '''These are women who go iota battle like men;'· they are called Amazons because they live together without menu It is said that Father Liber first led them onto the battle-field, and in consequence he himself is represented with a woman's body.'2 These women cut off one of their breasts, lest its movement should hinder them when they draw back an arrow on the bow-string; they expose their male babies, but rear the female ones; whenever they are ready to offer themselves for sexual iotercourse, they cross the river, but once they have conceived they return to their own land, where they await the time of childbirth under arms, with arrows at the ready. There are some women warriors of this kind in the territory of Constantinople, whom the Latins call the Cumanae. 13The Amazons' neighbours are the Massagetae (whose name means hefty or strong), the Colehi, and the Sarmatae. Also in that vicinity are the Seres, socalled after the eastern town of Seres; this town has given its name to the Seric region, the Seric Sea, the people, and the fabric [uestis Serica beiog silk].13 I do not recall ever haviog come across the singular form of this word, except in Sidonius, where he says:

Armenia, superior et inferior,9 in quarum altera metropotis est

Tharsus, secunda scilicet sedes Anthiocene sedis apostolice; io altera uero Armenia metropolis est Anauana, que septima sedes est Anthiocene sedis apostolice, ut proximo titulo distinximus. Est et io Armenia mioore ciuitas Nicopolis! Enimuero inter' fluuium Araxem- Annenie in mare Caspium decurrentem et montem Tauruffi, a septentrione Amazonum gentes sunt, IOfemine ut uiri preliantes,10 sic diete quia simul sine uiris

manent. lI Has fertur primus Liber pater io exercitum duxisse, unde et ipse io muliebri corpore depiogitur."12 Hee mamillarum unam prescindunt ne ipsius fluxu sagittarum et arcuum prepediatur extentio; masculas exponunt, feminas nuttinnt; quotiens ad coitum se exponnDt, flumen ttansuadant, et concipientes ad se redeunt, sub armis et sagittis pariendi tempus expectantes. Huiusmodi' uiragines in partibus Constantinopolitanis Latini Cumanas nomioant. "His coabitant Massagete (quasi graues, id est fortes), et Colchi et Sarrnathe; Seres quoque e uicino sunt, sic dicti a Seres opido orientis, a quo regia Serica et mare Sericum et gens et uestis nomen accepit; 13 cuius singulare non memini me legisse preter quam io Sydonio, ubi ait: Ergo ubi se mediam SOliD dedit (scilicet Roma) aduolat ornnis Terra simul; fert queque suos prouincia fructus,

et post pauca,

Ser uellera, thura Sabeus.P 14 I que N • auri N . cst altissimus Tauri montis et om. p i Est autern Aranath . .. montis] om. p .. Est est in Armenta . . . Nic:opolis] om. P I inter mpp/ieJ by IJwluw N • Jic I; Ararim NAQ • Has fertuc primus . .. depingiwr] mpplied by 0111/107 N • buius NCX ' De his 1egitur in epistola A.1e:undri ad Aristotilem., mense augusto per feruentes sole arenas et egentia humoribus Ioca, profectus sum in Bactriacem et ad abditos Seres, quod genus hominwn follis arborum decerpendo Ianuginem ex siluestri uellere uestes dete:mnt 1Idd. after Sabeus XQ (er Episto/Q AkxIJNin', ed. Boer, p. 7)

'-9

Cf. loe. cit.

IGo-tO Cf. Hanorius, De imagine mund~ i. 18 (19) ( ed. Flint p. 58 = PL cl:xxii. I:a.7). II Cf. Isidore, Etym. ix. z. 64,. This etymology is based on the Greek ¥a {wv ('tiving together'). Il cr. Comestor, Iud" c. 7. Incidentia (PL cxcviii. 1277); Jerome, Cln-onUIJ, PL xxvii. 2]4. In the first of Dionysus' many military exploits, he invited certain Amazons to march with rum against the Titans and restore King Ammon to the kingdom from which he had been expdkd.

229

So when she (that is, Rome) ensconced herself on a throne in their midst, Every country immediately rushed to her feet; each province Brought her its own produce,

and a few words further on: The Serian brought soft silk, the Sabaean frankincense. 14 1;"-13 His .. . uestis nomen accepit] cr. Honorius. De imagin~ mrmt/i. i. 18 (19) (ed. Flint = PL clxxii. 12.7), The words in parentheses are taken from Isidore. Esym. ix. 2 . 63: 'Et dicti Massageae quasi graves, KI est fortts Getae.. 14 a . Sidonius Apollinaris, Cdrmina, S. U. -40-3: 'Ergo ut se mediam solio dedit, advolat

p. 58

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. 5

ISpost hane est Bactria/ a Bactr"io" amne uocala. t.:xhinc Hyrcania, dehinc Scithia, post hanc Armenia, cui iungitur ad austrum Hyberia; illi uero Capadocia:; a ciuitate eiusdem nominis sic dicta: in hac eque de uento concipiunt, sed fetus non amplius triennio uiuunt;15 quod et in ultimis Yspanie finibus euenire dicunt. Nunc ad mare Caspium redeamus, quod I·sub aquilonari plaga ab occeano oritur, cuius utraque circa occeanum littora local deserta incultaque habent.' Inde meridiem uersus per longas angustias tenditur; dehinc per longa spacia dilatatum' Caucasi montis radicibus terminatur. Itaque a'" mari Caspio quod est ad orientem, per ora:ud7

"Next to this land is Bactria, named after the river Bactrus; then comes Hyrcania, then Scythia; next to Scythia is Armenia. Iberia lies on the soutbern l>order of Armenia, and it in turn borders on Cappadocia, so called after the city of tbe same name. There are mares in Cappadocia whicb are impregnated by tbe wind, but their progeny do not live for more tban three years." They say that the same thing happens in the remotest parts of Spain. Let us now return to the Caspian Sea. l"This sea starts from the ocean in tbe north-eastern region; its coasts on both sides in the ocean's vicinity afford only barren, uncultivated terrain. From there the sea extends towards the soutb through a long, narrow channel; it then spreads out over a wide expanse, ending at the foot of Mount Caucasus. And so, from the Caspian Sea in tbe east, along the edge" of the northern ocean as far as the river Don and Lake Maeotis in the west, round the shore of the Cimmerian Sea to the south-wesl, to the peaks and passes of Caucasus in the south, there live thirty-four tribes. However, the general name for the nearest part of this area is Albania, while the region beyond it, up to the sea and the Caspian Mountains, is known as the land of the Amazons.'· Albania takes its name from a/bedD (whiteness), because the people of tbat country are born witb white hair." They call themselves descendants of Jason. They have a bright spark in their eyes instead of a pupil, by means of which they can see more clearly by night than by day. They live in Asiatic Scythia next to the Amazons." There are huge dogs there, of sucb ferocity that they overpower bulls and kill lions.20 Further, the Hyperboreans dwell on tbe near side of the Rhiphaean Mountains to the north-east. Their country lies on tbe axis on whicb the world turns. Tbese people enjoy permanent good health because of the mildness of the air. They live in groves and feed on the fruit of the trees. It is said that wben they have had enough of the weary 21 business of living, they sununon death to take them.

23 0

occeani septentrionalis, usque ad Tanaim fluuium et

f.

2.

Meotides~

paludes que sunt ad occasum, per linus Cimerici maris quod est ab affrico, usque ad caput et portas Caucasi que sunt ad meridiem, gentes sunt triginta quatuor. Sed generaliter regio proxima Albania, ulterior uero sub marl et monte Caspio Amazonum nominatur. 16 Dicitur autem Albania ab alhedine, quia illic' gentes albo crine nascuntur. 18 oCf{i se posteros Iasonis dieunt, in quorum occulis est" glauca macula pro pupilla, unde plus nocte quam die uident. Hi iuncti Amazonis' in Asiatica Scithia habitant.. 19 Illic ingentes canes sunt tanteque feritatis llt premant tauros et leones perimant. 2o Porro citra Rifeos montes ad aquilolnem sunt Yperborei, apud quos axis torquetur. Gens ilia sub aeris clementia continua sanitate uiger, in nemoribus babitat, fructuque arborum uescens, satiata uiuendi tedia mortem fertur accersire. 21

~ Bactro Honorius • litora et loea Orosiw f babentur delatatum N ., Itaque a Orosius; ibique MSS ,. oram Meteodides N Y ibi x~· hie I - Hi .. . Asiatica Scithia .. est C; om.. NA • Anazonis N habitant] supplied by author N; om. P f

23 1

Bactriam N

Orosius Orosius

II

Z

omnis I Terra simul tum quaeque suos provincia fructus I Exposuit: fen Indus ebur, Chaldaeus amomum, I Assyrius gemmas, Ser vellera, lura Sabaeus', etc. IS-I S Post ... amplius triennio uiUWlC] a. Honorius, De imAgine mundi, i. 18 (19) (ed. Flint p. 58 = PL elm. 127). 16-16 sub aquilonui .. . Caspio Amazonwn nominaturJ Cf. Orosius, Advet'~m paganos, i.

2.48-50.

The noun (WrJ was often treated as n. pI. rather than f. sing. in medieval Latin; see also II; cf. Paul the Deacon, HL ii. '7 (ed. Waitt, p. 83); Isidore, Etym. v. ~9. 2. 18 Cf. Isidore, Etym. xiv. 3. 34; Honorius, loco cit. 19 cr. Isidore, Etym. ix. ~. 65; Pliny, Hist. nat. vii. 2 . 12. For other stories of remarkable eyesight, see Liebrecht, pp. 83-4. :zo cr. Isidore, Etym. xiv. 3· 3421 a . Pliny. Hist. MI. iV". 12. Be); Pomponius Meta, i. 2. 4, iii 5. I. The Hyperboreans were believed to throw themselves from a clifT when they reached old age; CC. the country where no one ever dies, mentioned in Otia, i. 14. For other ways of dealing with the problem of old age. sec above, ii. 3, n. 23· l7

Otia, ii. 8, at n.

232

vi. De

GERVASE OF TILBURY distintlione~

Asie minoris

Explicuimus Asie maioris statum: nunc Asiam minorem terminemus. 'Asia ergo minor, absque orientali pane que ad Capadociam Syriamque progreditur, undique ci.rcumdata est mari: a seplentrione ponto Euxino, ab' occasu Elesponto (ubi ciuitas est Amasia)' atque Propontide, a meridie mari noStTO' quod ~b aquilone montem Taurum et terram Amazonum prospectat. 2dTransito coim mari quod dicitur Brachium sancti Georgii, occurrit prima Grecia protensa ad Filadelfiam, ubi caput est Turchie et terra soldani Yconii. Terminus ergo' Turchie Pons Durilli, et ita ad Finamiliam, et inde ad Smimam, et inde ad Yconium. Est et alia uia per Filadelfiam. A Constantinopoli ad Yconium sunt duodecim mansiones, exinde ad Antiochiam totidem. Terminus Turchie et Armenie superior!" sanctus Godichus' et Eraelea, > inferior terminus castrurn Salef et uroo Satalia, que sunt soldani. In Yconio ciuitas est Ysauria. Post Yconium Minnidonia, post quam Capadocia, que capud est Sirie!'

Sane 3p rirna prouincia minoris Asic Bitinia est, primo Berica, secundo Migdonia, tereio a Bitinio rege Bitinia nuncupata; in qua est ciuitas eodem nomine dicta' Bitinie portus est Aeon, a quo Aconite. In ea est ciuitas Elionopolis! In Asia est ciuitas Artane. 'Est j et Nicomedia, a' Nicomede rege constTucta. Est et Calcedonia, est et Nicea, a quibus concilium Calcedonense et sinodus Nicena magna.' Mare uero quod Niceam respicit dicunt quinquaginta passibus coartari.' Est et in ea Iuliopolis. 6E8t et Bitinia maior, in qua est Smyrna' ciuitas, a Teseo • distinctiooe] diffinitione N ~ ob N < ubi ciuitas est Amasia supplied by Qutlwr N; om. Orosirn #-.J Transito . .. capud est Sirie] supplied by IJllliwr N ; tmf..p • ergo N; oero AC f superior ttl.; superius NAC I Godrithus A AI Cnclea N ; Elionpolis No' In ea est ciuibS Elionopolis om. p i Est supplied Iry lJulltor N .. a ruppliell by IJwluw N J Sinima N 1-1 Asia .. . meridie mari nostro] Cf. Orosius. Advemnn paganos, i. 2. 2.6; Isidore, Elym. xiv. 3. 38. 2...2 Transito . . . capud est Sme] Here and elsewhere in this chapter the author added supplementary material from an unidentified medieval source. The information in this source was evidendy rather confused; here, for inStance, Isauria was in fact the name of a province, whiJe Iconium was a city. POM Durilli is probably Dorylaeum; Satalia is Attalia, or Antalya (&ee 0tUJ, ii. 12:, D. IS). J-l Cf. Honoriu$, De itrfQgine tmmdi. i. 19 (20) (ed . Flint p. S8 = PL duo. (27); Isidore, Elym. xiv. 3· 39· ....... Cf. Honorius. Ioc. cit.; Isidore, 1oc. cit.; Gervase has added the references to Otalcedoo. The Fowth Ecumenical Council was held at Cllalcedon in 451; the First

OTIA IMPERIAL/A. II. 6

233

6. The Various Regions of Asia MinOT

We have described l he arrangement of Greater Asia: let us now define the regions of Asia Minor. 'Asia Minor, then, on every side but the east where it leads into Cappadocia and Syria, is surrounded by sea: to the nom by the Euxine Sea, to the west by the HeUespont (where the city of Amasia lies) and the Propontis, and to the south' by our sea, which looks towards Mount Taurus and the land of the the Amazons to the nonh. 2After crossing the sea known as the Arm of St George, one finds oneself in the first province of Greece, which extends as far as Philadelphia. There Turkey begins, and the territory of the sultan of Iconium. Pons Durilli marks the Turkish border; traveUing by this route one comes to Philomelium, then on to Smyrna, and so to Iconium. There is also another route which passes through Philadelphia. It is a twelve days' journey from Constantinople to Iconium, and the same again from Iconium to Antioch. St Godric and Heraclea are on Turkey's upper border with Armenia, while its lower border runs through the town of Salef and the city of Satalia, both belonging to the sultan. In Iconium is the city of Isamia. Beyond Iconium is Myrmidonia, and then Cappadocia, which is at the head of Svria.' Now 'the first provin';' of Asia Minor is Bithynia; it was firstly called Bebrycia, secondly Mygdonia, and thirdly Bithynia after King Bithynus; it contains a city of the same name.' The pon ofBithynia is Acon; the Aconitae take their name from this place. Bithynia also contains the city of Helenopolis. The city of Artane is situated in this part of Asia, 'as is Nicomedia, built by King Nicomedes; also Chalcedon and Nicaea, which gave their names to the Council of Chalcedon and the great Synod ofNicaea.' They say that the sea which faces Nicaea is only fifty paces across.' Juliopolis is in Bithynia too. 'There is also Greater Bithynia, which contains the city of Smyrna, Ecumenical Council was held at Nicaea in 325. On the terms (omilium and synodus. see above, 0. 4. n. 119· S Nicaea was situated on a lake; however Isidore says (£IyrtJ. xiii. 16. 3), speaking of the Propontis: 'mox in quingentos passus coartatur, fitque Bosphorus Thracius' ('soon it narrows down to fifty paces, and becomes the Thracian Bosphorus'), so it may be the Bosphorus (known as the Ann of St George) that is meant here. 6-4 Est ... nomine Galatbe dicuntur (p. 234)] Cf. Honoriu$, De imlJgitN mtmJj, ;.20 (2r) (eel FUnt pp. s8--c) = PL cb:xii. (27); Isidore, £tym. xiv. 3. 40; see also Appendix i. "'" at n. 3. The first phrase in Honorius reads: 'Bithinia quoque dicitur Major Frigia' ('Bithynia is also called Greater Phrygia').

234

235

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. 6

constructa. Huic iungitur Galacia, a Gallis dicta, quos Bitinius M rex in auxilium uocauit et post- uictoriam eis terram diuisit. Primum Gallogreci dico, ·quasi Galli Grecis admixti, nunc ex antiquo Gallorum nomine Galathe dicuntur. 6 Est autem in Galatia ciuitas

built by Theseus. Adjoining Bithynia is Galatia, called after the Gauls whom King Bithynus summoned to his aid; they were victorious, and he subsequently shared his country with them. At first they were called Gallograeci, as being Gauls mixed with Greeks, but now they are called Galatians, from their old name of Galli.' The city of Ancyra is in Galatia. 'After Galatia comes Phrygia, which contains the city of Scicia. The country is named after Europa's daughter Phrygia, or else after Aeneas' brother Phrygius or Phrygas, who was the first ruler there. It 7 is also called Dardania, after Dardanus, son of King Dardanus. It contains Laodicea, Sardis, and Ephesus; 'in Ephesus, a city built by the Amazons, John the Evangelist was laid to rest.' Egaea, Pergamum, and Philadelphia are in Phrygia. 9Also in this part of Asia is Troy, built by King Tros; it is also called Ilium, after King Ilus.' The Roman empire, the kingdom of Great Britain, and the kingdom of the Franks all trace their origins to this city. Its destruction was their beginning, as will be made clear below in the section on the kingdoms, where these three kingdoms will be treated, under God's guidance. "Troy's neighbours are Lycaonia and Caria. The river Herrous, famous for its golden sands, flows through Caria. Then comes Lydia, named after King Lydius, brother of Tyrrhenus; there the city of Thyatira is found. Next comes Isauria, so-called from the breeze (aura) by which the whole country is fanned. After Isauria comes Cilicia, named after the city of the same name, which Cilix, son of Agenor, built. Mount Amanus, also called Taurus, is in Glicia. There too is the city of Tarsus, which was built by Perseus; it enjoys renown because the apostle Paul lived there. Next come Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia." The chief city of Lycia is Myra; under Myra's jurisdiction is the city of Patara, birth-place of St Nicholas." Also in Lycia is LystTa, which features in the Acts of the Apostles;" Derbe too is there, and Samos'" The city ofPerga" is in Pamphylia, the city of Cersona in Lycia. "Then comes Pontus, the home of many

Ancira," 'Hane sequitur Frigia, in qua Scicia ciuitas, a filia Europe Frigia sic dicta, uel a Frigio, net Friga, fratre Enee, qui illic primus regnauit! Hec et Dardania, a Dardano,' tilio regis Dardani; sic appellata. 7 In hac est Laodicia, et Sardus, et 'Efesus, in qua requieuit Iohannes euuangelista, ciuitas ab' Amasonibus constructa. 8 In hac est Egea, Pergamum, et Filadelfia. 9In Asia est Troia, a Troio rege constructa. Hec et niwn, ab Ilia rege. 9 Hec Romani fnit imperii, regni Britannie maioris, et regni Francorum exordium. Eius quippe excidia illorum fuerunt' exordia, ut in contextu regnorum inferius apparebit, ubi de istis tribus regnis, Deo duce, tractabitur. JO I1Sane Troie adiacet" Licaonia et Caria, ubi fluit'!> Hermes· fluuius, aureis arenis famosus. Inde Lidia, a Lidio rege, fratre Turreni, dicta; in hac' est ciuitas Tiatira. Deinde Ysauria, ab aura qua undique perflatur dicta. Post hanc Cilicia, a ciuitate eiusdem nominis appellata, quam Glix filius Agenoris edificauit. In hac est mons Amana,Y qui et Taurus. In hac est ciuitas Tarsus, a Perseo constructa, Pauli apostoli inhabitatione gloriosa. Exinde Lisia et Pisidia' et Pamfilia. 1I 'In Licia metropolis est Mirrea, sub qua urbs Pathera, natio sancti Nicholai;12 et in Licia est Listrys, de qua in Actibus Apostolorum;13 est et Darben; est et Samus.14 In Pamfilia est ciuitas Pergen, " in Licia ciuitas Cersona. a 16Exhinc Pontus, multarum gentium regio, a qua fJ

... Bythinus HotWrius .. Est autem in ... Ancira] supplitd by autll(" N,- om. p and • in qua Scicia ciuitas om. fJ and Hrmonus ' uel a Frigio . . . regnauit] supplied by author N; om. fJ and Honoriw ' a Dardano] adardano altertd to ab ardano N ~ filio regis Dardani (Dardania N)] Jovis £Ilio Ho"mius lind Isidore , ab om. N I sunt XQ " adiacent Ho"onus ,. fluit] fuerunt N • Hennus J lind Jsidqn; Henni HOfUJ1"iw • ha N 7 Amara fJ .. Pisidia td.; POOia Honoriu.s; Persida NC,. Persidia P - In Licla metropolis . Cersona] supplied by aUlhor N; et in Licia ... Cersona] tra'JUf!OUd t(J nul (Jfchaptn' C,- (1m.. P

Hononus

Hanc. ... Dardani, sic appe1lata] U. Honorius., loc. cit. s-e Cf. Honorius, De imagine tmmdi, i. 19 (20) (ed. Flint p. 58 = PL clxxii. 127).

1-1

,...., Cf. Honorius, De imagine mundi, i. 20 (21) (ed. Flint p. 59 ;;; PL clxxii. 127); l!,,;dore, Etym. xiv. J. 41. 10 See Olia, ii. 14-18. 1l_1I Sane ... Pisidia et Pamfilia] Cf. Honorius, De ;magitll ~, i. 20 (21) (ed. Flint p . 59 ;;; PL clxxii. 127-8); Isidore, Etym. xiv. 3. 41-6. IZ St Nicholas, more familiarly known as Santa Cbus, was bishop of Myra in the fourth century.

I.

Il Acts '4-= 6; 16: 1,2. As sated in Acts, Lystra and Derbe were in Lycaonia.. The Ionian island of Samos is mentioned in Acts 20: 15. IS Acts '3: I)-I+; 14: 2S. 16-16 O. Honorius. De imafiM mu.tIdi. i. zo (21) (ed. Flint p. 59 ;;; PL clxxii. 128); Gervase has added the phrase: 'ud antea ut alii perhibent' . Ckment I, generally reckoned to Mve been Peter's third SUCCtsSOt as bishop of Rome, was said to have been sentenced to hard labour in the Crimea and to have suffered martyrdom there; cf. Otia, ii. 23, at n. 74· The term Pontus was used both of the district of Asia Minor between Bithynia and Armenia., and of the region around the Black Sea (which was also called Pontus) in general. 14

237

GERVASE OF TILBURY

aTIA IMPERIALIA, II. 7

mare Ponticurn, ubi Ouidius et postea sanctus Oemens, nef antea ut alii perhibent, exilio relegantur. 16 'Illic est Thomis ciuitas, de qua Ouidius: .

peoples; the Black Sea is called the Pontic Sea after this region. Ovid, and St Dement after him, or before as some claim, were sent into exile there. 16 :rhe city of Tomi is found there, of which Ovid

Naso Thomitane nondum nouus incola

terr~ r;

wrote: Nasa, no recent dweller now in the land of TomiY

et ciuitas Gneocesarea. j

The city of Neocaesarea is also there. vii. De Europa a parte septentrionis'

7. The Northern Pari of Europe

Post decursam Asiam tam maiorem quam minorem, consequens est Europam describere, que la septentrione incipiens, occidentali occeano terminatur, ubi apud Gades insulas Columpne uisuntur Herculis. I Ciuitates quoque specialius' Europe nominabirous, tum quia illarum certior est noriem, tum quia c frequentins in ipsa episcopatus et metropoles nominatim disringuuntur. 2A montibus ergo Rifeis ac Tanay fluuio Meotidisque paludibus, que sunt ad orientem, per latus" septentrionalis occeani usque ad Ga1liam Belgicam et flumen Renum, quod est ab occasu, deinde usque ad Danubium, quem et Istrum: qui est a meridie, et ad orientem directus, marl Pontico excipitur. Ab oriente Alania est, in medio Dacia, ubi et Guthia/Porro dicitur Europa ab Europa rege, uel ab Europa Agenoris Iilia2 In hac uersns septentrionem sunt montes Rifei, a' perpetuo flatu sic dicti; narn rifen Grece Larine sonat 'impetus'.' Sane inter montes Rifeos et occeanum regio lata propter solis absentiam infesto frigore premitur ac glacie perpetua, ideoque terra hec inhabitabilis est. Utic circulus cst septentrionalis, 4a Grecis arctos dictus, et 4 septentrio a septem stellis." In superiore Rifeorum montium capite fluuius ... lllic ... et ciuitas Gncocesarea] svIPlitd by Gneoasarea] .... XQ

IJUt/wr

N; om. 1; de qua Quidius .. _

.. septentrionali XQ ~ specialius supplied by author N < quia] que N 6 litus Orosiw • uocant add. after Histrum Or()siw; Dominant A; dicimus 1 f Gothia 1 and Orosius ' a supp&d by author N j et supplied by alU/wr N , steIlis] fdlis N 17

Cf. Ovid, Ex PQ1f.to, i. t.

I.

Tomi was a town in Moesia, on the west coast of the Black

Sea.

a. QJ'OSius, Ailvertum pagano!,

i. 2. 4 and 7; Isidore, Etym. xiv. 4. 2. J-2 A montibus . . _ Europa Agenoris filial Orosius, Adumul'll JNlgtllfOS, i. 2. SZ--3; Isidore, EIym.. xiv. 4. 1---4; Honorius, IR imapne mundi, i. 21-2 (22-3) (ed. Flint p. S9 == 1_1

Now that we have completed our account of Asia, both greater Asia and Asia Minor, our next task is to describe Europe. Europe lbegins in the north and ends at the western ocean, where the Pillars of Hercules are seen near the islands of Cadiz. 1 We shall give fuller lists of the cities of Europe than we did for those of Asia, partly because our knowledge of them is surer, and partly because Europe is more densely populated with bishoprics and archbishoprics known to us by name. 2So then, Europe starts from the Rhiphaean Mountains, the river Don, and Lake Maeotis in the east; it runs along the shore of the northern ocean as far as Gallia Belgica and the river Rhine in the west; it then comes down as far as the Danube in the south; this river, also called the Ister, flows eastwards, and empties into the Black Sea. In the east is Alania, and in the centre Dacia; Gothia is also in that region. Europe takes its name from King Europa, or from Europa, daughter of Agenor.' In northern Europe are the Rhiphaean Mountains, so-called from the perpetual gale that blows there; for I"'I>~ in Greek means impetus (blast) in Latin.' Between the Rhiphaean Mountains and the ocean there is a wide area which is held in the grip of relendess cold and perpetual ice, owing to the absence of the sun; this land is consequendy uninhabitable. This is where the northern zone is, 'called iipK'ros by the Greeks; it is also called seplentrio from its seven stars (seplem stellae).' At the upper end of the Rhiphaean Mountains is the source of the river Lentulus, which flows into Lake Maeotis between

a

PL elxxii. (28). Alania, Dacia, and Gothia were the provinces of Lower Scythia (sec below). .J U. Isidore, Etym. xiv. 8. 8. 4-4 a. ibid. iii. 71. 6.

OTIA IMPERIAL/A , II. 7

GERVASE OF TILBURY

Lentulus exurgens medius inter Alanum} S et tluuium Tanaim 6Meotydes implet paludes; que longe post, inferius a fluuio Tanay (a Rifeis qUOQue· montibus descendente, postquam preteriit aras ac terminos Alexandri in Roboscorum' finibus sitos), inmensa exundatione iuxta Theodosiam urbem Euxinum' pontum latius ingrediuntur. 6 Vnde usque ad Euxinum'" pontum 'mare" dulce' uocatur ab indigenis. Sic ab Eusino descendit mare Ponticum ex opposito uersus occidentem,' unde et illud uulgare comparationis abusiuum prodiit: 'mare Ponticum dulcius est Adriatico." Exhinc a flumine Lentulo, et post hec a flumine Alano latius diffunduntur. SEst autem Tanays r"3' fluuius a Tano rege I dictus.· • A Tanay ergo fluuio prima Europe regio Scithia inferior nominatur, que a' Meotidis paludibus, inter Danubium et occeanum septentrionalem, usque ad Gennaniam porrigitUl; cuins, ut diximus, Sane ex diuerso prima pars Alania, post eam Dacia et Guthia. Dade uersus septentrionem est Scatanauia, occeani insula, de qua Burgundiones tempore Tiberii imperatoris egressi dicuntur, sic Burgundiones apellati quia burgos singulares primi fecerunt ad inhabitandum. 1O "Porro a Danubio usque ad Alpes ex quibus oritur est Germania superior, a germinando populos sic dicta. Hec uersus occasum Reno, uersus aquilonem Albio flumine terminatur;l1 qui et ipse de Alpibus oriens mare Ponticum ingreditur.,12 Inter Germaniam et Meotides paludes ab oriente Wandalorum gens ferocissima habitat, inter quam et paludes Meotidas pereque Sarmate' habitant, a quibus mare Sarmaticum dicitur, quod a fluuio Sarmatico et Wandalo, flumine Wandalorum, et Danubio uersus orientem impletur13

f'

J sit: X.. Abanum N, Albanum Q. Albanos I .. sic P; Toboscorum N Exunnum N .. Exinum N .. mare om. XQ • Sic ab Eusino ... occidentemJ mppli4d hy a~tJu,,' N I a om. {J ( Gothia I tmd Isidore , Item 3 of tlu AtJ4md4 i1 integrQud at this poi," ill X and Q (ue Ap~ i. 3)

I

• Sannaate N S The names Lentulus and AIanus probably have their ultimate source in Isidore, Ety1fI. 0:. 2. 93- 4= Lentulus occurs there as a personal name., and the Alani are said 00 be so-called after the river Lanus. U Meotydts ... pontum latins ingrediuntur] Cf. Orosius, ~ '~iIIIIn. i. 2 . 5; see aJso Otis. ii. 2, D. 9, and ii. I, D. -40. 1 This saying is derived from a fragment of SalJust (HistoriM. iii. 65). known through the grammarians; see SaDust, Hist~ rt/iqrl.iM. ed. B. Maurenbrecher (Leipzig, I&}I3), ii 139. where full references can be found. The point at issue is that it contains an improper use of language: Servius, commenting on At1leid, xii. 143. observes that Sallurit says that the Pontic Sea is sweeter than others 'cum nullum dulce sit' ('though no sea is sweet'; Servius, Commentarii, ii. 592); cf. Isidore, Etym. xiii. 16. 4. EGlovos (hospitable)

239

the Alanuss and the river Don. Much further on, below the river Don 6(which also flows down to it from the Rhiphaean Mountains, after passing the altars a,nd boundary stones of Alexander situated in the territory of the Rhobasci), Lake Maeotis merges with the Euxine Sea near the city of Theodosia, sending a great stream right out into the sea.6 As a result the sea as far as the Euxine is called 'the freshwater sea' by the local inhabitants. Now the Black Sea runs down to the west opposite the Euxine; hence arose the popular saying which makes a comparison in incorrect terms: 'The Black Sea is sweeter than the Adriatic.'7 After receiving the waters of the Don, Lake Maeotis is further swelled by the river Lentulus, and later by the river Alanus. SNow the river Don (Tanais) is named after King Tanus· 'The first region of Europe, heginning from the river Don, is called Lower Scythia. It stretches from Lake Maeotis up between the Danube and the northern ocean as far as Germany. The first part of Lower Scythia, as we have said, is Alania; then come Dacia and Gothia.· Then, opposite Dacia towards the north, there is Scandinavia, an island in the ocean. The Burgundians are said to have come from this island in the time of the emperor Tiberius. They got their name of Bu'gundiones from the fact that they were the first to build separate fortified towns (bu'g') to live in.'· "From the Danube to its source in the Alps is Upper Germany, so-called from its engendering (gmninando) of peoples. This country has the Rhine as its boundary to the west, and the river Elbe to the north;" like the Danube, this river rises in the Alps and flows into the Black Sea.'2 Between Germany and Lake Maeotis in the east lives the fierce tribe of the Vandals. Again, between the Vandals and Lake Maeotis live the Sarmatians. The Sarmatian Sea is named after them; this sea is fed by the river Sarmaticus, the river Vandal, which flows through the Vandals' territory, and the Danube to the east." was in fact an epithet of the Black Sea, but here and elsewhere Gervase (or his source) takes the Euxine and the Black Sea 00 be two separate seas (cf. D. 81 below). Isidore, Etytft. xiii. 21. 24; Honorius. De imagine rmuuIi. i. 21 (22) (0:1. Flint p. S9

.... a

; PL cluii. ..8). ,.... A Tansy ... Dacia et Guthia] O. Honorius, De imagine '"~ i. 22 (23) ( ed. Flint p. 59 = PL cWW. IzS); IsXIo,., Ety>o. xiv. 4- 310 Cf. Orosius, Atlvtfl1lltJ plJftIIUIs. vii. )2. II-I2; Isid~ Etym. ix. 2 . 99. ix. -4. 28. 11-11 Cf. Honorius. De ilftagiM mundi, i. 23 (2-4) (ed. Flint p . 59 = PL clxxii. 128);

Iiidore, Etym. nv.

