Oriental Influence in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Helmet Traditions in the 9th-7th Centuries B.C.: The Patterns of Orientalization 9780860549291, 9781407350042

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
THE ROLE OF ASSYRIA
CHAPTER 2: LEVELS OF INFLUENCE IN AEGEAN HELMETS
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ILLUSTRATIONS

Citation preview

Oriental Influence in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Helmet Traditions in the 9th-7th Centuries B.C.: The Patterns of Orientalization Tamas DezsO

BAR International Series 691 1998

BAR

PUBLISHING

CONTENTS PREFACE

i

CHAPTER 1 :I NTRODUCT ION

1

T he r o le o fA s sy r ia H i s to r ica l M i l i ta ry T he A egean CHAPTER 2 : LEVELS OF I NFLUENCE I N AEGEAN HELMETS

4 4 6 7 1

L eve l1 :D i rec ti mpo r t

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L eve l2 :C opy ing a nd f o rma lr e in te rp re ta t ion o fO r ien ta lp a t te rn s

1 2

L eve l3 :C opy ing a nd i c onog raph ica lr e in te rp re ta t ion o fO r ien ta lp a t te rn s

1 3

L eve l4 :C yp r io te a nd G reek h e lme t si n sp i red b yO r ien ta l ( Sy ro -A s sy r ian ) h e lme tt y pe s C yp ru s C re te G reek Ma in land I .G eome t r ic p o in ted h e lme t sw i th e a r f lap sa nd made o ff i ve p i ece s I .G eome t r ic p o in ted h e lme t sw i th ah i gh ,c r e scen ts haped c r e s t I IA .G eome t r ic h em i sphe r ica lh e lme tw i th ah i gh c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd I I .B .G eome tr ic p o in ted h e lme tw i th as ep ara te ly a dded s ma l lc r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd I I .C . G eome tr ic p o in ted h e lme tw i th ah i gh c ap c u rv ing f o rwa rd

1 5 1 6 2 2 3 0 3 2 3 5 3 7 3 9 3 9

APPEND ICES

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APPEND IX I F ragmen t so fG reek G eome t r ic h e lme t s

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APPEND IX I Ana tol ian c ompo s i te b ronze a nd i r on h e lme t s

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APPEND IX I I T he d ev e lopmen to fe a r ly C o r in th ian h e lme t s

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APPEND IX I V C a ta logue o fN ea rE a s tern a nd E a s te rn Med i te r ranean h e lme tr ep re sen ta t ion s

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B IBL IOGRAPHY

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I LLUSTRAT IONS

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PREFACE T h i s monog raph i s ac on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o ft h e m a te r ia le v idence f o r c on tac t sb e tween t h e ma in l a nd N ea rE a s t a nd t h ee a s t Med i te r ranean Wo r ld b e tween 9 00 -600 B .C . An o r ien ta l iz ing p ha se i nt h e c u l tu ra l d eve lopmen t o fa r cha ic G reece h a sl o ng b een r e cogn ized a nd c on sequen t ly much s t ud ied ,n o t l e a s t t h rough o b jec t s o fO r ien ta l manu fac tu re a nd c op ie s o ft h em f ound i nt h e G reek Wo r ld . T h i s r e sea rch h a s n o t u n t i ln ow i n c luded as y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h e e v idence p rov ided b y c oppe r a loy a nd i r on h e lme t s . T h i si sp e rhap sn o t s u rpr i s ing a st h e re i sa tt h ep re sen t n os u ch s t udy o ft h eN ea rE a s tern e v i d ence t op rov ide t h eb a s i sf o r s ound c ompa r i son b e tween b o th t h ea c tua l h e lme t sa nd t h er ep re sen ta t i on so ft h em f ound i ne a s ta nd w e s t .I n1 993 Ic omp le ted ad i s se r ta t ion o nt h eN ea rE a s te rn h e lme t so f t he I r on Age , t ob e p ubl i shed i nt h eP r äh i s to r i sche B ronzef und e s e r ie s . T h i s p rov ide s t h e f r ame o f r e f e rence f o r t h ef o l low ing c a ta logue a nd c ommen ta ry ,w h ich a s semb le a l lt h e e v idence k nown t o me o u t s ide t h e ma in land N ea r E a s t f o r t h e p re sence a nd p o s s ib le c u l tu ra l a nd m i l i ta ry s i gn if icance o f O r ien ta lh e lme t si nt h eG reek Wo r ld ,i n c lud ing C yp ru s . W i th t h i se xam ina t ion o fo r ien ta l iz ing h e lme t so ft h eA egean a nd E a s te rn Med i te r ranean Ih ope Ic an a dd s ome th ing t ot h eg ene ra lp i c tu re o ft h ep e r iod .A s Mu sca rela w ro te : " The 8 t hc en tu ry BC w a s t r u l yo ne o ft h e ma jo rp e r iod s i nt h eh i s to ry o ft h e w e s t e rn w o r ld .D u r ing t h i sc en tu r y , p r ima r i l yi ni t ss e c o nd h a l f , t h e G r eek s ,f u l l ye me r g ed f r om D ark Ag e , c ommenced a c t ive t r ad e a nd mu l t i l eve lc u l tura l e x chang ew i th t h eN ea rE a s t , t h e O r i en t . T he e v id ence f o rt h ese a c t iv i t i e si sp r ima r i l yt h ec r ea t ion o ft h e G r eek a l phabe t , a nd a l so t h ep r e sence o f man i fo ld o r ien ta lo b j ec t sa nd mo t if s r e cov e r ed i nG r eek s o i l . " (Mu sca rela 1 992 , p .1 6 ) .I ti sm yi n ten t ion t op rov ide af r amewo rk h e re f o r t h e s t udy n o t o n ly o fh e l me t s , b u t a l so o fo the rm a ter ia li nd ica to r s o fe a s tern c on tac t sw i th G reece a tt h i st ime . T o t h i s e nd I h ave a tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h i s monog raph d efmed f ou rd i s t inc tl e ve l so fo r ien ta l iza t ion ,w h ich t h e reaf te r f o rm t h eb a s i so f my a na ly s i s . I ti sm yh ope t h a t h av ing d emon s t ra ted t h eu se o ft h e se c a tego r ie s , t h ey m igh ts e rve a s ag ene ra ls y s tem f o ri n ve s t iga t ion o ft h i sa nd o t he rc ompa rab le mu l t i leve lc u l tu ra l c on t a c t s . T h i sp ape ri st h er e su l t o fm y Melon R e sea rch F elow sh ip a tt h e Ame r ican S choo l o fC las s ica l S tud ies a tA then s , 1 993 . Ia mv e ry much i n deb ted t ot h eS choo la nd t oD r .W i l l iam C ou l son ,d i rec to ro f ASCSA ,f o rt h e i rh e lp a nd t ot h e Melon F ounda t ion ,s pon so ro fm yr e sea rch . Ia m mo s t g ra te fu l t oD r . P .R .S . Moo rey , D r . J .E . C u r t i s a nd P ro f . C .H . G reenewa l t ,J r . f o r a c a re fu lr ead ing a nd c ommen t o ft h em anu sc r ip t .F o rt h ef i na lv e r s ion Ia mw ho l ly r e spon s ib le .

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CHAPTER 1 I NTRODUCT ION E a r l ie r s t ud ie s o fN ea r E a s te rn a nd A egean/Ea s te rn Med i te r ranean c on tac t s i nt h e G eome t r ic a nd E a r ly A rcha ic P e r iod sw e re b a sed m a in ly o n i n ve s t iga t ion o fo r ien ta l o r o r ien ta l iz ing o b jec t sw h ich w e re f ound i nG reek s a nc tua r ie s( e .g . O lymp ia ,D e lph ia nd S amo s ) 1.T he e xam ina t ion o fv o t ive o b jec t s r a i sed t he q ue s t ion " t o d i s t ingu i sh b e tween o b j ec t s i mpo r t ed f r om t h e N ea rE a s ta nd t ho se p roduced l o ca l l yb u td e r iv ing t h e i ri n sp i r a t ion f r om t h eN ea rE a s t ( O r i en ta lv e r su s O r i en ta l i z ing ) " 2.T he p u rpo se o f t h i sa pp roach i st oi d en t i f yi fa no b jec tw a so r ien ta l ,w h ich p a r to ft h eN ea rE a s ti tc ame f r om 3. Win te ri nh e r d e ta i led s t udy o fN o r th S y r ia a s ab ronzewo rk ing c en t re i nt h ee a r ly f i r s t m i l len n i um B .C .4 p ropo sed t h ef olow ing s y s tem o fd ifu s ion o rs p read o fo b jec t so u t s ide t h e i r a r ea o fo r ig in : " Ob j ec t sf ound o u t s id et h e i ra r ea o fo r i g in c an b eu nd e r s tood a s1 .r e su l to ft h e mov emen to fi nd iv idua l s , h ouseho ld so rl a rg en umber s o fp eop l ef r om o ne t e r r i to ry t oa no the r ;2 .t h ea ccumu la t ion o fb oo ty o r t r i bu te b y ac onque s ts t a t e ; 3 .t h ep roduc to fO f t -g iv ing ; 4 .e v idence f o ro r gan iz ed c omme r c ia lr e la t ions ( t rad e )b e tw een c en t e r s . "5 T he se f ou r p o s s ib il i t ies g ave u s ac omp le te s y s tem , a nd t h ree o ft h em e xp la in t h e p re sence o f o r ien ta l o b jec t s i nG reek s anc tua r ie s , o ra tl e a s ts how u sa l te rna t ive w ay si nw h ich t h e se o b jec t s m igh t h ave r eached S amo s ,D e lph io rO lymp ia . T he f i r s t p o s s ib il i ty , t h e m ig ra t ion o fo r ien ta lg roup s o rc r a f t smen t ot h eA egean i s aw el d i s c u s sed q ue s t ion 6.T he r e a son f o r m ig ra t ion a nd/o r s e t t lemen t o fo r ien ta l p eop le i nd ife ren tp a r t s o f t h e Aegean ( e .g . A then s , C re te ) w ou ld b e e i the r p o l i t ica l o r c omme rc ia l . W in te r a rgued , t h a t a s A s sy r ia b e tween t h e 9 t ha nd m id -7 th c en tu r ie sB .C . s ucce s s ive ly i n co rpo ra ted t h eN o r th S y r ian s t a te s i n to t he A s sy r ian Emp i re , " l uxu ry p roduc t ion d ec r ea sed a st h ev i ab l e , i nd epend en te conomy o ft h er e g ion w a ss ubsumed i n to t h ec e n t ra lp o l i ty , o cca s ion ing a " m ig ra t ion o fd emand s ( a nd o fc r af t smen ) t op lace s w he r e n or e ta rd ing d ev e lopmen th a s t a k en p lace " . "7 T he t h eo ry o ft h e r e ta rd ing e f f ec t o ft h eA s sy r ian c onques t i st he b e s t k nown e xamp le f o r m ig ra t ion o fo r ien ta l c r a f t smen t ot h eA egean i n sp i red b y p ol i t ica l r ea son s . T he p resence o r s e t t lemen t o fo r ien ta l p eop le ( f i r s t o fa l P hoen ic ian t r ade r s ) o n A egean i s land s i n sp i red b y c omme rc ia lr e a son s c an b e r e con s t ruc ted n o t o n ly f r om t h e a ppea rance o f o r ien ta l o b jec t si nG reek s anc tua r ie s , b u tf r om t h ep re sence o fo r ien ta ls anc tua r ie si nG reece a sw el . One o f t he b e s t e xamp les i st he r ecen t ly e xcava ted a nd p robab ly P hoen ic ian " t r ip i l la r s h r ine " a t K ommo s ( Sou the rn C re te )8 w h ich w a s i nu se i nt h e 8 th c en tu ry B .C .A sw i l l b ed i scu ssed l a te r , t h e w e s twa rd e xpan s ion o fP hoen ic ian s i nt h e 9 t h -7 th c en tu r ie s B .C . w a s n o t ar eac t ion t ot h eA s sy r ian c onque s t a nd d ef in i te ly n o t a ne s cape f r om t h eA s sy r ian w eapon s . T he P hoen ic ian c omme rc ia l e xpan s i on i nt h e Med i te r ranean w a s " af u nc t ion o ft h eN eo -A s sy r ian i mpe r ia l i sm "9 a nd w a s s uppo r ted , o ra t l e a s tn o to b s t ruc ted ,b yt h eA s sy r ian s .A tt h i sp o in tt h er o le o fA s sy r ia l o ok sc on t rove r s ia l( s ee l a te r ) . T he s e cond p o s s ib i l i ty ,t h ea c cumu la t ion o fb oo ty o rt r ibu te b y ac onque r ing s t a te i sn o tr e levan t i nt he c onnec t ion s o ft h e O r ien t a nd t h eA egean/Ea s t Med i te r ranean . I th appened i nt h eN ea r E a s t ( e .g . A s sy r ia ) o ri nt h eA egean w i th d if e ren t i d eo log ica lb ackg round ( e .g . v o t ive o f f e r ing s a f te r d i f f e ren tw a r si nO lymp ia ) . T he t h i rd c a se i s ap o ss ib i l i ty , w h ich e me rged r e cen t ly i ni t s d eve loped f o rm i ns ome p ub -

1 Mo s t r ecen t ly : Gu ra ln i ck 1 988 , p p . 1 51 -176 ; Gur a ln i ck 1 992 , p p . 3 27 -340 ; Mus ca re lk 1 992 , p p . 1 6 45 ; Cu r t i s1 994 , p p . 1 25 ; s ee f u r thermore t he d e ta i led s t a t i s t ica ls t udy o ff o re ign o b jec t si nG reek s anc tuar ie s : K i l ian -D ir lme yer 1 985a ,p p . 2 15 -254 . 2 Cur t is 1 994 ,p .1 . 3F or t he p rob lem so fi d en t if i ca t ion s ee C u r t is 1 994 ,p p . 1 25 . 4 Win ter 1 988 ,p p . 1 93 -225 . 5 Win ter 1 988 ,p .2 08 . 6 Dunbab i i i1 957 ,p p .4 1 ,4 9 ; Boardman 1 97 0 , p p . 1 8 -19 ; C o lds t ream 1 97 7 ,p p . 5 6 , 7 0 , 1 00 , 1 03 , 1 87 -188 , 3 58 ; Co lds t ream 1 982 , p p . 2 66 -268 , 2 7 1 ; Boa rdman 1 980 ,p p .5 7 -59 . 7 Win ter 1 988 ,p .2 14 . 8S haw 1 980 ,p p .2 29 -237 ,2 45 -248 ; S haw 1 989 ,p p . 1 65 -183 . 9F rankens te in 1 9 79 ,p p .2 63 -294 .

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l i ca t ion s 1° .W in te rp ropo sed r oya lg i f t -g iv ing a s af o rm o fp o l i t ica lc onnec t ion b e tween C a rchem i sh a nd P h ryg ian . Mu sca re l la e x tended t h e i d ea f o r P h ryg ian a nd G reek c on tac ts 1 2 . H e a rgued t h a t N o r th S y r ian o b jec t s c ou ld r each G reece v i a N o r th S y r ian h a rbou r s ( e .g . A l M ina ) , o r o n l a nd r ou te s v i a C i l ic ia a nd P h ryg ia ( w i th t h e m a in r e lay p o in t p robab ly i nG o rd ion )1 3. A s N o r th S y r ian o b jec t s ( f o r e xamp le f r om C a rchem i sh ) r eached P h ryg ia l4 p robab ly a sd i p loma t ic g if t -g iv ing t o M ida s ( M i ta o f Mu shk i ) f o r a na n t i -A s sy r ian c oa l i t ion , P h ryg ian a nd ( No r th S y r ian ) o b jec t s c ou ld r each G reece i nt h e s ame w ay a sw el . He a rgued t h a tt h e P h ryg ian sk new , f o r e xamp le , t h e D e lph ic o rac le p robab ly f r om C i l ic ian c i t ie s a nd o f f ered aw ide v a r ie ty o fd ef in i te ly v o t iv e o b jec t s t ot h e G reek s anc tua r ie s i nt h e f o rm o fr oya l o r d i p loma t ic g i f t -g iv ing . H e m en t ioned t h eb e s t k nown e xamp le : h ow M ida s , k i ng o f P h ryg ia o f fe red h i s t h rone t ot h e D e lph ic o rac le 1 5. F u r the rmo re Mu sca rela p ropo sed t h a t : " Co r r ec t u nd e r s tand ing o ft h eM ida s d ed i ca t ion a s ag i f te x chang eg ene ra t e s amod e lt h a tm igh te xp la in h ow o t he r ma t e r ia la sw e l l may h av er e a ched G r ee c e . "1 6 T he f ou r th p o ss ib i l i ty ( t rade ) i s It h ink t h e mo s t p robab le w ay o nw h ich a lmo s t a l l t h e o r ien ta l ma ter ia l r eached G reece . T he r o le o ft h e P hoen ic ian t r ade r s i sc e r ta in 1 7 . B e tween t h e 9 th a nd 7 th c en tu r ie sB .C . t h e P hoen ic ian w e s twa rd e xpan s ion c ove red a lmos ta l t h e Med i te r ranean . P hoen ic ian e xpan s ion a sh a sb een m en t ioned n o t o n ly f l ou r i shed u nde rA s sy r ian d om ina t ion a nd f r om t h em idd le o ft h e 8 th c en tu ry B .C . u nde r t h eA s sy r ian r u le 1 8, b u t w a s a l so af unc t ion o fA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l i sm . " T he yp layed as p ec ia l i s tf unc t ion w h i ch w a sr a the rs ymb io t i ct h an ' p a ra s i t i car 1 9. A nd i ndeed ,a sK opcke a r gued : " . .ar chaeo log yd oe s n o ts how ad own tur nf o rP hoen ic ian c i t i e s u nde rA s sy r ian d om ina t ion , i f a ny th ing t h e o ppo s i te . Now s pec ia l i s t s l i k eI r ene W in te r , S u san F rankens te in a nd G uy K e s temon th av e a r gued t h a tl a ndbound A s sy r ian p ow e ra nd s e abor ne P ho en i c ian m ig h t -n o to fa l l , b u to fs ome c i t i e s -i n e f ec t e n te r ed i n to a c ompac t , a id ing o ne a no the r .A cco rd ing t ot h a tt h eo ry , t h eA s syr ians 'n eed sa nd g ua ran t ee o fs af e ty mad e o fP hoen ic ian s mo r e t h an e v e rb e f o r ep rov id e r s . A s S usan F rank ens te in h as p ha sed i t :' P hoen i c ian w e s t e rn e x pan s ion w a s af unc t ion o fA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l i sm ." 2° B u t w he the r t h i s t r ade w a s a n o rgan ized c omme rc ia l r e la t ion b e tween t wo c en te r s o r n o t , i s u nknown .A s Mu sca rela p ropo sed t oe x tend t h eg i f te x change mode 12 1 t oo the ro r ien ta l ma te r ia lf o und i nG reek s anc tua r ie s ( s ee a bov e ) , C u r t i s i nh i s r e cen t a r t ic le e x am in ing t he " Me sopo tam ian " o b jec t s f r om t h eS am ian H e ra ion e mpha s ized h i sd oub t s : " . .F u r the r , t h eh and f u lo f Me sopo tam ian o b j ec t st h a t w e h ave f r om G r eek s i tes d oe s n o th av e t h eh omog eneous a pp ea rance o fi t ems t h a t w e r ed e l ibe ra t e ly b rough tf r om Me sopo tam ia t ob e d ed i ca t ed . N o ri st h e r ea ny i nd ica t ion t h a tt h e yw e r e n ece s sa r i l yd ed i c a t ed b yp eop l e e v en o fN ear E a s t e r n , l e ta l one Me sopo tam ian , o r ig in . I ti s mo r e l i k e l y , i ts e ems t om e , t h a tt h e se o b jec t s c ame i n to t h eh and so fG r eek s o ro t he r s a nd w e r ep r i zed a s " o b jec t s d ' ar t "o rc u r io s . B ecau se s ome v a lue w as a t tached t ot h em , t h e yw ou ld t h en h av e b een d eemed w o r thy o fd ed ica t ion t o H e ra o ro t he rd e i t i e s . "2 . It h ink t h i s i st he r i gh t c onc lu s ion w h ich c an b e d rawn f r om t he e xam ina t ion o fo r ien ta l o r o r ien ta l iz ing o b jec t s f ound i nG reek s anc tua r ie s .T he se o b jec t s c an b e d i scu s sed a sw o rk s o fa r t , t h ey c an b ee xam ined m e talu rg icaly2 3 a nd c an b e mo re o rl e s si d en t if i ed w i th ag i ven p a r to ft h eN ea rE a s t ,

1 0 F or e ar l ier p ropo sa l ss ee :J an tzen 1 962 ,p p .3 9 -43 ; K i l ian -D i r imeyer 1 985a ,p .2 42 . 1 Win ter 1 988 , p p . 2 08 -212 . 1 2 Musca rela 1 989 ,p p .3 33 -334 . 1 3 Musca rela 1 992 ,p p .4 1-42 . 1 4 Gord ion , T umu lus W : t wo c au ldrons w i th b u l l a t tachemen t s ; T umu lus M M : t wo a n ima l h eaded s i tu lae ; Mu sea lela 1 992 , p p .4 1 -42 . 1 5 He rodo tus 1 : 14 ; Mu scare l la 1 992 ,p p .4 1 -43 . 1 6 Mus carela 1 992 ,p .4 2 . 1 7 S ee mo s t r e cen t ly : S chauer 1 983 ,p p . 1 75 194 ; Rö l l ig 1 992 ,p p . 9 3 -102 ; Kop cke 1 992 ,p p . 1 03 -113 ; Aube t1 993 . 1 8 F or t he h i s to ry o fP hoen ic ia i nt ha t p er iod s e e : Oded 1 974 , p p . 3 8 -49 ; T admo r1 97 5 , p p . 3 6 -48 ; F r anken s te in 1 979 , p p . 2 63 2 94 ; Ga re l l i1 9 1 13 , p p . 6 1 -66 ; K es temon t1 983 , p p .5 3 -78 ; E lay i1 983 , p p . 4 5 -58 ; E lay i1 985a , p p . 1 9 -26 ; E lay i1

, p p . 3 93 -

3 97 ; B r ique l -Cha tonne t1 992 , e sp .p p . 1 41 -226 ; Aube t1 993 . 1 9 F a lsone 1 988 ,p p . 2 27 -228 . 2 0 Kop cke 1 992 ,p p . 1 06 -107 ; On t he r o le o ft h e P hoen ic ian s i nt he t r an s f er o fc u l ture a nd c er ta in o b jec t s ,s ee : Rö l l ig 1 992 . 2 1 F o rt he g i f t e xchange s ee Co lds t ream 1 983 ,p p .2 01 -206 . 2 2 C ur t i s1 994 ,p .2 3 . 2 3 Magou -P e rno t -Ro l ley 1 991 ,p p .5 6 1 -577 ( w i th f u r ther r e f erence s ) .

2

b u t t h e v a lue o ft h e e xp lana t ion s o ft h e d i f f e ren t t y pe s o fc on tac t o r i n f luence b u i l t s imp ly o n t h i s m a te r ia li sv e ry l i m i ted .W i thou ta nu nde r s tand ing o ft h e c u l tu ra ls e t t ing o ft h e se o b jec t s i nG reek l i f e n os e r iou sc onc lu s ion c an b ed r awn .T he se a r ea c tua lp i ece so fa r two rk a nd t h ey h av e al i m i ted v a lue a s t h e i n d ica to r s o fi n f luen ce . E ven Mu sca re l la h a s a r gued t h a t i ti s a" q ue s t ion w he the rt h e o r ien ta l c au ld ron s a r r iv ed i nG r e e c e w i th h amme r ed g r if f i np ro tome s a nd s i r en s a sa n e n semb l e , o rw he the rt h e p ro tome sw e r ea dd ed t ot h es i r en c au ld ron si nG r e e c et os a t i s f y( u nk nown )l o ca ln e ed s . "2 4 T he f a c tt h a tf o re x amp le ,7 8 .8 % o ft h ed ed i ca ted m a te r ia lf ound i nt h eS am ian H e ra ion c an b e i d en t if ied a so r ien ta l ( w i th C yp ru s a nd E gyp t )2 5 o r o r ien ta l iz ing g i ve s u s u se fu l i n fo rma t ion , b u t i t p robab ly r e f lec t s o n ly t h e g eog raph ica lp o s i t ion o fS amo s ( nex t t ot h e Ana to l ian c oa s t , n ea r o r o n a ma jo r ma r i t ime t r ade r ou te ) a nd i tm ay r ef lec t t h e e x tended c omme rc ia l n e two rk s , t h e f l ou r i sh ing t r ade ( Phoen ic ian , G reek , P h ryg ian , e t c . ) w h ich w a sa tt h a tp e r iod o ne o ft h e m o s ti mp re s s ive s i gn s o f t h e b eg inn ing an ew a ge i nt h e Med i te r ranean . T he e xam ina t ion o ft h e P e ra cho ra H e ra s an c tua r ie s ( t he a r ea o fa no the ri mpo r tan tt r ade c en te r ) r e v ea led t h es ame p i c tu re : t h eP hoen ic ian ma te r ia lw a s7 4 % o ft he t o ta ln umbe r o fo b jec t s d ed ica ted t h e re 2 6 . B u t t h e i n land s an c tua r ie s o fG reece ( f a r f r om t r ade r ou te s o rt h e i n te re s t o ft r ade r s ) y i e lded mu ch s male r p e r cen tage so fo r ien ta l o b jec t s : O lymp ia 1 2 .76 % 2 7, w h i le a tt h eA r tem i s ion a tP he ra i( The s sa ly ) o n ly _ 2% o ft h ev o t iv eo b jec t sw a sf o re ign , a nd o n ly 1 .6 % o ft h ef o re ig no b jec t sc ame f r om t h eN ea rE a s t. F o r am o re u s e fu la pp roach w e s hou ld n o t t h ink i nt e rm so f of i c ia lj ou rney s , s pec ia ld ed ica to ry t r ip s o fo r i en ta lp eop le t oG reek s an c tua r ie so r" o rg an i7ed o r ien ta l iza t ion " . We s hou ld s imp ly d i scove r t h em ech an i sm so ft h i sc u l tu ra li n f luenc e . We h av et oi d en t i f ya tf i r s tt h et e rm so f" c on ta c t "a nd " i n f luence " . We c ou ld u se t h er i gh td i s t inc t i on o f Mu sca re l la b e tw een t h em : " The c o r r ec t l yd ef ined i mpo r ty i e ld s e v id ence o f a" c on tac t "o fs ome f o rm a nd d eg r e e b e tw e en G r ee c ea nd t h e O r i en t ; i t sp r e sence i n as anc tua ry i n f o rm s u st h a ts ome l o ca l e n t i ty a ccep t ed t h eo b j e c t . T he c opy o ra dap ta t ion i n d i ca t e s " i nf l uenc e " , ah e ig h t ened a nd mo r ec omp l ex c on sump t ion o ft h eo r ig ina li mpo r t , a n a b so r p t ion i n to t h el o ca lc u l tur e . "2 9. C on tac t a nd i nf luence make t h e d i s t inc t ion b e tw een o r ien ta l a nd o r ien ta l iz ing . B u t " i nf luence " i s at oo g ene ra lt e rm t ob eu sed i n t h es t udy o fo r ien ta l i z ing o b jec t s o ri nt h e s t udy o ft h em e chan i sm o fc u l tu ra ld ifu s ion . S ome t ime s n o t a n a c tua l o b jec t m ake st h e i n f luence b u t s imp ly t h e f a c t , t ha t t h e re a r e o b jec t sw h ich h ave as pec ia l v a lue ( f o r e xamp le t h e i r on a nd b ronze c on ica lh e lme t s o ft h e A s sy r ian s , t h e m o s t f amou s a nd v i c t o r iou s s t and ing a rmy o ft h ep e r iod o rt h e k nown w o r ld o ft h a tt ime f o ra lmo s t t h ree c en tu r ie s , w h ich w e re t e s ted i nh und red so fb a t t le s ) . I nt h e c a se o fh e lme t s , d if e ren tl e ve l so fc on ta c t c an b e r e vea led f r om t h e d i rec t i mpo r tt o" i n sp i ra t ion " .T he l a s tl e v e lo fi n f luen ce ( " in sp i ra t ion " ) c an b e t e rmed much b e t te r a s" s t imu lu s d i f fu s ion " ( at e rm b o r row ed f r om e t hnoa rchaeo logy a nd p reh i s to ry ) : " I ns t imu lu s d if u s ion , i ti sn o tt h e d e ta i l so ft h ef u l lc omp l ex i t ya nd e l abo ra t ion o f an ew p roduc t o r an ew p roce s s w h ich i st r an sm i t t ed , b u t r a the r t h e i d ea , t h e r e a l i za t ion t h a t s uch ap roce s s i sp o s s ib l e , a nd s ome u nd e r s tand ing o fh ow t ob r ing i ta bou t . " 3° .A t t h el a s t l e v e l o fi n f luence n o t s imp ly a n o b jec t o ro b jec t t y pe i n sp i red s im i la r o b jec t sb u t t h e i d ea o ft h e i r u se fu lne s s f o r e xamp le t h eh e lme t s i nb a t t le o rt h e f ame o ft h eA s sy r ian s .A s t h er e su l t o fs t imu lu s d ifu s ion o n ly t h eg ene ra ls hape o ft h e G reek h e lme t s w a s s im i la rt ot h e ( po in ted a nd c r e s ted ) s hape o ft h e o r ien ta lh e lme t s , b u t t h e i rd e ta i l s a nd p roce s s o f e xecu t ion w e re q u i te d if e ren t . F o r e xamp le t h ey u sed p o in ted a nd c r e s ted h e lme t s ( La te G eome t r ic , s ee b e low ) r i ve ted t o ge the r f r om f i v e p i ece s ( wh ich t e chn ique i su nknown a tt h e momen t f r om t h e N ea rE a s t ) ,b u tt h ey d i dn o tu s ei r on h e lme t sa st h eA s sy r ian sd i di nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu r y B .C . T he e a r ly A egean c r e s ted h e lme t s ( 8 th c en tu ry B .C . ) p robab ly d i dn o t u se t h e c o lou r o rd eco ra t i on o ft h e c r e s tt oi d en t i f yd if e ren t u n i t s o ft h e i r a rmy a st h eA s sy r ian sd i d . T hey p robab ly u sed t h e c r e s to n ly f o ra po t ropa i cr e a son s .

2 4 Musca rela 1 992 ,p p .3 5 -36 . 2 5 Ki l ian -D i r imeyer 1 98 5a ,p p . 2 35 -243 , f i g . 1 8 . 2 6 K il i an -D i r tmeyer 1 985a ,p p .2 25 -230 , f i g . 8 . 2 7 K il ian -D i r ime yer 1 985a ,p p . 2 30 -235 , f i g . 1 3 . 2 8 K il ian -D i r ime yer 1 985a ,p p .2 16 -224 , f i g . 1 . 2 9 Muscarela 1 992 ,p .3 8 . 3 0 R enf rew 1 983 ,p .1 22 .

3

THE ROLE OF A SSYR IA H ISTOR ICAL I n t h e N eo -A s sy r ian p er iod ( 9 11 -614/612 B .C . ) A s sy r ia w a st h e l e ad ing p owe r o ft he N ea r E a s ta nd c on sequen t ly t h e E a s te rn Med i ter ranean . T he p owe r o fA s sy r ia w a s b a sed f i r s t o fa l lo ni t s p ow e r fu l a rmy ,w h ich w a sr e fo rmed i nt h eM idd le A s sy r ian p e r iod t ob ecome o ne o ft h e mo s t mode rn a rm ie so f t h ec on tempo ra ry w o r ld ,w h ich -a tl e a s ti ni t se l i t e t r oop s ( c ha r io t ry , c a va l ry , d if e ren t c l a s se so fh eavy i n fan t ry ) -c on s i s ted o fA s sy r ian p ro f e s s iona l s .T he A s sy r ian a rmy b ecame o ne o ft h e mo s ti mpo r tan t ( i fn o tt h e mo s t i mpo r tan t ) s ou rce o ft h e s t a te ' s i n come ( boo ty , t r ibu te ) . I nt h ee a r ly 9 th c en tu ry B .C . a f te r c onque r ing t h e t e r r i to r ie s o fN o r th -Me sopo tam ia ,S ou thea s t -Ana tol ia ( Uppe r E uph ra te s ) r i ch i n i r on o re ,a nd t h ee a r ly i r onwo rk ing c en t re so ft h er e g ion3 1 t h eA s sy r ian ss t a r ted t oe qu ip t h e i ra rmy n o t s imp ly w i th i r on w eapon s ( wh ich w e re u sed much e a rl ie r ) , b u t i r on a rmou r a sw el . T he re i s aw al p a in t ing f r agmen t f r om A shu r3 2 s how ing a nA s sy r ian s o ld ier w ea r ing t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic c on ica lh e lme t p a in ted y elow , c a rry ing a nA s sy r ian s p iked s h ie ld p a in ted y elow . T he h e lme ta nd t h e s h ie ld d a te t h e f r agmen t e xc lu s ive ly t ot h e9 th c en tu ry B .C .T he y elow p a in tm ean st h a tt h eh e lme ta nd t h es h ie ld w a s m ade o fb ronze . Howeve r , t h e s c a le a rmou ra t tached t ot h e r im o ft h eh e lme t ,c ove r ing t h e s hou lde r s o ft h es o ld ier ( unde rw h ich t h eb ody a rmou rw a ss i tua ted )w a sp a in ted l i gh tb l ue -t h ec o lou ro fs h in ing i r on . Huge a moun t o fi r on s c a le a rmou rp l a te sw e re d i scove red i nt h eN eo -A s sy r ian c ap i ta l s .A f te rt h e A s sy r ian a rmy w a s e qu ipped w i th i r on s c a le a rmou r 3 ,i nt h e e a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . t h e f i r s t i r on h e l m e t sa ppea red i nt h eA s sy r ian a rmy .T he f i r s tw r i t ten e v idence f o ri r on h e lme t si si nt wo c une i fo rm l e t t e r s men t ion ing i r on h e lme t s( f lop i s ip a r z i 1 10 3 4 f r om T el H a la fd a ted t ot h es ame p e r iod .T he f i r s tr e p r e sen ta t ion s u ndoub ted ly d ep ic t ing i r on h e lme t s a r e t h e T i l -Ba r s ip w a l l -pa in t ing s , p o s s ib ly f r om t h e r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) . On t h e T i l -Ba r s ip w a l l -pa in t ing s3 5 t h e re a r e h e lme t s c o lou red l i gh tb l ue ( s h in ing i r on ) a sa r et h ei r on b l ade s o ft h es wo rd s ,c e r ta in ly d ep ic t ing i r on h e lme t s . T he y elow d eco ra t ion o nt wo o ft h em m igh t i n d ica te t h e s ame b ronze i n lay d eco ra t ion a so nt h ew el k nown Z l in i r l i i r on h e lme t f r agm .en t s3 6, N im rud c on ica l3 7 a nd c r e s ted i r on h e lme t f r aü n sen t s3 8. T he T i l -Ba r s ip h e lme tr ep re sen ta t ion sa r et h ee a rl i e s te v idence b o th f o rt h eN ea rE a s te rn i r on h e lme t sa nd i r on h e lme t sd eco ra ted w i th b ronze i n lay .B yt h ee nd o ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .t h e re c an b en od oub tt h a t i r on w a s ac ommon ma te r ia la nd w ide ly u s ed3 9. P l ace m en t ioned i nh i sw o rk4 t h ed i scove ry o f ah oa rd o fv ery w e l l p re se rved i r onwo rk : g rapp l ing i r on s a nd c ha in s , p l ough sha re s , h amme r s , p i ck -axe s a nd s eve ra l h undred i r on i ngo ts , t he t o ta l w e igh t o fw h ich w as e s t ima ted b y P lace i nt he r eg ion o f 1 60 ,000 .00 k g . T he e l i t e t r oop s o ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy w e re e qu ipped w i th i r on h e lme t s a tl e a s t i nt h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e 8 th c en tu ry ( s ee b e low ) . T h i s a rmy c l ad i ni r on a nd u s ing t h eb e s t w a r t a c t ic s c on q ue red N o r th S y r ia a nd t h eL evan ti nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .

3 1 Maxwe l l -Hys lop 1 974 ,p p . 1 39 -154 3 2 A s s .10756 , And rae 1 925 , p l . 9 e . 3 3 A t l e a s t b yt he e nd o f t he 9 th c en tury B .C . , s o ld ier s o ft h e m a in h eavy t r oop s o ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy w ere c ov ered p robab ly w i th i r on s c a le a rmour . 3 4 F r ied r ich e ta L 1 9 40 , n o s .4 9 :1 ,5 2 :10 . 3 5 Thu reau -Dang in -Dunand 1 934 p l s . XLX I -L I ; De r sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o s . 1 65 -167 . 3 6 Z inc ir l i , Nor th P a lace , I nv . n o . : S . 3964 ; v on L u schan

Andr ae 1 943 , p p .7 6 -79 , 1 63 , f i g . 8 8 ,p l . 4 1 ; B a rne t t 1 953 , p .1 02 ; B or -

c hhard t1 972 ,p .1 00 , K a t . 2 2 B I3 ;O ve r iae t1 979 ,p .5 4 , n o te 7 ,p .5 5 ; C ur t i s1 9 79 ,v o l . I ,p p . 1 82 -183 ; özgen 1%2 ,p p . 2 0 ,52 n o te 5 ; Dersö -C ur t is 1 991 ,p p . 1 24 -125 , f i g . 2 2 ; De rsö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 2 8 , G roup n o . NS .1 ,p p . 3 4 -35 ,p l s .4 1 -42 . 3 7 N imrud , Nor th - We s t P a lace , L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 2 2496 ; B a rne t t1 953 , p p . 1 01 -102 , p l s . 3 1 -32 ; Cahneyer 1 969 ,p . 9 0 , n o te 2 95 ; Bo rehhard t1 972 , p .9 9 , C a t . n o .2 2AI ;P le iner -B jo rkman 1 974 ,p .2 9 1 , f i g .5 ;C a lme yer 1 975 ,p .3 16 ; L ig abue -S a l va tor i 1 977 ,p .8 ; Gamber 1 978 , f i g . 1% ; O ve r lae t1 979 , p .5 4 , n o te 6 ;C u r t i s1 979 ,v o l . I ,p p . 1 78 -181 ,v o l . I , p .3 2 , p l . 2 7 ; C ur t is e ta L 1 979 , p .3 85 , f i g . 3 4 ; Ho m -R i iger 1 979 , p .3 13 , f i g . 1 87 ; ö zg en 1 982 , p p . 2 0 ,5 1 , n o te 3 ; Grä sche l1 986 , p . 7 3 , n o te 2 25 ; De rsö -Cur t i s1 991 , p p . 1 22 126 , f i g . 2 1 , p l . 1 9 ; 1 3 c2sa 1 993 , C a t . n o . 6 ,G roup n o .A .2 .1 ,p p . 1 2 -17 , f i g . 2 ,p l s . 9 11 . 3 8 L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum ,4 8 -11-4 , 13 -115 ; D er sö -Cu r t i s1 99 1 , p p . 1 05 -126 , p l s . 1 5 -20 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 1 2 -27 , G roup n o s .A .4 .1 -A .4 .16 ,p p .2 5 -33 , p l s .2 2 -40 . 3 9 C ur t i se ta l .1 979 ,p .3 82 4 0 P lace 1 867 -1870 ,v o l . I ,p p . 8 4 -88 .

4

W i th t h e r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) an ew a ge b egan i nt h eh i s to ry o ft h e N ea r E a s t . Af te rs e ve ra la dm in i s t ra t ive r e fo rm sT ig la th -P i le se rI I ( af o rme rg ene ra l ) r e fo rmed t h eA s sy r ian a rmy a sw el . F rom t h e a r chaeo log ica l p o in t o fv i ew i tm ean t t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e s t anda rd iza t ion o f a rmy e qu ipmen t , w h ich w a s u nde r taken f i naly i nt h e l a s t q ua r te ro ft h e8 t h c en tury B .C .T h i s c hange c an b e d e tec ted mo s t p rom inen t ly i nt h e u se o fc r e s ted h e lme t s i nt h eA s sy r ian a rmy : a si ss hown o n A s sy r ian s cu lp tu re s , c r e s ted h e lme t sa r e a lway sw o rn b ys p ea rmen c a r ry ing r ound w ooden s h ie ld s a nd w ea r ing b rea s tp la te s( k a rd io p hy lak e s ) . N o t o n ly t h eA s sy r ian l i gh ti n fan t ry ,o rt r oop s s a id t ob e N o r th S y r ian a l l ie s o r a s soc ia ted w i th Ana to l ian4 1 o rP h ryg ian4 2 a ux i l ia r ie s o ft h e A s sy r ian a rmy , b u t a l so t h e i re nem ie s ,r e c ru i ted w hen d e f ea ted a sa u x i l ia ry u n i t s ,w o re c r e s ted h e lme t s4 3 . B u t ,w h i le a tt h ee nd o ft he 9 th c en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l fo f8 t hc en tu ry B .C .t h ec r e s ted h e lme ti n d ica ted t h en a t ional i ty o fi t s w ea re r ( S y r ian , Ana tol i an o rP h ryg ian t r oop s ) ,l a te r ,f r om t h er e ign a nd a rmy r e fo rm o fT ig la th -P i le se r I Ii ts imp ly i nd ica ted t h e m embe r sh ip o f as pec ia ls e rv ice , t h el i gh ti n f an t ry o ft h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy . T he A s sy r ian h o r semen , c ha r io tee r s a nd c ha r io tw ar r io r s , a nd e ven t h e h eavy i n fan t ry a lway s w o re c on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s .F rom t h a tt i me s o ld ie r so fa ny n a t ional i ty c ou ld b er e c ru i ted t ot h el i gh t i n fan try , t h e a ux i l ia ry u n i t s o ft h e A s sy r ian a rmy . T hu s , t h e c r e s ted h e lme t f i na l ly l o s t i t s n a t iona l ( No r th S y r ian , Ana to l ian )c ha rac te ri nt h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia la rmy .T he r e su l to ft h er e fo rm w a st h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C .4 " n ew mode lA s sy r ian i mpe r ia la rmy "w h ich c on s i s ted o ft h ef o low ing a rm s : c ha r io t ry c ava lry h eavy i n fan try

r ound b ronze s h ie ld r ound b ronze s h ie ld

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a ux i l ia r ie s( ma in ly f o re ig na r che r s ) F rom 7 38 B .C .t h i sn ew mode la rmy c on t roled t h eL evan t .T he A s sy r ian sb ecame n e ighbou r so f t h eG reek w o r ld . T h i sc l o se p rox im i ty r e su l ted i n as e r ie so fe f ec t s ,w h ich p l ayed ap r ima ry r o le i nt h e t r an sm i s s ion o fo r ien ta li nf luence . O ne o ft h e se e f f ec t sw a st h e n ew A s sy r ian P hoen ic ia -pol i cy w h ich r e su l ted i nt h ee mpha s i zed w es te rn e xpan s ion o ft h e P hoen ic ian sd i scu s sed a bove . T he A s sy r ian sc on t r oled p a r to ft h eP hoen ic ian f l ee t ( p robab ly ag i ven c on t ingen to ft h ew a r sh ip s ) . O n aT i l -Ba r s ip w a l l p a in t ing f r agmen t4 6 t here a re A s sy r ian s o ld ier s ( wea r ing p o in ted b ronze h e lme t s ) o n b oa rd a P hoen ic ian w a r sh ip f i gh t ing an ava lb a t t le w i th a nu n fo r tuna te ly u n iden t i f ied e nemy .T he re a r e r ep re s en ta t ion s o fP hoen ic ian s h ip s o nt h e p a lace rel i e f s o fS ennache r ib ( 7 04 -681 B .C . )4 7 a sw e l l . F u r the r mo re w ek now f r om t h ef amou s C yp ru s s t e le o fS a rgon I n ow i nB e r l in4 8 t h a ti nt h e l a s t y ea r so fh i s r e ign ( p robab ly a round 7 07 B .C . ) S a rgon c on tro l led i ns ome w ay " I a ' ad i s t r i c t o fI a tnana ( Cyp ru s ) " , w h ich w a s " s i tua ted as even d ay ' sj ou rney i nt h e s ea o ft h e s e t t ing s un "4 9 . S a rgon ' s g ove rno r o ft h e

4 1 B a rne t t -F a lkner 1 962 ,p .x i x ,p l s . XXXV I , XXXV I I I ,p .x i i i ,p l .L I . 4 2 B arne t t -F a lkner 1 962 ,p .J o d i i ,p l . L I I . 4 3 B arne t t

F almer 1%2 , p p . x i x -xx , f i g . 2 : 1 , p l . XL I ( E a s tern c ampa ig n o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I , 2 nd a nd 9 th p a lu ) ; p p . x x -xx iv ,

f i g . 2 : 2 , p l . L I ( Ana to l ian [ Phryg ian? ] c ampa ign o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I , 3 rd p a lu ) ; p p . x x i i 2cdv , f i g , 2 : 13 , p l . LXV ( Urar t ian w ar r ior? ) , ( Urar t ian c ampa ign o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I , 3 rd p a lu )a nd p l . LX I . 4 4 I n t he 7 th c en tury B .C . t h e s t andard iza t ion o ft he a rmy e qu ipmen tw en t o n ( De rsö 1 993 , p p . 2 0 -21 : c hange s i nt he f o rm o f c res ted h e lme t s ; s ee a l so b e low ) , a nd n ew a rmy o rg an iza t ion d ev e loped u nder t he r e ign s o fS ennacher ib ( 70 4-681 B .C . ) , A sarhaddon ( 680 -669 B .C . ) a nd A shurban ipa l ( 668 -627 B .C . ) . 4 5 T he u s ing o fi r on s c a le a rmour c an b e d e te c ted n o t o n ly f r om t he a c tua l f i nds o f i r on a rmour p la te s , b u t f r om t he 8 th c en tury B .C . r epresen ta t ion s o fs c a le a rmour s o n A ssy r ian p a lace -re l ief s ,w here t he p a t terns o ft he a rmour a t tachemen t makes i tc l ear , t ha t i r on s c a le a rmour d id n o tn eed o v er lapp ing s ur f ace sa st h eb ronze s c a le a rmour n eeded . Cu r t is 1 9 79 . 4 6 A leppo Mu seum ; Ange r1 980 ,p l . 1 05 . 4 7 N ineveh , S -W . P a lace ; L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , WA 1 24772 . 4 8 P robab ly f r om K i t ion . E ng l i sh t r an s la t ion o fi t si n sc r ip t ion : L uckenb i l l1 927 ,v o l . 2 ,p p . 1 00 -103 .

5

p rov ince Que ( C il i c ia ) a t tacked t h e l a nd o fM i ta ( M ida s ) o f Mu shk i ( Ph ryg ia ) , a nd d es t royed t h ree p rov inces o f Mu shk i . I nc on sequence o ft h eA s sy r ian c ampa ign s , M i ta s en t t r ibu te t oS a rgon ( a round 7 08 B .C . ) . S ennache r ib ( 7 04 -681 B .C . ) ,s on o fS a rgon I ,c on sol ida ted A s sy r ian r u le i nt h eo ccup ied t e r r i to r ie s o ft h eE a s tern Med i te r ranean f r om C i l ic ia t oJ uda a nd t h eE gyp t ian b o rde r ( 7 01 B .C . ) .H i ss on a nd s u cce s so r o nt h eA s sy r ian t h rone ,E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) c onque red L owe r -Egyp ti n6 72 -671 B .C . , a nd h i s s on , A s su rban ipa l ( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) r eached T hebe s , t h e c ap i ta l o f Uppe r -Egyp t . T he A s sy r ian s h e ld E gyp t f o r n ea r ly t wen ty y ea r s . I nt h e c ou r se o ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ia c on t roled t h eN ea rE a s ta nd w a s ac l o se n e ighbou ro ft h eG reek w o r ld5° . S o i tc an b e c onc luded t h a t i nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C . t h e h i gh s t anda rd o ft h e o rgan iza t ion o ft h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l s t and ing a rmy w a s t h e s t anda rd w h ich m igh t b e t he h i s to r ica l b a se o ft h ei n f luence o r" s t imu lu sd i f fu s ion " e x e r ted b yo r ien ta l , l e t a l one A s sy r ian h e lme t t y pe so nt h e A egean/Ea s te rn Med i ter ranean h e lme tt r ad i t ion . MIL ITARY T he e vo lu t ion o fN ea r E a s tern c on ica lh e lme t s p robab ly t ook p l ace i nA s sy r ia5 1 i nt h ree p ha se s ( t he e a rl i e s tk nown r ep re sen ta t ion o f aN eo -A s sy r ian c on ica lh e lme ti so nt h e Wh i te Obe l i sk5 2 , a nd l a te ro n t h ep a lace rel i e f so fA shu rna s i rpa l I[ 8 83 -859 B .C . ] ) .F rom t h es e cond h a l fo ft h e9 th c en tu ry B .C .t h i s t y pe o fh e lme t b ecame w ide sp read o n t h ep e r iphe ry o ft h eA s sy r ian Emp i re a sw e l l : t h e f i r s t k nown U ra r t ian e xamp le s c an b e d a ted t ot h er e ign o fI s hpu in i ( 8 30 -810 B .C . )5 3 , t h e f i r s t k nown No r th - We s t I r an ian e xamp le sw e re f ound i nH a san lu a nd c an b ed a ted t oa r ound 8 00 B .C .' . T he re a r en o a c tua lc on ica l h e lme t sk nown f r om N o r th S y r ia b e fo re t h eA s sy r ian c onque s t . Al t h e N o r th S y r ian c on ica lh e lme t sc an b e d a ted t ot h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t h c en tury B .C . ,w hen N o r th S y r ia w a s a l ready u nde rA s sy r ian c on t ro l . C on sequen t ly t h e se h e lme t s c anno t u n rese rved ly b e c on s i de red a sN o r th S y r ian h e lme t s . Much r a the rt h ey s hou ld b er e ga rded a st h ep roduc t so fN eo -A s sy r ian i mpe r ia la r t a nd m e ta lwo rk ing ,w h ich g r adua l ly a s s im i la ted t h e c u l tu re a nd c r af t s o ft h e n a t ion so ft h e e mp i re c r ea t ing ak o ine a tl e a s t i nt h e c a se o fw a r fa re , a rms a nd a rmou r . T he re a re t h ree h e lme t s e xcava ted i nt h eN o r th P a lace a tZ inc i r l i .T he se t h ree h e lme t sa r ef r om t h ed e s t ruc t ion l e ve lw h i ch c an b e c onnec ted w i th t h e s i ege o ft h e c i ty b y S a rgon I i n7 20 B .C . T here i sn o e v idence t o i n d ica te w he the r t hese h e lme t s w e re w o rn b y l o ca l s o ld ie r s5 o rA s sy r ian s o r N or th S yr ian s o ld ie r s o ft h e A s sy r ian a rmy ( f rom c i t ie sa l ready u nde rA s sy r ian r u le ) . S ot h ep rob lem o ft h eN o r th S y r ian h e lme t sa s as epa ra te g roup c an n o t b e u nde r s tood w i thou tt h e f a c t , t h a t t h e b ronze a nd i r on i ndu s t ry o fN o r th S y r ia a tt ha t t ime w o rked p robab ly f o rt h eA s sy r ian a rmy . N o r th S y r ia m igh t p roduce w eapon s a nd l e t u s s a yh e lme ts f o rA s sy r ian c u s tome r s , b u tw i th in t h eg ene ra lA s sy r ian s hape ( c on ica l/po in ted ) t h ey c ou ld u se l o ca l ,N o r th S y r ian e l emen t si nt h ed eco ra t ion ( f o re xamp le t h ew inged s un -d i sk )5 6 . F rom t h e T i l -Ba r s ip w al p a in t ing sd ep ic t ing A s sy r ian s o ld ie r si ti sq u i te o bv iou st h a tt r oop so ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy g a r r i soned i nN o r th S y r ia c ou ld w ea r l o ca l , r e g iona lo rp rov inc ia lv e r s ion so ft h eA s sy r ian e qu ipmen t : f o r e xamp le g a rmen t a nd h e lme t d eco ra t ion . T ha t i st h e ma in r ea son w hy Ib e le ive t ha t t h e N o r th S y r ian c on ica l h e lme t s c an b e r ega rded a sp a r t o ft h e N eo -A s sy r ian i mper ia l a r t a nd me ta lwo rk ing ( A s sy r ian h e lme t d eco ra ted w i th N o r th S y r ian mo t i f sf o r m embe r so ft h ei mpe r ia l a rmy ) . I th ad t ob e

4 9 L uckenb i l l1 927 ,v o l . 2 ,P . 3 6 : d i sp lay i n scr ip t ion f r om t h eP a lace a tK hor sabad . 5 0 I ti sk nown t ha t A s sy r ian t r oop s e ven me t G reek ( I on ian a nd C ar ian ) m er cenar ie s i nE gyp t a nd p robab ly i n Ana to l ia a s w e l l . 5 1 De rsö 1 993 ,p p . 1 7 . 5 2 B r i t ish Museum , WA 18807 , f r om N ineveh , p robab ly r e ign o fA shurna s irpa l I( 1 050 -1032 B .C . ) ; Börker -faa lm 1 . 98 :4 p p . 1 79 -180 , n o . 1 32 ,p l s . 1 32a -d . 5 3 F or a d e ta i led s tudy o f U rar t ian h e lme t s : De rsö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 5 3 -103 , p p . 5 2 -68 , 1 34 -163 , p l s . 7 7 -136 ( w i th f u r ther r e f erence s ) . 5 4 F or ad e ta i led s t udy o f Nor th - We s t I r an ian h e lme ts s ee : De m o1 993 , C a t . n o s . 3 5 -44 , p p . 4 1 -44 , 1 24 -129 , p l s . 5 2 -61 ; f o r H a san lu h e lme ts s ee : Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o s .4 5 -52 ,p p .4 5 -51 , 1 29 -134 ,p l s .6 2 -76 ( w i th f u r ther r e f erences ) . 5 5 W in ter 1 988 ,p .1 94 . 5 6 T he w inged s un -d isk i so ne o ft he e v idence s o nw h ich t h e i d en t i f ica t ion o ft wo o ther h e lme t s o ft he g roup w a s b a sed : t h ere a re t hree h e lme t s i nt he g roup d eco ra ted w i th t h i s mo t i fa tt he f r on t ( Z inc ir l i , S . 3695 ; P a laepaphos , s ee b e low ; L ondon , BM 1 34611) ; De r sö 1 993 ,p p .3 4 -37 .