-4 .....

The Elbe actually flows into the North Sea. B The Sarmatians were a Slavic people, dwelling from the Vistula to the Don. The Black Sea was often caUed the Sannatian Sea (e.g. Ovid, E~ Pomo. iv. 10. 38; cf. Otia, ii. 2, n. 9). ~ski identifies the river Vandal as the Vistula (or Wisla: 'Zc Swdy6w', p. 157; l:l;

GERVASE OF TILBURY

141n regione Gennanie superioris est Sueuia, a Sueuo monte dicta.

Post hanc Alemania, a flumine Lemanno, unde Lucanus: tentoria fi.xa Lemanno. H

Legitur tamen in Passione Tebeorum quod lacus Gebennensis Lemannus dicatur,t' quem Rodanus infiuit. 16Illie et Rechia. In Sueuia' nascitur Danubius,16 qui et Yster/' unde poeta: binominis Yster. 18

aTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. 7

141n the region of Upper Gennany is Suevia, called after Mouot Suevus. Next comes A1emannia~ named after the river Leman, as in Lucan's: tents pitched by Leman. 14

In The Passion of the Thebans, however, one reads that Lake Geneva also has the name of Leman;I' the Rhone flows into this lake. I°Raetia is likewise in that region. In Suevia is the source of the Danube, I. which is also called the Ister; I' and so the poet calls it:

Hic sexaginta preeipuis fluminibus cingitur," et septem ostiis ut Nilus

the Ister with its two names.I8

diuisus mare Ponticum ingreditur;19 Vsurgens" in Sueuia, ab Alpibus

descendit per Bauariam et hine per Austriam; exhinc per Hyniam, a qua Alpes ascendens' 20 grande facit precipicium; exhinc terram Grabati' pertransit, diuisionem capiens aput Brandiz super Danubium::r;21 TIline uerSllS septentrionem sunt Cumani,22 adorantes quicquid illis mane occurrit primo. Illie Gete et Coralli."" 24A diuisione Danubii' usque Constantinopolim suot uiginti quatuor diete uersus eurum. Primo enim occurrit desertum Bulgarie, quod est terra Blacti,''' ubi uicus Rauanel et uicus Nifa. In fine deserri est" ciuitas Straliz,26 caput Romanie. Exhinc Finipopulis,z' post quam Andronopolis,28 exinde' Constantinopolis; aput Constantinopolim est Brachium sancti Georgii, mare coartatum! A quo ad Yconyum duodecim diete; et exinde ad Anthiochiam pereque duodecim'·v 24 , Sucuia] hac fJ slid HonoNus " augetur I and Hrnwriw - surgms ... Anthiochiam ptteqlle duodecim] wpplUd by Author N; Dicunt alii quod Danubius, surgens a Sueuia, transit per Bauariam et postcl per Austriam, exhinc per HWliam. et sic incidit Ystrwn et Mister Tanaym. Taruris per quinque hostia Meotides paludes implet et sic cadit in mare. Alia duo hostia &c:iWlt Brachiwn sancti Georgii J • erum odd. after surgens XQ • desoendeos A ' GraLitij N .. exhinc terram . . . • Illic Gete et Danubium] et diuisus apud Branda terr-am Grabati pertransit XJl Coralli om. XQ • Danubie N < blaca N ~ est om. XQ. ~ et inde XQ f aput Constantinopolim . . . coartatum] ubi mare coartatum dicitur Brachiwn sancti Georgii XQ 8 ad Ant. pereque duodccim] totidem ad Ant. XQ see below, n. 38), and points out that Gervase apparendy believed that the Baltic Sea (into which the Vistula flows) and the Black Sea (into which the Danube. flows) joined up somewhere in the &r east. From the ninth century onwards, 'Vandals' was often used as a t:enn for 'Wends' (i.e. Slavs); see e.g. Gerhard, Miracuw s. UdDlrici, c. 22 (MGH SS, iv. 423): 'quidam dux Vandalorum Misicho'. 14....14 Honorius, loe. cit.; Isidore, Etym. ix. 2. 1)4; Lucan, Ph4nlllia, i. 31}6. Honorius says that Alemann.ia and Ractia were both alternative names for Suevia (= Swabia). This is more or less right, though hetia was south of Alemannia.. IS Cf. Eucherius, PMSio, p. 3+ On the Theban Legion, see Otia, iii. 35, n . 10. 16-16 Honorius, De imagjPfe mwul~ i. -:13 (2.f.) (ed. Flint pp. 59-60 = PL clxxii. 1-:18).

This river is joined by sixty principal tributaries, and enters the Black Sea divided, like the Nile, into seven mouths. I. Mter rising in Suevia, it descends from the Alps through Bavaria, then Austria, and then Hunia; from there it climbs back into the Alps20 and produces a great waterfall; after that it crosses the land of Croatia, and divides at Pozarevac. 21 North of there are the Cumani,22 who worship the first thing that meets them in the morning. The Getae and the Coralli live there." 24From the division of the Danube to Constantinople it is twenty-four days' journey to the south-east. First one comes to the wilderness of Bulgaria, which is the territory of Blactum,z' where the villages of Rawanica and NiS are fouod. On the edge of the wilderness is the city of Straliz,20 the capital of Romania. Then there is Philippopolis," after which comes Adrianople,28 and then Constantinople; alongside Constantinople is the narrow strait of the Arm of St George. From there to lconium it is twelve days' journey; it takes another twelve to travel on from there to Antioch.24 17

Cf. Isidore, Etym. xiv. 4. 17.

19

Cf. Hooorius, loe. cit.; Isidore, Etym. riii.

18

Cf. Ovid, Ez PQftw. i. 8.

II.

21. 28.

20 Unless Gervase believed that rivers could flow uphill, his tMcnukns would seem to ~ a mistake; certainly the scribe of A thought SO (see apparatus). The reference to a waterfall here may possibly suggest confusion with the Rhine. 21 For the identity of the terril Grahati and BrllnJiz, see K~bski. 'Ze Srudyow', p. 153. nn. 7 and 8. Z2 The Cumani were the inhabimnts of the region known in antiquity as Cumania Minor, now part of modem Hungary. 23 The Getae and the Coralli are mentioned by Ovid (Ex POlliO, iv. 8. 83-4). u....z~ A diuisione ... Anthiochiam pereque duodecimJ This passage seems to have been drawn from one of the many guides for pilgrims which were produced in the crusading era; cr. e.g. Descriptio iti:fterir in terram sancia"., in Corpus "istoM". medii aevi., ed. J. G. Eckhart (Leipzig, 1723), ii. 1345-S, at col 1345. The last sentence of this passage also occurs in the fim paragraph of Otilz., ii. 6, likewise as pan of a margiIW supplement. II Possibly Belgrade. 16 Now Sofia. rJ Now Plovdiv. 211 Now Edime.

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. 7

'''Est et in Gennania superiore Noricus, que et Bauaria,29 inter quam et Vngariam ue! Huniam est Austria, que uulgo dicitur Austerica. Post Austriam est Bauaria/ cui et J' Austriei iungitur Boemia, quam tangit a septentrione 30Saxonia gens 'ualida, et propter sui fortitudinem et robur quasi saxorum sic appellatur.'o Inter Saxoniam et Vasfaliam' est Albis tluuius. Est autem Vaslillia cuius gentes Sueui31 dicuntur." Porro nab Albio tlumine usque ad occeanum Germania inferior nuncupatur, in qua est Albia regio, que uersus aquilonern occeano terminatur. In hac est terra Danorum et Norucia,n sed terra Danorum proximior Germanie m Saxonice;" post Daniam Norucia, post Norueiam Russia uersus septentrionem, mari interposito, quod cum mari Britannico et glaciali uicissimo insulis intercurrentibus' continuatur; unde per mare de una ad aliam facilis sed longus est transitus. 33 In istis' occeani insulis girfalei ex altissimis rupibus in mare dependentibus' e!iciuntur artificiose. Sed et in Germania inferiore est terra Marcomannorum; terra occeano a septentrione, montibus a meridie clausa. "Sunt autem babitantium omnium in Gennania superiore et inferiore gentes quinquaginta quatuor. 34 Nunc' quicquid Danubius a barbarico ad mare Mediterraneum secludit expediam 3S Est itaque duplex Pannonia, superior et inferior. Superior respicit ab euro Moesiam, a circio ortum fluminis Danubii; inferior Pannonia Alpes conti net a circio, et Alpibus, ut Lombardia, clauditur. 36 Vocaturque regio illa Barbarica propter barbaras gentes ipsam inhabitantes." Hanc asserunt Vngariam ue! Huniam dici, unde

~oricus, also called Bavaria, is in Upper Germany tOO.29 Between Noricus and Hungary or Hunia is Austria, which the people caU Austerica. Next to ,Austria is Bavaria, and bordering on Bavaria and Austria is Bohemia. ""The mighty Saxon race touches on Bohemia to the north; their name comes from their endurance and strength, in wbich they resemble rocks (sa.ra).30 Between Saxony and Westphalia is the river Elbe. It is the tribes of Westpbalia who are known as the Suevi. 31 nThe land between the river Elbe and tbe ocean is called Lower Germany. It contains tbe region of Albia, which is bounded by the ocean to the north. The land of the Danes is in this region, as is Norway." The land of the Danes is the one nearer to Saxon Germany; beyond Denmark is Norway, and beyond Norway, across the sea to tbe north, lies Russia. This sea is linked to the British Sea and the ice-bound sea, with islands breaking its expanse in between. And so it is easy to cross the sea, going from one island to another, though the distance is 10ng. 33 On these islands of the ocean gerfalcons are sldlfully lured down from the highest cliffs overhanging the sea. Also in Lower Germany is the land of the Marcomanni, a land hemmed in by tbe ocean to the nortb and by mountains to the south. "In all there are fifty-four tribes living in Upper and Lower Germany." I shall now set down the territory which the Danube separates from the land of the barbarians, down to the Mediterranean Sea.'s So then, Pannonia is a twofold country, consisting of Upper and Lower Pannonia. Upper Pannonia faces Moesia to the south-east, and the source of the river Danube to the nortb-west. Lower Pannonia has the Alps to the north-west; like Lombardy, it is closed in by tbe Alps.36 That region is called Barbarica on account of the barbarian tribes living in it. 37 They say that the part where the race of tbe Huns originated is called Hungary or Hunia. The precipice of the Danube

~ inter quam et . . . Bauaria]

• cui et} cwn N j que dicitur uaIida . . gentes Sueui dicuntur J propter sui robur sic dicta, fortis enim et ualida quasi saxea. XQi Inter Saxoniam et .. . dicunturJ citra quod est Constantinopolis et ultra est prima Grecia et Asia minor, post quam maior Grecia que et Tarthia dicitur, ubi est Yconium, post quam Minnidonia J I Vastaliam N - Germane N • Frisia (Fusia Q) in media constituta add. 4ft" Saxonice p • in IMid. after uicissim N ' uicissim ... intercurrtntibus] supplkd by autlwr N 'irtis C.. istarum NAP • dependentibus] deprehendentibus N ' De Barbaria (Barbania X) et Romania et (et om. X) insulis Romanie add. as titk before NWlCXQ Ostelrica add..

4ft" Austrie XQ

b1fl.

.xQ W

Honoriu$, De fm4Pne mundi, iZ4 (25) (ed. Flim p. 60 = PL clxxii. (28). Gervase here displays non-traditional geographical knowledge, as noted by L. S . Otekin, 'Mappae Mundi and Scandinavia', Scandinavian Studies, Ixv (1993). 493--434-34 Cf. Orosius, Adversum P4gIJtWS, i. 2 . 53. 3S cr. ibid. i. 2 . 54; Isidore, Etym. xiv. 4-- 5. Orosius goes on to list the countries to the south and west of the Danube; Gervase, however, describes only Pannonia, and then treats of 'Barbarica', the land to the north and east of the Danube. 36 Cf. Orosius, Advroum paga1Ws, i. 2. 60; Isidore, Etym. xiv. 4. 16. n a. Isidore, Etym. xiv. 4. 3. JZ..J2

33

...... U. Honorius, 1X iMogine ......a;. i. 23 (24) (ed. Flint p. 60 = PL clnii. ,28). ~ Isidore, Etytff.. ix. z. 100. 1I The eastern boundary of Westphalia is and was normally taken to be the Wcser, not the Elbe. Gervase's referenQe to Swabians is puzzling, but may reflect knowledge of the 'Saxon Swabians': see ongo gentis SlIeVOt"Um. ed. H.-E. Lohmann and P. Hirsch, in W~ mbNlUlti CorbeiensiJ ,.erum gest4rUm Sazonictmlltl libri tres (MGH SRG, Ix (Hanover, 1935), 155-61).

a:

a

243

GERVASE OF TILBURY

Hunorum gens orta est, in qua est precipicium Danubii, qui exinde mare ingreditur.' Huic iungitur Bulgaria, quam Macedouiam dicunt inferiorem, et est · in Europa, ex qua fnit Alexander,· inter mare Adriaticum et Alpes Vngarie, deinde Sclauonie' uersus orientem. Porro inter Alpes Hunie et occeanum est Pollouia, sic dicta in eorum ydiomate, quasi Campania; que a Wandalo flumine suo terra dicitur, ut ab ipsis indigenis accepi: 38 Wandalorum. Polloniarn in uno sui capite contingit Russia, que et Rutenia, de qua Lucanus: Soluuntur flaui longa statione Ruthcni. 39

In hac gensX Rutenorurn, otio torpens, uenandi studio et crapularum tedio data, uix regionis sue terminos egreditur; sed cumY peregrinandi quempiam animus tangit, seruos suos, quorum apud eos% copia, ad id explendum mittit, pro labore itineris completi libertatis illi conferens retributionem. Inde est quod illi, mendicantes aliena subsidia, tam nudi quam miseri incedunt, ab omnibus conchristiauis et gentilibus contempti; nullum inueniunt inimicum aut depredatorem, quasi de iUis illud scriptum sit: Cantabit uacuus coram latrone uiator. 40

f.23'

Porro Rutenia ad orientem uersus Greciam porrigitur, centum ut dicunt dietis in longum extensa, cuins ad mare Norueie proxima ciuitas Chio. In capite uero quod est uersus Hyniam, ciuitas Galicia. Inter Pollouiam et Russiam sunt duo fluuii quorum nomina sunt, secundum uulgaris illorum lingue interpretationem, Aper et Armilla. 41 Polloniam uero respicit quasi ab occasu ciuitas Russie Lodimiria. Inter Russiam et Greciam sunt Gete, Placti: et Coralli, paganorum I gens ferocissima, caruibus crudis utens pro cibis. Sed et I in qua est ... ingreditur] mlP/ied by Ardlwr N • quam Macedoniam dicunt . .. Alexander] supplied hy lI~t"M' N • ScJauonie supplied by dJII/wr N • ut ab ipsis iodigenis accepi supplied by dut/w}f N "gens SJlpplied by tJuthor N Y cum supplied hy tJutAor N '" est IIIIJ. after eos I • Planti XQ; Planeti I

18 This Phrase. written in the margin of N, provides valuable support for identifying the lwtd of the marginalia with that of the author. couched as it is in the first person. It also indicates that the infonnation in this passage was derived from an oral source, from one or more natives of Poland; further confirmation of this is provided by the two references to

the local language ('in eorum ydiomate' and 'secundwn uulpris illorum lingue interpretationem '). and by the speci6c deWls provided concerning Poland and Russia. K~ski ('Ze Study6w') pointed to the significance of this passage, and argued that Gttvase might have made the acquaiDtance of Vinemt of Cracow. possibly in Bologna; this has been disputed (see Wilkinson. 'The Oti4 lmpni4JilJ J • pp. 1*"10, o. 30). but it remains cleac that Gervase had either talked to people from Poland or visited the country himself.

orIA. IMPERIA.L/A,

[I. 7

is here, beyond which the river flows down to the sea. Bordering on Hungary is Bulgaria, which they call Lower Macedonia, where Alexander came from; it belongs to Europe, and lies between the Adriatic Sea and the Alps, first the Hungarian Alps and then the Siavonian Alps towards the east. Between the Hungarian Alps and the ocean is Poland, the name Poland being the equivalent of Campania in their language. It is known as the land of the Vandals, from the river Vandal which runs through it; I learnt this from the inhabitants themselves.38 Touching on Poland at one end is Russia, otherwise known as Rutbenia, to which Lucan refers: The fair-haired Ruthenians were freed from their long garrison-duty.J9

The race of the Ruthenians lives here in an idle stupor; they give themselves up to their enthusiasm for hunting, and to disgusting drinking-bouts. They hardly ever go beyond the confines of their own region: rather, whenever the urge to travel comes upon one of them, he sends his slaves to satisfy it; they have a great many slaves. In return for the effort involved in making the journey, he bestows the reward of freedom on the slave. As a result those ex-slaves go about both naked and wretched, begging their sustenance from others, despised by all, fellow-Christians and heathens alike; no one they meet proves an enemy or a robber, as if it were of them that it was written: The traveller with nothing to lose Will sing in the face of the robber.'" Ruthenia stretches eastwards towards Greece, extending, so they say, a hundred days' journey in length. The Ruthenian city nearest to the Norwegian Sea is Kiev. At the end facing Hunia is the city ofGalich. Between Poland and Russia there are two rivers whose names, interpreted from the local speech, are the Aper and the Armilla." The Russian city of Vladimir lies opposite Poland, looking westwards. Between Russia and Greece are found the Getae, the PoIowcy, and the Coralli, a very fierce tribe of pagans who live on raw flesh for Lucan. Ph81'1alia, i. 402. Juvena1, Sat. X. 22. 41 Identified by K~trzyJisJci ('Ze Study6w', p. 158) as the Wieprz and the Narev. The Wiepn.: at that time fonned the boundary of the Cracow episcopate. The word a,.",iIIa means 'armlet', and the Polish word for 'armlet' (Nra~) resembles the name of the river Nar(:¥ in East Poland . 39

40

247

GERVASE OF TILBURY

aTlA IMPERIALIA, II. 7

inter Polloniam et Liuoniam'2 sunt pagani qui lazuienses dicuntur. Exhinc uersus sep.tentrionem est Liuonia gens paganorum probissima. Nunc' ad Barbaricam redeamus, 43 a qua ad mare nostrum Moesia est, a messium prouentu sic dicta, que ab oriente habet ostia fluminis Danubii, ab euro Traciam, a meridie Macedoniam, ab a/frico Dalmatiam, ab oecasu Ystriam, a circla Pannoniam, a septentrione Danubium. 43 In hac est ciuitas Dorostorum.' "Tracia' habet ab oriente Proponditis sinum et ciuitatem Constantinopolim que Bizancium dicta est, a septentrione partem Dalmacie et sinum Euxini ponti, ab occasu et affrico sinum Macedonicum:" a meridie Egeum mare. Hec habet Eberum'" fluuium, dictaque est Tracia a Tyras, filio lafet." Porro Bisantium Pausanias rex Spartanorum condidit, et longo post tempore Constantinus adauxit. 16 In Tracia quoque ciuitas Gelduba' ad sanctum Laurenciurn,.r; cimiterium sanete Agnetis, cimiterium fontis saneli Petri, cirniterium Priscille ad pontem Salarium,' cimiterium Cucumeris: cimiterium Trasonis ad sanctum Saturninum, cimiterium sancte Felicitatis, cimiterium Pontianum iuxta cimiterium Calixti,

''There are also the following palaces in the city: the Great Palace on the Palatine, the palace of Severus, the palace of Caudius, the palace of Constantine, the Sessorian Palace, the Volusian Palace, the palace of Romulus, the palace of Trajan, the palace of Trajan and Hadrian where Trajan's column stands, the palace of Constantius, the palace of Sallust, the palace of Camillus, the palace of Antoninus where his column stands, the palace of Nero where Julius Caesar's tomb is, and the palace of Octavian. In the palace of Romulus there are two temples, dedicated to Piety and Concord. Here Romulus set up a golden statue of himself, saying: 'It will not fall until a virgin gives birth.' As soon as the Virgin gave birth, it fell to the ground.'· sorhere are also the following theatres in the city: the theatre of Titus and Vespasian near the catacombs, the theatre of Tarquin and the Emperors at the Seven Floors" (of which Ovid said: 'It was the royal palace oflhe sun'),51 '''the theatre of Pompey by San Lorenzo in Damascus, the theatre of Antoninus beside the Antonine Bridge, the theatre of Alexander beside Santa Maria Rotonda, the theatre of Nero beside the tomb of Crescentius, and the Flamrninian theatre. 52 53The winding column of Antoninus is 175 feet high, and has 203 steps and 45 windows. The amphitheatre known as the Colosseum is 109 submissal feet high. The winding column of Trajan is 138 feet high, and has 185 steps and 45 windows." '"'The city also contains cemeteries: the cemetery of Calepodius by San Pancrazio, the cemetery of St Agatha by the Girolus," the cemetery of U rsus, the cemetery of St Felix, the cemetery of Calixtus near the catacombs, the cemetery of Praetextatus between the Porta Appia and San Apollinare, the cemetery of Gordianus outside the Porta Latina, the cemetery between the two laurels by Santa Helena, the cemetery at Ursus Pileatus by Santa Bibiana, the cemetery in the Campo Verano by San Lorenzo, the cemetery of St Agnes, the cemetery of St Peter's Fountain, the cemetery of Priscilla by the Salarian Bridge, the cemetery of Cucumer, the cemetery of Thraso by San Saturnino, the cemetery of St Felicity, the cemetery of Pontius

I et add. before statim p .. sic XQ; .. theatrum supplied by author N • Antonini Mi,.abilia 'Coliseum Mi,.fJ/Jilia f amfiteantrum N ~ .CVIIJ. Mirabilia J Girolum Mj,.abiJia; titulum MSS r inter] iuxta C and Mi,.fJ/Jili4 .. et] ad Mi,.abilia • Gordiani Mj,.abili4; eoncordianum MSS • duas CQ • Bivianam Mif'fJ/JiliIJ 7 Verano rupplktlily aw/wf' N .c Laurencium] !aurum NI • Solarium NXQ It Cocumeris Stlpplud by auJ/wr N It

auream dieens] dicens auream N

Vaspasiani N

49-4!l Sunt ... pepcrit, iRa comtitJ Cf. Mif'abilia, c. 6. The word palatium, at first used of an imperial residence, came to mean any large and impressive building.

cr. Mi,.abJia, c. 7. Ovid, Met. ii. I. il.--S2 cr. MiTahiUa., toe. cit. S3--5] Pono ... fenestrU quadraginra quinque] a . MiT~. c. 14S4-54 SWlt ... Ciriaci uia Hostiense (p. 268)] Cf. Mvabi/i4, c. 10. S! The Girolus was the circus of Gaius and Nero (sec MiTabilia, p. 24. n. 8; Richardson, p. 83); the unfamiliar word underwent corruption, appearing as ,irulum in the MSS of the SO-&O

51

Otia.

268

GERVA S E OF TILB U RY

O TIA IMPERIAL/A, II. 8

cimiterium sancti Herrnetis et Domicille, cimiteriwn sancti Ciriaci uia Hostiense. S-4

beside the cemetery of Calixtus, the cemetery of St Hermes and DomitiUa. the cemetery of St Ciriacus on the astian Way." Let us now say a linle about the position and construction of the basilica ofSt Peter, since by the special prerogative of its ran.Ic. it is the place assigned for the consecration of the lord pope and of the emperor; for it is fitting that the one who is Peter's successor and the vicar of Christ should receive the power of the keys, which was given to Peter, and be crowned with the imperial diadem, bestowed by the Donation of Constantine," in the place where the earthly emperor, delegate of Christ and the apostles, is glorified with his crown. "Within the palace of Nero, then, is a temple of Apollo which is now called Santa Petronilla. In front of this is the basilica called the Vatican, adorned with a mosaic ceiling, wonderfuUy wrought in gold and glass. It is called the Vatican because the uates, that is, the priests of Apollo, used to sing their offices there in front of the temple of Apollo. There is also another temple there which was once Nero's Wardrobe; it is now called Sant' Andreas. Beside it is the Julian Stone," that is, the stone tomb in which Julius Caesar's ashes are sealed. A tribute to him was splendidly inscribed in gilded Latin letters on brome tablets" upon the architrave of N umidian marble. The jar containing the ashes is adorned with precious stones, and inscribed with these words in the choriambic measure:

Quia uero basiIi;'" sancri Petri ad consecrarionem domini pape et imperatoris speciali sue dignitaris prerogariua pertinet, ut illic successor Petri, uicarius alltem Cristi, potestatem clauium Petro

datam recipiat et ex Constantini munere'· diademate imperiali coronetur, ubi executor Christi ett' apostolorum, imperator terrenus, corona insignitur, aliquantulurn de situ et constructione ipsius

basilice preloquamur. ;'Infra palarium ergo Neronianum est templum Apollinis, quod modo dicitur sancta Petronilla, ante quod est basilica dicta Vaticanum, ex mirifico opere museo auro et d nitro laqueata. e

Dicitur autem Vaticanum quia illic uates, id est sacerdotes Apollinis, sua canebant officia coram templo Apollinis. Est et ibi a1iud templum, quod erat Neronis f uestiarium; nunc dicitur sanctus Andreas. Iuxta quod est luIia petra," hoc est petra tumularis in qua cinis Iulii Cesaris reconditus est, cuins memoria tabulis ereis et deauratis litteris latinis

depicta fuit" solempniter super epistilium lapidis Numidicif alia lapidibus preciosis ornata cinerem continet et hanc scriptucam metricam coriiambicam: 59Cesar, tautus eras· quantus et orbis, Sed nunc in modico clauderis antro.59

'Hoc quoque disticum: i ~i lapis est unus, die qua

fuit arte leuatus. Si lapides plures, die ubi contigui.; 00

olIn paradiso sancti Petri·2 est tantarum' quod fecit Symacus papa, columpnis porferiticis ornatum, tabulis marmoreis cum grifonibus contextum, cum floribus et delphinis ereis et deauratis aquam fundentibus. In medio tantari' est pinea erea, que fuit operculum, ~ Cl om. XQ J et I et N • laqueata supplied by author N I Neronis supplkd by author N • lapidis Num.idici supplied by Ilwhor N .. etas] erat NX H Hoc ... die ubi contigui] supp/~4 by 4uthor N j id est uatid naticum f1Jrittm by autJuw m fainln- ink dhow disticum N Ir canthal'Um MiT8bi/ia I

carnhari Mj,lJ/tilia 56

Cf. Olia, Preface, n. 36. Infra ... Iatinis dcpicta fuit]

cr.

Mirabilia, c. 19sa The obelisk popularly called St Peter's Needle; in the Middle Ages it was believed that the bronze ball on top contained the ashes of Julius Caesar. SJ-st a . MirtJbiJ'4, loe. cit. These two lines form the beginning of a lament written on the death of the emperor Lothar l: see P. and J. BaUerinus, Disqtlisih'OtUS Jt a,.liquis to/ketUmibw (PL lvi. (58); cf. William. of Malmesbury, Gtstll. ,egum AIIK/orum, ii. 194 (ed. 57_57

"Caesar, yoU!' greatness reached to the ends of the earth, But now you are contained in a little box.59

There is also this distich: 60If one, tell by what art this stone was raised on high. If more than one, tell where their joints do tie. 60

61ln St Peter's Pacvis62 is a basin which Pope Symmachus built. It is decorated with columns of porphyry, linked by marble slabs carved with grillins; theee are flowers and dolphins of gilded brome from which water pours out. In the middle of the basin is a bronze pine-cone, which, overlaid with golden sesame seeds (that R.A.B. Mynors et. tJJ. (2 vats., OMT, 199~) , i. 346), where the same lines are referred to the emperor Henry lli. Liebrecht (pp. 87-8) cites other similar epitaphs. 60-60 This couplet only appears in later versions of the Mirabilia. where it is said to have been inscribed in Greek letters; see Mirabilia Rumae. ed. G. Puthey (Berlin, 1869), p. IS. 61-61 In paradiso ... iuxta Iuliam petnm (p. 2 70)] Cf. Mirahdiu . loc. cit. Q ine oourt in front of the basilica was called St Perers Paradise: hence the word 'parvis' (see OED, s.v.).

GERVASE OF TILBURY

aTIA IMPERIALIA, II. 8

cum sisimo'" aureo" (hoc est porno),63 superstratum, ad honoremP Cibeles matris deorum, coftstructum' in forarnine Pantheon. In hanc pinearn subterrane,;, nstula plumbea subministrabat aquam indigentibus quasi per foramina nucum, et quadam fistula duce aqua fluebat ad balnea imperialia iuxta Iuliarn petrarnY Rome papalis sedes est, quinque habens ecclesias patriarchales; Msuntque episcopatus cardinales et speciales' eills isti: Ostiensis, Portuensis, Albanensis, Prenestinus/ Sabinensis, Tusculanus, Tibur-

is, a kind of fruit),63 once served as a covering, set in the opening of the Pantheon, in honour of Cybele, mother of the gods. A lead pipe running underground into this pine-cone supplied water to all who wanted it through holes in the points, as it were; water was also conducted by a pipe to the imperial baths near the Julian Stone.· J The papal see is in Rome. It has five patriarchal churches, and "the following sees, whose bishops are cardinals, are subject to it alone: Ostia, Porto, Albano, Palestrina, Sabina, Tusculum, Tivoli,64 and Rieti. The province nearest the city is Tuscany, as we have said, "which takes its name from !US (frankincense), and sacrificia (sacrifices)." It contains the city of Pisa, and the river Alpheus which flows past Pisa. 66 Then there is 67Campania, narned after the city of Capua, which was built by King Capys;67 to the south Campania borders on our sea. North of Campania lies Apulia, which contains the city of Benevento. Now, as we have said, Apulia is half-surrounded by the Adriatic Sea; and it is a strait of the Adriatic which divides the people ofTaonnina in Sicily from the people of Bruttium in Italy. Beyond Campania and Italy lies "Umbria, which takes its name from imbres (rain), because it was deluged with rain at the time of the flood. And after Umbria comes Etruria, so-called after King Etruscus; its territory extends as far as the bank of the Tiber. There is also Lombardy (Longohardia), so-called from the people's long beards (longi hard.)," lying between the mountains which divide Tuscany from Lombardy, and the Pennine Alps. Lombardy, also called Emilia, is as it were the half-way-point or navel of Italy; for ~I'L- means half, whence we get hemisphere, and the hemiolic proportion, that is, the sesquialter, Or proportion of three to two, giving one and a half. Lombardy is bounded to the south by our sea, and to the north by the Adriatic; it begins at Verona, and ends at Genoa, while Milan and Pavia occupy the centre. To the north of Lombardy is "Venetia, fonning what is virtually an island. It is narned after King Benetus: it &4..64 cr. PR 1-7 (ed. Weidenbach, p. z6.t); there Rieti i~ omitted, appearing later under

rinus,64 Rearinus. Proxima urbi Tuscia est, ut diximus, 65a thure et sacrificiis dicta,65 in qua ciuitas Pise et fluuius Alfeus iuxta Pisas." 66 Exhinc 67Campania, a ciuitate Capua, que a Capuo v rege consttucta est,67 et W a meridie mari nostro iungitur. Habet autem Campania uersus boream ['5' Appulliarn, I in qua est ciuitas Beneuentum. Sane, ut diximus, Appulia mari Adriatico pro media sui parte cingitur. Freto uero Adriatico diuiduntur Tauromenitani Sicilie a Bruciis Italie. Post Campaniam et Italiam est "Ymbria, ab ymbribus dicta, quod ymbribus tempore diluuii superfluit.' Est et post illam' Etrusca, ab Eutrusco rege dicta, cuius fines usque Tiberis ripam protenduntur.' Est et Longobardia, a longis barbis· dicta," inter montes qui Tusciarn a Lumbardia' diuidunt et Alpes' Penninas. Est Lombardia, que et Emelia, quasi dimidium Italie uel umbilicus; emi- enim dimidium sonat, unde emisperium, et proportio erniolia/ id est sesqualtera/ inter ternarium et binarium, continens tatum et eills alteram partern. Lomhardia a meridie mari nastro, a borea man Adriatico tenninatur, cuins inicium Verona, finis lanna; meditullium Mediolanum tenet f et Papia. Huic a borea uelut insulam faeit 6>Yenecia, ab Aueto' rege ,. sirriruo XI; smnia MiraMlia ~ aureo] aereo et deaurato Mj,rdlilio • hoc est pomo suppl~d by author N; om. Mi,.abilia I supersttatwn ad honorem] super statuam Mira/JUia r constructum om. Mirabilia • mbterranc:am N

'sped.aJessuppliedbyIUllM,N I PenestrinusQandPR • in quaciuitas ... ]>;,asl ..pp/;'4 by .raIoor N; .... P • Cap; I w H,,,,,",,, • et ..pp/;.4 by tUUJuw N • supe:rfuit I aruJ HotffJrius Y t.am. /J • cWUI fines usque ... p COtTteh1lg Foc:imm N,. Focinam A,. Rodani C AI in confinio Burgundie ... urbem] om. fJ ; Item 4 of lhe Addenda " irltegrated at fW point i" X (see Appmdiz i. 4)

• a. Jerome, Vita HiJIsriorJis, xiii. 2 (ed. Bast:iaensen, p. len:; PL xxiii. 40, c. Z2). This passage is also quoted by Freculph of Lisieux, CA,onicon, ii. 4. 5 (PL cvi. 1206). , i.e. Cybele; see e.g. Pliny, Bist. M'. xi. IOC). 261; Suetonius, Aug. c. 68; Ovid, FGSt~ ;v- l..(xH;; c[ SnUth, INtWnary, u. Atys. . Cf. ISidore., Etym. D . 2. 105. 7-7 Cf. ISIdore, EIym. iI. 2. 1I4. .... Cf. Honorius, De imIIgine mu.ttdi, i. 27 (29) (ed. Flint p. 6z :; PL cIxxii. 130); Isidore, Erym. xiv. 4. 26; Rahanus Maurus, De rmivmD. xxii. -4 (PL cD. 350); 0ti8. i. zo, n. 12.6. BeIPs here is probably Beauvais, though this does not fit well with the geographkal location. ,...., a Orosius, Ad'fJmUM P"lllnDJ, i. 2 . 63. 10 O. Isidore, Etym. ix. 2. 106; Isidore explains that they were called the Xcnones because they offered hospitality to Liber (~£II6w = offer hospitality). II Cf. Livy, v. 47. ...,; Orosius, Adf>tnrIM p"laM$, ii 19. 5-11; Geoffrey of Monmouth, HRR, cc. 35---44 (= ed. Griscom, iii. I - JO); 0ti4, ii. I, n. 41.

lZ O. Caesar, De btllo Gallieo, i. Ii Pomponius Mela, ii. 74; Pliny. Hist. MI. iii. 4. 31; Die CIwo"a tks Klnstm Pet.mIlMlsm, ed. O. Feger, Swiibische Chronikcn der Staufcrzeit, ;;; (S;gmaringen, 1978),38 (= PL ali;;. 301~ HollOrius, De m..pu..uuli, ;. 2') (29) (ed. F1int p. 62 :; PL clxxji. 130). 1~13 Gens ... rege ytaliam introduxit (p. ~)] cr. Frcdegar, Cllrfmicae iii. 65, p. 110. Paul the Deacon also records versions of these !itOries in HL i. 7-8 and ii. 5 (ed. Waitt,

pp. 52'-3 and 75)·

288

GERVASE OF TILBURY

de Scatanauia (occeani insula de qua Burgundiones sunt egressi, que est inter occeanum et Danubium), cum uxoribus et liberis Danubium transmearunt; cuilujue transeuntibns Huni parassent bellum, Longobardi mulieribus suis cornam capitis ad maxillas mentosque ligarunt, quo potius, habitum uirorum simulantes, plurimam hostium multitudinem simuiarent, comis ad maxillas barbam facientibus. Fertur desuper uox dixisse: 'Hii sunt Longobardi.' Ad hee Longobardi clamant: '~ instituisti nomen, concede uictoriaml' Quo dicto, Hunos superant partemque Pannonie inuadunt. Nee post multum tempus, Narsis l4 patricius, minis Iustini inperatoris eiusque Auguste Sofie perterritus, eo quod ipsa ei apparatu muliebri ex auro facto quia eunuchus erat cum quo filaret direxerat, dicens uti pensa lanaria regeret, non populum. At ille respondit: 'Filum filabo cuins .finem Iustinus uel Augusta non perticiet.' Tunc Longobardos a Pannoniis inuitans cum A1bneno rege Ytaliam introduxit. 13 Porro Gallia quam diximus Belgicam particulares habet regiones: Neustriam seu Normanniam, Boloniam, Flandriam, Andegauiarn, Turoniam, Bituricam, Britanniam Annoricam, k Narbonensem prouinciam. In harum medio "Francia est, a Franco rege dicta, qui de Troia, ut quidam dicunt, cum Enea fugiens populo nomen deditY Sane in Catlralogo " Romanorum et Francorum legimus et iudicum uel r!S

U--26

OTlA IMPERIAL/A, II.

[0

295

The next "part of Gaul, the province of Narbonne, has the Cottian Alps to the east." Between these mountains, the sea, and the Rhone are the following provinces: the province of Aries, which is the capital of the kingdom, the province of Vienne, which boasts the kingdom's chancellery, the provinces of Tarascon, Embrun, and Aix, and part of the provinces of Lyons and Besanl'On. The province of Narbonne 16has Spain to the west, Aquitaine to the north-west, Gallia Lugdunensis to the north, Gallia Belgica to the north-east, and to the south the Gallic Sea, which is between Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. Facing the province, where the river Rhone flows out into the sea, are the islands of Sticados,26 commonly called the Camargue," or 'rich marshes' (carae marchiae); for they are cut off like an island by the Rhone, where it divides into three mouths, and they are unrivalled for their fertile soil, for salt deposits of unsurpassed quality, for still waters and rivers well-stocked with fish, for their hunting, rabbits, fowling, and pasture-land. There, beside the sea-shore, is the oldest of all the churches on our side of the Mediterranean. It was founded in honour of the most blessed Mother of God, and consecrated by some disciples who had been driven out of Judaea and sent out to sea on a raft with no oars; these were Maximinus of Aix, Lazarus of Marseilles (the brother of Martha and Mary in the gospel), Eutropius of Orange, George of Velay, Saturninus of Toulouse, and Martial of Limoges, all of whom were numbered among the seventy-two disciples. 28 Martha and Mary Magdalene, along with many other people, were present at the consecration." An ancient tradition of indisputable authority holds that under the altar of this basilica, which was pounded out of earth'· of Mary Magdalene had been discovered at Vezelay (see L. Duchesne. 'La LCgende de sainte Marie-Madeleine', AffMks du Midi, v (1893),1-33; id., Fflltes ipiscopauz, i. 321--40; V. Saxer, U Culle de M41rie Madeteme m Occidenl des origines /aft" du moym-6gt (Paris, 1959». It was only tOwards the end of the twelfth celltury that the legend established itself in Provence, with the supposed finding of the relics of St Martha at Tarascon in I IS? and the subsequent composition of the Vita S. Ma,IMe, purporting to have been written by Martha's servant, Marcella or Marcilia. Gervase draws on this ten elsewhere (cf. Olia, iii. 85. n. 8; iii. ')0. n. 3; iii. 101, n. I); the present story reflects a further elaboration of the Proven~llegend. The bishops listed here (apart from George ofVelay) had already been accorded the status of having been followers of Christ in Palestine in the Vita S. Ma,.thae (ed. Mombririus, p. 240; cf. Oria, iii. 90. nn. 3 and 4); here they are also said to have been fellow-passen~rs in the oarless boat which brought the saints of Bethany to Provence. The subsequent wide diffusion of these legends was largely due to Gervase: 'On peut dire que eest lui qui a hers de fa Provence les traditions locale5 et naissantes des Aliscamps, des saintes Maries et de sainte Marthe' (Ouprat, 'Uge.ndes saintes de Provence', 1941, p. [oS).

a

lance

:lO

Cf. Exod. 20: 24.

GERV ASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. '0

modico superstrato, tenet auctoritate plena uetustas sex corporwn sanctorum capita i~ quadrum disposita, reliqua corporum eminentia suis tumulis dan-Sa; · inter que duas asserunt Marias sepultas, que mane prima sabbati cum aromatibus uenerunt uidere sepulcrum.31 Est et in capite ad ripam Rodani ciuitas Arelas, caput regni Blll1lundie, dicta quasi 'ara lata deorum'. lIlic enim quotannis solent omnes regni illius cum adiuuctis prouinciis paganitatis ludibrio tenti in Calendis Madialibus conuenire, et in omnium conspectu sacrificium tristis amnestie suscipere in loco suburbii qui Rochetta dicitur, ubi, duabus inmense celsitudinis columpnis ara superposita, trium iuuenum illo die sanguis innoxius pro salute populi populo superspargebatur, quos uelut sues de communi emptos per totum anni circulum ad nefandam uictimam pascebant. Hec autem conspiciens, Trofimus,32 uuus ex septuaginta duobus, consobrinus Pauli apostoli, Stephani protomartiris, et Gamalielis doctoris' legis, in melius commutauit, docens sanguinem' pro salute populi fundendum sanguinem esse Christi, fusum in cruce. Vnde conuertione facta tam regis quam populi, qui a Petro et Paulo fuerat Rome ordinatus episcopus, a Paulo in Yspanias proficiscente Arelatensis Galiarumque prjmus ordinatur apostolus, cuins successor Dionisius33 Parisiensem suo sanguine omauit urbem, sicque successiu3 Arelatensis ecclesie episcoporum predicatio Gallias fide Christi imbuit, et tocius Gallie Arelas primatiam usque ad nouissima tempora diutissime obtinuit,34

by these same disciples and covered with a simple slab of Parian marble bearing an inscription, the heads of six saints' bodies are fitted into the square SP3cc, while the precious remains of their bodies are sealed in their own tombs. They claim that the two Maries, who came bearing spices to see the tomb early in the morning on the first day of the week,31 are among them. Also on the banks of the Rhone, near its mouth, is the city of Aries, the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy, its name (Arelas) signifying a broad altar (ara lata) of the gods. For in that place it was customary for all the people of that kingdom and the adjoining provinces too, then held in the humiliating grip of paganism, to gather every year on the first of May, and to perform in the sight of all a sacrifice of grim atonement, in a place called La Roquette on the outskirts of the city. An altar was set up there supported by two columns of enOrmous height, and on that day the innocent blood of three youths was sprinkled over the people for their salvation. These youths, paid for out of a common fund as if they were pigs, were fattened up all year round in readiness for this heinous sacrifice. But this came to the notice of Trophimus12 (one of the seventy-two, and a relation of Paul the aposde, of Stephen the first martyr, and of Gamaliel, the doctor of the law), and he changed the custom for a better one. He taught that the blood which had to be shed for the salvation of the people was the blood of Christ, shed on the cross. And so both king and people were converted, and Trophimus, who had been ordained bishop by Peter and Paul in Rome, was now instituted as the first aposde of Aries and all Gaul by Paul On his way to Spain. His successor, Dionysius,33 adorned the city of Paris with his blood. Thus the prcaching of successive bishops of the church of Aries imbued Gaul with faith in Christ, and for a very long time, right up until recendy, Aries held the primacy over all Gau!." This is

• doctOr N

• sanguinem om. XQ

II i.e. Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James; cf. Luke 24: 1-10; Mark IS: 40. Later legend added a third Mary, the wife of Cleophas Oohu 19: 25); the feast of the Throe Mmes is still observed in the Camargue aDd elsewhere on 25 May. See C. M. Girdlestone, 'The tradition of the Mules in Provence', Bt.,k/rwm. xn.ii (1951), 407- 14 and 478-88. n Trophimus, first bishop of Arles, is mentioned in two letters of Pope Zosimus dating from 417 (see D. 35); both affinn the privileges: due to Arles as the city whctt the conversion of Gaul first began, under Trophimus. He is said by Gregory of Tours to have been sent into Gaul c.250 (HF i. 30, ed. Krusch and Levison, p. 23); but from the time of the Synod of Aries of 452 the church of Provence identified him with the disciple of Paul (Acts 20: 4 and 21 : 29> 2 Tim. 4: 2O).ln the eleventh and twelfth centuries bis OOt steadily pined in importance., rdl.ecting and furthering the increasing political significance of .\rles; in IIS2 his relics were translated to the new cathedral of Saint-Trophim.e. passage is mainly derived (as demonstrated by Duprat, "Ugendes saintes de Provence', at 104-5) from the second reading for the office of St Trophimus in a breviary produced, probably at the end of me twelfth century, at the Benedictine abbey ofMoutmajour, twoand~-ha1f miles from Aries; the readings are preserved in a late thirteenth-c:entury copy (Bibliotbeque d'Arles. MS IZS). Gervase has improved the latinity of his source, and added a few details from earlier liturgical books written in .".rles. A further story celebrating St Trophimus is narrated in OtW, iii. 90.

nus

297

n Sajnt Dionysius, or Denis, is also mentioned by Gregory o£Tours as one of the: first missionaries among the Gauls (HF i. 30); following the trend of allotting biblical origins, he was subsequently identified with Dionysius the Areopagiu: (Acts 17: 34). He is not mentioned in the breviary of Montmajour used by Gervase for the earlier part of tIUs passage; in fact the earliest liturgical book in which he is named as a bishop of Aries is a breviary produced at Marseilles in e.1212 (BN MS Lat. lOIS; see Duprat, 'Ugendes saintcs de Provence', 105--6). It seems, therefore, that Gervase is incorporating a very recent addition to the legend here. According to tradition, Denis Wti beheaded on the hill DOW called Montmartre, and carried his head to the pla.c:e of his burial. where the abbey church of Saint-Denys now stands. 34 Hardly true of Gervase's own time, but reflecting an earlier state of affairs; cf. his authorities and G . Langgirtner. Die Gall;mpohtik tier Piipste im s. und 6, Jahrhrmdm

(Bonn.

'964).

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A , II.

ut testatur Zosimus papa3' et epistola Gregorii ad Augustinum, .. c. 'In Gall'larum >37 . . 36 ut Ca. .xxv., q.. Il., Anglorum eplSCOpum, ID1Ssa, . Sane Narbon~nsis prouintia Togata dicebatur, a longitudine uestium sic dicta,38 quamuis tempore mores hominum mutante, nunc inter omnes homines Narbonensis prouincie uiri ac mulieres more Yspanorum ac Guasconum artius uestiuntur, ita quod inSUla 9 potios quam induta corpora iudicantur,P sieut in Libro Jatetiarum/ quem ad imperium' excellentissimi regis iunioris Anglie Henrici, auuncllli uestri et domini mei, latius dixi, imperator et domine serenissime.

Ad hec Aquitannica prouincia (ab aquis Rodano et Ligere dicta;· uel ab equis quibus habundabant aut potentius' inuehuntur, quasi Equitannia) 41obliquo cursu Ligeris fluminis, qui ex plurima parte terminus eius est,' in orbem agitur. Hec a circio occeanum qui Aquitannicus sinus dicitur, ab QCcasu Yspanias habet, a septentrione et aquilone Lug-dunensem, ab euro et meridie Narbonensem contingit prouinciam. 41

De prouinciis et urbibus Callie' Nunc singulares Galliarum urbes enumeremus, Galliam in Franciam, Burgundiam, et Guasconiam more Romane ecclesie distinguentes. Francia ergo septem habet metropoles cum suis suffraganeis. "Lugdunensis (cuius titulus numismatis est 'prima sedes Galliarum') hos habet suffraganeos: Eduensem, Matisconensem, Cabillonensem, Lingonensem. Remensis hos habet suffraganeos: Suesionensem,

(0

attested by Pope Zosimus,3' and by the letter which Gregory sent to Augustine, bishop of England;36 see Decretum, C. z5 q. z c. 'In Galliarum'.37 The province of Narbonne used to be called Gallia Togata, from the length of the garments worn there." Nowadays, however, with the changes in fashion brought by time, the people of the province of Narbonne, men and women alike, along with all other peoples, wear very tight clothes in the style of the Spaniards and the Gascons, so that one gets the impression that their bodies have not just been dressed (induta) in their clothes, but have actually been sewn (insuta) into them. I have expanded on this subject in the Book of Entertainment" which I wrote, most serene Emperor and Lord, at the command of the excellent King Henry the Younger of England, your uncle and my lord. Next to Narbonne is the province of Aquitaine, named after the waters (aquae) of the Rhone and the Loire," or after the horses (equi) of which they had an abundance, or of which they are very skilful riders, as if its name were properly Equitaine. 41This province is formed into a round shape by the curving course of the river Loire, which constitutes the greater part of its boundary. It has the part of the ocean known as the Gulf of Aquitaine to the north-west, and Spain to the west, while it borders on Gallia Lugdunensis to the north and north-east, and the province of Narbonne to the south-east and south:u

n Dccrctllm, C. 25 q. 2 C. 3. 38 U. Honorios, Dc imagine mU1fdi, i. 27 (29) (cd. Flint p. 62 = PL clxxii. 130).

The Provinces and Cities of Caul Let us now enumerate the individual cities of Gaul, dividing Gaul into France, Burgundy, and Gascony, as the Roman church does. France, then, has seven metropolitan sees along with their suffragans. 42Lyons (which has the inscription: 'Gaul's First See' stamped on her coins) has the following suffragans: Autun, Macon, Chalon-sur-Saone, and Langres. Rheims has the following suffragans: Soissons, Ch:ilons-sur-Marne, Carnbrai, Tournai, Boulogne, Arras, Amiens, Noyon, Senlis, Beauvais, and Laon. The archbishopric of Sens in France has the following suffragans: Paris, Chartres, Orleans, Nevers, Auxerre, Troyes, and Meaux. Tours has the following

Aa:ording to Honorius, Gallia Lugdunensis was called either 'Comata ob longas comas' or 'Togata a longis vestibus'. In fact GaIlia Comata was TnnsaJpine Gaul, as distinct from GalIia Togata, or Cisalpine Gaul, where the toga was worn. )9 See above, p. xcii and n. 305. Ill- Cf. Honorius, Dc ima,w mundi, i. 27 (29) (ed. Flint p. 62 = PL clxxii. 130).

obJiquo ... Natbonensem contingit prouinciam] a. Orosius, Advt1'S1R1l PQglUfOs, i. xiv. 4. 2.7· 42-42 Lugdunensis .. . Petragoricensem, Agennensem (p. 300) 1 Cf. PR 405-& (ed. Weidenbach, pp. :z.6cr-7o). 'The words in parentheses were added by Gervase.

Catalaunensem, Cameracensem, Tornacensem, Morinensem, Atre-

batensem, Ambianensem, Nouiomensem, Siluanectensem, Beluacensem, Laudunensem. Senonensis Francie archiepiscopatus· hos habet suffraganeos: Parisiensem, Carnotensem, Aurelianensem, Niuerniensem, Altisiodorensem, Trecensem, Meltensem. Turonensis hos habet impentorem (altered by author ftvm imperium) N ., iudkentw ~ ~ potentius] potios N .. archiepiscopus A.P 35 36

I

est urn. NC

r De.

Gallic] om. XQ

cr. Zosimus, Epistulat, i and vi (PL xx. 642-5 and 666-8). U. Gregory the Great, Epistoltu, xi. 56A (MGH EpistolM, ii. 337 :: PL ixnii. Il92)·

"1-tl

~.

6r-8; Isidore, Etym..

300

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIALIA, II. '0

sutfraganeos: Cennomanensem, Redonensem, Andegauensem, Nannetensem, Corrisopitensem. Venetensem, Maclouiensem, Briocensem, Tregorensem, Leonensem, Dolensem. Rotomagensis hos habet suffraganeos: Baiocensem, Abricensem, Ebroicensem, Sagiensem,

suffragans: Le Mans, Rennes, Angers, Nantes, Quimper, Vannes, Saint-Malo, Saint-Brieuc, Trequier, Saint-Pol de Leon, and Dol. Rouen has the fq(lowing suffragans: Bayeux, Avranches, Evreux, Sees, Lisieux, and Coutances. Bourges has the following suffragans: Clermont, Rodez, Cahors, Limoges, Mende, Albi, and Le Puy, which comes under the jurisdiction of the lord pope. Bordeaux has the following suffragans: Poitiers, Saintes, Angouleme, Perigueux, and Agen." Gascony has two archbisbops. "Auch has the following suffragans: Dax, Lectoure, Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, Saint-Lizier, Bigorre, Aire-sur-I'Adour or Tarbes, Oleron, Lescar, Bazas, and Bayonne. The archbishop of Narbonne in Gascony has the following suffragans: Carcassonne, Beziers, Agde, Lodeve, Toulouse, Maguelone, Nimes. Uzes, and Elne or Arles-sur-Tech." Burgundy has six metropolitan sees. 44Besanl'On has the foDowing suffragans: Basel, Lausanne, and Belley." The archbishop of Vienne in Burgnndy is also the chanceDor of the kingdom; the inscription on Vienne's coins reads: 'Gaul's Largest See'. It is said that the town onee served as the empire's prison (and so Pontius Pilate Was held in prison there after his condemnation by Tiberius)." "'Vienne has the following suffragans: Valence, Viviers, Die, Grenoble, Maurienne, and Geneva." The city of Geneva is fourteen miles away from the head of Lake Leman; the Rhone flows into this lake, which is situated amidst the peaks of the Alps. One reads about it in the Lift oj the Thebans." The emperor Maximian, weary from travelling, rested near Martigny, while the legion stopped in the defile of Agaunum, which is commonly known as Saint-Maurice-en-Valais. Solothum, wbere some of the same legion suffered, is a village on the river Aar, not far from the Rhine. -5 (p. z6o}). 4S Cf. Ado ofVienne, Chromc01J, Aetas sext:l (PL axiD. 77); Hugh ofFteury, Chrfmic(l1l,

301

ed. B. Rottendorf (MUnster, (638): 'Pn.eta etiam Pilatus non remansit impunitus, sed apud V.tennam GaUiae urbem exiliatus propria se manu interfecit' ('Nor did the governor Pilate remain unpunished, but having been exiled to Vienne, a city of Gaul, he killed himself with his own hand"). VlmDe is also mentioned in the ugnula QUUII (c. 53) as having suffered demonic disturbances from the presence of Pilate's corpse. C( Olia, ii. 16, n. IS. of6-i6 cr. PR 3~404 (ed. Weidenbach., p. 269). Vicnne is placed 'in Provincia' in the PrvoiNillk. 47 See Eucherius, PtmitJ, c. 5 (p. 34), and for the nen three sencences, ibid., cc. 4- and 1+ (PU4 and 38); cf. 0 .., ill. 35. n. w. , ..... Cf. PR 36us oolitur' ('it is inhabited by Soottish tribes'). Gervase's ~ue' seems to be derived from Orosius' subsequent statement in §8z that the Isle of Man 'aeque a Scoaorum gendbus habitatur' ('is likewise inhabited by Scottish tribes'). It is possible that Gervase derived his views on Ireland from a source which we have been unable to identify. 68 On Henry's conquest of Ireland see M. T. Flanagan, Irish Soriety, Anglo-Nonnan Stttkrs, Angroi" Kingship: Inltraaiom in lrt/tmd in llu Latt Tt»tlfth Century (Oxford, 1989). 69 In his account of Irish Ouistianity, as below in his comments on Scotland and Wales Gervase displays attitudes characteristic of the twe1fth~ntury Anglo-Nonnan elit~ 61-61

cr.

towards the 'barbaric' Celtic peoples: see

J.

Gillingham, Tlu English in 1M T1IJt:ljih

Ctntruy: Imperialirm, NtltUmal Itlen#ty and Political Va~ (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 4J-58, 69-70, and 85- 7· 10 On St Brendan the Voyager see further lJt!4. i. 9, n. II; ii. II , R. 34. It was a widdyheld belief that the soil of the whole of Ireland wss inimical ro snakes; this was gmera11y attributed to St Patrick's protective power. See e.g. Bede, HE i. 1; Gerald of Wales, TOIOtrt1pilia HihernUiI. i. z8--3I; T. P. Cross. MOhj-lrulu tJ/ Early Irish Likrillllrt (Bloomington, 19S::l), Az434. 2. 3; Liebrecht, pp. 8&--9. A number of other islands were believed to be free from snakes, among them Urins (Otia. iii. 67), Sardinia and lbiza (Oti4, ii. 12; Isidore, Etym. xiv. 6. 40 and 43; Honorius, De imIJgitlt mundi, i. 35 (J6) (ed. Flint p. 66 = PL clxxii. 132», 'Thanet (Solinus, Colka. mi. 8; Isidore, Etym. xiv. 6. 3. Honorius, De ittUlgint mundi, i. 29 (31) (ed. Flint p. 62 = PL clxxii. 130», Gauioe (Isidore, Etym. ix. 2. 124), and Crete (ibid. xiv. 4. 16).

F

310

GERVASE OF TILBURY

quouis loco fiat puluerizatio, statim omnium nociuorum uenniwn pestis fugatur. Est autem castrum hoc in prouincia Viennensi, uno miliario distans ·" Tipa YSaIe fluminis, in confinio Ulbis Grationopolitane! Sed et de coriis animaliUlll quorumlibet in insula, ut diximus, Ybemica f nasceritium, fiunt corrigie tanta efficacia huius nirtutis insignes quod inclusos ueneniferos uennes crepare COgWlt, et sic statim expirare. Id idem euenit SI de rasura corrigiarum aut arborum ilue crescentium toxifera conspergantur cum aqua animalia. f. u;r Hybernie proxima insula Man uocatur, ipsa I suo gaudens rege, subdita tamen regno Anglorum;'l Scotiamque ab oriente respiciens, Ulbaniore cultu quam solet celebriusque uiuens. Sic et Scotia, olim a Scotis uilissime conuersationis hominibus inhabital", nunc illis expulsis et accitis militaribus personis infeodatis et in hospitalitate sancta expositis,72 reges habet successiue sanctos aut sanctorum operum usque ad tempora nostra imitatores. Nunc Ulbes maioris Britannie cum suis appendicibus explicemus.

De urbibus ~ maioris Britannic Anglia siue maior Britannia duas habet metropoles: Cantuariensem et Eboracensem. Porro tempore Britonum' tres erant in Britannia insula metropolite: Legionensis, qui preminebat in Cambria, cuius sedes apud Caerleim, id est ciuitatem LegionUlll; ilIuc enim CesaI duodeeim legiones in ybema ' dimisit, que illam ciuitatem miro opere construxerunt,73 ubi etiam Arturus U curiam sollempnem et omnibus incomparabilem instituit, in qua duodecim pares Francie ordinauit, ut in catalogo regum Britannie inferius, Deo duce, dicerur. 74 Fuit et illis diebus secundus metropolitanus Londoniensis uel Trinouantinus. Tercius erat Eboracensis. Sub Legionensi erant episcopi Cambrie, sub Londoniensi episcopi Loegrie,v sub Eboracensi ., Grationoplitane N f Ybemia fJ ' urbibus mpp/ied by author N , Britonium N • yberna I; hybemia NA, ybemia CXQ • Anurus mpplied by author N .. Leogrie N 71 King Reginald of Man did homage to King John: see A. W. Moore, A Hutory of tht Isle of Man, 2 vols. (London, 1(00). i. II6-t9. 72 See G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship Qnd Unity, rCJOO-I306 (London, 1981), pp. 43-S9, and also Gillingham (as n. 6g above) on the implied attitudes in this passagt:. 73 O . Geoffrey of Monmouth, HRB, c. 44 (= ed. Griscom, iii 10). Caerleon was fou~ded by Julius Frontinus during the conquest of Wales in 74'S AD; see Tacitus, Agricola, c. 17. 74 Dtia, ii. 11, pp. 424-9; d. Geoffrey of Monmouth, HRB, cc. 156-7 (= ed. Griscom,

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II.

10

3 11

established beyond a doubt: if dust from the earth of the upper castle of Parisot is seanered in any place whatever, that place is immediately cleaIed of infestation with any haImful reptiles. This castle is in the province of Vienne, a mile away from the bank of the river Isere, in the vicinity of the city of Grenoble. But to resume OUI account of Ireland: if straps are made from the hides of any animals born on the island, they prove to be so signally possessed of this virtue that, when tied round poisonous snakes, they force them to break wind so violently that they immediately expire. The same thing happens if noxious creatUles are sprinkled with water containing shavings from such straps, or from the trees that grow there. The island nearest to Ireland is called Man. It boasts its own king, 71 although it is subject to the kingdom of Engiand. It faces Scotland to the east. It is quite densely populated, and the way of life there is more refined than is tbe norm. Scotland was once inhabited by the Scots, people of a very low manner of life, but now they have been driven out and knights have been settled there, duly enfeoffed and bound by the sacred laws of hospitality.72 Like the Isle of Man, Scotland has its own kings, who have proved either saints or imitators of saintly deeds in uninterrupted succession down to our own times. Let us now set down the cities of Great Britain along with their dependencies.