6

d i scu s sed t ou nde r s tand t h em echan i sm o ft h e i n f luence o fA s sy r ian h e lme tt y pe s f r om t h e m idd le o f t h e8 th c en tu ry B .C .v i at h eN o r th S y r ian a nd P hoen ic ian a l l ie sa nd p rov ince s o ft h eA s sy r ian Emp i re . S ot h e mo re a c cu ra te n ame o ft h eN o r th S y r ian g roup o fh e lme t sw ou ld b eS y ro -A s sy r ian g roup o fh e l m e t s .T he A s sy r ian i r on i n du s t ry i nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .d eve loped t h et e chn ique so f i r onwo rk ing t op rev iou s ly u nknown h e igh t s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e i r on w eapon s , a rmou r s a nd h e lme t s -a s t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t a nd ma s s -p roduced5 7 o b jec t s . F u r the rmo re t h eA s sy r ian w eapon i n du s t ry w i th i t s c on t inuou s a nd e no rmou s o rde r s o fi r on w eapon s , a rmou r s a nd t oo l s w a s t h e b a se , o n w h ich t he A s sy r ian ( a nd N o r th S y r ian ) i r on i n du s t ry r e ached t h eh i ghe s t s t anda rd i nt h e a nc ien tw o r ld .T he b e s t e xamp le f o r t h i si st h eh i gh p o in ted A s sy r ian i r on h e lme t5 8 h amme red o u t f r om o ne p i ece o fi r on a nd d eco ra ted w i th b ron ze i n lay .B o th h amme r ing o u t a( po in ted )h e lme tf r om o ne p i ece o fi r on a nd i n lay i n gt he i r on w i th b ronz e a r eu nknown f r om o t her t e r r i to r ie s o ft h e a nc ien t N ea rE a s t a nd e mpha s ize t h e o vera l lt e chn ica l s k il o ft h eA s sy r ian b l ack sm i th s a nd t h e h i ghe s t s t anda rd o ft he A s sy r ian i r on ( a nd c on sequen t ly t h eA s sy r ian w eapon ) i n du s t ry .I nf a c t , t h e se a r et h e e a rl ie s tk nown i r on h e lme t s o f t h ew or ld . S im i la r h e lme t sw e re n o tt ob e p roduced f o r h und red s o fy ea r s e l sewhe re a f te r t h ef a l o f A s sy r ia . On t h e c on tempo ra ry p e r iphe r ie s o ft h eA s sy r ian Emp i re ( U ra r tu5 9 , " No r th - We s t I r an " 6° )m aybe f o rl a ck o ft h en ece s sa ry t e chn ica ls k i l l -t h ep o in ted i r on h e lme t sw e re m ade f r om t wo s im i lar h a lve sw h ich w e re r i ve ted t o ge the rw i th t h e h e lp o fi r on b and s i n s ide t h e h e lme t , t h i s c heape r t e chn i q ue w a so fc ou r se u sed i nA s sy r ia a sw el6 1. I nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . t h eh i gh s t anda rd o ft h ew eapon ry o ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy w a st h es t anda rd w h ich m igh tb e t h e a r chaeo log ica lb a se o ft h e i nf luence o r " s t imu lu s d i f fu s ion " e xer ted b yA s sy r ian h e lme t t y pe s o n t h e Aegean/Ea s te rn Med i te r r anean h e lme tt r ad i t ion . THE A EGEAN A tt h i sp o in t Ih ave t oe mpha s ize t h a tt h ep roce s so fs p read o f an ew w eapon o ra rmou rt y pe i su sua l ly q u i te d i f f e ren tf r om t h es p read o fo t he rt y pe so fo b jec t s .N ew u se fu lw eapon t y pe su sua l ly s p read mo re q u ick ly t han o the r t y pe so fo b jec t s ( a s c an b et r aced i nt h e h i s to ry o f mode rn t ime s a nd n owaday s a s w e1 )6 2 . T he p roce s s o fi n f luence o f ag i ven w eapon t y pe o rl e t u ss a yt h e o r ien ta lh e lme t t y pe s i se ven q u icker , i ft h e re i sa n " o pen a r ea " , w h ich c an b e t h e " r ece iver " . And t h i s w a s e xac t ly t h e s i tua t ion i n D a rk Age G reece . T he re w as ah i a tu s i nt h e d eve lopmen t o fA egean/ Med i te r ranean h e lme t s i nt h e 1 0 th -8 th

5 7 T he A ssy r ian a rmy n eeded p robab ly t hou sand so f i r on w eapon s , a rmour s ( s ca le -armour s ) , h e lme t s a nd t oo l s i ne very y ear f o rs evera l h undred so fy ea r s( 9 th -7 th c en tur ie sB .C . , e spec ia l ly f r om t he m idd le o ft he 8 th c en tury B .C .t o6 14 B .C . ) . 5 8 N imrud , Nor th - We s t P a la ce , L ondon , B r i t i sh Museum , BM 2 2496 ; B a rne t ti e s-3 ,p p . 1 01 -102 , p l s . 3 1 -32 ; C a lme yer 1 969 , p . 9 0 , n o te 2 95 ; Bo rchha rd t1 972 ,

P .

9 9 , C a t . n o .2 2AI ;P le iner -l 3 jo rkman 1 974 ,p .2 91 , f i g .5 ;C a lmeyer 1 975 ,p .3 16 ; L igabue

-S a lva to r i 1 97 7 , p .8 ; Gambe r1 978 , f i g . 1 96 ; O ve r lae t 1 979 , p .5 4 , n o te 6 ;C u rt i s1 979 , v o l . I ,p p . 1 78 -181 , v o l . I , p .3 2 , p l . 2 7 ; Cur t is e ta l _ 1 979 , p .3 85 , f i g . 3 4 ; Ho rn -W eer 1 9 79 ,p .3 13 , f i g . 1 87 ; ö zgen 1 982 , p p . 2 0 ,5 1 , n o te 3 ;G rö s che l 1 986 , p . 7 3 , n o te 2 2 5 ; De rsö -C u r t is 1 991 , p p . 1 22 -126 , f i g . 2 1 ,p l . 1 9 ; D c a tsö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 6 ,G roup n o .A .2 .1 , p p . 1 2 -17 , f i g . 2 ,p l s . 9 11 . 5 9 F rom U rar tu : Mun ich , P räh i s to r is che S taa t s samm lung ,I nv . n o . 1 97 1/2022 ;

K e l lner 1 974 p .7 8 , C a t . n o . 1 37a ; K e l lner 1 979 ,

P .1 52 , f i g . B ; Vanden B e rghe -De Me yer 1 982 ,p .1 33 , n o . 2 5 ( f ig . ) ; Yesa ian 1 986 p .3 3 , p l . 1 3 :10 ; Wa r tke 1 991 ,p .3 30 , f i g . 4 ; Deaö -Cu r t is 1 . 99L p p . 1 25 -126 ; De r sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 9 7 , G roup n o . U .7 .3 , p p . 1 6 -17 , 6 6 -67 , 1 59 , p l s . 1 30 -131 ; Mun ich , P räh i s tor i s che S taa t s samm lung , I nv . n o . 1 97 1/1997 ; Ke l lner 1 979 ,

P .

K e l lner 1 976 , p .7 8 , C a t . n o . 1 37 ; F uch s -K e l lner 1 9 78 , p .3 86 ,p l . 2 ;

1 52 , f i g . 1 ;V anden B e rghe -De Meyer 1 982 ,

P .

1 33 , n o . 2 6 ( f ig . ) ; Y esa ian 1 986 , p .3 3 , p l . 1 3 :11 ; C ahneyer

1 991a , n o . 1 9 ( p l . ) ; De rsö -C u r t is 1 99 1 , p p . 1 25 -126 ; De rsö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 9 6 , G roup n o . U .7 .2 , p p . 1 6 -17 , 6 6 -67 , 1 58 -159 , p l s . 1 28 -129 ; Adana , R eg iona l Museum ; K e l lner 1 979 ,

P .

1 56 , n o te 6 ; Over lae t 1 979 ,

P .

5 4 , n o te 9 ; De rsö -Cu r t is 1 991 , p p .

1 25 -126 ; Dase i1 993 , C a t .no . 9 8 , G roup n o . U .7 .4 ,p p . 1 6 17 ,6 6 -67 , 1 60 . 6 0 B ruxe l le s , Mu se s R oyaux d 'Ar te td 'H i s to ire , I nv . n o . I R1 241 ; " A rn lash " ; v an P ee 1 965 , p p . 1 96 -198 ,p l . o n p .1 96 ; Vanden 1 3 e rg l ie 1 967 , p .2 2 ; O ve r lae t 1 979 , p p . 5 3 -55 , f i g . 1 ,p l s . 1 2 ; Der sö -Cu r t is 1 991 , p p . 1 25126 ; Dersö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 3 5 , G roup n o . NW I .1 ,p p . 1 6 17 ,4 3 , 1 24 ,p l s .5 2 -53 . 6 1 Mun ich , P räh is tor is che S taa t s samm lung , P S . 1 980/6227 -6228 , " Ea s tern T urkey ( Urar tu ) " ; K e l lner 1 993 , p p . 3 25 -331 ; Demo 1 993 , C a t . n o . 7 ,G roup n o .A .2 .2 ,p p . 1 4 17 ,p l s . 1 2 -14 ; F or t h eg enera l d i scus s ion o fN ear E a s tern i r on h e lme t ss ee : Dersö -Cu r t is 1 991 .p p . 1 05 -126 ,p l s . 1 5 -20 ; D er sö 1 993 ,p p . 1 2 -17 , 2 5 -33 . 6 2 F or e xamp le i nt he c a se o fh i tech w eapon s .

7

c en tu r ie sB .C .A sA .M . S nodg ra s s h a sp o in ted o u t : " I ti ss t r ik ing t h a t , o ft h eB ronz eA g ee xamp l e ss of a r p ub l i shed , n ot wo c an b es hown t ob e o ft h es ame t y pe , a l thoug h t h eI a l y so s c heek -p iece c ou ld e qua l l y w e l lh av eb een a t tached t ot h ec ap o fa ny o ft h eo t he r s . N o ri sa ny o ne o ft h em c l o se e nough i nf o rm t ot h e s p ec imen sf ound f r om t h eL a t eG eome t r i cp e r iod o nwa rd sf o ru st oc onc lud et h a tt h e r ew a sa ny c on t inu i ty o fu se t h rough t h ed a rk p e r iod b e tw een t h ee l ev en th a nd e i gh tc e n tu r ie si nG r eec e ." 6 3 • T h i s t e nden cy w a s o b served b y o the r s cho la r s a sw e l 16 4 . T he B ronze A ge A egean h e lme t t r ad i t ion e nded i nt h e 1 th c en tu ry B .C . p robab ly w i th t h e s ubmycenaean h e lme t f r om T iryn s6 5 a nd t h en ew Med i te r ranean h e l m e t t r ad i t ion f r om t he 8 th c en tu ry B .C . d eve loped u nde r t h e i nf luence o ft h e 9 t h -8 th c en tu r ie sB .C . S y ro -A s sy r ian h e lme tt r ad i t ion . T he p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic s t ruc tu re o ft h e t wo r e g ion s , t h eN ea r E a s t ( A s sy r ian Emp i re ) a nd t h e E a s tern Med i te r ranean ( Aegean ) w a s c harac te r i s t icaly d i f f e ren t . T h i s d i f f e rence d e te rm ined t h e d i f fe rence o ft h e i r m il i ta ry p owe r a nd m i l i ta ry s t ruc tu re a sw e l l . T he m il i tary s t ruc tu re o ft h eN ea r E a s te rn k i ngdom sf r om t h e3 rd m i l lenn ium B .C . o nwa rd sw a s c ha rac te r ized b y as t and ing a rmy w h ich w a ss uppo r ted b yt h e s t a te .B e s ide sh und red s o fh andwo rke r s e mp loyed b yt h e s t a te a nd t h e a rmy , a l l t h e c r af t smen , b ronzewo rker s a nd b l ack sm i ths w e re o bl iged t ow o rk f o r t h e s t a te a sw e l lw i th in t h e f r amewo rk o f" c ommuna lw o rk s " ( Akkad ian i l a i ) f i l l ing p a r to ft h e i rw o rk ing t ime .T h i ss y s tem w a st h e b a se o ft he s t a te s uppor ted w a r mach ine s o ft h e N ea r E a s tern k i ngdom s a nd emp ire s . A s ac on s equence o ft h i s ma s s -p roduc t ion s y s tem , t h e s t and ing a rmy o ft h e A s sy r ian Emp i re c on s i s t ing o f p ro fe s s iona ls o ld ie r s w a s c ha rac ter ized b yt h e h i gh l e ve l s t anda rd iza t ion o fw eapon ry o ft h e d i f f e ren t a rm s ( e spec ia l ly i nt h ec a se o ft h e8 t h -7 th c en tu ry B .C ." n ew mode la rmy) .T he h eavy w eapon ry o ft h e A s sy r ian a rmy w a s aw eapon ry i n ven ted d ef in i te ly f o rh uge ma s se so fp rof e s s iona ls o ld ie r s f i gh t ing i n c l o se o rde r .T he h eavy w eapon ry w a sn o ti n d iv idua lw eapon ry6 b u t aw eapon ry o f ah eavy u n i tf i gh t ing i nc l o se o rde r . T he G reek o rA egean p ol i t ica l a nd m il i tary s y s tem w a s q u i te d if e ren t . I tw a s c ha rac te r iz ed b y s ma l ler s t a te s a nd a rm ie s b a sed ma in ly o n t h e m i l i ta ry p owe r o ft h e s oc ia l e l i t e . C on sequen t ly t h e G reek w o r ld b o r rowed a nd u sed t h e w eapon ry o ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy ( i nven ted f o r as t and ing a rmy u n i t sf i gh t ing i nc l o se b a t t le f o rma t ion s ) o u to fc on tex t ,a nd i nt h eb eg inn ing d i dn o tu se t h ei d ea o ft h e " A s sy r ian h opl i t i sm "w h ich w a s o rg inaly a t tached t ot h eh eavy w eaponry o ft h eA s sy r ian h eavy i n f an t ry ( "A s sy r ian h op l i te s " ) . T h i s d i f f e rence ( t he u se o ft h eA s sy r ian s t y le h eavy w eapon ry a s aw eapon ry o f t h e i n d iv idua l s o ld ie rs o r h e roe s ) i s man i f es ted b y Home r ' sI l iad a sw el . I nt h i s p robab ly 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . e p ic t h e G reek a nd T ro jan h e roe s u s ed t h eo r ien ta lw eapon ry o u to fi t s o r ig ina lc on tex t . Wea r ing t h e i rh eavy w eapon ry t h ey w en tt ot h eb a t t le f ie ld i nt h e i r c ha r io t s ,b u tf o ugh t s i ng le c omba t sm a in ly o n f o o t . I ni t s N ea rE a s te rn c on tex t t h e c ha r io tf o r e xamp le w a sn o t ad ef in i te ly i n d iv idua l a rm . T h eM i t t a nn ian mar yannu ( p ro fe ss iona le l i t e c ha r io t f i gh te r s ) f o r e xamp le w ere s uppo r ted b y c ha r io t t r oop s r e c ru i ted b yt h e s t a te f r om t he c ommon p eop le , a nd w e k now as upp lemen tary m i l i t ia s y s tem a sw el : o rd ina ry c i t izen sw e re e qu ipped f r om t h e s t a te a r sena l s w i th c ha r io t s , h o r se s e t c .i nc a se o fd ange r° . C on sequen t ly , t h eN ea r E a s te rn a rm ie s ( f o r e x amp le t h eH i t t i te s i nt h eB a t t le o fQ ade sh , 1 295 B .C . , a nd t h eA s sy r ian s ) d ep loyed t housand s o fc ha r io t s f i gh t ing i n( c lo se ) o rde r a nd n o t i nd iv idua l ly . We k now af ew c une i fo rm s ou rce s( H i t t i te a nd M idd le A s sy r ian t e x t s ) d ea l ing w i th t h ep rob lem o ft r a in ing c ha r io t h o r se s , d r iver s e t c6 8 . I n t h e G reek w o r ld t h e h eavy w eapon ry ( and t h e c ha r io try o ft h e 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . ) f o r al ong t ime w a s t h ew eapon ry o ft h e s o c ia la nd m i l i ta ry e l i t e6 9 a nd w a s u sed i n ad i f -

6 3 S nodg ra ss 1 964 ,p .4 6 4 S chauer 1 9 88 , f i g .9 6 5 T iryns , Tomb XXV I I I ; H . : 1 7 cm , W . : 2 2 .5 c m ; Daux 1 958 ,

P .

7 06 , f i g . 2 6 ; Verde l is 1 963 , p p . 1 7 19 , f i g . 9 ,p l s . 6 7 ; Bor -

c hhard t1 972 ,p p .4 3 44 ,p l . 8 :4 -5 . 6 6 T he h op l i te h eavy w eapon ry w a s u se fu l o n ly i nc l o se o rde r . When t he l i nes o ft he p ha lanx b roke t he w eaponry o ft h e i nd i v idua lh op l i te w a st oo h eavy t o f i gh tw i th o ne o r more p e l ta s te sa nd h indered h im i nt he e scape . 6 7 F o re xamp le i n Nuz i , av a s sa lt own o ft he M i t tann ian K ingdom ( 16 th -m id 1 4 th c en tu ry B .C . ) . S ee K endal 1 975 . 6 8 T he t r a in ing o f c har io t h or se s a nd d r iver s t ook t wo o r t hree y ear s . T o a vo id t he c onfus ion a nd ap o s s ib le d i sa s ter , t he c har io t u n i ts -c ons i s t ing o fh undreds o r t housand so fc har io t s -h ad t op er form t h e t r oop mov emen t s i nt he b a t t le t o ta l ly a c cu s tomed . 6 9 T he s ame d i f ference c an b e d e tec ted i n c ase o f t he E as tern Med i ter ranean a nd N ear E a s tern s i ege w ar fare a s w e l l . T he N ear E as tern t e chn ique s a r r ived i nt he Med i ter ranean much l a ter . S ee f or e xamp le t he t o ta l l a ck o fs i ege s cene s f o rm t he I l iad !

8

f e ren tw ay , i ns i ng le c omba t s . O n t h e e a rl i e s t f i gh t ing s c ene s o ft h e G eome t r ic v a se sw e c an s e e o n ly s i ng le c omba t sa nd n ev e rr e p re sen ta t ion so ff i gh t ing m i l i ta ry f o rma t ion sm . T he f i r s tr e p re sen ta t ion s o f G reek s o ld ie r s f i gh t ing l i ke t h e l a te r h op l i te s i nc l o se o rde r c an b e d a ted t ot h e m idd le o ft h e 7 th c en tu ry B .C .7 1, w hen t h eG reek p ol sw a ss t rong e nough t oh ave a na rmy w h i ch c on s i s ted o fi t sc i t i zen s , w ho e qu ipped t h em se lv e sw i th h opl i te w eapon ry . I n t h e G reek w o r ld t h e s t a te suppo r ted s t and ing a rm ie sa ppea red m uch l a te r . T he se b a s ic d if e ren ce s( t he u s eo fo r ien ta lw eapon r yo u to fi t so r ig ina lc on tex t ) r e su l ted i nc on t r a s t ing t e ndenc ie s i nt h e d ev e lopmen t o ft h eh e lme t t r ad i t ion s o ft h et wo r eg ion s a sw el . T he se t wo c on t ra s t ing t e ndenc ie sa r en o t iceab le i nt h eh e lme t r ep re sen ta t ion so ft h et wo r eg ion s ( I l l s . 4 5 ) . Wh i le i nt h e N ea r E a s t ( i n t h eA s sy r ian Emp i re o ft h e 9 t h -7 th c en tu r ie s ) t h e t e nden cy w a s ah i gh l e ve l o f s t anda rd iza t ion o fm il i ta ry e qu ipmen t , p a r t i cu la r ly t he h e lme t f o rm s a nd d eco ra t ion s ( I l l . 4 ,0 .1 .1 0 .1 .89 ;I l . 5 ,0 .2 .1 -0 .2 .5 1 ) ,t h eE a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( Cyp r io te a nd A egean ) t e ndency f r om t h em id d l eo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry t i lt h el a s tq ua r te ro ft h e7 t hc en tu ry w a sj u s tt h eo ppo s i te .T he A egean t e ndency w a sc ha rac te r ized n o tb ys t anda rd iza t ionn b u t a lmo s tb yf r ee c omb ina t ion , l e t u ss a yp e rmu ta t ion o f t h e d if e ren t e l emen t s o ft h e b a s i c N ea r E a s te rn h e lme t t y pe s a nd l o ca li n ven t ion s : c on ica l/po in ted v e r su s h em i sphe r i ca ls h ape , o pen f a ce ( O r ien ta l ) h e lme t sv e r su s c ov e red f a ce ( Ea s te rn Med i te r ranean , G reek )h e lme t s , t h ea ppea ran ce o fd if e ren tt y pe so fc r e s t so nt h es ame t y pe o fh e lme t ,t h e a ppea rance o fd i f f e ren t t y pe s o fp rof i led c heek p i ece s a nd f a ce m a sk s o n t h e s ame t y pe o fh e lme t , e t c . E ven t h e e a r ly h i s to ry o fC o r in th ian h e lme t ss how st h ep a ra l le ld ev e lopmen to fd if e ren te a r ly h e lme tt r ad i t ion s , w h ich r e su l ted i nt h ed if e ren tv e r s ion so ft h ee a r ly C o r in th ian h e lme t s( I l l .3 )a sw el . T he se s t a temen t s a r ev a l id f i r s t o fa l f o r t h e f ou r th l e ve l o fo r ien ta li n f luence ( "Cyp r io te a nd G reek h e lme t s i n sp i red b yo r ien ta l ( S y ro -A s sy r ian ) h e lme t t y pe s " ,s e eb e low ) . T he f i r s t t h ree l e ve l s o f o r ien ta li n f luen ce c an b ed ef ined m uch m o re e x a c t ly ( 1 .i mpo r t ,2 .c opy ing a nd f o rma lr e in te rp re ta t ion , 3 .c opy ing a nd i c onog raph ica lr e in te rp re ta t ion ) . I ti si mpo s s ib le t od e term ine ag i v en r ou te f o r t h i s o r ien ta li n f luen ce . N eve r the le s s t h e re a re c en t re s , w h ich mu s t h a ve p l ay ed a ni mpo r tan t , m ed ia to ry r o le i nt h e p ro ce s s o ft h es p read o fo r ien ta l h e lme t t y pe s . C yp rus -a s s i gn i f ican t c en t re o ft h e E a s te rn Med i te r ranean ma r i t ime t r ade -w as i n ev i tab ly a ni mpo r tan tr e lay p o in t i nt h e p roce s s . T h ree o ft h e f ou r l e v e l s ( l eve l s 1 ,2 ,4 )o fo r ien ta l i nf luence c an b ed e tec ted w i th a c tua lh e lme tf md so nt h ei s l and .C r e t ep l ay ed as im i la r ly i mpo r tan tr o le : T h i si st h eo n ly p l ace i nt h eA eg ean ,w he re t h et wo d i s t in c tc h rono log ica lp ha se so fo r ien ta l iz a t ion c an b e s e pa ra ted f r om t h eh e lme tr e p re sen ta t ion s ( l a te 9 t h -ea r ly a nd m id 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ; s e cond h a l fo f 8 th -7 th c en tu r ie s B .C . ) . O n t h e G reek m a in land t h e P e loponne se , a nd f i r s t o fa l lA r go s mu s t h ave p l ayed a n i mpo r tan t r o le i nt h e p roce s s o fo r ien ta l iza t ion . Two l e v e l s o fo r ien ta l ( h e lme t ) i nf luence i s a t te s ted h e re i nt h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ( l eve l s 3a nd 4 ) . F u r the rmo re i nt h e h i s to r ica l t r ad i t ion t h eb i gr ound b ronze s h ie ld , t h eh op lon ( wh ich h a s t h e s ame o r ien ta l h i s to ry , d eve lopmen t a nd o r ig in a st h e h e lme t s7 3 )b o re t h e n ame : A rg ive s h ie ld . T he e a r l ie s t k nown h opl i te e qu ipmen t ( a l a s tq ua r te ro f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . h e lme tm ade o ff i ve p i ece sa nd f u rn i shed w i th ac r e scen t s hape c r e s t , a b el a rmou ra nd ah opl i te s h ie ld )w a sf ound i nA rgo s7 4. T he o n ly e xamp le o fl e ve l 3h e lme t sc ame f r om A rgo sa sw el .I t sa ppea ran ce i n d i ca te ss ome d i rec to r ien ta li n f luence ,b u tf r om t h i ss i ng le p i ece n of u r t h e r c onc lu s ion s ( l i ke m ig ra t ion o fo r ien ta l c r af t smen , e t c . ) c an b e d rawn . Howeve r t h e f a c t t ha t i n A rgo sr e in te rp re ted o r i en ta lh e lme t sw e re w o rn i n d ica te ss ome s pec ia lr o le f o rA rgo si nt h ep roce s s o f

7 0 S ee Ah Ibe rg 1 971 p as s im . 7 1 S ee f o re xamp le t he f amou s C h ig i -va se n ow i nR ome . 7 2 T he s t andard i za t ion o fG reek m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t a nd h e lme t f o rm ss t ar ted i nt h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e 7 th c en tury B .C . w i th t he s pread o ft he C o r in th ian a nd I ly r ian t y pe s o fh e lme ts . S ee t he c hap ter o n t he e ar ly h i s tory a nd o r ig in s o f C o r in th ian h e lme t s . However , w h i le t h e o r ien ta l s t andard iza t ion o fm i l i tary e qu ipmen tw as ag ov ernmen t p o l icy , t he s t andard i za t ion o fG reek w eaponry ( hop l i te e qu ipmen t )w a st he r e su l to f as pon taneou se vo lu t ion . 7 3 T he e ar l ie s t " hop l i te s h ie ld s " a re k nown f r om A s sy r ia . I n t he B r i t ish Museum t h ere a r e t wo A s sy r ian r ound b ron ze s h ie lds (WA 2 2484 a nd WA 2 248 6 ) f r om N imrud ( d iame ter o ft h e c omp le te p i ece i s8 2c m )w h ich c an b ed a ted t o t he 9 th -ear ly 8 th c en tury B .C . S im i lar ly t ot h e c on ica l/po in ted b ronze a nd i r on h e lme ts t he A s sy r ian r ound b ronze s h ie ld w a s as t andard e l emen t o f t he " A s sy r ian h op l i te " e qu ipmen t . T h is t ype o f s h ie ld -a s p ar t o f t he s t andard e qu ipmen t o fa n " As sy r ian h op l i te "d e s cr ibed o np . 6-s pread p robab ly t h es ame w ay a nd t oge ther w i th t he o r ien ta l h e lme ts . F or d e ta i led s t udy o ft he o r ien ta l iz ing C re tan s h ie lds s ee Kw = 1 931 F o rt h ed e ta i led s t udy o fA rg ive s h ie ld ss e e Bo l1 989 7 4 A rgo s ,T omb 4 5 . C ou rb in 1 957 ,p p . 3 22 f f . , f i g s . 1 9 , 3 9 45 ,p l s . 1 ,4 .

9

o r ien ta l iza t ion . F ou rd if e ren tl e ve l so fi nf luence f r om t h e9 t h -8 th c en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ian h e lme tt r ad i t ion c an b e r e con s t ruc ted f r om a c tua lh e lme tf i nd s .T hey g i ve u s ab e t te rc h rono log ica lb a s i so fo r ien ta l iza t ion t h an t h ed epo s i t si nG reek s anc tua r ie s :7 5 L eve l L eve l L eve l L eve l

1 :D irec ti mpor t 2 :C opy ing a nd r e in terpre ta t ion o ft he f orms o fo r ien ta l p a t terns 3 :C opy ing a nd i c onograph ica l r e in terpr e ta t ion o fo r ien ta lp a t terns 4 :C ypr io te a nd G reek h e lme ts i n sp ir ed b yo r ien ta l ( Syro -A ssyr ian ) h e lme tt ypes ( " s t imu lu sd i f -

f u s ion " )

7 5 D er sö 1 993 ,p p .3 7 -39 .

1 0

CHAPTER 2 LEVELS OF I NFLUENCE I N AEGEAN HEL METS L EVEL 1 : D IRECT I MPORT P a laepapho s , K ouk l ia , Mavromma t i s T omb [ Tomb 7 8 ] ( Cyp ru s , N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum , I nv . n o . 1 965/X I -29/62 ;H . :2 4 .6 c m ,D iam . :2 1 .4 c m ;C yp ro -A rcha ic IP e r iod [ 7 50 -650 B .C1 )7 6 . ( I l l . 6 ) I th a s ac on ica ls h ape w i th p o in ted t o p .T he re i s as e r ie s o fh o le s a round t h er im f o r a t tachmen t o f al i n ing . T he h e lme t h a sb een d eco ra ted w i th r e pous sg t e chn ique . T he re a r e t wo h o r izon ta l r i b s a round t h eb a se o ft h e h e lme tw h ich e nd o n t h e f r on ti no ne p a i r o fa r c s ( " c rook s " ) w i th r ounded e x t rem i t ie s( an ima lh ead s ) .T he re i saw inged s un -d i sk b e tween t h ea r c s .C omp le te . T h i sh e lme ti sp robab ly a no r ig ina lN o r th S y r ian h e lme ti mpo r ted f r om t h eN ea rE a s ta nd f ound i nC yp ru s . P .S chauer s ugges ted7 t h a tt h i sh e lme t m igh th ave a r r ived i nC yp ru sw i th s ome t r oop s o f S a rgon I ( s ee t h eK i t ion s t e le o fS a rgon I a bove ) .T he w inged s un -d i sk i so ne t r a i ti d en t i f y ing t h i sh e l m e t a sS y ro -A s sy r ian , m anu f ac tu red p robab ly i nN o r th S y r ia i nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C . T he i d en t if i ca t ion o ft wo o t he rh e lme t sa sS y ro -A s sy r ian w a sb a sed o nt h i s mo t i f7 8: t h e re a r et h ree h e l m e t s i nt h e g roup d eco ra ted w i th t h i s mo t i fa tt h e f r on t . O ne o ft h em i st h eP a laepapho s h e lme t , t h e s e cond i s ab ronze h e lme t f r om Z i ln i r l i7 9, a nd t h i rd i sf r om u nknown p rovenance b u t s a id t oc ome f r om " Lu r i s tan " n ow i nL ondon8° .V on L u schan a nd And rae r e cogn ized8 1 o n t he f r agmen t s o ft he Z inç i r l i i r on h e lme t8 2 t h e e l emen t s o f aw inged s un -d i sk , w h ich i s ac ha rac te r i s t ica l ly N o r th S y r ian mo t i f8 3 .O n 9 th c en tu ry B .C . A s sy r ian h e lme t s t h e w inged s un -d i sk i so n ly ac omp lemen ta ry mo t i f a bove t he t r ee -o f l i f e . T he re i sn o t as i ng le A s sy r ian h e lme t k nown o nw h ich t h ew inged s un -d i sk w a s a ni ndependen t mo t i f .S oa sh a sb een m en t ioned w e c an a s sume t h a t t h e se h e lme t s ( wh ich w e re made i nt he l a s t t h i rd o ft h e 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . , w hen a lmo s t t h ew ho le t e r r i to ry o fN o r th S y r ia w a s a l ready u nder A s sy r ian r u le ) w e re m ade p robab ly i nN o r th S y r ian w o rk shop sf o r t h eA s sy r ian a rmy , o rf o rl e t u s s ay No r th S y r ian c on t ingen t s o ft h e A s sy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy ( wh ich m igh t c on ta in A s sy r ian a nd N o r th S y r ian t r oop s a sw el ) . T he w inged s un -d i sk a sa ni n dependen t mo t i ff o r s ome u nknown r ea son w a s c onnec ted w i th U ra r t ian h e lme t s" . A f te r t h i s e xp lana t ion t h eP a laepapho s h e lme t ( f o r t h e s ame u nknown r ea son )b ecame a n" U ra r t ian h e lme t "8 5 . B u tf r om t h em idd le o ft h e8 t h c en tu ry t h e re w a sn o U ra r t ian i n f luence e xe r ted o n N o r th S y r ia a ny mo re . F u r the rmo re , Imu s t s a yt h e re i sn o t as i ng le

7 6 Ka rageo rghi s 1 966 , p p . 3 21 -322 , f i g . 5 5 ; K a rag eo rgh is 1 967 , p p . 2 3 4 -235 , f i g s . 2 0 , 2 4 ; Bo rchha rd t 1 972 , p .9 9 , K a t . 2 2AI ; Over t 1 979 , p .5 5 , n o . 1 ;T a t tonB rown 1 9 79 , p .1 05 , K a t . 3 27 , f i g . 3 27 ; t ie = 1 982 , p p . 2 0 , 5 3 n o te 8 ;S chauer 1 983 , f i g . 5 a ; Ma ier -K a rag eo rgb i s1 984 , p .1 75 , p l . 1 62 ; P f lug 1 988b , 3 4 -36 , f i g . 9 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 3 2 , G roup n o . N S .2 .4 , p .3 7 , f i g . 7 ,p l .4 7 . 7 7 S chauer 1 983 ,p p . 1 86 -187 . 7 8 Der sö 1 993 ,p p .3 4 -37 , f i g . 7( d raw ing o fw inged s un -d i sk sf r om " Nor th -Sy r ian " h e lme t s ) . 7 9 Z inq ir l i , Nor th P a lace , R oom K 3 , I nv . n o . : S . 3695 ; v on L u s chan -And rac 1 943 ,p p . 7 5 -76 , 1 62 -163 , f i g s . 8 4 -85 ,p l . 4 0a ; ; C a l meyer 1 969 ,

P .

9 1 , f i g .9 3 ; B o r chhard t1 972 ,p .1 00 ,K a t . 2 2 B I2 ,p l .3 4 :6 ; Dem s5 1 993 , C a t . n o .2 9 , G roup n o . NS .2 .1 ,p p .3 4 -

3 5 , 1 20 -121 , f i g . 7 ,p l .4 3 . 8 0 L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,I nv . n o . WA 1 346 11 ; B a rne t t1 967 ,p .3 8 ,p l . 1 2a ; L lo yd 1 967 , p . 16 , f i g . 1 23 ; C a lmeyer 1 969 ,p .8 9 , n o .4 4C , f i g . 9 1 ; Bo rchha rd t1 972 ,

P .

1 08 , K a t .2 4V I I I2 ,f i g . 1 2 ; B arne t t -C u r t is 1 973 , p p . 1 33 , 1 36 ,p l . Mb ; D cz s t i1 993 , C a t .

n o . 3 4 , G roup n o . NS .2 .6 ,p p . 3 6 -37 , 1 23 -124 ,f i g . 7 ,p l s .5 0 -51 . 8 1 v on L uschan -. And rac 1 943 ,p .7 8 . 8 2 Z inç ir l i , Nor th P a lace , I nv . n o . : S . 3964 ; v on L l is rhan -Andrae 1 943 ,p p .7 6 -79 , 1 63 , f i g . 8 8 , p l .4 1 ; B a rne t t1 953 , p .1 02 ; Bor c hha id t1 972 ,p .1 00 ,K a t . 2 B I3 ;O ve r lae t1 979 ,

P .

5 4 , n o te 7 ,p .5 5 ; Cu r t is 1 979 ,v o l . I ,p p . 1 82 -183 ; ö zg en 1 982 ,p p . 2 0 ,5 2

n o te 5 ; Der sö -Cu r t i s1 99 1 ,p p . 1 24 -125 , f i g .2 2 ; Dena 1 993 , C a t . n o .2 8 , G roup n o . NS .1 ,p p .3 4 -35 ,p l s .4 1 -42 . 8 3 I . Win ter p hra sed t he w inged s un -d i sk o f t he b ronze Z inc ir l i h e lme t ( no te 7 0 ) a s a" good ' Nor th -Sy r ian s t y le ' w inged s und isk “ ; Win ter 1 9 a8 ,p .1 94 . 8 4 Bo rchhard t1 972 ,p p . 1 00 , 1 03 105 ; P f lug 1 988b ,p .3 4 . 8 5 Ma ier -K ar agec r igh i s1 984 ,p .1 75 ,p l . 1 62 .

1

U ra r t ian h e lme t d eco ra ted w i th w inged s un -d i sk , a nd t he re i sn o t as i ng le u np rovenanced h e lme t d eco ra ted w i th w inged s un -d i sk w h ich h a sb een o rw ou ld b ea t t r ibu ted t oU ra r tu s6. T he se h e lme t so fc ou r se m igh tn o th ave r e a ched d if e ren tp a r t so ft h e Med i te r ranean e xc lu s ive ly v i am i l i ta ry c ampa ign s .T hey c ou ld r e a ch t e r r i to r ie so u t s ide t h e i ra r ea o fo r ig in a sb oo ty , o rw i th a c tua l o b jec t s o ft r ade . S chaue r s i ted ab ronze f r agmen tf r om t h e p o in t o f ah e lme tf r om t he ' Z ia d e Hue lva w eapon d epo s i t a s af r agmen t o fa n o r ien ta l h e lme t ,w h ich m igh th ave r eached S pa in w i th P hoen ic ian t r ade r s .8 7 H encken h oweve r s howed t h a tt h ep i ece i sf r om a nE u ropaean t y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme tw h ich w a su sed f r om S pa in t oG e rmany a nd I t a ly8 . T he re a r e a l toge the r 7A s sy r ian a nd 6N o r th S y r ian p o in ted b ronze a nd i r on h e lme t s a nd f r ag m en t sk nown8 9 a nd t h e se a r e a c tua le xamp le s o ft h eS y ro -A s sy r ian a nd A s sy r ian p o in ted h e lme tt r ad i t i on o ft he s econd h a l fo ft h e 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . w h ich e xe r ted i n f luence o nt h e A egean a nd E a s te rn Med i te r ranean p o in ted h e lme tt r ad i t ion o ft h e8 t ha nd 7 t hc en tu r ie sB .C . L EVEL 2 : COPY ING AND FORMAL R E INTERPRETAT ION OF OR IENTAL P ATTERNS C ypru s ,A lassa , " Pano - Mand i lar i s " ,T omb 1 6 ( Cyp ru s , N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum , I nv . n o . T .16/1 ; H . : 1 8 .5 c m ,W . :2 1 .3 c m ; C yp ro -A rcha ic IP e r iod [ 7 50 -650 B .C . ] ) 9° .( I l l s . 7 8 ) F ragmen t f r om t h e f r on t o f ac on ica l h e lme t . T he re a r e t wo h or izon ta l e mbo s sed r i b s a round t h eb a se o ft h e h e lme t . T he l owe rr i b e nd s o nt h e f r on t , t h eu ppe rr i b c on t inue s i n aw iden ing o u tc u rve ( a rc ) .T he re i sas e r ie so fh o le s( on ly f ou ra r ee x tan to nt h ef r agmen t ) a round t h eb a se o ft h eh e lme t a tr egu la ri n te rva l so f6 5 mm .A tt h ef r on t o ft h eh e lme t t h e re w a s a n e ye o rf a ce c u tou t . T he f i n i shed e dge o ft h e c u tou t i ss t il v i s ib le o nt h e f r agmen t . T he re i s af i f th h o le f o r f a s ten ing t h el i n ing a l ong t h e e dge o ft h e c u tou t a t ar egu la r i n te rva lo f2 8 mm . T h i s c u tou t f o l l owed t h e c on tou r o ft h e c u r v ing a r c o n t h e f r on t o ft h eh e lme t a nd p robab ly e nded i n an o se p ro jec t ion b e tween t h e t wo c u rve s . On t h et o p p a r t ( a t t h e p o in t ) o ft h i s f r agmen ta ry h e lme t a s ma l ls e c t ion o ft h ev e r t ica lr i br unn ing f r om t h et o pt ob e tween t h et wo c u rve se x i s t s . T he re a r es i xf u r the rf r agmen t sb e long ing t ot h i sh e lme t : 1u ndeco ra ted f r agmen tf r om t h e s i de o ft he h e lme t( 1 5 .5 x8 . 0c m ) ; 2u ndeco ra ted f r agmen tf r om t h es i de o ft h eh e lme t ( 4 .6 x4 . 3c m ) ; 3u ndeco ra ted f r agmen tf r om t h es i de o ft h eh e lme t( 5 .0 x3 . 7c m ) ; 4f r om t h er im o ft h eh e lme t w i th t h e l owe rr i b a nd f ou r h o le s ( 8 .7 x3 . 0c m ) ; 5f r om t h ef r on t o ft h e h e lme t , t he b a se o ft h e a n t i the t ic c u rve o ft h ef r on ti sv i s ib le o nt h i sf r agmen t( 6 .2 x2 . 3c m ) ; 6f r om t h ef r on to ft h e h e l me t , p robab ly t h er i gh tp o in to ft h ee y e/ f ace c u tou tw i th a ne x i s t ing h o le f o rt h e l i n ing ( 2 .9 x2 . 5 c m ) . T he S y ro -A s sy r ian i n sp i ra t ion o ft h e s t ruc tu re o ft h i sh e lme ti su nques t ionnab le ( s ee f o r e xam p l et h es qua t c on ica ls hape ,t h ep a i ro fr i b s a round t h eb a se ,t h ec u r ve a nd t h ev e r t ica lr i ba tt h ef r on t ) . T h i sh e lme ti s al o ca l ,C yp r io te p roduc t ,a nd w a sm ade b yc opy ing t h es t ruc tu re o f aS y ro -A s sy r ian h e l m e ti nt h e l a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t h c en tu ry B .C .9 1 B u tt h ew iden ing o u tr e pou s sd c urve a nd t he e ye o rf a ce c u tou ta tt he f r on to ft h eh e lme ta r ec l ea rs i gn so fl o ca lr e in te rp re ta t ion ,e spec ia l ly i nt he s hape .A sw i l l b e d i scu s sed l a te r , t h ere w a s a no the r , i c onog raph ica l t y pe o fr e in te rp re ta t ion o fO r ien ta l p a t te rn s k nown f r om a nA rgo sh e lme t . T he e ye o r f a ce c u tou t i sa n e n t i re ly n ew f e a tu re a ppea r ing f o r t h e f i r s t t ime o n t h i s h e lme t9 2 .

8 6 F or d e ta i led s t udy o ft he d ecor a t ive s y s tem so fU rar t ian h e lme t ss ee Denö 1 993 ,p p . 6 1 -66 . 8 7 S chauer 1 983 ,p p . 1 85 -186 , f i g .5 b . 8 8 Hencken 1 97 1 ,p p . 7 2 -74 , f i g .4 8a -b . 8 9 F or d e ta i led s t udy s ee : Deng ) " -C ur t i s1 99 1 , p p . 1 05 -126 , p l s . 1 5 -20 ; f o rA s sy r ian c on ica l b ronze a nd i r on h e lme t s a nd f r ag men t s : Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 1 7 , G ruop n o s .A .1 .1 -A .1 .5 ,A .2 .1 -A .2 .2 , p p . 1 17 , p l s . 1 14 ; f o r Nor th -Syr ian b ron ze h e lme t s a nd i r on f r agmen ts : De azö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 2 8 -34 , G roup n o s . NS .1 , NS .2 .1 -NS .2 .6 ,p p . 3 4 -39 , p l s .4 1 -51 . 9 0 K a rageo rgh is 1 988 ,p .7 98 , n o . 1 ,f i g . 6 ; De r sö 1 993 , C a t . n o .3 3 , G roup n o . N S .2 .5 ,p l s .4 8 -49 . 9 1 B o th o ft he h e lme t s ( Pa laepapho sa nd A la s sa )w ere f ound i nt ombs w h ich c an b ed a ted t ot he C ypro -A rcha ic IP er iod ( 7 50 6 50 B .C . ) . 9 2 Appear s e ar l ier o n ly o n t he 1 2 th -ll th c en tury B .C . I r an ian h e lme ts d eco ra ted w i th f i gure s o fd e i t ies o n t he f r on t . De r sö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 1 09 -113 ,p p . 7 1 -76 .

1 2

T he o r ig in o ft h i se y e c u tou t i sc l ea r ly t h er e in te rp re ta t ion ( a nd/o rm i s in te rp re ta t ion ) a se y eb row so f t h eO r ien ta lr e pou s sd c u r v e s o nt h ef r on to ft h eh e lme ti n af o re ig nc u l tu ra lb ackg round .T h i sh e lme ti s p robab ly t h ef o re runne ro ft h el a te rA na tol ian a nd C yp r io te t r ad i t ion ( l a te 7 t h -e a r ly 6 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) o fc ompo s i te i r on a nd b ronze h e lme t s o fr ad ia l t y pe f u rn i shed w i th s im i la r e ye c u tou t s9 3 . T h i s e ye c u tou t , o r t h e r e in te rp re ta t ion o ft h e o r ien ta l c u rve s a ppea r o n c on tempo ra ry S cy th ian h e lme t s o f K uban t y pe , w h ich p robab ly h ad ac onnec t ion w i th t h eA na tol ian r ad ia l t y pe o fc ompo s i te i r on a nd b ronze h e lme t s ( s ee l a te r ) . T h i sh e lme t t y pe i sp a r t o ft h e Med i te r ranean " c ov e red f a ce " h e lme tt r ad i t i on , w h ich i so ne o ft h e b e s t k nown d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e N ea r E a s te rn " open f a ce "9 4 a nd t h e Med i te r ranean " c ov e red f a ce " t r ad i t ion s . T he A la s sa h e lme tm igh tb e at r an s i t iona l f o rm b e tween t h e t wo t r ad i t ion s a nd t h e t wo r eg ion s a sw e l l . I ts how s t h ef i r s t s i gn o ft h e d eepen ing o ft h e s i de s o ft h e h e lme t f o r b e t te r p ro tec t ion , w h ich c u lm ina ted i nt h e T ama s so s a nd " Ge ryon " t y pe s o fh e lme ts i n C yp ru s ,a nd i nt h e C o r in th ian a nd i t sa t ta ched t y pe so fh e lme t si nt h e G reek m a in land9 5. F u r the rmo re i ts how su st h a t t h e Med i te r ranean c ove red f a ce h e lme t t r ad i t ion m ay b e t r aced b ack t ot h e O r ien ta l h e lme tt r ad i t ion . T h i s h e lme tt h e re f o re -t o ge the rw i th t h e T ama s so s t y pe h e lme t s -i so ne o ft h eb e s t p i ece so f e v idence f o r t h ei n nova t iv e r o le o fC yp ru s i nt h en ew E a s te rn Med i te r ranean h e lme t t r ad i t ion o ft h e 8 t ha nd 7 t hc en tu r ie sB .C . ,a nd t h ei n te rmed ia to ry r o le o ft h ei s l and i nt h ec onnec t ion o ft h eN ea rE a s t a nd t h e Med i te r ranean . L EVEL 3 : COPY ING AND I CONOGRAPH ICAL R E INTERPRETAT ION OF OR IENTAL P ATTERNS A rgo s , O do s P er seou s 4 1 ,w ar r ior g rav e o fG eome tr i c A g e ( A rgo s , A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ; t h i rd q ua r te ro f8 t hc en tu r yB .C . )9 6 ( I l l . 9 ) G reek v e r s ion o fa n o r ien ta l c on i ca l h e lme t .T he o r ien ta l f e a tu re s a r e s hown v e ry w el o nt h e h e lme t : ( s qua t ) c on ica l s h ape , t h ev e r t ica lr i bo nt h ef r on t , ap a i ro fc u r ve sb end ing i nwa rd ; b u t t h e o r ig ina l o r ien ta l c u rv e sw e re n o t u nde r s tood a nd w e re ( r e ) in te rp re ted a se y eb row s s ot wo a po t ropa ic e y e sw e re i n c i sed u nde rt h em . T he p rob lem m ay b e s im i la r t ot h e " q ue s t ion w he the rt h e o r ien ta lc au ld rons a r r iv ed i nG r e ec e w i th h amme r ed g r if f i np ro tome sa nd s i r en s a sa n e n semb l e , o rw he the rt h ep ro tome s w e r ea dd ed t ot h e s i r en c au ld ron si nG r e e c et os a t i s f y ( u nk nown ) l o ca ln e ed s . "9 7 I no u rc a se e v en t h e h e lme tw a sm ade i n G reec e( p robab ly i nA rgo s ) , a nd t h ea po t ropa i ce y e sw e re a dded t ot h eo r ig ina l ( and n ow m ean ing le s s , o ra tl e a s tr e in te rp re ted )o r ien ta lf e a tu re st os a t i s f y( i nt h i sc a se k nown )l o ca ln eed s9 8 . T he h i s to ry o ft h e o r ig ina l o r ien ta l m o t i f , w h ich i st h e mo s t c ha rac te r i s t ic f e a tu re o fo r ien ta l c on ica l h e lme t s i sw e l l k nown 9 ( / / / . 1 ,n o s . 1 4 ) . T he f i r s t a ppea rance o ft h e t y p ica l d eco ra t ion o f A s sy r ian c on ica lh e lme t sw h i ch c ha rac te r ized t h e9 t h -7 th c en tu ry B .C .N ea rE a s te rn h e lme tt r ad i t ion i s o nt h ep a lace r el i e f so fA shu rna s i rpa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) : 1 3 p a i r s o fr e pou s sd c u rve sb end ing t owa rd s t h em idd le ( "K r umm s tab " ) w i th av e r t ica lr i br unn ing f r om t h e p o in t o ft h e h e lme t b e tw een t h em ( / / . / ) .T he se h o r i zon ta la nd v e r t ica lr i b sa nd c u rve su ndoub ted ly r e p re sen tt h er e pou s sd r i b ss t reng then ing t h eb ronze s hee t o ft h e a c tua l c on i ca lh e lme t s .T h i s d e co ra t ive s y s tem c an b e e x c lu s ive ly c onnec ted t o t h ee a r ly 9 t hc en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ian c on i ca lh e lme t s , a nd c ou ld n o th ave a ppea red i na no the rc on tex t .A

9 3 F rom S ard i s , a nd p robab ly f r om O ld -Smy rna , I da l ion a nd L indo sa sw e l l . S ee l a ter . 9 4 A s h ave b een men t ioned t h e 9 th c en tury B .C . ( and o cca s iona l ly i nt h e 8 th c en tury B .C . ) A s syr ian h e lme t sw er e f u rn i shed w i th as c a le a rmour ( mo s t ly i r on ! -s ee t he A s sur f r es co f r agmen t m en t ioned a bove ) f a ceguard , w h ich w a s a t tached t ot h e r im o ft he h e lme t .T h i s ,s c a le a rmour t y pe o ff a ce p ro tec t ion w a sv i r tua l ly u nknown i nt he Med i ter ranean . 9 5 F or t he e ar ly e vo lu t ion o ft h e C or in th ian a nd i t sa t tached t y pe so fG reek h e lme t ss ee f i g . X . 9 6 P ro tono ta r iou -De i lak i1 97 3 ,p p . 9 7 -99 ,p l .9 5e ; G rö " s che l1 986 ,p p .7 1 -72 ,f i g .4 ;D er sö 1 993 ,p .3 9 . 9 7 Musca re l la 1 992 ,p p . 3 5 -36 . 9 8 F or t h e r e in te rpre ted O r ien ta l mo t i f s o r O r ien ta l mo t i f s u s ed b y l o ca l m e ta l sm i ths o u t o f t he ir o r ig ina l c on tex t t o s a t i s fy l o ca l n eed ss ee C u r t i s1 994 ,p . 1( bron ze d i sk i nt h eI r ak l ion Museum ) a nd ab ron ze s hee t ( O lymp ia , B5 085a , C har t 1 ,n o . M .5 .23 ) d i s cu s sed l a te r( p .3 0 ) . 9 9 F or d e ta i led d i scus s ion o ft h e e vo lu t ion o fN ear E a s tern c on ica l h e lme ts a nd t he e vo lu t ion o f t he ir d eco ra t ive s y s tem s i n t h ree p hase s ,s ee D er sö 1 993 ,p p . 1 7 .

1 3

9 t hc en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ian c on ica lb ronze h e lme ta nd t wo f r agmen t sw h ich a r et h ee a rl ie s ta c tua le x am p l e so ft h i sd eco ra t ive s y s tem m : 1 .V en ic e , Mar ia & G iancar lo L igabue C o l lec t ion , " Lur is tan " ( H . : 2 9 c m , D iam . : 2 2 .5 c m ) 1°1 ( I l l s . 1 0 -11 ) " Con ica lh e lme tw i th r e pous sd a nd t r aced d eco ra t ion . T he re a r et h ree e mbo s sed r i b s a round t h e b a se o ft h e h e lme t . T he re a r e t h ree p a i r s o fa r c s c u r v ing t owa rd st h e c en t re a nd av e r t ica lr i b b e tween t h em o n t h e f r on t o ft h eh e lme t .T he t wo o u te r a r c s a nd t h ev e r t i ca l r i b e nd i nr am s ' h ead s . J u s t b eh ind t h e h ead st h e f l eece i sd ep ic ted . T he i n ne rmo s t p a i r o fc urve s h a s r ounded e x t rem i t ie s . T he re a r e r ow s o ft r aced r o se t tes b e tween t h e c u rve s . Af ou r th h o r izon ta l r i b i s i n te r rup ted b yt h ec u rve s .B e tween t h ea r c st h e re i s as ymme t r ica ls c ene o f at r ee -o f l i f eu nde ra w inged s un -d i sk , a nd o n e i the r s i de o ft h e t r ee t h e re i st h e a do r ing k i ng ( wo r sh ip o ft h e t r ee ) w i th h i sa t tendan ta rmed w i th as wo rd b eh ind h im . On t h e s i de so ft h eh e lme t -b e tween t h et wo u ppe rr i b s( d . :2 . 2c m ) -t h e re i sat r aced f r i eze o f1 71 0 2 a t tendan t si np roce s s ion .C omp le te . "1 9 2 .V en ice ,p r iva te c o l lec t ion ," Lur is tan " ( H . : 1 2c m ,W . : 1 8c m ) 1° 4( I l l . 1 2 ) " F ragmen t f r om t h e f r on ta l p a r t ( r igh t h a l f ) a nd b o rde r o f ac on ica l h e lme tw i th r e pou s sd a nd t r aced d eco ra t ion . T he f i gu ra ld eco ra t ion o ft h ef r agmen t i ss im i la r t ot h eL igabue h e lme td i s c u s sed a bove . T he o n ly d ife rence i st h a t t h e re w e re t wo a t tendan t s b eh ind t h e k i ng o ne i the r s i de o f t h e t r ee -of l i fe ( s u rmoun ted b y aw inged s un -d i sk ) i n s tead o fo ne . On ly o ne o ft h e i nnermo s t c u rves e nd ing i n ar am 's h ead l°5 i sp re se rved c omp le te ly , t h e t wo o u ter a r e f r ag men ta ry .T he b orde r d eco ra t ion c on s i s ts o f 3 + 2h o r izon ta l e mbo s sed r i b s . T he re i s a2 . 3c m h igh s t r ip b e tween t h e3 rd a nd 4 th r i b sw h ich i st a ken u pb y af r ieze o fs i xf i gu re s o fd i gn i ta r ie s a rmed w i th l o ng s wo rd sw6 p roceed ing t ot h el e f t . " 1° 7 3 .T eheran ,p r iva te c o l lec t ion ( H . :6 . 1c m ) 1° 8( I l l . 1 3 ) " Sma l lf r agmen tf r om t h ef r on to f ah e lme tw i th r e pou s sd a nd t r aced d eco ra t ion .T he d eco ra t ion o ft he f r agmen t i ss im i la r t ot ho se men t ioned a bove . On ly t h e i nne rmos t a rc e nd ing i na n a n ima l ' s h ead ( s nake h ead? ) i sp re se rved o nt h e f r agmen t . Unde rt h e a r ct h e re i st h ef i gu re o f a na do r ing k i ng w i th h i sa t tendan tb eh ind h im . " 1° 9 W i th t h e i r a r c s c u rv ing t owa rd s t h e c en t re a nd w i th t h e i r t r aced f i gu ra l d eco ra t ion t h e se t h ree h e lme t s u ndoub ted ly r ep re sen t t h e 9 t hc en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ian h e lme t t r ad i t ion , t h e f i r s t p ha se o ft h e e vo lu t ion o fA s sy r ian h e lme t s . 1 °A s t h i s d eco ra t ive s y s tem f r om t h e v e ry e nd o f t he 9 th c en tu ry b ecame w ide ly u sed o nt h e c on ica lh e lme t s o ft h eN ea r E a s t an umbe r o fe xp lana t ion sh ave b een p ro p o sed f o rt h e o r ig in o ft h i s d ev ice . C a lmeye r i l l d e r ived t h e mo t i ff r om t h eZ ag ro s r eg ion , w hence h e a rgued t he U ra r t ian s a dop ted i ti nt h e e a r ly 8 t h c en tu ry B .c . 1 1 2 . B u t t h e e a r l ie s t k nown e xamp le si n

1 00 Dc zeö 1 993 ,p p . 7 12 . 1 0 1 S a lva to r i1 9 75 , p p .2 55 -264 , f i g s . 1 2 , p l s . 3 6 -38 ; L igabue -S a l va tor i1 977 , p p . 7 8 ; O vcr lac t1 979 , p .5 6 ; C ur t is 1 979 ,v o l . I ,p . 1 84 ; Grö sche l

1 9 8 6 ,p .7 3 , n o te 2 26 ; Dc z sö -C u r t is 1 991 ,p p . 1 22 -124 ;

Dc zsö 1 993 , C a t n o . 1 ,G roup n o .A .1 .1 , p p . 7 9 , 1 0 -

1 2 , 1 06 ,p l s . 1 3 . 1 02 S a lva to r i1 975 , f i g .2 ; 9 + 8( t he 9 th i sp robab ly m i s s ing ) f i gure sp roces s ing t oward st he f r on t o ft h eh e lme t . 1 03 De rsö 1 993 ,p . 8a nd p .1 06 . 1 04 L iggbue

S a lva to r i1 97 7 ,p p . 7 8 ,f i g . 1 ;G rö sche l1 986 , p .7 3 , n o . 3 ,n o te 2 27 ; DC Z S I5 -C u r t i s1 991 ,p p . 1 22 -124 ; Dcz sö 1 993 ,

C a t . n o . 2 ,G roup n o .A .1 .2 ,p p .8 9 , 1 0 -12 , 1 06 107 ,p l .4 . 1 05 L igabuc -S a lva tor i1 977 ,p p . 7 8w r i te s : h o r se h ead . 1 06 T he d oub le p ro jec t ions o n t he s c abbard sa re u n ique . 1 07 D er sö 1 993 ,p .8 . 1 08 C . a lmc ycr 1 975 , p .3 16 , f i g . 2 ;L igabuc -S aku ra i 1 977 , p .8 ;O vc r iac t 1 979 , p .5 6 , n o te 1 6 ; Grö "see l1 986 , p .7 3 , n o te 28 ; D ersö -Cur t i s1 991 ,p p . 1 22 -124 ; De :mi l1 993 , C a t . n o .3 ,G roup n o .A .1 .3 ,p p . 8 9 , 1 0 -12 , 1 07 , p l .5 . 1 09 Dcz sö 1 993 ,p .8 . 10 Der sö 1 993 ,p p . 1 7 . 11 C a lmcyer 1 969 ,p p . 9 0 -91 . 12 On U rar t ian h e lme ts w i th r oya l i n scr ip t ion s : A rg ish t i I( 789 -766 B .C . ) : Dersö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 8 0 -81 ; S ardur i I( 765 -733

1 4

We s te rn I r an a r eo nc on ica lh e lme t s 13 f r om H a san lu I VB ( I ron I P e r iod ) ,c .8 00 B .C . 14 ,w he re t h e re i sc on s ide rab le e v iden ce f o rA s sy r ian i n f luence .A st h i s mo t i fa ppea r si nA s sy r ia b ya tl e a s tt h er e ign o f A shu r -nas i r -pa lI , i ti sp e rhap s mo re l i ke ly t ob eo fA s sy r ian o r ig in , a l though i ti sa l ready s hown i na d eve loped f o rm a tt h i st ime . T he f i r s tk nown U ra r t ian e xamp le s o ft h i s d eco ra t ive s y s tem a r e d a ted a h und red y ea r s l a te r , t ot h e e a r ly 8 th c en tury B .C . , a nd a r e i n sc r ibed w i th t h en ame o fA rg i sh t i I( 7 89 7 66 B .C . ) ,k i ng o fU ra r tu 15 . T he re a r ea tl e a s tt wo p o s s ib i l i t ie sf o rt h es i gn if i cance o ft h ed eco ra t ion ( c u rve so rc r ook s ,i n te r p re ted o f ten a s" s nake s " ) o n t h ef r on t o fI r on A ge N ea rE a s te rn h e lme t s . T hey m ay h ave o r ig ina ted 1 . i nt h eu se o fa n ima l s ( o ra n ima lh eaded s nake s ) i na nu nknown c u l t ic t r ad i t ion a sa po t ropa ic s ymbo l s , w h ich w ou ld b ev e ry a pp rop r ia te o nt h ef r on to f ah e lme t ;2 .i nf r ame sf o rf i gu ra ls c ene so nt h ef r on to f h e lme t s ( an A s sy r ian k i ng w i th a t tendan t s , s e e a bove , o rw inged s un -d i sc s o n t h e s e cond h a l fo f8 th c en tu ry B .C .N o r th S y r ian h e lme t s ,s e ea bove ) , a so nt h e l a te rA s sy r ian c on ica lh e lme t s ( an ew t y pe o f f r ame r em in i scen to f as t e le ,s e eM . 1 ,n o s . 6 , 10 , 1 ) . And t h e re i sa no t he rp o s s ib i l i ty 3 .r ep re sen ta t ion o fe yeb row s o nt h e f r on t o f ah e lme t ,w h ich may a l so h av e b een a po t ropa ic , h oweve rt h i sp o s s ib i l i ty i s n o t d ocumen ted o nN ea rE a s te rn c on ica lh e lme t s a ta l .T he o n ly N ea r E a s te rn e xamp le o fs u ch au se i s ah em i sphe r ica l c r e s ted h e lme t f r om Ha san 1u 16 ,t h e d eco ra t ive s y s tem o fw h ich i s au n ique a nd i n te re s t ing m ix tu re o fT ran scauca s ian -N o r th - We s t I r an ian ( i nc i sed g eome t r ic a nd f i gu ra t ive ) mo t i f s a nd N ea rE a s te rn ( l e tu ss a yA s sy r ian ) m o t i f so u to ft h e i ro r ig ina lc on tex ta nd t r ad i t ion 17 .T he d eco ra t i on o ft h i s Ha san lu h em i sphe r i ca l c r e s ted h e lme t i sp robab ly al o ca lm i s in te rp re ta t ion o ft h e o r ig ina l A s sy r ian mo t i f . L EVEL 4 : CYPR IOTE AND GREEK HELMETS I NSP IRED B Y OR IENTAL ( SYRO -ASSYR IAN ) HELMET T YPES T h i s l e ve lo fi n f luence may b e c ha rac te r i zed a st h el e ve l o fs t imu lu s d ifu s ion d i scu s sed a bove . I nt h i s c a se o n ly t h eg ene ra ls hape o ft h eG reek h e lme t sw a ss im i la rt ot h e ( po in ted a nd c r e s ted ) s hape o ft h e o r ien ta lh e lme t s ,b u tt h e i r d e ta i l sa nd p roce s so fe x ecu t ion w a sq u i te d if e ren t .A l lt h ef o l low ing h e lme t t y pe sw e re f u rn i shed w i th n ew ,l o ca le l emen t s ,i n nova t ion sw h ich a r eu nknown o no r ien ta lh e lme t s . T he re a r e t h ree ma in r eg ion s f r om w h ich t h i s l e ve l o fo r ien ta l iz ing h e lme t t r ad i t ion c an b e r e con s t ruc ted . T he se r eg ion sa r e C ypru s , C r e t e a nd t h e G re ek m a in land ( f u r the rmo re S ou the rn I t a ly , p robab ly i n sp i red f r om t h e G reek m a in land ) . T he se r eg ion su ndoub ted ly p re sen t ah ypo the t ica lr ou te o fi nf luence ( o r d i f fu s ion ) . S u rpr i s ing ly t he re i sn o e v idence a ta l t ha t w ou ld i mp ly a ny r o le f o r Ana to l ia ( Ph ryg ia , L yd ia , C a r ia ) i nt h i s e vo lu t ion . Y e t , We s te rn Ana to l ia h a s y i e lded e v idence ( t he O ld -Smy rna a nd S a rd i si r on a nd b ronze c ompo s i te h e lme t s ,s e eb e low )f o r aq u i te d if e ren t6 t hc en tury B .C . " Ph rygo -Pe r s ian " h e lme t t r ad i t ion . T he e a r ly i s t m i l lenn ium B .C . Ana to l ian h e lme t t r ad i t ion b e longed t ot h e N ea rE a s te rn h e lme t t r ad i t ion ( Ana tol ian a nd N o r th S y r ian N eo -H i t t i te s t a te st r an s m i t ted t he 2 nd m i l lenn ium B .C . N ea r E a s te rn c r e s ted h e lme t t r ad i t ion t ot h e e a r ly f i r s t m i l lenn ium B .C . N ea r E a s t ) . T he 8 th c en tury B .C .A s sy r ian p a lace -re l ie f s s how Ana tol ian a nd P h ryg ian c r e s ted h e lme t s o fg ene ra l N ea rE a s te rn f o rm ,b u tw ed on o t k now much a bou t t h e Ana to l ian h e lme t so ft h e 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . T he o n ly r ep resen ta t ion s a r et h ree c r e s ted h e lme t s o n7 t hc en tu ry B .C . a r ch i tec tu ra l t e r raco t ta s f r om Go rd ion ( I l l . 5 ,0 .2 .49 -51 ) . I ti s mo s tl i ke ly t h a t i nt h e 7 t ha nd 6 t h c en tu r ie s B .C . a G reek h e lme tt r ad i t ion s p read i n Ana tol i af r om t h ew e s t( e .g .l o ca lv e r s ion so fI on ian t y pe so fh e lme t s ,

B .C . ) : Dersö 1 993 C a t . n o s .8 2 -85 . 13 Demo 1 993 , C a t . n o s .4 5 47 . 14 F or t he p rob lem o ft he c onnec t ion o f a n U rar t ian a t tack a nd t he d e s truc t ion l e ve l o f Ha san lu I VB s ee r e cen t ly : Med v ed ska ya 1 988 ,p p . 1 15 ; Dy son -Mu s ca rela 1 989 ,p p . 1 27 ; Me ched skaya 1 99 1 ,p p 1 49 -161 . 15 One c omp le te a nd a f r agmen tary c on ica l b ron ze h e lme t f r om K arm ir B lur , n ow i nt he H i s tor ica l Mu seum o fA rmen ia , Yerevan . F or d e ta i led d es cr ip t ion a nd r e f erence ss ee De rsö 1 . 993 , C a t . n o s .8 0 ,8 1 . 16 T eheran , Mus6e I r an B as tan , I nv . n o . : HAS 6 0 -528 , H asan lu , B urned B u i ld ing I , n or thwe s t c orner ; B arne t t -F a lkner 1 962 ,p p .

2 0 C ,

m d i , f i g .2 : 15 ;v an L oon 1 966 , p . 19 , n o te 1 9 5 ; Bo rehha rd t1 972 ,p .1 07 , K a t . 2 4I V 1 ,p l .4 0 :2 ; Mu sca rela 1 980 ,

P .2 9 , n o te 5 5 ; Mus ca re l la 1 988 , p .5 0 ; d e & Mu m s= 1 988 , p .5 5 , p l . 5 5 ; Dc z s i i1 993 , C a t . n o . 4 9 , G roup n o . H .2 .2 , p p . 4 7 5 0 , 1 32 ,p l s .7 0 -71 . 17 Dersö 1 993 ,p p .4 8 -50 .

1 5

w h ich w a s i n sp i red b y t he C or in th ian a nd o the r t y pe s o f G reek h e lme t s o f t he ma in land ) , b u t u n fo r tuna te ly t he re i sn o t as i ng le s u rv iv ing e xamp le , w h ich c ou ld a rgue f o r a n e a r l ier , g enu ine Ana tol ian h e lme tt r ad i t ion . I nv i ew o ft h i s d eve lopmen t t h eS a rd i s c ompo s i te i r on a nd b ronze h e lme t m ay r ep re sen ta no r ien ta l( p robab ly P e r s ian )i n f luence ( s ee l a te r ) . T he t h ree r eg ion s men t ioned a bove d o n o t i mp ly a ny g i ven r ou te ( e .g . C yp ru s -> C re te -> Ma in land G reece ) f o rt h e t r an sm i s s ion . Howeve r ,C yp ru s m igh tb ea ni mpo r tan tr e lay p o in t -n o to n ly b ecau se o ft h ea c tua lA s sy r ian c on tac t s( s te le o fS a rgon I ,P a laepapho sh e lme ta nd t he A la s sa h e lme t , t h e o n ly e x amp le f o r t h e2 .l e ve l o fi nf luence , s e e a bove ) -b u tb ecau se o fi t s c ruc ia l l o ca t ion o n t h e m a in ma r i t ime t r ade r ou te sw h ich c onnec ted t h eN ea rE a s tw i th t h eA egean . W i th t h i s ma r i t ime t r ade a l lo ft h et h ree r eg ion sm igh tb ec onnec ted w i th t h eN ea rE a s ta tt h es ame t ime .T he o r ien ta l iz ing h e l m e t so ft h e se r eg ion s a re p a ra l le l , a nd d if e ren t r e su l t s o ft h e " s t imu lu s d ifu s ion " . D if f e ren t s o lu t ion s f o r( p robab ly )t h es ame p rob lem . CYPRUS T amasso s ,R oya lT omb X I ( Be r l in , An t ikenmu seum ,I n v .M i sc .8 142 ,620 ,H . :4 2 .3 c m ) 18 I th a s ac on ica ls hape w i th af e a tu re w h ich i s ac ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h et h ree " Tama s so s type " h e l me t s : t he i r t ubu la r p o in tb u lg ing l i ke ak nob a tt h e t o p . T he re a r et wo p a i r s o fh o r izon ta lr i b s a round t h eb a se a nd a no the rb un ch o fr i b sa bove t h em t os t reng then t h er im o ft h eh e lme t .T he h e lme t w a s f u rn i shed w i th d e tachab le c heek -p iece s a t tached t oh e lme t b y h inge s a l ong t h e i r u pper e dge a nd f a ce -ma sk s . T he re a r e f r agmen t s o ft h e n eck -gua rd a nd o ft wo s ma l l e a r f lap s b e long ing t ot h eB e r l in h e lme t . L a te 7 th c en tu ry B .C . 19 T ama ssos , D romo s o fR oya l T omb I V( N ico s ia , C ypru s Mu seum , I n v . n o . 9 8/1971 ; H . : 3 1 .3 c m , w i th c heek p i ece s : 4 2 .3 c m ;D iam . : max :2 7 .4 c m ,m in . : 1 4c m )1 2 °( / / s . 1 4 -15 ) I th a s as hape s im i la rt ot h eB e r l in h e lme t ,b u t t h e re i so n ly o ne r i ba round t h eb a se t os t reng t hen t he r im o ft h e h e lme t . T he c ap o ft h e h e lme tw a s h amme red o u t f r om as i ng le p i ece o f b ronze .T h i sh e lme tw a sf u rn i shed w i th d e tachab le e a r f lap sd if e ren tf r om t h et wo p i ece e a rf lap s o ft h e B er l in h e lme t . Wh i le t h e B e r l in h e lme th a si t s s e pa ra te f a ce -ma sk p a r t s , t h e N ico s ia h e l me t h a s ac ompo s i te c heek -p iece m ade o f as i ng le p i ece o fb ronze s hee t a nd f u rn i shed w i th e ye a nd mou th c u t -ou t s . T he re a r e 8h o le s a l ong t h er im o nt h e f r on ta nd 1 5h o le s a l ong t h e r im o n t h eb ack o ft h e h e lme t ( d iam . : 2mm ) . T he h e igh t o ft h e e a rf l ap s/cheek -p iece s i s1 3 .0 c m , t h e i r w id th i s1 3 .3 c m .T he e a r f lap s/cheek -p iece sw e re f a s tened t ot h ec ap o ft h eh e lme tb yh inge s . L a te 7 th c en tu ry B .C . " Cypru s " ( I s tanbu l ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I n v .n o . : 1 6 )1 2 1 I th a s as hape s im i la r t ot h e B e r l in a nd N ico s ia h e lme t s , b u t t h e I s tanbu l h e lme t h a s l o s t i t s c heek -p iece sa nd f a ce -ma sk s .F ragmen ta ry . L a te 7 th c en tu ry B .C . T here a re s eve ra l r ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h i s " Tama s so s type " o fp o in ted h e lme t k nown f r om C yp r io te a r t . T hey a r e s hown o nt wo f r agmen ta ry t e r raco t ta h ead s f r om t h e S am ian He ra ion 1 2 2 a nd a t h i rd t e r raco t ta h ead f r om I da l ion ,C yp ru s ,n ow i nt h e An t ikenmu seum ,B e r l in 1 2 3 .

18 B uchho lz 1 978 , p p . 1 97 -200 , f i g s . 4 5a -e ; P f lug 1 988b , p p . 2 7 -41 ; P f lug 1 989 , C a t . n o . 1 ,p p . 1 7 -18 , 4 9 , f i g . 1 , p l . o n p .4 9 ; Der sö 1 993 ,p .3 9 . 19 P f lug 1 988b , p p .4 0 -41 . 1 20 B uchho lz 1 972 , p .1 85 , p l . 3 2 :2 ; B uchho lz 1 97 3 , p p . 34 , 3 88 , f i g s . 3 6a -d ; K a rag eo rgh is 1 97 3 , p .6 65 , f i g . 1 01 ; Bor chhard t 1 97 7 ,p l s . EV b c ; P f lug 1 988b , p p . 2 9 -31 ,f i g . 2 ;D C 2Sö 1 993 ,p .3 9 . 1 2 1 P f lug 1 988b ,p p . 2 9 -31 , f i g s . 3 4 ; Dcz s i i1 993 ,p .3 9 . 1 22 1 .S amo s , Hera ion , t e r raco t ta h ead ( Samo s Mu seum , I nv . n o . T .2637 , H . : 9 . 1 c m ) ; S chm id t 1 968 , p l . 4 4 ; 1 3or chhard t1 977 , p l . EV a ;P f lug 1 98 8b , f i g s . 5 -6 ; 2 .S amo s , H era ion , t e r raco t ta h ead ( Samo s Museum ,I nv . n o .T .2741 , H . : 7 . 5 c m ) ; S chm id t 1 968 ,p l s .4 4 ,4 6 . 1 23 I da l ion , C ypru s , t e r raco t ta h ead ( Ber l in , An t ikenmu seum , I nv . n o .4 99x ) ; S chm id t1 968 ,p l .4 4 ; P f lug 1 988b , f i g s . 7 -8 .

1 6

T h i s t y pe o fh e lme t i s ac ha rac te r i s t i ce xamp le o ft h e o r ien ta li n sp i ra t ion o rt h es t imu lu sd ifu s i on o ft h e o r ien ta l c on ica lh e lme tt y pe s . T h i s t y pe o fh e lme t , i ns p i te o fi t sl a te r d a te m ay b et r aced b ack t ot h e l a te 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . c on i ca l h e lme t s o ft h eN ea r E a s t , n ame ly A s sy r ia . I t ss hape w i th t h e l ong t ubu la rp o in ta ppea r si nA s sy r ian a r ti nt h em idd le o ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .O nt h eT i l -Ba r s ip w a l l p a in t ing s1 2 4 t h e re a r eA s sy r ian h e lme t s w i th h i gh , t u bu la r p o in t s a nd , a no the r n ew f e a tu re , an eck g ua rd . T he p o in t s o ft h e se h e lme t sw e re s e a led b y ar e c tangu la re l emen t , w h ich m igh tb e a dded s epa r a te ly t ot h e se ( i ron ) h e lme t s .T he t u bu la rp o in tb u lg ing l i ke ak nob o nt h eT ama s so sh e lme t sm ay b ea l a te a nce s to ro ft h i sf o rm . E a rl i e r r e p re sen ta t ion s o fc on ica lh e lme t sw i th ak i nd o fb u lg ing k nob a r e v i s ib le o n aK a ra tepe s c u lp tu re d ep i c t ing a nA s s y r ian h o r seman p robab ly f r om t h e f i r s th a l fo ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C .1 2 5 . B u t t h i sk i nd o ft u bu la rp o in tb u lg ing l i ke ak nob i sc l ea r ly al o ca ld eve lopmen to nt h e T ama s so sh e lme t s .O n ly t h es hape i so r ien ta l , b u tf u r the rd e t a i l s , l i ke t h ed e tachab le e a r f lap c omb ined w i th a f a ce -ma sk a re l o ca l . T he f a ce -ma sk , o r e a rf lap s c ove r ing p a r ts o f t he f a ce o n t h e e a r ly C o r in th ian h e lme t s a nd t h e i r C re tan v e r s ion s1 2 6 , b ecame ac ha rac te r i s t ic G reek f e a tu re . T h i s k i nd o f f a ce m a sk , a sp a r to ft h ed e f en s iv ea rmou rw a sn ev e rk nown i nt h eN ea rE a s t .T he A s sy r ian si nt h e9 t h c en tu ry B .C .u sed s c a le a rmou ra t ta ched t ot h er im o ft h e i rh e lme t st og ua rd p a r t so ft h e i rf a ce s .T he se s ca le a rmou r " f a ce -ma sk s " a r e c ha rac te r i s t ic a l ly 9 t h c en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ian f e a tu re s a nd a ppea r i nt h e p a lace r e l ie f s1 2 7 o fA shu rna s i rpa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) , o nt h eB a lawa t g a te s1 2 8 o fS ha lmane se rI I ( 8 58 8 24 B .C . ) , a nd o n aw a l l -pa in t ing f r agmen t d i scu s sed a bov e1 2 9 . T he o r ien ta l " open f a ced h e lme t t r ad i t i on " c an b ec on t ra s ted w i th t h e" c ov e red f a ce A egean h e lme tt r ad i t ion "w h ich w a si n t roduced p robab ly w i th t he e a r ly C o r in th ian h e lme t s a tt h e e nd o ft h e 8 th c en tu ry B .C . T he f a ce m a sk m igh t h ave o r ig ina ted i nt h e d ev e lopmen t o fe a r f lap s t oc ov e rl a rge rp a r t sn o t o n ly o ft h e e a r s b u t a l so f a ce . T he L indo se a r f lap s1 3° ,o ne o fw h ich w a sc on s ide red b yP f lug a sp a ra l le lf o ra nO lymp ian e a r f lap 1 3 1 , i sf r om ah e lme t made o ff i ve p a r t s .T he L indo st y pe o fe a rf l ap s ( f rom a nu nknown t y pe o fp robab ly E a s te rn G reek h e lme t1 3 2 )w i th t h e e ye a nd m ou th c u t -ou t s m igh tb ei n sp i red b yt h em a in land G reek " c ov e red f a ce t r ad i t ion " a ppea r si ni t sd eve loped f o rm w i th t h e e a r ly C o r in th ian h e lme t s , o rm igh tb e ap a ra l le l d eve lopmen t .T he se L indo se a r f lap sh av e ac l ea rs im i la r i t yt ot h ee a r f lap so ft h et e r raco t ta r ep re sen ta t i on so ft h eT ama s so st y pe o fh e lme t1 3 3 . O ne o ft h eh e lme t so ft h e se t e r raco t ta h ead si sf u rn i shed w i th ad e tachab le e a rf lap -f a ce -gua rd 1 3 4 , w h i le t h eo t he rh a s as ol id e a rf l ap -f a ce -gua rd 1 3 5 . T he re i s ar ow o fr i ve t h o le s a tt h eu ppe r e dge o fo ne o ft h e L i ndo se a rf l ap s1 3 6 w h i ch m ean s t h a tt h ec on s t ru c t ion o f t h eh e lme t t ow h ich t h i s e a rf lap b e longed t ow a ss im i la rt ot h eG reek G eome t r ic h e lme t s1 3 7 m ade o f f i ve s epa ra te p a r t s ( s ee b e low ) . S oi ti sc l ea rt h a ti nc a se o ft h eT ama s so st y pe o fh e lme tt h e re w e re a

1 24 Wa l l -pa in t ing s , T i l -Ba r s ip , Room XX IV , r e ign o fT ig la th -p i leser I I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) ; Thureau -Dang i i t -T hmand 1 936 , p l s . XL IX , u pper r eg is ter , L I ; D cz sö 1 993 ,n o s . 1 65 , 1 66 . 1 25 K ara tepe , " Obere G rabung " , B as se t te ta l .1 950 , p l . X I I I ,n o . 6 4 ; O r thmann 1 97 1 , p .4 94 ( Sph I I ) , p l . 1 8 f ; Der sö 1 993 , n o . 1 77 . 1 26 Hof fmann 1 97 2 ,p a s s im . 1 27 B udge 1 914 ,p a s s im . 1 28 I Cmg 1 9 15 ,p a s s im . 1 29 A s s .10756 , And rae 1 92 5 ,p l . 9 e . 1 30 B l inkenbe rg 1 901 ,p p . 1 89 190 ,n o s .5 7 1 -576 ,p l s .2 2 -23 . 1 31 P f lug 1 988a ,p .2 1 . 1 32 P f lug 1 988a , p .2 1 . How ev er , t he g enera l f o rm o ft h i s t y pe i si nd ica ted b y am in ia ture v o t ive b ronze c re s ted h e lme t f ound o n t he L indo s A c ropo l i s ( B l inkenbe rg 1 93 1 ,

P .

3 91 , n o . 1 564 , p l . 6 3 :1564 ) . T h is v o t ive m in ia ture h e lme tw as m ade o f t wo

p ar t s -s im i lar ly t o t h e C re tan m in ia ture v o t iv e h e lme t s : Gor tyn ( Hof fmann 1 972 , 1 902 ,

P .

P .

2 ,p l . 4 1 :4 ) , P ra i so s ( Bo sanque t1 90 1 -

2 58 , p l . 1 0 ; B en ton 1 939 19 40 ,p l . 3 1 :17 )a nd P a la ika s tro ( Ben ton 1 939 -19 40 , p l . 2 8 :31 ) . T he t wo -p iece c on s truc t ion

o ft he a c tua lh e lme t s o ft h i st ype w a sp rov ed b yt h eH amburg C re tan c r e s ted h e lme t f r om P ra iso s ( s ee b e low ) .T he c harac t e r i s t ic f orm o ft he L indo se ar f lap si sc l ear ly v i s ib le o n t h e L indo s m in ia ture h e lme t . 1 33 T er raco t ta h ead ( Ber l in 4 99x ) , H . : 8 . 4 c m : S chm id t 1 968 , p l . 4 4 ( " au s S amo s " ) ; P f lug 1 98 , p p . 3 2 -33 , f i g s . 7 8 ( no te 3 1 : " aus I da l ion " ) ; T er raco t ta h ead ( Samo s ,H era ion ,T .2637 ) , H . : 9 . 1 c m : S chm id t1 968 ,p l .4 4 ; P f lug 1 988b , p p . 3 2 -33 , f i g s .5 -6 ; T er raco t ta h ead ( Samo s ,H era ion ,T .2741 ) ,H . : 7 . 5c m : S chm id t1 96s ,p l s .4 4 ,4 6 . 1 34 T er raco t ta h ead ( Samo s ,H era ion ,T .2637 ) ,H . : 9 . 1c m : S chm id t1 968 ,p l .4 4 ; P f lug 1 988b ,p p . 3 2 -33 , f i g s .5 -6 . 1 35 T er raco t ta h ead ( Ber l in 4 99x ) , H . : 8 . 4c m : S chm id t1 968 ,p l .4 4 ; P f lug 1 988b ,p p . 3 2 -33 , f i g s . 7 8 . 1 36 M i "n kenberg 1 901 ,p p . 1 89 190 , n o .5 7 1 ,p l .2 2 . 1 37 P f lug 1 988a ,p .2 1 ; P f lug 1 988b ,p .3 2 .

1 7

f ew ( l oca l ? )v a r ian t si nu se a tt h es ame t ime : 1 .W i th s ol id e a r f lap ( c heek -p iece ) -f a ce -ma sk :t e r raco t ta h ead ( Be r l in )1 3 8 2 .W i th d e tachab le c heek -p iece -f a ce -ma sk : N ico s ia h e lme ta nd at e r ra co t ta h ead ( S amo s )1 3 9 3 .W i th d e tachab le c heek -p iece a nd d e ta chab le f a ce -ma sk : B e r l in h e lme t 4 .T he h e lme tt y pe o ft h e L indo se a r f lap s1 4 °( on ly t h ee a r f lap c on s t ruc t ion i ss im i la r t ot h e2 nd g roup ) T he r e la t ive ly l a te d a te 1 4 1 o ft h eT ama s so st y pe o fh e lme t sm ake si tp o s s ib le t h a tt h ef a ce -gua rd a si d ea c ame f r om t h e C o r in th ian h e lme t so fe a rl i e rd a te ,b u to ne c an a r gue f o r ap a ra l le l , E a s t G reek d ev e lopmen t( s ee t h eL indo se a rf l ap s ) a sw e l 11 4 2 . T he h i s to ry o f( 8 th ) 7 t h -6 th c en tu ry B .C .g enu ine C yp r io te h e lme t sc an b e p a r t ly r e con s t ru c ted f r om s e ve ra lr ep re sen ta t ion s ( t e r raco t ta s c u lp tu re s , b ronze s t a tue t te s , e t c . ) o fd ife ren t t y pe s o fh ead d r e s so rh e lme t . B u t t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h eh eadd re s se si sd i ff i cu l t .I ns e ve ra lc a se s i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t oj udge w he the r t h e h eadd re s s r ep re sen ted o n at e r raco t ta s c u lp tu re i s am e ta l h e lme t o r al e a the r h e lme t o r al i nen c ap 1 4 3 . A t t h i s p o in t w e h av e t oe xc lude a l t h e h eadd re s se s a nd " h e lme t s " m ade o f s of t ,p e r i shab le m a te r ia l s ( l ea the r ,l i nen ) a nd c oncen t ra te o n l yo nt h em e ta lh e lme t s .T he i d en t if i ca t ion o fm e ta lh e lme t sn eed s s ome a dd i t iona lf e a tu re s( e .g . ac r e s t , o rd ef in i te e a rf lap s ) . " I ts hou ld b en o t e4 t h a ts imp l ec on i ca lh eadd r e s se s , w i thou ts uch a dd i t iona li d en t i f y ing f e a tu r e s , a ppea ro n many t e mco t ta s o fo t he rw i se u na rmed h o r s eback r i d e r s . H e r e i tmus tr ema in u nce r ta in w he the rh e lme t s o rc ap s w er e i n t end ed . "1 4 4 T he re a r e t wo m a jo r g roup s o ft e r raco t ta a nd b ronze s t a tue t te s r ep re sen t ing h e lme t s o r d if e ren tt y pe so fh eadd re s sw h ich w e re i n te rp re ted i ne a rl i e rs t ud ie sa sh e lme t s : 1 ." C iv i l ian s " o r f i gu re sw i thou t a dd i t iona li n d ica t ion o ft h ew a r l ike c ha rac te r o ft h e r ep re sen ta t i on . 2 . Wa r r io r s w i th a dd i t iona l i n d ica t ion o ft h e i r w a rl ik e c ha ra c te r :w a r r io r s a rmed w i th as h ie ld a nd/o r aw eapon ; h o r semen a rmed w i th s h ie ld a nd/o r aw eapon ; c ha r io t mode l s w i th a rmed w a r r io r s . 3 .A t h i rd g roup c on ta in s a l t h e r ep re sen ta t ion s o fk nown t y pe so fh e lme t ( e .g . t h et e r raco t ta r ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h e T ama s so st y pe o fp o in ted h e lme t ; r ep re sen ta t ion s o fc r e s ted h e l m e t s ; a nd t h e " Ge ryon " type o fC yp r io te h e lme t s ( s ee b e low ) . And t h e re a r e t h e r ep re s en ta t ion s o fm e ta l h e lme t f o rm sw i th d ef in i te a dd i t iona lf e a tu re s , l i ke p rof i led e a rf l ap s , w h ich w ou ld b eu nnece s sa ry o rr e dundan to nl e a the rc ap s . T he re i sn o d e f in i te c o inc idence b e tween t h e r ep re sen ta t ion s o fh ead re s se s o n t h e f i r s t t wo g roup s : t h e re a r e , f o r e xamp le , n o c r e s ted h e lme t s o n t h e h ead s o ft h e f i r s t g roup , a nd t h e re a r en o p rof i led e a r f lap s o n t h e h eadd re s se s o ft h i sg roup . Howeve r , t h e re a r e " e a r f lap s " a nd p l ume s o n t h e c ap s o ft h i s g roup , b u t c e r ta in ly n o t m ade o fm e ta l . T he s h ape o ft h e i r h eadd re s se s , h owev e r , s ome t ime s s im i la r o r t he s ame a s t ha t o ft he m e ta l h e lme ts , b u t w i thou t a ny s t r ic t i nd ica t ion o ft he i r m a te r ia lt h ey mu s tb e e x c luded f r om f u r the rs t udy h e re . F u r the rmo re i ti sw el k nown t h a t t h e re w e re l e a the rh e lme t si nu se i nC yp ru sa tt h i s p e r iod .T he re a r e s e v e ra lr ep re sen ta t ion so fl e a the rh e lme t si n t h es e cond g roup , t h ed ef in i te w a r l ike c ha ra c te ro fw h ich w ou ld o t he rw i se e x c lude t h eu se o fl e a the ro r l i nen c ap s . Howev e r ,t h e re i s ac o inc idence b e tw een t h e se l e a the rh e lme t sa nd s ome o ft h er ep re sen ta t i on s o ft h e f i r s t , " no t w a r l ike " g roup 1 4 5 . O n t h e c ha r io t g roup s f o r e xamp le t h e re i sa n o b se rvab le

1 38 T er raco t ta h ead ( Ber l in , An t ikenmuseum , I nv . n o .4 99x ) , H . : 8 . 4c m : S chm id t1 968 ,p l .4 4 ; P f lug 1 988b , p p . 3 2 -33 , f i g s . 7 8 . 1 39 T er raco t ta h ead ( Samo s , H er a ion ,T .2637 ) , H . : 9 . 1 c m : S chm id t1 968 ,p l .4 4 ; P f lug 1 98 8b ,p p . 3 2 -33 , f i g s .5 -6 1 40 1 .L indo s ,A c ropo l i s , ( r igh ts i de e ar f lap ) ; H . : 1 4 .5 c m ;W . : 1 .6 c m ; B l inkenbe rg 1 931 ,p p . 1 89 -190 , n o .5 7 1 ,p l . 2 2 ; 2 .L indo s , A cropo l i s ( l ef t s i de e ar f lap ) ; H . : 1 3 .4 c m ; W . : 1 0 .9 c m ; B l inkenbe rg 1 931 , p .1 90 , n o . 5 72 , p l . 2 2 .4 ; 3 .L indo s , Ac ropo l is ; H . : 1 3 .3 c m ; B l inkenbe rg 1 931 ,p .1 90 , n o .5 73 . 1 41 P f lug 1 988b ,p p .4 0 -41 . 1 42 P f lug 1 988a ,

P .

2 1 .

1 43 F or d e ta i led s t udy s ee Tö rnkv is t1 974 ,p p . 2 1 -32 ;T a t tonBrown 1 9 79 ,p p .2 8 1 -284 ; mo reover , P f lug 1 988b , p .3 6 . 1 44 C rouwe l -T a t tonB rown 1 988 ,p .8 1 . 1 45 C ompare f o re xamp le t he l e a ther h e lme t s o ft he c r ew o fc har io t n o . 1 781+ 7 98 (jer s tad e ta l _1 935 , p l . CCXXXV :3 ) w i th

1 8

t e ndency f o rt h ec ha r io tw a r r io r ( o ra tl e a s to n em embe r o ft h ec r ew ) t ow ea r ah e lme to fm e ta ls hape , w h i le o the r s o ft h e c r ew w ea rh e lme t s o f" l ea the r s hape "1 4 6 . I n af ew c a se sa l t h et wo o rt h ree m em b e r so ft h ec r ew w ea rh eadd re s se sw h ich c an p robab ly b ei d en t i f ied a sl e a the rh e lme t s1 4 7 . S o t h e r ema in ing h e lme t r ep re sen ta t ion s ( "me ta l f o rm s " ) p rov ide aw e l l k nown p i c tu re o ft h e e a r ly o r ien ta lo ro r ien ta l i z ing t y pe so fp o in ted h e lme t s : 1 .p o in ted h e lme tw i thou te a rf lap s1 4 8 ( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .1 ) 2 .p o in ted h e lme tw i th s ol id e a r f lap s( w i thou ti n d ic a t ion o fh i nge s )1 4 9 ( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .2 ) 3 .p o in ted h e lme tw i th d e tachab le e a r f lap s1 5 °( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .3 ) 4 .p o in ted h e lme tw i th at u bu la rp o in tb u lg ing l i ke ak nob a nd w i th e a rf l ap s ( p robab ly a n e a r ly e xamp le o rp redec e s so ro ft h eT ama s so s type o fp o in ted h e lme t s )1 5 1 ( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .4 ) On t he s econd l e ve l t h e re a re t h ree i n te re s t ing r ep re sen ta t ion s o fw a r r io r s h e lme t s w h ich r ep re sen t t h e i n te rmed ia te p ha se i nt h e e vo lu t ion o fC yp r io te h e lme t sb e tween t h e e a r ly o r ien ta l o r o r ien ta l i7 ing a nd t h ed ev e loped C yp r io te h e lme tt y pe sd i s cu s sed l a te r : 1 .T ubu la r p o in ted h e lme tw i th e a rf lap sw i th c u t -ou t s f o r t h e e ye s a nd m ou th 1 5 2 . T h i s h e lme t w i th i t s c ha rac te r i s t ic e a rf lap sm igh t b e a ne a r ly v e r s ion o ft h e l a te r T ama s so s type o f p o in ted h e lme t s ( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .7 ) . 2 .T ubu la r p o in ted h e lme tw i th ap o in tb u lg ing l i ke ak nob a nd f u rn i shed w i th an o se -gua rd a nd l ong , c urv ing e a r f lap s1 5 3 . T h i s h e lme t w i th i t sn o se g ua rd a nd c u rv ing e a r f lap s m igh tb e t h ep redece s so ro ft h el a te r" Ge r yon type "o fC yp r io te h e lme t s( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .5 ) . 1T ubu la r p o in ted h e lme t w i th ap o in t b u lg ing l i ke ak nob a nd f u rn i shed w i th l o ng e a rf lap s c u rv ing i n ar i gh t a ng le t of o rm ac heek -p iece 1 5 4 . S im i la r ly t ot h e2 .r e p re sen ta t ion , t h i s h e lme t m igh t b e a n i n te rmed ia te s t age b e tween t h e o r ig ina l o r ien ta l f o rm a nd i t s mod if i ed C yp r io te v e r s ion ,t h e" Ge r yon type "( I l l .4 ,n o .M .2 .6 ) . On t h e t h i rd l e ve l t h e re a r e t h e l a te r ( l a te 7 t h -e a r ly 6 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) C yp r io te t y pe s ,h e lme t s w h ich r ep re sen t o n ly t h e o r ien ta l i n sp i ra t ion c omb ined w i th c ha rac te r i s t ic l o ca l o rA egean f e a tu re s ( c u rv ing c heek -p iece sa nd f a ce -ma sk ) :

t he l e a ther c ap ( w i th l o ng p ro jec t ion h ang ing a tt h eb ack o ft h e c ap a nd " s o f te ar f lap s " ) o f at e r raco t ta s cu lp ture o ft h e f i r s t g roup ( G je r s tad e ta L1 935 ,p l . CCV I I :1 -2 , n o . 1 509 ) . 1 46 G je rs tad e ta L 1 935 , p l s . CCXXX IV :4 ( no . 1 715 ) ; CCXXX IV :5 ( no . 2 000 ) ; CO CXX IV :6 ( no . 1 046 ) ; CCXXXV :1 ( no . 12 5 ) ; CCXXXV :2 ( no . 124 ) ; CCXXXV :3 ( no . 1 78 1+79 8 ) ; COO CXV :4 ( no . 170 ) ; CCXXXV :5 ( no . 1 998 ) . S e cond h a l fo f C ypro -A r cha ic I ,m id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . 1 47 G je rs tad e ta l . 1 935 , p l . CCXXX IV :2 ( no . 166 ) ; C rouwe l 1 987 , p l s . XXXV I I I :la -b , XXXV I I I :3 , XXX IX :2 . S econd h a l fo f C ypro -A r cha ic I ,m id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . 1 48 Ay ia I r in i ,t e r raco t ta c har io t g roup , N ico s ia , C ypru s Mu seum ; G je is tad e ta l1 935 , p l . COOO C IV :5 ( no .2 000 ) . S e cond h a lf o fC ypro -A r cha ic I ,m id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . 1 49 1 . Ay ia I r in i , t e r raco t ta c har io t g roup , G je rs tad e ta l . 1 935 , p l . CCXXX IV :6 ( no . 1 046 ) ; 2 . Ay ia I r in i , t e r r aco t ta c har io t g roup , G je rs tad e ta l . 1 935 , p l . CCXXXV :5 ( no . 1 998 ) ; 3 . Ay ia I r in i , t e r raco t ta s cu lp tur e o f aw ar r ior w i th s h ie ld , G je r s tad e ta l . 1 935 , p l . C OOO C I I :7 ( no . 1 032 ) ; 4 . Ay ia I r in i , t e r raco t ta h ead , G je rs tad e ta L 1 93 5 , p l . COO CX I I :15 ( no . 2 384 ) ; 5 . " Cyprus " , t e rraco t ta h or seman , E d inburgh , R oya l S co t t i sh Mu seum 1 921 .354 , C rouwe l -T a t tonB rown 1 988 , p l . 3 0 CV I :4 . S econd h a l fo fC ypro -A r cha ic I ,m id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . 1 50 1 . Ay ia I r in i , t e r raco t ta c har io t g roup , G je rs tad e ta l .1 935 , p l . COOO C IV :6 ( no . 1 046 )? ; 2 ." Cypru s " , t e r raco t ta h o r seman , L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , 1 876 .4 .9 .92 , C row ed -T a t tonB rown 1 988 , p l . XXV I :2 . S e cond h a l fo fC ypro -A r cha ic I ,m id -7 th c en tury B .C . 1 51 1 .Ay ia I r in i , t e r raco t ta c har io t g roup , N ico s ia , C ypru s Mu seum , G je rs tad e ta l . 1 935 , COOO CV :3 ( no . 1 781+798 ) ; 2 . Ay ia I r in i , t e rr aco t ta c har io t g roup , N ico s ia , C ypru s Mu seum , G je r s tad e ta L 1 935 , p l . CCXXXV :4 ( no . 170 ) . S e cond h a lf o f C ypro -A r cha ic I ,m id -7 th c en tury B .C . 1 52 Ay ia I r in i , t e r raco t ta s cu lp tur e o f aw ar r ior a rmed w i th as p iked s h ie ld , G jer s tad e ta l . 1 935 , p p . 7 21 -722 , p l . CXC IV , n o . 1 385 + 1530 . 1 53 " Cyprus " , t e r raco t ta s t a tue t te o f aw arr ior , Heuzey 1 880 ,f i g . F . 1 54 " Cypru s " , t e r raco t ta s t a tue t te o f aw ar r ior , Heuzey 1 880 ,f i g . G .