The Cities of G1-eat Britain England or Great Britain has two metropolitan sees: CanterbUlY and York. Actually, in the time of the Britons there were three archbishops in the island of Britain. The first was the archbishop of Legions, who had the primacy in Wales, his seat being at Caerleon, that is, the city of the Legions; for Caesar sent twelve legions into winter quarters there, and with marvellous workmanship they constructed the city." It was there, too, that ArthUl held his solemn cOUTt, with which no other could compare, and at which he appointed the Twelve Peers of France, as will be recounted below, with God's guidance, in the catalogue of the kings of Britain." The second metropolitan in those days was the archbishop of London or Trinovantum. The third was the archbishop of York. The bishops of Cambria were subject to Legions, the bishops of Loegria to London, ix. 12-IS). The Twelve Peers are said to have been present at this court, but not to have been appointed at it.

3 12

GERVASE OF TILBURY

Dunelmensis et Carleolensis et omnes episcopi Scotie. Verum tempore Augustini, Anglorum aposlOli, cum .d Anglos paganitatis .dhuc more gentis ' sue Saxonice tenebris inuolutos Augusrinus predicator a heato Gregorio misslls, in Britannia christianissimos clericos et monacos cum septem sedibus cathedralibus inuenisset, indignantes illi subesse, eo quod Brittones ostium suorum Saxonum communionem nedum subiectionem aborninarentur, tandem Anglorum regulis uiros ilIos religiosos ad martirii palmam ducentibus, in sanguine sanctorum Dolobemensis ecclesi. prirnaciam obtinuit, et exinde Cantuariensis· metropolis Trinouantum suo pallio spoli.uit, Legionensem sibi subiciens metropolim cum sibi subiectis episcopis. 75

'·Cantuariensis ergo archiepiscopus hos habet suffr.ganeos: Rofensem, Londoniensem, Cicestrensem, Exoniensem, Wintoniensem, Bathoniensem, Saresberiensem, Wygomiensem,.s Herefordensem, Couentrensem (qui olirn fuit Cestrensis, et antea Licesfeldensis), Lincolniensem, Norwicensem, Eliensem. In Walli. hos habet Cantuariensis suffraganeos: Meneuensem uel sanen D.uid, Land.uensem, Bangorruensem, de sancto Asaph. Ebor.censis archiepiscopus duos tantum habet suffraganeos: Dunbolmensem (qui tot gaudet priuilegiis Romane ecclesie quod iam in plenam se recepit' libertatem) et Carleolensem (qui sepissirne tanto tempore uacat quod obliuioni datur potius quam subiectioni).7. "Sane episcopi Scotie nostris temporibus exempti domino pape contribuuntur. Sunt autem bi: episcopatus' sancti Andree, Glasguensis, episcopatus Candide Case, Durnkeldensis, Dumblaniensis, Rosmarchinensis, Brechinensis, Abdonensis, Murensis ol uel Murauiensis,

Cathanensis, episcopatus de Arogarthel." Sic' ergo dum:

OTIA IMPERIALIA. II.

10

3 13

and tbe bisbops of Durbam and Carlisle and all the bishops of Scotland to York. And so in the time of Augustine, tbe apostle of England, sent by the blessed Gregory to preacb to the Angles when they were still wrapped in the darkness of the paganism they had inherited from their Saxon race, he found among the Britons genuinely Christian cleries and monks with seven episcopal sees, wbo scorned to be subject to him, because the Britons bated to associate with their Saxon enemies, let alone to be subject to them. But in the end, wben tbe kings of the Angles led those holy men to receive the palm of martyrdom, the church of Canterbury obtained the prinIacy in the blood of saints; the metropolitan see of Canterbury then deprived Trinovantum of its pallium, and subjected to itself the metropolitan see of Legions along with its suffragan bishops.75 '"The archbishop of Canterbury, then, bas tbe following suffragans: Rochester, London, Chichester, Exeter, Wincbester, Bath, Salisbury, Worcester, Hereford, Coventry (formerly Chester, and before that Lichfield), Lincoln, Norwich, and Ely. In Wales Canterbury has the following suffragans: Menevia or St David's, Llandaff, Bangor, and St Asaph's. The arcbbishop of York bas only two suffragans: Durbam (wbich enjoys so many privileges from the Roman church that it has now withdrawn from York into complete independence), and Carlisle (which endures such long and frequent vacancies that it is consigned w oblivion rather tban subjection).'· 77Tbe bishops of Scotland have been granted exemption in our times, and are now assigned to tbe lord pope. To list them nonetheless, they are St Andrews, Glasgow, Whithom, Dunkeld, Dunblane, Ross, Brechin, Aberdeen, Moray, Caithness, and Argyll." Thus it is, tben, tbat: The power of Rome sports with human affairs,"

Ludit in humanis Romana potentia rebus,18

.. Cantuarensis N Wigotniensem N :J recipit AP .. De Scotia add. as title before episcopatus XQ .. Mitrensis XQ " Scocia add. us title before Sic J .. liknrot in N, Scocia mlten by rubri&(ltor, hut deleted (by (luthOf'.'7) Z

This account of the seven (pr-obably non-diocesan) bishops goes back to &de, HE ii. ed. B. Colgravc and R A. B. Myno.rs, 2nd cdn. (Oxford, 199Z). foe oommcntllry see C. Plummer, B~d4e qperil MJtmeil, 2 vols. (London. 1896). ii. 71. J M. WaUa.cc-HadriU, Beile's EtekMs,;cill History oltlle English Peopk: A Onnmentary (Oxford, 1988). p. 53. For the martyrdom of Abbot Dinoot and his monks, a story which in essence also goes back to 75

2,

Bede, see Geoffrey of Momnouth, HRD, cc. 188--9 (= ed. Griscom, xi. 12-13); Olio, ii. 17, at n. 69. 76--76 Cantuariensis .. . potius quam subiectioni)] Cf. PR 525-46 (ed. Weidenbach, p. 271). Thc ProviNi4k adds LnPemen (Wells) after Bath; the parentheses represent additions by Gervase. Gervase is clearly thinking of the palatinate status of the see of Durham. For details of the various exemption disputes in the late twelfth century up to 1195. including Du~ 9Ce G. V. Scammell, HllgA de Puiut (Cambridge. 1956), pp. I&]82. The occupants oft.he 9Ce of Carlisle are listed in HBC, pp. 235--'7. Indeed no occupant of the see is listed between Aethelwulf (d. JIn) and Bernard in IZOJ. 7>-" Sane ... ep~tus d. Arogarthel] a. PR 57~ (p.•,.). 78 Ovid, Ez P01JIO, iv. 3. 49.

3 14

GERVA S E OF TILB U RY

OTIA IMPERIALIA , II.

hunc humiliat et hunc exaltat," hunc Argum facit, ilium polifemat. 80 Vrinam hec sit mutario dextre Excelsi;8! etemm plenitudo potestatis" apostolice multos dignos eicit et indignos erigit, tanto districtius arbitrium acceptura'" quanto singularius a summa Dea expectat iudicium, a nemine mortalium iudicanda.

Hybernie urbes' Hybernia' habet metropoles quatuor. "Archiepiscopus Armatie habet hosl suffraganeos: Lugitadunenscm,' Cluamrand,' episcopatus de Cunnaunas et de Ardachad et de Radbath; et de Radurigi et de Damhaggen' et de Dauli. 1 Archiepiscopus Dublinensis habet suffraganeos Glenderacensem, Fernensem, de Carnic, Glensonensem, Childerensem. Casselenensis habet suffraganeos Cendaluanensem, Luminech', de insula Gathai, de Celluinabrach, de Hymelec, de Rosereen,· de Watreford, de Lismor, de Cluaman, de Corcoia, de Rosalither, de Ardferd. Tuamensis' habet suffraganeos de Magot, de Cellalad, de Roscomon,' de Cunamfert,' de Acad, de Cunairi, de Celimunduac.83

II

315

humbling one and exalting another," making one an Argus, another a Polyphemus. 80 Would that these changes were the doing of the right hand of the Most High;'! but in fact, the papacy with its plenitude of power82 casts down many deserving men, and raises up the undeserving in their place. However, it will meet its reckoning, which will be all the more severe because of the prerogative it has enjoyed, awaiting judgment from God on high, while being exempt from all mortal judgment.

The Cities of Ireland Ireland has four metropolitan sees. 83The archbishop of Armagh has the following suffragans: Louth, Meath, Kells, Ardagh, Raphoe, Rathluraigh, Duleek, and Dundalk. The archbishop of Dublin has as his suffragans Glendalough, Ferns, Kilkenny, Leighlin, and Kildare. Cashel has as his suffragans KiUaloe, Limerick, Inniscathay, Kilfenora, Emly, Roserea, Waterford, Lismore, Cloyne, Cork, Rosscarbery, and Ardfert. Tuam has as his suffragans Mayo, Killala, Roscommon, Clonfert, Achonry, Clonmacnoise, and Kilmacduagh.83

xi. De tertia orbis paTte, quam Affricam dicimus

II.

Explicuimus Asie et Europe singulares particiones; nunc ad Affricam nos transferri conuenit, quam tcum terciarn orbis partern- majores nostri accipiendam descripserunt/ non spaciorum mensuras sed diuisionum rationes secuti sunt. Mare siquidem hoc Magnum, quod ex occasu ab occeano oritur, in meridiem'" magis uergens angllstiorem inter se et occeanwn coartate Affrice limitem facit. Vnde etiam aliqui, quamuis I earn longitudine parem, tamen multo angustiorem intelligentes, uerecundum arbitrati terciam uocare

We have described the different sections of Asia and Europe; now it is fitting for us to turn our attention to Africa. 'Our predecessors stated that Africa was to be taken as the third part of the world, but in this they were going not by the extent of the territory of the three parts, but by a consideration of how the land is divided. For this Great Sea of ours, which starts from the ocean in the west, subsequently veers rather towards the south, leaving between itself and the ocean only quite a narrow space, in which Africa is confined. Consequently there are even some who, observing that it is much narrower than the other

~ acceptura ru.ppJied by autn01" N tI Hybernie urbes AI; Ymbernia written by ruhricat01", corudeti to -e urOOs by author N ; De Ybernia CXQ ~ has add. after Hybernia AP; hos del. N f hos supplied by auth01" N; om. ACP K Lugundimensem PR • Eluaniraud C, Eluanrand I, Eluaniraird PR • Rathbod PR j lUthlurig PR • Damliaggen PR I et de Dauli] uel Dartiensem PR '" Rosereen. N .. Tuaniensis NXQ ' Rosconion N , Culuanfert PR

• orbis partem] partis orbem N

~

descripserint C QM Orosiw


iss.; cepit X; capit 1I1ith e wrinett by fMltltor Q},otJt a, bra 1fO e:t~ dol, N • obsedit NX ' septigentc:simo N • sic Xl, Ragjmfreido Q; et RagIDfrido wilttf( over a" "tmtre by 0tIl1wr N • Arduennarn supplied by IMIIMr N • regnum N ' obtinuente N ' thesauri N ' Parisius reuertitur ... multisJsupplied by 4Ulh(W N 4Z--42 Anno . . . tentus. uix euasit] C[ CImn.. MoW., p. 290; Fredegar, Chrrmicae, continuatio 8, p. 173. 43 Compiegne. 26 September 715. +4 cr. Chroft. Mom., p. 290; Frede:gar, CJmm;ctU, continuatio 9 pp. 173-4; Liber histof';at Franc(lf'llm, c. 52, pp. 325-6. Chilperic II (Neustria 7I5-2I) was allegedly a son

of Childeric ll.

445

Eo . .. obsides Barchinonam transmissit] U. Cltnm. Moiss., p. 290. C[ Chro". Moiss., p. 291; Fredegar, Cllroni&lU, continuatio 9, pp. 173- 4. 4'....' Et cum . . . Teodoricum filium Dagoberti (p. #6) J a. Chrofl. Mom., p. 291; Fredegar-. CJtro"icae, continuatio 10, p. 174; Liber historiaL FrlJfI&otvm., cc. 52-3, pp. 326--8. q Chlot2.r IV (perhaps a son of Theuderic III), Austrasia 718-19. 45--4' 46

446

ChiJpericllS, CUI successorem Franci erigunt Teodoricum 49 filium Dagoberti. " SI'Post hee Abdecimon, rex Yspannie Saracenus, in manu forti per Pampilonam transiens, Pireneisque montibus deeursis, Burdegalim' obsidet, et Eodo dux Aquitannie a Sarracenis uincitur. Verum Caroli principis SI Francorum auxilio nincit iterato bello Saracenos, rege eorum perempto;S2 sicque Carolus in Franciam regressus ipsam suo subiecit imperio. 50 Nee mora Iusepibin, Abredaramonis regis in Narbona t prefectus, Arelatensem ciuitatem inuadit et prouinciam uastat/3 ob cuins defensionem Gregorius iunior papa Carolum ad patriciatum Romanum euocat, suadens ut a partibus imperatoris Grecorum recederet. 54 Quo facto, "Carolus Burgundiam ingrediens Auinionem Qlpit, Saracenis oecisis, et exinde Narbonam obsidet. Interim cum parte excercitus sui Aucupam Saracenorum regem uincit, et cum spoliis Franciam regreditur. Magalona destructa, arenisque Nemausensibus· et portis exustis, obsides in Frantiam duxit." f. 45' ,.Anno· Domini I septingentesimo' quadragesimo primo Carolus Pipini filius obiit. Cuius principatum filii Pipinus et Carlomannus diuidunt: Carlomannus Austriam, A1lemanniam, atque Toringiam sortitur, Pipinus Burgundiam, Neustriam, atque Prouinciam. S6 Verum Carlomannus apud montem Cassinum monacatus, filios suos frarn conunendat, et Pipinus regnum patris suscipit. 57 S8Interea Guafario principe Aquitannie Narbonam' depredante, Ansemundus Gotrus Pipino Nemausum, Maggalonam, et Biterris tradit, Francique Narbonam infestant. Pipinus Galfarium principem persequitur, eo U

I Burbegalim N • Nerbona N .. et tupplied by autho,. N Nemausansibus wilh e mtten by scribe abuve a, but no ezpungi1Jg dol, N • De Carolo primo usque ad Carolum Magnum add. /JJ titk befo,e Anno CXQ It septigentesimo N :y Nerbonam N

imperatoris'" largitione exuere, aut si potuit ius imperii in pontificem mutare, non potuit in donatoris preiudicium donatarius Augusti nomen, quod ipse non habuit, alii conferre" Porro, quiescente contentione, in te uiderur Deus, princeps" sacratissime, ucteris imperialis.z dignitatis plenitudinem conflasse, dum ex genere oriundus imperiali, duplicis e1ectionis' et papalis confirmationis stolam meruisti, dignoque Dei iudicio resritutus in regnum, sub cuius adquisitione pugnando diu uacillaueras, et' hostem sine tuo consilio ex alieno dolo prostratum uidisti,16 et ad antique celsitudinis redintegrationem monarchiam Constinopolitani uendicabis, uita comite, imperii, quod ex propinquitate tue debetur Auguste.,7 Precor itaquc, christianissime imperatof, Dt cum tuo consecratore nullam habeas controuersiam, sed uelut honi patris prudens filius, conuerte gladium ad gentes que te non nouerunt;'·

bv the pope alone at the small altar on the right-hand side of the b;"ilica of 5t Peter's; the pope, on the other hand, does hold the emperor's insignia,. and receives his anointing at the great high altar of 5t Peter's. Of course the emperor in Constantinople wields the imperial insignia by his own right and not by papal benefaction, for only the seat of power was changed, not the power itself; as the giver of lavish gifts, he does not callan the supreme pontiff, himself a recipient of his gifts, to help him, since he possesses the plenitude of his power in his own person. But it would be possible to lodge a complaint against the beneficiary on these grounds: that, while by Constantine's benefaction72 he has received immense power, due only to a prince, and accompanied by extraordinary honour, he ought not to have taken it upon himself to confer the name of Augustus on another; and were it not that I should seem to be setting my month against heaven," I would state firmly that either the empire has no right to relinquish Rome even by an emperor's gift, or, if it was lawful to transfer imperial authority to the pontiff, he still, having received that authority, had no right to confer on another the tide of Augustus, which he did not hold himself, against the interests of the one who gave him his authority." Leaving argument aside, however, in you, most worshipful Prince, God seems to have re-established the fulness of the old imperial dignity. For you are born of an imperial family, and you have merited the imperial stole by virtue of a twofold election and papal confirtnation;75 further, having been restored to your kingdom by God's righteous judgment after your fortunes had wavered for a long time in your fight to secure it, you have seen your enemy laid low by no stratagem of yours, but by another's trickery;7. and, with a view to the restoration of its ancient splendour, you will also claim the sovereignty of the empire based in Constantinople, as long as life remains to you; for it is your due as a result of your empress's right of inheritance.'7 I pray therefore, most Christian Emperor, that you will not engage in any quarrel with the one who consecrated you, but as a wise son of a good father, turn your sword against nations that have not known you;7. and, just as you have received the highest tide of emperor by the double grace" of the most holy pope, Innocent III, so

'5

et, sicut ex sanctissimi Innocencii pape tercii duplici~ gratia79 • imperator sede supplied hy author N • bene1iciatum Xl supplied by lJ~tJwr N Z imperatoris

above line) N .c

imperalis N

• electonis: N

' latgigitionis (1Pith gino Mltn by Quthor • donationem QJ • cuiusuis fIm. N 7 0 tJdJ. befim princeps ACP ' tt supplied by author N • dupluci N

See Otia. Preface, n. 36. 71 a. Ps. 7'1. (73): 9. 74 Gttvase is here Wleasy about the validity of the donation and of theories of "translation of empire', not least because since 120+ there existed a kgitimate (in Latin eyes) emperor in Constantinople; cf. Goez, r'41UJotio, p. 13772

75

Otto was twice elected king, first by a ntinority of the German princes in II98, and

then by a majority jn 1208; Innocent III, having confirmed the first election, regarded the second as unnecessary. See above, pp. xxxi-nxii. i6 •.o\n allusion to the murder of Philip of Swabia by Otto of Wittelsbach in 1208 (see above, p. xxxii). n Philip of Swtbia had married the Byzantine princess, lreno-Mula, and bad been adopted by his father-in-law, the emperor I5a2c n, as his heir. In 1209 Otto was betrothed to Philip's daughter and heiress, BcatriI; they were married in 1212, but Beatrix died within three weeks of the wedding. Sec: Hucker, 0110 lV., pp. 160-1; cf. above, pp. xxxii and xxxix. 71 Cf. Ps. 78 (79): 6; Jer. 10: 25.

453

79 In using the terms gralia and bnJefoium (see also below. pp. 46&-71) of Otto's relationship to Innoc::ent, Gervase is affirmjng the radical dependence of the imperial power on the papacy; sec W. Ullmann. The Gro1lJth of Papal ~ in tht Middle Ages, 3rd edn. (London, 1970), pp. 3+0-3, 474. 480.

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. 19

ultimum imperatoris nomen obtinuisti, sic, per banam innocenciam luam et eius gratiam, imperium nouum et a Deo sub Constantino firmatum obtineas, et gaudium tuum impleatur,80 dum nihil erit quod deesse tibi possit ad gloriam imperialem, hinc nomine tibi Augustali data, illinc insignibus imperialibus que non habes obuenturis, et utrobique dominationis d augrnento crescente.

may you receive, through your well-intentioned innocence and his grace, a new imperial sovereignty, the one established by God in the time of Constantine. May your joy then be full,80 for there will be nothing which could be lacking to you for your imperial glory, since the title of Augustus has already been given to you on the one hand, and the imperial insignia which you as yet do not possess will come to you on the other, while on both sides your power will grow ever greater.

454

t

455

x'x. De inperaloribus Romanis post Caro/um Regnum Francorum duximus usque ad imperium iUi coagularum, et quoniam imperium madico tempore per successiones continuas a patre in filium descendit, breuiter qui ex tunc in imperio Romanorum inperauerunt annectamus. Dum ergo Carolus strenue rem publicam administraret, uolens laudabilem fidei christiane deffensionem ad suos successores transmitere, I'regnante in Yspaniis Abiulaz"2 filio Etham' Saraceno, destinauit' contra odiosam sibi gentem filium suum Ludouicum, regem Aquitannie;3 qui, congregato exercitu Guasconuffi, Burgundionwn, atque Gottoruffi, Barcinonam capit4 regnoque Francorum subicit.' Videns itaque Carolus sue strenuitatis J heredem fore Ludouicum, sconsilio episcoporum et ducum ac principum consrituit Ludouicum imperatorem, tradens illi per coronam auream imperium, 5 sicque feliciter migrauit ad Dominum! anno Domini octingentesimo tercio decimo, quinto decimo Kalendas Februarii, regni eius anno quadragesimo septimo,6 imperii sui duodecimo. 'Sane Ludouicus imperator, apud Aquis Granis in palatio congregatis episcopis, ducibus, et Francorum principibus, constituit ut unus ex tribus filiis eius imperium post eum haberet qui maior natu erat, Clotarius~8 cui per coronam auream tradidit imperii' dignitatem.' 'Hec grauiter ferens Bernardus rex Italie, Pipini filius et t

~

dominatonis N

6

aumento N

a Abiulam P; Abulaz ekron. Mom. destinaauit N ~ strenitatis N author N I imperii om. XQ &

Cf.John [5:

flO

3 I

II.

regnante . .. regnoque Francorum subicit) U . CIrron. Muiss., p. 307. Al-Hakam I, 796-822; see Collins, Arab C~t, pp. 207-10. Cf. OtilJ, ii. 18, n. 64. Sol.

I-I

J

• Otham I; Axam Chron. Moin. • caronam N f Dominum supplied by

19. The Roman Emperors after Charlemagne We have carried our account of the kingdom of the Franks up to the point at which the empire was united with it. Now, since the imperial sovereignty descended for only a shan time in unbroken succession from father to son, let us add a brief account of those who ruled over the empire of the Romans from that time on. While the administration of the empire was in Charlemagne's capable hands, 'the Saracen al-Hakam,2 son of Hisham, was reiguing in Spain. Charlemagne wanted to hand on to his successors a laudable protectorate of the Christian faith, and so he sent his son Louis, king of Aquitaine,' against that race which he held in such abhorrence. Louis, having gathered an army of Gascons, Burgundians, and Goths, captured Barcelona' and subjected it to the rule of the Franks.' Charlemagne therefore, perceiving that Louis was going to prove to have inherited his own ability, 'held a council of the bishops, dukes, and princes and appointed him emperor, handing over the sovereiguty to him along with the golden crown. 5 This done, he passed peacefully to the Lord, on 18 January in the year of our Lord 813, when he had been king for forty-seven years" and emperor for twelve. 'The emperor Louis, having assembled the bishops, dukes, and princes of the Franks in his palace at Aachen, established that one of his three sons, Lothar,' the eldest, should possess the sovereignty after him, and handed over the imperial honours to him along with the golden crown.' 'Bernard, king of Italy, son of Pippin and Louis's s-s Cf. Chron. Moils., p. 3IO. Charlemagne crowned Louis emperor on 13 September 813. five months before he died; see McKittmck, Prankish Kittgtitmu, p. I08. (, O . Cimm. Mom., p. 31I; Charlemagne died in 814. 7_7 Cf. ibid. p. 3IZ. 8 Lotlw- I, 817- SS . 9-9 Cf. Chron. Moiss., pp. 312-13. Bernard, son of Pippin (see above, ii. 18, n. 65) was king ofItaly 8I3-17.

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A. II. 19

Luduuici ex fratre nepos, contra Ludouicem et filios eius insidias parat. Sed a Francis preuc.ntus et captus, iussu imperatoris excecatus est, et eius fautores iusto iudicio puniti sunt" Imperauit ergo Ludouicus cum filio Lotario, quem alii Gotarium nominant. Ipsoque monuo,IO imperauit solus Lotarius, et processu temporis filium suurn Ludouicum" in imperatorem erexit. Cui successit filius eius Carolus secundus in imperatoria dignitate; nempe ante Carolum patrem Ludouici, patrieii tantum erant Francorum reges senatus Romani, non imperatores. 12 Carolo secundo successit Carolus tercius,13 cui LudouicuS,14 cui Berengarius, IS cui Hugo,16 cui Berengarius secundus,"17 cui Lotarius,IS cui Berengarius cum Aldeberto filio,19 cui Otto primus,20 cui i Otto secundus2! cum Ottone filio. Mortuo quoque Ottone secundo, solus imperauit filius einsi Otto tercius,22 post quem Henricus,23 post quem Conradus," post quem Henricus secundus;' post quem

nephew through his brother, was annoyed at this, and conspired treacherously against Louis and his sons. But he was forestalled by the Franks and I;llken prisoner; on the emperor's orders be was blinded, and his supporters received the punishment they deserved' Louis therefore reigned in association with his son Lotbar, wbom others call Cblotar. On Louis's death,1O Lotbar became sole emperor, and in the course of time be raised up his son Louis" as the next emperor. After him his son Cbarles II held the imperial power; be is called Charles II, because before the time of Cbarlemagne, Louis's father, tbe kings of the Franks were only patricians of the Roman senate, not emperors. 12 Charles III" succeeded Cbarles II; then came Louis," then Berengar, is then Hugh,16 then Berengar 11,17 then Lothar, 18 then Berengar with his son Adalbert,19 then Otto 1,20 then Otto Ill! witb his son Otto. After Otto II's death, his son reigoed alone as Otto III!2 After him came Henry;' then Conrad," then Henry II;' then Henry III,"" then Henry IV, king of tbe Germans!7 In the first year of Henry IV's reign as emperor, he took Pope Paschal II prisoner, and a schism was created, with the emperor backing the antipopes Girbert and Walter; the schism persisted through the pontificates of Paschal and Urban 11. 28 This same Henry was also emperor during the papacies of Gelasius II,.!9 Calixtus 11,30 Honorius 11,31 and Innocent 11.32 He died

Henricus tercius, Z6 post quem Henricus quartus rex Theutonicorum/7 a quo, primo anno eins imperii, captus est Pascalis papa secundus, et factum est scisma,' imperatore tuente antipapam Girbenum et antipapam Galterum, tempore Pascalis et Vrbani secundi perseuerante scismate. /28 Imperauit quoque memoratus Henricus~ sedentibus Gelasio secundo" et Calixto secundo" et Honorio secundoJ1 et Innocentio secundo.- 32 Cuius tempore moritur j

II cui Hugo . . . secundus] supplied by author N eius supplied by aUlhor N II scima N • et Innocentio geCWldo $Upplied by author N

I

; cuj _Pllied by tluthor N scimate N .. Hanricus N

I' King ofltaly 947-50. I' Berengar II and his son Adalbert were joint kings of Italy, 950-61. :'lO

Otto the Great, king of Germany 936-73, conquered Italy in g61, and was crowned

.m~r in 10

840, By the Treaty of Verdun (843). Charlemagne's empire was divided into three

kingdoms: Lothar's brother Louis (the German) took the German-speaking lands., his haIfbrother Charles (the Bald) took the mainly Romanoo-speaking kingdom of the West Franks, wlU1e Lothar kept the lands in between, along with the kingdom of Italy and the tide of emperor. II Lows II. crowned emperor in 850, king of Italy 855-75, 11 Charles the Bald. actually the son of Louis I by his second wife Judith; king of the West Franks 840. ofLotharingia 869, emperor 875-'7. On the patrician title. see P. Oassen, KiJrlller GrojJe. tltn PtllJttvm tutJ Byf'.lMU., 2nd edn. (Sigmaringen, 11)88), pp. 21-2. I) Charles the Fat. king of Swabia ~, crowned emperor 88t. sole king 88.t, deposed 887. died 888; he was 3 cousin of Louis II. and SOD. of I..ouis the German. He was succeeded in Gennany by his nephew Amulf, it U,.~ FmdNhs I., I: HS'r-Hs8, 00. H. Appelt (MGH, Die U,1MrJen dn- ~tuhnt Klhnge rmd Kaiser, ix (I) (Vienna, 1975), lSI, DO. 91). 36 It I;et:IllS from Otia. iii. 92 that Gervase's entit1ement to his wife's estate was disputed, but was oonfirmed by Otto IV (see above, p. xxix); that is possibly the benefit alluded to

I

IV' d~d

here. )7

3.

40

Conrad II, king (III) 1IJ8-s2; he was never crowned in Rome. Louis VII, Il37-80. 39 Philip 11 (Augustus), 1I80-1223. This was the Second Crusade (1147).

459

to bear on me and mine. 36

The good Lothar was succeeded by Conrad,37 an energetic man who, along with the devout King Louis of France.'" father of the present king Philip,'" made the pilgrimage to Outtemer.'" He was accompanied by his nephew Frederick," a tireless warrior, to whose military prowess and boldness Damascus bears witness. Frederick succeeded Conrad, his succession secured more by his own efforts than by the election of the Germans. He became king in the time of the Tuscan-born Pope Eugenius,42 and his reign continued through the papacy of Anastasius III" and also that of the English-born Adrian, once a canon of Saint-Ruf;'" by this same Adrian he was consecrated as emperor." When, on Pope Adrian's death, Alexander III:· a native of Siena, was to succeed him, Frederick set up a schism and defended it for a very long time.'" However Alexander, being a man of great ability and very practised in the ways of firmness and patience, by exhorting when possible but striking with the spiritual sword when there was need:" at times 41 Frederick I Barbarossa, king 1152-90, emperor 1155. The main event of this disastrous crusade was an unsuccessful siege of Damascus. 42 Eugenius m, 11-45-53. ~3 ActtWly Anaswius IV, 1153-4. 44 Adrian IV, pope lIS4-9. formerJy a canon, later prior and abbot of Saint-Ruf, near AviF,' (cf. Oria, i. zo, •. ...,). ... 18 June Il5S.

46

IlSC)-8I.

Tension between empire and papacy was at a height when Adrian died, resulting in a double elec:tion: the imperialist minority among the cardinals elected VJCtOr IV (IIS()-64), Paschal m (1164-'\), and Calirtus m (1I~6), " mtipopes to Alexander m. 48 Alennder excommunicated Frederick and Victor IV, and released the emperor's subjects from their allegiance. 41

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTlA IMPERIALIA, II. '9

tempore sustinens"9 et pro tempore uindicans, ad ultimum imperatorem uicit, et quem atrocissimis morsibus in gregem dominicum seuientem uidimu·s, in breui uinctum" conspeximus ca.tas~ 50 regni

bearing all things·' and at times asserting his claims, finally subdued the emperor; and the man whom we had seen raging with cruel jaws against the Lord's tlock, we beheld shortly afterwards being subjected to the punishmentsSO of the heavenly kingdom. For we witnessed the penitent emperor's return to the bosom of his mother the Church at the Congress of Venice, 51 when he received the imperial stole with the utmost humility from the hands of His Holiness Pope Alexander, who gave it as a father bestowing a gift on a penitent son. Before this he had subjected Milan to a long siege with a strong force, and when it had surrendered in exhaustion, he had divided it into several villages, demolishing its towers and reducing its fortifications to rubble.S2 But then, carrying off the three Magi from there to Cologne,53 the vietor left Italy as if in flight. 54 However, he returned to Italy with renewed strength" and laid siege to Alessandria, a new city built by the Lombards, which Pope Alexander had adorned with his own name, calling it Alessandria;S6 but Frederick's attack was not successful. On the contrary, on his way back from there he sustained heavy losses at the hands of the citizens of Milan, who engaged him in battle on the border of their territory. 57 And so, as we have already recounted, when human strength failed him, he had no choice but to bend his stubborn neck before the immortal King. Let us now be brief. Frederick then raised up his first-born son, Henry, as king of Germany, Aries, and Lombardy," and having paid his respects to the pope he enthusiastically took the crusaders' route, with a countless multitude of valiant soldiers, intending to renew the time-honoured custom of fighting the pagans. 59 He passed through the land of the Huns and crossed the Danube; then, after traversing Lake Maeotis where it empties into the Euxine Sea at the straits commonly called the Arm of 5t George,60 he went on to Iconium . There his strength was worn down by repeated encounters with

celestis. In Concilio siquidem Veneto" penitentem imperatorem, ad sinum Mattis ecclesie regressum, intuiti sumus cum sununa humili-

tate stolam per manus sanetissinti pape Alexandri, quam dedit pater penitenti filio, recepisse. Tunc Mediolanum, in manu forti diu tina obsidione pressum, lassatum,Y ac dedi tum, in plures uices distinxerat, deiecris turribus et cassatis munitionibus,52 tribusque Magis Coloniam Agrippinam.ll usque perlatis,'d3 quasi fugiens uictor Italiam declinauit. S4 Verum in Italiam rediens resumptis uiribus," Alexandriam, quam ciuitatem nouam, a Lonbardis constructam, suo nomine Alexander papa Alexandriam nominans decorauit, obsidet, 56 nec inpugnando proficit, quin immo inde rediens, in confinio comitatus Mediolanensis a ciuibus Mediolani grauem' iacturam conserto prelio sustinuit. 57 Ideoque, ut premisimus, uiribus humanis deficientibus, coactus est inmortali regi indomita colla submitere.