1 9

1 .R ep re sen ta t ion so ft h eT ama s so s type o fp o in ted h e lme t sd i scu s sed a bove i nd e ta i l . 2 .R ep re sen ta t ion so ft h eC yp r io te " Ge ryon type "o fh e lme t1 5 5 . T he G e ryon type o fh e lme ti s as p ec ia lC yp r io te h e lme tt y pe w i thou t a c tua lf i nd sn amed h e re b y t h ep re sen ta u tho ra f te ri t sc onnec t ion w i th t h et r ad i t iona lr e p re sen ta t ion so fG e ryon ( I l l . 2 ) .T he m a in f e a tu re o ft h i st y pe o fh e lme t i sn o tt h es h ape ( b ecau se It h ink i th ad ac on ica la nd ac r e s ted v e r s ion a s w e l l ) ,b u tt h e c ha rac te r i s t ic s ku l l -p iece o ft h e h e lme t ,w h i ch l i ke t h e C o r in th ian t y pe c ove red t h eh ead e n t i re ly , t h en o se -gua rd a nd t h e a lmo s th o r izon ta lc heek -p iece s . T he re a r e a tl e a s tt wo p o s s ib i l i t ie sf o r t h e o r ig in o ft h i s t y pe o fh e lme t . T he f i r s t p o s s ib i l i ty a sh a s b een m en t ioned i st h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e C yp r io te p o in ted h e lme t w i th at ubu la r p o in t b u lg ing l i ke ak nob ( s ee a bove a nd i l . 2 ) . T he s e cond p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t t h i s t y pe o fh e lme t i st h e l o ca lv e r s ion o ft h e " c ove red f a ce G reek h e lme t s " ( t he C o r in th ian , i t s C re tan v e r s ion 1 5 6 a nd t h e I on ian h e lme t ) . A s t h e G e ryon type o fh e lme t h a s al o ca l d ev e lopmen ti nC yp ru s ,t h ef i r s ts ugge s t ion s e em sm o re p robab le u nde rt h eu ndoub ted i n f luence o ft h e " c ove red f a ce " G reek h e lme t s . T he re w e re a tl e a s t t wo p ha se s i nt h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e G e ryon type o f h e lme t . 1 .I n t h e f i r s t p ha se t h e h e lme t c on s i s ted o f ap o in ted s kul -p iece w h ich e n t i re ly c overed t h e h ead ( a nd t h e e a r s a sw e l l ) . I th ad ap rom inen t n o se -gua rd , a nd ap a i r o fa lmo s th o r izon ta l c heek p i ece s . O nt h et e r raco t ta r ep re sen ta t ion so ft h i s p ha se t h e re a r es ome i n d i ca t ion s t h a t t h ec heek -p iece w a sd e tachab le , o rw a sm ade o fo the rm a te r ia l ( ? ) . Un fo r tuna te ly a lt h ee xamp le so ft h i sp ha se h ave a b roken t op , s o w e c an o n ly a s sume t h a t t h ey h ave ap o in ted t op ( a s l a te r c hanged p robab ly f o r a c r e s ted o ne ) . T h i sp ha se h a s i t sc l o se s t p a ra l le l o re v en p r edece s so ri nt h et e r raco t ta r ep re sen ta t ion o f aw a r r io r1 5 7 w ea r ing t ubu la r p o in ted h e lme t w i th n o se -gua rd a nd l o ng c u rv ing e a rf lap s f o rm ing a c heek -p iece m en t ioned a bove ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .5 ) . I nt h i s p ha se t h e re w e re a dd i t iona l e l emen ts w h ich m ay b e c onnec ted w i th t he h e lme t : aw ide ( b ronze ) c ola ra nd ar e c tangu la rb ackp la te w h ich c ove red t h en e ck o ft h ew a r r io r .T he re a r et h ree r e p re sen ta t ion so ft h ef i r s tp ha se o ft h eG e ryon type o fh e lme t s of a rk nown : 1 .G e ryon t e r raco t ta ,P y rg ia 1 5 8 2 .T e r raco t ta w a r r io r ,T ama s so s1 5 9 3 .T e r raco t ta c ha r io tw a r r io r ," Cyp ru s "1 6° 2 .I nt h e s e cond p ha se o fe vo lu t ion t h e s ku l l -p ie ce o ft h e h e lme t c ove red t h e n eck much mo re , t h eh e lme t c on sequen t ly l o s t t h ec ola ra nd t h e n e ckp la te a sw el . O nr ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h i sp ha se i ti s q u i te c l ea r t ha t t he h or izon ta l c heek -p iece s a r e n ow o fs o l id c on s truc t ion , w i thou t a ny s i gn o f " d e ta chab i l i ty " .T h i s m igh t b e t h er e su l to ft h em uch m o re l i ke ly i nf luen ce o ft h eG reek " c ove red f a ce " h e lme t sa tt h i sp ha se . S i nce a lmo s ta l t h er e p re sen ta t ion so ft h i sp ha se a r ef r om S a lam i s , i tm igh tb e a l o ca lv e r s ion a sw el : 1 .T e r raco t ta 2 .T e r ra co t ta 3 .T e r ra co t ta 4 . Terracotta 5 .T e r ra co t ta

a r che r ,S a lam i s1 6 1 a r che r ,S a lam i s1 6 2 a r che r ,S a lam i s1 6 3 h o r seman ,S a lam i s1 6 4 w a r r io rd raw ing as wo rd f r om i t ss c abba rd ," C yp ru s "1 6 5

1 55 T he f i rs td e ta i led s t udy o ft h i s t ype , s ee T a t tonB rown 1 979 ; P f lug 1 988b ,p p . 3 7 -39 . 1 56 F or t he r e la t ion b e tween t he C or in th ian a nd C r e tan h e lme t t yp e ss e e t h e d e ta i led s t udy o fH . Ho f fmann (Hof fmann 1 7 72 , e sp .p p . 1 2 , n o te s5 -7 ) . 1 57 Heuzey 1 880 ,f i g . F . 1 58 B r i t i sh Museum , 1 917 .7 -1 .13 , H . : 2 4c m ; T a t tonB rown 1 9 79 ,p l . XXX I I ,6 70/660 -600 B .C . 1 59 P f lug 1 988b , f i g . 1 3 . 1 60 Heuzey 1 880 ,f i g . H . 1 61 S a 1 .6471 = T c .2 112 ; Mon loup 1 984 , p p . 1 82 -183 ,n o .6 63 ( f ig . ) ,p l .3 3 . 1 62 S a l . 3 535 = T c . 1 038 ; Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 , n o .6 65 ( f ig . ) ,p l .3 3 . 1 63 S a l .4 992 = T c . 1 839 ; Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 , n o .6 66 ,p l .3 3 . 1 64 S a l .5 022 = T c . 1 909 ; Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 , n o .6 68 ( f ig . ) .

2 0

T he re i s af u r the r r ep re sen ta t ion o f ah e lme t o ft h i s p ha se b u t i nt h i s c a se w i th ah i gh c r e s t , w h ich i sd i f f e ren tf r om t h ek nown c r e s tt y pe so fC o r in th ian o rI on ian h e lme t s : 6 .T e r raco t ta w a r r io r , S a lam i s1 6 6 A s t h e c heek -p iece s a r e n o t p rof i led ( t he re a r e n o e ye a nd mou th c u t -ou t s o n t he c heek -p iece s a ta l l ) t h i st y pe o fh e lme t c an n o tb ec onnec ted w i th o the rk nown t y pe so fh e lme t s ( e .g . T ama s so s type , o rt he h e lme t o ft h eL indo se a rf lap s ) . Howeve rt h e t r ad i t iona l ( and a lway sa r cha iz ing o r o r ien ta l iz ing? ) r ep re sen ta t ion s o fG e ryon o u t s ide C yp ru s s how ad i f f e ren t a nd p robab ly u nknown t y pe o fc r e s ted h e l me t1 6 7 ,w h ich w as i n te rp re ted a s b e ing b e tween t h e C o r in th ian a nd I on ian h e lme ts , b u t t he re i sa d ef in i te mou th c u tou t o n t h e c heek -p iece s , n o n o se -gua rd a ta l l , a nd t he f r on t p i ece o ft h e h e lme t s how s ad i f f e ren ts t ruc tu re a si ft h e c heek -p iece s a nd t h e e n t i re f r on t p a r tw e re a dded s epa ra te ly t ot h e b ody o ft h e h e lme t . T he se f e a tu re s ( s epa ra te ly a dded f a ce -pa r t ) d i s t ingu i sh t h i s u nknown t y pe o fh e l m e t f r om t h ek nown t y pe s o fC o r in th ian a nd I on ian h e lme t s . T he re a re t wo f u r the r , a nd p robab ly l a te r r ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h i s t y pe o fh e lme t f r om C yp ru s1 6 8 . T he d if e rence b e tween t h e se t wo h e lme t s a nd t h e i rp robab ly e a rl ie rv e r s ion s men t ioned a bov ei st h a t t h en o se -gua rd i se n t i re ly m i s s ing . A s V . T a t tonB rown a s sumed : " Ou rh e lme t s b e long t o aC yp r io t eg roup o f" h yb r id "m e ta lh e lme t s w h ich c omb ine a w e l l -e s tab l i shed t y pe o fc ap w i th s oph i s t ica ted a nd mo r ep ro t ec t ive f ea tu r e s l i ke t h e " Cor in th ian" c heekp ie ce sa nd n o segua rd . I ti si mp robab l et h a ta ny a r e e a r l i e rt h an t h ef i r s th a l fo ft h es i x th c en tur y w hen C yp rus c ame i n to c on tac t w i th G r eece , s i nce i ti sl i k e l y t h a t t h e c oncep to fp rov id ing t o ta l p ro tec t ion , b u tn o ta l lt h ei nd iv idua le l emen t sl i k et h eh i ng e s , w a st h er e su l to fG r e ek i nf luence . "1 6 9 . Ou r p o in t o fv i ew d if e r s o n ly i np l ac ing mo re e mpha s i s o nl o ca l e vo lu t ion m , a nd l e s s empha s i s o n t he G reek ( Cor in th ian t y pe o fh e lme t ) i n f luence . F rom t h e l a te 7 th -e a r ly 6 th c en tu r ie s B .C . t h e G reek w o r ld b ecame ak o ine i nc a se o fh e lme t t y pe s , o n t h e p er iphe ry o fw h ich ( I on ia a nd Ana tol ia , C ypru s , C re te ) d i f fe ren t f e a tu res o f t h e h e lme t s ( s hape , s hape o f c heek -p iece s [ w i th o r w i thou t c u tou t s ] , d e tachab le o rs ol id c heek -p iece s , c r e s ts hape s ) m igh tv a ry f r ee ly 1 7 1 .

1 65 C esno la C o l lec t ion , N ew York (M MA ) ; Myr es 1 914 , p .1 57 , n o . 1 049 . 1 66 S a l . 4 923 = T c . 1 840 ; Mon loup 1 984 , p .1 84 , n o . 6 63 ( f ig . ) , p l . 3 3 . 1 67 S ee f or e xamp le t he Geryon s cene o n ab ronze h or se 's p ec tora le f r om S amo s , Mu seum Va thy , I nv . B .2518 ; l a s t q uar ter o f 7 th c en tury B .C . ; B r ize 19 8 5 , p l s . 1 5 -17 , 2 0 :1 ; P f lug 1 988b , f i g . 1 2 ; f u r ther e xamp les a re q uo ted b y P h . B r ize : Geryon s cene o n a n i v ory p laque , S amo s , Mu seum V a thy , I nv . E .127 ; B r ize 1 985 , p l . 2 2 :2 ; K a ineus s cene o n ab ronze s hee t , O lymp ia , I nv . BE .11a , B r ize 1 985 , p l . 2 4 :2 . F ur thermore s ee t he B ron ze s t a tue t te o f Geryon : d e Chano t1 880 , p l . 2 2 . 1 68 1 . Kour ion , S anc tuary o f Apo l lo Hy la tes , t e r raco t ta c har io t g roup , T .1700 ( Ph i lade lph ia , U .M .? ) , H . : 1 95 c m ; Young Young 1 955 , p p . 5 5 -56 , n o . 1 055 , p l . 6 0 , " c lose t o t he s even th c en tury B .C . " ; 2 . " Cyprus " , t e rraco t ta w ar r ior w i th a c re s t f i t ted c en tra l ly a cros s t he h em i spher ica l c ap o f t he h e lme t , P ier ide s F ounda t ion Museum , H . : 1 5 .3 cm , Ka rageo rgh is 1 985 , p .2 04 , n o . 1 99 ( p l .) , " Cypro -A r cha ic P er iod " . 1 69 Ta t tonBrown 1 979 , p .2 84 . 1 70 S ee t he t wo t erraco t ta w ar r ior s w i th p o in ted h e lme ts : " Cyprus " , t e rraco t ta s t a tue t te o f aw arr ior , Heuzey 1 880 , f i g . F ; " Cyprus " , t e r raco t ta s t a tue t te o f aw arr ior , Har n ey 1 880 , f i g . G . 1 71 F or mou th c u t -ou ts o n C or in th ian h e lme ts s ee Dawk ins 1 929 , p l . XV I ,w here s evera l t ypes o fe ar ly Cor in th ian ( ? ) h e lme t s worn b y S par tan war r ior s c an b e o bserved : e ar ly C or in th ian ( ? ) h e lme t w i th e ye a nd mou th c u t -ou t a nd s epara te n eck g uard w i th t wo t ypes o fc r e s t s . Dawk ins 1 929 , p l . CV I I I s how s aS par tan h op l i te w ear ing a n o r ien ta l iz ing h igh c res ted h e l me t w i th a c rescen t shaped c res t a nd a n e ar f lap w i th e ye a nd mou th c u t -ou ts ( s im i lar t o t hose f ound o n t he L indos Acropo l is ) . A b ronze s t a tue t te o f ah op l i te f r om O lymp ia ( Fur twäng icr 1 890 , p p . 1 7 -18 , n o . 4 1 , p l . 7 : 41) s how s a n i n teres t i ng h e lme t : t he c ap o f t he h e lme t w as made as i ng le p i ece o f b ronze a nd w as f urn ished w i th ah igh c res t c urv ing f orward . The l ower p ar t o f t he h e lme t o r ig ina l ly w as p robab ly r i ve ted t o t he c ap a nd h as e ye a nd mou th c u t-ou ts o n t he s o l id c heek p ieces . T he w ho le s hape o f t he h e lme t i ss im i lra t o t he C or in th ian h e lme t s , b u t i t s c ons truc t ion ( and t he c u t -ou ts o n t he c heek -p ieces ) s epara tes t h is p iece f rom t he c anon ica l C or in th ian h e lme ts . However , t here a re e ar ly C or in th ian h e lme ts made o fs epara te p ar ts ( two h a lve s , o r e ven as ku l l -p iece made o f t wo h a lve s a nd r i ve ted t o t he l ower p ar t o f t he h e lme t ! He lme t f r om Tor re d iS a tr iano , Tomb 1 , Pf lug 1 988e p p . 7 1 -72 , f i g . 7 ) . The h e lme t t ype o ft he L indos e ar f lap s i sb e longed p robab ly t o t he s a me l e ve l o f u nknown e ar ly G reek h e lme t v ar ian ts . F or o ther 7 th c en tury B .C . v ar ian ts b ased p robab ly o n t he Cor in th ian t ype o f h e lme t o r r epresen t ing p ara l le l d eve lopmen ts i n f luenced b y t he s a me p r inc ip les a s t he C or in th ian h e lme t , s ee f i g . XX . C f . B en ton 1 939 -19 40 ,

P .

8 1 .

2 1

M ISCELLANEA T he re a r e af ew m i scelaneou s" h e lme t s "o rh e lme tp a r t s ,w h ich h ave t ob e men t ioned t op rov ide at o ta l r e v iew ln o fg enu ine C yp r io te h e lme tt y pe so ft h e ( 8 th ) 7 t h -6 th c en tu r ie sB .C . G je r s tad r epo r ted t wo f r agmen ta ry h e lme t moun t ing sf r om I dal ion . T he f i r s t o ft h em i ss a id t o b ef r om t h eb ack o f al e a the rh ehne t1 7 3 , b u ti ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t h a tt h ep i ece ( i fi tc ome sf r om ah e l m e ta ta l l ) c ove red t h es i de o f al e a the rh e lme ta nd t h eh i nge sh o ld t h ee a rf l ap .T he s e cond f r agmen t , a t u bu la rs p ike 1 7 4 i ss im i la r ly c u r iou s . T he re i sn o d oub ti tc ou ld b e moun ted o n ah em i sphe r ica ll e a the r h e lme t , b u tw ed on o t k now as i ng le r ep re sen ta t ion o fs u ch a" c ompo s i te " ( l ea the r a nd b ronze ) h e lme t s of a r . F u r thermo re t h e p ro tec t ion w h ich t h i s t y pe o fh e lme t c ou ld o f e r mu s t h ave b een v ery l im i ted . T he re a r et wo o t he rb ronze o b jec t sf r om E nkom i ,T omb 1 0 ,o f Mycenaean A ge ,w h ich a r e mo s tp roba b l yh e lme t s . One o ft h em i s a4 2 .5 c mh i gh b ronze h e lme tt a pe r ing i n al o ng t ubu la rp o in t1 7 5 w h ich i sa v e ry g ood s e cond h a l fo f8 t hc en tury B .C .N ea rE a s te rn a nd C yp r io te f o rm ,b u ti ns p i te o ft h et o ta ll a ck o fe v idence a nd r ep re sen ta t ion s f o rt h i s t y pe o fh e lme tf r om t h e My cenaean P e r iod , t h eg rave c on tex t s e cu re s i t s d a te t ot he 1 4 th -13 th c en tu ly B .C . T he p rob lem i st h e s ame i nc a se o ft h e o the r p i ece 1 7 6 f r om t h es ame g r ave a nd b u r ia lg r oup 1 7 , b u tt h i sp i ece -ah em i sphe r ic a lb ronze c ap a nd t ubu la rp o in t w i th s ol id c i rcu la r b a se f a s tened t ot h e c ap b y t wo r i ve t s -i s mo re l i ke ly t ob e as h ie ld b o s s , a st h e r i ve ted c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ep o in ti su n ique o nh e lme t s ,b u tw el k nown o ns h ie ld s ,w he re t h e s ma l le ro r b i gge rb o s se sw e re u sua l ly r i ve ted t ot h ew ooden b ody o ft h es h ie ld . T he re w e re t h ree e a rf lap s f ound i nI da l ion , t wo o fw h ich 1 7 8 u ndoub ted ly b e long t o Ana to l ian c ompo s i te i r on a nd b ronze h e lme t so fr ad ia lc on s t ruc t ion k nown f r om S a rd i s a nd O ld -Smy rna , a nd w i l l b e d i scu s sed l a te r . At h i rd , b ronze e a r f lap f r om I dal ion 1 7 9 s how s ad i f f e ren t s hape . I th a s ar ounded p o in tw i th ah o le f o r t h e c h in s t rap . T he re a r e r ema in s o fh i nge s a l ong t h e u ppe r e dge o ft h e e a r f lap , w h i ch w ou ld d e te rm ine t h eh e lme tt y pe t ow h ich i tw a s a t tached . Howeve rt h e re i sn o t as i ng le s im i la r e a rf l ap k nown s o f a r , a nd u n fo r tuna te ly t h ere i sn o t as i ng le h e lme t t y pe w i th w h ich i tc an b e c on n ec ted .T he r e la t ive ly l a te ,5 t hc en tu ry B .C .d a te m e x c lude si tf r om t h eo r ien ta lt r ad i t ion ( i fn o to fP e r s i an o r ig in ) a nd c onnec t st h i se a rf lap t o al o ca lv e r s ion o f ac l a s s ica lo re v en h elen i s t ic t y pe o fh e lme t . CRETE P ra i so s ( Hambu rg , Mu seum f ü rK un s tu nd G ewe rbe ,I nv .n o . : 1 970 .26c ;H . :4 4 .6 c m ,H .o ft h ec r e s t : 1 0 c m ;W .o ft h ec r e s ta tf r on t : c a . 1 . 5c m ,a tt h es i de s : c a . 3c m ;m id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . )1 8 1 " Openf ac ed h e lme tw i th h i gh c r e s tr i s ing v e r t i ca l ly f r om t h ec r own f o r1 0c m . a nd t h en c ur v ing f o r w a rd ( s l ig h t l yl e s st h an h a l fo ft h eo r ig ina la r ci sp r e s e r v ed ) . S omewha tl e s st h an h a l ft h eh e lme t -

1 72 T he C ypr io te c r e s ted h e lme t so ft he p er iod a sn o tc harac ter i s t ic l o ca lv e r s ion s , b u to bv iou sr e su l t so ft h eo r ien ta l i nf luence w i l lb ed i scus sed i nt he n ex tc hap ter t oge ther w i th t he P ra iso sc r e s ted h e lme t . 1 73 "Moun t ing t o ac ap -shaped l e a ther h e lme tw i th h i nged n eck c over ; p i e r ced b yh o le s a l ong t he e dge f o ra t tachmen t t o t he l e a ther . " ( G jer s tad 1 9 48 ,p .1 40 ) ; G je r s tad e ta l .1 935 ,p l . CLXX IX :2 ; G je rs tad 1 9 48 ,

P .

1 40 , f i g .2 4 .

1 74 " Moun t ing t o an ear ly h em i spher ica l l e a ther h e lme tw i th t ubu lar s p ike ; p i er ced b yt r iangu lar ly p l aced h o les f o ra t tachmen t t ot he l e a ther . " ( G jer s tad 1 9 48 ,

P .

1 40 ) ; G jers tad e ta l .1 935 ,p .5 35 , n o . 1 30 ; G je r s tad 1 9 48 ,

P .

1 40 , f i g . 2 4 .

1 7 5 E nkom i , T omb 1 0 , B ur ia l G roup I V , n o . 2 99A , H . : 4 2 . 5 c m , D iam . : 2 2 x2 6 c m ; D ika io s 1 969 , p p . 3 64 -365 , 3 81 , p l s . 1 48 :3 , 2 11 :40 ; C a tl ing 1 964 ,p p . 1 37 -138 , p l . 1 7a -b . 1 76 E nkom i , T omb 1 0 , B ur ia l G roup I V , n o . 2 99 , H . : 3 0 .5 c m , D iam . : 2 0 c m ; M a les 1%9 , p p . 3 64 -365 , 3 80 -381 , p l . 2 11 :41 ; r a t t ing 1 964 ,p p . 1 37 -138 , p l . 1 7 c -d . 1 77 T h i s i sq u i te u n ique t oh ave t wo h e lme t s i nt h e s ame g rave a nd g rave g roup t oge ther . Iwou ld p ref er t he f i r s t s ugge s t ions , t ha t t h i s " he lme t " w as ac on ica l s h ie ld b os s -w h ich w ou ld b e amo re a ppropr ia te e xp lana t ion f o r f i nd ing t he t wo p iece s t oge ther . B u t t h i sc on tex t : ap o in ted h e lme tw i th ap o in ted s h ie ld b o s s i sk nown a ga in f r om t he l a te 8 th -e ar ly 7 th c en tury C ypru s ( T ama sso s , Roya l T omb X I , I NK : Ma tz 1 978 , p p . 1 93 195 , f i g s . 4 4a -c ; f o rs im i lar s h ie ld b o s ss ee e . g . G je rs tad e ta l 1 935 ,p l . CLXXV ,a nd t he f amous Ama thus s h ie ld b o s sn ow i nt he B r i t i sh Mu seum . ) 1 78 G je r s tad 1 91 5 ,p l . CLXXV I I I :14 ( no .5 05 ) , 1 5 ( no . 1 071 ) ; G je rs tad 1 948 ,p p . 1 32 -133 , f i g .2 0 :8 . 1 79 I da l ion , 8 0/929/F618 , Wes t T er race , A rea C L oc . 0 09 , L . : 1 4 .1 c m , W . : 9 . 5 c m ; Wa ldbaum 1 989 , p p . 3 34 -336 , p l . 1 : 25 . C yp ro -C la s s ica lP er iod . 1 80 Wa ldbaum 1 989 ,p p . 3 34 -336 . 1 8 1 Hof fmann 1 972 ,p p .5 -6 ,4 2 ,p l . 1 3 ; Dersä 1 993 ,

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4 0 .

2 2

o ne s i d eo ft h ec r own a nd mo s to ft h ec r e s t -i sp r e se r v ed . T he c r e s ti so f at wo -p i ece b ox c ons t ruc t i on t h roug hou t , e a ch o ft h eh a l v e sf o r g ed i no ne w i th ah a l fo ft h eh e lme t . T he o v e r lapp ing s eams a r e c r imped a nd r i v e t ed t o g e the ra ti n t er va l s o f2 . 6c m . ( on l yt wo r i ve t sp r e se r ved ) . T he c r own i s s ha l low . . .T he r i b so n t h es i d e so ft h ec r e s tc on t inue o n to t h ec r own o ft h eh e lme tf o rc a . 5c m . , o ne p a i ri nf r on t , t wo p a i r s i nb ack ( i n b o th c a se sf l ank ing t h es e am) . T he r i b s o n t h er i g h ts i d e h ave s p l i t o pen d ue t oe x ce s s t o r s ion . T wo p a i r so fd e ep l yc ha sed h or i zon ta ll i ne ss paced 2c m . a pa r tg oa round t h eh e lme ta tf o r ehead l e v e l . B e tw een t h em t r ace so ff i ne ly i n c i sed d eco r a t ion ( t ur r e t s? ) a r e v i s ib l e . T he r e a r en o l oop s o ro t he ra ppa r en tp rov i s ion f o rt h ef a s t en ing o f ap lume o r h o r se t a i l . "1 8 2 T h i s h i gh c r e s ted h e lme t w a s u ndoub ted ly i n sp i red b y o r ien ta l c r e s ted h e lme t s . I t sA s sy r ian a r che type sc an b ed a ted t ot h em idd le ,o rt h i rd q ua r te ro ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .1 8 3 . T he e vo lu t ion o fN ear E a s t ern a nd A egean/Ea s t ern Med i t er ranean c r e s t ed h e lme t s1 8 4 T he e a rl i e s t k nown c r e s ted h e lme t s o ft h eI r on A ge a r e t h o se s hown o nt h e s c u lp tu re s o fC a rchem i sh ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .14 )1 8 5 . T he r el i e f s d ep ic t ing c r e s ted h e lme t s a r e f r om t h e r e ign o fK a tuwa sh ( c a . 9 00 8 73 B .C . )1 8 6 , k i ng o fC a r chem i sh , ac on tempo ra ry o fA shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) . T he i r c ha rac t e r i s t ic s a r e t h e a lmo s t c on ica l s hape w i th as ma l l c r e s t a tt h e t op d eco ra ted w i th t a s se l s d ang l ing o n t h eb ack , a nd t h ree h o r izon ta l r i b s a round t h e b a se ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .1 -2 ) . T here a r e n oh o r izon ta lr i b s o nt h et h i rd h e lme t ,b u to nt h ef r on to fi ta ppea r st h es ma l lp ro jec t ion ( ab o s so rk nob -m aybe ah o rn ) c ha rac te r i s t ic o fs o m any o ft h e C a rchem i sh h e lme t s ( I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .3 ) . T he f ou r th h e lme t ( I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .4 ) s how s t he f i r s t s i gn s o ft he l a te r d eve lopmen t o fc on ica l c r e s ted h e lme t sw i th i t s p o in t c u rv ing f o rwa rd ( " Ph ryg ian s hape " ) . T he s hape ( a lmo s tc on i ca l ) a nd c on s t ruc t ion o fh e lme t s ( sma l lc r e s ta tt h e t o pa nd t a s se l s o nt h eb a ck ) d ep ic ted o nt h es c u lp tu re sf o low t h et r ad i t ion o fL a te B ronze A ge H i t t i te a nd No r th S y r ian h e lme t s k nown f r om t h e s cu lp tu re s o ft h e " K ing ' s G a te " a tB ogazköy1 8 7 a nd f r om E gyp t ian w a l l -pa in t ing s d ep ic t ing S y r ian s , e . g . f r om t h e T omb o f Amenmo se a tT hebe s1 8 8 . T h i s L a te B ronze A ge H i t t i te -N o r th S y r ian h e lme tt r ad i t ion r e ached Me sopo tam ia t h rough N o r th S y r ian N eo H i t t i te s t a te s( e .g . C a rchem i sh ) i nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e9 t hc en tu ry B .C .T he s ame " Ca rchem i sh type " o fc r e s ted h e lme ti ss hown o n as im i la ro r tho s ta ts l ab f r om K ü l tepe (? )f r om t h e9 t hc en tu ry B .C . ( I l l . 5 , n o . 0 .2 .5 )1 8 9 .T he d i f fe rence b e tween t ha t p i ece a nd t ho se o n t h e C a rchem i sh r e l ie f s i st ha t t he K ü l tepe h e lme t h a s t wo p ro jec t ion s ( bo s se s ) o n t h e f r on t , a nd i t s c r e s t i so n t h e b ack o ft h e h e lme t . Wha t may b ev a r ian t so ft h e " Ca rchem i sh type "o fc r e s ted h e lme t a ppea ro nt h e e a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . Zi n ç i rl io r tho s ta tr el i e f s( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .6 -7 ) . T h i s t y pe o fc r es ted h e lme tw ou ld h ave b een n o t o n ly t h e p redece s so r o ft h e Me sopo tam ian ( A s sy r ian ) c r e s ted h e lme t s , b u t i tw a s a l so w ide sp read i nl a te 9 th -e a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C .U ra r tu , a nd f r om No r th S y r ia i n f luenced t h ed eve lopmen to fh e lme t si nt h eE a s t Med i te r ranean ( a ppa ren t ly d u r ing t h e d ec l ine i nt h e D a rk A ge ) , ( e .g . C re te : b ronze b e l t s f r om F o r te t sa :I l . 5 ,n o s . M .3 .1 -2 1 9° ;K avou s i : i l . 5 ,n o . M .3 .5 1 9 1 ; K a to -Sym i :i l l . 5 ,n o . M .3 .3 1 9 2 ) . Howeve r , t h e re a r ef ou rh e lme t si l u s t ra ted o nt h e

1 82 Hof fmann 1 972 , p p .5 6 . 1 83 T ig la th -P i le ser I I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) : C har t2 ,n o s . 0 .2 .17 -18 , 2 0 ( De zzö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o s . 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 52 ) ; S argon I ( 721 -705 B .C . ) : C har t2 ,n o s . 0 .2 .35 -36 ( De r sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o s .2 0 1 -202 ) . 1 84 Th is c hap ter i sb a sed o n m yp rev iou s s t ud ie s o n I r on Age h e lme ts o ft he N ear E a s t ( De rsö 1 993 ,p p . 1 7 -34 ) .T he d e ta i led s t udy o ft h ee vo lu t ion o fN ear E a s tern c r e s ted h e lme t s i si mpor tan tf o rt he u nder s tand ing o ft h e o r ien ta l i nf luence e xer ted o n t he Aegean/Eas te rn Med i ter ranean c r es ted h e lme t t r ad i t ion i nt wo p ha se s : 1 . Nor th -Sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme t s ( 9 th -f i r s t h a lf o f8 th c en tury B .C . ) ; 2 .A s sy r ian c r es ted h e lme t s( s econd h a l fo f8 th c en tury -7 th c en tury B .C . ) . 1 85 Hogar th 1 914 , p l s . B .2a ,B .2b ; Woo l ley 1 921 , B .26 c ; Wooley -B a rne t t1 952 , p l s . B . 44 ,B .45 , B .46 . 1 86 Woo l ley -B arne t t1 952 ,p .2 45 ; O r thmann 1 97 1 ,p p . 2 9 f f . ; Hawk in s1 976 -1980 ,p p .4 39 441 . 1 87 Akurg a l1 962 ,p .9 8 ,p l s .6 4 -65 . 1 88 d eG . Dav ies 1 933 ,p .2 9 ,p l s . XXX IV -XXXV . 1 89 B i t te l1 976 , f i g . 3 21 . 1 90 I r ak l ion ,A r chaeo log ica l Museum , I nv .n o s . 1 568 , 1 569 ; B rock 1 957 ,p l s . 15 -116 ; B o r chha rd t1 972 , p l .2 5 :5 . 1 91 Boyd 1 90 1 ,p p . 1 47 -148 ,f i g s . 1 0 -11 ; Kunze 1 931 ,p .2 18 , f i g . 3 1 , p l .5 6e . 1 92 L emp es i1 985 , p l .5 7 , G 4 .

2 3

t wo " b e l t s " f r om F o r te t sa . T hese f ou r h e lme t s r ep re sen t t h ree h e lme t t y pes t h ej o in t a ppea rance o f wh ich i sa nach ron i s t ic o r a tl e a s t d if i cu l t t oe xp la in . N ame ly , t wo o ft h ef ou r h e lme t s r ep re sen t t h e C a rchem i sh tvpe o fc r e s ted h e lme t m en t ioned a bove ( r e ign o fK a tuwa sh , c a . 9 00 -873 B .C . ;i l . 5 ,n o s . M .3 .1 -2 ) ; t h e t h i rd h e lme ti sa n " U ra r t ian type " o fh em i sphe r ica l c r e s ted h e lme t k nown f r om t h es e c o nd h a l fo ft h e 9 t hc en tu ry B .C . i nU ra r tu a nd a tH a san lu .I td i sappea red i nt h ee a r ly 8 th c en tu ry B .C . ( Ha san lu )1 9 3 ; t h e f ou r th h e lme t h oweve r i s ab eau t i fu l e xamp le o ft h e d eve loped N or th S y r ian a nd A s sy r ian c on ica l c r es ted h e lme t ( known f r om U ra r tu a sw e l l ) , 5 ,n o . M .4 .1 ) .T h i s t y pe o fh e lme t a ppea red i nt h e l a s t q ua r te r o ft h e 9 t h c en tu ry -e a r ly 8 t h c en tu ry B .C .1 9 4 . Wh i le t h ef i r s t a nd s e cond t y pe sa ppea rt oge the r o n ly i nt h e m idd le o ft h e9 t h c en tu ry B .C . , t h es e cond a nd t h i rd o ccu rt o ge the r o n ly a tt he e nd o ft h e 9 th -b eg inn ing o ft h e 8 t h c en tu r ie s B .C .S ot h e f o u r h e lme t s o nt h e t wo b e l t s ( da ted t ot h es e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) r ep re sen t mo re t h an ah und red y ea r s ( f rom e a r ly 9 t h c en tu ry B .C .t ot h ee a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) o ft h ee vo lu t ion o fN o r th S y r ian c on i ca lc r e s ted h e lme t sa nd t h eh em i sphe r ica l c r e s ted h e lme t s . C on sequen t ly t h e se t h ree h e lme t type sm en t ioned a bove 1 . ) w ou ld h ave b een d ep ic ted a s a" wande r ing mo t if ' f r om as e t o fs t e reo typed m o t i f s ; 2 . ) o ri n8 th c en tu ry B .C . C re te ( and E a s te rn Med i te r ranean ) t h e re w e re a r cha iz ing h e lme t s i nu s e ;3 . ) o rw ea r e f o rced t or a i se t h e d a te o ft h eF o r te t sa b e l t sf r om t h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . t ot h ef i r s t h a l fo re a r ly 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . ( o fc ou rse w i thou t a ny e fec t o nt h e d a t ing o ft h e t omb s i nw h ich t h ey w e re f ound )1 9 5 . T h i sp rob lem a ppea r so n as ma l le rs c a le o nt h eK avou s ib ronze s hee t ,w he re a na l ready d eve loped v e r s i on o f aN o r th S y r ian a nd A s sy r ian c on ica lc r e s ted h e lme t( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .4 .2 )1 9 6 a ppea r st oge the rw i th a C a rchem i sh t y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t 5 ,n o .M .3 .5 )1 9 7 . On c on tempo ra ry e a r ly 9 t hc en tu ry B .C .p a lace r el i e f so fA shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . )t h e re a re n o r ep re sen ta t ion s o fc r e s ted h e lme t s a ta l l . T he f i r s t a ppea rance o f c r e s ted h e lme t s i nN eo A s sy r ian a r t i so n t h e B a lawa t g a te s o fS ha lmane se r I I ( 8 58 -824 B .C . ) w o rn b ys o ld ier s i d en t i f ied a s U ra r t ian t r oop s a nd a st h e t r oop s o fS anga ra o fC a rchem i sh 1 9 8 . Howeve r , t h i s t y pe o fh em i sphe r ica l c r e s ted h e lme tw i th i t sr ound ( h em i sphe r ica l ) c ap ( w i th o rw i thou te a rf l ap s ) a nd w i th ac r e s tf i t ted c en t r a l ly a c ro s s t h e t op d ife r s f r om t h e c on ica l t y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t o ft h e C a rchem i sh t r ad i t ion . T h i s h em i sphe r ica l t y pe o fc r es ted h e lme t o r ig ina ted i n1 4 th c en tu ry B .C . T ran scauca s ia 1 9 9 a nd i tw a s w ide sp read i nt h et e rr i tor ie sn o r th o f Me sopo tam ia ( No r th - We s tI r an ,T ran scauca s ia , U ra r tu a nd f o ra s ho r tp e r iod N o r th S y r ia a sw el ) . S eve ra lr ep re sen ta t ion so ft h i s t y pe o fh e lme t a r e k nown ( f i r s to fa l f r om U ra r tu o r f r om o the r t e r r i to r ie s s how ing U ra r t ian w a r r ior s ) f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 9 t h c en tu ry B .C . 2° . T he re a r e a tl e a s tf i ve e xamp le s o ft h i st y pe e x cava ted a t Ha san lu ( Leve l I VB , I r on I P e r iod , c a . 8 00 B .C . 2°1 T he se h e lme t so rr a the rt h e Z i rK i r l ic ha r io t r e l i e f( d a ted t ot h e f i r s t h a l fo ft h e 8 th c en tu ry B .C . 2° 2)c ou ld h ave b een t h e l a te s t e xamp le so ft h eh em i sphe r ica l t y pe o fc r es ted h e lme t s . B u t , a s h a s a l ready b een men t ioned , f r om t h e B a lawa t G a tes o fS ha lmanese r I I i ti sk nown t h a t s o ld ie r s , s a id t ob e t r oop s o fS anga ra , k i ng o fC a rchem i sh ( c a . 8 73 -850 B .C . ) , s ome t ime s w o re t h i s

1 93 Br ock 1 957 , p l . 15 ; Bo r chha rd t1 972 ,

P.7 0 ,

K a t . 1 5 I2 ; De r sö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 18 .

1 94 A s sy r ian : Mun ich , P räh is tor i sche S taa t s samm lung , P S 1 979/ 1181 ; De r sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 9 ,G roup n o . A .3 .2 , p p . 1 7 , 2 1 -22 , 11 , p l s . 1 6 -17 ; K ar lsruhe , B ad is che s L ande smu seum , I nv . n o . 8 9/12 ; Denö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 0 , G roup n o . A .3 .3 , p p . 1 7 , 2 2 2 4 , 11 -112 , p l s . 1 8 -20 ; U rar t ian : Ma inz , R öm i sch -German is che s Z en tra lmu seum , 03 9702 ; Dc z sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 5 3 , G roup n o . U. 1 ,p p . 1 7 ,5 1 -52 , 1 34 ,p l s .7 7 -78 . 1 95 T he t omb w as c on t inuou s ly u sed f r om L a te P ro togeome tr ic t oO r ien ta l i z ing P e r iod ( 8 50 -630 B. C. ) ; Br ock 1 957 ,p .1 01 . 1 96 Bo yd 1 901 ,p p . 1 47 -148 , f i g s . 1 0 -11 ; Ku nze 1 931 ,

P.2 18 ,

f i g . 3 1 ,p l .5 6e .

1 97 Bo yd 1 901 ,p p . 1 47 -148 , f i g s . 1 0 -11 ; Ku nze 1 931 ,p .2 18 , f i g . 3 1 ,p l .5 6e . 1 98 Ki ng 1 9 15 ,p l s .3 4 , 7 ,9 12 , 3 7 -42 ; d c Sc hauensce 1 988 ,

P.5 5 .

1 99 L t sha shen : De r sö 1 993 , C har t 1 ,n o s .4 6 -49 ; L or i -Berd : Denö 1 993 , C har t 1 ,n o s .5 0 -51 ; S h irakav an : De Gmö 1 993 , C har t 1 , n o .5 2 . 2 00 On N imrud i v or ies (De rsö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 1 09 ) ; B a lawa t g a tes ( De r sö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o s . 10 -113 ) ; o n ab ronze s t a tue t te o f aw ar r ior f r om K hurv in ( I ran ) : De r sö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 5 3 ( Va nden &T ee 1 959 , p .1 24 , p l s . 1 56b c ) ; o n a h or se 's b reas tp la te f r om U rar tu -NW I r an (De rs i 5 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o s . 14 -115 ) ; b ronze s t a tue t tes f r om T oprak -K a le ( De rsö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 16 ) ; b ronze s t a tue t te o f aw ar r io r f r om Ma ra sh ( De r sö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 17 ) ; Z inç ir l i r e l ie f ( f i r s t h a lf o f8 th c en tu ry B. C. ,De r sö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 1 30 ) . 2 01 Deaö 1 993 , C a t . n o s .4 8 -52 , G roup n o s .H .2 .1 -H .2 .5 , p p .4 6 -50 , 1 31 134 ,p l s .6 8 -76 . 2 02 DC 295 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 1 30 ; v on Lu s chan e t aL 1 902 , f i g . 1 02 , p l . XXX IX;M a xwel -Hy s lop 1 9 59 , p l . I I;Or t hmann 1 97 1 , p .5 38 , p l .5 7a .

2 4

t y pe . 2° 3I fs o , t h ere w a s ac hange i nt h eh e lme tt r ad i t ion o fC a rchem i sh u nde rS anga ra .T he e a r ly 9 th c en tu ry B .C . c on ica l c r e s ted h e lme t s o ft h e s cu lp tu res o fK a tuwa sh ( c a . 9 00 -873 B .C . ) w e re , p o s s ib ly u nder U ra r t ian i n f luence , r ep laced w i th t h i s h em i sphe r ica l t y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t , k nown f r om Ha san 1u 2° 4o r mo s t p robab ly t he t wo t y pe s o fh e lme t w e re u sed t o ge the r . T he s ho r t h i s to ry o ft h e h em i sphe r ica l c r es ted h e lme t i nN o r th S y r ia d i d n o t h ave a ny e fec t o n t h e f l ou r i sh ing N o r th S y r ian c on ica l c r e s ted h e lme t t r ad i t ion . F inaly t h i s h em i spher ica l t y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t w a s r ep laced i n U ra r tu b yc on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s c om ing f r om A s sy r iam5,a nd b yc on ica lc r e s ted h e lme t ss p read ing f r om N o r th S y r ia i nt h el a te 9 t hc en tu ry B .C . 2° 6 T he p l ace o f t h e d eve lopmen t o fl a te r c on ica l c r e s ted h e lme t s -o r ig ina t ing f r om t he L a te B ronze Age a nd e a r ly 9 t h c en tu ry B .C . C a rchem i sh c r e s ted h e lme t s -i sn o t l i ke ly t oh ave b een c on f i ned t oC a rchem i sh . O the rN o r th S y r ian s t a te s a l so p o s s ib ly p l ayed a ni mpo r tan tr o le i nt h ee vo lu t ion o ft h ec on ica lt y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t s . O nt h eb a sa l t s cu lp tu re so fK a ra tepe 2° 7t h e re a r el o ca lw a r r io r s w ea r ing t h i st y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t f i gh t ing w i th A s sy r ian (? ) s o ld ie r sw ea r ing p o in ted h e lme t s .T he se c r e s ted h e lme t s ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .20 -23 ) may b e t r aced b ack t ot h e L a te B ronze Age h e lme t t r ad i t ion f r om w h ich t h e C a rchem i sh h e lme t s a r e a l so d e r ived , a nd a r el a te e x amp le s o ft h es ame N o r th S y r ian h e lme t t r ad i t ion t ow h ich t h e C a rchem i sh h e lme t s ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .1 -4 ) a l so b e longed . T he i r s hape i s s im i la rt ot wo h a l f ac en tu ry e a rl i e rA s sy r ian2° 8a nd t oa nU ra r t ian c r e s ted h e lme t 2° 9i n sc r ibed w i th t h e n ame o fI s hpu in i ( c a .8 30 -810 B .C . ) . K a ra tepe w a s p robab ly o ne o ft h eN eo -H i t t i te s t a te sw h ich t r an s m i t ted t he e a r ly c on ica l c re s ted h e lme t t r ad i t ion t oA s sy r ia . T he e a r l ie s t r ep re sen ta t ion o ft he d eve loped v e r s ion o ft h i st y pe o fh e lme ti ss hown o na nU ra r t ian w a l l -pa in t ing f r om E rebun i ,o nw h ich p o s s ib ly t h e U ra r t ian k i ng ,A rg i sh t i I( 7 89 -766 B .C . ) h im se l fw ea r st h e h e lme t2 1° .T h i s h e lme t i sv ery s im i la r t ot h e c on ica lc r e s ted h e lme t o fI s hpu in i ,k i ng o fU ra r tu m en t ioned a bove .T h i st y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme tr ema ined i nu se i nU ra r tu t h rough t h e8 t h -7 th c en tu r ie sB .C .2 1 1 o re ven i nt h e6 t h -5 th c en tu r ie s B .C .a sw el2 1 2 . T he f i r s t a ppea rance o fc r e s ted h e lme t si nt h eA s sy r ian a rmy i so nt h ep a la ce rel i e f s o fT ig la th P i leser I I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) . Un fo r tuna te ly b e tween t h e r e ign s o fS ha lmane se rI I ( 8 58 -824 B .C . ) a nd T ig la th -P i le se r I I t h e re a r e n oA s sy r ian r ep re sen ta t ion s a va i lab le . On ly t h et wo c r e s ted h e lme t s , t h e Mun ich 2 1 3 a nd K a r l sruhe 2 1 4 c r es ted h e lme t s , s a id t ob e f ound i nU ra r tu ( Ea s te rn Ana to l ia ) , b u t

2 03 W ing 1 915 ,p l .4 2 ; d eS chauens =

1 9 8 8 ,p .5 5 .

2 04 S ee n o te 8 2 . 2 05 T he e ar l ie s t k nown U rar t ian e xamp le sa re i n sc r ibed w i th t he n ame o fI s hpu in i , k i ng o fU rar tu ( c a . 8 30 -810 B .C . ) : L ondon , BM 1 35061 ( Barne t t -C u r t is 1 973 , p p . 1 33 , 1 36 ; F ranke l1 979 , p .2 0 ,f i g . 1 2 ; Vanden B e rghe -De Meyer 1 982 ,p .1 28 , n o . 1 7 ( f ig . ) ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 5 7 , G roup n o . U .4 .1 , p l . 8 3 ) ; Ma inz , R öm is ch -German i sche s Z en tra lmu seum ( 2e xamp les ) ( Kelner 1 980 ,p .2 05 , p l . 1 ;E gg 1 984 ,p p . 6 18 ,6 21 , 6 49 , f i g . 3 9 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o s .5 8 -59 , G roup n o s . U .4 .2 -U .4 .3 ,p l s . 8 4-

8 5 . 2 06 The e ar l ies t k nown U rar t ian c on ica l c r e s ted h e lme t i n scr ibed w i th n ame o f I s hpu in i , k i ng o fU rar tu ( c a . 8 30 -810 B .C . ) : Ma inz , Röm isch -German i sches Z en tra lmu seum , 03 9702 ; Vanden B e ighe -Dc Meyer 1 982 ,p .1 32 , n o . 2 4 ( f ig . ) ; Yesa ian 1 984 p .2 3 , p l . 1 3 :9 ; Maa ss 1 987 , p .6 9 , n o te 2 2 ; P f lug 1 988a , p p . 2 3 -24 , n o te 7 4 , f i g . 1 ; E gg -Wam i ck 1 990 , p l . 7 ; Der sö Cu rt i s1 99 1 ,p p . 14 -121 ,p l . 1 9 ; D er sö 1 993 , C a t . n o .5 3 , G roup n o . U .1 ,p p . 1 7 ,5 1 -52 , 1 34 ,p l s .7 7 -78 . 2 07 The d a t ing o ft he K ara tep e s cu lp ture s i sq ue s t ionnab le . T h .B o s ser t ( Bes ser te ta L 1 950 , p .6 2 ) d a ted t hem t ot h e r e ign o f T ig la th -P i leser I I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) . On t he o ther h and D . U s s i shk in ( U s s i shk in 1 969 , p p . 1 21 -137 ) p ropo sed am idd le o f9 th c en tury B .C . d a te . F o r d e ta i led d e scr ip t ion o f t h e p rob lem s ee Us s i shk in 1%9 . F o l low ing O r thmann 1 97 1 , t he p resen t w r i ter f o l low s af i r s th a l fo f8 th c en tury -m idd le o f8 t hc en tu ry B .C .d a te . 2 08 1 . Mun ich , P räh i s tor i s che S taa tssamm lung , P S 1 979/ 1181 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 9 ,G roup n o .A .3 .2 , p p . 1 7 , 2 1 -22 , 11 , p l s . 1 6 -17 ;2 .K ar lsruhe , B ad i s ches L ande smu seum , I nv . n o .8 9/12 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 0 , G roup n o .A .3 .3 ,p p . 1 7 ,2 2 -24 , 11 12 ,p l s . 1 8 -20 . 2 09 Ma in z , R öm isch -German ische s Z en tra lmu seum , 03 9702 ; Vanden B e rghe -De Meyer 1 982 , p .1 32 , n o . 2 4 ( f ig . ) ; Yesa ian 1 984 p .2 3 , p l . 1 3 :9 ; Maas s1 987 , p .6 9 , n o te 2 2 ; P f lug 1 988a , p p . 2 3 -24 , n o te 7 4 , f i g . 1 ; E gg -Waa r ick 1 990 , p l . 7 ; Der sö Cu r t is 1 99 1 ,p p . 14 -121 ,p l . 1 9 ; Dema 1 993 , C a t . n o .5 3 , G roup n o . U .1 ,p p . 1 7 ,5 1 -52 , 1 34 ,p l s .7 7 -78 . 2 10 Hod ja sh e ta L 1 979 ,p l s .4 0 ,4 6 ; Y esa ian 1 986 ,p l .9 : 9 . 2 11 P aravakar : C ha r t2 ,n o s . 1 23 -126 ,Y esa ian 1 976 ,f i g s . 1 48 :1 -3 , 1 49 :2 ; Ye sa ian 1 9 86 ,p l s . 2 : 1 -2 ,2 : 4 , 9 : 10 -12 . 2 12 F or e xamp le t he h e lme t s o f t he b ronze s t a tue t tes f r om Ay rum ( Armen ia ) d a ted t o t he 6 t h -5 th c en tur ie s B .C . : Yesa ian 1 974 f i g . 1 46 :3 ; Ye sa ian 1 984 p l s . 2 : 3 ,9 : 14 . 2 13 Mun ich , P räh is tor i sche S t aa t ssamm lung , P S 1 979/11 81 ; K e l lner 1 980 , p p . 2 12 -213 ,p l s . 1 5 -16 ; P f lug 1 988a , p .2 4 , n o te 7 5 ;

2 5

a t t r ibu ted b y t h e p re sen t a u tho r t oA s sy r ia 2 1 5 ,s how t h a t t h i s t y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t s hou ld h ave a ppea red i nA s sy r ia b ya tl e a s tt h el a s t q ua r te ro ft h e9 t hc en tu r yB .C . Howeve r ,t h e re i s a5 0y ear g ap w h i ch c anno tb ef i l led , b e tween t h e se h e lme t s a nd t h ef i r s tA s sy r ian r ep re sen ta t ion so ft he t y pe o nt h e s cu lp tu re s o fT ig la th -P i le se rI I , o nw h ich t h e re a r ea tl e a s t 1 5d eve loped f o rms o fc r e s ted h e lme t s ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -182 1 6 ) .A s pec ia lt y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t ( w i th p o in ted c r e s t suppo r t a nd c r e scen t shaped c r e s t ) v i s ib le o n t h e T i l -Ba r s ip w al -pa in t ing s ( I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .19 ) h a s i t sb e s t p a rale l s o n t h e p a lace r el i e f so fT ig la th -E i le se rI I ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 ,2 .17 -18 ) a nd t o ge the rw i th a ne xamp le o ft h i s t y pe n ow i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum 2 1 7 c an b ed a ted t ot h a tp e r iod . A s i ss hown o nA s sy r ian s cu lp tu re s , c r e s ted h e lme t s a r e a lway s w o rn b y s pea rmen c a r ry ing r o tmd s h ie ld sa nd w ea r ing b rea s tp la te s( k a rd io p hy lak e s ) .N o to n ly t h eA s sy r ian l i gh ti n fan t ry , o rt r oop s s a id t ob eN o r th S y r ian a l ie so ra s soc ia ted w i th Ana tol ian 2 1 8o r p hryg ian 2 19 a ux il i a r ie s o ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy ,b u t a l so t h e i r e nem ie s , r e c ru i ted w hen d e f ea ted a sa ux i l ia ry u n i t s ,w o re c r e s ted h e lme t s2 ° .B u t , w h i le a tt h ee nd o ft h e9 t hc en tu ry B .C . -f i r s th a l fo f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . t h e c r e s ted h e lme ti n d ica ted t h e n a t ional i ty o fi t sw ea re r ( Sy r ian , Ana to l ian o rP h ryg ian t r oop s ) ,l a te r ,f r om t h er e ign a nd a rmy r e fo rm o fT ig la th -P i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) i ts imp ly i n d ica ted/demon s t ra ted m embe r sh ip o f as pec ia ls e r v ice , t h e l i gh t i n fan t ry o ft h eA s sy r ian " n ew mode li mpe r ia la rmy " .T he A s sy r ian h o r semen , c ha r io tee r s a nd c ha r io t w ar r io r s , a nd e ven t h e h eavy i n fan t ry a lway s w o re c on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s . F rom t ha t t ime s o ld ie r s o fa ny n a t iona l i ty c ou ld b e r e c ru i ted t ot h e l i gh t i n f an t ry , t h e a ux il ia ry u n i t s o ft he A s sy r ian a rmy . T h i s i st h e r ea son w hy t h e f r agmen t s o ft h eN im rud c r e s ted i r on h e lme t21 f r om t he l a s t q ua r te r o ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .c an b ei d en t if ied a sA s sy r ian h e lme t s . A f ter t he r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) t h e t y pe s a nd f o rms o fc res ted h e lme t s b ecame s t anda rd ized , a nd i nt h e r e ign s o fS a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) a nd S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) o n ly v a r ian t s o ft wo ma jo r t y pe s r ema ined i nu se : 1 .w i th c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .24 -25 , 0 .2 .27 -29 ; 0 .2 .34 -41 ) ;2 .w i th ac r e scen t shaped c r e s to n t h e t o po f ap o in ted c r e s t s uppo r t ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .26 ; 0 .2 .30 -33 ) . I n t h e r e ign o fS ennache r ib t h e e a rf lap sb ecame p ermanen t p a r t s o ft h eh e lme t s . R ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h et wo m a jo rt y pe so fc r e s ted h e lme t sm en t ioned a bove a r ek nown n o t o n ly f r om A s sy r ia22 a nd e l sewhe re i nt h e N ea r E a s t , b u t a l so f r om t h e E a s te rn Med i te r ranean u nde r s t rong O r ien ta l/A s sy r ian i n f luence f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e8 t hc en tu r yB .C .t h rough t h e 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . T he b e s t e xamp le o ft h e f i r s t t y pe ( c re s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd ) i st h e o r ien ta l iz ing h e lme tf r om P ra i so s .S eve ra l r ep re sen ta t ion s o fs uch h e lme t s a r e k nown f r om t h eA egean/Ea s te rn Med i te r ranean23 ( e .g .I l . 5 ,n o .

C a lmeyer 1 99 1a , n o . 1 0 , p l . 1 0 ; Der sö -C u r t i s1 991 p p . 14 -121 , p l . 1 7 ; De r sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 9 ,G roup n o . A .3 .2 ,p p . 1 7 , 2 1 2 2 , 11 ,p l s . 1 6 -17 . 2 14 K ar lsruhe ,B ad i sche s L andesmuseum , I nv . n o . 8 9/ 12 ; K e l lner 1 980 ,p p . 2 11 -212 ,p l s . 1 3 -14 ; G r im 'c he l1 986 ,p .7 4 , n o te s 2 29 2 33 ; Maas s 1 987 , p p . 6 5 -71 , p l s . 1 : 2 , 2 ,3 ; Maas s1 988 ,

P .

1 70 , n o . 9 7 ,f i g . 9 7 ; P f lug 1 988a , p .2 4 , n o te 7 5 ; Maas s1 989 ,

P .

1 95 ;

Der sö -Cur t i s1 991 , p p . 14 -121 ,p l . 1 8 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 0 , G roup n o .A .3 .3 ,p p . 1 7 , 2 2 -24 , 11 -112 , p l s . 1 8 -20 . 2 15 H . -J . K e l lner , w ho p ub l i shed t he K ar lsruhe h e lme t ( D er sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 0 ) f i r s t , a t tr ibu ted i tt oU rar tu , a nd c on s idered i t s d ecora t ion ( r egarded b y t he p resen t w r i ter a s A s sy r ian ) a s " or ien ta l ische s G eme ingu t a uf i n s tark a s syr ierender Ausprägung " ( Ke l lner 1 980 ,p .2 12 ) . S . -G . G rö sche l( C f rö " s ehe l1 986 ,p .7 4 ,n o te s 29 -233 ) a nd M . Maas s (Maas s1 987 , p .6 8 ) c on s idered t he h e lme tA s sy r ian . Dersö 1 993 , P .1 9 . 2 16 1 A s syr ian h e lme t s ( Char t 2 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -18 ) a nd 4d i f f er en t h e lme t s d ep ic ted a sw o rn b y t he e nem ies o fA ssy r ia ( Der sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o s . 1 58 -161) . 2 17 L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , Wa l ter s ' s n o . 2 841 ; Wa l te rs 1 899 ,p .3 49 , c a t . n o . 2 841 ; B r i ti sh Mu seum 1 9 29 , p p . 7 7 , 7 9 , f i g . 6 9 , n o .2 29 ; P f lug 1 988a ,p p . 1 9 -20 , f i g .9 ,n o te 4 3 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 , G roup n o .A .3 .4 ,p p . 1 9 , 2 4 -25 , 12 , f i g . 3 ,p l .2 1 . 2 18 B a rne t t -F a lkner 1 962 ,p .x i x ,p l s . XXXV I , XXXV II I,p .x i i i,p l . L I . 2 19 B a rne t t -F a l lmcr 1 962 ,p .m d i i ,p l . 2 20 B a rne t t -F a lkner 1 962 , p p . x i x -x x , f i g . 2 : 1 , p l . XL I ( Ea s te r nc ampa ign o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I , 2 nd a nd 9 th p a lu ) ; p p . i o c -xx iv , f i g . 2 : 2 , p l . L I ( Ana to l ian [ Ph ryg ian? ] c ampa ign o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I , 3 rd p a lu ) ; p p .

XX ii-XX iV ,

f i g , 2 : 13 , p l . LXV ( Urar t ian

w ar r io r? ) , ( Ur ar t ian c ampa ign o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I ,3 rd p a lu )a nd p l . LX I . 2 21 L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , WA 4 8 -11-4 , 13 -115 ; Demö -Cu r t is 1 991 , p p . 1 05 -122 , f i g s . 1 20 ; Dersö 1 993 , C a t . n os . 1 2 -27 , G roup n o s .A .4 .1 -A .4 .16 ,p p . 2 0 ,2 5 -33 , 13 -120 ,p l s . 2 2 -40 . 2 22 F i r s t t ype : A s sy r ian h e lme tc r e s t f r om L ac i sh ( de s truc t ion l e ve l I I , 7 01 B .C . ) : Tuf f ne l le ta l .1 953 , 1 958 , p .1 65 , f i g . 19 ; U s s i shk in 1 982 ,

P .

P .

3 87 ,p l . 3 9 :1 -2 ; Wr igh t

5 7 , f i g . 4 9 ; De rsö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 8 ,G roup n o .A .3 .1 , p p . 2 0 -21 , 10 , p l . 1 5 ; Mun ich

A ssy r ian c res ted h e lme t ( s ee n o te 9 2 ) ; K ar lsruhe A s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme t ( s ee n o te 9 3 ) . S econd t ype : L ondon A s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme t( s ee n o te 9 5 ) .

2 6

M .4 .2 , s ee b e low ) . Aw el k nown e xamp le o ft h e s e cond t y pe ( c re scen t -shaped c r e s t ) i st h e A rgo s c r e s ted h e lme to ft h eG eome t r i cP e r iod2 4 , s e eb e low . I nt h er e ig n s o fE sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -6 69 B .C . ) a nd A shu rban ipa l ( 6 68 -669 B .C . ) t h e c r e s ted h e lme t sb e came u n i fo rm ( 1 l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .42 , 0 .2 .43 -48 ) a nd f o r t h e f i r s t t ime i nt h e h i s to ry o fA s sy r ian h e lme t r e p re sen ta t ion s t h e c on t inuou s a r c s ( s em ic i rc le s ) f r am ing as c ene o ff i gu re sa ppea red o nt h ef r on t ( / / . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .46 ) a nd o nt h eb ack ( I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .48 ) o ft h e c r e s ted h e lme t s . P rev iou s ly i tw a s a ne x c lu s i ve c ha rac te r i s t ic o fc on i ca l/po in ted h e lme t s . T h i s c hange w a s t h el a s t s t ep i ns t anda rd iz a t ion o ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy , s o ld ie r s o fw h ich -a tl e a s t i nt he i r u n i fo rm -f maly l o s tt h er ema in so ft h e i rn a t iona lc ha ra c te r i s t i c s .I ns p i te o ft h eo n ly a nd l a te r ep re sen t a t ion o ft h i sf e a tu re o nt h ef r on to f ac r e s ted h e lme tm en t ioned a bove , t h e re a r eo the re xamp le sp rov i n gi t s u se o nc r es ted h e lme t s . O ne o ft h em i st h e l a te 9 t h -e a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . Mun ich A s s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme tw i th t wo c u rve s a nd av e r t i ca lr i b o n t h ef r on t . I t s d a te i ss oe a r ly t h a t t h ed eco ra t ive s y s tem o fc r e s ted h e lme t sw a sn o ty e td ev e loped .T he s e cond e xamp le i so ne o ft h e N im rud i r on h e l m e t f r agmen t s 25 s how ing c on t inuou s a r c so nt h ef r on to f ap o s s ib ly c r e s ted h e lme t , p re sumab ly f r om t h e l a s t q ua r te r o ft h e 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . , w hen t h e s t anda rd iza t ion o fA s sy r ian a rmy e qu ipmen t w a s u nde r taken . T he o r ig ina l o r a c tua l c r e s t s m ade o fp e r i shab le m a te r ia l s ( f ea the r s , h o r seha i r ) a nd f a s tened b e tween t h eb ronze o ri r on c r e s t -p iece sb yr i v e t s 26 o rs im i la rm e thod sh ave d i sappea red f r om h e lme t s . T he o r ig ina l f unc t ion o fh o r seha i r o rf e a the r c r e s t s a nd p l ume s o ft h e L a te B ronze Age m igh t h ave b een t o t h rea ten t h e e nemy w i th t h e h e lp o fb ecom ing s im i la r t o aw i ld a n ima l ( bu l l , h o r se , e t c . ) . Ano the r o r ig ina l f unc t ion o ft h e c r e s t s o nh e lme t sm igh tb e t h e a po t ropa ic f unc t ion , w h ich w ou ld b e v e ry a pp rop r ia te o n ah e lme t . I nt h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy o ft h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C . ( T ig , la th -P i le se r I I ) h oweve r , t h e c r e s t s o fc r e s ted h e lme t sm igh th av e h ad an ew f u nc t ion ,w h i ch c an b e c onnec ted t ot h e u n i fo rm iza t ion ( c re s ted h e lme t s =l i gh ti n f an t ry ) o ft h e" n ew mode lA s sy r ian a rmy " a nd t h e s t anda rd i z a t ion o fi t s w eapon ry a nd h e lme t s ( r e ign o fS a rgon I a nd S ennache r ib , s ee a bove ) : t h e d i f f e ren t s hape s o f c r e s ted h e lme t s , o r a tl e a s t t h e c o lou r o ft h e i r c r e s t s m igh t i nd ica te t h a t t he i r w ea re r s b e longed t oc e r ta in u n i t so ft h ea rm o fl i gh ti n f an t ry .T h i sm igh tb et h ec a se w i th t h ec r e s t so ft h eh o r se t r app ing sw h ich a r e o f ten v i s ib le o nA s sy r ian p a la ce r e l i e f s , a nd w h ich m igh td emon s t ra te t h e d if e ren t c a va l ry a nd c ha r io tu n i t so ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy . Un fo r tuna te ly t h e re a r e o n ly af ew r ep re sen ta t ion s o fc r e s t s i nA s sy r ian a r t f r om w h ich t h e c o lou r sc an b er e con s t ruc ted . O no ne o ft h ep a la ce r e l i e f so fS argon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) f r om K ho r sabad t h er ed a nd b l ue p a in to ft h ef e a the r s( o rh o r seha i rp l ume s ) o f ac r e s ted h e lme tr ema ined v i s ib le a tt h e t ime o ft h e e x cava t ion s27 .T he s ame c o lou r s a ppea red o n t h ree o t he r s l ab s r ep re sen t ing t h e r ed a nd b lue c r e s t s o fh o r se t rapp ing s28 .A no the rv a r ian t o fc r e s td eco ra t ion i sk nown f r om t h eh o r se s ' c r e s t s o nt h eT i l -Ba r s ip w a l l -pa in t ing s29 :t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic b l ack a nd w h i te c heque red mo t i fw h ich m igh tb e c on s ide red al o ca l ,N o r th S y r ian v a r ian ta si ta ppea r si nt h eb ronze i n lay d eco ra t ion o ft h eZ ing i rl ic on i c a li r on h e lme tf r agmen t s2 3° . A sc an b es e en ( I l l . 4 ) ,t h e re w e re a tl e a s tt wo p ha se si nt h ei n f luence e xe r ted b yt h eN ea rE a s t e rn h e lme tt r ad i t ion o nt h e Med i te r ranean h e lme tt r ad i t ion :

2 23 On mode l l sa nd p endan t s : Hof fmann 1 972 , p l .4 1 ; t h e i n c ised r epre sen ta t ion o ft h is k ind o fh e lme t c an b es een o n a" f ace p la te " a t tached s e condar i ly t ot h e h e lme tm en t ioned a bov e . 2 24 A rgo s , T omb 4 5 ,A rgo s ,A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum ,H . : 4 8c m ; s e cond h a l f -l a s t t h ird o f8 th c en tury B .C . ; Bo r chhard t1 97 2 , p .6 5 , K a t . 1 3I ,p l s . 3 3 :1 -3 ; Pf lug 1 988a ,p p . 1 2 -14 ,f i g s . 1 3 . 2 2 5 Den t ) " -C ur t is 1 991 ,p p . 1 05 -122 , n o . 1 ,f i g s . 1 ,1 6 , 1 8 ; Den i i1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 2 , G roup n o .A .4 .1 , p p . 2 5 -28 , 13 , f i g s .4 -6 ,p l s . 2 2 ,3 6 ,3 8 . 2 26 Ho les f o r f a s ten ing t he c r es t b e tw een c r es t -p iece s o f m e ta l a re v i s ib le a round t he e dge s o fc re s tp iece s o fa l l t he c re s ted h e lme t s : DC 2 7 55 1 993 , C a t .n o s .8 11 ,4 8 ,5 1 -52 ,5 3 , 16 . 2 27 Bo t ta

F 1and in 1 849 ,p l . 6 1 .

2 28 Bo t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l s .6 2 ,6 3 ,6 5 . 2 29 Thu reau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 ,p l . L i l l . 2 30 Z inc ir l i , Nor th P a lace , I nv . n o . : S . 3964 ;v on L u schan -Andr ae 1 943 ,p p . 7 6 -79 , 1 63 , f i g . 8 8 ,p l .4 1 ; B arne t t1 953 ,p .1 02 ; Bo r c hha rd t1 972 ,p .1 00 , K a t .2 2 B I3 ; On zdae t1 979 ,p .5 4 , n o te 7 ,p .5 5 ; C ur t i s1 979 ,v o l . 1 ,p p . 1 82 -183 ; özgen 1 982 ,p p . 2 0 ,5 2 n o te 5 ; Der sö -C ur t i s1 99 1 .p p . 1 24 -12 5 , f i g . 2 2 ; D en iö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 2 8 , G roup n o . NS .1 , p p . 3 4 -35 , p l s .4 1-42 .

2 7

1 .T he i nf luence o ft h e i n dependen tN o r th S y r ian ( " Ca rchem i sh type " a nd c onnec t ing ) c on i ca l c r e s ted h e lme t s2 3 1 . S econd h a l fo f9 t hc en tu ry -e a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . F rom : N o r th S y r ia ( Ca rchem i sh :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .1 -4 ; K ü l tepe (? ) :i l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .5 ; Z i 4 r 1 i : i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .6 -7 ;a nd p robab ly K a ra tepe :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .20 -23 ) T o : ( a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly t o ) C re te ( Fo r te t sa :I l . 5 ,M .3 .1 -2 , M .4 .1 ; K a to -Sym i : I i i . 5 ,n o . M .3 .3 ;K han ia le T ekke :i l .5 ,n o .M .3 .4 ;K avou s i :i l . 5 ,n o .M .3 .5 )2 3 2 2 a .T he i nf luence o ft h eS y ro -A s sy r ian o rA s sy r ian c on ica lc r e s ted h e lme t s . S econd h a l fo f8 t hc en tu ry -7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F rom : t he A s sy r ian Emp i re ( a l ready i n c lud ing N o r th S y r ia ) . A s sy r ian p a lace r el ie f s : K a lhu ( N im rud ) , r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) :I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -18 ; Du r S ha rru l c in ( Kho rsabad ) , r e ign o fS a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) :I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .24 -29 ; N inua ( N ineveh ) , r e ign o fS ennacher ib ( 7 04 -681 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .30 -41 ; r e ign o fE sa rhad d on ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) : I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .42 ; r e ign o fA s su rban ipa l ( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) : I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .43 -48 ; T i l -Ba r s ip w a l l -pa in t ing s( T ig la th -P i le se rI I ) :I l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .19 T o : C yp ru s , G reece ( i s land s a nd ma in land ) , We s tern Ana tol ia : / I L 5 ,g roup M .4 ( c on i c a l/po in ted h e lme t s w i th c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd ) ;i l . 5 ,g r oup M .5 ( c on ica l/po in ted h e l m e t sw i th u n s t i l ted c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd ) ;I l . 5 ,g r oup M .6 ( c on ica l/po in ted h e lme t sw i th c r e scen t -shaped c r e s t ) . 2 b .T he i n f luence o fA s sy r ian c on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s 9 t h -7 t hc en tu ry B .C . ( e spec ia l ly s e cond h a l fo f8 t hc en tu ry -7 t hc en tur yB .C . ) ( pa rale ly w i th t h eN ea rE a s te rn s p read o ft h eh e lme tt y pe ) F rom :A s sy r ia ( l a te rf r om t h eA s sy r ian Emp i re )2 3 3 . T o : E a s te rn Med i te r ranean ( I l l . 5 ,g r oup M .2 ) . A s c an b e s een , t he f i rs t " wave o fo r ien ta l iza t ion " r eached C re te p robab ly i nt h e e a r ly 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . T he o n ly e v idence f o r t h e s p read o fN ea r E a s te rn h e lme t t y pe s i nC re te -t h e p i c to r ia l r ep re sen ta t ion s o fh e lme t s o n s hee t me ta lwo rk -r a i se s t h e q ue s t ion , w he the r t h ese r ep re sen ta t ion s r e f e rt ot h ea c tua ls p read o ru se o fN ea rE a s te rn h e lme tt y pe so n ly i nt h i sp a r t o ft h eE a s te rn Med i te r r anean a nd n owhe re e l se , o rj u s t s imp ly r e f e rt o ak i nd o fa r t i s t i cc onnec t ion , t h e e x i s tence o f ak i nd o f N ea r E a s te rn , l e t u s s a yN o r th S y r ian , a r t i s t ic t r ad i t ion i nC re te i nt h e f i r s t h a l fo rm idd le o ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C .I ft h e se N ea rE a s te rn h e lme t sw e re u sed o nC re te i nt h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . -w el o u to ft h e d a te o ft h e i rN ea rE a s te rn u se -i tw a s ak i nd o fa r cha iz ing h e lme tt r ad i t ion 2 3 4 . Howeve r ,t h e re fo re i ti s

2 31 T he o r ig in o f Med i ter ranean h em i spher ica l c r e s ted h e lme t s ( hem ispher ica lc ap w i th ac r e s t f i t ted c en tra l ly a cro s s t he c ap ) , ( Char t 1 ,g roup M .7 ) i sq ue s t ionnab le . A s h av e b een men t ioned t h i s t y pe o f h e lme t s h ad as hor t l i f e i n Nor th S y r ia ( s ee a bove ) . T he s i ng le e ar ly r epre sen ta t ion o n t he F or te tsa " be l t " m igh t b e t h e r e su l t o ft h is i nf luence ( I 3 zod r1 957 , p l . 15 ; Bo rchha zd t 1 972 , p .7 0 , K a t . 1 5 I2 ; Dc z sö 1 993 , C har t 2 ,n o . 18 . ) . B u t t h e f i t t ing o f ac r es t t o ah em i spher ica l c ap m igh t b e al o ca l f e a ture a sw e l l . T here i sn o r e ason t os ee f o r e xamp le N ear E a s te rn ( l e t u s s ay U rar t ian ) i nf luence i nt he c r e s t s t ruc ture o ft he c or in th ian h e lme ts f ur n i shed w i th t h is k i nd o fc r es t . I tm igh t b e f o r e xamp le av ar ian t o ft he h e lme t sw i th c r e scen t shaped c r e s tw i thou tc r e s t h o lder .T he c on tempora ry d iver s i ty o ft h ee ar ly Med i ter ranean ( Greek ) h e lme t t ype si s s hown f o r e xamp le o n t he Mykono s r e l ief p i tho s : h e lme ts w i th h igh , f o rward c urv ing c r e s t ( Char t 2 ,n o s . M .4 .3 -4 ) ; t he ir c r e s tv ar ian t s , t he h em ispher ica l c r es ted h e lme t s ( Char t 2 ,n o s . M .7 .1 -2 ) ; a nd p robab ly a n e ar ly v ar ian to ft he h e lme t t ype , w h ich s urv ived a lmo s t e x c lus iv e ly i n C or in th ian h e lme ts ( " cov ered f a ce t r ad i t ion " o r ig ina ted f r om t he o r ien ta l " open f a ce t r ad i t ion " ) ( Char t2 ,n o s . M .8 .1 -2 ) . F or t he e ar ly v ar ian ts o ft h e G reek " c ov ered f a ce t r ad i t ion " s ee F ig . 1 0 . 2 32 I t mus t b e m en t ioned t ha t -a tl e a s t i ni t s f orm -a n a lmo s t s im i lar t y pe o fh e lme tw a s u sed i nt h e t e r r i tor ies a round t he h ead o ft he Adr ia t ic S ea f r om t he l a te 8 th c en tury t ot he f i r s t h a lf o ft h e 7 t hc en tury B .C .T he e xac t o r ig in o ft h i s Adr ia t ic t ype i sn o t k nown , b u t Hencken 1 972 ( pp . 1 63 -168 , f i g s . 1 32 -133 ) a nd E gg 1 988 ( pp . 2 18 -221 , f i g s . 9 11 ) a s sumed , t ha t t h i s t ype w as p ar t ly t he r e su l t o fO r ien ta l i nf luence ,w h ich s pread i nd irec t ly v i a t h eA egean .T he g eog raph ica l ly v e ry l im i ted u se o fi t make st he o r ig in o ft h i s t ype v ery c ur iou s . 2 33 F or t he n ear ly h undred ( ma in ly A s syr ian ) r epre sen ta t ion so ft he v ar ian t s o ft h is h e lme t t ype s ee Dcz s i z i1 993 , C har t2 .F or d e ta i led s t udy s ee l a ter .

2 8

much mo re p robab le t h a t t he c onnec t ion b e tween t h e N ea r E a s t a nd C re te i nt h e f i r s t h a l fo f8 t h c en tu ry e x i s ted o n ly i nt h e a r t s . B u t t h e l e ve l o fa r t i s t ic i n f luence ( t he se p i ece s , e xc lu s iv e ly ( s hee t ) m e ta lwork 1 .r ep re sen t t he a c tua l p re sence o fN ea r E a s te rn ( Nor th S y r ian ) c ra f t smen o n C re te ( "m ig ra t ion " ) ; 2 .r ep re sen t t h e u se o fN ea r E a s te rn m o t i f s ( wou ld h ave b een d ep ic ted a s" wande r ing mo t i f s " f r om as e t o fs t e reo t yped m o t i f s , f r om " mo t i fb ook s " o rw ooden mou ld su sed f o r s hee t m e ta l w o rk ) o n C re te ; 3 .o rs imp ly r e f e r s t oN ea r E a s te rn t r ade c on tac t s ( i n t h i s c a se t h e m e ta lwo rk w a s m ade i nN o r th S y r ia ) .T he a r t i s t ic c onnec t ion m a yo w e s ome th ing t oa l t h ree p o s s ib i l i t ie s .I nt h e p re s en tw r i te r sv i ew t h i s e a r ly p ha se o fo r ien ta l iza t ion e x i s ted o n ly i nt h e " a rcha iz ing r ep re sen ta t ion s " o f t h e se h e lme t s a nd n o ti nt h e " a rcha iz ing -w el o u t o ft h e d a te o ft h e i r N ea r E a s te rn -u se " o ft h em . T he re i sn oo t he rt y pe o fe v idence a va i lab le f o rt h ee x i s ten ce o fe a r ly ( 9 th c en tu ry B .C . ) o r ien ta lh e lme t t r ad i t ion i nt h e Med i te r ranean , o re spec ialy o n C re te . T he re i sn o s i gn t h a t d ev e lopmen t o ff u r the r h e lme tt y pe so r ig ina ted i nt h i se a r ly 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ( a nd p robab ly p i c to r ia l ) C re tan h e lme t t r ad i t ion . T he t wo l a te r h e lme t s , t h e F o r te t sa ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .1 ) a nd K avou s i ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .2 ) h e lme t s , w i th a c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd r e f e rt ot h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . d ev e lopmen t o ft h i s h e lme tt y pe ( o r ig ina ted i nt h e C a rchem i sh a nd N o r th S y r ian c on i ca lc r e s ted h e lme tt r ad i t ion , s e ea bove ) . T he se h e lme t sw ou ld l ow e r t h ed a te o ft h em e ta lwo rk o nw h i ch t h ey w e re r e p re sen ted ,b u tw ek now ,t h a tt h e e vo lu t ion o ft h i sh e l m e tt y pe s t a r ted i nt h el a te 9 t h -e a r ly 8 t hc en tu r ie sB .C .2 3 5 . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ee vo lu t ion o ft h eE a s t e rn Med i te r ranean c r e s ted h e lme t s s t a r ted w i th t h i s f i r s t s t age o fo r ien ta l iza t ion , b u t mo re p robab ly t h a tt h eh e lme tt y pe so ft h e8 t ha nd 7 t hc en tu ry B .C .E a s te rn Med i te r ranean o r ig ina ted i nt h ei nf luence o ft he c omp le te s e t o fA s sy r ian h e lme tv a r ian t s , a nd c on sequen t ly i nt h e s e cond ( s econd h a l fo f8 t h c en tu ry B .C . )p ha se o fo r ien ta l iza t ion . T he P ra i so s h e lme tr ep re sen t s al a te r p ha se o ft h i s e vo lu t ion , t h e s e cond p ha se o fo r ien ta l iz a t i on . I t s b e s t r ep re sen ta t iona l p a ra l le l s a r e k nown m a in ly f r om C re te ( open f a ce h e lme t sw i th h i gh c r e s tho lde ra nd n eckgua rd ) :m in ia tu re v o t iv eb ronz eh e lme t sf r om G o r tyn ( 5p i ece s ) ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .2 ) ; f r om P ra i so s ( 6p i ece s ) 5 ,n o s . M .5 .3 ) a nd f r om P a la ioka s t ro ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .5 .4 ) . T he se v o t ive h e l m e t s r ep re sen t t h e s ame t e chn ique a st h e P ra i so sh e lme t , t h ey w e re j o ined t o ge the r f r om t wo s im i la r h a lve s . F u r the r r ep re sen ta t iona l e v idence i sk nown f r om o the r m ed ia o fC re tan a r t : f r om t h e i n c i sed d eco ra t ion o f ab ronze c o r s le t ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .7 ) , f r om aL a te O r ien ta l iz ing a l aba s t ron f r om F o r te t sa ( Sph inx ,I l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .5 ) , f r om aMe l ian h yd r ia f r om R hene ia ( Sph inx ,M . 5 ,n o . M .4 .6 ) a nd f r om a n e a r ly o r ien ta l iz ing p i tho sf r om K no s so s ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .18 ) . T he r e cen t ly d i scov e red w a r r io r s t e la if r om P r in ia s ( M . 5 ,n o s . M .4 .8 -13 ) a nd at e r ra co t ta p l aque o f aw a r r io rf r om G o r tyn ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .4 .14 ) a nd a l a te r b ronze p l aque t te f r om t h e G eome t r ic P e r iod t emp le a tD re ro s , r ep re sen t ing A thena ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .22 ) s how t h e s ame h e lme t t y pe .A l t h er ep re sen ta t iona l e v idence c o r re spond s w i th t h e m id 7 t h c en tu ry B .C . ( s econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu r yB .C . ) d a te o ft h eh e lme t .S nodg ra s sd a ted t h eu s eo ft h i st y pe , o pen f a ced c r e s ted h e lme t t ot h e7 t h c en tu ry B .C . , a nd e mpha s ize s i t sp r ima ry C re tan d i s t r ibu t ion2. T h i so ra tl e a s t av e ry s im i la rh e lme tt y pe w a sk nown i nt h eG reek Ma in land a nd o nt h e G reek I s land s a s w e l 12 3 7 .I t s r epresen ta t ions a re k nown f r om a v o t ive t e rraco t ta s h ie ld f rom T iryns

2 34 F or t he c hrono log ica lp rob lem s o ft he t h ree d i f f eren t h e lme t t y pe s o n t he F or te t sa " be l t s " a nd t he K avou s ib ronze o pen work s ee a bove . S nodg ra ss 1 964 , p .1 2w ro te o n t he K avou s i b ronze s hee t t h a t " i t c an p e rhap sb e d a ted t ot he l a te e i gh th c en tu ry , l e s s b y i t s p rovenance ( at ho lo s o fL a te G eome tr ic o rE ar ly O r ien ta l iz ing d a te ) t h an b yi t sd eco ra t ions " . F ur ther more h e w ro te o n t he F or te t sa g i rd le ( Snodg ras s 1 964 , p . 1 2 ) : " wh ich i lus tra te s , a long w i th h e lme ts o f O r ien ta l t ype , a s er ies o fa r cher s i nw ha t a ppear t ob e e ar ly C or in th ian h e lme t s , w i th c heek -p ieces a nd r i dge c r es t " . T he C r e tan o r ig in o f t he C or in th ian h e lme t sw ou ld b e e l im ina ted s i nce t he h e lme t s m en t ioned a bov e a lmo s t c er ta in ly r epresen t t h eh em ispher i c a l c r es ted h e lme ts k nown f r om t he N ear E a s t , s econd h a l f o f9 th -e ar ly 8 th c en tury B .C . d a te o fw h ich f i t s i n to t he c hrono log ica l f r amewo rk o ft he N ear E a s tern h e lme t s( Dena 1 993 ,p p .4 7 -48 ) . 2 35 F or e xamp le s ee t he Mun ich , K ar l sruhe a nd Ma inz c r e s ted h e lme t sm en t ioned a bove . 2 36 S nodg ra ss 1 964 , p . 1 7 : " I t s l i fe s eem s t o e x tend s porad ica l ly t h roughou t t he s even th c en tu ry , b u t e f fec t iv e ly i t mus t b e s uper seded b y c .6 50 . F rom b eg inn ing t oe nd C re te a nd t h e i s lands p redom ina te i nt he d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he t y pe , a nd i tw a s r e ta ined t here l a ter t h an o nt he ma in land . " 2 37 T h i s h e lme t t ype w a s i ns ome w ay ( perhap s b e cause o fi t s d ef in i te O r ien ta lc harac ter ) c onnec ted w i th t h e r epre sen ta t ion s o fs ph inxe s a nd Amazon s ,w h ich t hemse lve s h ad s ome O r ien ta lo r ig in s i nt he G reek w o r ld a nd my tho logy . S nodg rass 1 96 4 , p .1 8w r i te s : " I t i s wor th n o t ic ing t he f r equen t a s soc ia t ion o ft h i s h e lme tw i th t he S ph inx . . . T h i sc onf irm s t he O r ien ta l c on n ec t ion s o ft he c re s t f o rm , a nd a l so s ugge s t s , t ha t t he h e lme t h ad a cqu ired s em imy th ica l a s soc ia t ions , a nd m igh t t herefo re b e r epresen ted l ong a f ter i tw a s i na c tua l u se . "A s au n ique h e lme t , o ne v ar ian t b ecame t h e s t andard h e lme t o ft he e ar ly

2 9

( Amazonomache ia ,I l . 5 ,n o s . M .4 .17 -19 ) a nd f r om av o t ive t e r raco t ta s h ie ld f r om S amo s ( Amazon ,/ I . 5 ,n o . M .4 .16 ) .Ap a ra l le lh e lme tt y pe w i thou tn eckgua rd h a st h es ame d i s t r ibu t ion i nt h eG reek Ma in l a nd a nd o nt h eG reek I s land sb u tt h i st y pe i su nknown o nC re te .I t sr e p re sen ta t ion sa r ek nown f r om a t e r raco t ta h ead f r om Amyk lae , S pa r ta ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .20 ) , f r om aL akon ian S ub -Geome tr ic s he rd ( Sph inx ,i l l . 5 ,n o . M .4 .15 ) , f r om aT he ran r o ck c a rv ing ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .5 .5 ) a nd f r om t h e f amou sr el ie f p i tho s f r om Mykonos ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . M .4 .3 -4 ) . As im i la r h e lme t t y pe , i fn o t t he s ame , i sr epresen ted e x ten s ive ly i nt h e b ronzewo rk o ft he G reek Ma in land i nt h e l a te 8 t h c en tu ry a nd 7 th c en tu ry B .C . o nwa rd s . I tc an b e s e en w i th n eckgua rd o n ab ron ze s t a tue t te ( " P f e rd e f ühr e r " ) f r om O lymp ia ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .5 .12 ) a nd o n ab ronze s t a tue t te n ow i nN ew Y o rk ( M .5 ,n o .M .5 .20 ) ;w i thou tn eckgua rd o n ab ronze s t a tue t te f r om Amo rgo s ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .15 ) ,s e r ie so fb ronze s t a tue t te sf r om O lymp ia ( I l l . 5 ,n o s .M .5 .6 8 ,1 3 -14 , 1 7 ) , f r om ab ronze t r ipod l e gf r om O lymp ia ( / / / . 5 ,n o . M .5 .21 ) ,f r om aS am ian b ronze g roup ( / / . 5 ,n o . M .5 .19 ) , f r om aD e lph ib ronze w a r r io r ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .4 .21 ) , f r om ab ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r i o r f r om t he A c ropo l i s , A then s ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .5 .22 ) . One b ronze h and le a t tachmen t f r om O lymp ia s how st h i st y pe o fh e lme tw i thou tn eckgua rd b u tf u rn i shed w i th e l abo ra te e a r f lap sc ove r ing p a r t so ft h e f a ce a sw el ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .5 .24 ) . Ano the rr ep re sen ta t ion o f as im i la rh e lme to n ab ronze s hee t -s a id t o b e O r ien ta l i no r ig in a nd i ns ome d e ta i l s r ewo rked i nG reece -d eco ra ted i nr e pou ss6 a nd i n c i sed f i gu ra t ive s c ene s ,s how sv e ry s im i la rh e lme t st ot h eh e lme t so ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C .A s sy r ian a rmy ( w i th s ma l lr ounded e a rf l ap s ,i l . 5 ,n o . M .5 .23 ) .T he b ronze s hee th ow eve ri sn o ta no r ien ta lw o rk o ra tl e a s t n o tf r om t h eA s sy r ian Emp i re , s i nce t h eh e lme t sd ep ic ted o nt h i ss h ee ta r ew o rn b yh o r semen w ea r ing s c a le a rmour a sw e l l . I n t he A s sy r ian a rmy , h oweve r , h or semen n eve r w o re c r e s ted h e lme t s o n ly p o in ted o ne s , a nd t h el i gh ti n fan t ry w ea r ing c r e s ted h e lme t sn eve rw o re s c a le a rmou r ,o n ly s ma l lr ound b rea s t p l a tes ( k a rd io p hy lake s ) . S o t h e d e ta i l s o ft h i sb ronze s hee ta r ea ga in s t t h e N ea r E a s te rn o ra t l e a s tt h eA s sy r ian t r ad i t ion ,a nd w e re p robab ly m ade o u t s ide t h eA s sy r ian Emp i re ,w he re s uch c onven t i ona ld e ta i l sw e re n o tk nown .A sc an b es e en l a te r ,t h ew el k nown G reek G eome t r ic h e lme tt y pe w i th i t s c ha rac te r i s t ic e a rf l ap s a nd f i ve p i ece c on s t ruc t ion 2 3 8 h ad t wo v a r ian t sw i th ac r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd : t he O rdona v a r ian t2 3 9 w i th ah em i spher ica l c ap a nd ah i gh c r e s tho lde r c u rv ing f o rwa rd a nd r i ve ted o n to t h et op o ft h eh e lme t , a nd t h e c on ica lv a r ian tw i th as ma l lc r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd moun ted o n to t h e p o in t o ft he h e lme t k nown f r om am in ia tu re v o t ive b ronze h e lme t f r om D e los 2 4° . However , t h ree b ronze s t a tue t te s f r om O lymp ia ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . M .5 .9 -11 ) s how ap robab le t h i rd v a r ian t o ft h i s t y pe o f G eome tr ic G reek h e lme tw i th t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic e a rf lap s , b u tw i th ah i gh p o in t p robab ly c u rv ing f o r w a rd2 4 1 . T he se h e lme t r ep re sen ta t ion s s how u s av a r ie ty o ft e chn ica l d i f f e rence s a sw e l l : h e lme t w i th n eckgua rd v e r sus h e lme tw i thou t n eckgua rd ; h e lme tw i th e a rf l ap sv e r su s h e lme tw i thou te a rf lap s ; h e l me t made o f as i ng le p i ece o f me ta lv e r su s h e lme t w i th s epa ra te ly r i ve ted c r e s tho lde r ; h e lme t w i th s t i l ted c r e s tv e r su s h e lme tw i th u n s t i l ted c r e s t . T he se t e chn ica ld i f f e rence sv a ry a lmo s t f r om h e lme tt o h e lme ta nd may r e f e rt or ea l( s ome t ime sl o ca l )v a r ian t so fh e lme t sw i th c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd o rs imp ly s ugge s tt e chn ica lv a r ia t ion si nt h ee xecu t ion o ft h es ame b a s ic h e lme tt y pe . T he se w e re p robab ly t h el o ca l ,G reek v a r ian t so ft h es ame O r ien ta lh e lme tt y pe ,t h eh e lme tw i th ac r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd . GREEK MA INLAND A s h a s a l ready b een men t ioned t here a re t h ree b a s ic t y pe s o f L a te G eome t r ic G reek h e lme t s

r epresen ta t ions o fA thena ( probab ly b ecause o f t he " open f a ce " t r ad i t ion o fr ep re sen ta t ions o f G reek d e i t ie s -i n mo s t c ases t he f a ce o f a n a rmoured G reek d e i ty , i . e . A thena , h a s t ob e u ncover ed ) . A s G rö sche l 1%4 p p . 7 1 -78 h as a l ready p o in ted o u t , t he i d ea o f t he f i gura t ive d ecora t ion o fA thena 's h e lme t i nt h e I l i ad ( V , 7 43 -7 44 ) c an b e f ound i nt he N ear E a s tern d ecora ted h e lme t t r ad i t ion . No d oub t , t h e N ear E as t , a nd e spec ia l ly t h e f amou sA s sy r ia w a s f a r e nough ( s ev era l mon ths o fc ru i se )t ob ecome t he h ome o fc er ta in s em imy th ica le l emen t si nt h e G r eek m y tho logy a nd i c onog raphy . 2 38 And o r ig ina ted p robab ly i nA rgo s . 2 39 A t l e as t t hree e xamp le s f r om I t a ly . 2 40 Deonna 1 938 ,p .2 08 ,p l . 6 9 :554 . 2 41 S o a l toge ther t here w ere a tl e a s t f i ve v ar ian ts o ft h e f i v e -p ie ce c on s truc t ion G eome tr ic ( A rg ive? ) G reek h e lme t i nu se i n t h e l a te 8 th c en tu ry B .C . : 1 .p o in ted , 2 .p o in ted w i th c r e scen t shaped c r e s t , 3 .p o in ted w i th ah igh p o in t c urv ing f orward ,4 . p o in ted w i th as ma l l c r e s tc urv ing f o rward ,S .h em i spher ica l c ap w i th ah i gh p o in tc urv ing f o rward . S ee l a ter .

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( "K eg e lhe lm " ) made o ff i ve s epa ra te p i ece s ( c ap , f r on t p l a te , b ack p l a te , a nd t wo p o in ted e a rf lap s ) k nown ma in ly f r om A rgo s , O lymp ia , a nd I t a ly ( Ordona ) . T he b a s ic t y pe s a re t h e s ame a st h e t h ree b a s ic h e lme tt y pe so ft h eA s sy r ian a rmy i nt h e8 t ha nd 7 t hc en tu r ie sB .C . 2. I .W i th p o in ted c ap I .W i th c r e scen t shaped c r e s t I I .W i th c r e s tc u r v ing f o rwa rd A .W i th h em i sphe r ica lc ap a nd as e pa ra te ly a dded h i gh c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd B .W i th p o in ted c ap a nd as epa ra te ly a dded s ma l lc r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd C .W i th h i gh p o in ted c ap c u rv ing f o rwa rd F u r twäng le r2 4 3 , K ukahn2 4 4 a nd L o r ime r2 4 5 p ropo sed aC yp r io te o r ig in f o r t h i s t y pe o fh e lme t ( "K eg e lhe lm " ) . C ou rb in h oweve r l o ca ted t h e o r ig in o ft h et y pe t ot h eA rgol id2 4 6 , w h i le Kunze i n1 938 c l a imed t ha t i tw a s aG reek f o rm 2 4 7 a nd l a te r s ugge s ted aP e loponne se -A rgo l id o r ig in 2 4 8 . mil e r _ K a rpe a s sumed2 4 9 t h a tt h et y pe i sd i rec t ly d e scended f r om t h eB ronze A ge h e lme t so ft h et y pe f ound a t K no sso s . He a nd Y a lou r i s p ropo sed aG reek o r ig in f o r t h e c r e s t t y pe s2 5° .S im i la r ly B o rchha rd t p ro p o sed t h a t t h eK eg e lhe lm w a s a n o r ig ina lG reek f o rm 2 5 1 . S nodg ra s s h oweve r e mpha s ized t h ep a ra l le l s o ft h i s t y pe o fh e lme t o n t h eA s sy r ian p a lace r e l ie f s2 5 2 , a nd l o ca ted t h e o r ig in o ft h e c r e s t t y pe s i n A s sy r ia 2 5 3 . B u t , a sh e i d en t if i ed t h eA s sy r ian s o ld ie r o nt h eT i l -Ba r s ip w a l l -pa in t ing s a sa n Ana tol ian s o ld ie ri nc ha rge o fp r i sone r s' ,h et u rned t oA na tol i aa nd U ra r tu : " I n v i ew o ft h ee v id ence a tK a ra t epe a nd C a r chem i sh f o ro t he rt y pe so fc on ica lh e lme t , i ts e ems r e a sonab l et oc onc lude t h a t Ana to l ia w a st h e h ome o fa l lt h e se c r e s t ed v a r ie t ie s , w h ich p e rhap sh av e ac ommon B ronze A g e a nce s to ri nt h eh e lme to f t h eG ua rd ian o ft h e G a t ea tB og ha zkäy . T he l i k e l i e s tm ed ium f o ri t st r ansm i s s ion t ot h eI r on A g ew i l lt h en b e , n o tA s sy r ia , b u tU ra r tu , w he r ec r e s t ed c on i ca lh e lme t sa r ea ppa r en t l yc ha rac t e r i s t i ci nt h en i n th c en tu ry . A s sy r ia a nd G r eece a l ik e w ou ld b el e ga t e e si n d ep end en to fe ach o t he r , a nd mak ing d if er en t mod if i ca t i ons : i nt h i sw ay t h e G r eek t y p e w ou ld b ecome d i s t inc t iv ew i thou tb e ing w ho l l yo r ig ina l . "2 5 5 B u t a sw e h ave a l ready s e en , t h e re i sn o e v idence a va i lab le f o rd i rec t Ana tol ian i nf luence , a tl e a s t n o t i nt h e h e l m e t t r ad i t ion . T he t r an sm i t te r sw e re t h e N o r th S y r ian N eo -H i t t i te s t a te s , w ho se i n f luence i sk nown o n ly i nt he f i r s t p ha se o fo r ien ta l iza t ion ( s ee a bove ) . T he c r e scen t shaped c r e s t f o r e x amp le i sn o t k nown f r om a nywhe re e l se o n ly f r om A s sy r ian a r t2 5 6 ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .16 -18 , 1 9 , r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I [ 7 45 -727 B .C . ] ) , w he re i ti sa lway sw o rn b ys o ld ie r so ft h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy , i nw h ich -a f te r t h e a rmy r e fo rm o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I -t h e e qu ipmen t , e spec ia l ly t h eh e lme t o ft h es o ld ier d oe s n o t i n d ica te a ny n a t iona lo r ig in s ,o n ly t h eb e long ing o ft h es o ld ie rt oa na rm o ft h eA s sy r ian I mpe r ia la rmy . O nt h eA s sy r ian p a lace r el i e f sf u r the rmo re t h e re i sn oa ny s i gn o re v idence w h ich w ou ld i nd ica te t h a t

2 42 F or t he c r es ted h e lme t s o f t h e A s sy r ian a rmy s ee C har t 2 ;f o r t h e p o in ted a nd c r es ted h e lme ts o f t he A s sy r ian a rmy t oge ther s ee Der sö 1 993 , C har t 1 . 2 43 F u r twäng ler 1 890 ,

P .

1 72 .

2 44 Kukahn 1 936 ,p .1 4 . 2 45 L o r imer 1 950 ,p .2 25 , n o te 2 . 2 46 C . ou rb in 1 957 ,p .3 67 . 2 47 Kunze 1 938a ,p p . 9 3 -94 . 2 48 Kunze 1 958 ,p p . 1 23 -124 . 2 49 Müler -Karpe 1 962 ,p .2 72 . 2 50 Müler -Ka rpe 1 962 ,p .2 72 ; Ya lou r is 1 960 ,p .6 0 . 2 51 Borchhard t 1 972 , p . 6 4 : " D ie He lmmacher d er a s sy r ischen A rmee s e tz ten d en h er rkömm l ichen T ypen l e d ig l ich d ie B üge lkons truk t ion a uf .D ie g r iech i s chen Wa f f enme i s ter d agegen S chu f en e i nen n euen H e im typu s . " 2 52 S nodg ra s s1 964 ,p .1 4 . 2 53 S nodg ra ss 1 964 , p .1 94 : " The t wo m a in t ype sw h ich s t and u p f r om t h e h e lme t ( f igure l a j) w ere b o th f ound t o b e c l ose ly l i nked t oA s sy r ia , i n t h e e i g th c en tu ry a ta ny r a te ; a nd a l though a n u l t ima te ly Ana to l ian o r ig in f or t hese t ype s i sf a ir ly l i ke ly , i tw a ss ure ly t h rough A s sy r ia t h a tt he G reek sa cqu i red t h i sn ew a nd c on sp icuou sa ccou tremen t . " . 2 54 S nodg ra s s1 964 ,p .1 4 . 2 55 S nodg rass 1 964 ,p .1 4 . 2 56 Wh ich i sr epre sen ted i nt he f o rm o ft he T i l l -Bar s ip f r es coes a sw e l l , d a ted t o t he r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le ser I I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) .