Quid plura? Tunc erecto in regem Theutonicorum, Arelatensium, et Lonbardorum filio suo primogenito Henrico,58 salutato summo ponrifice, cum innumera strenuorum militum multitudine,

Fredericus ad pridem consuetas paganorum pugnas repetendas peregrination is iter arripuit. 59 Decursis Hunis/ transito Danubio Meotidisque paludibus transactis ubi se in" mare Euxinumque pontum deiciunt ad Brachium sancti Georgii uulgo dicrum," Iconium uenit. lbique multiplici paganorum resistencium pugna • uicnun CXQ lasassatum N • grauam N

Y

., o.

• catastis glossed by author jd est tormentis uel penis N • Agrippinamque N • usque perJatis supplied by 4u,h",. N sic QI; Himis N - in I in N

I Cor. 13: 7. Lit. 'bound to the '4tMtae'; a elltasla was a device to which persons were bound for torture (see Diet. of Med. Latinfrom British Sourw, s.v. (b». 'I Ju1y lI77. Gervase was present: see above, p. xxvi. 51 Milan was under siege from the spring of 1I60, and fell in March II62.; see Monz, Fretkmk BtubIJrtJUII., pp. 179-'83. 53 The transfer of the relics of the Magi to Cologne in I]M. established one of the most important western saints' cults of the later Middle Ages; cf. H. Hofmann, 1M Heili,m Orei Ki.m;le (Bonn, 1975); OfftGmmtIJ Eet:lesitu: Krmst und KutlSt!er tIer Rqmani} ill Kiim, ed. A. Legner (Cologne, J985), n. 2IH5. 54 Gervase is here confusing the end of Barbarossa's second Italian expedition in 1162 with. the end of his third in I I&], when he was forced to withdraw after his army had been destroyed by an outbreak of malaria or dysentery in August n67; see Mum, F,.edniclt. BarbIJr(}JS(I. pp. 252-4. 11 1174. 50

~ Built in 1168 at the junction of the rivers Bormida and Tanaro to bar future Gennan invasions, Alessandria was besieged by Frederick in II7S; see MUJl%, FmkricJ! Ba,.b"ronll. p. 30 1. !>7 Frederick W2S defeated in II. pitched battle with the Lombard League near Legnano. 29 May 1176; see Mum. FndtrKk B",b4NIUIJ, pp. 310-11. 58 Henry VI (U90-7) W2S actually Frederick's second son. He was declared king of the Romans; in 1186 he was crowned king of lta.ly; in 1191 he received the imperial aown from Celestine III (see below). 59 This was the Third Crusade (lISg); Frederick was himself a survivor of the Second Crusade (see above, on. 40-41). 60 Frederick and his army went via the HeUespont. which was known as the Ann of St George (see Munz, Fwkriek DmIJrMSII, p. 394-; Olia, ii. 2 , R. '3); they did not pass anywhere near Lake M1.cotis (the Sea of Azov).

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. '9

farigatus, terram Antiocenam ingressus, cum sue felicitatis consummationem iocundam suscepturus terraIn promissionis accederet, lauacrum in saris modico amne sui corporis faciens, diem c1ausit extremum.61 Exactis ergo, post Alexandrum papam," sub regno Henrici, filii Frederici, summis pontificibus Lucio," Vrbano tertio Mediolanense"' (facundissimo ac in animositate et constantia Mediolanum sapiente): Gregorio" (qui citius se uidit morientem fere quam pontificem), Clemente,66 tempore Celestini 67 Henricus Rome coronatus, ab eo nomen suscepit Augusti, dato Tusculano ad intemicionemf ob fauorom senatus adipiscendum. 68 Erat autem Henricus uir apud moderatos modestus, apud rebelles atrocissimus, hostibus inuictus, connunacibus seuerus, proditoribus immisericors, litteratis ipse literatior, quod in annOTUD1 minus erat exercitio supplebat ingenio,s facundus et munificus, gratiosus apud bonos, expositus apud simplices, contra superbos ceruicosus. Animo pattern sapiebat, non gladio; quoscumque seditiosos praua facicbat intentio, preueniebat consilio. Hie legem instituit apud Teutones I ut milicie, more Gallorum et Ang]orum, successionis iure deuoluerentur ad proximiores cognationis grad us, cum antca magis penderent ex principis gratia·' Ideoque ad suum refundens commodum quod aliis inpertitus est beneficium, inpetrauit a subditis ut, cesante pristina Palatinorum electione, imperium in ipsius posteritatem distincta proximorum successione transsiret, et sic in ipso tenninus esset electionis principiumque successiue dignitatis. 70

hostile pagans; but he rcached the territory of Antioch and was approaching the Promised Land when, on the point of attaining the joyous consummation of his blessedness, while washing his body in quite a small stream, he died." After the death of Pope Alexander," Frederick's son Henry continued to reign as king through the papacies of Lucius," Urban ill of Milan'" (a man of great eloquence, and a true Milanese in his resolution and firmness), Gregory" (who saw himself dying almost before he saw himself pope), and Oement." Then, in the time of Celestine," Henry was crowned emperor in Rome, and received from him the title of Augustus, having delivered Tusculum to destruction in order to win the senate's support." Now Henry was a man who was forbearing with the submissive but harsh indeed with the rebellious, unyielding to his enemies, severe with the insolent, and merciless to traitors; himself more learned than any men of learning, what he lacked in fighting-skill he made up for in intelligence; eloquent and generous, he was gracious towards the good, approachable with the simple, stubborn against the proud. He resembled his father in his thinking, but not in his fighting; he used strategy to outwit anyone whose vicious designs led them into sedition. It was he who made it a law among the Germans that, as was the custom with the French and the English, fiefs should pass by right of succession to the next of kin, while before this they used to depend rather on the overlord's gift." Taking advantage himself, therefore, of the right which he had bestowed on others as a favour, he procured from his subjects an assurance that, with the discontinuance of the former electoral rights of the Palatines, the imperial sovereignty should pass to his posterity by its own proper succession of next of kin; thus was to occur with him the end of election and the beginning of hereditary title.'·

I

• sapientie N ingenio om. N.A

f

internicionem grossed hy author id e:ilt mortem uel aIiam penam N

Frederick drowned in Cilicia, 10 June 1I90; see MuDZ, Fmkride BII,ba,oSJQ., p. 396. Alexander m died in uSI. Gervase's relative chronology is confused at this point. 6.l Lucius nI, IISI-S. 64 Urban m, II8S--'7. 6S Gregory VUI, 2.1 October to 17 December 1187, hence Gervase's comment. .. Clement m, 118-]-91. " Celestine m. II9I--8. " Celestine crowned Henry VI in JIg I, after Henry had givtn up Tuscu1wn, a small town near Rome, to the vengeance of her Roman enemies. 69 A development associated not only with Henry VI but with the Staufer rulers more gencnlly, cf. W. Gocz, De.- Leihe..,.ng (Tubingcn, '96» and K.-F. Krieger, IN LeImsIt.oMit tier 4nau:hen K51I;,e im SplitMi.tteWter (&11. 12OCr1437) (.Aalen, 1979)· ", A much-discussed passage; it refers obliquely to the so-caDed 'plan of hereditary imperial ruccession' (acknowledgement of herediWy succession in the kingdom by the princes in retwn for acknowledgement of hereditary succession in benefices by the ruJer) put forward by Henry VI in III}6 and initially accepted by the princes, though after they turned against it Henry settled for a pragmatic anticipatory election of Frederick II at 01

02

Erfurt in O ubi fuit archa testamenti, miliaria octo." Exhinc a lerusalem ad Emaus sexaginta quinque stadia, ubi Aimon et Cleofas cognouerunt Dominum in fractione panis, ubi et martyrium susceperunt. 24 "De Diospoliz usque loppe miliaria duodeciro. Ibi sanetus Petrus suscitauit Tabitam;26 illic cete iactauit lonam. A loppe usque ad" Cesaream Palestine miliaria triginta. Ibi baptizarus' est Cornelius centurio a Petro,27 et ibidem martyrium succepit. A Cesarea Palestina ad alteram Cesaream,'28 unde fujt Symon magns, miliaria uiginti quinque. A Diochirad ad Nazareth miliaria quinque. A

where St Zacharias lies buried it is five miles. From there to Ascalon it is twenty miles. From Ascalon to Gaza it is twenty-four miles.'" About five miles south of Gaza lies the viUage of Tabatha, the birthplace of the blessed Hilarion." From Raphia to Bethulia, where Holofernes was slain by Judith, it is twelve miles. 22 From Jerusalem to Shiloh, where the ark of the covenant was, it is eight miles 23 Next, from Jerusalem to Emmaus. where Aimon and Cleopas recognized the Lord in the breaking of bread, and where they also underwent martyrdom, it is sixty-five stades. 24 "From Diospolis to Joppa it is twelve miles. There St Peter raised Tabitha;26 there too the whale cast up Jonah. From Joppa to Caesarea in Palestine it is thirty miles. There the centurion Cornelius was baptized by Peter,27 and underwent martyrdom in the same city. From Caesarea in Palestine to the other Caesarea,2S where Simon the sorcerer came from, it is twenty-five miles. From Dioceasarea 10 Nazareth it is five miles. From Nazareth to Mount Tabor," where the Lord appeared to

Nazareth usque in Deidiopirum, e 29 ubi Dominus post resurectionem

disci pulis apparuit, miliaria septem. 2S lOA Ierusalem usque quo baptizauit Philipus eunuehum31 miliaria sedeciro. Hine usque ad terebintum quodl dicitur Mambre32 miliaria duo. A terebinto ad speluncam duplicem3J miliaria quatuor. Hine in Cebron' miliaria duo. Illic mansit Dauid cum fugit a Saul." ,..A lerusalem usque in Ramatha' miliaria quinque, ubi requiescit Samuel." A lerusalem usque quo habitabat sancta Elisabeth miliaria sex. A lerusalem usque in Anatoth/ ubi natus est'· etl sepultus Ieremias propheta, miliaria sex. A Ierusalem in Bethaniarn, ubi suscitatus est Lazarus," miliaria duo. Exhine ad montem Oliueti

ex

" ad odd.. after usque and Tkodoriw • De Rafi.a TMOdosius; Ab Arabia MSS • Betuliam 11uodonu.s; Bethulia C, Bethuba NAP , Silona Tktodosi.us; Sidonem MSS • De Diospoli Tlreoilsius; Ab Indionopoli MSS • ad om. ACP ~ baptiuns

N

• aIteram Cesaream] Dioca.esarea Theodosiu.t

~

sic MSS for

• Deidiopirum MSS; syce Tabwi T1eodosiw f quod P and Tluodotiw; quo N • Cebron Theodomu; Ccdon N, Cedron fJ AI Ramatha Thtodo!iw; Tamnatha NQj, lanatha X / in Amtoth) Manat£lth N j et

Dioccsarea

supplUJ by ..,/UW N

v...

II a. Jerome, HiI4riImiJ, ii. 1 (ed. Butio' Tbe reason for this divergence would be that, on the previous occasion, when we were treating the subject at greater length, we followed Orosius and other historians, and also the register of the Roman Church,22 whose scheme we adhered to word for word. However, for the list of provinces we have just supplied, we followed the order of the Roman register, in which the arrangement is not

• Aquensi:s P

•

Aquitania ex atlll PokmWs SihJius

:I

sU: Q' Auquiwmica

N,. Aquitannia AX, (-ania) C and Pokmius Silvius .. est] et N • Senonia PolmlWs Silvius; maxima Sequanorum MSS ~ item tJdd. before Bclgica I ~ GermaniaACXQaNl Pokmius Silvius 4 has habet ... qua] supp/iLJ by a~t"or N si& MSS for Byncium f proposuimus XQ 6 hystoriagrapbos N

6

14

Gervase adds the province of Aries to Polemius Silvius' list:; in antiquity, Aries

belonged to the province of Vienne.

The Sequani were the people who lived 0 0 the Seine (&fIWNJ). Guva.se wrote M4.1"ima S~1JU41f(JrU111 twioe, omitting SnID1fi4 (Ke apparatus). 16-16 Yspania .. . Ca.lpis et Auenne] a. Pokmius Silvius, 4 (ed. Riese, p. 131). 17 Cf. Orosius, Advmum PlJglJ1UJJ, i. Z. 94i Dba., ii. 2 , n. IS. 18 Here Gervase departs from the provinces listed by Polemius Silvius, I t ted. Riese, 15

52 5

p. 132), and follows instead the divisions given by Geoffrey ofMorunouth: cf. HRB, CC. ZI and 23 (:;: ed. Griscom, i. 16 and ii. I); Otis, ii 10, at n. 62. It a. 0r0si1.tS i. 2.. 83; 0IiG, ii. II, at n. I. ze....zo a. Pokmius Silvius, 3 (ed. Riese, p. 131). 21 See Oha, ii. 2-t:2.. 22 i.e. the Provin&iale Roman"",; see above, p. xlvi; O:ia, ii ..... n. uS.

GERVASE OF TILBURY

antiquitus distinct. officia presidatuum uel proconsulatuum,' prefecturarum et moderationwn Romani imperii, ordinauimus,23 hie antiquitati seruienies, iIIic nouitati locum dantes. Nee indignentur aliqui quod aliis olim uidebantur esse subiecti, Cum tolerandum sit antiquioribus quod cum tempore dignitate sua sunt diminuti. Vt autem oculata fide auidis menribus et sitientibus i auribus satisfaciamus, in summa naturalem prouinciarum ordinem et silum per tres orbis partes distinctarum in emendariore pictura subiunximus, considerantes quod ipsa pictorum uarietas mendaces effecit de locorum ueritatei picturas quas mappam' mundi uulgus nominat, plerumque enim pictor, ut alias testis, cum de suo adicit, parris mendaeia tolam testimonii seriem decolorat, ut in DecretiJ, C. tercia, q. .ix., 'Pura et simplex,.24 Nec ascribat lector ignorancie uel mendacio quod interdum nomina secus quam hoc tempore se habeant scribimus, cum nunc antiquitati seruierimus, nunc consuetudini loquentium satisfacere nos oportuerit. Ecce enim Babilonia Abathanis olim dicebatur; Ieropolis Halap dicitur, Edissa Rages Medorum, loppe Iafre, Nitria Damiata, Thebais Barbas, Memfis' Babilonia Minor (quam Epafus,m Ysidis ex Eleno genitus, condidit cum in secunda Egipto regnauit), Ebron Sanctus Abraham, Sichem Neapolis, Lidda Sanctus Georgius, Iamnas Assur, Paneas Belinas, Paralis Palmeri urn, Samaria Sebastem, Biblium Gibilet, Seleucomalla Seleucia, Yrimopolis Baldac, Antarados Tortosa, Ieropolis Malbech, Bosra" Busseleth. Sic et apud Greeos nomina mutata sunt, ut Bisantium Constantinopolis; apud f·56' Latinos Trinouantum I Londonie, Agrippina Colonia, Arelas Constantina, Sadorumo nunc Sagium;P et apud Britones Venetum ••, Osismetum ••, Diabletum ....;f 2S et in Lotaringia Metis Mediomatretorum,u et Tollo Leucorum27 et Veredunensium. In Italia, Papia .. pro consulatium N ; sitiantibus N j uarietate AXI .I: mappa CXQ ' M...... N • si< I; Epassu. N • Boota NCXQ • Saderru. CXQ ' Sanguim N ' _ . left after Venetwn .,.j -fin Osismctwn NC/b' ,,~/y lAne is tWo a Mmt' mi.uillg afin' Diabletwn

See above,

Note that the relative clause. in this sentence lacks a verb. 17. 2S 'Guitas Uenetwn. Ciuitas Ossismorum. Ciuitas Oiablintum' are listed among the cities of Lugduncnsis tertia in the NotiJiiJ GalJiMlUtl (NotiJiQ digm,1JIVm. .. a latt1'culi pro-cittci4nl111, ed. O. Seec.k (Berlin, 1876), p. 264). They appear likewise under Provincia Lugdunensium UI in the tenth-century Pnrvinci/J/e velW (PL xcviii. 462), where Venetum and Diablintwn are both said to have alternative namcs. Gcrvue did not supply their 2l

2A

D. 1.

a. Ik~ttJmJ, c. 3 q. 9 c.

OTIA IMPERIAL/A, II. '5

according to archbishoprics, but according to the offices of governor or proconsul, prefect or moderator, as they were distinguished in ancient times in the Roman empire.23 Thus in the laner case we have paid homage to the old, while in the former we were giving a place to the new. Some will find that they were apparently once subject to others: let them not take offence. Similarly, the older powers must accept that they have suffered a diminution of dignity with the passage of time. It was, then, to satisfy hungry minds and thirsty ears with reliable information that we appended this summary of the natural order and situation of the provinces, as they are distributed through the three parts of the world, so adding to the accuracy of our picture; for we are aware that the very variety of painters has resulted in the production of pictures which depart from the truth of the localities themselves-those pictures which are commonly called mappae mundO-since very often the painter, like any kind of witness, mars by the falsity of a part the whole formulation of his evidence, when he adds material of his own, as it says in the Decretum, C. 3 q. 9, 'Pura et simpJex,.Z1 Nor should the reader ascribe to ignorance or mendacity the fact that the names we give are sometimes different from tbose known in our time, since at times we have paid homage to the past, while at other times we have had to fall in with spoken usage. For instance, Babylon was once called Abathanis; Hierapolis is also called Aleppo; Edessa, Rages of the Medes; Joppa, Jaffa; Nitria, Damiata; Thebais, Barbas; Memphis, Lesser Babylon (which Epaphus, son of Isis by Helenus, founded when he reigned in Second Egypt); Hebron, St Abraham; Shechem, Neapolis; Lydda, St George; Jamnia, Assur; Paneas, Belinas; Paralius, Palmerium; Samaria, Sebaste; Byblus, Gebal; Seleucovalla, Seleucia; Irinopolis, Baghdad; Antaras, Tortosa; Hierapolis, Malbech; Bozrah, Busseleth. So too among the Greeks names have changed: Byzantium, for instance, is now Constantinople; among the Latins, Trinovantum has become London, Agrippina Colonia is called Cologne, Arelas Constantina is called ArIes, and the town of the Sadi is now sees; and among the Bretons Venetum has become __ , Ossismorum ......, and Diablintum __ ;25 while in Lotharingia the town of the MediomatriciU is now called Metz, that of the LeuciZ7 and the Veredunenses, Toul. Pavia in Italy used to be contemporary names, but Venetum may be Vannes (Venetiae in Bretonia); Diablintwn is

Jubwns, and Ossismorum is probably Oisseau. 26 A people of Gaul, on the Moselle.

1'1

A people of Gallia Belgica.

528

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OT/A IMPERIAL/A, II. 25

Ticinum" uocabatur; in Prouincia, Vapincum olim Argentina. In Siria Bergeberim, hoc' est Bersabee; Iericunctus, lereb; Tiberiadis, Dyocesarea; Legionum, id est Ligini; Caraca, id est Petra; Porfireon, id est Caiphas, Archis Tolomaidis, id est Aeon, nunc autem Nizybi; Acaron, id est Cessarea; Sarepta, Sarfent; Botrion, id est Butrin; Orchosia, id est Saeccas; Berutus, id est Baruth; Selenoualla, id est Seleutia; Ieropolis, id est Malbech. In Anglia Cantuariensis olim Dolobemensis,z' Lincolniensis Lindisfemensis. 29 ln Siria Reblata, id est Anthiochia; in Alemannia, Wezeburg Erbipolis; Raroelburg Ratisponensis. '

called Ticinum; Gap in Provence was once called Argentina. ln Syria, Bergeberin is an alternative name for Beer-sheba; Jericunthus for Jericho; Diocaesarea for Tiberias; Ligini for the city of Legions; Petra for Caraca; Caiphas for Porphyrion; Acre, and now Nisibis, for Archis Ptolemaidis; Caesarea for Acaron; Sarphent for Sarepta; Butrin for Borrion; Sarchais for Orthosia; Beirut for Berytus; Seleucovalla for Seleucia; Hierapolis for Malbech. In England, Canterbury was once called Dolobernia," and Lincoln Lindisfame." In Syria, Reblata is another name for Antioch; in Alemannia, Herbipolis is called Wiirzburg, and Ratisbon Regensburg.

xxvi.· De ortu prouinciarum et ciuitatum etatibus b

filiis jiiiorum Not et sex

26. The Origin of the Provinces and Cities, the Children of Noah's Children, and the Six Ages

His ita decursis, breuiter a quibus prouincie terrarum aut ciuitates inicium' habuerint explicemus, sicut breuiter ex Cronicis Claudii ad

That concludes our treatment of these matters. Let us now briefly indicate the people from whom the provinces and cities of the world took their origin, retailing the information as we have gathered it in summary form from the Chronicles of Claudius to Ado.' So then, the first age of the world began with Adam, the firstformed human being. 'Now just as on the first day the light was made, and then the light was divided from the darkness, and there was evening and morning,' so Adam was first placed in the delightful surroundings of paradise; then, after his expulsion, the sons of God were divided from the worthless seed; not long afterwards the giants were born: and the whole earth was corrupted, until all sins were blotted out by the flood.' 'The first age lasted for 1,656 years according to the Hebrew Truth, or for 2,242 years according to the Septuagint; according to both versions it spanned ten generations. AlI

el

Adonem' eollegimus. Cum igitur' prima seculi etas ab Adam prothoplausto ceperit, 'sicut prima die facta est lux, et diuisa luce a tenebris factum est uespere et mane, 3 sic constitutus est prius Adam in amenitate paradisi, et post eius eiectionem, separatis filiis Dei a semine

nequam, (non)' longe post natis gigantibus: corrupta est omnis terra, donee diluuio fuerunt omnia peccata deleta.' 'Cucurritque etas prima iuxta Ebraicam ueritatem annis mille sexeentis quinquaginta sex, seeundum septuaginta interpretes duobus milibus .ccxlii., per generationes secundum utramque editionem decem, que omnes • sit Ii Ticiruum altered by aulnor from Ticinum N epilogus orbis a4d. after Ratisponensis CXQ

• hecNA

t

Explicit

• This (h.aPkr is misplaced after iii. 22 in A aNi H; ift t~ other MSS ofGroup I (R, V. and b), allll {liso in E, G, M, f, a.nd I i1l Group Ila, it is omitted wogtther. 111 rlu absemt of I, tlte atrtmtml of XQ;1I this fhapter is detig'Nlltd P ~ De ... etatibus] Incipit a quibus ttne habue:.runt exordium et ciuitates et gentes et de sex etatioos seculi Cp initum N " igjtur] ergo ACP ~ non R4iatws Maurus; om. MSS

&

For the spelling, see Oli4, D. 21, n. 8. ~ Gervase is right to the extent that there probably

2:8

is a connection between the names 'Lindsey' and 'Lindisfune'. The people of Lindsey are calkd the Lindisfari by Bede, and the Lindisfarona by the Tribal Hidage. The names of the Lindisfarncn.ses who gave their name to Lindisfarne, and of the Lindisfara of Lindsey, probably both mean 'the people who resort to a place named Lindesse/Lindesig'. M. Gelling, 'The name Lindsey', AngloSUOII E1IKiaNl, xviii (1989), 31--2 (an appendix to S. Bassett's paper 'lincoln and the Anglo--S-axon See of Lindsey', pp. 1-32) makes this point; see also the contributions by

)

S. Foot and B. Yorke to Prt-Vlhttg LituJuy, cd. A. Vince (Lincoln, 1993), pp. 128-40 and 14 1-5 0 . I A pUXlling phrase, perhaps meaning 'from various chronicles, including ~ of Claudjus and Ado'. The BrroiJ fMoniaJ of Claudius of Turin (written in 814) fiCrYed as one ofGecvase's sources for this chapter. There is abo a passage (see D. +5) which is found iD the Ch,...... of Ado, an:hbishop of VIeDD< (cons=U27 hine Aradii.r dicuntur, qui AradumY insulam possederunt, angusto frete a Fenicis littore separatum;' et Samar," a quo Samaria, nobilis Syrie Coelis ciuitas; et Ematheus," a quo Emath ciuitas. Hanc Macedones qui post Alexandrum regnauerunt Ephiphanem nominauerunt; alii hanc Antiochiam dicunt, alii Emaus, primam ab Anthiocia mansionem uersus Edissam. Et fuit terminus Chananeorum a Sydone usque Gerara et usque ad' Gazam, peruenientibus Sodomam et Gomorram, Adaman et Seboym usque Lezem." Fiunt' ergo omnes filii Cham (hoc est medii filii Noe) quatuor, et nepotes quinque, et ex uno eius filio pronepotes duo, quorum fit

22Now Mizraim was the father of the Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtubim, Pathrusim, and Casluhim; the Philistines and the Caphtorim were ~heir issue.23 The Libyans, who were originally called Phutici or Phutaeans after Phut, son of Ham, came to be called Libyans after the Lehabim. And by a corrupt usage we give the name of Palestinians to the Philistines, Z4 the descendants of the Casluhim. But the other six peoples were consigned to oblivion when they were destroyed in the Ethiopian war, and so they are unknown to us; but they occupied the land from Gaza to the furthest bounds of Egypt 22 25Further, the first-born son of Canaan, son of Ham, is Sidon: the city of Sidon in Phoenicia is named after him. Other sons of Canaan ar~ Arucaeus," who founded the town of Area, which lies at the foot of Mount Lebanon; and Arodaeus:" the Arvadites, who settled on the island of Aradus, separated from the coast of Phoenicia by a narrow strait, take their name from him; and Samar," who gave his name to Samaria, the noble city of Coele-Syria; and Amathus," who gave his name to the city of Hamath. The Macedonian rulers who succeeded Alexander called this city Epiphania; some call it Antioch, and others Emaus, which is actually tbe first stopping place on the road from Antioch to Edessa. Now the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon to Gerar and on to Gaza, while in the other direction it passed through Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, and on to Lasha." In all, then, there are four sons of Ham (Noah's middle son), five grandsons, and two great-grandsons through one of his sons, making a total of eleven 30 3lAfter enumerating these, the narrative then returns to another son of Ham, namely Mizraim. His descendants are recorded, not as individuals but as seven nations; and it is stated that from the sixth nation, or, as one might say, from the sixth son, the race of the Philistines issued, making eight nations altogether. Then the subject of Canaan is taken up again, the son in whose person Ham was U A. v.: 'the Zemaritc'.

534

summa undecim.30

31Quibus enumeratis, binc reditur ad alium filium Cham, scilicet Mesraym, et commemorantur quos genuit, non tamquam singuli homines, sed nationes septem; et de sexta, uelut de sexto filia, gens:"

commemoratur exisse Philistiim, unde fiunt octo. Inde iterum ad . . sic N for Casluim {J and Isidore; Aridum N r

'" sic {J and Isidore; Aridius N J:

separatam IsidoTe

Aridii N :1 sic -aN )fueritN Z

gens om. NA

2W2 At uero ... ememos fines Egypti] Cf. Rabanus Maurus, Commmr. mPand. i I (PL Ox. 283); Josephus, Ant. i. 136-7; Jerome, !'!!uustio1us Hebrai,fU in GetJlsim, 10: 13 (CCSL lxii. 13;: PL xxiii. 954); Isidore, Etym. ix. ~ . [C)-'2I; CIUlla twdi1lQ.M, I Para!. I: II (PL cxiii. 632); Gen. 10: 13-14. 23 So the Vulgate (Gen. 10: 14); cf. A.V.: ' And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and Caphtorim'. 24 cr. Otia, ii. 4.. nn. 48 and 50. 25-2S Porro ... Seboym usque Lezem] Cf. ~banus Manrus, Comment. in Pa,.fII. i. I (PL ax. 283-4.); Josephus, Ant. i. 138.--9; Isidore, Etym. ix. ~. ~2-5; GlolfQ. MdinQ.r1a, I Panl I: 14-16 (PL cxiH. 632); Gen.. 10: 15-19. M A.V.: ' the Arote'. Area, a seat of the worship of Astarte, was at the north-west foot of

Lebanon. X1 A.V.: 'the Arvadite'. Arvad (Ezek. ~T 8), or Aradus, was the name of an island off the north coast of Phoenicia.

535

A.V.: 'the Hamathitc', Hamath was a city on the Orontes (now Hama). 30 Cf. Augustine, CW, xvi. 3 (CSEL xl (2). 128 = PL xli. 479). Augustine is here commenting on Gen. 10: 6--'], where only the sons ofCush (excluding Nimrod) are named as grandsons of JUm.; the great-grandsons mentioned are Sheba and Dedan, the klns of 2'9

Ra.omah.

ce.

JI--JI C@ibus ... et trigintl referuntur (p. 536) J ibKl. xvi. 3 (CSEL xl (2). 128 = PL xli. 480). GerV2Se here takes over from Augustine a different version ofthc material he has dealt with in the two preceding paragraphs.