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t ho se s o ld ie r sw ea r ing t h eh e lme t s w i th c r e scen t shaped c r e s t w e re d ef in i te ly Ana tol ian s .A s h a sb een men t ioned b e fore , t he c r e s ted h e lme t a s ap henomenon may b e t r aced b ack t oL a te B ronze Age Ana tol ia a nd N o r th -Sy r ia2 5 7 , b u tt h ep l ace o ft h ee vo lu t ion o fI r on A ge t y pe sw a sp robab ly N o r th -Sy r ia a nd n o t Ana tol ia ( s ee I l . 5 ) .T he o the r p rob lem i st h e r o le o fU ra r tu . I nU ra r tu , c on ica l c r e s ted h e l me t sw ere a ppa ren t ly n o t c ha rac te r i s t ic i nt h e9 t h c en tury B .C . U ra r t ian s o ld ie r sw o re h em i sphe r ica l c r e s ted h e lme t s , a s k nown f r om t h e b ronze r el ie f s o ft h e B a lawa t G a te s o fS ha lmane se r I I , k ing o f A s sy r ia ( 8 58 -824 B .C . )2 5 8 . I nt h e l a s t q ua r te r o ft h e9 t h c en tu ry B .C . U ra r tu s t a r ted t he n ew c on ica l c r e s ted h e lme tt r ad i t ion t o ge the rw i th A s sy r ia , a nd f r om t h es ame s ou rce : N o r th -Sy r ia ( s ee I l . 5 ) .C on s equen t ly w ec an e l im ina te t h er o le o fU ra r tu i na ny o r ien ta li n f luence e xe r ted o nt h eE a s te rn Med i te r r anean . G rö sche l d i scu s sed t h e p o s s ib le o r ien ta l o r ig in o ft h eh e lme t t y pe a nd e xam in ing t h e d e sc r i t i on o ft h eh e lme to fA thena i nt h eI l iad2 5 9 i d en t i f ied t h ep i ece w i th t h eG reek g eome tr ic K eg e lhe lm He e mpha s ized t h e O r ien ta l o r ig in o ft h e f i gu ra l d eco ra t ion -w h ich w a s u nknown i nG reece -o ft h e h e lme to fA thena2 6 1 . I .G eome tr ic p o in ted h e lme t sw i th e ar f lap sa nd m ad eo ff i ve p i ece s B udap es t ( Mu seum o fF ine A r t s , I n v . n o . 8 442 ; H . : 2 8 c m , D iam . : 2 0 .3 c m ; L a s t t h i rd o f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . )2 6 2 ( I l l . 1 6 -17 ) P o in ted b ronze h e lme t made o ff i ve s epa ra te p i ece s , w h ich w ere r i ve ted a nd p robab ly me lded t o ge the r : c ap o ft h e h e lme t , af r on t p l a te , ab ack p l a te ( n eck -gua rd ) a nd t wo e a rf lap s .T he f ou r p ro tec t ive p a r t s ( f ron t a nd b ack p l a tes , t wo e a rf lap s ) w e re j o ined t ot h e r im o ft h e c ap a nd f o rmed ah o r izon ta lr i b a round t h e c ap t os t reng then i t sr im . T he re i s ah o r izon ta lr e pou W r i b a l ong t h el owe r r im o ft h ef r on tp l a te ,a nd t h e re a r e t wo h o r izon ta lr e pou s sg r i b s ( one a l ong t h e l owe re dge , t h e o t he ri nt h em idd le ) o nt h eb ack p l a te o ft h eh e lme t .B o th o ft h em t og i ve a dd i t i ona l s t reng th t ot h e b ronze s hee t .T he t wo l a rge e a r f lap s ( c u rv ing a tt h eb ack a nd t e rm ina t ing i n ap o in t a tt h e f r on t ) h o ld t h e c ap , t h e f r on t a nd b ack p l a te s t o ge the r , a nd s ecu red t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h eh e lme t .T he p o in t o ft h el e f te a r f lap a nd t h e c u rved r im o ft h e r i gh te a rf l ap a r e b roken . T he re i s as e r ie s o fr i ve t h o les a l ong t h e r im o ft h e h e lme t a nd t h e e arf lap s f o r t h e a t tachmen t o f al i n ing . T he re a r e t h ree s ma l l h o le s o nt h e c ap o ft h e h e lme t : o ne o ft h em i si n t h ef r on t p a r t o ft h e p o in t , t h et wo o t he r s a r e a tt h e r im o ft h e c ap , i nt h ej o in ing p o in t o ft h e e a rf l ap so nt h ef r on to ft h eh e lme t .T he t h ree mo s tp robab ly a nc ien th o le ss e rved t of i x ak i nd o f a ppl ique t ot h ef r on to ft h eh e lme t ,o rs e rved t of i xt h el i n ing i n s ide t h ec ap . A rgo s , Odo s D iom idou s ( A rgo s ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ;L a s tt h i rd o f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . )2 6 3 ( I l l . 1 8 ) P o in ted b ronze h e lme tw i th as im i la r s hape a nd c on s t ruc t ion a st h e B udape s t h e lme t d i scu s sed a bove . T he t wo h e lme t sm en t ioned a bove a r et h eb e s te xamp le so fp o in ted h e lme t so ft he G reek ma in l a nd . T he i r c ha rac te r i s t ic i st h e c on ica ls ku l l -p iece h amme red o u t f r om o ne p i ece o fb ronze ,t ow h ich t h eo the rp a r t so ft h eh e lme t( f ron tp l a te ,n eck -gua rd a nd t wo p o in ted e a r f lap s )w e re r i ve ted . T he o r ig in o ft h et y pe c an b e u ndoub ted ly f ound i nA s sy r ia .A .M . S nodg ra s sw ro te : " Thoug h i t

2 57 S ee t he c hap ter The e vo lu t ion o f Near E a s tern a nd Aeg ean/Eas te rn Med i te r ranean c res t ed h e lme ts , a nd Dena 1 993 ,p p . 1 8 -34 . 2 58 rug 1 9 15 , p a s s im . F or d e ta i led s t udy o ft he h em i spher ica lc r e s ted h e lme t s s ee Der sö 1 993 , p p . 4 7 -51 , f i g . 8 ,C har t 2 ,n o s . 1 09 -117 , 1 30 ; f o rd e ta i led s t udy o fU rar t ian I r on Age h e lme t ss ee Der sö 1 993 ,p p .5 2 -69 , C a t . n o s .5 3 -103 . 2 59 I l iad ,V ,7 43 . 2 60

Grö sche l 1 986 , p . 6 3 : " Ver s V , 7 43 w ar , w ie o ben d arge leg t , m i t g roßer Wahr sche in l ichke i t a l s B eschre ibung d es f r ühg r iech is che sK ege lhe lm se rkann tw o rden . "

2 61 Grö " sche l1 986 , p p . 7 0 -7 1 .T h is f a c t empha s i ze st ha t i nt h e G reek s em imy th ica l t r ad i t ion t he h e lme t so fs ph inxe s , Amazon s a nd A thena ( and o fG e ryon a sw e l l ) c an b eo r ig ina ted i nt h eN ear E a s t . 2 62 L i 'pp erhe ide 1 896 , p .8 8 f . , n o . 4 34 ; C amb ia 1 9 57 , p p . 3 64 f f . , f i g . 4 8 ; Kunze 1 958 , p p . 18 -12 5 ; Kunze 1%7 , p p . 12 -113 , f i g . 3 8 ; P f lug 1 988a , p .1 4 ; D er sö 1 993 , p .4 0 ,p l s . 1 60 -161 . 2 63 P ro tono tar iou -De i lak i 1 97 1 , p p . 8 1 -82 , f i g . 1 3 , p l . ;P rotono tar iou -Dei lak i1 982 p p . 3-48 ; P f lug 1 988a , 1 993 ,p .4 0 .

3 2

P .

1 4 , f i g . 4 ; Dersö

u ndoub t ed l ya cqu i r ed d i s t inc t G r eek c ha rac t er i s t i c s , a nd e v en e xh ib i t s af l ee t ing r e semb lance t oG r eek B ronze A g es hape s , t h i si mpo r tan tG eome t r ic a r t ef ac tc anno tb ec on s id e r ed aMy cenaean l e g a cy , n o ry e ta s pon taneou sc r ea t ion , a t at i me w hen t h e G r eek s w e r ei nc l o se t o uch , a nd o cca s iona l l yh o s t i l ee ncoun t e r , w i th t h eA s sy r ian s . T he K eg e lhe lm mu s te i the rs ha r e ac ommon a nc e s t r yw i th t h eA s sy r ian c on i ca lh e lme t p o r t r ayed o n e i gh t - a nd s e ven th -c en tur yr e l ief s , o rd e r iv e d i r ec t l yf r om i t .S i nce t h ef u l l y d ev e loped f o rm , w i th n eck g ua rd a nd e a r -o rc heek -p iece s , s e ems an ov e l ty i nA s sy r ia a tt h i ss ame p e r iod i ti se a s ie rt o a ccep t t h ef o rme ra l tema t ive . "2 6 4 B u t t h e e a r l ie s t k nown r ep re sen ta t ion o fc on ica l h e lme t s i sk nown f r om aM idd le A s sy r ian c y l inde rs e a li mp re s s ion o n ac une i fo rm t a b le t f r om t h e r e ign o fA shu r -n i ra r i I( 1424 -1418 B .C . )2 6 5 . I ta ppea r s o n t h e Wh i te Obel i sk ( I l l . 4 ,n o . 0 .1 .1 ) a sw el ,w h ich c an b e d a ted p robab ly t ot h e r e ign o fA shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 1 050 -1032 B .C . )2 6 6 . F rom t h e r e ign o fA shu r -na s i r -pa l I ( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) t he r ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h eA s sy r ian c on ica l h e lme t a r e w el k nown2 6 7 . O n ly f ou r c on t empo ra ry N o rth S y r ian r e p re sen ta t ion so fc on ica lh e lme t sa r ek nown ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .15 -16 , 0 .1 .24 -25 ) . S i nce t h e i rp rovenance , d a te a nd i d en t i f ica t ion i sd oub t fu l , t h ey s hou ld n o t b ec on s ide red a se v idence f o rt h ee vo lu t ion o fc on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s .A l toge the r mo re t h an 6 0v a r ian t si nf o rm a nd d eco ra t ion a r ek nown f r om t h ep a la ce r e l ie f s o fA shu r -na s i r -pa l I( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .2 -12 ) , f r om t h eB a lawa t G a te s ( M . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .17 -20 ) o fS ha lmane se r I I ( 8 58 -824 B .C . ) , f r om l a te 9 th -e a r ly 8 t h c en tu ry B .C . i v o ry p l aques f r om N imrud ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .21 -23 , 2 8 ) , f r om t h e p a lace r e l ie f s ( I l l . 4 ,n os . 0 .1 .29 -37 ) o f T ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) , f r om w a l l -pa in t ing s o ft h e s ame r u le r f r om N im rud ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .38 -40 ) , f r om t he p a lace r e l ie f s2 6 8 o fS a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .55 -58 ) , f r om t h e p a lace r e l ie f s2 6 9 o fS enna che r ib ( 7 04 -681 B .C . ) ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .59 -79 ) , f r om t h e p a lace r el i e f s o fE sa r h addon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) ( I l l . 4 ,n o . 0 .1 .83 ) ,f r om t h ep a lace r el ie f so fA shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) ( I l l . 4 , n o s . 0 .1 .84 -89 ) a nd f r om s eve ra l o the r r ep re sen ta t ion s f r om t h eA s sy r ian a r t i nA ssy r ia a nd No r th S y r ia a s wel27° .S ot h eA s sy r ian a nd G reek c on ica lh e lme t s d i dn o t s ha re ac ommon a nce s t ry ,b u t t h e G reek c on ica lh e lme tt r ad i t ion c an b eo r ig ina ted i nt h eA s sy r ian c on ica l/po in ted h e lme t t r ad i t ion .T h i s A s sy r ian t r ad i t ion w a s t h e s ou rce o fs e ve ra l N ea r E a s te rn , e . g . N o r th S y r ian ( " Sy ro -A s sy r ian " )2 7 1 , U ra r t ian 2 7 2 , C auca s ian2 7 3 , N o r th - We s t I r an ian ( w i th H a san 1u )2 7 4 a nd P e r s ian2 7 5 c on ica lh e lme tt r ad i t i on sa sw e l l .I t su nque s t ionnab le i mpac to nt h eC yp r io te c on ica lh e lme tt r ad i t ion h a sa l ready b een d i s c u s sed ( I l l .4 ,n o s .M .2 .1 -16 , 1 7 -20 ) . T he e a r l ies t r ep re sen ta t ion s o fc on ica l h e lme t s f r om G reece c an b e d a ted t ot h e s e cond h a l f ( mo s t p robab ly t ot h e l a s t q ua r te r ) o ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C .Ac e r ta in t y pe o fc on ica lh e lme t -w i th e a r c u t -ou t s a nd d eep n eckgua rd -w h ich h a s e xac t p a rale l s o n t h e p a lace r el ief s o fS a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . )2 7 6 i sk nown f r om v a r iou sb ronze o b jec t s : e . g . o n aC re tan b ronze s h ie ld ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .21 )2 7 7 , o n ab ronze b ow l f r om D e lph i ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .22 -23 )2 7 8 , o n a n o the r b ronze b ow lf r om " O lymp ia " ( I l l . 4 , n o .M .2 .24 )2 7 9 a nd o n ab ron ze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io rf r om O lymp ia ( I l l . 4 ,n o .M .2 .25 )2 8 0 . T he A s sy r ian i nf luence i so bv iou s . I t mu s tb e e mpha s ized , h oweve r , t h a tt h e c r e s t f i t ted c en t ra l ly a c ro s s t h ec on ica l h e lme t o ft h e h un te r o ft h e C re tan s h ie ld ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .21 ) a nd o ft h e O lymp ia w a r r io r ( I l l . 4 ,n o .

2 64 S nodg ra s s1 964 , p .1 95 . 2 65 F rom A shur , B er l in , VAT 8 951 ( = A s s 1 4 446n ) , B e ran 1 9 57 , f i g . 1 ; Der sö 1 993 ,p .1 ,C har t 1 ,n o .4 1 . 2 66 F or t he p rob lem o fd a t ing s ee E t ö rker -K lä%n1 982 ,p p . 1 79 -180 . 2 67 F or t he e vo lu t ion o ft he A s sy r ian c on ica l/po in ted h e lme ts ee D I :a s6 -1 99 3 ,p p . 1 17 , f i g . 1 ,C har t s 1 2 . 2 68 Dur -Shar ruk in ( Khor sabad ) . 2 69 N ineveh . 2 70 Der sö 1 993 , C har t2 . 2 71 Der sö 1 993 ,p p . 3 5 -40 . 2 72 Der sö 1 993 ,p p .5 2 -69 . 2 73 Der sö 1 993 ,p p . 7 0 -7 1 . 2 74 Denö 1 993 , p p .4 144 . 2 75 Der sö 1 993 ,p p . 7 5 -78 . 2 76 D e mo 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o . 1 93 ; B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 7 6a nd p a s s im . 2 77 C re te , Z eu s C ave , M t . I da ; I r ak l ion ,A r chaeo log ica l Museum , I nv . n o . 7 ; Kan = 1 931 ,

P .

8 ,f i g . 1 ,p l . 1 4 ; Der sö 1 993 , C har t

2 ,n o . 1 87 . 2 78 De lph i ,A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum , I nv . n o .4 463 ; Markoe 1 98 5 ,p p . 2 05 -206 ,3 20 -323 , G4 ; De rsö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o s . 1 88 -189 . 2 79 Ox fo rd ,A shmo lean Mu seum , G 401 ; Ma rkoe 1 98 5 ,p p . 2 07 , 3 26 -327 , G7 ; De r sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o . 1 90 . 2 80 O lymp ia Mu seum , I nv . B4 240 .

3

M .2 .25 ) i sn o t t h es i gn o f ad if e ren tt y pe o fh e lme t , o n ly t h el o ca l G reek v a r ian t o f ab a s ic t y pe . T he se f i ve h e lme t sp robab ly r ep re sen t ac e r ta in p ha se o fo r ien ta l iza t ion i nt h el a s tq ua r te ro f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . G reek h e lme t t r ad i t ion . As im i la r p ha se , o n as im i la r ( b ronze ) g roup o fo b jec t s , h a s a l ready b een e xam ined i nt h ec a se o ft h e e a r ly C re tan c r e s ted h e lme t s2 8 1 ( s ee a bove ) .A st h e re a r en ok nown e xam p l e s o ft h i s t y pe o u t s ide A s sy r ia a nd t h e se o r ien ta l iz ing o b jec ts i nG reece , i tm ay r e f lec t ac e r ta in O r ien ta l ( A s sy r ian ) i n f luence ,w h ich r e ached G reece p robab ly i nt h er e ign o fS a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) , w ho c onque red C yp ru s . Mo re g ene ra l o r ien ta l iza t ion c an b ed e tec ted i nt h es e cond , e a r ly 7 t h c en tu ry B .C . p ha se o ft h e e vo lu t ion o fo r ien ta l iz ing G reek c on ica lh e lme t s , w h ich i sb e s td e sc r ibed a ss imp le " s t imu lu s d ifu s ion " . T he r epre sen ta t ion s o ft h i s p ha se a r e m a in ly b ronze s t a tue t te so fw a r r io r sw ea r ing c on ica l o rp o in ted h e lme t s : e . g . f r om A then s ,A c ropol i s ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .26 )2 8 2 , f r om D e lph i ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .27 )2 8 3 , T egea ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .28 )2 8 4 , T he rmon ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .29 )2 8 5 a nd K a rd i t sa ( I l l . 4 ,n o . M .2 .30 )2 8 6 . T he s hape s c on ica l o r p o in ted -s imp ly r e f lec t t h e n ew h e lme t t y pe , w h ich a s ar e su l t o fo r ien ta l i nf luence o r " s t imu lu sd i f fu s ion " a ppea red i nG reece a sw el i nt h el a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Un for tuna te ly t h e re a re n o r ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h e " K eg e lhe lm " k nown . T he t h ree O lymp ian b ronze s t a tue t te s o fw a r r io r s ( " S te ine rb ronze s " )2 8 7 ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . M .5 .9 -11 ) , a sK unze h a s a rgued , c an b e d a ted t o t h e e a r ly 7 t h c en tu ry B .C . T hey a r el a te rt h an t h e l a s t q ua r te r o f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ,w h ich d a te w a s s ugge s ted b yC ou rb in a f te re xam in ing t h eg r ave g ood sf ound t o ge the rw i th t h eA rgo s c r e s ted h e lme t2 8 9 a nd w a s r a i sed t oa round 7 40 B .C . b yK unze 2 9 °( wh ich s e em s al i t t le h i gh ) . S nodg ra s s d e s c r ib ing t he " K eg e lhe lm " a s t h e e xpe r imen ta l f o re runne r o ft h e C o r in th ian h e lme t2 9 1 , w ro te t ha t t h e " S te ine r b ronze s " " s how e v e ry s i g n o fh av ing o b ser v ed a n a r t i s t i cc onven t ion t o o l o ng f o ri tt oh av e c o r r e spond ed t h roughou tw i th c on t empo ra r yh f e "2 9 2 . S ot h e re a r e n o c on tempo ra ry , G eome tr ic P e r iod r ep r e sen ta t ion se ven o ft h eb a s ic ( made o ff i ve p i ece ) s t ruc tu re t y pe a sw el . A s h a s b een q uo ted , S nodg ra s s a rgued t h a t t h e n eckgua rd a nd e a rf l ap w a s an ew i n ven t ion i n t h e c on tempo ra ry A s sy r ian a rmy a sw e l l .A nd i n deed , o nt h ep a lace r e l i e f s o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 7 27 B .C . ) w e c an f i nd aw ide r ange o fd ife ren t t y pe s o fe a r f lap s2 9 3 . T he re a r e r ounded ( I l l . 4 ,n o s . 0 .1 .33 -35 , 3 7 ) a nd p o in ted e a rf lap s ( I l l . 4 ,n o . 0 .1 .36 ) o n t h e c on ica l a nd c r e s ted h e lme ts a sw e l 12 9 4 . Mo reove r , t h e re a r e r ep re sen ta t ion so fA s sy r ian c on ica l a nd c r e s ted h e lme t sw i th r ounded o rp o in ted e a rf lap s a nd n eckgua rd2" f r om t h e r e ign o ft h e s ame r u le r . T he c on ica l/po in ted a nd c r e s ted h e lme t w i th n eckgua rd t e rm ina t ing i np o in ted e a rf lap ( I l l . 4 ,n o . 0 .2 .23 ) c ou ld b et h ef o re runne ro ft h e G reek " K eg e lhe lm "v a r ian t s .T he o n ly d i f f e rence b e tween t h em i st h a tt h eA s sy r ian e xamp le ss e em t ob em ade f r om as i ng le p i ece o fm e ta l .A s h a s h oweve rb een m en t ioned , t h e " K eg e lhe lm " a s ab a s ic t y pe w a s a

2 81 F i r s th a l fo rm idd le o f8 th c en tu ry B .C . -t h e f i r s tp ha se o fo r ien ta l iza t ion -f r om F or te t sa , K a to -Sym i ,K han ia le T ekke a nd I C avous i . 2 82 A thens , N a t iona l Mu seum , I nv . 6 612 , H . : 2 1 .2 c m ,S chwe i tzer 1 97 1 ,p l s . 1 64 165 ; L amb 1 929 , p l . 2 0a . 2 83 D e lph i , Ar chaeo log ica l Mu seum , I nv . 3 649 , H . : 1 3 c m ; P redr ize t 1 908 , p .3 0 , n o . 1 6 , p l . 1 : 4 ; Roney 1 969 , p .4 5 , n o . 2 8 , p l . I X :28 . 2 84 Dug as 1 921 ,p p . 3 55 -356 , n o .5 3 ,f i g . 1 9 . 2 85 L amb 1 929 ,p l . 1 7a . 2 86 L amb 1 929 ,p l . 1 7b . 2 87 W i th h igh , u n s t i l ted c re s to rc ap c urv ing f o rward ,t ype I IC . 2 88 Kunze

1 9 5 8 ,p .1 24 .

2 89 C ou rb in 1 9 57 ,p p . 3 39 -340 . 2 90 Kunze 1 967a ,

P .

14 .

2 91 S nodg ras s 1 964 ,

P .

1 5 .

2 92 S nodg ras s1 964 ,

P .

1 6 .

2 93 D er sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,p as s im . 2 94 A s sy r ian c res ted h e lme t sw i th r ounded e ar f lap : C har t 1 ,n o s . 0 .2 .19 -20 , 2 5 ; Dcz sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o s . 1 51 -152 , 1 57 ; B a rne t t -F a l lmer 1 962 , p l s . LX I , XL I , XL I I , XX .X I I I , XXX IV ; A s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme t sw i th p o in ted e ar f lap : C har t 1 ,n o s . 0 .2 .17 , 2 1 , 2 4 ; Der sö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o s . 1 49 , 1 53 , 1 56 ; B a rne t t -F a lkner 1 962 , L ,L I , DO C IX , LXX I I I . 2 95 A ssy r ian c on ica l/po in ted h e lme t w i th an eckguard e nd ing i n ap o in ted e ar f lap : T i l -Bar s ip w a l l -pa in t ing : C har t 1 ,n o . 0 .1 .48 ; Am ie t 1 980 ,p l . 1 05 ; A s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme tw i th n e ckguard t e rm ina t ing i n ar ounded e ar f lap : C har t 2 ,n o . 0 .2 .18 ; B a rne t t -F a lkner 1 962 , p l s . = CV , XXXV I ;A s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme tw i th n eckguard t e rm ina t ing i np o in ted e ar f lap : C har t 2 ,n o . 0 .2 .23 ; B a rne t t -F a lkner 1 962 ,p l . LX I I .

3 4

G reek p roduc t ( a tl e a s t i nt h e" f i ve p i ece " c on s t ruc t ion ) , a nd o b se rved o n ly t h e b a s ic p r inc ip le so ft h e O r ien ta lh e lme t t r ad i t ion . B u tt h e f a c tt h a t a l ready 1 5d ev e loped t y pe s o fc r e s ted h e lme t sc an b e s e en o nt he p a lace r e l ie f s o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 -727 ) , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e e vo lu t ion o fc r e s ted h e lme t s i n t he A s sy r ian a rmy s t a r ted i nt h a t 8 0y ea rg ap ,f r om w h ich t h e re a r e n ow e l l d a ted r ep re sen ta t ion so f A s sy r ian h e lme t sa va i lab le .S i nce t h eA s sy r ian a rmy w a st h eo n ly a rmy ,w h ich h ad a l t h ev a r ie t ie s ( one c on ica l a nd f ou rc r e s ted ) o ft h i sb a s ic h e lme tt y pe ( "K eg e l he lm " ) , w e c anno tf i nd ac ommon s ou rce f o r t he t wo p roduc t ion so u t s ide A s sy r ia .S oi tc an b ec onc luded t h a tt h i sb a s ic t y pe o fh e lme t( "made o ff i ve p i ece s " ,o r" K eg e lhe lm " ) d e r iv ed f r om A s sy r ia mo s tp robab ly i nt h es e cond h a l fo f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . I ts eem s p robab le t ha t t he l i f e o ft h i s -w e l l d ocumen ted -h e lme t t y pe w a s v ery s ho r t . A s S nodg ra s sw ro te : " . .i t sl i f es e em st oh av eb een e x t r eme l ys ho r t . T he s imp l el i ne sa nd c ompo s i t es t ruc tur e o ft h eK eg e lhe lm c ou ld h ave b een e a s i l yp o r t ra y ed i nt h eo u t l ine s t y l e so ft h es e v en th -cen tur yp a in t ing h ad i ts t i l lb een i nu se . "2 9 6 . S nodg ra s s a s sumed t h a t t h e r i dge i nr e l ie f , w h i ch b i sec t s t h e n eckgua rd h or izon taly i s al a te r e vo lu t ion , a nd c on sequen t ly t h eB udape s t h e lme t2 9 7 a nd h e lme t O lymp ia I nv . B r . 1 05332 9 8 a r e l a te i n t he s e r ie s a nd c an b e d a ted t ot h e e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . H e i sp robab ly r i gh t , s i nce t h e s hape o ft h e h e lme t i sc on ica la nd t h e f ou r s epa ra te p a r t s a t tached v e r t ica l ly t ot h e c ap o ft h eh e lme td o n o tb rake t h e c u rv ing c on tou r o ft h e c ap ( w i th t h e e x cep t ion o ft h ej o in ing r i b ) b u tf olow i t .T he se t wo h e lme t s w i th t he i r s moo th c u rv e may i n deed r ep re sen t al a te r e vo lu t ion i nt h e s e r ie s . F e l sch f ound af r agmen t i nt he s anc tua ry o fK a lapod i w i th L a te G eome tr ic p o t te ry2 9 9 . T he d a te o ft h i s p roduc t ion r ange s b e tween t h el a s t q ua r te ro ft h e8 t h c en tu ry a nd t h ef i r s t q ua r te ro ft h e7 t hc en tury B .C . ,w hen t h el a te r c l a s s ica lh e lme t f o rm s ,t h e C o r in th ian a nd I l y r ian h e lme t sg r adua l ly r ep laced i ta st h el e ad ing h e lme t t y pe . Undoub ted ly t h i st y pe o fh e lme tw a st h ef i r s ti mpo r tan t i s t m i l lenn ium B .C . G reek h e lme tt y pe , w h ich b ecame p a r to ft h eh eavy w eapon ry o ft h ee a rl i e s tG reek h opl i te s . I .G eome tr ic p o in ted h e lme t sw i th ah i gh .c r e scen t shap ed c r e s t A rgo s ,T omb 4 5 ( A rgo s ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ;L a s tt h i rd o f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) ( I l l . 1 9 ) V a r ian to ft h ec on ica lt y pe d i scu s sed a bove .T he b a s ic s t ruc tu re o ft h eh e lme ti st h es ame a st h e o the rh e lme t s o ft h ep o in ted a nd o t he rg roup s : i tc on s i s t s o f ac on ica l s kul -p iece , af r on t a nd a b ack p l a te a nd t wo e a rf lap s . T he r im s o ft h e s epa ra te b ronze s hee t sw ere s t reng thened b y a n embo s sed r i b . T he h o r izon ta l c en t ra lr i b o ft h e b ack p l a te o ft h e B udape s t p o in ted h e lme t i s m i s s ing f r om t h i sh e lme t . O nt h et o p o ft h e s kul -p iece h oweve rt h e re i s at ubu la r c r e s t suppo r t d eco ra ted w i th t h ree b and s o fh o r izon ta lr i b s ( 4 -5 -6 r i b s ) . T he re i s ac r e scen t shaped c r es t c u rv ing a lmo s tb ack t ot h e s i de o ft h es kul -p iece -r i ve ted o n t h et o p o ft h e c r e s t suppo r t . T he t wo s i de s o ft h e c r e s t w ere d eco ra ted w i th a n e mbo s sed r i b a nd 8p seudo r ive t s . T he a c tua l h o r seha i rp l ume w a sf i xed i n to t h i sc r e s t .L a s tq ua r te ro f8 t hc en tu ry B .C . 3°1 O lymp ia , S ou th o ft h e H era ion ( O lymp ia Mu seum , O ld I n v . B r . 1 0533 ; H . : 2 8 .7 c m ; H . o ft h e f r on t p l a te :7 . 6c m ;H .o ft h eb ackp la te : 1 0 .2 c m ;H .o ft h ee a rf l ap s : 1 8 .2 c m ) 3° 2( I l l . 2 0 ) I t sc on s t ruc t ion i ss im i la r t ot h eA rgo sh e lme t . T he c r e s t a nd t h er i gh t e a rf lap a r em i s s ing . T he r i gh ts i de o ft h ef r on tp l a te a nd t h eb ack p l a te i sf r agmen ta ry . T he re i s aj o in ing f r agmen t o ft h e b ackp la te p ubl i shed s epa ra te ly ( H . : 5 . 4c m ; L . : 1 .1 c m ) 3° 3. T he h o r izon ta lr i bw h ich b i sec t st h e b ack p l a te o ft h eh e lme td a te si tt ot h ef i r s tq ua r te ro ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C .

2 96 S nodg ras s 1%4 ,p p . 1 5 -16 . 2 97 S nodg ra ss 1%4 ,

P .

1 5 ,A l .

2 98 S nodg ras s 1%4 ,

P .

1 5 ,A 2 .

2 99 F e lsch 1 987 ,p p . 1 2 -13 ,f i g . 1 8 . 3 00 Cou tb in 1 957 , p p . 3 22 f f . , f i g s . 1 9 , 3 9 -45 , p l s . 1 ,4 ;K unze 1 958 p .1 24 ; K unze 1 967a , p p . 13 -114 ; 1 3o rchha rd t1 977 , p l . EI V b ;P f lug 1 988a , 3 01

1 2 , f i g s . 1 3 ; Dena 1 993 ,

P .

Cou rb in 1 957 ,

P .

P .

4 0 .

3d a ted t he t wo k an tharo i f ound i nt he t omb t oge ther w i th t h e h e lme t t o t he l a s t q uar ter o f t h e 8 th

c en tury B .C . 3 02 F ur tv r äng ler 1 890 ,p .1 72 , n o . 1 031 ,p l .6 2 ; Kunze 1 9 58 p . 19 ,n o . 1 ,p l s .3 3 -3 4 ; Kunze 1 967a ,p . 12 , n o te 1 ;P f lug 1 988a ,p p . 1 2 -14 ,n o te 1 2 ; l Ic es5 1 993 ,p .4 0 . 3 03 Kunze 1%7a ,

P .

12 ,n o te 1 .

3 5

O lymp ia ,p robab ly f r om t h eA lphe io s ( O lymp ia Mu seum , I n v .n o . : w i thou t n umbe r ;H . : 2 0 .8 c m ;H .o f t h ef r on tp la te :8 . 3c m ;H .o ft h eb ackp la te : 1 0 .7 c m ;H .o ft h ee a rf l ap s : 1 5 .8 c m ) "( I l l . 2 1 ) I t s c on s t ruc t ion i ss im i la rt ot h eA rgo sh e lme t . I t sf r agmen ta ry c ond i t ion ( t he t op o ft h ec on ica l s ku l l -p iece a nd t h el e f te a rf l ap a r em i s s ing ) m ake si t si d en t if i ca t ion d oub t fu l : t h eu ppe rs t ruc tu re o ft he h e lme t m igh t b e p o in ted o r c r es ted a s w e l l . T he m i s s ing o ft h e h o r izon ta l r i b w h ich b i sec t st h eb ack p l a te so ft h eB udape s tp o in ted h e lme ta nd h e lme tO ld I nv . B r . 1 0533 d a te si tt o t h ee nd o ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C . O lymp ia , f r om t h eN or th Wa l l o ft h eS tad ion ( O lymp ia Mu seum , I n v . n o . B5 1 ; H . : 1 8 c m ; H . o ft h e f r on tp la te :7 . 2c m ) 3° 5( I l l .2 2 ) F ragmen ta ry h e lme t , c on s t ruc t ion o fw h ich i ss im i la r t ot h eA rgo s h e lme t . I t s s kul -p iece a nd f r on t p l a te i si n tac t , b u tb o th e a rf lap s a nd t h eb ack p l a te a r em i s s ing .At ubu la r c r es t suppo r t l a te ra dded t ot h eh e lme t . O lymp ia , " Brunnen 2 3 i m S tad ion -Nordwa l l " ( O lymp ia Mu seum , I n v .n o . B4 714 ; H . : 9 . 7 c m ; D iam . : 1 8 .3 -19 .8 c m ;D iam .o ft h ec r e s tba se h o le : 1 . 9c m ) 3° 6( I l l . 2 3 ) S ku l l -p iece o f ah e lme t o ft h eA rgo st y pe .T he c r e s t , t h e f r on t a nd b ack p l a te s a nd t h et wo e a r f l ap sa r em i s s ing . A then ,K er ame iko s ( Grab V ) ( H .o fc r e s t suppo r tt u be :4 . 5c m ;D iam . : 1 . 45 -2c m ) 3° 7 T ubu la rc r e s t suppo r ts im i la rt ot h ec r e s t suppo r to ft h eA rgo sh e lme t . Af u r the rf r agmen ta ry e xamp le m ay b ei nD e lo s Mu seum . 3° 8 T h i s k i nd o fc r e s ted h e lme tw a sw ide sp read i nA s sy r ia ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .23 -25 ) a nd N o r th S y r ia ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .26 ) 3°9 i n t h e t h i rd q ua r ter o f t h e 8 th c en tu ry B .C . T here i so n ly a s i ng le , b u t u n fo r tuna te ly u np rovenanced A s sy r ian o rN o r th S y r ian e xamp le k nown o ft h i st y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t , n ow i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum : B r i t ish Museum , I nv . n o . : 2 841 ( R ichard P ayne K n igh t B eque s t 1 824 ) , p rovenance u nknown , H . :2 4 .6 c m ,D iam . : 1 9 .6 c m ,m idd le o ft h e8 t hc en tu ry B .C .3 1 °( I l l .2 4 ) B o rchha rd t s ugge s ted t h a t t h e b e s t p a ra l le l f o r t h eA rgo s h e lme t w i th c r e scen t -shaped c r e s t ( " Büg e lhe lm " ) i so nt h ep a lace r el i e f so fS ennache r ib3 1 1 ( 7 04 -681 B .C . ) ,b u t a sw eh ave s e en much b e t t e rA s sy r ian p a ra l le l sa r e k nown f r om t h er e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) ,w i th e a rf lap sa nd n eckgua rd ( I l l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .23 ) o rw i th e a rf l ap sb u tw i thou tn eckgua rd ( I l l .5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .24 -26 ) . S eve ra lr ep re sen ta t ion so ft h i st y pe o fh e lme ta r ek nown f r om G reek l a te g eome t r ic a nd a r cha ic a r t ( / / . 5 ,n o s . M .6 .1 -24 ) . Howeve r , i nc on t rad ic t ion t ot h e N ea r E a s te rn p rac t ice , w he re c r e s ted h e l me t sw e re w o rn o n ly b yf oo ts o ld ie r so ft h el i gh ti n fan t ry ,i nt h eA egean t h i st y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme tw a s w o rn b yw ar r io r s f i gh t ing o ns h ip ( I l l . 5 ,n o . M .6 .1 ) , h o r semen ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . M .6 .2 , 1 8 , 2 2 ) a nd h opl i te s ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . M .6 .3 , 5 ,1 0 , 1 2 -13 , 2 4 ) . T h i s t y pe o fh e lme t w a sw orn a lmo s t e verywhe re i nt h e E a s te rn Med i te r ranean .R ep re sen ta t ion sr ange f r om C yp ru s ( I l l . 5 ,n o s .M .6 .18 -21 ) t oA then s ( I l l . 5 ,n o s .M .6 .1 -

3 04

Kunze 1 938a ,p .9 3 , n o te 4 ;K unze 1 941 ,

P .

1 06 ,p l . 3 6 u pper , Kunze 1 9 58 , p . 19 ,n o . 2 ,p l . 3 5 ; P f lug 1 988a , p p . 1 2 -14 , n o te

1 2 ; De rsö ( f or thcom ing ) ,p .4 0 . 3 05 Hampe

J an tzen 1 936 -1937 ,p .5 2 ,p l . 6r i gh t ; K u =1 958 ,p . 19 , n o .3 ;P f lug 1 988a ,p p . 1 2 -14 , n o te 1 2 ; De rsö 1 993 ,p .4 0 .

3 06 K unze 1 967a ,

P .

11 , n o . 3 a ,p l .5 0 :1 ; P f lug 1 988a ,p .1 2 ,n o te 1 2 ; Deek 1 993 ,p .4 0 .

3 07 B r i ickner -P e rn i ce 1 893 ,p .1 08 ; Bor chha rd t1 97 2 ,p .6 5 , K a t . 1 3I I 1 ;P f lug 1 988a ,p .2 0 . 3 08 S nodgr as s1 964 ,

P .

1 3 : " Ap o s s ib le s i x th e xamp le i si nt h e Mu seum a t De lo s ( I nv . n o .A .798 ) , u npub l ished a s f a ra s Ik now :

i ti s amuch d amaged b ronze o b jec t o ff l a t c on ica l s hape , w ho se d imen s ions ( he igh t 1 0 c m , d i ame ter 1 6 c m ) a nd f o rm c or r e spond w e l lw i th t he ' c ap 's e c t ion so ft ho se l i s ted a bove . " 3 09 De rsö 1 993 , C har t2 ,n o . 1 74 ( T ig la th -P i le ser I I [ 7 45 -727 B .C . ] ) , C har t 3 ,n o . 1 74 . 3 10 Wa l te rs 1 899 , p .3 49 , c a t . n o . 2 841 ; B r i t i sh Mu seum 1 929 ,p p . 7 7 , 7 9 , f i g . 6 9 , n o . 29 ; P f lug 1 988a , p p . 1 9 -20 , f i g . 9 ,n o te 4 3 ; D eaö 1 993 ,p p . 1 6 -24 , C a t . n o . 1 ,p l . 2 1 . 3 11 B o r chhard t1 9 72 ,p .6 4 . Our C har t2 ,n o s . 0 .2 .30 -32 .

3 6

3 ,5 ,1 0 ) ,t h eP e loponne se ( I l l . 5 ,n o s .M .6 .4 , 7 ,1 , 1 4 -15 , 2 2 -23 ) a nd t h eG reek i s land s( / / / .5 ,n o s .M .6 .6 , 8 9 , 1 2 -13 , 1 6 ) . T he re w e re s e ve ra l s ma l le rf r agmen t sf ound i nO lymp ia a nd r a nged a mong t h eh e lme t so ft h i s g roup , b u t i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se p i ece sb e long t oa n o the rv a r ian t ( I I IAo rB ) o ft h i sb a s ic h e lme t t y pe . We l i s ted t h ef r agmen t s ,h e lme tt y pe o fw h ich i su n iden t i f ied ,u nde r as epa ra te t i t le . •g t t 3 eome tr ic h em i sunenca ih e lme tw i th an i gn c r e s tc urv in o rward O rdona ( Sou th I t a ly ) ( Colec t ion o fA .C eccan t i ,F lo rence ,I nv .n o .p rov . CC 4 36 )3 1 2 H em i sphe r ica lh e lme tb a s ic s t ruc tu re o fw h ich i ss im i la rt ot h eB udape s t a nd A rgo st y pe made o ff i ve p i ece s .I tw a s made o f ah em i sphe r ica ls k u l l -p iece , af r on tp l a te , ab ack p l a te a nd t wo e a r f l ap s .T he mo s ti mpo r tan tc ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h i st y pe i st h eh i gh c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd a nd e nd ing i na ns t y l ized a n ima l ' s ( b i rd ' s o rp robab ly ah o r se 's ) h ead .T he c r e s tw a sf i xed t ot h e t op o ft h e h em i spher ica l skul -p iece b yr i ve t s .T he re w e re t wo a t tachmen t sf i xed t ot h e s i de so ft h eh e lme t b yh i nge s . T he se a t tachmen t sm igh tb et h es ame a st h e a t tachmen to ft h eo the r O rdona h e lme t : ab u l l ' sh o rn a nd e a rc u to u tf r om ab ronze s hee t . O rdona ( Sou th I t a ly )3 1 3 T he f r agmen ta ry h e lme t c on s i s t s o ft h eh em i sphe r ica ls ku l l -p iece , t h e f r on t p l a te a nd ab ronze s hee t a t tachmen t f i xed t ot h e r i gh t s i de o ft h e s kul -p iece b y h i nges . T he a t tachmen tr ep re sen t s ab u l l 's h o rn a nd e a r .T he b a s ic s t ruc tu re o ft h eh e lme ti st h es ame a st h e C eccan t ih e lme td i scu s sed a bove . V en ice ( P r iva te C olec t ion )3 1 4 T he t h i rd k nown h e lme t o ft h eg roup ,w h ich h a s t h e s ame s t ruc tu re a s t h eO rdona h e lme t s . T he se h e lme t sa r e t h eo n ly e xamp le s o ft h e t h i rd v a r ian t : ah i gh c r e s tw a s r i ve ted o nt ot h e t op o f ah em i spher ica l s ku l l -p iece . T he b a s i c s t ruc tu re i st h e s ame a sh e lme t t y pe s Ia nd I made o ff i ve p i ece s .K unze s uppo sed t h a tt h i st y pe i s at r an s i t iona lf o rm b e tween t h eK eg e lhe lm a nd t h eI l y r ian h e l m e t3 1 5 . A c co rd ing t oL epo re t h i st y pe m igh tb e al o ca l ( p rov inc ia l ) , I t a l ian v a r ian t o ft h eb a s ic t y pe 3 1 6 ( t ype I )b u t t h e o ve ra l l s hape i sw e l l k nown i nG reece a sw e l l ( I l l . 5 ,g roup sM .4 -M .5 )3 1 7 . L ike t h e C re tan c r e s ted h e lme t d i scu s sed a bove , i t s o r ien ta l p ro to type s a r e k nown f r om t h e t h em idd le o ft h e 8 th c en tu ry B .C . o nA s sy r ian p a lace r e l ie f s . He lme ts w i th c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd c an b e s e en o n t h e p a lace r el i e f so fT ig , la th -P i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -13 ,S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) :I l l . 5 , n o s . 0 .2 .27 -29 ,S ennache r ib ( 7 04 -681 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .34 -40 ,E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .42 a nd A shu rban ipa l ( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .43 -46 , 4 8 . We c an f i nd a l l t he b a s ic t y pe s o f c r e s ted h e lme t s w i th c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd i nt h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy : t h e re a re c r e s ted h e lme ts w i thou t e a rf lap s (M . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -9 , 2 7 ) , w i th e a rf l ap s , a nd w i th e a rf lap s a nd n eckgua rd ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .11 -12 f r om t h e r e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I a nd i l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .28 f r om t h e r e ign o fS a rgon I ) a s we

1 318 .

T he t wo b a s ic v a r ian t s i n manu f ac tu re -c on ica ls ku l l -p iece o rh em i sphe r ica ls ku l l -p iece -o ft h e s ame b a s ic t y pe d eve loped i np a ra l le l .T he d if e rence b e tween t h e se t wo b a s ic t y pe sm igh tb e at e chn i c a lo ne : t h e c on ica ls h ape m igh tb eh amme red o u tf r om as i ng le p i ece o fb ron ze , w h i le t h e c r e s to ft h e h em i sphe r ica l s kul -p iece m igh t b e r i ve ted s epa ra te ly o n t he t o p o ft he h e lme t . A s w e c an s ee t h e p ro to type s o ft he G reek c r e s ted h e lme t s c an b e f ound o n t h e A s sy r ian p a lace r e l ie f s o ft h e t h i rd q ua r te r o ft h e8 t h c en tu ry B .C .T h i s a lmo s to ne a nd h a l fc en tu ry d ev e lopmen to fA s sy r ian r ep re sen ta t i ona le v idence s how sa ni n te re s t ing d if e rence b e tween t h eO r ien ta la nd Med i te r ranean h e lme t

3 12 L epo re 1 984 ,p p . 3 29 -332 ,p l . 1 ;P f lug 1 988a ,p p . 1 4 -15 , f i g s .5 6 ; Dosö 1 993 ,p .4 1 . 3 13 E gg 1 986 ,p .1 5 , p l . 1 7 ; P f lug 1 988a ,p .1 5 ; De r sö 1 993 ,p .4 1 . 3 14 S o theby 's C a ta logue 1 9 _6 .1 961 , p .2 8 , n o . 17 ; Kunze 1 967a , p p . 15f . , f i g . 3 9 ; L cpore 1 984 ,p .3 30 , n o te 7 ;P f lug 1 988a ,p . 1 4 ; Der sö 1 993 ,p .4 1 . 3 15 Kunze 1 967a ,p . 16 . 3 16 L e -po re 1 984 ,p .3 3 1 . 3 17 F or t he d e ta i led d i scu s s ion o fG reek r ep re sen ta t iona le v idence s ee t he c hap ter o fC re tan c r e s ted h e lme tf r om P ra iso s . 3 18 F o rd e ta i led d i s cu s s io in s e et hc hap ter o fT he e vo lu t ion o fN ear E as tern c r e s ted h e lme t s ,p p .2 4 -29 .

3 7

t r ad i t ion s . T he t endency o fs t anda rd iz a t ion o fA s sy r ian m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t , e spec ia l ly o fA s sy r ian h e l me t s c on tra s t s s ha rp ly w i th t he E a s te rn Med i te r ranean d eve lopmen t ,w h ich w a s c ha rac te r ized b yt h e a lmo s t f r ee v a r ia t ion o r p e rmu ta t ion o ft h e d ife ren t e l emen t s o ft h e b a s ic t y pe s o fc r e s ted h e lme t s . T he O r ien ta l s t anda rd iza t ion w a s ag ove rnmen t p ol i cy , w h i le t h eA egean s t anda rd iza t ion o fm i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t ( hop l i te e qu ipmen tw i th C o r in th ian o rI l y r ian h e lme ta nd h op lon s h ie ld )w a s as pon taneou s e vo lu t ion . A l toge the r f ou r O r ien ta l c r e s ted b ronze h e lme t s , ac r e s t , a nd 1 6i r on h e lme t f r agmen t s o ft h i s t y pe a r e k nown . T he f ou r c r e s ted b ronze h e lme t s c an b e d a ted t ot h e l a te 9 t h c en tu ry B .C . Two o f t h em a r eU ra r t ian ,a nd a r ei n sc r ibed w i th t h en ame o fI s hpu in i ,k i ng o fU ra r tu ( c a .8 30 -810 B .C . ) : 1 . Ma inz , R öm isch -German isches Z en tra lmuseum , I nv . n o . 039702 , f r om " Urar tu ( Eas tern T urk ey ) " ,H . :2 9c m ,l a s tq ua r te ro f9 t hc en tu ry B .C .3 1 9 ( I l l .2 5 ) 2 . Ma inz , R öm isch -German ische s Z en tra lmuseum , I nv . n o . 039703 , f r om " Urar tu ( Eas tern T urk ey ) " ,H . :2 9c m ,l a s tq ua r te ro f9 t hc en tu ry B .C .3 2° F u r the rt wo h e lme t sc an b ei d en t if ied a sA s sy r ian p roduc t s : 3 . Mun ich , P räh is tor i sche s S taa t s samm lung , I nv . n o . P . S . 1 979/1181 , f r om " Urar tu ( Eas t ern T urk ey ) " , H . : 3 0 .8 c m , D iam . : 2 0 .4 -22 .3 c m , l a s t q ua r te r o f9 t h -f i r s t q ua r te r o f8 t h c en tu ry B .C .3 2 1 ( I l l .2 6 ) 4 .K ar lsruhe , B ad i sche s L and e smu seum , I n v .n o . 8 9/12 ,f r om " Urar tu ( Ea s t ern T urk ey ) " , H . : 2 8 .5 c m ,D iam . : 1 9 -22 c m ,l a s tq ua r te ro f9 t h -f i r s tq ua r te ro f8 t hc en tu ry B .C .3 2 2 ( I l l . 2 7 ) Af i th f r agmen t , ac r e s tw a sf ound i nL ach i sh ,i nt h ed e s t ruc t ion l e ve lo ft h eA s sy r ian s i ege o f7 01 B .C . 5 .J erusa lem ,T he I s rae l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . :3 4 .133/1 -2 ,L ach i sh ,7 01 B .C .3 2 3 T he se h e lme t s r ep resen t t he t wo b a s ic s t ruc tu ra l g roup s o fc r e s ted h e lme t s : t h e Ma inz a nd K a r l s ruhe h e lme ts w e re h amme red o u t f r om as i ng le p i ece o fb ronze s hee t , w h i le t h e c r e s t s o ft h e Mun ich a nd L ach i sh h e lme t sw e re r i ve ted s epa ra te ly o n to t h e t o p o ft h eh e lme t . Howeve r ,t h e Ma inz a nd K a r l s ruhe h e lme t s s how t h es i gn s ( e .g . p seudo r ive t s ) o ft h e e a rl i e s t c on s t ruc t ion o ft h i s t y pe . T he r e la t ive ly c ompl i ca ted s hape o fc r e s ted h e lme t sw a sf o rmed b yr i ve t ing t h ed if e ren tp a r t so ft h eh e lme t t oge the r .3 2 4 T here a r e 1 6 f r agmen t s o fA s sy r ian ( c r e s t ed ) i r on h e lme t s e x cava ted b yL aya rd a tN im rud , i n t he N or th - We s t P a lace , C hambe r Ii nt h e a u tumn o f1 846 , n ow i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum 3 2 5 ( I l l . 2 8 ) . T he re a r e f r agmen t s a tl e a s t f r om f ou rh e lme t s ( f rom t h e 1 6t h e re a r e 4c r e s t f r agmen t s ) . T he se f r ag men t st oge the r w i th a nA s sy r ian p o in ted i r on h e lme t ( s ee a bove ) f r om t h es ame f md a r e t h e e a rl i e s t k nown i r on h e lme t s i nt h ew o r ld . F u r the rmo re t h e se h e lme t sw e re m a s s -p roduced h e lme t s ( deco ra ted w i th b ronze i n lay , au n ique t e chn ique ) ,w h ich e mpha s ize st h es k i l lo fA s sy r ian b l ack sm i th s a nd t h eh i gh

3 19 V anden B erghe -De Meyer 1 982 ,p .1 32 , n o 2 4 ( f ig .) ; Y esa ian 1 984 p .2 3 ,p l . 1 3 :9 ; Maas s1 987 , p .6 9 , n o te 2 2 ; P f lug 1 988a , p p . 2 3 -24 , n o te 7 4 , f i g . 1 ; E gg -Wau r ick 1 990 ,p l . 7 ;C a lmcycr 1 99 1 ,

P .

1 23 , f i g . 7 ;D cz sö -C ur t is 1 99 1 , p p . 14 -116 , p l . 1 6 ;

Der sö 1 993 , p p . 5 4 -55 , C a t . n o .5 4 , G roup n o . U .1 .1 . 3 20 Unpub l ished . Dcz sö 1 993 ,p p .5 4 -55 , C a t . n o .5 5 , G roup n o . U .1 .2 . 3 21 K e l lner 1 980 , p p . 2 12 -213 , p l s . 1 5 -16 ; P f lug 1 9 88a ,

P .

2 4 , n o te 7 5 ; C a lme yer 1 991 , n o . 1 0 ( p l . ) ; Demö -C ur t i s1 991 , p p . 14 -

1 21 ,p l . 1 7 ; De rsö 1 993 , p p . 1 6 -24 , C a t . n o . 1 0 ,G roup n o .A .3 .2 . 3 22 K e l lner 1 980 , p p . 2 11 -212 , p l s . 1 3 -14 ; Cm 5s che l1 986 , p .7 4 , n o te s 2 29 -233 ; Maa s s1 987 , p p .6 5 -71 , p l s . 1 : 2 , 2 ,3 ; Maas s1 988 , p .1 70 , n o . 9 7 , f i g . 9 7 ; P f lug 1 988a , p .2 4 , n o te 7 5 ; Maa s s 1 989 ,

P .

1 95 ; Dc zsö -C ur t i s1 99 1 , p p . 14 -121 , p l . 1 8 ; Der sö 1 993 ,

p p . 1 6 -24 , C a t . n o . 1 , G roup n o .A .3 .3 . 3 23 T u f fne l l1 953 ,p .3 87 ,p l . 3 9 :1 -2 ; Wr igh t1 958 ,p .1 65 , f i g . 19 ; Us s i ek in 1 982 ,p .5 7 ,f i g .4 9 ; S hanks 1 984 , f i g . o n

P .

6 3 ; Denö

1 993 ,p p . 1 6 -24 , C a t . n o . 9 ,G roup n o .A .3 .1 . 3 24 F or d e ta i led s t udy o ft he d eve lopmen t o fN ear E a s tern c r es ted h e lme t s a nd t he ir c on s truc t ion , s e e Der sö -C ur t i s1 991 , p p . 1 07 -122 ; D e mo 1 993 , p p . 1 6 -24 . 3 2 5 B r i t i sh Museum ,4 8 -1-4 , 13 -115 . Der sö -Cu r t i s1 991 ,p p . 1 05 -122 , f i g s . 1 20 ; Der sö 1 993 ,p p . 2 5 -3 1 , C a t . n o s . 1 3 -28 , G roup n o s .A .4 .1 -16 .

3 8

s t andard o f t he w eapon ry o f t he A ssy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy i nt he s e cond h a l f o f8 th c en tury a nd t h roughou tt h e 7 t h c en tu ry B .C .3 2 6 . T he r e con s t ruc ted s hape o ft h e se c r e s ted i r on h e lme t s3 2 7 f olow s t h eo ve ra l ls hape o ft h e c r e s ted b ron ze h e lme t s d i scu s sed a bove .T he r i b so nb ronze h e lme t s -b o th o n t h eb a se a nd o nt h ec r e s to ft h eh e lme t -a r et os t reng then t h eb ronze s h ee t .I nc a se o fi r on h e lme t st h e r i b sw ou ld h ave b een r edundan tb ecau se o ft h eg r ea te rs t reng th o ft h ei r on .I nt h ea r cha iz ing s t ruc tu re o ft he se i r on h e lme t st h e re fo re t h er i b sw e re r ep laced b yi n la id b ronze b and s -a sd eco ra t ion r ep lac ing s t ruc tura l n ece s s i ty . T he i n la id b ronze d o t s r ep lac ing t h e b ronze r i ve t s o r p seudo -r ive t s o fc r e s ted b ronze h e lme t ss e rved p robab ly t h es ame a r cha iz ing d eco ra t ive f unc t ion . T he i r d eco ra t ive s y s tem , h oweve r , w a s much mo re c ompl i ca ted . T he f i gu ra lr ep re sen ta t ion s o f d e i t ie so nt h ef r on to fs ome o ft h e se h e lme t s -b e s ide s t h ec ommon a po t ropa ic f unc t ion -s e rved as pe c i a l , n o t o n ly d eco ra t ive b u t p rac t ica lp u rpo se a sw el . A s p a r t o ft h e s t anda rd iza t ion o ft he m il i ta ry e qu ipmen t o ft he A s sy r ian i mpe r ia l a rmy , t h e se r ep re sen ta t ion s p robab ly i nd ica ted t h e s t a tu s o fi t s w ea re r3 2 8 , t h eu n i to rs p ec ia ls e rv ice o ft h e a rmy ,t h eo r ig in o ft h eu n i t3 2 9 , f r om w h ich i t sw ea re r c ame , o re ven m i l i ta ry r ank .A sh a sa l ready b een m en t ioned t h eh e lme t so ft h e8 t h -7 th c en tu ry A s sy r ian a rmy e xp re s sed t h e a rm , i nw h ich i t sw ea re r s e r ved ( c re s ted h e lme t sw e re w o rn o n l yb yt h e s o ld ie r s o ft h e l i gh ti n fan t ry e qu ipped w i th r ound w ooden s h ie ld s ,s p ea r sa nd k a rd io p hy lak e s ) .3 u T he se ma s s -p roduced A s sy r ian c r e s ted i r on h e lme t sr ep re sen t an ew d eve lopmen t , aq ua l i ta t ive c hange i nt h e h i s to ry o fa nc ien t N ea r E a s te rn a nd Med i te r ranean h e lme t t r ad i t ion s .A f te r t h e f a l lo f t h eA s sy r ian Emp i re s im i la r ly m a s s -p roduced i r on h e lme t sd i dn o tr e appea ru n t i lt h eH elen i s t ic A ge . I I .B .G eome tr ic p o in t ed h e lme tw i th as epara t e ly a dd ed s ma l lc r e s tc ur v ing f o rward T he o n ly s u rv iv ing e xamp le o ft h i st y pe i s a6c mh i gh m in ia tu re b ronze h e lme t31 .I ts how st h ed i s t in c t i ve t r a i t s o ft h e b a s ic t y pe : i th a s ac on ica l c ap , t wo c ha rac te r i s t ic e a rf lap s , af r on t p l a te a nd ab ack p l a te ( neck g ua rd ) .T he c ha rac te r i s t ic f e a tu re o ft h i st y pe i s ,h oweve r , t h es e pa ra te ly a dded s ma l lc r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd . P a ra l le l st ot h i ss ma l lc r e s t a r ek nown f r om t h eA s sy r ian p a lace r el i e f sf r om t h er e ign o fT ig la th -P i le se r I I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) : i l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -10 , b u t ma in ly f r om t h e r e ign o fS ennache r ib ( 704 -681 B .C . ) :i l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .34 -35 , E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .42 a nd A shu rban ipa l ( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) :i l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .43 -46 , 4 8 ,w hen ( du r ing t h e 7 t h c en tu ry B .C . ) t h e s t anda rd iza t ion o ft h e c r e s ted h e lme t sm ade p rog re s sa sw el . R ep re sen ta t ion s o ft h i st y pe i nG reek a r t c anno tb e s epa ra ted f r om t he r ep re sen ta t ion so fh e lme t t y pe I I .A .b ecau se t h e se t y pe s a r e d if e ren t ly manu f ac tu red v e r s i on so ft h es ame b a s ic t y pe ,t h eh e lme tw i th c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd . I I .C .G eome tr ic p o in t ed h e lme tw i th ah igh c ap c urv ing f o rward T h i sg roup r ep re sen t st h eh e lme tt y pe o ft h es oc aled S t e ine rb ronze sf o und i nO lymp ia : B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw arr ior , O lymp ia , I nv . n o . B . 2000 , H . : 2 1 c m , L a te o r S ub -G eome t r ic ( f i r s t q ua r te ro f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) 32 . I l .5 ,n o .M .5 .9 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw arr ior , O lymp ia , I nv . n o . B . 1999 , H . : 1 7 .3 c m , L a te o r S ub -G eome t r ic ( f i r s t q ua r te ro f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) 33 . I l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .10 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw arr ior , O lymp ia , I nv . n o . B . 1701 , H . : 1 6 .9 c m , L a te o r S ub -G eome t r ic ( f i r s t q ua r te ro f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) 34 . I l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .11 T he b a s ic s t ruc tu re o ft h e i r h e lme t s i st h e s ame a st h e h e lme t s o fg roup sd i scu s sed a bov e : t h e c ha rac ter i s t ic e a rf lap s , a nd n eck -gua rd a r ec l ea r ly v i s ib le . Un fo r tuna te ly t h ep o in t so ft h e i rh e lme t s a r e

3 26 De rsö -Cu r t i s1 991 ,p as s im ; De rsö 1 993 ,p p . 1 -15 , 2 4 -3 1 ; F or A s sy r ian i r onwork s ee C u r t is 1 9 79 ; C u r t is ,e ta L 1 979 . 3 27 Dersö -C ur t i s1 991 , f i g s . 1 6 -20 . 3 28 F or e xamp le s aq urbu te ,r oya lb odyga rd . 3 29 L oca ld e i t ie s , f o re xamp le I s h tar o fA rbe la . 3 30 De rsö -Cur t i s1 99 1 ,p p . 1 08 -110 ; De r sö 1 993 ,p p . 1 2 -13 ,2 7 . 3 31 Deonna 1 9 38 ,p .2 08 ,p l . 6 9 :554 ; Kunze 1 967a ,p p . 14 -115 ; G rö sche l1 986 , p .6 4 , n o te 1 66 . 3 32 Kunze 1 9 44 ,p .1 20 ,p l s .3 8 -39 . 3 33 Kunze 1 9 44 ,p .1 22 ,p l s .4 3 -44 . 3 34 Kunze 1 9 44 ,p .1 22 ,p l s .4 5 -46 .

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m i s s ing . T here fo re w e c an o n ly s uppo se t h a t t h e i r h e lme t s w e re f u rn i shed w i th ah igh p o in t o r a n u ns t i l ted c r es t c u rv ing f o rwa rd 35 .T here i s af u r the r d amaged e xamp le o f t he t y pe k nown f r om O lymp ia ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .12 ) .T he re a r e , h oweve r ,s e ve ra lo t he r r e p re sen ta t ion s o ft h e c omp le te f o rm o f t h i st y pe : f r om O lymp ia ( I l l .5 ,n o s .M .5 .6 -8 , 1 3 -14 , 2 1 ) ,f r om t h eG reek Ma in land ( I l l . 5 ,n o s .M .5 .16 -17 , 2 ( 1 , 2 2 ) ,f r om C re te ( I i i . 5 ,n o .M .5 .2 -4 , 1 8 ) a nd f r om t h eG reek I s land s ( M . 5 ,n o s .M .5 .5 , 1 5 , 1 9 ) .K unze p ropo sed ap o s s ib le A rg ive manu f ac tu re f o rt h e" S te ine rb ronze s " 36 . T he re a r ef u r the rr ep re sen ta t ion so ft h i s t y pe k nown , f i r s to fw h ich i s ap a i r o fl i nch p i nf i gu re s f r om S a lam i s , C ypru s ( I l l . 5 ,n o .M .5 .1 ) . T he h e lme t o ft h e se w a r r io r si sa n O r ien ta lu n s t i l ted c r e s ted h e lme t ,b u t t h ef i gu re sw ea rs c a le a rmou r ,w h i ch c omb ina t ion ( c re s ted h e lme t o ft h el i gh ti n fan t ry a nd s c a le a rmou r o ft h e h eavy i n fan t ry ) i su nknown i nt h e N ea rE a s t . T h i s c on t rad ic t ion e s tab l i she s t h e t r u th o fo u r a s sump t ion , t ha t t h e O r ien ta l c r e s ted h e lme t sw e re a dop ted i nt h e Aegean o u t o ft he i r o r ig ina l c on tex t . T he h e lme t o ft h ew a r r io r o f ab ronze h and le a t tachmen t (M . 5 ,n o . M .5 .24 ) a nd t h e h e lme t so fh o r se r ide r s o fa n O r ien ta l iz ing b ronze s h ee t ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . M .5 .23 ) ,b o th f r om O lymp ia , s eem t ob es im i la r ly o r ig ina l O r ien ta l ( A s sy r ian ) h e lme t sb u tt h e i rc on tex ti sm ixed . N ame ly c r e s ted h e lme t s w e re n ever w o rn i nt h e r ank s o fA s sy r ian h o r se r ide r s , a nd a sh a sb een men t ioned , s o ld ie r s w ea r ing c r e s ted h e lme t s ( l i gh t i n fan try o ft h eA s sy r ian s t and ing a rmy ) w e re n ev e r e qu ipped w i th s c a le a rmou r . K unze p ropo sed aN o r th -Sy r ian -S ou th -Ana tol i an o r ig in f o r t h i sb ronze s hee t 37 .T h i s p henomenon c an b e e xp la ined o n ly b ys a y ing t h a t t h e d i f f e ren t t y pe s o fO r ien ta l ( l e tu s s a yA s sy r ian ) h e lme t s a nd o the r p a r t so ft h e a rmy e qu ipmen tw e re a dop ted i nt h eE a s te rn Med i te r ranean a nd i nt h e Aegean o u t o ft h e i r o r ig ina l c on tex t . T hey w e re b o r rowed b yb reak ing t h e s t r ic te qu ipmen t r u le s o ft h e d ife ren t a rm so ft h eA s sy r ian i mpe r ia la rmy . Ano the re xp lana t ion m igh tb e , t h a tt h e se s t r ic tr u le sw e re v a l id t i l l t h el a s tq ua r te ro ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C . , a nd w ed on o tk now a ny th ing a bou tt he a rmy e qu ipmen to ft h e N eo -Bab i lon ian Emp i re ( 6 12 -539 B .C . ) . We c an o n ly s uppo se t h a t t h e B aby lon ian a rm ies u sed t he s ame e qu ipmen ta st h eA s sy r ian a rmy . T he s t ruc tu re o ft h e" c re s t " c an b e d i s t ingu i shed w i th d i ff icu l ty f r om t h e h i gh u n s t i l ted c r e s t o f t h et y pe o ft h eP ra i so sh e lme t . B o th t y pe sm ay b et r aced b ack t ot h eA s sy r ian c r e s ted h e lme t s , o nr ep r e sen ta t ions o fw h ich w e c an f i nd u n s t i l ted c r e s ts c u rv ing f o rwa rd o r h i gh p o in ts c u rv ing f o rward t o ge the r . On t h ep a lace r e l ie f so fT ig la th -P i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) c r e s ted h e lme t sw i th u n s t i l ted c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd w e re q u i te c ommon ( I l l . 5 ,n o s . 0 .2 .8 -12 ) ,b u ti nt h ea rm ie so fl a te rr u ler st h eu n s t i l ted c r e s ts e em st ob e s upe r seded b ys t i l ted c r e s t s . T he o n ly l a te re xamp le o ft h i s c r e s tt y pe i s ah e lme t o n t h ep a lace r e l ie f s o fS ennache r ib ( 7 04 -681 B .C . ) :I l . 5 ,n o . 0 .2 .40 . T h i s e vo lu t ion c an b e e xp la ined b y t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e c r e s t ( p robab ly i t s c o lou r ) i nt he i d en t i f ica t ion o ft he d i f f eren t u n i t s o fl i gh t i n f an t ry o ft h eA s sy r ian i mpe ra la rmy . T he d a te o ft h i s t y pe i sr e la t ive ly l a te ( f i r s t q ua r te r o f7 t h c en tu ry B .C . ) . A s h a s a l ready b een n o ted S nodg ra s si n terp re ted t h e " S te ine rb ronze s " a sp a r to fa r t i s t ic c onven t ion o b served f o r t o o l ong f o ri tt oh ave c o r re sponded t h roughou tw i th c on tempo ra ry l i f e 38 . T he p o s s ib le p a t te rn o ft h e d i f f e ren t l e ve l s o fo r ien ta l iza t ion w h ich Io u t l ined i nm yp re sen t p ape r Ih ope c an b eu sed n o to n ly f o rh e lme t s ,b u tf o ro the rg roup so fo b jec t s ,a nd a s ag ene ra ls y s tem e ven tua l ly f o ro the r ,t h eo re t i ca lf i e ld so ft h i so ro t he r mu l t i leve lc u l tu ra le xchange .

3 35 S nodgr as s 1 964 , p .1 5 : " . . t he ir c r e s ts ( now l o s t ) w ere a pparen t ly t h e u n s t i l ted , f o rward c urv ing t ype i nc on tras t w i th t he A rgo sc res t . " 3 36 Kunze 1 944 ,p p . 1 20 -122 . 3 37 Kunze 1 961 -62 , p . 15 : " Im G anzen s che in t s i ch a ber v orer s t d er s chon f r üher a us d er E inze lnen F igur g ewonnene E indruck z u b es tä t igen , d a s sw ir e s m i t e i ner p rov inz ie l len B rechnung a s sy r is cher K un s t z u t un h aben , d eren He ima t i m n ord sy r i sch südana to l ischen R aum z us uchen s e in w ird . " 3 38 S nodg ras s1 964 ,p .1 6 .

4 0

APPEND ICES

4 1

APPEND IX I FRAG MENTS OF GREEK GEO METR IC HEL METS I nt h i s c hap te rw e s imp ly l i s t t ho se f r agmen t s o fG reek G eome t r ic h e lme t s made o ff i ve p i ece s , h e lme t t y pe o fw h ich ( I . ,I . ,I T IA . ,I I .B . o rI I .C . ) w ec anno ti d en t i f yf r om t h em . H e lme tf r on tp la t ef r agmen t s : 1 .O lymp ia ( f rom 3 .S t ad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B1 678 ;H . : 7 . 4c m ;L . : 1 8 .5 cm 339 2 .O lymp ia ( f rom 3 .S t ad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B1 677 ;H . : 7 . 8c m ; L . : 1 8 .2 c m3 4° 3 .O lymp ia ( f rom 3 .S t ad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B2 004 ;H . :6 . 7c m ;L . : 2 4 .9 cm 341 4 .O lymp ia ( Ea s to ft h eT emp le o fZ eu s ) ;O ld I nv .B r .5 596 ;H . :7 . 6c m ;L . : 1 8 .5 cm 342 5 .O lymp ia ( f rom S tad ion -No rdwa l l , Q uad ra t G2 i ns pä ta r cha i sche sF ü l lung ) ; I nv . B4 557 ; H . : 8 . 1 c m ; L . : 1 7 .7 cm 343 H e lme tb ack p la t ef r agmen t s : 6 .O lymp ia ( f rom No rdo s t eck ed e rF e s tung smaue r ) ;O ld I nv .B r .2 832 ;H . : 1 .1 c m ;L . : 1 9 .5 7 .O lymp ia ( f rom 2 .S t ad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B3 4 40 ;H . : 1 0 .7 c m ;L . : 2 6 cm 345 8 .O lymp ia ( f rom A lphe io s ) ;W i thou tI nv .n umbe r ;H . : 9c m ; L . : 2 4 .7 cm346 9 .K a lapod i ; L am ia Mu s . ,I nv . -N r . B2 361 3 4 7

cm3 . 44

L e f te ar f lap s : 1 0 .O lymp ia ( f rom S ou th o ft h e Me t roon ) ; O ld I nv .B r .6 244 ; H . : 1 9 .2 c m ;W . : 1 .6 cm 348 1 . O lymp ia ( f rom A lphe io s ) ;W i thou tI nv .n umbe r ;H . : 9c m ;W . : 1 2 cm 349 1 2 . O lymp ia ( f rom S tad ion -No rdwa l l ) ;I nv . B5 2 ;H . : 1 8 .2 c m ;W . : 1 2c m3 5° 1 3 .O l ymp ia ( f rom A lphe io s ) ;I nv . B2 277 ;H . : 1 8 .4 c m ;W . : 1 .7 cm 351 1 4 .O lymp ia ( f rom 3 .S tad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B2 254 ;H . : 1 9 .6 c m ;W . : 1 2 .7 cm 352 1 5 .O lymp ia ( f rom S t ad ion -W e s twa l l ) ;I nv . B8 51 ;H . : 1 9 .2 c m ;W . : 1 cm353 1 6 . O lymp ia ( f rom 4 .S tad ion -Südwa l l ) ; I nv . B1 514 ; H . : 1 6 .1 c m ;W . : 1 2 .2 cm 354 1 7 . O lymp ia ( f rom S tad ion -No rdwa l l , Q uad ra tK 4 ) ;I nv . B4 531 ;H . : 1 8 .2 c m ;W . : 1 .5 cm 355 1 8 .O lymp ia ( f rom B runnen 5S tad ion -No rdwa l l , Q uad r a tK 3 ) ;I nv . B4 459 ;H . : 1 9 .5 c m ;W . : 1 .6 cm 356 1 9 . O lymp ia ( f rom S üdö s t l . v om Mo sa ik saa ld e rE rwe i t e rung d e sN e rohau se s ) ; I nv . B6 095 ; H . : 1 8 c m ; W . : 1 .9 cm 357 2 0 .O lymp ia3 5 8

3 39 Kunze 1 958 ,p . 19 , n o .4 ,p l . 3 6 :2a . 3 40 Kunze 1 958 ,p . 19 , n o .5 ,p l . 3 6 :2b . 3 41 Kunze 1 958 ,p . 19 , n o .6 . 3 42 Kunze 1 958 ,p . 19 , n o . 7 ,p l . 3 6 :1 . 3 43 Kunze 1 967a ,p . 11 ,n o .7 a ,p l .5 0 :2 . 3 44 Kunze 1 958 , p . 19 , n o . 8 . 3 45 Kunze 1 9 58 ,p .1 20 , n o .9 ,f i g .9 4 . 3 46 Kunze 1 967a ,p p . 11 -112 , n o . 9 a . 3 47 F e l sch 1 987 , p p . 1 2 -13 ,f i g . 1 8 ; P f lug 1 988a ,p .1 7 . 3 48 F ur twäng ler 1 890 ,p .1 72 ; Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 1 0 ,p l . 3 7 :1a . 3 49 Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 , n o . 1 ,p l .3 7 :lb . 3 50 Kunze 1 941 ,p p . 1 06 -107 , f i g . 9 5 r i gh t ; K unze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 1 2 . 3 51 K unze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 1 3 ,p l . 3 7 :2b . 3 52 Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 1 4 ,p l . 3 8 :2b . 3 53 Kunze 1 941 , p .1 06 ; Kunze 1 958 , p .1 20 , n o . 1 5 . 3 54 Kunze 1 941 ,p p . 1 06 -107 , f i g9 5l e f t . 3 55 Kunze 1 967a ,p . 12 , n o . 1 5a ,p l .5 1 :1a . 3 56 Kunze 1%7a ,p . 12 , n o . 1 5b ,p l .5 1 :lb . 3 57 Kunze 1 967a ,p . 12 ,n o . 1 5c ,p l . 5 0 :4 .

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2 1 .T hermo s Mu seum ,H . : 1 8c m ,W . : 1 .2 -12 .6

cm 3 59

R igh te ar f lap s : 2 2 .O lymp ia ( f rom S üdw e s t eck ed e sZ eu s t empe l s ) ; O ld I nv .B r .2 722 ;H . : 1 8 .9 c m ;W . : 1 0 .8 c m3 6° 2 3 .O lymp ia ;W i thou tI n v .n umbe r ;H . :2 0 .2 c m ;W . : 1 0 .5 cm 361 2 4 . O lymp ia ( Süd l i ch v on d e rE choha l l e ) ;I nv . B3 03 ;H . : 2 0 .1 c m ;W . : 1 .3 cm 362 2 5 . O lymp ia ( 4 . S tad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B9 01 ;H . : 1 7 .8 c m ;W . : 1 3 cm 363 2 6 .O lymp ia ( Bo t ro si nd e rS üdw e s t eck ed e sS tad ions ) ;I nv . B1 947 ;H . : 1 9 .6 c m ;W . : 1 2 .8 cm 364 2 7 . O lymp ia ( Mo sa ik saa ld e sN e rohause s ) ;I nv . B3 339 ;H . : 1 8 .3 c m ;W . : 1 cm 365 2 8 . O lymp ia ( 3 . Wa l li nd e rS üdw e s t eck ed e sS tad ions ) ;I nv . B3 308 ;H . : 1 8 .5 c m ;W . : 1 .1 cm 366 2 9 . O lymp ia ( 3 . S tad ion -Südwa l l ) ;I nv . B4 057 ; H . : 1 9c m ;W . : 1 cm 367 3 0 . O lymp ia ( S tad ion -No rdwa l l , Q uad ra t H2 ) ;I nv . B4 057 ;H . : 1 9 .4 c m ;W . : 1 .4 cm 368 T he L indo se ar f lap s : L indo s ,A c ropol i s , ( r igh ts i de e a rf lap ) ;H . : 1 4 .5 c m ;W . : 1 .6 cm 369 L indo s ,A c ropol i s ( l ef ts i de e a rf lap ) ;H . : 1 3 .4 c m ;W . : 1 0 .9 c m3 7° L indo s ,A c ropol i s ;H . : 1 3 .3 c m ;W . :3 7 1 L indo s ,A c ropo l i s ; H . : 1 3c m ; W. :3 72 L indo s ,A c ropo l i s3 7 3 L indo s ,A c ropol i s3 7 4

3 58 P apa tbana sopou los 1%9 ,p .1 46 ,p L 1 44a . 3 59 Mas troko s ta s1 961 -62 ,p .1 31 , n o te 1 0 . 3 60 F ur tvr äng ler 1 890 ,p .1 72 ; Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 1 7 ,p l . 3 8 :lb . 3 61 Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 , n o . 1 8 ,p l .3 8 :1a . 3 62 Kunze 1 938a ,p .9 3 ; Kunze 1 9 58 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 1 9 , p l .3 8 :2a . 3 63 Kunze 1 941 ,p .1 06 ; Kunze 1 9 58 ,p .1 20 ,n o .2 0 ,p l .3 7 :2a . 3 64 Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o .2 1 , f i g . 9 5 . 3 65 Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o .2 , f i g . 9 6a . 3 66 Kunze 1 958 ,p .1 20 ,n o . 2 3 , f i g . 9 6b . 3 67 Kunze 1 961a ,p .2 2 ; K unz e1 967a ,p . 12 , n o . 2 4 ,p l .5 1 :2 a . 3 68 Kunze 1 961b ,p p .7 4 f . ,n o te 2 3 ; Kunze 1 967a ,

P .

12 , n o .2 5 ,p l .5 1 :2b .

3 69 B l inkenbe rg 1 931 ,p p . 1 89 -190 , n o .5 7 1 ,p l . 2 2 . 3 70 B l inkenbe rg 1 931 ,p .1 90 ,n o .5 72 ,p l .2 2 . 3 71 B l inkenberg 1 931 ,p .1 90 ,n o .5 73 . 3 72 B l inkenberg 1 931 ,p .1 90 ,n o .5 74 ,p l .2 3 . 3 73 B l inkenbe rg 1 931 ,p .1 90 ,n o .5 75 . 3 74 B l inkenberg 1 931 ,p .1 90 ,n o .5 76 .

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APPEND IX I ANATOL IAN CO MPOS ITE BRONZE AND I RON HEL METS 3 7 5 T he t y pe o ft wo c ompo s i te i r on a nd b ronze h e lme t sw h ich w e re f u rn i shed w i th b ronze k nob , e a rf l ap s , n eckgua rd a nd e yeb row c u tou t s f ound i nw e s te rn Ana tol ia w a sp rev iou s ly u nknown . Two e xamp le sa r e k nown f r om S a rd i s3 7 6 ( I l l . 2 9 -30 ) a nd O ld -Smy rna ( Bay ra ld i )3 7 7 . Un fo r tuna te ly t h eO ld -Smy rna h e lme t n o l o nge r e x i s t s3 7 8 , t h e o n ly i n fo rma t ion i s as ho r tn o te w h ich m en t ioned t h e f i nd ing o ft h e h e lme t3 7 9 . P robab ly f r agmen t so f at h i rd s im i la rh e lme tw e re f ound o nt h eL indo sA c ropol i s ,b u tt h ei d en t i f ica t ion o ft h i s p i ece i si mpo s s ib le . We k now o n ly t he f a c t t h a t t h e re w e re t h ree i r on f r agmen t s o f ah e lme t e xcava ted o n t h eA c ropo l i s o fL indo s , a nd o ne o ft h em , p robab ly a n e a rf lap f r agmen tw a s d eco ra ted w i th ab ronze c o rd (W . :0 . 8c m )3 8° . T he e xam ina t ion o ft h e S a rd i s h e lme t ( p robab ly o ft h e s ame t y pe ) r evea led t h e s t ruc tu re a nd c on s t ruc t ion o ft h i s t y pe o fh e lme t : i tw a s made o fe i gh t t r iangu la r p l a te s o fi r on p l aced i nr ad ia l a r rangemen ta nd f a s tened t oa ni n te r io ra rma tu re o fe i gh ti r on b and so rr i b s . On t h et op o ft h e c ap t h e e nd s o ft he p l a te s a nd r i b s w e re ma sked u nde rnea th a n i r on d i sk . O n t h e f r on t o ft h e h e lme t , a tt h e b row s t here w a s ap a i r o fs c a l lop s e v iden t ly mee t ing i n ap o in t a bove t h e n o se . T he re w a s n o n o se g ua rd o nt h eh e lme t .T he e dge so ft h eh e lme tw e re p e r fo ra ted w i th s mal h o le sf o rt h ea t tachmen to fa l i n ing . T he c heek -p iece s -w h ich w e re a t tached t ot h e h e lme tb yh i nge s -h ave at r iangu la r s em i luna te s hape . T he i r e dge s w e re s im i la r ly p e r fo ra ted f o r t h e a t tachmen t o f al i n ing . N ea r t h e p o in t o fe ach c heek -p iece t h e re w a s ab i gge rh o le f o rt h ec h in s t rap .T he f r agmen ta ry n eck -gua rd i s an a r row s t r ip o f i r on s hee t w i th a n e ve r ted l i p a tt h e b o t tom . T he m e thod o fa t tachmen t t ot h e c ap o ft h e h e lme t i s u nc lea r . T he h e lme tw a s d eco ra ted w i th b ronze .T he f i n ia lw a s m ade o fb ronze w i th a ni r on c o t te r -p in w h ich s ecu red i tt ot h e c ap o ft h e h e lme t .T he c ap o ft h eh e lme ta nd t h e c heek -p iece sw e re d eco ra ted w i th c o rd s c on tou r ing t h e e dge s o fa l a nd o nt h e c ap o ft h eh e lme t r ad ia t ing f r om t h e r im o ft h ef i n ia l p l a te t ot h ec on tou r c o rd s . On t h e c ap o ft h eh e lme t t h ec o rd o ccu ri ng r oup so ft h ree , o ne ach c heek p i ece s t he t op e dge i sc on tou red b yt wo r od s , t h e s i de e dge sb yo ne . T he c o rd sw e re made o fb ronze e x cep to ft h ec en t ra lc o rd so ft h et r ip le t so ft h ec ap o ft h eh e lme t ,w h i ch a r ei r on . T he h e lme tw a s f ound i nt h ed e s t ruc t ion l e ve l ( B r ick F a l ld epo s i to fC o lo s sa lL yd ian S t ruc tu re ) w h i ch c an b ea s soc ia ted w i th t h es i ege a nd p a r t ia ls a ck o fS a rd i sb yC y ru st h eG rea to fP e r s ia3 8 1 . S ot h e h e lme t s hou ld b e long t o o ne o ft h e t r oop s o fC roe su s o r C y ru s . A s G reenewa l t h a s a rgued 3 8 2 , t h e c u l tu ra li d en t i ty o ft h eh e lme ti so b scu re , s i nce t h ea rm ie so fC roe su sa nd C y ru si n c luded s o ld ie r sf r om o the re a s tern Med i ter ranean a nd N ea rE a s te rn t e r r i to r ie s3 8 3 , P e r s ia a nd L yd ia a r en o tt h eo n ly c u l tu ra l h ome sp o s s ib le f o rt h i st y pe o fh e lme t . T he r ep re sen ta t iona l e v idence f o r b o th P e r s ian a nd L yd ian h e lme t s i sv e ry s l i gh t" .AG raeco -

3 75 T h i sc hap ter i sb ased o n my e ar l ier s t udy o n t he N ear E a s tern h e lme t so ft he I r on A g e . Der sö 1 993 . 3 76 Greenewa l t 1 989 , p p . 1 83 -184 ; G reenewa l t 1 99 1 , p p . 1-12 , f i g s . 1 4 -17 ; G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 , p p . 1 31 , f i g s . 1 27 ; G reenewa l t1 992 ,p p .2 60 -269 , f i g s . 1 2 -19 ; Dc zsö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 27 , G roup n o . P .2 .1 ,p l s . 1 56 -159 . 3 77 C ook 1 952 , p .1 06 , f i g . 1 2 ; Cook -Akur p l 1 952 p .2 3 : " . .be tween t h e p i tho i a nd t h e f l oo ro ft he s even th c en tu ry p y lon , a l a rge c ache o f i r on w eapon sw a s u ncov ered ; t h i s c a che a l so c on s i s ted l a rge ly o fs pearheads , s ome o fc ons iderab le l e ng th , b u t a l so c on ta ined a n i r on h e lme tw i th ab ronze p lume -knob " ; G reenewa l t 1 99 1 , p .1 2 ; G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 , p .1 2 , n o te 1 9 ; G reenewa l t 1 992 ,p .2 65 , n o te 3 1 ; D e rsö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 28 , G roup n o . P .2 .2 . 3 78 C .H . G reenewa l t ,p er sona lc ommun ic a t ion ; G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 ,p .1 2 , n o te 1 9 . 3 79 C ook -Akurga l1 952 ,p .2 3 . S ee G reenev r af t -Heywood 1 992 ,p .1 2 , n o te 1 9 ; G reenewa l t1 992 , p .2 65 , n o te 3 1 . 3 80 B l inkenbe rg 1 931 , p . 1 89 , n o . 5 69 : " 569 GD . T ro i s f r agmen ts d 'un c a sque e n f e r , c omp renan t l es omme t a v ec l ap ar t ie f r on ta le a t u ne p ar t ie d es c ouv re joue s f i xes . L 'e ta t i n comp le t n e p erme t p as d e d e term iner p re c i semen t l af o rme d u c a sque , ma is c q u i e n r e s te f a i tp en ser q u ' i l ae t e d u t ype c or in th ien . L a p ar t ie f r on ta le e s t r e in for cee p ar u n mo r ceau d e f e rf u ce äl ' a ide d er i v e ts ; a uc ouv re joue s on ta pp l iquee sp ar d eho r sd e sb ande sd eb ronze ( l arg .0 . 008 ) . " 3 81 G reenewa l t1 991 ,p .1 2 . G reenewa l td a ted t he d e s truc t ion o ft he C o lo s sa l L yd ian S t ruc ture c a .5 50 B .C . 3 82 G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 ,p p . 1 6 -17 . 3 83 G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 , p p . 1 6 -17 , n o tes 3 7 -40 : X enophon ( Cyroupa ide ia 6 . 2 .10 ) l i s ted 1 2 n on -Lyd ian a ux i l l iary t r oop s : T hrace , E gyp t , C yprus , C i l ic ia , P h ryg ia , L y caon ia , P aph lagon ia , C appadoc ia ,A rab ia , P hoen ic ia , A s sy r ia , I on ia a nd A eo l i s ; a nd E gyp t ian s ( 6 .3 .19 -20 ; 7 . 1 .30 -45 ) I nd ian sa nd C ha ldaeans ( 6 .2 .9 , 1 ; 7 . 2 .2 -8 ) i nC yrus 's a rmy .

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P e r s ian s t e le3 8 5 s how s ah o r seman w ea r ing ah e lme t , b u t h i s h e lme t i sc r e s ted w i th at a s se l . Al i me s t one s t a tue f r om G o lgo i , C yp ru s3 8 6 s how s ah eadd re s sw i th r ad ia ls t ru c tu re a tt h ef r on t . B u tt h i sh ead d re s sc an n o tb ec on s ide red a s ah e lme t . Two i r on e a r f lap sw i th b ron ze c o rd d eco ra t ion s im i la r t ot h a t o ft h eS a rd i sh e lme tw e re f o und a tI dal ion ,C yp ru s3 8 7 . V a r iou sf e a tu re so ft h i st y pe o fh e lme t c an b e t r aced b ack t ot h ree d if e ren t N ea rE a s te rn h e l m e tt y pe sa nd/o rt r ad i t ion s : 1 .T he e a r l ie s t k nown e xamp le so ft h e e y eb row c u tou t s o nh e lme t si nt h e a nc ien t N ea rE a s ta r e M idd le E lam i te3 8 8 . T h i sf e a tu re a ppea r so nS cy th ian c a s tb ronze h e lme t so f" Kuban " t y pe 3 8 9 ( l a te 7 t he a r ly 6 th c en tu r ie sB .C . ) ,w he re t h ee y eb row c u tou ti sb o rde red b y ar i ba nd f o low st h el i ne o ft h ep a i r o fc u rve so nt h ef r on to ft h ee a rl i e rN ea rE a s te rn c on i ca lh e lme t s ,t ow h ich i th a rk sb ack . 2 .T he c l o se s tp a ra l le l s f o r t h e s hape a r e t h e S cy th ian b ronze h e lme t s o f" Kuban " t y pe a sw el . T hese h e lme t s d e r ived p robab ly f r om t h e N ea r E a s te rn ( A s sy r ian ) c on ica l h e lme t t r ad i t ion : t h e e yeb row c u tou t s a nd t h e v e r t i ca lr i b o n t h e f r on to ft h e S cy th ian h e lme t s m ay b e t r aced b ack t ot h e p a i r ( s ) o fc u rve ( s ) a nd t h e v e r t ica l r i b b e tween t h em o n t h e f r on t o fN ea r E a s te rn c on ica l h e lme t s ( A s sy r ia ,N o r th S y r ia ,U ra r tu ,N o r th - We s tI r an ) . Mo s to ft h e se S cy th ian h e lme t sb ea r ak nob o fc on ic a l s hape o ri nt h ef o rm o f ar i ng .T he v e r t ica lr i bo ft h eN ea rE a s te rn h e lme t si ss im i la r ly c hanged o nt h e Ma r l ik h e lme t s ( No r the rn I r an )3 9 °a sw el .S ot h e se S cy th ian h e lme t sc an b ed e r ived f r om v a r iou sN ea r E a s te rn h e lme t t r ad i t ion s ( A s sy r ian -U ra r t ian t r ad i t ion a nd N o r th - We s t I r an ian -T ran scauca s ian t r ad i t ion ) a nd p l ayed a ni mpo r tan tr o le t h rough d i rec tc onnec t ion si nt h ee vo lu t ion o ft h eS a rd i st y pe o f c ompo s i te h e lme t s . 3 .T he c l o se s tp a ra l le lo ra r che t ype o ft h es t ru c tu re o ft h eS a rd i sh e lme ti saT ran scauca s ian h e l m e t f ound a tS a fa r -Ha raba , T r ia le t i , Mog i la 1 33 9 1 , w h ich w a s m ade f r om t r iangu la r b ronze p l a te s p l aced i nr ad ia l a r rangemen t (? ) a nd f u rn i shed w i th l o ng e a r f lap s . Un fo r tuna te ly t h e p o s s ib le i n ne r s t ruc tu re o ft h i sh e lme ti su nknown . A l l t h e se t h ree f e a tu re s m en t ioned a bov e p rov e t h et h eo r ya l ready s ugge s ted b yG reenewa l t3 9 2 t h a tt h e mo s tl i ke ly c u l tu ra lh ome f o rt h eS a rd i st y pe o fc ompo s i te h e lme t sw ou ld b el a te 7 t h -e a r ly 6 t h c en tu ry B .C .n o r the rn I r an ( e yeb row c u tou t s ) a nd t h eT ran scauca s ian -C auca s ian r eg ion ( r ad ia ls t ru c t u re ) . T he r o le o ft h eS cy th ian si nt h ee me rgence o ft h i st y pe o fh e lme t m ay h ave b een v e ry i mpo r tan t s i nce t h e s hape o fS cy th ian h e lme t so f" Kuban " t y pe i st h e c l o se s t p a rale l t ot h e s hape o ft h eS a rd i s h e lme t3 9 3 . T h i sI r an ian -Cauca s ian ( -Scy th ian ) i n sp i ra t ion d oe sn o t s i g n i f yt h a tL yd ia o rP e r s ia w a s t h e m o s tl i ke ly p l ace f o ri tt oh ave b een m ade .T h i st y pe o fh e lme tc ou ld b ec on s ide red a st h ep roduc to fa

3 84 T here a re a l toge ther t h ree b ronze h e lme t sw h ich c an b e i d en t i f ied a s " Per s ian " . F or d e ta i led d i scu s s ion s ee Der s i i1 993 , p p . 7 7 -81 . 1 . Ma inz , RGZM , 0 .39606 : S chaa f f1 973 , p l . 4 9 ; K e l lner 1 976 ,

P .

7 8 , C a t . n o . 1 43 ; Dez iö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 29 ,

G roup n o . P . 1 .1 ; 2 . Ma inz , RGZM , 0 .39585 : S chaa f f1 9 73 , p l . 4 8 ; K e l lner 1 976 ,

P .

7 9 , C a t . n o . 1 51 ; De rsö 1 993 , C a t . n o .

1 30 , G roup n o . P . 1 .2 ; 3 .O lymp ia , B5 100 : Lune 1 961c , p p . 1 29 -137 , p l s . 5 6 -57 , S chaa f f1 973 , p l . 5 0 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o . 1 31 , G roup n o . P . 1 .3 . 3 85 Man i sa ,A r chaeo log ica l Museum , I nv . n o .3 389 , G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 , f i g s .2 5 -26 . 3 86 N ew York , Me tropo l i tan Mu seum o fA r t , M MA 7 431 .2466 ; G reenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 ,f i g . 2 3 . 3 87 G jers tad 1 935 ,p l . CLXXV I I I :14 ( no .5 05 ) , 1 5 ( no . 1 07 1 ) ; G je r s tad 1 948 ,p p . 1 32 -133 ,f i g . 2 0 :8 .T hese e arf lap sw ere f o rl ong t ime i d en t if ied a s t he e ar f lap s o fC ypr io te e xamp les o fG r eek " Kege lhe lm " , ( Ta t tonB rown 1 979 ,

P .

2 83 ) . S im i lar s hape o f

e ar f lap s i sk nown f r om t h e ' Tama s so s t yp e " o fC ypr io te c on ica l h e lme t s , f r om G reek " K ege lhe lm " o f G eome tr ic Age a nd f r om I ly r ian h e lme t s . 3 88 Der sö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 13 118 , G roup n o s . 1 . 1 .1 -5 . 3 89 De zza 1 993 ,p .8 0l i s t s 1h e lme t so ft h is t ype w i th m ea su re sa nd b i b l iog raphy . 3 90 Dersö 1 993 , C a t . n o s . 1 25 -127 , G roup n o s . 1 . 4 .1 -3 . 3 91 Knf t in 1 941 , p p . 6 8 , 1 59 , 2 24 , n o te 2 65 , p l s . 1 , 4 0 ; P io t ro vsky 1 955 ,

P .

2 6 , n o te 1 ;B e l insky 1 990 , p .1 94 ; Der sö 1 993 , C a t .

n o . 1 09 , G roup n o . C .3 . 3 92 Greenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 ,p p . 1 2 14 , e sp . 1 7 . 3 93 T he Kuban t ype o fS cy th ian h e lme t i t se l f i st he l a te s t e xamp le o f t he c anon ica l d eco ra t ive s y s tem o f9 th a nd e ar ly 8 th c en tur ie s B .C . A ssy r ian , 8 th -7 th c en tur ies B .C . No r th -W es t I r an ian c on ica l h e lme ts . T he c on ica l s hape b ecame mo s t ly h em ispher ica l ( ear ly I r an ian l o ca l t r ad i t ion ) . On ly t he k nob l ike p ro je c t ion o n t h e t op o ft h i s K uban t ype o fS cy th ian h e l me t s r em ind s u so ft h e e ar l ier s hape .T he v er t ica l r i b o n t h e f r on t o ft he se h e lme t ss t i l l e x i s t s , b u t t he p a ir o fc urv es b end i ng t ot he c en tre o n t he f r on to ft he h e lme t s l o s t i t so r ig ina lf unc t ion a nd b ecame s imp ly t h eb o rder o ft wo e yebrow c u tou t s ( wh ich w a ss im i lar ly a ne ar ly I r an ian f e a ture : s ee De rsö 1 993 , p p . 6 8 -69 , C a t . n o s . 1 09 -113 ) .

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r eg ion o f Ana to l ia o r T ran scauc a s ia u nde r S cy tho I ran ian ( Med ian a nd/or P e r s ian ) i n f luence . T he g ene ra l p r inc ip le o fc on s t ruc t ion m ay b e s e en a s ap ro to type o ft h e l a te rS a ssan ian c ompo s i te B and h e lm a nd t h el a te R oman ,e a r ly m ed ieva lS t r ebenhe lm a nd S pang enhe lm t y pe s3 9 4 .

3 94 G r eenewa l t -Heywood 1 992 ,p p . 1 2 14 ,n o te s ,2 -23 .

4 6

APPEND IX I I THE DEVELOP MENT OF EARLY COR INTH IAN HEL METS T he a im o ft h i s c hap te ri sn o t t od i scu s s t h e d ev e lopmen t o ft h e c l a s s ica lf o rm o fC o r in th ian h e lme t s w h ich w a ss t ud ied i ng r ea td e ta i lb yK unze3 9 5 a nd o t he r s3 9 6 , mo s tr e cen t ly b yP f lug3 9 7 , b u tt ot r ace t h e g ene s i so ft h ef o rm o fC o r in th ian a nd t h ec onnec t ing " p seudo -Co r in th ian "3 9 8 h e lme t s . T he c omp lex i ty o ft h ep rob lem i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le o ni l . 3 .T he " of ic ia ll i ne o fd eve lopmen t " o ft h e c l a s s ica lf o rm o fC o r in th ian h e lme t si sr ep re sen ted a tO lymp ia .T he 2 nd c o lumn o ft h ed i ag ram s how s t h i s s equence : 1 .t h e a r cha ic f o rm w i th h i gh , u n s t i l ted c r es t c u rv ing f o rwa rd ( f rom t wo b ronze s t a tue t te s , B5 700 a nd B 6 177 ) ; 2 .a r cha ic h e lme t f o rm w i th s ho r t n o se -gua rd ( B5 5 ) ; 3 a . h e lme tw i th S e i t enzw ick e ln ( B2 185 ) ;3 b . h e lme t w i th S e i t enau s schn i t t en ( s o c a l led My ro s -G rupp e ) . B u t t h e re i sa n a l te rna t ive , " uno ff i c ia l " l i ne o fd eve lopmen t n o t o n ly o u t s ide t h eP e loponne se ,b u t i nO lymp ia a nd i n S pa r ta a sw el .T h i s " u nof f i c ia l "l i ne i sc ha rac te r iz ed b ya r cha ic e l emen t s ,w h ich f i r s tb ecame r edundan t o nt h eG reek Ma in land ,t h en l a te ro nt h ei s l and sa sw el . T he f i r s tp ha se o ft h ed eve lopmen tw a sp robab ly t h e O r ien ta l h em i sphe r ica lh e lme tw i th ah i gh c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd . T h i sb a s i ct y pe w a s f u rn i shed i nt h eA egean w i th t wo l o ca l f e a tu re s : s epa ra te f a cegua rd w i th e y ea nd m ou th c u tou t s( c ov e red f a ce t r ad i t ion ) a nd s e pa ra te n eck g ua rd .T he se t wo f e a t u re so c cu rs epa ra te ly o rt o ge the r . T he a l te rna t iv e ( a nd r edundan t ) l i ne o fd eve lopmen tw a sp r e sen ti nO lymp ia a sw el : 1 .h e lme t M .8 .5 i sa n O r ien ta l t y pe h i gh c r e s ted h e lme tw h ich w a s f u rn i shed w i th af a ce -gua rd a nd n eck -gua rd c omp lex . T he o ve ral s hape i sa l ready C o r in th ian . 2 . Two f a ce -gua rd s ( B 4 228 a nd B 3 57 ) s how t h e p resence o fp robab ly c ompo s i te C o r in th ian h e lme t s w i th t he s epa ra te f a ce -gua rd f u rn i shed w i th r edundan t e ye a nd m ou th c u tou t s . 3 .T he h o le o n t h e f a ce -gua rd o fh e lme t s B2 196 a nd B 4 150 i sa n a r cha i z ing f e a tu re , r em in i scen t o ft h e e a rl ie r m ou th c u tou t . T he c l a s s ica l f o rm o fC o r in th ian h e lme t w i th s epa ra te ly a dded f a ce -gua rd w i th ad eve loped , e l onga ted p o in t ( M .8 .11 ) r ema ined i nu se i n O lymp ia f o r aw h i le ( p robab l yu n t i lt h el a s tq ua r te ro f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . ) . P seudo -Cor in th ian h e lm e t s S par ta , t h e o t h e ri mpo r tan t c en t re o ft h eP e loponne se s how s aq u i te d i f f e ren t h e lme t t r ad i t ion w h ich p o in t s i nt h e d i re c t ion o ft h e a r cha i ct r ad i t ion o ft h e G reek i s land s3" . T he re a r e f i ve t y pe so f p seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme t sr ep re sen ted o nv a r iou so b jec t sf r om S pa r ta : 1 .P seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme tw i th n eck - a nd f a ce -gua rd m ade o f as i ng le p i ece . H igh , s t i l ted c r e s tc u r v ing f o rwa rd .T he re i sn on o se -gua rd a nd t h ef a ce -gua rd ( w i thou t mou th c u tou t ) i ss mal ( M .8 .7 ) . 2 .P seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme t w i th n eck - a nd f a ce -gua rd m ade o f as i ng le p i ece . S t i l ted c r e s t a t tached t ot h e c ap o ft h e h e lme t . T he re i sn o n o se -gua rd a nd t h e f a ce -gua rd ( w i thou t mou th )c u tou ti ss ma l l( M .8 .9 ) . 3 .P seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme tw i th f a ce -gua rd w i thou t n eck -gua rd m ade o f as i ng le p i ece . H igh , o r ien ta l iz ing c r e scen t shaped s t i l ted c r e s t . T he r ounded f a ce -gua rd w a s f u rn i shed w i th e ye -a nd m ou th c u tou t sa sw el .T he n o se -gua rd i sm i s s ing ( M .8 .3 ) . 4 .P seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme t w i th f a ce -gua rd a nd n eck -gua rd made o f as i ng le p i ece . H igh , s t i l ted c r e s t c u rv ing f o rwa rd . I t s m a in c ha ra c te r i s t i ci st h e e a r -cu tou t . T he r ounded f a ce g ua rd w a sf u rn i shed w i th e y e -a nd mou th c u tou t s .T he n o se -gua rd i sm i s s ing ( M .8 .6 ) .

3 95 Knnzc 1 941 , p p . 1 08 -113 , f i g s . 9 6 -100 , p l s . 3 8 -45 ; Sun = 1 956 , p p . 6 9 -74 , p l s . 3 4 -39 ; Kun zc 1 961b , p p . 5 6 -128 , p l s . 1 3 -55 ; Sun zc 1 967c ,p p .8 3 -110 , f i g s . 2 8 -37 ,p l s .3 9 -40 . 3% Amand ry 1 9 49 , p p . 4 37 -446 , f i g s . 1 7 , p l s . 2 2 -2 5 ; N ce f t1 97 7 , p p . 4 43 -449 ; We is s1 977 , p p . 1 95 -207 ; De sp in i 1 98 1 , p p . 2 46 2 50 ; D i ic ig 1 981 ,p p . 1 09 -110 ,p l . 1 2 ; Ga in ed= 1 983 ,p p .4 7 -52 ;. I ac ison 1 987 ,p p . 1 07 -114 ,p l . 1 7 ; Bon in i1 9 88 ,p p . 1 07 -136 . 3 97 P f lug 1 988c ,p p . 6 5 -106 . 3 98 N amed h ere b yt h ep re sen ta u tho r . 3 99 T h i sf a c ti s empha s ized b yt he o b jec t s , o nw h ich t h eh e lme tr epre sen ta t ion so ccure : i v o ry c ar v ing a nd r e l ie fp y tho i .

4 7

5 .P seudo -Cor in th ian h e lme tw i th f a ce -gua rd made o f as i ng le p i ece . T he n eck -gua rd w a sa dded s epa ra te ly . S t i l ted c r es t a t tached t ot h e c ap o ft h e h e lme t .T he r ounded f a ce -gua rd w a s f u rn i shed w i th e ye -a nd mou th -cu tou t sa sw el .T he n o se -gua rd i sm i s s ing ( M .8 .8 ) . S amo s w a s p robab ly a n o the r i mpo r tan t c en t re o ft h e E a s te rn A egean h e lme t t r ad i t ion . T he h e lme to fG eryon ( M .8 .10 ) f r om ah o r se ' sb ronze b rea s tp la te i s ac ompo s i te p seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme t w i th a l lt h ef e a tu re so ft h eS pa r tan h e lme t sd i scu s sed a bove .T he o n ly d if e rence i st h ep o in ted s hape o f t h ef a ce -gua rd , w h ich w a sa dded s epa ra te ly t ot h ec ap o ft h e h e lme t .T he n eck -gua rd -s im i la r ly t oh e l m e tM .8 .8 -w a sa dded s epa ra te ly a sw el . L indo s -s im i la r ly t oS amo s -r ep re sen t s t h e E a s te rn A egean -E a s te rn Med i te r ranean c ove red f a ce h e lme tt r ad i t ion .T he c ha rac te r i s t ic L indo sf a ce -gua rd s4c *( wh ich w e re a dded s epa ra te ly t ot h ec ap o ft h e h e lme t a nd w e re f u rn i shed w i th e ye a nd mou th c u tou t s )b e longed p robab ly at ob a s ica l ly O r ien t a lt y pe o fc r e s ted h e lme t ( M .8 .4 w i th s ma l lc r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd ) .T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h i st y pe o fh e l me t i su nknown . He lme t r ep resen ta t ion M .8 .4 d oe s n o t g i ve t h e d e ta i l s o fc on s t ruc t ion . We d o n o t k now w he ther t h e c ap o ft h e h e lme t w a s made o f as i ng le p i ece o fb ronze s hee t o r f o l lowed t h ef i ve p a r t c on s truc t ion o ft h e G reek G eome t r ic h e lme t s d i scu s sed a bove i nd e ta i l .T he se f a ce -gua rd st r an s f o rmed t he o pen f a ce O r ien ta lh e lme t st oc ha rac te r i s t ic E a s te rn A egean c ove red f a ce h e lme t s . S im i la r p seudo -Cor in th ian h e lme t sw e re k nown n o t o n ly i nL indo s a nd S amo s ,b u t i nO lymp ia a sw el ( B4 228 a nd B 3 57 ) . F o r t h e s pec ia l , i n te rmed ia to ry r o le o fL indo sb e tween t h e O r ien ta la nd A egean h e lme t t y pe ss ee Append ix I . Mykono s . On t h e f amou s Mykono s r e l ie fp i tho s 4°1 t h e re a r e i n te re s t ing h e lme t s r ep re sen t ing t h ee a r ly d eve lopmen to ft h eA egean c ove red f a ce ( p seudo -Co r in th ian ) h e lme t s( M .8 .1 a nd M .8 .2 ) , a nd t he i r f o re runne rs , t he p l a in O r ien ta l c r e s ted h e lme t s ( M .4 .3 -4 , M .7 .1 a nd M .7 .2 ) . T hese O r ien ta l c r e s ted h e lme t s w ere f u rn i shed w i th as epa ra te ly a dded b ronze s hee t , f o rm ing t h e n eck - a nd f a ce g ua rd . T he h i gh , t a s se l led c r e s t h ave p a ra l le l s b o th i n Ana tol ia ( 0 .2 .56 ) a nd t h e N ea r E a s t a sw el ( 0 .2 .1 -4 , 2 5 -30 ) . P r in ias . T h i s C re tan p seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme t r ep re sen t s t h e l o ca l d eve lopmen t o fc ove red f a ce h e lme t s o ft he l a s t q ua r ter o f7 th c en tu ry B .C . T he mo s t i mpo r tan t a r cha iz ing f e a tu re s o ft h e C re tan h e lme t s a re t h e r i v e ted c on s t ruc t ion ( h e lme t s made o ft wo s im i la r h a lve sr i ve ted t o ge ther ) 4°2 a nd t h e mou th c u tou tc ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h eE a s te rn A egean p seudo -Co r in th ian h e lme t s( M .8 .12 ) . T he f o l low ing d i ag ram s how s t h e d i f fe rence s b e tween t h e C o r in th ian a nd p seudo -Co r in th ian l i ne o fe vo lu t ion . f a ce -

f a ce -

n eck -

n eck

n o se -

e ye

mou th

e ar

g uard

g uard

g uard

g uard

g uard

c u tou t

c u tou t

c u tou t

a dded

a dded

s ep .

s ep .