•

f·S7'

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIAL/A . II. 26

Chanaan redirur, in quo filio est maledicrus Cham,32 et quos genuit undecim nominantur. 33 Qeinde usque ad quos fines peruenerint, commemoratis quibusdam ciuitatibus, dicitur. 34 Hii filii Cham in tribubus suis secundum linguas suas in regionibus suis ac per hoc in filiis nepotibusque computatis de progeuie Cham unus et triginta35 referuntur. J1 36Filii Sem Elam, Assur, Arfaxal, Lud, et Aram. Hii ab Eufrate fluuio usque ad Indicum occeanum tenent. Est autem Elam a quo Elamite, id est Perses, appellati sunt. Assur Tyrum condidit. 37 Filii autem Aram Hus, unde terra Hus, de qua lob; et VI, a quo Armeuii; et Gotor, a quo Carii;38 et Mosoe, a quo Meones/' ante Mes dicti. 39 Sane Hus Traconitidis et Damasci conditor fuit, inter Palestinam et Syriam Coelem. At uero Arfaxat genuit Sela, de quo ortus est Heber. Arfaxat a quo I Caldei, Lud a quo Lidii, Aram a quo Sirii, quorum metropolis Damascus. Genuit autem Heber, filius Sela, filii' Arfaxat, duos filios, quorum unus Faleg, qui interpretatur 'diuidens', eo quod in diebus eius facta fuit linguarum diuisio. 36 Computatis ergo omnibus filiis ac nepotibus et pronepotibus, fiunt ex Scm uiginti septem. 40 Et in summa omnes progeniti de tribus filiis Noe (id est quindecim de Iafet, triginta et unus de Cham, de Sem uiginti septem) fiunt in summa septuaginta tres, uel, sicut postea demonstrabitur, septuaginta due gentes fuerunt quando facta est linguarum diuisio. 4 ' Hoc quoque sciendum, quod multorum filii ideo non sunt connumerati, quia gentibus nascendo accesserunt, ipsi autem gentes facere nequiuerunt;+2 auctus tamen est numerus gentium multo amplius quam linguarum. 43 Sane Faleg, filius Eber, filii Sela, filii Arfaxat, filii Sem, filii Noe, ut diximus, interpretatur 'diuisio', cui pater SUllS

cursed,32 and the names of eleven of his progeny are given. 33 Mter that there is a description of how far their territory extended, making mention of some of their cities. 34 These descendants of Ham settled in their tribes in different regions according to their languages, and reckoning on this basis, the sons and grandsons of Ham's line are said to number thirty~ne.35,Jl '"The sons of Sbem are Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. They occupy the land from the river Euphrates to the Indian Ocean. Now it is Elam after wbom tbe Elaruites, that is, the Persians, are called. Assbur founded Tyre.'7 Tbe sons of Aram are Uz, wbo gave his name to the land of Uz, wbere Job came from; Hul, wbose people are the Armenians; Gether, whose people are the Carians;" and Mash, whose people are the Macones, previously called Mes.J9 Now Uz was the founder of Trachouitis and Damascus, between Palestine and Coele-Syria. Arpbaxad was the father of Salah, and Salah's son was Eber. The descendants of Arphaxad are tbe Cbaldaeans, those of Lud the Lydians, those of Aram the Syrians, wbose chief city is Damascus. Eber, son of Salah, son of Arpbaxad, bad two sons, one of whom was called Peleg, wbich means 'dividing', because in his days the division of languages came about. 36 So then, reckoning up all the sons and grandsons and greatgrandsons, Shern's descendants number twenty-seven .... Taken altogether, the offspring born to the three sons of Noah total seventy-three (that is, fifteen from Japbeth, tbirty-one from Ham, and twenty-seven from Shem); in fact, as will be shown later, there were seventy-two nations wben the division of languages occurred." It also bas to be borne in mind that many people's children are not included in the reckoning, because they were born into existing nations, and were not able to form new nations tbemselves;" though the number of nations did expand much more than the nurn ber of languages." The name of Peleg, son of Eber, son of Salah, son of Arpbaxad, son of Shem, son of Noah, means 'division', as we bave said, and the reason wby his father Eber gave bim that name was that

" dicuntur QI/J. lifter Moones

cp

• 6lii

()m.

N

12 Cf. Josephus, Attt. i. 140-2; Gen. 9: 20-1, n Cf. Josephus, Ant. i. 138-- following Josephus, Allt. viii. 62) gives the figure as 3.102 years. 76-76 Quia ... est remissio peccatorum] Cf. Rabul~ Mauros, COmmeftl. mMattJraeum, ;. , (PL cvU. 746). " U. Rom. 8, 3· 7S Cf. ibid.; the Vulgate reads: 'Deus Filium suwn mittens in similirudinem camis pccc:ati et de peccato, damnauit peccatum in carne' (D.V.: 'God, sending his own son in the likeness of sinful flesh and of sin, hath condemned sin in the flrsh'). 73

7....-,.

545

some remaining on the water, while others flew up into the air) 80 so

in the fifth age of the world the people of Israel multiplied in Chaldaea, where some turned aside to the pleasures of the Chaldaeans, while others sought to return to Jerusalem: while the latter pursued their heavenly desires, the former put off the wings of virtue and sat down by the rivers of Babylon. 81 Evening fell on this age when, with the Saviour's coming already imntincnt, Judaea was made a tributary state of Rome,79 82weighed down, as it were, by the burden of old age, with troubles swamping it on all sides. This age, like the fourth, spanned fourteen generations, and came to an end after 588 years.82 The sixth age of the world, which began with the coming of the "..79

Peut . .. m sub tributo] Cf. Rabanus Maurus, lA

., cr. Gen. J: 20-3.

IIII'W1'10, L

9 (PL ai.

299).

II Cf. Ps. 136 (13?): 1. a. Cbudius of Turin, Brevis chronica. c. 5 (PL av. 924); Rabanus Maurus, De (;f)m/'UIO, c. 96 (PL cvii. 726); id., De ","verso, x. 14 (PL oL 507). U-a1

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTlA IMPERIALIA, II. .6

elauditur. "Sicut autem sexta die terra animantibus repleta legitur, et homo ad ymaginem Dei- creatur, ex cuius dormientis costa Eua fOl'l11atur, a.. ita, precinentibus 11 prophetis, Filius Dei in carne nostra apparuit, hominis ymaginem per peccatum deformatam reintegraturus, ex cuius latere donnienris in cruce sanguis et aquaB5 nouam III formauerunt matrem ecelesiam. Huius etatis uespera sub Antiehristo tenebras faciet,S3 ut etas decrepita morte terminanda, octauam beate resurrectionis etatem expectans. 86 In hac igitur etate, 87'paruulus natus est nobis, et filius datus est nobis.,S8 Natus est qui sibi erat, natus est nobis. Datus'" ex diuinitate,

Lord, has not yet come to an end. "Now one reads that on the sixth day the land was filled with living creatures, tllJIl1 was created in the image of God, and Eve was formed from his rib while he slept;" even so, as the prophets foretold, the Son of God appeared in our flesh to restore man's true image, disfigured as it had been by sin, and from his side while he slept on the cross blood and water" formed a new mother, the Church. The evening of this age will bring darkness on the world with the reign of Antichrist," just as decrepit old age must come to an end with death, while awaiting the eighth age of the blessed resurrection. 86 In this age, therefore, 87'a child was born to us, a son was given to us. ,,. He was born, born to us, who already possessed life in himself. He was given from a state of divinity, born of a virgin. He was born that he might experience the ending that is death, he was given who could know no beginning. He was born that he might be younger than his mother, he was given, than whom even his father could not be older. He was born that he might die, he was given that through him we migbt be reborn to life. There he rules, here he humbles himself. In his own realm he reigns, in ours he serves. 'And the government is upon his shoulder.'89 The shoulder denotes the man before our eyes, while the government signifies God lying hidden within the man. Acknowledge the twofold substance in the unity of the person. He took from us what he put on, but what he bestowed is his own. He took from us the nature that would die, but the nature that would rise again is his own. He took from us tbe nature that would pay the penalty of death on our behalf, but the nature in which he would be revealed as completely free of any debt is his own. He took from us the nature that would suffer crucifixion, but the nature that would be glorified is his own. In our nature he offered a sacrifice for sin, while in his own he bestowed the grace of pardon. It was our nature, therefore, that was the source of his humiliation, while his own nature is made manifest in his ascension. In our nature he offered the sacrifice, in his own nature he granted the reward. And so he holds two natures within himself: his humanity is discerned in his weaknesses, his divinity is proved by his strengrhs. 87 There are then, according to Claudius, and as Bede also attests, a total of 3,952 years from the beginning of the world up to Christ.'"

flatus ex uirgine. Natus qui sentiret occasurn, datus qui nesciret exordium. Natus qui matre esset posterior,Y datns quo nec pater esset antiquior. ~atus qui moreretur, datus per quem ad uitam renaseeremur.'mic dominatur, hie humiliatur. Sibi regnat, nobis' militat. 'Et factus est principatus eius super humerum eius.'89 Manifestum quippe hominem designat humerus, latentem in homine Deum loquitur principatus. Agnosee duplicem sub persone unitate substantiam. De nostro habuit quod appendit: de suo est quod donauit. De nostro habuit unde caderet, de suo' unde resurgeret. De nostro habuit unde pro nobis mortem solueret, de suo unde penitus in nullo debitor appareret. De nostro ut J crucifigeretur, de suo unde glorificaretur. De nostro dedit peccati hostiam, de suo indulgentie tribuit gratiam. De nostro itaque illi humiliatio, de suo esse probatur ascensio. De nostro optulit sacrificium, de suo contulit premium. Duarum ergo naturarum e capax, homo f in infinnitatibus agnoscitur, Deus ex uirtutibus approbatur. 87 Fiunt ergo secundum Claudium in summa ab exordio mundi usque ad Christum anni' tria milia nongenti quinquaginta duo, ut eta Beda testatur. i 90 .. preconantibus Rahemus MaunlS • noua N 6 est odd. after dams ACXi ergo add. after datus Faustus Y iunior FQUStus • ad wtam nasceremur Cp; wta renasctt'CtUr FtUlJtJiS • mihi Faustus • apprehend it FauslJlS • habuit add. after suo p " unde FtIIillW • naturarum wpplied Iry IlUlhM N f cum QI/ded by IJwAor after homo. tPI"iUnI tUtroe tzp!lllged enim N I Ouistum anni) Christi aduentum p , et om. ACP i AI I/W JltMI in X. !t twl Z of CrffWp lIb II C(lm.putlJtWn it murua: ue AppmtJi.z U. 3 .J..43 Sicut ... Antiehristo tenebras facet.) Cf. Rabanus Maucus, De JUUUno, X. 9 (PL ai. 2099). Ii Cf. Gen. I: 24-31, 2: IS--zS. as a. John 19: 34; I John 5: 6--8. M CE. Rabanus Maurus, De compulO, c. 96 (PL evii. 728)i id" iN !III'Uno, x. 14 (PL cxi.

30Jt., paruulus . .. ex uirtutibus approbatur] cr. FaustUs of Reggio, EpuloliJe. vi (PL lviii. 855-6).

ss.

a. Isa.

9: 6.

89

a. loco

cit.

547

Cf. Claudius of Turin, Brevis chronica, c. 5 (PL civ. 924); Bede, De tm.poribur, c. 22 (q. 607 ; PL xc. 2C)O); id., De temporum ratiMfe. Sexca aetas (CCSL cm (B). 495 = PL xc. 545)· 90

(CCSL cxxiii

TERTIA DECISIO

BOOK III

Hec" sunt capitula libri hnius tercii:'

The following arc the chapters of this, the third book:

Prefacio in opus' sequens continens mirabilia pleraque" i. De magnete Iapide ii. De sale Agrigentino et Cardonensi: et confectione salis marini, et de salinis Wichii iii. De lapide abeston, et lapide accenso in lucernarn, et lucerna fani Veneris, et cereis Beate Virginis iv. De licu Egypti, et ligno quod conuertitur in lapidem v. De pomis Pentapolis que crescunt et fauillantur vi. De lapide cum luna crescente et decrescente' vii. De tribus donis Terdone

Preface to the work that follows, including a number of marvels 1. The Loadstone 2. The Salt of Agrigentum and Cardona, and the Making of Seasalt, and the Salt-supply of Droitwich 3. The Asbestos Stone, a Stone which is Lit to provide a Lamp, the Lamp in a Shrine of Venus, and the Wax-lights of the Blessed Virgin 4. The Fig-tree of Egypt, and the Wood which Turns to Stone 5. The Apples of the Pentapolis which Grow and then Turn to Ashes 6. The Stone which Waxes and Wanes with the Moon 7. The Three Gifts of Tonona 8. The Cemetery of Fruttuaria 9. The Window of Connexe 10. The Marvels of Le Puy-Notre-Dame; the Fly of Naples II. The Nut-tree which bears Leaves and Fruit Both at Once 12. The Marvels of Naples 13. Virgil's Garden and the Trumpet 14. The Upside-down Bean and its Nature 15. The Baths ofPozzuoli 16. The Rock-passage which Admits No Treachery 17. Bishop John and the Punishment of Souls 18. A Vision of the Gates of Hen 19. Avemus and the Mud of Le Thor 20. A Tower which Admits No Watchmen 21. The Beetles' Battle 22. A Rock which is Moved by One Finger and Not by the Whole Body 23. The Image of the Lord in Edessa 24. Another Image of the Lord on a Cloth 25. The Veronica in Rome

viii. De cimiterio Fructuariensi ix. De fenestra Camisse

x. xi. xii. xiii.

De mirabilibus Podii Sancte Marie; de musca Neapolitana De nuce que simul frondet et fructilicat De mirabilibus Neapolis De ono Virgilii et tuba

xiv. De faha uersa et eills natura

xv. De balneis Puteolauis xvi. De rupe incisa que non admittit insidias

xvii. De Iohanne episcopo et animarum penis

xviii. De uisione

•

pOrtarunl

infemi

xix. De Auemo et luto Thori xx. De turre que non admittit uigiles xxi. De pugna scarabeorum xxii. De rupe que digito mouetur et non toto' corpore xxiii. De figura Domini in Edissa' xxiv. De alia figura Domini in linteo xxv. De Veronica Romani The /HI of ,hapten appefln only in the ikunuJantJ of p. In X it upresenud in situ. In I it

is divided inlo ~() parts. 1M fint (i-xriv) behNe'll items 7 .nd 8 ofthe addend4 if. 2~i-:1.:14 '), and llu second (x~/ui;,) after the LUI item IIf lile ~ if. :l33"-234 r). TM 11m IMee ilmU of lAe IIIldnuIIJ and 1M second 10" (:mc---ulviii) of lire chapIn'S J»n'~ mining in 1M copy from which Q 1I'/U tnaik. but ,he fint Pfjrt upr&nltd in si,*, Folio refernl&e$ Qn prMNkd in X and [, by a lalt Aa"a in both } Hec ... tertii] Sequuntur capitula huius Iibri tercii Q in opus] operis X J pleraque om. 1 ~ Cardone I ret decrescente

om. Ql I toto Q; om. Xl j et de uu1tu LLlCaIlensi add. 4fitr Edissa I ; De quarta figura Domini add. after Romana I

aTIA IMPERIALIA, III. TITLES

GERVASE OF TILBURY

55 0 xxvi. xxvii. xxviii. xxix. xxx.

De Veronica Edissenai De Iittore PalestiBe De uirtute ot consecratione lapidum De boas dracone De ordea et arenis Egypti XXXI. De herbis Egypti' xxxn. De cibariis que ad solem coquuntur xxxiii. De Olimpo et Athlante et Sinai (De nento quem in cirotheca conclusit sanctns Cesarius xxxv. De uirgula arida que per obedientiam florllit; in uita

XXXIV.

26. 27. 30. 31. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

sanctorum Thebeorum)' XXXVi.

De uinea sine plantatore prodeunte

xxxvn. De uado de Rodestumm XXXVlll. De aqua que uires reparat equis lassatis XXXIX.

xl. xli. xlii. xliii.

De prato crustato

De De De De

aquis qne calore congelantur in sal uexillis apparentibus in' die sancti Constantii rupe que uocatur' Equa Illi' dominabus apparentibus in fenestra'

xliv. De beuere et eills natura

xlv. xlvi. xlvii. xlviii. xlix. 1. Ii.

De De De De De De De

castro del Pech ymagine Beate Virginis cruce latronis in Cypro aqua que nunquam bullit Saltu Domini statua aurea balsamo et eius probatione

Iii. De fluuio succrescente

Iiii. Iiv. Iv. Ivi. lvii. Iviii. Iix. Ix.

De signis in morte Iulii apparentibus De ligno crucis et pisdna probatica De arbore uermiculi De bombicibus Sericis De domina castri Esperuer De militibus apparentibus De milicia Osherti filii Hugonis De cornu et pincerna siluestri

j De .. . Edissena] De uirtute epistole Domini et beati Thome apostoli I It De . .. Egypti] 011f. Q J De uento ... Thebeorum] ed.; De uento Pontico et ciroteca sancti Cesariis. De uirtute sancte obedientie et uirga storacina X (add. in margin by fait hand);

36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57· 58.

59· 60.

551

The Veronica in Edessa The Coast of Palestine The Power a.nd Consecration of Stones The Boa Snake The Barley and Sands of Egypt The Herbs of Egypt Food which is Cooked in the Sun Olympus, Atlas, and Sinai The Wind which St Caesarius Shut Up in a Glove The Dry Rod which Blossomed as a result of Obedience; an Episode from the Life of the Theban Saints A Vineyard which Grows Without a Planter The Ford of Radstone Water which Restores Strength to Wearied Horses A Meadow on a Crust Water which Hardens into Salt in the Heat The Banners which Appear on the Feast of St Constantius The Crag which is Called Equal to That Ladies who Appear at a Window The Beaver and its Nature The Castle of the Peak An Image of the Blessed Virgin The Thief's Cross in Cyprus Water which Never Boils The Lord's Leap A Golden Statue Balsam and the Testing of It A River which Springs Up The Signs which Appeared on the Death of Julius The Wood of the Cross and the Sheep-Pool The Kermes-Tree Silk-Worms The Lady of the Castle of L'Eparvier A Vision of Knights The Prowess of Osbert Fitz Hugh A Horn and a Woodland Cupbearer

QI '" sic X; Rodestim QJ " in 0111. Q • nominatur I P De rupe ... IlIi] X (add. in margin by late hand); om. Q' this and the following title misplaced after xxxvii in I q De ... fenestra] De fenestris in quibus apparent domine I

om.

552

OTIA IMPERIALIA, III. TITLES

GERVASE OF TILBURY

lxi. De neptunis siue portunis lxii. De grant et incendiis lxiii. De dalph}

two minds, by his better judgment allowed himself to be taken to the city of Nola, where I had a villa at that time by order of my lord the renowned King William of Sicily," to allow me to escape from the bustle and heat of Palermo in the summer. To cut a long story short, after several days we decided to go down to the sea at Naples, to see if by any chance we might find a reasonably-priced berth there, on a ship getting ready to sail. We reached the city, and called upon the hospitality of the venerable John Pignatelli,' archdeacon of Naples, formerly a pupil of mine in canon law at Bologna, and a man of outstanding knowledge, character, and binh. He gave us a warm welcome, and we made known to him our reason for coming. On learning of the urgency of our errand, he came with us to the sea while a meal was being prepared. Hardly had an hour passed when, after a few brief words, a ship was booked at a better price than we had hoped for, and the appointing of a day for sailing quickened the travellers' enthusiasm. On our way back to our host'S, we remarked how suceessfully and auspiciously all that we wanted had been achieved in so shon a time: we were amazed and baffied at such great good fonune. 'Aha,' said the archdeacon, 'by which city-gate did you enter?' When I described which gate it was, he, a man of shrewd intelligence, replied : 'There is a reason why fonnne assisted you so readily! Please tell me exactly what happened: by which side of the gate did you enter, the right or the left?' We replied that when we were coming up to the gate, the left-hand side of the entrance was more readily accessible to us; but an ass laden with a pile oflogs suddenly got in our way, and we were forced to turn aside to the right to avoid it. Then the archdeacon said: 'So that you may know what great wonders Virgil performed in this city, let us go to the place, and I shall show you what memorial he left on earth on that gate.'

When we got there he showed us a head of Parian marble inserted in the wall of the gateway on the right-hand side, with its mouth stretched into a merry laugh of immense delight. But on the left-hand side there was another head affixed to the wall, of the same marble, but otherwise very different from the fust: for it presented the face of someone weeping, wild-eyed and angry, and bewailing the hardsbip of a wretched lot. The archdeacon explained that from these, so different, representations of faces, two opposite outcomes of fonune bang over all wbo enter there, provided that they do not deliberately

582

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIALIA, III. '3

fiat declinatio ad dexteram siue ad sinistram ex industria procurata, sed, SiCllt [atalia sunt, fato euentuiqueT committantur. 'Quisquis', inquit, 'ad dexterain-.S ciuitatem istam ingreditur semper dextro cornu ad omneffi propositi sui effectum prosperatur, semper cressit et augetur; quicumque ad sinistram flectitur semper decidit et ab omni desiderio suo fraudatur. Quia ergo ex asini obiectione ad dexteram deflexistis, considerate quam celeriter et quanta prosperitate iter llestrum perfecistis!'s Non tamen hee scripsimus quasi Saduceorum sectam comprobemus, qui omnia dicebant in Deo et marmone consistere, hoc est in fato et casu fortune, 9 cum omnia in sola uoluntate Dei sint posita, secundum illud: 'In uoluntate tua omnia sunt posita, et non est qui possit resistere uoluntati tue,' etc.;l0 sed istud ad admirationem artis matematice Virgilii memorauimlls.

turn aside to the right or to the left, but are exposed to chance and accident, as is necessary in events governed by fate. 'Whoever enters the city on the. right-hand side', he said, 'always succeeds in accomplishing all that he attempts with fortune on his side, and invariably thrives and prospers; but whoever turns to the left always fails and is cheated of his every wish. Since, then, you turned to the right because your way was blocked by the ass, look how speedily and successfully you have accomplished your errand!" In writing this it has not been our intention to support the sect of the Sadducees, who claimed that all things were dependent on God and eiJ-Lappiv'T}, that is, on fate and the accidents of fortune;9 for all things are ordered by God's will alone, as it is written: 'All things are in your power, and there is none that can resist your will' etc. 10 No, we have recorded it simply to win admiration for Virgil's astrological art.

xiii. De orto Virgilii et tuba enea

13. Virgil's Garden and the Bronze Trumpet

IJ

Erat in confinio eiusdem ciuitatis Neapolitane, uelut ex oposito, mons Virginum, I in cuius decliuo inter prerupta saxorum aditu graui b Virgilius ortum' plantauerat, multis herbarum generibus consitum. In hoc inuenitur herba lucii, 3 quam oues cece quandoque tangentes, statim acutissimum& uisum recipiunt. In eadem erat ymago enea bucinam ad as tenens, quam quotiens auster ex obiecto subintrabat, statim ipsius uenti flatus conuertebatur. Qnid autem conuersio ista Nothi' commodi portabat? Audite. Est in confinio ciuitatis Neapolitane mons excelsus, 5 mari infixus, subiectam sibi Terram Laboris spatiose prospectans; hie mense Madio fumum r

euentui que N

enea om. CXQ , accussimum N a

, a dextera XQ • aditu graui X!6' aditu (abditu I) graui arlitu NI

8 Gervase is our only early source for the two marble facesj they are next mentioned in the Cronica di Parlenope (c. 26), which adds the detail that the laughing face was a man's and the weeping one a woman's. 9 The Sadducees were a conservative Jewish sect of the priestly class who flourished before and at the time of Christ. However, Gervase is mistaken in referring to them here: it was of the Pharisees that Josephus made this statement (Bell. ii. 16-z; cf. Comestor, Evan., c. 31 (PL cxcviii. 1553); Otio, i. 5, n. IS). This last paragraph reflects the tension between Otristianity and the fascination with marvds, which tended to be of a distinctly pagan 10 (Rest of) Esth. 13: 9. stamp; see above, pp. lx-lxi. I This mountain was also sometimes called mom Vergilianus; cf. Comparetti, Vergi~ pp. 279-81.

In the neighbourhood of the same city of Naples, more or less opposite it, there was a mountain called Monte Vergine. 1 On the side of this mountain, in a barely accessible position amid sheer rockfaces, Virgil had cultivated a garden,' and sowed it with many species of plants. In it is found the luce plant:' whenever blind sheep touch this plant, they immediately receive very sharp sight. Also in this garden there used to be a bronze statue of a man holding a trumpet to his mouth. Whenever the south wind met the statue head on and found its way into the trumpet, the blast of the wind was immediately reversed. Now what benefit did that reversal of Notus' bring? Listen. There is a high mountain' near the city of Naples, right by the sea, overlooking the Terra di Lavoro which extends far and wide below it; in the month of May this mountain 2 Alexander Neckam (De natuns rerum, ii. 174) says that Virgil had a garden which he enclosed in immobile air instead of a wall, while Vincent of Beauvais (Speculum histuriaie, vi. 61) says that he contrived that no rain ever fell on it; see further Spargo, Virgil, pp. 6,-l!. 3 The normal meaning of lucius in medieval Latin is 'pike' (-fish). Here there is presumably an association with luz ('light'). The identity of the herb is uncertain, but a possible clue is provided by the definition: 'xifion idest erba lucia vel rosa campania' (quoted from a tenth- or eleventh-century MS in the Corpus Glossariorvm Latinonnn, ed. G. Loewe and G. Goetz (Leipzig, 18(2), iii. 630); the tufoiov is the Gladiolus segetum, or 4 i.e. the south wind, bringer of disease, hunger, and destruction. corn-flag. S i.e. Vesuvius.

585

GERVASE O F TI L B U RY

aTlA IMPERIALIA. III. '4

teterrimum eructuat et interdum cum cinere ardentissimo ligna proicit exusta in carbonis colorem, unde illic quoddam infemi terreni spiraculum asseruili: ' ebulire. Flante igitur Notho, puluis calidus segetes omnesque fructus exurit, sicque terra in se feracissima ad sterilitatem dueitur. Ob hoc, tante regionis illius dampno consulens, Virgilius in opposito monte statuam, ut diximus, cum d tuba erexit, ut ad primum uentilati cornu sonitum et in' ipsa tuba flatus subintrantis impulsum, Nothus repulsus ui mathesis quassatetur. Vnde fit quod, statua illa uel etate consumpta uel innidorum malicia demolita, sepe pristina dampnaf repatantur. 6

belches out foul smoke, and at the same time hurls up timbers chatred as black as coal, along with burning-hot ash. This has given rise to the assertion that a vent of the terrestrial hell blasts out there. When the south wind blows, therefore, a hot dust soorches all the fruit and the crops, and thus terrain which is naturally very fertile is reduced to sterility. It was for this reason, taking thought for such a latge region's loss, that Virgil set up the statue with its trumpet on the opposite mountain, as we have said, in order that at the first sound of the blasted hom and the first impact of the wind making its way inside this trumpet, Notus should be thrown into confusion, driven back by the power of astrology. But that statue either perished from age or was destroyed in a spiteful act of jealousy, and the old losses often

xiv. De foba uersa et eius efficatia

recur. 6

In huius sane mantis estuantis ascensu crescil herba quam uulgus fabam inuersam nominal, ad altitudinem Danelle DUcis alta: foJiis ut nueis amplis ac subacutis. Huius fructus sicut fabe siliquis induditur, ea tamen diuersitate, quod dependent terramque respieiunt cum e contra fabarum siJique in altum protendantur. Est autem huius potentia satis ridiculosa. Si enim ipsamh cum oratione dominica ter repetita genu lIexo collegeris, orans ut qualcrn uultum pretendis, talem goStans ex ea pretendat, sine dubio hune ipsam habere effectum conspieies. Si colligendo risus exasperas, gustans usque ad solis oecasum ridebit sine intermissione; si lIetus simulas, flebit falsa quasi pietate turbatus; si nauseam aut egerendi gestum exprimis, id idem continget comedenti. Nec hiis fidem dedisscm si non ipse probassem, cum summo labore atdua montis ilIius petens, herbamque repperi in cauema montis, sub castro quod indigene Summam1 I nominant, quod regis speciale est,~ munitione finnissimwn.

• cum svpp/itd by IIf41Mr N • aim C; altun NAP

I

in Npp/jed by ..uluw N

• ipsum N

I dampoo N

• est sv,}/itd by 11111.\0,(.") N

6 Virgil is credited with a rich variety of automata. Liebrecht (pp. Io6-?) notes that the idOl of a stU:ue keeping a volcano in check is found as early as the fifth century in a Sicilian legend recorded by Olympiodorus of Thebes (photius, BihliotMca, I:a:x. PC ciii. 261). According to Conrad of Querfurt (MGH SS xxi. 196), a bronze archer, not a trwnpeter, kept Vesuvius in check. Other Vtrgilian legends described an archer threatening an everburning fire, and various other pneumatic marvels (see Spargo, Vi,giI, pp. II7- 3S).

14. The Upside-doT/m Bean and its Properties

On the way up this fiery mountain there grows a plant which is commonly called the upside-down bean, as tall as a young nut-tree, with latge, slightly pointed leaves like those of a nut-tree. The fruit of this plant is contained in pods like beans, but with this difference, that they hang downwatds and face the ground while bean-pods turn upwatds. Now this plant has quite a droll property. If you gather it wbile genuflecting and repeating the Lord's Prayer three times, praying that whatever countenance you assume, whoever tastes of it should assume the same, you will undoubtedly wimess it have this effect. If you make yourself laugh while you gather it, whoever tastes it will laugh uninterruptedly until sunset; if you simulate teatS, he will weep as if overwhelmed by sham sentiment; if you imitate sickness or the gesture of vomiting, the same will befall whoever eats it. I should not have attached credence to this if I had not tested it myself; but with great toil I made for the heights of that mountain, and found the plant in a mountain cave, below the castle which the locals call the Height, I which is the king's own castle, very strongly fortified .

~ The name of this castle doubtless derived from the high semicircuJac ridge called Monte Sonuna which girds the cone of Vesuvius on the north side near the top.

586

GERVASE OF TILBURY

aT/A IMPERIAL/A, Ill. .6

587

xv. De balmis Puteolani,

15. The Baths of Pozzuoli

Est etiam in ciuitate Neapolitana' ciuitas Puteolana, in qua Virgilius ad utilitatem popularem et admirationem perpetuam balnea construxit, mira artificio edificata, ad cuiusuis interioris ae exterioris morbi curationem profutura; singulisque cocleis' singulos titulos superscripsit, in quibus notitia erat cui morbo quod balneurn deberetur. Verum' nouissimis diebus, cum apud Salemum studium lisicorum uigere cepisset, Salemitani inuidia tacti titulos baIneorum corruperunt, timentes ne diuulgata baIneorum potentia lucrum practicantibus' auferret aut diminueret. Ipsa tamen balnea, pro

Also in the state of Naples is the town ofPozzuoli. Here Virgil built some baths, which served for the common good and won him undying acclaim. They were constructed with wonderful skill, so as to promote the cure of any internal or external disease; he set individual inscriptions over all the baths,' indicating which bath should be used for which disease. But only recently, when the study of medicine began to flourish at Salerno, the Salemitans, held in the grip of envy, destroyed the inscriptions over the baths; they were afraid that, if the power of the baths became known, the medical practitioners would find that they made less money, or none at all. However, the baths themselves are for the most part undamaged, and offer cures for all sorts of diseases. But the ones which are nOI well known by the locals, or whose particular healing-power has been forgotten, are regarded with suspicion, because between two baths of opposite effects a sickness could sometimes be contracted rather than

maxima parte intacta, diuersis morborum generibus medelam tri-

buunt. Suspecta quoque sunt ilia que certam incolarum non habent noriciam aut ad uirtutem memoriam, eo quod inter duo contrariorum effectuum infirrnitas inlici quandoque potius posset quam curari.'

2

xvi. De rupe incisa que nulla, admittit insidia,

cured.

In eodem confinio est mons mira uirtute, ad modum cripte concauus, cuius tanta est longitudo quod medium tenenti uix duo capita comparent. Arte mathematica hic operatus est Virgilius quod in ilIo

16. The Rock-passage which Admits No Treachery

montis opaco, inimicus inimico si ponit insidias, nullo dolo nulloue

fraudis ingenio sue malicie in nocendo dare potest effectum.'

• Neupolitana N

~

uerum] unde N

t

practigantibus N

1 The word t'Clflta ('snail') was applied to various things in spiral form , including a machine for drawing water (Vitruvius, v. IZ. S, x. 6. x); it may have been by this route that it came to be used of baths or basins here. Z The mineral springs of Pozzuoli and Baia enjoyed a great repubtion in the Middle Ages, and it was inevitable that their virtue should be attributed to Virgil. Conrad's version (MGH 55 xxi. 194-S) differs slightly in that he mainbins that the baths were identified by statues rather than inscriptions. The baths are included in several later accounts of Virgil's magical powen, including the C,.onica di Pa,.tmqpt (c. 29), which adds the infonnation that the Salernitan doctors who allegedly destroyed the baths were punished by God, for on their return they were all drowned in a stonn at sea apart from one who lived to tell the

!ale.

The baths were described in the early thirteenth cenrury by the Campanian poet, Peter of Eboli, in his work Nomi"a et virtutes ba/ne()f"Um S~ de balneis Puteolrmnn et Baiarom,

In the same neighbourhood there is a mountain with extraordinary powers. It is hollowed out to form a tunnel, whose length is so great that someone standing in the middle can hardly see the two ends. Here Virgil contrived by his astrological art that if a person lays an ambush for his enemy on that dark path through the mountain, he cannot, by any guile or deceitful trick, put his evil design into practice and harm his victim.'

cd. A. Daneu Lattanzi (Rome, 196z); see also Kauffinann, Baths oJPozzuoli; C. R. Mailler, 'L'acqua dall'antichiti at Medioevo: Ie terme flegree', ~ MedievaJ~ xxvi (1988), 794}8; M. Hanly, 'An edition of Richart Eudes's French translation of Pietro da Eboli's De Hmeis Poteol4,",', T,IIdil .., ti (19').

OTIA IMPERIALIA, III. 103

77'

whence it had proceeded, he replied that he had loved her in our world above all other women in his family, and that, while he was in the throes of his sad parting from life, she had boldly made him swear that, if it were possible in any way, he would be sure to return to her, to make his condition known to her. 'Constrained by her entreary, I obtained leave from God and came to her; and every day when I depart she makes me promise to return, wishing to learn all about my condition, and longing to hear of these strange wonders of which she knows nothing. The real reason, though, for my return is the hope that by my words the faithlessness of unbelievers may be turned to faith, and the faith of believers may burn more brightly.' Gregory supports this in the Dialogues l9 when he says: 'The nearer this world comes to its end, the more the world to come makes itself felt, close as it now is, and reveals itselfhy ever clearer signs. Just as, when the night begins to end and day to dawn, before the rising of the sun, the darkness somehow mingles with the light, until the remnant of the departing night dissolves completely into the light of the succeeding day: even so the end of this world is now merging with the beginning of the world to come, and the very darkness of its last years is already being penetrated with light by a certain infiltration of spiritual elements; for we see things in a kind of twilight of the mind, as before dawn.' Enough of these matters. I tum now to more abstruse secrets of divine wisdom. There was a priest, a man of advanced learning, upright, pious, and God-fearing. When these visions first began, this man set little store by the things that were being said, but he approached the girl, and conveyed a message through her to the dead man. He asked the girl to suggest to him when he appeared to her that, if it were possible, he should speak directly to the priest, in order that the life-giving water should not be conducted to the garden through a channel,'" as had been happening so far, but that the priest himself might hear the words of his response without an intermediary. Why draw things out? The request was made: and after some delay, it was granted. This priest therefore came to an agreed place, and set about investigating some more difficult questions. He is a very esteemed and dear friend of ours, and he put our own questions to the dead man for him to answer. I have written the account which follows here on this man's testimony, which he made calling the Divine Name to witness, just as I heard it from his own mouth. To one question the dead man replied that at the moment of leaving this life he was absolutely terrified beyond all measure, and that both good and bad angels appeared to him, but eventually the

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OTIA IMPERJALJA, III. 103

apparuerunt, bonis tandem k preualenribus, qui eum in purgatorium duxerunt. Adiecit omnem penarn morti esse incomparabilem et

good ones prevailed, and conducted him to purgatory. He added that there is no suffering equal or comparable to death, and that the slightest pain of purgatory is harsher than any bodily suffering. Qyestioned again, he replied that all the souls that are to be saved enter purgatory, except the souls of the saints, for the saints enter their own heaven straightaway, since they have already effected their purification in this mortal body. Further, those who are to be damned do not enter purgatory, or the lower hell until the Day of Judgment, but they undergo infernal punishment in the air without any remission. The duration and harshness of purgatory are in proportion to the gravity of the sins committed. There is a celestial realm in the air in which the saints dwell, far away from purgatory, and there they all rejoice and sing praises to God. When asked what praises they sing, be replied: 'That hymn of the angels, 'Glory to God in the highest', and sometimes they pray for the living.' He also said that a number of the souls in purgatory sing this song, and some, seeing the salvation that is to be theirs hereafter, rejoice amidst the torments of purgatory, in hope of the homeland or the glory towards which they are striving. To another question he replied that he could see all the souls which were in purgatory, and he could hear the groans of some, and the rejoicing of others who had completed their purification. He knew who some of them were; but others whom he had not known in this world, he did not recognize in purgatory. He could also see the sufferings of the damned, but he did not recognize the damned themselves. However, Gregory says in the Dialogue?' that it is plain from the parable of the rich man and Lazarus that the good recognize the good and the bad the bad: in this recognition good and bad alike gain their proper reward in ever fuller measure. The good recognize not only those whom they knew in this world, but also those whom they did not know before. For since everyone in that realm sees God with unclouded eyes, what knowledge could they lack there, where they know him who knows everything? Also, a soul that is about to leave the body normally recognizes those with whom, due to their equal faults or merits, it is to share a dwelling-place.

inequalem, rninim:amque purgatorii penam quauis corporali pena esse aspcriorem.

Interrogatus respondit quod Otnnes anime saluande intrant purgataTium preter animas sanctorum, que statim celum suwn intrant,

quia in hoc corpore mortali suum egerunt purgatorium. Porro dampnandi non" intrant purgatorium, nec infemum inferius usque ad diem iudicii, sed in aere penas sustinent infemales sine omni JJl

intermissione. Sed et secundum quod peccata grauiora sunt commissa, purgatorium diucins ac grauins durat. Sane in acre est quoddam celum, in quo sunt sancti, remolUm a purgatorio, et iIIic gaudent Omnes sancti et Iaudes canunt' Domino. Interrogatus quas laudes cannot, respondit: 'lliud angelicum, "Gloria in excelsis Deo", et nonnumquam pro uiuis precantur.' Dicit eriam quod anime in

purgatorio nonnulle hoc canticum canunt, et quedarn, uidentes saluacionem suam uenturam in' proximo, inter penas purgatorii gaudent, spe patrie aut f glorie ad quam tendunt. Interrogatus respondit quod omnes animas uidet que sunt in purgatorio, et audit quarundam gemitus, et aliarum' gaudium que purgatorium compleuerunt. Et nouit quasdam que sint;' alias quas in hoc seculo non Douit, non agnoscit in purgatorio. Penas quoque dampnatorum uidet, sed ipsos dampnatos non nouit. 'Gregorius tamen in Dialogo" dicit quod ex parabola diuitis et Lazari apparet quod boni bonos et" mali malos agnoscant, in qua cognicione utrisque cumulus sue retribucionis existit et excrescit; et non solum boni quos hie nouerant agnoscunt, sed etiam quos ante nOn nouerunt. Quia enim iIIic omnes cum c1aritate Deum conspiciunt, quid est quod ibi oesciant, ubi scientem omnia sciunt? Solet etiam egressura' anima eos agnoscere cum quibus pro equalitate culparum uel meritorum est in una mansione deputanda. I que ACX - suum om. N • non fllPPlietJ • reddunt XQ I in om.. N f et ACP IJlltiwr N ' sunt N r-f Gregorius ... experto nuS's oonsentio (p. 774)] om. P; quid est quod ihi nesciant . . . experto magis consentio] om. N • et supplied by author N egressura A and Gregory.crressa C

, tamen

cXQ

by lJ~thor N , aliarum supplied by

21 CE. Gregory the Great, Dial. iv. 34> 36 (ed. Moricx:a. pp. 278 and 281 Ixxvii. 373 and 376); cf. Luke 16: 19-31.

773

=iv. 33, 3S, PL

774

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aTIA IMPERIALIA, III. 103

Sed et~ in eodem Dialog; libro" Gregorius ait quod iustorum perfectorum anime, mox ut huius carnis claustra exeunt, in celestibus sedibus recipiuntui. Vnde Veritas ait: 'Vbicumque fuerit corpus, ibi et aquile';23 et Paulus: 'Cupio dissolui et esse cum ChristO.'24 Si ergo Christus in celo, et Paulus in celo. Et Apostolus: 'Scimus quoniam si terrestris domus nostra huius habitacionis dissoluatur, quod edifica-

Also in the same book of the Dialogues'-'- Gregory says that the souls of the perfectly just ate received in their heavenly abodes as soon as they leave the bonds of this flesh. And so the Truth says: 'Wheresoever the body shall be, thither will the eagles also be gathered together';23 and Paul: 'I desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ. ,2' If, then, Christ is in heaven, Paul is in heaven too. The Apostle also says: 'We know, if our earthly house of this habitation be dissolved, that we have a building of God, a house not made with hands, eternal in heaven.'2' How, then, is their happiness increased on the Day of Judgment? My answer is that they will then enjoy to the full the beatitude of the body. In like manner the souls of the wicked are in hell after death;26 but in which heaven the good ate and in which hell the bad before the Day of Judgment, Gregory does not determine. And so I am more inclined to believe the revenant, who has more first-hand knowledge. He can see, he said, both heaven and hell, and he stands within reach of both, so that as a result of his proximity he can contemplate the joy of the just and the bitterness of the lost. In fact when souls leave the body, he sees them approaching and sees where they go; he does not recognize them, however, because he does not know the people whose souls they ate. When asked where he was living, he replied that his dwelling was neater to Jerusalem27 than to the place where he used to live in the world. When asked if all the saints have attained full glory, he replied that some enjoy as much glory as they ate able to before the Day of Judgment, while others have less than their full glory. Saint Bernatd, 28 for instance, suffers a great lack in his glory, because he did not agree with those who wanted to celebrate the feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin. So too Gregory says in the Dialogues:2' 'There ate souls belonging to some of the just which are kept back from the heavenly kingdom in certain interim dwellings, because they fell shorr of perfect justice in some way.' When asked if the sonls in purgatory ever rest, he replied that

tionem habemus ex Deo, domum non manu factam, sed etemam in

celis.'2' Quid ergo crescit eis in iudicio? Respondeo quod tunc corporis beatitudine perfruentur. Similiter impiorum anime in inferno sunt post mortem,26 sed in quo celo bani et in quo inferno mali ante iudicium, Gregorius non determinat. Ideoque magis experto magis consentio. t Item uidet celum et uidet infemum, et stat ubi in uieina utrumque est, ue ex uicinitate suP intendatur gaudium iustorum et tristicia perditorum. Cum uero anime exeunt a corpore, uidet eas uenientes et quo uadunt uidet; non tamen eas agnoscit, quia non Donit illos quorum sunt.

Interrogatus in quo loco' habitet, respondit quod mansio eius uieinior est Ierusalem27 quam locoa quo manere solet in seculo. Interrogatus si sancti omnes habent gloriam plenam, respondit quod quidam habent tantam gloriam quantam possunt ante diem iudicii, alii minus plenam. Nempe beatus Bernatdus' 28 multum in gloria sua defectum patitur, ex eo quod uolentibus festum concepcionis Beate Virginis sollempnizare non consensit. Vnde Gregorius in Dia/ogo: 29 'Sunt quorundam iustorum anime que a ceLesti regno quibusdam adhuc mansionibus differuntur, quia de perfecta iusticia quid minus habuerunt. U Interrogatus 81 quandoque requiescuntd anime in purgatorio, II> et C; om. A '" ut supplied by author N Y sui supplied by author N '" Joquo N JJ loquo N j Ieronimus ACP; leronimus expunged, Bernardus supplied by author N ~ habent XQ 4 requiescant AC

Cf. Gregory the Great, Dial. iv. 26 (ed. Moricca, p. 263 = iv. 25, PL lxxvii. 357). Cf. Matt. 24: 28; Luke 17: 37. 2+ Cf. Phil. r: 23. 25 Cf. 2 Cor. 5: 1. 26 Cf. Gregory the Great, Dial. iv. 29 (ed. Moricca, p. 272 = iv. 28, PL lxxvii. 365). rJ The journey of the soul after death began at Jerusalem, the centre of the earth (Ezek. 5: 5; cf. Oria, i. 10, n. 25), scene of the crucifixion, and image of the heavenly city (Gal. 4= 26; Rev. 21: 2, 10). lS In N, Iuonffnus was expunged, and B'us written in the margin by the author; this correction did not, however, find its way into the copies. St Bernard was known to have remonstrated with the canons of Lyons for celebrating the feast of the Immaculate Conception when it did not have Rome's sanction: see Epistow, 174 (458) (PL clxxxii. 22

23

775

333--6). The reference to Jerome pertains to the letter, Gogitis me (PL XXL 122--42), purporting to be by him, but actually a forgery, almost certainly by Paschasius Radbert (died c.860); see P. Glorieux, P()Ur revaloriser Migne (Lille, 1952), p. 20. The doctrine gradually gained ground among theologians from the early twelfth century onwards, in the wake of the immense popularity of the feast, especially in England; see R. Southern, St A1I$~lm and hir Biographer (Cambridge, 1963), pp. 290-5; H. Graef, Mary: A History of DoCtNIU and Devotion (London, 1963-5), i. 178---9, 222-429 Cf. Gregory the Great, Dial. iv. 26 (ed. Moricca, p. 263 = iv. 25. PL lxxvii. 356-7).

GERVASE OF TILBURY

respondit quod in omni ebdomada a uespera diei sabbati usque in' uesperam diei dominice requiescunt a penis,30 et quando generaliter ofTertur pro eis sacnficium in mi~ omnes quiescunt; cum nero specialiter pro aliqua canitur, ilia interim requiem habet integram, alief uero ex generalis beneficii participio remedium habent, sed non in tanta quantitate. Interrogatus respondit multum prodesse e1emosinas, que propter reuerentiam ac memoriam dantur Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, et Beate Virginis, et apostolorum Petri et Pauli. Interrogatus respondit se Michaelem habere custodem. Cumque f. 8,' uno die rogaretur ut Michael daret benedictionem I suam uirgini et sacerdoci cum quo loquebatur,' respondit quod beatus Michael annnit; et cum extenderet manum Michael ad benedicendum, tantus fulgor uirginem percussit quod ipsum intueri uel sustinere sine stupore non patuit. Interrogatus respondit quod ipse uidit etA bonos et malos angelos, et utrosque nidet sua ministeria complere. Et adiecit quod quilibet christianus habet ad; custodiam suam bonum angelum, dum tamen est sine mortali peccato: nam dum est in mortali, recedit ab eo bonus angelus et quasi de iIIo uerecundiam patitur; penitencia uero suscepta, redit ad custodiam. Interrogatus responditl corporis effigiem quam pretendit corpus

non esse nisi aereum, ipsum asserens non posse pari, sed tantum spiritum; neque posse onus quamuis leuissimum sustinere. Inde est quod cum sacerdos illi stolam superponeret, gratum habuit, sed onus impressum sustinere nequiuit, asserens stolam sacerdotalem uineDlum esse diaboliY Interrogatus si in purgatorio est! flOX, aut dies continuus, respondit quod uicissim dies et nox, uerum flOX non est ica I obscura ut hie. Interrogatus respondit summum bonum esse in hoc seculo, post sacrificium et helemosinas, abstinere a mendaciis. Interrogatus si Iohannes Baptista, qui in utero sanctificatus Dominurn exultando sensit, 32 et uerus precursor et propheta Domini, , in] ad AP f alii NA ' cum quo loquebatur SIIpp/~d by flfltluw N • nidit et N; uioo ACP j ad s-jJplied by flfllbr N j respondit s-pplietJ by autMr N • sit A (Jrmmrably a scribal tOrTttlw,,) I ita Stipplied by afltltor N )() The sabbath rest in purgatory, a oommon motif in medieval eschatology, is; found in the VisW Pauli (c. 44), where Paul obtains this mercy from the Lord; it was also a popular Jewish tradition (see Le Goff, Naissanct. p. 59, R . I, transl. Goldhammer, p. 380, n·44)·

OTIA IMPERIALlA . III. '03

777

every week they enjoy a respite from their sufferings from Saturday evening until Sunday evening, JO and when the sacri6ce of the mass is offered for them all together, they all rest; when a mass is sung for one in particular, that one has complete rest for as long as it lasts, while the others gain some relief through sharing in the general good, but not in such full measure. To another question he replied that alms which are given to honour and commemorate the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and the Blessed Virgin, and the apostles Peter and Paul, are very profitable. To a further question he replied that he had Michael as his guardian. When one day the request was put to him that Michael should give his blessing to the girl and to the priest with whom he had permission to speak, he replied that the blessed Michael was agreeable. When Michael stretched out his hand to bless them, such a blinding light struck the girl that she could not look at it or endure it without losing her senses. To another question he replied that he could see the angels, the good ones and the had ones, and he saw both alike fulfilling their functions. He added that every Christian has a good angel to watch over him, as long, that is, as he is free from mortal sin: for when he is in mortal sin, his good angel withdraws from him and seems to suffer shame on his account; but once he has done penance, his angel returnS to his charge. Questioned again, he replied that the bodily form which he presented was only an aerial body; he said that it was not able to suffer, but only his spirit suffered, and it could not carry any burden, however light. Consequently when the priest tried to put a stole on him, he was grateful, but could not bear the weight which was laid on him; he declared that the priestly stole was a chain of the devil.'! When asked whether there is night in purgatory, or whether it is always day, he replied that night and day alternate, but the night is not as dark as it is here. To another question he replied that the highest good in this world, after the mass and alms-giving, is to refrain from lying. He was asked whether John the Baptist (who, sanctified in the womb, responded to the Lord by leaping for joy),» the true precursor and prophet of the Lord, doubted whether Jesus was the Christ when i.e. that the priest had the power to bind the devil witb his stole; see Barriere, JIO, n. JI79; Schmitt, us revenants, p. It2. n Cf. Luke I: 41, #.

31

C07Jl~n, p.

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OTIA IMPERIAL/A, III. 103

dubitauit an Christus hie esset quando misit~ ad eum discipulos suos ut interrogarent eum: 'T"U, quis es?',33 respondit Iohannem non dubitasse, sed ad tollendam dubitacionem discipulorum iUos misisse.' Interrogatus si mors ac' internicio Albiensium" Deo placeret, respondit pridem nullum factum regionis illius tantum Deo placuisse; et adiecit quod bonos Deus uult discerni a malis in suo iudicio. Nam et boni per sustinentiam peccauerunt qui per heresim fidem non maculauerunt; qui uero hie cremantur in corpore, post mortem durins' cremantur in spiritll. Accedit ad enari-ata mirandum plurimum et memorandum. Cum enim sancrissimi episcopi Aurasicensis Willelmi3s aduentum mortuus iste plurimum affectaret, et episcopus ille ad capitulum Cisterciense' accessurus sui copiam facere non posser, dicto sacerdoti questiones in scriptis misit episcopus, quas ad probacionem ueritatis' et ad' instrUctionem excogitauerat. Vna ergo die, cum mortui responsiones sacerdos noster quarwndam questionwn audiret, mortullS astantibus inquit: 'Ecce quod episcopus Aurasicensis quesriones minit, quarum soluciones" a me petit fieri: et iam ad hostium nuocius est!' Et cum super quibus questiones uerterentur inquiritur, respondit ex ordine questiones. Et dum hee aguntur, nuncius intrat, cedulam questionibus plenam in sacerdotis nostri manus exponens. Mirantur omnes prescienciam, et dum agilitatem spiritus ponderant, dant admiracioni consilium, et questionum exquirunt et accipiunt per ordinem v soluciones.D' Si uis questiones cum solucionibus.r nosse, recurre quccwnque premisimus fere ab illo loco: 'Interrogatus cuins licencia' etc. 36 ItemY interrogatus an unicus esset angelus omnium animarum bonarum custos Michael,37 respondit quod hoc nomen est officii, non persone, neel; unius, sed legionis: sunt enim huius nominis orones

he sent his disciples to him to ask: 'Who are you?'" He replied that John did not doubt, but that it was to remove his disciples' doubt that he sent them. When asked if the death and exterroination of the Albigensians" were pleasing to God, he replied that nothing that had ever been done in that region had pleased God so much; and he added that God wants the good to be separated from the bad on his Day ofJudgment. Indeed even the good who have not stained their faith with heresy have sinned if they have tolerated it; while those who are burned here in the body are burned more severely after death in the spirit. Here is a most remarkable and memorable happening to add to all I have said. This dead man expressed an earnest desire that William, the saintly bishop of Orange,35 should come and see him; but as the bishop was due to attend the Cistercian chapter, he could not present himself in person. However, he sent questions in writing to the priest of whom I have spoken; he had devised these questions with a view to testing the revenant's· authenticity and gaining instruction. So one day, when our priest was listening to the dead man's replies to various questions, the latter said to the assembled company: 'See here, the bishop of Orange is sending questions which he wants me to answer: his messenger is even now at the door!' The revenant was asked about the sub;ect matter of the questions, and in response he listed them in order. While this was going on, the messenger came in, and put the document containing all the questions into the hands of our priest. Everyone was amazed at the dead man's foreknowledge, and while they pondered on the spirit's capacities, they brought their powers of ;udgment to bear on their amazement: they sought answers to the questions, and received them one by one. If you want to know the questions along with their answers, reread what we have said above, ;ust from the point: 'When asked by whose leave', etc.'" To continue, when he was asked whether Michael37 alone was the guardian angel of all good souls, he replied that this was the name of the office, not the person, and not of one angel, but of legion: for all

A

.. misit mpp/i~d by autlt()1' N .. interrogaret NX • illos misisse rupp/~d Iry author N ' aut NI f diutius XQ .. Jie XJ}J a/ter~d by auth()r to Gstcrcicense N • uentatis supplied her~ by /jutltor; a/so mtten by smhl /jfter instructioncm aM iU~tld N • ad supplied by alltn",. N .. soluttonern ACP .. per ordinem supplied by /jIllJwr N '" solutioncm XQ rcsponsionibus ACXQ 7 Item rvpp/~d Iry IUllJwr N .. om. AflJ ~ DOD N 6

779

768-9.

33

16

See above,

54

J7

Michael the Archangel, as captain of the heavenly host, vanquished Satan and his

Cf. Matt. II: 2-3; Luke To I1r-20. On ~ Albigensians, see DIU, i. 2, n. 4. Innocent 01 had launched the Albigensian Crusade in 1209; the massacres perpetrated at Bl:zierli Ouly J209), Carcassonne (August 12(9), and Lavaur (May un) would still have been a recent memory in July 12n, the date given for the beginning of these conversations. 3S The Cistercian William Helie was appointed bishop of Orange c.1205, and died in 1'2'21 (Eubel, HimJfdria Catno/iea, p. 117).

pp.

band (Rev. 12: 7-12), and hence was honoured as the great protector. He plays a prominent part in the apocryphal literature of both the Old and New Testaments,

especially in the Book of Enoch and the Testament of Abraham. The cult of St Michael (feast day Z9 September) enjoyed great popularity in medieval Europe, particularly in France; see.MiJlJMir~ 1ftfJ1JIntique du Mont Suinl-Michel (paris, 1971), especially iii. 99-112.

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aTIA IMPERIALIA, III. 103

angeli anlDlarum custodes. Interrogatus m mgiLia sancti Michaelis, dum questionibus.a sacetdote teneretur, quare solito instancins Iicentiam sibi darr- postularet, respondit quod oportebat eum festinare ad instantem sancti Michaelis sollempnitatem, asserens hoc in celis festum esse celebre apud omnes angelos, omnesque archangelos' pro huius diei uictoria gloriam' et laudes Deo persoluere. Quin immo die isto dicit omnes animas in purgatorio positas quiescere, et custodis sui Michaelis laudibus inseruire. Quid plura? De futuris interrogatus multa,' constanter respondit; sed ea postposui e libri Dostri contextui interserere, ne uideremur Dei ordinacionem preuenire consilio, uel calumpniatoribus locum aperire. Verumptamen in quibus Deo placeas, aut e contra in quibus Deof

the angels who are guardians of souls bear this name. On the eve of the feast of 5t Michael, when the priest wanted to detain him for questioning, he kept asking with more than his usual urgency to be allowed to go. When asked why, he replied that he had to hurry for the impending solemnity of 5t Michael. He said that this feast was celebrated in heaven by all the angels, and that all the archangels rendered glory and praise to God for the victory of this day.

displiceas, princeps serenissime, secreta tibi scriprura, sicnt ab eo

acceptum habeo, per nuntium fidelem transmitto, ut de bona affectione gratuleris, et de sinistra penitencialem meditacionem concipias, et, dum in bonis proficere studebis, mala cauere uel curare festines. Rem mirandam& loquar et usui humanitatis nostre plurimum

commodam. Cum huius de quo agitur defuncti auunculus, tum' propter inflicta ipsi defuncto mortifera uulnera, de quibus; ulcionis occultas parabat insidias, tum propter pristinas et inueteratas inimicicias de longe contractas, inimici38 eins auunculo et eiusdem filio secretas machinaciones nocendi disposuissent, die precedente circa horam uespertinam, solito serius, mortuus noster apparuit consanf. 82'

guinee de qua premisimus, predicens quod patri uirginis I et fratri a nominatis hostibus in crastino, circa hostium ecclesie Beate Virginis39 in Belliquadro site, disponerentur insidie, quibus ordinatum erat ut

ambobus uita repentinis ictibus preriperetur. Vt autem nulla nocendi potestas esset hostibus ad opus ducenda, iussit patrem dimensionem capitis in candela cerea beatoi Willehno40 deuoueri, dimensionem • dari om. XQ

archangelos P; ange10s NC

~

< gloriam supplied by author; • multa interrogatus AI; plura interrogatus CXQ postposuit N f Deo om. ACP I miramdam (sic) supplied by author N .. tum supplied by author N ; quibus] questionibus N J beato supplied by autlwr N

et gloriam mtten by scribe after laudes and deleted N 6

38 An anacoluthon: Gervase here substitutes the enemies for the dead man's uncle as the subject of the cum clause, leaving the uncle without a verb (apart from parabat, which is contained within a relative clause). 39 i.e. Notre-Dame-des-Pommiers. 40 William of Orange; see Olia, i. 23, n. 21. His shrine in the abbey he founded at

Moreover, he said, on this day all the souls consigned to purgatory have a rest, and devote themselves to the praises of their own

guardian Michael. What more do I need to say? He was asked many questions about the future, and he was consistent in the way he answered them; but I have decided not to include those matters in the context of our book, lest we should seem to anticipate God's ordinances by our foreknowledge, or to open the way to plotters. However, I am letting you know, most serene Prince, in a sealed letter carried by a reliable messenger, the ways in which you are pleasing to God, and conversely

the ways in which you are not, exactly as I received it from him; I do so in the hope that you will be thankful for God's good favour, and adopt a repentant attitude in response to his displeasure, so that, while striving to advance in what is good, you may be quick to shun or correct whatever is bad. I am going to tell of something remarkable, and well-fitted to be of service to our humanity. The enemies" of the uncle of this dead man of whom we are speaking had devised a secret plot to harm the uncle and his son, both on account of the mortal wounds inflicted on the deceased, to avenge which his uncle was preparing a secret ambush, and also on account of an old deep-seated hostility of long standing. But on the day before, at about the hour for vespers-later than usual--our dead man appeared to his cousin, of whom we have

spoken above, and warned her that a trap was being laid for the girl's father and brother the next day, by the enemies whom he named, at the door of the church of the Blessed Virgin" which stands in Beaucaire, the plan being to take both their lives by a sudden rain of blows. To ensure that their enemies would bring to the engagement no power to harm them, he gave instructions that the father should dedicate himself to the blessed William'" by offering him a wax candle the size of his head; while another the size of his son's head Gellone became a centre of pilgrimage, and by the twelfth century the abbey was known as Saint-Guilhem-le-Desert. This story points to the local popularity of his cult.

GERVASE OF TILBURY

OTIA IMPERIALIA, III . 103

uero filii beato Benedicto,41 qui pontem Auinionensem super Rodanum instituit, in cuins medii transitus cornpendio4Z et ipse sanctus Benedictus sepult,;. requiescit, loco a castro Belliquadri per octo

should be offered to the blessed Benezet,41 who built the bridge of Avignon over the RhOne, half-way across" which the saint himself lies buried, the place being about eight miles away from the town of Beaucaire. To provide incontrovertible proof of the need for this precaution, the deceased added that on the next day they would find the enemies whom he had identified by name under arms at the doors of the church in question, intending to crown their lengthy plotting of evil with the deadly deed. He said further that a particular saint is assigned to every Christian to protect him, and if anyone, knowing his protector, calls upon him and honours him with the dedication and offering of himself, he will undoubtedly meet with prompt assistance ifhe finds himself in any danger. Well, what happened? The next day the girl's father and brother found the enemies of whom they had been warned, ready with their weapons at the door of the church; and thanks to the offerings which they had made beforehand to St WilIi~, mighty champion of Christ, .and the pious Bentzet, their enemIes found that every means of domg them harm was barred to them." Now since many people tend, not unreasonably, to be unsure whether visions are to be accounted as empty dreams, or should rather be called divine pronouncements delicately conveyed through spirits, let the reader hear what happened recently, as I heard it myself. Since I was unable to find the time, due to pressure of business, to put my own questions to the dead man one by one, I entrusted the tenor of my thoughts to the priest of whom I have akeady spoken, so that he could convey to him what I had to say. On the day that had been fixed for him to give his answers, the priest was tarrying beyond the appointed time, overtaken by a midday nap after lunch, when a vision carne to wake him in the spirit, and roused him from his sJeep. At the same hour the dead man appeared to the girl of whom we have often spoken, on the other side of the Rhone, and remarked that the priest had not kept the appointed time and place. When the girl accordingly suggested summoning him by sending a

ferme miliaria distante. Vt ergo premunicionis huius aperrissimum

induceret argumentum, adiunxit defunctus quod in crastino inuenircnt ad ianuas ecclesie memorate inimicos quos ex nomine designauerat armatos, ut longam malorum de1iberacionem executione funesta prosequerentur. Adiecit etiam quod unicuique christiano specialis sanctus ad tllicionem est deputatus, quem si quis sciens inuocauerit et deuocione ac"" oblacione sua honorauerit, profecto in omni periculo positus celere remedium inueniet. Quid ultra? In crastino l pater uirginis et frater inimicos condictos ad hostium basillice armatos reperiunt, quibus, per oblaciones sanctissimo Willelmo, fortissimo m pro Christo athlete, et piissimo Benedicto premissas, omnis nocendi facultas preclusa fuissc monstratur."'3 Et quia solet a plurimis non inmerito dubitari utrum uisiones pro sompniis uanis sint reputande, an pocius denuntiaciones" diuine per spiritus subtiliter facte sint appellande, audiat lector quit nuper me audiente contigerit. Cum propter instantiam negociorum inquisicionibus sigillatim faciendis a mortuo uacare non possem, iniunxi

motum animi mei sacerdoti quem prenotaui, ut ad ilium uerba mea transferret. Cum ergo die statuto ad respondendum sacerdos' ultra horam' prefixam moras faceret, post prandium sompno tentus meridiana, apparuiti sacerdoti in spiritu excitator qui cum a sompno eduxit. Eademque hora mortuus, ultra Rodanum apparens uirgini sepius' memorate, proposuit sacerdotem diem et locum prefixum non obseruasse. Proponente itaque uirgine quod per' • et A/J I In crastino supplied by IlfJ.tMr N ". fortissimo om. CXQ • diuinationcs CXQ • sacerdos supplied by autlwr N I horam supplied by IUahor N f apparut N ~ sepius supplied by 4uthor N J quod per nlppJied by Inahor N

." Bentzet was born c. I 165, probably in Savoy. He spent his boyhood minding his mother's .beep, until one day, during an octipse of the sun, he beard a voice telling him m go and build a bridge over the RhOne at Avignon. This be duly did: he began the work in lIn; it was wdl-advuced when he died in lIs.., and wu completed in 1188. A chapel was built on the bridge, in which his body lay until part of the bridgt. ~ washed away in 1669; his relics were then translated to the church of Saint-Didier in Avignon. Gervase here provides the earliest text in which BC:nC::zet is called SlJtllJM; his sanctity was not officia.Uy recognized until 1321, but he was the object of enthusiastic veneration even before his death; see Colby-Hall, 'Saint Guillaume de Gellone et saint BCnezet', pp. 66-7 ",d ..2

69.

Compmdium can mean 'shortness of way', and that seems likely

of the word here (lit. 'on the short cut afforded by which

to be the meaning crossing, at its mid-way

point'). Alternatively, ,ompmd;"'" may refer to the building which bouted the tomb of St Benb.et, in the sense of an 'appurtenance' of the bridge. This meaning is cited from an eight:lH:lentury source in Latham's Reviud MtJieNl La,;' W4W~Lisl, and is taken by Colby-fUll to be the meaning here ('Saint Guilla.ume de Gel10ne et saint Benezet', p. 65. D. 2Ij iCC also pp. 68- and Sinduald, king of the Heruli, as well as against Totila . This aroused the Romans to jealousy, and they wrote to the emperor Justin and his consort Sophia that Narses would rather serve the Goths than the Greeks.' So Narses invited the Lombards to Italy, and !l

a. Paul the Deacon, HL ii. 28 (ed. Waitt, p.

88).

Here again Gervase is drawing on Paul the Deacon, putting together various items of infonnation from the early chapters of Book II: cf. JIL ii. 1-8 (ed. Waitt, pp. 7'~/''7). :l i.e. Bucce11inus, Amingus, and Leutharius, who tried to subdue Italy on beh2.lf of Theudepert, tiDJ of the F"",ks (HL n. " ed. Wail%, pp. 72--3). l According to Paul the Deacon, the Romans wrote to the emperor oxnplaining that they would be better off under the Goths than they were in the empire.: 'Expedien.t Rommis. Gothis potius servire quam Grecis. ubi Narsis eunumus imperat et nos servitio premit; et haec noster piissimus princeps ignorat. Aut b'bera nos de manu eius, aut certe et 1

civitatem Romanam et

DOImet

ipsos gentibus tradimus' (ii. 5, ed. Waitt, p. 75,

n.

5-8).

APPENDIX I

ADDENDA IN

milibus in auxilium uocatis Ytaliam occupant, et m locum Saxonum reges Francorum S1,lellOS et alias gentes instituunt. Egressi snnt e Longobardi a Paruionia, quam amicis suisf Hunis concedunt. Anno Domini quingentesimo sexagesimo quarto,'" mense Aprili, ingressus est autem iof ytaliam Alboinus,' per montem Alpium altissimum qui exinde mons Regis" appellatur; in quo bisontes animalia occisa sunt, quorum corium sic amplum erat ut quindecim homines seriatim in eo cubare possent. Hec breuiter de gestis diximus.

•• /I

Vll.

P BUT

NOT IN N

summoning 20,000 Saxons to help them, they took possession of the country; the kiogs of the Franks settled the Suevi and other tribes in the land vacated by the Saxons. When they left Pannonia the Lombards handed it over to their friends the "Huns. In the v.;.,. of our Lord 564: io the month of April, Alboin entered Italy, vi~ a very high mou~taio io the Alps which was thereafter called the King's Mountaio.' Bison were killed there; the hide of one of these animals was so large that fifteen men could lie down io a row on it. This concludes our brief account of these events .

1

7.'

mortuo, diuiditur regnum in duces tngmta, qui per Briuntium' Gallias iouadunt iuxta Ebredunum, sed a Mummulo patricio regis Francorum per Burgundiones uincuntur. Post hee Saxones, qui cum Longobardis (in}' ytaliam uenerant, Regensem urbem inuadunt, apud Stublonem uillaru castra metati; quos et Mummulus uicit. Sed iterum& regressi, diuisis cuneis, depredantur Niceamd urbem et Ebredunum.' Et hioc Valentiam, illioc Grationopolim obsident; inde sAuinionem et Aurasicam, Vasionem et Vapincum (cuius presul ad Modoliensem' montem ioexpugnabilem fugit),' et Arelatem capiunt usque ad campum Lapidosum,6 urbe enersa; sed io reditu omnes a Mummulo uincuntur. Tunc beatus Gregorius Moralia scripsit, diaconus factus. Tunc Tiberius,' uiso signo crucis io pauimento Constantinopolitano, illic deprehendit Narsetis Qy02

~ ergo add. after sunt "/ Albion Xl

fsuisom. J

I

in om. I

• Alboinus d.;

• nis p4SSIltt. Ute sevmlh Df I's aJJnul4 (tmj: 222°, flJiIIt tM heading: folio ad hoc signum Ina

tIQ

numher or sign) om. MSS

lJea( t11I j

is

mkgrated i1f X aNI Q. ill ii 16 (sa p. J88) • in PIlllilM ~ AI'/Us point X 1Itispla,~" ptmage.from t",lier mllu , luJpler; the

re1Mi1llkr of tAu IJddtndum is itl&01'P(lrQkti ill Iitt fllWlIIirtg ,hopter, in a ,tmlt~t m Il'IIich it makes no sense • Nicensem QJ • Vodoliensem Pard the IRtuOft 4 Cf. Paul the Deacon: 'cum iam a Domini incamatione anni quingenti sexaginta octo essent evoluti' (HL ii. 7. cd. Waitz, p. ,6, 1. 12£.); i.e. in 568. 5 Monte Maggiore, called 'Monte del ~' (HL ii 8, cd. Waitz, p. 76, n. 6). I This passage outlines 90Dle of the events described by Paul the Deacon in HL iii. 4-12 (ed. Waitt, pp. 94- 100), with more brevity than clarity. 1 i.e. C1eph, king of the Lombatds, assassinated in AD 5743 a. Paul the Deacon: 'Inruentibus aurem iterum Langobardis in Gallias et usque Mustiasca1mes accedentibus . .. ' ; MS I 3, however. reads Brienlum for MustitmalmtS (Waitt, p. % ll. r6-r7).

On his' death the kingdom was divided among thirty dukes. These dukes iovaded Gaul, and got as far as Briuntium,' near Embrun, but they were conquered by Mummolus (who had been made a patrician by the king of the Franks), with a force of Burgundians. After this the Saxons, who bad gone to Italy with the Lombards, atracked the town of Riez, pitching camp at the village of Estoublon; Mummolus conquered them too. But they came back agaio, and dividing their forces, they ransacked the towns of Nice and Embrun.' One foree attacked Valenee and another Grenoble; then they went on to 'Avignon and Orange, Vaison and Gap (whose governor fled to an impregnable mountaio, Mont Vodolien),' and captured Aries, overthrowiog the city and getting as far as the Stony Plaio;6 but on their way back they were all defeated by Mummolus. It was at this time that St Gregoty became a deacon, and wrote his Moralia. Also at this time Tiberius' saw the sign of the cross on a paving slab in Constantinople, and found the treasure of Narses there; this he .. In iii. 6--? on which this sentence is based, Paul describes how the Suons, after devastating the region around Nice and Embrun, returned to their former homelands which they had abmdoned to accompany the Lombards into Italy (cf. Appendix i. 6): 'Then in iii. 8 Paul narrates a further attack on Gaul led by three Lombard dukes: it is this Lombard expedition which is summarized in Gervase's next sentence. s-s Gervase here gi~es an abbreviated form of a passage which, according to Waitt (p. 96. u. 21-30) is only found in MS I 3 of Paul the Deacon (c£. n. 3 above): he describes this MS (parisiensis 5315) as 'olim, ut videtur, Arclatensis'. It was presumably therefore this MS whicb Gervase consulted when he composed these acidemia. 6 A stony area called La Crau, near Marseilles. 7 i.c. Tiberius II, AD 578-582. Gervase has so abbreviated his source as to obsclU'e the fact that there were two hoards of treasure: one hidden under a flagstone carved with the cross, and the other buried by Narses (HL iii. 12, ed. Waitt, pp. 9&-9).

APPENDIX I

thesaurum, quem pauperibus distribuit, quia uir erat totus elemosini.! expositus . .•• a l

In Epillola Alexandri ad Aristottltm Ita legitur: Profecto ad oceanum in Ethiopia' accepi ab incolis esse duas arbores, solis et lune: "'quarum una robur uirile, altera femineum habet,> et ab hiis que instant' bona uel mala nosse poteris'" Cum ad dictam regionem appropinquassemus, uidimus feminas uirosque pantherarum tigridumque pellibus contectos, qui se Indos esse Indica lingua dixerunt. Locus' autem erat largus, mirra' et balsamo habundans, que plurima ramis arborum innascebantur, quibus uesci incole solebanl. Illic inuenimus arbores duas antiquitus ab Indorum maioribus consecratas soli et lune, que in solis et lune eclipsi uelut uberrimis lacrimis mouentur , de statu suorum numinum timentes. Solis elocutio lingua ... Greca et Indica pronunciat futura, luna Greco sermone mClpIl, et Indica finit. lam radii solis utrarumque arborum cacumina percusserant cum sacerdos ait: 'Sursum intueamini/ et de quibuscumque rebus qui.! consulturus est, oculto cogitet silencio: nemo palam pronunciet.' Cogitabam si, deuicto orbe terrarum, in patriam ad Olimpiadem sororesque meas reueni possero, cum subito Indico sermane tenuissime respondit: s 'Inuicte hellis Alexander, ut consuluisti, unus eris dominus terrarum,' sed niuus amplius in patriam non reuerteris, quoniam fata ita de capite tuo statuerunt.' Consultaque arbor lune ubi moriturus essem, ad primum lune orrum, datus et add. aftn' e1emosinis I

• This pas,ugt is flJl1ld 01Iiy in I, 1IJMre it apPlIJn III tJu eighth item of llu 4Iidtttda, 0fI f 224 -, Tltnt is 110 luaJing, bul Peirnc 7I1t'O~ in 1M. margin: Inserendum supra ~ol.. 194 verso. On! 194", after 1M chapter De Ethiopia et pa1~ti.is duobu5 (iii. ;8), Peirerc ~Y WOle: Hic iruerendum capirulum de arooribus solis et lune (set p. ;06) 10 Aethiopia Epistola Akzana.ri; in (tenni~?)is (fint pan .of w(Wd indtcip~lIiJlt) ~~i~ ~ # lucus Epislola Alezandri 14 nurra] tule EP".'o/o, Akza~ lntu~ru Episto/o, Altzandri f quibuscumque rebus qUlS] q~ibus q:U1sque rebus .EPJJlola AkzantJri ' dominus terrarum] orbis t:crrarum dorrunus EplJlo14 Alezandn

In this passage, and also in items 17~ of the ~enda. ~ervase ra.n~s for its III2l'Veis the EpistoJa Akzantlri ad AmlOleinn; cf. 0ti4, I. ro, n. 9; 1. I4, n. 4; III. 72, n. I). The frcquendy unorthodO::l Latin of the £pisttJla is dearly not merely a ~ult of the ~y corruptions it Wlderwent in transmission; Gervase often omits and sometJmes corrects rts obscurities. Here he joins together seven brief C'Jtcerpts from. the Episto14 (ed. Bott, PP'.36So), with minor ¥erbal alterations. The trees of the sun and moon are also descnbed (following the Come6tor's account) in Olio, i. 14, at n. 6. 1

P BUT NOT IN

N

distributed to the poor, being a man totally dedicated to helping the needy.

8.1

Vlll.

f et caritati

.\DDENDA IN

In the LeIter ofAlexarukr 10 Arislotlt one finds the following story: In Ethiopia near the ocean I heard from the inhabitants that there were two trees, the trees of the sun and moon: "'one of these is masculine, the other feminine,> and you will be able to learn from them what the future holds in store,' good or bad." When we had reached the region of which they had spoken, we saw women and men clothed in the skins of panthers and tigers, who told us in their native speech that they were Indians. It was a prolific place, producing an abundance of myrrh and balsam, great quantities of which grew on the branches of the trees; these constituted the regular diet of the inhabitants. There we found the two trees which the ancestors of these Indians had consecrated long ago to the sun and moon; whenever the sun and moon are in eclipse, the trees are moved, as it were, to copious weeping, out of fear as to what has become of their gods. When the sun foretells the future it speaks in the Greek and Indian tongues; the moon begins in Greek speech and ends in Indian. The rays of the sun had just touched the tops of both trees when the priest said: 'Lift up your eyes, and let anyone who wishes to consult the tree meditate silendy within himself on whatever questions he has for it; let no one speak out loud.' I was wondering whether, having completed my conquest of the world, I would be able to return to my native land, to Olympias and my sisters, when suddenly the tree' responded in the lightest whisper, in the Indian language: 'Alexander, unconquered in war, in answer to your question, you will indeed be the sole lord of all the earth, but you will nevermore return alive to your native land, since this is what the fates have decreed concerning your life.' I consulted the tree of the moon as to where I was to die, and as soon as Cf. EpistoJa AleJ:anJn: 'quarum lignum virile est solis, alterum femineum est JlUlae'. Some of the MSS of the Epino14 have the subjunctive imtmt, suggesting an indirect question rather than a relative clause; Gervase himself sometime!! fails to use the subjunctive where it would be expected. + Gervase here reproduces the dirttt speech of the original, although he has omitted the introductory details of Alexander's conversation with the two old men who told him about the trees. 5 i.e. the tree of the gun. 2-2

3

APPENDIX I

ADDENDA IN fi BUT NOT IN N

percussa cornu splendoreque accepto, respondit (irece: 'Alexander,'

the moon rose, touching the tree with its hom and shedding its brightness upon it, the tree replied in Greek, saying: 'Alexander, YOut span oflife is now complete: next year, in the month of May, you will die in Babylon, and you will be deceived by someone from whom you least expect it." The following day, waking at dawn, I found "the priest still asleep, clad in his animal-skins; lying on an ivory' table before him was a huge clod (or lump)" of frankincense, which had been left over from his meal the day before, and an ivory knife. For he lives on balsam and frankincense, 9and drinks sparkling water from a pure stream which falls down the mountain;9 he lives for three hundred years. 10

inquit, 'plenum i~ fiDem etatis habens, sequente anno, mense Maio/r in Babilorie morieris, et a quo minime speras decipieris.,6 Postero die, excitatus diluculo, sacerdotem adhuc uelatum pellibus i

ferinis quiescentem inneni, positaque ante eum in tabula ebumea

i

ingens cliba (uel gleba)' thuris erat, que illi ex pridiana cenai superfuerat, et culter eburneus. Opobalsamo et thure uescitur, 9can dentemque ex rino puro a monte cadente potat aquam;9 uiuit . 10 .ccc. anms. [ix-xvi]1

xvii.· De calice aq~

it

IJrundinibus l

In libro de situ Indie et generibus hominum et ferarum ita legitur: Accidit nobis siti laborare, quam cum iam ferre non possem, Zephirus miles aquam e concauo b lapide in galea aurata porrexit, et ipse sitiens, qui magis anime mee quam uite sue consulebat. Quam ego, conuocato excercitu, palam effudi, ne me bibente magis sitire milites inciperent. Insuper Zephirum dignis muneribus honoraui. Q!Ie res cum animequiorem fecisset exercitum, ceptum iter instirui. Nee longe in descrtis locis Oumen' apparuit, cuius ripas pedum sexagenorum arundo uestiebat, pinorum abientmque Tobora uincens in grossitudine, qua Indi materia ad edificia conficienda utebantur.

17. The cup of water and the reeds 1

In the book describing India and its various peoples and animals, one reads as follows: It happened that we were tormented by thirst. When I was no longer able to bear it, the soldier Zephyrus offered me some water which he had taken from a hollow stone and carried in a golden helmet; he was thirsty himself, but he was more concerned for my well-being than for his own life. Calling the army together, I pouted the water away in front of them all, lest the soldiers should become even more thirsty from seeing me drink. Moreover, I honoured Zephyrus with worthy gifts. Since this incident had served to strengthen the army's resolve, I decided that we should continue on our way, and we had not gone far in that desert region when a river came into view. The banks of this river were clothed with a reed which grew to a height of sixty feet, and surpassed the trunks of pines and firs in its thickness; the Indians used to use it as a building-

• Maio) nona Epislola Alaandri • ebumea om. or (in some MSS) cbenina Epistola Alezatrdri J pridima cena Epistola Alexandri; prediante seria 1 • concavo EpistoliJ .. The sromtemth ofl's tuUenda, ()1J! 226\ iii. 131 ill X andQ AJaattdri; auo X ; eontrario I ~ f1uuius I " A1ennder died of fever in Babylon in the summer of 3Z3· Boer (p. 8.t, note on 48, 5) speculates as to whether these words may be connected with the rumour that Alexander was poisoned by Aristotle (Plutarch, Alex. 77; Arrianus, vii. Z7. l-Z; Pliny, }[ut. lIat. xxx. 53. 149). The romantic history of Alexander attributed the cause of his death to poison (e.g. Julius Valerius, ill. 56; cf. Oria, ii IS, n. 69)· 7 It was actually the knife that was made of ivory (see below); according to those MSS of the Episloia which specify the material of the table, it was ebony. B The words uel ,leha are a gloss by Gervase on the vulgar form diN, 1.ISCd in the EftistoliJ. 9-, Cf. Epirh>ia Ale;randri~ 'Cadentequ£ nvo pUl"ll'D ex vicino monte potant aquam homine5.' 10 Gervase makes the priest the subject ofthls sentence (cf. Oria, i. 14, at n. 6), whereas in the Epistola aJJ the people of the place are said to share this diet and life-expoctanC)'.

material. I Items.9-16 of the addenda in I are incorporated in the text of N and its desc:endants, as well as m X and.Q, Item 9 (on f. 2251-'1', with the beading: folio, but no number) forms part of ill. 103 (see pp. 784-9). Items 10-16 (ff. 225'f-226"') appear as iii. 12.4-130 (pp. 8:zo5). The remainder of l's addenda are incorporated in X and Q as further chapters foUowing on from iii. '30. 10 I item 10 has the heading:fole8. but no number. Uodemeatb is the title of the chapter (De u;tua NfmK); the remaining items appear as additional chapters, with titles but no further folio references.

I I

1

This passage is copied largely verbatim from the Epistola Akxandri (ed. Boer, pp. 8--9).

850

ADDENDA IN

APPENDIX I

P BUT NOT IN

N

xviii. De ypporamis 1

18. The hippopotami'

Pecudum" mecum erant qui' aurum uehebant elephantes admodum magni mille:' quadrige .ccce. equorum, omnes falcate, bige .mcc., equitwn tunne .xxx.~ milia, peditum .cel. milia sub annis!' mulorum castrensium et ad' sarcinas militurn uehendas cireiter duo milia. Ripam igitur A fluminis sequentes, ad oppidum peruenimus quod in medii amnis insula ex hiis arundinibus erat edificatum, in quo paucos Indorwn seminudos homines notauimDs qui, uisis nobis, intra tectorum culmina declinauerunt.; In flumen milites .cc. misi qui,4 cum quartam partern fluminis enatassent, maiores e1ephantorwn corporibus ypotami inter profundos aquarum gurgites emersi apparuerunt, raptesque in uerticem crudeli pena uiros, flentibus nobis, absumpserunti Dehinc maior decemplicato beluarum numerus aITuit'

The animals2 with me included a thousand very large elephants which were carrying the gold, 400 four-horse teams, all armed with scythes, and I,ZOO two-horse teams; there were 30,000 cavalry troops, 250,000 foot soldiers bearing arms,' and about 2,000 mules to tranSport the camp and also to carry the soldiers' baggage. Following the bank of the river, therefore, we came to a town which had been built out of those reeds on an island in midstream. On it we observed a few people, half-naked Indians who, at the sight of us, withdrew into the shelter of their huts. I sent 200 soldiers into the river, but when they' had swum a quarter of the way across, hippopotami with bodies larger than those of elephants appeared, surfacing amidst tbe eddies of deep water; they dragged the men down into tbe swirling depths and consumed them, inflicting cruel suffering on them while we stood and wept. Thereafter the number of those beasts in tbat part of the river increased tenfold.'

{I

xix,a De scorpionibus 1 Cum ad stagnum dulcis aque peruenissem,' ab hominibus in rotundis ex illis arundinibus nauiculis confectis nauigantibus preostensum, inter epulas, ad primos lune radiantis ortus, subito erectis caudarum aculeis a pascuaJihus Indicis" scorpiones, consuetam petentes aquationem, ad castra innumeri confluxerunt, quidam2 rubentibus squamis, quidam nigri candidiue coloris, alii aurei. Ad horam noctis terciam, binorum ternorumque d capitum cristati serpentes Indici .. The eighteenth of I's tuidnuIa., OlIff. 2£-227: iii. I32 in X tiM Q

XI


-3 81 3 0 . 723 D., 7~3 I74D.

I9ID., 1940.)

816-17, 818-19 55&.--9 5~J , S6z..---3

56.J.-5. 566-7. 568-9. 570-1 56f>-7, 57:>-3

e-r;angtlistarum. i. 2 Conf.xi· 13 CI1rllnlSU

2~

543 D • 18--19

INDEX OF ALLUSIONS TO OTHER SOURCES Desar.

Augustine (':-/HIt.): De Jivmis '/Uam;rmimu. c. 58 Dt Genesi Ad Jilter""", ·iii. 8 iii. 14 iii. 16

35~

62-3

De bel/q Ga/Juo, i. ii 4 ii. IS

xii . 12-31 742-3 'Liber imperfectu&', xiv 7~, 7B---9 Ena".ati&nes in Psa/mos, c. 92 356-7 c. t07 916--17 En&hmdion. i. 29 912 n. In 10M'" nJang. tract., v. 15 711 n. vi. 25 ix. 14

156--7

64-5 64-5

x. 1% f2li.aeslHmes in Heptateuchum, i. 7

154-5

DUJlogJlS mirlU'fliorum, iii. iii. 12

plIn.

De -,..w.s 1",". c. 9

47 0 .

5¢-7 480. 4)0., 47D. 53 8n. respomoria ad Accam 543 0 . ucJenastic(J, i. I 309 0 .

De trmporum rtStWne, c. 9

419 n.

43 on. 433 n. /11 WiU lffia1fgeliufff txpositio, v. 19 3320. [n Samuelem prophetam, ii. prologue 3120.,

Ul. 1

35 60. Benedict of Peterborough: Certa HenM II (RS xlix (2), I95-6) 330 n. Bernard of Clairvaux: Epistoliu, 174 (458) (PL clxxxii. 333-6) 774 n. Bernard Sylvester: Dt tmJ.lIdi Uflivmilate, i. 3. 141---2 iii , 230-1 Boethiuo: De CtJftS014~ philpwphiae, i. metre I. 22

912-13 18n. 18n.

iii. mme 9. 20-3 v. prose vi Bre1Jianum Gotlticum (PL lxxxvi. 446)

744-5 Burchard of Worms: Decreta, xix. 5 723 o.

730 n. ~n.

730 n. 7500.

x.60 Cassiodorus:

Ezpon#o in Psalterium, lxix. 3 Historia tccksiastica, i. I

61 4 0 .

mo.

CaW:

20-I 558-

c·n c·78-80 c·78 cc. 81-8 cc. 89-97 ce. 98--100 CC. 100-12

ce. 103----4 c. 107 ce. 112--17 c. 113 c. 114 cc.II8-34 c. 132 cc. 133-5 c. 134 ce. 137--8 c. 139 cc. 142-9 c. 'SO

408n. 4"1>--IH> 7I>4n. iV·4S 764n. iV·46 291>--9 671>-9 19l>-' 654- 5 750-1

800-. 636-? .86-') 561>-9 5fn-3 636-? 342-3

INDEX OF ALLUSIONS TO OTHER SOURCES

95 2 Pliny. Hut.

PflJt,

(Cmlt.): S~3

xxiv. t . 3

mv. 38. 59

7f}S--7

xxxiv. IS. 41

562--3 J21H}

lXXVi. 30. 137-8

194-5 5~3

xxxvi. 53. 174xxxvii. IS. 61 xxxvii. 16. 63 axvii. 3+ IIJ xxxvii. 54. I~ xuvii. 5+ 146 xavii. 60. 165 xnvii. 61. lSI

562--3 614-1 5

7of>..-, 616-17

;66-7

xavii·67

616--17 570-1 570-1

Plutarcll: Akr., 77

1480.

PoJemius Silvjus: ulernJur. oc. 1-2

52 2-3

oc. ]-4oc. S-7 c.8

;>4-5

c. to

520-' 520-'

C. II

524-5

Pomponius Mda: Dt C/wrOgrIlPhia, i. l. 4. j i. 9

2.

4-

231

n.

21 3 0 .

18on.

D. ,...

z87ll.

ill. S. I iii. 7 iii, 7. 60 iii. 6z viii. 48

2310.

Pf'O'Vinriak Romanum: pp. 273'-6

1860.

851H} 6980. 70In.

216--2.5

pp. 264-9.271-2, 276-8

2~5

pp. >69-7' PP 27 1 - 2 p.2p Prudentius: Ca,~ vi Pswd~Atxtias. is'' iSv

298--30 5 3[2-1 5 346-7 7~

bv-Isr bv-k3f 13randv m3t

m8t osr-n6r

Pseudo-Ambrose: Smno 41 de SIIUnntme (PL nii 698) 604 0.. 65' 0. Pseudo-Hugh of St Victor: De beJtiis er IiliiJ rebus 6c}8n. Pseudo-Honorius of Autun: De pmloMJpllia ......., iii . •6 (PL cInii. 82) 6]1H} Pseudo-Methodius:

Rrotlatumts. cc. t-z Co

3

490 0 .

490 0 . 491 n. 490 n.

195 n. 49O D • 1830 .,490 0 . 49 10.

146--7 108--7 Alarvae, subdued by Charlemagne 87&-9 Alatri, see of 278-9 Alba, see of 276-7 A1ba, capital of Roman kingdom 404-5 Alban, St 414-15 Albanactus, son of Brutus 306-7.402-3 Albanese, see of 272-3 Albani, aibe near the Causcasus 224-5.

cemetery of z66..-7 Agaunum, now St-Mauric::e---3, 88:0-3 Carus, Ronw> empew 3711--3 Centopolis (Crete) 3.11--'7 persecuted by Diocletian 4[4-15 persecuted by Constantine 380--1 mIreland 308- and Jews 94- 5

mea&ure time from Incarnation 50-I

Ouistmas: and British customs 74-5 length of shadow at 864-5 Chrotilda, daughter of Clovis 386 n. Chrysa, island of ,84- 5 chrysopastus, precious stone IQC>-I Chrysopolis, see of 2"Z4-5 Chrysorhoas, river Z2~ Oluni, Asian people zz6-7 Olur. see of 274-5 Olushan-rishatllaim, Mesopotamian king 350-1 CWcia: mountains of 166-7, 224- 5, z34-5, 816-17 Gulf of 200-1, 492- 3 city of 234-5 Cil)clans, Josephus on 53-3 Ci.liJ:, §on of AgenOf "34-5 Omarcus. British king 406-7 Cimbrian war 840-1 Ommerian Sea 200-1,224- 5,230-1,

49>-3 cinnamon: from Arabia 198--9 from India 190-1 Cinofados, see of 218--19 circumcision, introduced by Abraham '34--5 Ciriacus, St, cemetery of 268-9 Cisalpine Gaul 200-1 Citti di Castello, see of 278-9 Citium, city in Cyprus 530-1 Ciudad Rodrigo, see of 304- 5 Civita Castellana, see of 278----3 Elidurus, British king 40S-g Eliezer, steward of Abraham ZOO-I Eligucillus, British Icing 410-1 I Elihu, anger of 540-1 Elijah: represented to Abraham by an angel 1:}4-5 prays for no rain 404-S

fed by ravens 62z n. sent '" Sarepta (Zai-ephath) S04-5 and the widow 9J8-19 dwells on Mount Carmel 896-7 fast of 80S- .8-7 tempted by the devil 894-5 at Tyre 88z- 3 and the Lord's Leap 648-51 beals cenmrion's 9UVant 886--? and Samaritan woman 888--9 transfiguration of 2:W-1. 888--9 and blessings at meals 112-13 at Gethsemane il-? on the Hydra 121)-1 on seat of the soul 00-1 on world soul 34-5 read books of Moses 56 n., 9f.t.-7 taught at the Academy 248--9 PlectrUdis, widow of Pippin IT 444-5 Pliny the Elder: writings known to Gervase xliii, Iix on Apis 138--9 Ploaghe, see of 346-7 Plock, see of 272-3 Plotius Gallus, teaches rhetoric 311)-1 Plovdiv, city of 241 n. Po, river 258---9, 272-3 Poderas, see of 222-3 Podgonca, see of 2p-3 Poitiers, see of 3OG-l battle of 446 D.. PoIa, see of '74-5 Poland: topography of 244- 5 sees of 272-3 onagers in 684-5 Polemlus Silvius, writings known to Gervase xJiv n.

PolicastrO, see of z80-1

[001

Polignano, see of 280-1 Polis, Egyptian city 212--13 Pollux, rescues Helen 352--] PoIowCY. pagan tn1>e z4-s

Porus. Indian king 832-3, 852-3, 858-61 Possidonia, Middle Eastern city 711)-II Posturnianus., friend of Sulpicius Severns

poJtergcists

PO~seeof~1

98-9. 67f>-?

Polyphem.us, Cyclops 186, 189. 314-15 Pomerania., see of 272-3 Pompey the Great: e::tp)oit:& of 370-1 oonquers Jerusalem. 867 n. burns temple of the Lord 896-7 theatre of 266-7 Pons DuriIli, marks the Turkish border '32--3 Pons de Chapteuil, warrior and troubadour 812-13 PODtevCs. village of 738---9 Pontic Sea 238-g Pontius, cemetery of 266--7 Pantus, region of 234-S Pontus Polemoniacus 521)-1 pope: authority of mI-Iv, 6-13, 6.j-5 Porta Septimiana ~-5 Porta Taurina 264-5 Porto (Italy), see of 270-1

618-19.

~-S. 6.8-66--7 PriStina, see of 272-3 Probus, Roman emperor 378-9 Proc.s, bog of Latium 174-5. 354-5 Prometheus, brother of Atlas ]22--3 Pronatis, one of the Seven Sleepers in Ephesus so8-