B5 700

+

+

B6 177

+

+

B5 5

+

+

B2 185

+

+

B4 170

+

+

M .8 .5 B4 228 B3 57 B2 196 B4 150 M .8 .7

4 00 B l inkenbe rg 1 931 ,n o s .5 71 -576 . 4 01 E r v in 1 963 ,p l s . 1 8 -19 . 4 02 Hof fmann 1 972 ,p as s im .

4 8

c re s t

M .8 .9

+

+

M .8 .11

+

M .8 .3

+

M .8 .6

+

M .8 .8

+

+

+

+ +

M .8 .10

+

L5 7 1

+

M .8 .4

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

M .8 .1

+

+

+

+

M .8 .2

+

+

+

+

M .8 .12

+

+

+

+

+

A s c an b e s een t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t p seudo -Co r in th ian f e a tu re s a r e : s epa ra te ly a dded f a ce g ua rd , r ounded f a ce -gua rd , s e pa ra te ly a dded n eck -gua rd , t h em i s s ing o fn o se -gua rd a nd m ou th c u tou t . T he se e l emen t s g radualy b ecame r edundan t , a nd t h e C o r in th ian a nd o t he r t y pe o fc l a s s ica l h e lme t s ( I l ly r ian a nd C ha l ldd ian ) r ep laced t h em b yt h e e nd o ft h e 7 t h c en tu ry B .C . T h i s p seudo -Co r in th ian t r ad i t ion o ra tl e a s to ne o fi t sf e a tu re s( d e ta chab le f a cegua rd ) s u r v iv ed i nt h eI on ian h e lme tt r ad i t ion o f t h el a te 7 th a nd 6 t hc en tu r ie sB .C . T h i sb r ie fd i scu s s ion Ih ope s hed sl i gh t o nt h e t e nden cy , i nw h i ch t h e C o r in th ian ( a nd I l y r ian ) t y pe o fh e lme t w a s o n ly o ne a l te rna t iv e i nt h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e c ov e red f a ce h e lme t s , w h i l s t s ev e ra l o t he rt r ad i t ion sf l ou r i shed m a in ly i nt h eA eg ean i s l and sa nd o nt h eG reek Ma in land , a tl e a s ti nS pa r ta , i nt h e7 th c en tu ry B .C .

4 9

APPEND IX W CATALOGUE OF NEAR EASTERN AND MED ITERRANEAN HEL MET REPRE S ENTAT IONS A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o . 1 0a B ud g e1 9 14 ,p l s . XV :2 , XX IV :1 -2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 7 8

o= Orienta l

M = Med i te r rane m 0 .1 = O r ien ta lc on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s 0 .2 = O r ien ta lc r e s ted h e lme t s

0 .1 .5 P a lace r e l i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o . 1 5b B udg e1 9 14 ,p l . XV I I I :2 D e r sö 1 993 ,n o . 7 9

M .1 M .2 M .3 M .4

=L oca lG eome t r ic h e lme t s =C on ica lh e lme t s =C on ica lc r e s ted h e lme t s =C on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s w i th c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd M .5 = C on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s w i th u n s t i l ted c r e s tc u rv ing f o rwa rd M .6 = C on ica l/po in ted h e lme t s w i th c r e scen t shaped c r e s t M .7 = Hem i sphe r ica lc r e s ted h e lme t s M .8 = " P seudo C o r in th ian '/unknown G reek/ C re tan " M .X = Unc la s s if ied

0 .1 .6 P a lace r e l i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o . l b B udg e1 9 14 ,p l . XX I I I :2 D e r sö 1 993 ,n o .8 0 0 .1 .7 P a lace r el i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o .3 a B udg e1 9 14 ,p l s .X I I :1 ,X I I I :1 , XV I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 8 1

0 .1 .1 Wh i te Obel i sk N in ive A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 1 050 -1032 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , WA 18807 H . :2 90 c m B ö rk e r -K lähn 1 982 ,p p . 1 79 -180 , n o . 1 32 ,p l s . 1 32a -

0 .1 .8 P a lace r e l i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o . 1 6b (2 ) B udg e1 9 14 ,p l . XXV :2 D e r sö 1 993 ,n o .8 2

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 7 5 0 .1 . 2 P a lace r el i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o .7 b B udg e 1 914 ,p l .X :X I :1 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 7 6 0 .13 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o .4 a B udg e 1 914 ,p l s .X I I :2 ,X I Ik 1 2 , XV I I I :1 , XX :2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 7 7 0 .1 .4 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud )

0 .1 .9 P a lace r e l i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o .9 a B udg e1 9 14 ,p l s . XV :1 , XX I :2 D e r sö 1 993 ,n o .8 3 0 .1 .10 P a lace r e l i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o .9 a B udg e 1 9 14 ,p l s . XV :1 , XV I I :1 -2 , XV I I I :2 , X :X I I I :2 , XXV :2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o .8 4 0 .1 .11 P a lace r e l i e f 5 0

K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shur -na s i r -pa l I( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o . 1 4b B udg e 1 914 ,p l . XX IV :1 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 8 5

0 .1 .18 R el ie f sf r om b ronze g a te B a lawa t S ha lmane se rI I ( 8 58 -824 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum K ing 1 915 ,p l .I I , b and 1 . 3 , l owe rr e g i s te r D er sö 1 993 , n o . 9 3

0 .1 .12 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) A shu r -na s i r -pa lI( 8 83 -859 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,N .G .n o . 1 5b B udg e 1 914 ,p l s . XV I I I :2 , XX IV :1 D er sö 1 993 , n o . 8 6

0 .1 .19 R el ie f sf r om b ronze g a te B a lawa t S ha lmane se rH I ( 858 -824 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum K ing 1 915 ,p l .I I , b and 1 . 3 , l owe rr e g i s t e r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 4

0 .1 .13 F ragmen t so f ac o lou red b r ick o r tho s ta t A shu r 9 th c .B .C . ( Sha lmane se rI I? ) A s s . 1 0756 And rae 1 925 ,p l . 9 e D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 8 8

0 .1 .20 R el ie f sf r om b ronze g a te B a lawa t S ha lmane se rI I ( 8 58 -824 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum K ing 1 915 ,p l s . XIV , b and 1 1 .2 , l owe rr e g i s t e r XX IV ,b and I V .6 , l ow e rr e g i s t e r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 5

0 .1 .14 T h rone b a se , p ane lf N im rud , F o r tS ha lmane se r ,g rea tt h rone r oom T i S ha lmaneser I I ( 858 -824 B .C . ) , Musha l l im Ma rduk B aghdad ,I r aq Mu seum , ND 1000 Ma l Iowan 1 966 , v o l . 2 ,p p . 4 46 -448 D er sö 1 993 , n o . 8 9

0 .1 . 21 I v o ry K a lhu ( N im rud ) , NW P a lace , ZT . 2 5 9 th c .B .C . ND 3 266 Ma l Iowan -D av i e s 1 970 ,p l . V I , n o . 1 4 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 6

0 .1 .15 B ronze s t a tue t te B eqaa ( Lebanon ) 1 0 th -9 th ( ? ) c .B .C . B e i ru t ,N a t iona l Mu seum S eed en 1 980 ,p .1 09 , n o . 1 723 ,p l . 1 02 D er sö 1 993 , n o . 9 0

0 .1 .22 I v o ry K a lhu ( N imrud ) , Nabu T emp le , T h roneroom ( SEB I ) E a r ly 8 th c .B .C . ND 5 612 Ma l Iowan -Dav i e s 1 970 ,p l . XV I I I , n o . 6 2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 7

0 .1 .16 B ronze mode lo f ac ha r io t " Ta r tou s " 1 0 th -9 th ( ? ) c .B .C . P ar i s ,L ouv re , AO 2 2265 C olon -C rouw e l -L i t taue r1 976 ,p l s .X IA -B S eed en 1 980 , p p . 1 09 -110 , n o . 1 725 , p l s . Na nd 1 03 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 1

0 .1 . 23 I v o ry K a lhu ( N imrud ) , Nabu T emp le , T h roneroom ( SEB I ) 9 th c .B .C . ND 5 612 Ma l Iowan -Dav i e s 1 970 ,p l . XV I I I , n o . 6 2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 8

0 .1 .17 R el ie f sf r om b ronze g a te B a lawa t S ha lmane se rI I ( 8 58 -824 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum K ing 1 915 ,p l .I X , b and 1 .3 , l ow e rr e g i s t e r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 9 2

0 .1 .24 R el i e fs l ab ( ba sa l to r tho s ta t ) " Süd to rd e rS tad t " 1 0 th -9 th c .B .C .

5 1

B e r l in ,S taa tl i che Mu seen z uB e r l in H . : 1 28 c m B i t t e l1 976b ,f i g . 2 97 D e z sö 1 993 , n o . 9 9

L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18908 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .I X B a r ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l s . LXLY , LXX L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18934 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .X D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 36

0 .1 .25 R el ie fs l ab ( ba sa l to r tho s ta t ) T el Ha la f 9 th c .B .C . B e r l in ,S taa tl i che Mu seen z uB e r l in l a eng e l -B rand t1 986 ,p l . o nt h eb ack c ove r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 00

P a lace r el ie f s K a lhu ( N im rud ) , C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum B a r ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l s . I X ,X ,X I I I , XIV ( B M 18878 = Sm i th 1 938 , p l . X IX ) , XXV I I , XXV I I I ( I s tanbu l , I nv . n o . 2 3 ) , XXX / , XXX / / ( Bombay , I nv . n o . 7 ) , L I I( Len ing rad , He rm i tage , I nv .n o .3 943 ) , L IV , LV ( Pa r i s , d eC le rq C o l l . ) , w i th u nknown p rovenance : B a r ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l s . LYX I I( Zü r ich ,I nv . n o . 1 918 ) , LXX I I I( Zü r ich ,I nv .n o . 1 917 ) , LXX /V ( Ber l in , VA 9 84 ) , LXXV ( Louv re , AO 1 9854 ) , LXXV /( B r i s to l ,H .3175 )

0 .1 .26 B a sa l to r tho s ta t Z hn i r l i ,S ou the rn G a te o ft h eC i ty F i r s th a l fo f8 th c .B .C . B e r l in ,V o rde ra s ia t i sche s Mu seum H . : 1 30 c m v on L uschan e ta l . 1 902 , f i g . 9 6 , p l s . XXX IV c , = CV O r thmann 1 97 1 ,p p . 5 37 -53g p l . 5 5b D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 33

0 .130 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , " Be tween C en t ra l P a lace a nd Uppe rC hambe r s T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , O r . D r . I ,p l .X I I I B a rne t t -F a lkne r1 962 ,p l . LV I I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 37

B a sa l t o r tho s ta t Z i 4 r 1 i , We s tern Wa l l so ft h e Ou te r Wa l l so f t h eA c ropol i s F i r s th a l fo f8 th c .B .C . I s tanbu l ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o .7 780 H . : 16 c m v on L u schan e ta l . 1 902 ,f i g . 1 30 ,p l . XLIV O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 43 ,p l . 6 0 c

P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) P r iva te c olec t ion B ar ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l .L JO CV I I

0 .1 . 27 B a sa l to r tho s ta t ZUK i rl i , o u te rf r on to ft he E a s te rn Wa l l so ft h e G a te o fA c ropo l i s F i r s th a l fo f8 th c .B .C . B e r l in , Vo rde ra s ia t i sche s Mu seum , VA 2 647 H . : 1 37 c m v on L uschan e ta l . 1 902 ,f i g . 1 03 ,p L XL O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 41 ,p l . 5 8 f D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 34

0 .131 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 15634 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .X I I I B a r ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l . XXXV I I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 38

0 .1 .28 I v o ry K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,E z ida : T emp le o fN abu ,N .T . 1 4 8 th c .B .C . ND 5 395 Ma l lowan Dav ie s1 970 ,p l . XV I I , n o . 6 1a D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 35

0 .132 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18903 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .X IV B ar ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l s . XXX IX , XL , XLV I I I , XLIX D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 39

0 .1 .29 P a lace r el ie f s K a lhu ( N imrud ) , SW P a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . )

5 2

0 .139 Wa l l -pa in t ing N im rud , " Z en t rum d e s Hüge l s " T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) H . :0 . 31 m W . : 0 . 225 m N unn 1 98g p L 1 24 D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 63

0 .1 .33 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , SW P a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18934 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .X D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 40 0 .1 .34 P a lace r el ie f s K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) B ombay , VA .M .7 8 B a rne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l . XV I( = p l . XV , O r . D r . I I , C en t ra lX I ) P a r i s , De C le rq C olec t ion B a rne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l . LV ( = p 1 . LW , O r . D r . I I ,C en t ra l XX IV ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18934+ 18931 B a rne t t -F a lkne r1 962 ,p l s . XC I I , XC I I I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 41

0 .1 .40 Wa l l -pa in t ing N im rud ," Ac ropo l i sP a lace " T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 745 -727 B .C . ) H . :0 . 17 m W . :0 . 10 m N unn 1 988 ,p l . 1 23 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 64 0 .1 .41 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip ,R oom XX IV T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 745 -727 B .C . ) T hur eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 , p l . XLIX , u ppe r r e g i s t e r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 65

0 .1 .35 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , " Be tween C en tra l P a lace a nd Uppe rC hambe r s " T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum ,O r .D r .I ,p l .I X B a rne t t -F a lkne r1 962 ,p l .L IX D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 42

0 .1 .42 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip ,R oom XX IV T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) T hu r eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 ,p l . L I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 66

0 .136 P a lace r el ie f Unknown p rovenance T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) P r iva te c olec t ion B ar ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l . LXXV I I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 43

0 .1 .43 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip ,R oom XX IV T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) T hur eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 ,p l .L D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 67

0 .137 P a lace r e l ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , SW P a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18907 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XV I I I B a rne t t F lak ne r1 962 ,p l s . LXV I( = O r .D r .I I , S .W . XV ) , LXV I I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 44

0 .1 .44 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) P a r ro t1 961 ,f i g . 3 39 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 68 0 .1 .45 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) T hur eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 , p l . XLIX , l owe r r e g i s t e r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 69

0 .138 C o lou red b r ick A shu r ,f a çade o ft he T emp le o fA shu r T ig la th -P i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) A nd rae 1 925 ,p l . 6 D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 62

0 .1 .46

5 3

Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip , R oom XX IV T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) T hu r eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 ,p l . XLIX D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 70

B a sa l tr el ie f s K a ra tepe ," Rampe d e r Un te re G rabung " i s th a l fo ft h e8 t hc .B .C . ( " Sph . I Ib " ) B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p l s . 8 2 , 8 3 O r thmann 1 97 1 ,p .4 93 ,p l . 1 8a D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 78

0 .1 .47 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip , Room XX IV T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) T hu r eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 ,p l .L I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 7 1

0 .1 .54 R el ie f T el T a 'y ina t C a .7 50 -725 B .C . ( Amuq P ha se 0 ) C h icago ,O r ien ta lI n s t i tu te Mu seum ,A .27854 Ma rf oe e ta l . 1 98 2 , n o . 3 2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 91

0 .1 .48 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) A leppo Mu seum Am i e t1 980 ,p L 1 05 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 72

0 .1 .55 P a lace r el ie f Du r -Sha r ru l c in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 4 9( Sa l l e 1 ,s l ab 2 ) D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 92

0 .1 .49 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) A leppo Mu seum Am i e t1 980 ,p l . 1 05 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 73

0 .1 .56 P a lace r el ie f Du r -Sha r ruk in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 7 6 ( Sa l l e2 ,s l ab 1 ) a nd p a s s im D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 93

0 .1 .50 R el ie f s H ada tu ( A r s lan -Ta sh ) , We s te rn g a te T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) I s tanbu l ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o .7 9 T hu r eau -Dang in e ta l . 1 931 ,p l s . I X :1 ,X I :1 -2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 75

0 .1 .57 P a lace r el ie f Du r -Sha r ruk in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 5 8( Sa l l e2 ,s l ab 1 0 ) D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 94

0 .1 .51 B a sa l tr el ie f K a ra tepe , " Obe re G rabung " i s th a l fo ft he 8 th c .B .0 ( " Sph I I " ) H . : 1 35 c m B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p l .X I I I , n o . 6 4 O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 4 94 ,p l . 1 8 f D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 76

0 .1 .58 P a lace r el ie f Du r -Sha r ruk in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l s . 6 2 -67 ( Sa l l e 1 , s l ab s 1 5 -21 )a nd p a s s im D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 95 0 .1 .59 P a lace r el ie f N in iv e( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24787 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLI I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 03

0 .1 .52 B a sa l tr el ie f K a ra tepe ," Obe re G rabung " i s th a l fo ft he 8 th c .B .C . ( " Sph I I " ) H . : 1 35 c m B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p l .X I I I , n o . 6 4 O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 4 94 ,p l . 1 8 f D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 77

0 .1 .60 P a lace r el ie f N in iv e ( Qu yun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X I I )

0 .1 .53

5 4

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 10

S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24783 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLIV D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 04

0 .1 .67 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , C ou r tX IX ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24782 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XL V I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 11

0 .1 .61 P a lace r e l ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , C ou r tV I ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24773 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XXXV I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 05

0 .1 .68 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24786 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLI I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 12

P a lace r e l ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , C ou r tX IX ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24782 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLV I I

0 .1 .69 P a lace r el ie f N in iv e( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24775 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XXXV I I I :1 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 13

0 .1 .62 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) B o s ton , Mu seum o fF ine A r t s T e r race 1 962 , n o . 2 2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 06

P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room XLV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24777 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . = IX

0 .1 .63 P a lace r e l ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24789 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLI D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 07

0 .1 .70 P a lace r el ie f N in iv e ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24784 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . LYN D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 14

0 .1 .64 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,R oom X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24787 Sm i th 1 938 , p 1 . XLI I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 08

0 .1 .71 P a lace r el ie f N in ive S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) Mad r id ,R ea lA cadem ia d el aH i s to r ia R ead e 1 972 ,p l . XXXV I la D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 15

0 .1 .65 P a lace r e l ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X I I ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24783 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLIV D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 09

0 .1 .72 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X I I ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24780 Sm i th 1 938 ,p L XLV I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 16

0 .1 .66 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , C ou r t LX IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) P a t er son 1 912 ,p l . 9 1

5

S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24782 Sm i th 1 938 ,p L XL V I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 23

0 .1 .73 P a lace r e l ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room V ) S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 912 ,p l . 1 2 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 17

0 .1 .80 C y l inde rs ea l A shu r -nad in shum i( 7 00 -695 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 7 7611 +2 C o l lon 1 988 ,p p . 1 29 -130 , n o . 5 55 D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 36

0 .1 .74 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , R oom X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24784 Sm i th 1 938 ; p 1 . LV I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 18

0 .1 .81 Wa l l -pa in t ing N in ive S ennacher ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) o r A shurban ipa l ( 668 -627 B .C . ) F undn r 1 930 -5 .8 -216 H . :0 . 13 m W . :0 . 22 m N unn 1 988 ,p l . 1 30 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 37

0 .1 .75 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , R oom X I I ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24779 Sm i th 1 938 ;p l . XLV D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 19 0 .1 .76 P a lace r el ie f N in ive S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24775 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XX :XV I I I :1 D er sö 1 993 , n o . 2 20

0 .1 .82 S t e le A o fA sa rhaddon T i l -Ba r s ip E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) A leppo ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum T hur eau -Dang in -D unand 1 936 , p p . 1 51 -155 p L X I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 38

P a lace r el ie f N in ive S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24776 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XXXV I I I :2

S t e le B o fA sa rhaddon T i l -Ba r s ip E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) A leppo ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , I nv . n o .3 1 T hur eau -Dang in -D unand 1 936 , p p . 1 55 -156 , p l . X I I I

0 .1 .77 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ) S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24789 Sm i th 1 938 ,p L XLI D er sö 1 993 , n o . 2 21

0 .1 .83 P a lace r el ie f N in ive E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) V en ice , Mu seuo A rcheo log ica ,n o .4 6 R ead e 1 972 ,p l . XLb D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 39

0 .1 .78 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) Ox fo rd ,A shmo lean Mu seum , 1 950 .240 Moo r e y 1 987 ,f i g . 1 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 22

0 .1 .84 P a lace r el i e f N in ive ,N o r th P a lace , Room I A shu rban ipa l ( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24929 -124930 B a rne t t1 97 6 ,p l . XV Ia nd p a s s im D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 41

0 .1 .79 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , C ou r tX IX )

P a lace r el ie f

5 6

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 01

N in ive A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) Ox fo rd ,A shmo lean Mu seum , 1 940 .202 R ead e 1 97 2 ,p l . XXXLY a

0 .2 .2 R el i e fs l ab ( l ime s tone ) C a rchem i sh ,K ing ' sG a te K a tuwa sh ( c .9 00 -873 B .C . ) Anka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 15 H . : 1 30 c m Hoga r th 1 914 ,p LB .2a O r thmann 1 97 1 ,p .5 05 ,F / 1 ,p l . 2 8 e D e r sö 1 993 ,n o . 1 02

0 .1 .85 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ,N o r th P a lace ,R oom V1T1 A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) P a r i s ,L ouv re , AO 1 9909 B a rne t t1 976 ,p l . LXLY D e r sö 1 993 ,n o .2 42

R el i e fs l ab ( l ime s tone ) C a rchem i sh ,K ing ' sG a te K a tuwa sh ( c .9 00 -873 B .C . ) A nka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 17 H . : 1 30 c m Hoga r th 1 914 ,p l .B .3a O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 07 ,F / 3 ,p l . 2 9a D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 02

0 .1 .86 P a lace r el i e f N in ive ,N o r th P a lace A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) B e r l in ,V o rde ra s ia t i sche s Mu seum , VA 9 61 B a r ne t t1 976 ,p l .LXX a D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 43

R el ie fs l ab C a rchem i sh ,K ing ' sG a te K a tuwa sh ( c .9 00 -873 B .C . ) A nka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I n v ,n o .9 664 H . : 1 35 c m Hoga r th 1 914 ,p l .B .3b O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 07 ,F / 4 ,p l . 2 9b D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 02

0 .1 .87 P a lace r el i e f N in ive ,N o r th P a lace ,R oom V1T1 A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) P a r i s ,L ouv re , AO 1 9908 , 1 9 904 B a rne t t1 976 ,p l . LXV I I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 44 0 .1 .88 P a lace r el i e f N in ive ,N o r th P a lace A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon ,R oya lG eog raph ica lS oc ie ty ,I n v .n o . 1 B a rne t t1 976 ,p l . LXX Im D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 45

R el ie fs l ab ( l ime s tone ) C a rchem i sh ,L ong w a l lo fs cu lp tu re s S uh i sh I H . : 1 57 c m Woo l l ey -B a rne t t1 952 ,p l .B .44b O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 03 , C / 11 ,p l . 2 5b D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 02

0 .1 .89 P a lace r el ie f N in ive ,N o r th P a lace A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24956 D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 46

02 .3 R el i e fs l ab C a rchem i sh ,K ing ' sG a te K a tuwa sh ( c .9 00 -873 B .C . ) Anka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 16 H . : 1 35 c m Hoga r th 1 914 ,p l .B .2b O r thmann 1 97 1 ,p p . 5 05 -507 ,F / 2 ,p l .2 8 f , 7 1 c D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 03

0 . 2 .1 R el ie fs l ab ( l ime s tone ) C a rchem i sh , B ack w a l lo ft h e P roce s s iona lE n t ry , ( K ing ' sG a te ) ,n o . 1 2 K a tuwa sh ( c .9 00 -873 B .C . ) Anka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I n v .n o .9 651 H . :9 0c m Woo l le y1 921 ,p l .B .26 c O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 12 , H/ 12 ,p l .3 4 c

0 .2 .4 R el i e fs l ab C a rchem i sh ,K ing ' sG a te K a tuwa sh ( c .9 00 -873 B .C . ) Anka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 17 H . : 1 30 c m Hoga r th 1 914 ,p l .B .3a O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 07 ,F / 3 ,p l .2 9a

5 7

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 04

B a rne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l s . XXXV I I ,) (XXV I I I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 47

R el ie fs l ab C a rchem i sh ,K ing ' sG a te Anka ra ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , I nv .n o .9 664 H . : 1 35 c m Hoga r th 1 914 ,p l .B .3b O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 07 , F/ 4 ,p 1 . 2 9b D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 04

0 .2 .9 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 745 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 15634 B ar ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 , p l s . XXXV I I ( Or . D r . I I . C en t ra l XXV I I ) , XXXV IH D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 48

R el ie fs l ab C a rchem i sh ,L ong w al o fs cu lp tu re s S uh i sh I H . : 1 65 c m Woo l le y -B ar ne t t1 952 ,p l . B .46a O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 03 , C/ 14 ,p l . 2 5d D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 04

0 .2 .10 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) Z ü r ich ,A rchäo log i sche sI n s t i tu t d e r Un ive r s i tä t , I nv .n o . 1 920 B ar ne t t -F a lkne r1 962 ,p l s . L( O r . D r .I I . C en t ra l XXV I I I ) , L I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 49

0 .2 .5 R el ie fs l ab K an i sh ( Kü l tepe ) 9 t hc .B .C . K ay ser i ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum H . : 9 2c m B i t t e !1 976b ,f i g . 3 21 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 05 02 .6 B a sa l t o r tho s ta t Z ing i rl i ,E a s te rn Wa l lo ft h e Ou te rG a te o f t e hA c ropol i s F i r s th a l fo f8 th c .B .C . B e r l in , V o rde ra s ia t i sche s Mu seum , VA 2 711 H . : 1 00 c m v on L uschan e t a l . 1 902 , f ig s . 1 22 -123 , XXXV I I I c O r thmann 1 97 1 ,p .5 42 ,p l . 5 9g D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 31

0 .2 .11 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) Z ü r ich ,A rchäo log i sche sI n s t i tu t d e r Un ive r s i tä t , I nv .n o . 1 916 B a rne t t -F a lkne r1 962 ,p l s . XXXV ( Or .D r .I I . C en t ra lI ) , XXXV I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 50 0 . 2 .12 P a lace r el ie f Unknown p rovenance T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) M inneapol i s ,I n s t i tu te o fA r t s B ar ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l . LX I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 51

P l .

0 .2 .7 B a sa l to r tho s ta t Z ing i r l i ,E a s te rn Wa l lo ft h e Ou te rG a te o f t h eA c ropol i s F i r s th a l fo f8 th c .B .C . B e r l in , Vo rde ra s ia t i sche s Mu seum , VA 2 713 H . : 9 0c m v on L uschan e ta l . 1 902 ,f i g . 1 35 ,p l . XXXV I I 1b O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 5 43 ,p l . 6 1b D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 32

0 . 2 .13 P a lace r el ie f K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L eyden , R i jk smu seum v an Oudheden , I nv . n o . A .1952/12 .1 B a rne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 , p l s . XLI ( O r . D r . I I . C en t r a l XX I ) , XLH D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 52

02 .8 P a lace r el ie f s K a lhu ( N im rud ) , C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 745 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 15634 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .X I I I

0 .2 .14 P a lace r el ie f Unknown p rovenance T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 19402 B ar ne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l . LXX IX

5 8

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 53

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 79

0 .2 .15 P a lace r e l ie f s K a lhu ( N im rud ) , SW P a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18934 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .X B arne t t -F a lkner 1 962 , p l s . LXXXV I I I , XC ( Or . D r .I I .S .W . XV I I I ) , XC I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 54

0 .2 .21 B a sa l tr el i e f K a ra tepe ," Obe re G rabung " i s th a l fo ft h e8 t hc .B .C . B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p LX I I I ,n o . 6 9 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 80 0 .2 . 22 B a sa l tr el i e f s K a ra tepe ," Rampe d e r Un te re G rabung " i s th a l fo ft h e8 t hc .B .C . ( " Sph .I lb " ) B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p l . XV I ,n o s . 8 2 -83 O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 4 93 ,p l s . 1 8a D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 81

0 .2 .16 P a lace r el i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) , SW P a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,O r .D r .I I .S .W .X IX B a rne t t -F a lkne r1 962 ,p L LX I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 55

0 . 2 .23 B a sa l tr el i e f K a ra tepe ," Obe re G rabung " i s th a l fo ft h e8 t hc .B .C . ( " Sph .I IB " ) B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p l .X I I I , n o . 6 4 O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 4 94 ,p L 1 8 f D e r sö 1 993 ,n o . 1 82

0 .2 .17 P a lace r el ie f Unknown p rovenance T ig la th -p i le se rI I ( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) Z ü r ich ,A rchäo log i sche sI n s t i tu td e r Un ive r s i tä t , I nv .n o . 1 917 B a rne t t -F aHa ze r1 962 ,p l . LXX I I I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 1 56

0 .2 .24 P a lace r el i e f Du r -Sha r ruk in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 5 5( S a l l e1 , s l ab 7 ) D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 97

0 .2 .18 P a lace r el i e f K a lhu ( N im rud ) ,C en t ra lP a lace T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 18902 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XV I B a rne t t -F a lk ne r1 962 ,p l s . XXX I I I( O r .D r . C en t r a lX IX ) , XXX IV D er sö 1 993 ,n o . 1 57

0 .2 .25 P a lace r el i e f Du r -Sha r ru l c in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 7 0( S a l l e1 , s l ab 2 8 ) D e r sö 1 993 ,n o . 1 98

0 .2 .19 Wa l l -pa in t ing T i l -Ba r s ip ,R oom XX IV T ig la th -p i le se rI I( 7 45 -727 B .C . ) T hur eau -Dang in -Dunand 1 936 , p l . XLIX , l ow e r r e g i s t e r D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 74

0 .2 .26 P a lace r el i e f Du r -Sha r ruk in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 , p l . 1 45 ( Sa l l e1 4 ,s l ab 2 ) D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 1 99 0 . 2 .27 P a lace r el ie f Du r -Sha r ru ldn ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 7 21 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l . 9 8( Sa l l e5 ,s l ab 2 5 ) D e r sö 1 993 ,n o . 2 00

0 .2 .20 B a sa l tr e l ie f K ara tepe , " Wes twand d e r w e s t l iche N ebenkam m e r , Un te re G rabung i s th a l fo ft h e8 th c .B .C .( " Sph .n ib " ) H . : 10 c m B o s se r te ta l . 1 950 ,p l . XX ,n o . 1 00 O r thmann 1 97 1 ,P . 4 9 1 ,p l . 1 6 c

0 .2 .28 P a lace r el i e f Du r -Sha r ru ldn ( Kho r sabad )

5 9

S a rgon I ( 721 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p l s . 6 1 -62 ( Sa l l e 1 , s l ab s 1 4 , 2 2 ) D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 0 1

P a lace r el i e f s N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room XXV I I I ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24774 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l s .L -LI I I

0 . 2 . 29 P a lace r e l ie f Du r -Sha r ruk in ( Kho r sabad ) S a rgon I ( 721 -705 B .C . ) B o t ta -F land in 1 849 ,p L 9 0( Sa l l e5 ,s l ab 6 ) D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 02

0 . 235 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24786 Sm i th 1 93g p l . XLI I D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 29

0 . 230 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24786 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l . XLI I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 24

0 . 236 P a lace r el i e f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) O x fo rd ,A shmo lean Mu seum , 1 933 .1575 Moo r e y1 987 ,f i g . 1 0 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 30

0 . 231 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,R oom X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24784 Sm i th 1 938 ,p l .L IX D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 25

0 .2 .37 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , Room V ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 9 12 ,p l . 1 4 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 31

P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,R oom X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24785 Sm i th 1 938 p l s . LX I I I -LX IV D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 25

0 .238 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,G rea t Ha l l ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 9 12 ,p l . 9 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 32

0 .232 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,R oom V ) S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 912 ,p l . 1 5 D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 26

0 . 239 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 9 12 ,p l . 7 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 33

0 . 233 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,R oom X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 912 ,p l . 3 9 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 27

0 .2 .40 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 9 12 ,p L 7 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 34

0 . 234 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace ,R oom X IV ) S ennache r ib ( 705 -681 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24784 Sm i th 1 938 , p l . LX I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 28

0 .2 .41 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh ( Quyun j ik , SW P a lace , G rea t Ha l l ) S ennache r ib ( 7 05 -681 B .C . ) P a t e r son 1 9 12 ,p l . 7

6 0

D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 35 0 .2 .49 A rch i tec tu ra lt e r raco t ta Go rd ion , 2 801 A 1 29 F i r s th a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Ak e r s t röm 1 966 ,p l . 7 9

0 .2 .42 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh E sa rhaddon ( 6 80 -669 B .C . ) V en ice , Mu se ( )A rcheo log ico ,n o .4 6 R ead e 1 972 ,p l . XLb D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 40

0 .2 .50 A rch i tec tu ra lt e r raco t ta Go rd ion F i r s th a l fo f7 t hc en tury B .C . Ak e r s t röm 1 966 ,p l . 9 0

0 .2 .43 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh , No r th P a lace ,R oom F A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24931 -124932 B ar ne t t1 976 ,p l . XV I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 47

0 .2 .51 A rch i tec tu ra lt e r raco t ta Go rd ion F i r s th a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Ak e r s t röm 1 966 ,p l . 9 1

0 .2 .44 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh , No r th P a lace ,R oom C A shu rban ipa l( 668 -627 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24860 -12 4861 B a rne t t1 976 ,p l . V I D e r sö 1 993 , n o .2 48

M .1 .1 Wa r r io rw i th D ipy lon s h ie ld a nd t wo s pea r s V a se p a in t ing f r om a nA t t ic s he rd L a te G eome t r ic L o r ime r1 950 ,f i g . 1 2 M .1 .2 Wa r r io r sw i th o rw i thou tD ipy lon s h ie ld V a se p a in t ing o fa nA then ian Geome t r ic V a se L a te G eome t r ic R i ch t e r1 934 ,f i g s . 1 2

0 .2 .45 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh , No r th P a lace ,R oom F A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24933 -124934 B a r ne t t1 976 ,p l . XV I I I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 49

M . 2 .1 T e r raco t ta c ha r io tg roup A y ia I r in i , C yp ru s N ico s ia ,C yp ru s Mu seum G j e r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CC 2 CXX IV :5 , n o .2 000

0 .2 .46 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh , No r th P a lace ,R oom C A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24861 B ar ne t t1 976 ,p l . V I D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 50

M . 2 . 2 T e r raco t ta c ha r io tg roup A y ia I r in i , C yp ru s S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G j e r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CCXXX IV :6 , n o . 1 046

0 .2 .47 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh , No r th P a lace ,R oom S1 A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24788 B a rne t t 1 976 ,p l . LXV I D er sö 1 993 , n o . 2 51

T e r raco t ta c ha r io tg roup A y ia I r in i ,C yp ru s S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G je r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CCXXXV :5 , n o . 1 998 T e r raco t ta w a r r io rw i th s h ie ld A y ia I r in i ,C yp ru s S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G je r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CCXL M :7 , n o . 1 032

0 .2 .48 P a lace r el ie f N ineveh , No r th P a lace A shu rban ipa l( 6 68 -627 B .C . ) L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , BM 1 24957 D e r sö 1 993 , n o . 2 52

T e r raco t ta h ead o f aw a r r io r A y ia I r in i ,C yp ru s S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I

6 1

H . :2 4c m ,W . :2 3c m L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , 1 917 .7 -1 .13 6 70/660 -600 B .C . T a t tonB rown 1 979 ,p L XXX I I

G je r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CCX )O C I I :15 , n o . 2 384 T e r raco t ta h o r seman " C yp ru s " E d inbu rgh ,R oya lS co t t i sh Mu seum , 1 921 .354 S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I C rouw e l -T a t tonB rown 1 98g p l . YV I :4

M .2 .9 T e r raco t ta w a r r io r T ama s so s , C yp ru s 6 70/660 -600 B .C . P f l ug 1 988b ,f i g 1 3

M . 23 T e r raco t ta c ha r io tg roup A y ia I r in i , C yp ru s S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G j e r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CCXXX IV :6 , n o . 1 046

M .2 .10 T e r ra co t ta c ha r io tw a r r io r " C yp ru s " 6 70/660 -600 B .C . H euze y 1 880 ,f i g .H

T e r raco t ta h o r seman " Cyp ru s " L ondon , B r i t i sh Mu seum , 1 876 .4 .9 .92 S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I C rouw e l -T a t tonB rown 1 988 ,p l . XXV I :2

M .2 .11 T e r raco t ta a r che r S a lam i s , C yp ru s N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum ,S a l .6 471 = T c . 2 112 S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Mon loup 1 984 ,p p . 1 82 -183 , ( f i g . ) ,p L 3 3 , n o . 6 63

M . 2 .4 T e r raco t ta c ha r io tg roup A y ia I r in i , C yp ru s N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G j e r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CC 200 (V :3 , n o . 1 78 1+798

M . 2 .12 T e r raco t ta a r che r S a lam i s ,C yp ru s N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum , S a l .3 535 = T c . 1 038 S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 , ( f i g . ) ,p L 3 3 , n o . 6 65

T e r raco t ta c ha r io tg roup A y ia I r in i ,C yp ru s N ico s ia ,C yp ru s Mu seum S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G j e r s tad e ta l . 1 935 ,p l . CCXXXV :4 , n o . 170

M . 2 .13 T e r raco t ta a r che r S a lam i s , C yp ru s N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum , S a l .4 992 = T c . 1 839 S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 ,p L 3 3 , n o . 6 66

M .2 .5 T e r raco t ta w a r r io r " C yp ru s " E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . H euze y1 880 ,f i g .F

M .2 .14 T e r raco t ta h o r seman S a lam is ,C yp ru s N ico s ia ,C yp ru s Mu seum , S a l .5 022 = T c . 1 909 S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 , n o . 6 68 , ( f ig .)

M .2 .6 T e r raco t ta w a r r io r " Cyp ru s " E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . H eu ze y1 880 ,f i g . G M .2 .7 T e r raco t ta w a r r io rw i th s p iked s h ie ld A y ia I r in i , C yp ru s N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum S econd h a l fo fC yp ro -A rcha ic I G je r s tad e ta l . 1 935 , p p . 7 21 -7 22 , p l . CXC 1V , n o . 1 385+ 1 530

M .2 .15 T e r raco t ta w a rr io r d raw ing as wo rd f r om s cab b a rd " Cyp ru s " H . : 1 0 .5 i n ch My r e s 1 9 14p . 1 57 , n o . 1 049 M . 2 .16 T er raco t ta c ha r io tg roup K ou r ion ,S anc tua ry o f Apolo Hy la te s H . : 1 9 .5 c m

M . 2 .8 G e ryon t e r raco t ta P y rg ia ,C yp ru s

6 2

M .2 .24 B ronze b ow l " O lymp ia " O x fo rd ,A shmo lean Mu seum , G 401 L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . Ma rko e 1 985 ,p p . 2 07 , 3 26 -327 , G 7 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t2 ,n o . 1 90

Un ive r s i ty Mu seum ,P h i lade lph ia ( ? ) ,T .1 700 " C lo se t ot h es e ven th c en tu ry " Y oung -Y oung 1 955 ,p p . 5 5 -56 , n o . 1 055 ,p L 6 0 M .2 .17 B ronze s t a tue t te o fG e ryon " E t ru scan "? d eC hano t1 880 ,p L 2 2

M . 2 .25 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia O lymp ia Mu seum ,I n v .1 34 240 L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C .

M .2 .18 T e r raco t ta h ead o f aw a r r io r I da l ion ( ? ) ,C yp ru s B e r l in ,4 99X M id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . S chm id t1 968 ,p l . 4 4 P f l ug 1 988b ,f i g s . 7 8

M . 2 .26 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a rr io r A then s ,A c ropo l i s A then s ,N a t iona l Mu seum ,I n v . 612 H . :2 1 .2 c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . S chw e i t z e r1 97 1 ,p l s . 1 64 -165 L amb 1 929 ,p l .2 0a

M .2 .19 T e r raco t ta h ead o f aw a r r io r S amo s S amo s Mu seum ,T .2637 M id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . S chm id t1 968 ,p L 4 4 P f l ug 1 988b ,f i g s .5 6

M . 2 .27 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r D e lph i I n v .3 649 H . : 1 3c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . P e rd r i z e t1 908 , p .3 0 , n o . 1 6 ,p L 1 : 4 R o l l e y1 969 ,p .4 5 , n o .2 8 ,p l .I X :28

M .2 .20 T e r raco t ta h ead o f aw a r r io r S amo s S amo s Mu seum ,T .2741 M id -7 th c en tu ry B .C . S chm id t1 968 , p l s . 4 4 , 4 6

B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r D e lph i H . : 1 8 .5 c m 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . P e rd r i z e t1 908 ,p .3 2 , n o .2 3 ,p l . 1 : 8

M .2 .21 B ronze s h ie ld C re te ,Z eu sC ave ,M t .I da L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 th c .B .C . I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o .7 K unz e1 931 ,P . 8 ,f i g . 1 ,p L 1 4 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t2 ,n o . 1 87

M .2 . 28 B ronze s t a tue t te T egea H . :6 . 5c m 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . D uga s1 921 ,p p . 3 55 -356 , n o .5 3 ,f i g . 1 9

M .2 .22 B ronze b ow l D e lph i L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . De lph i ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 463 Marko e1 985 ,p p . 2 05 -206 , 3 20 -323 , G 4 De r sö 1 993 , C ha r t2 ,n o . 1 88

M . 2 . 29 B ronze s t a tue t te T he rmon E a r ly 7 t hc en tury B .C . L amb 1 929 ,p l . 1 7 a

M .2 .23 B ronze b ow l De lph i L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . De lph i ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o .4 463 Markoe 1 985 ,p p .2 05 -206 , 3 20 -323 , G 4 Der sö 1 993 , C ha r t2 ,n o . 1 89

M .230 B ronze s t a tue t te K a rd i t sa E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . L amb 1 929 ,p l . 1 7 b

6 3

M .231 P la te f i bu la : Herak le s a nd I o la ios k i l l ing t he Hyd ra P h i lade lph ia , p r iva te c olec t ion H . : 1 4c m E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . S chw e i t z e r1 969 ,f i g . 19

M .4 .1 B ronze b e l t F o r te t sa ,T omb P ,n o . 1 569 M idd le o ft h e8 t hc .B .C . I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv . n o . 1 5 69 B ro ck 1 957 ,p l . 16 B o r chha rd t1 97 2 ,p p . 6 9 -70 ,K a t . 1 5I 1 ,p l . 2 7 :1 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t s2 3 , n o . 1 83

M .232 T erraco t ta h orseman w i th r ound s h ie ld a nd s wo rd " Cyp ru s " C e sno la C olec t ion N ew Y o rk , M MA 7 4 .51 .1778 My r e s 1 914 ,p .3 44 , n o . 2 093

M .4 .2 S ph inx B ronze p l aque K avou s i M idd le o ft h e8 t hc .B .C . B oyd 1 90 1 ,p p . 1 47 -148 ,f i g s . 1 0 -11 K unz e 1 931 ,p .2 18 ,f i g . 3 1 ,p l . 5 6 e D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t s2 3 , n o . 1 86

M3 .1 B ronze " be l t " F o r te t sa ,T omb P ,n o . 1 568 M idd le o ft he 8 th c .B .C . I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 1 568 B ro ck 1 957 ,p l . 15 B o r chha rd t1 97 2 ,P . 7 0 , K a t . 1 5I2 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t s2 -3 , n o . 1 06

M .43 Wa r r io r s R el i e fp i tho s ( t he Wooden Ho r se a tT roy ) Mykono s A round 6 75 B .C . E r v in 1 963 ,p l s . 1 8 ,2 0

M .3 . 2 B ronze " b e l t " F o r te t sa ,T omb P ,n o . 1 569 M idd le o ft he 8 th c .B .C . I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,I nv .n o . 1 569 B ro ck 1 957 ,p L 16 B o r ccha rd t 1 972 ,p p . 6 9 -70 ,K at 1 5II ,p L2 5 :5 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t s2 3 , n o . 1 07

M .4 .4 Wa r r io r s R el ie fp i tho s ( t he Wooden Ho r se a tT roy ) Mykono s A round 6 75 B .C . E r v in 1 963 ,p l . 1 8 M .4 .5 S ph inx L a te O r ien ta l i7 ing a l aba s t ron F o r te t sa ,T omb P ,n o . 1 299 I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , I nv . 1 299 6 80 -630 B .C . B ro ck 1 957 ,p p . 11 -112 ,p l . 1 0 1

M3 .3 B ronze o penwo rk K a to -Sym i ( Sym i -B iannou ) M idd le o ft he 8 th c .B .C . L empe s i1 985 ,p l . 5 7 , G4 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t s2 3 , n o . 1 84

M .4 .6 S ph inx Mel ian h yd r ia R hene ia M idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unz e 1 930 ,p l . 5 5a

M3 .4 Go ld b and K han ia le T ekke M idd le o ft he 8 th c .B .C . Dunbab in 1 944 ,P . 8 5 B o r chha rd t1 97 2 ,P . 7 0 , K a t . 1 5I V ,p l . 2 5 :3 D e r sö 1 993 , C ha r t s2 3 , n o . 1 85

M .4 .7 Wa r r io rw i th s ma l lr ound s h ie ld B ronze c o r s le t " C re te " Hambu rg , Mu seum f ü r K un s t u nd Gewerbe ,I n v . 1 970 ,2 6a M idd le o ft h e7 th c en tu ry B .C . /6 40 B .C . Hof fmann 1 97 2 ,p p . 7 8 ,p l s . 1 9 -23 , e sp . 2 1

M .3 .5 B ronze p l aque ( l ion h un te r ) K avou s i M idd le o ft he 8 th c .B .C . B oyd 1 901 ,p p . 1 47 -14g f i g s . 1 0 -11 K unz e 1 931 ,p .2 1 8 ;f i g . 3 1 ,p l . 5 6 e

6 4

M .4 .8 S t e le o f aw a r r io r( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) P r in ia s ,S i d6 ro sp i la I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,a r .3 99 H . : 1 . 06 m 6 70 -660 B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,B i ,p l s . 1 4 -15

M .4 .15 S ph inx L acon ian S ub -Geome t r ic s he rd F i r s th a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . D roop 1 926 -1927 ,p .5 4 ,f i g . 4 M .4 .16 Amazon T e r raco t ta s h ie ld S amo s ,H e ra ion E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . E i lmann 1 933 ,p .1 20 ,f i g . 6 6 ,p l . 3 7 :1

M .4 .9 S t e le o f aw a r r io r( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) P r in ia s ,S i d6 ro sp i la I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log i ca l Mu seum ,a r .3 98 H . :0 . 93 m 6 60 -650 B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,B 2 ,p l s . 1 6 -17

M .4 .17 Wa r r io r T e r raco t ta s h ie ld T i ryn s E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p l .L Y :1

M .4 .10 S t e le o f aw a r r io r( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) P r in ia s ,S i d6 ro sp i la I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,a r .4 02 H . :0 . 4m 6 60 -650 B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,B 3 ,p l s . 1 8 -19

M .4 .18 Ama zon T e r raco t ta s h ie ld T i ryn s E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p l .I X :1

M .4 .11 S te le o f aw a rr io r( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) P r in ia s ,S i d6 ro sp i la I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,a r .4 01 H . :0 . 835 m 6 40 B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,B 4 ,p l s .2 0 -21

M .4 .19 Ama zon T e r raco t ta s h ie ld T i ryn s E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p l .I X :1

M .4 .12 S t e le o f aw a r r io r( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) P r in ia s ,S id6 ro sp i la I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,a r .4 81 H . :0 . 725 m 6 40 B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,B 5 ,p l s .2 2 -23

M .4 .20 T e r raco t ta h ead S pa r ta , Amyk la ion A then ,N a t iona l Mu seum ,T c .I n v .4 381 H . : 1 .5 c m M idd le o ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C . S chw e i t z e r1 97 1 ,p l s . 1 6 1 -162

M .4 .13 S t e le o f aw a r r io r( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) P r in ia s ,S i d6 ro sp i la I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,a r .4 00 H . : 1 . 04 m 6 20 -610 B .C . D aux 1 960 ,p .8 40 ,f i g .2 L empe s i1 976 ,B 7 ,p l s .2 6 -27

M .4 . 21 B ronze s t a tue t te ( Zeu s? ) Mun ich , An t iken samm lung ,I nv .4 315 H . : 1 4 .5 c m L u l l i e s1 962 ,p p . 6 27 -628 , n o . 1 4 ,f i g s . 2 5 -26 M .4 . 22 B ronze p l aque t te ( A thena ) D re ro s C a .6 00 B .C . Ma r ina to s1 934 f i g . 4 2 ,p l . 3 0

M .4 .14 T erraco t ta p laque o f aw a r r ior ( w i th h op l i te e qu ipmen t ) Go r tyn M idd le o ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,p L 4 7 b

M .4 .23

6 5

H ead o f at e r raco t ta w a r r io r S a lam i s , C yp ru s N ico s ia ,C yp ru s Mu seum ,S a l .4 923 = T c . 1 840 L a te 7 th -e a r ly 6 t hc en tu ry B .C . Mon loup 1 984 ,p .1 84 , n o . 68 , ( f ig . )

M .5 .8 B ronze w a r r io rc au ld ron a t tachemen t O lymp ia H . : 1 7c m S econd q ua r te ro ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Hampe -J an t zen 1 936 -1937 ,p .6 6 ,f i g . 2 9

M .5 .1 B ronze w a r r io r( l inch p i n ) S a lam i s ,T omb 7 9 N ico s ia , C ypru s Museum , T .79 , 1 29/220/5+5a a nd 1 88/220/4+4a E nd o ft he 8 th c en tu ry B .C . T ömkv i s t1 97 3 ,f i g s . 9 10

M .5 .9 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I n v . B2 000 H . : 2 1 c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu r yB .C . K unz e 1 944 ,p .1 20 ,p l s . 3 8 -39

M .5 .2 M in ia tu re v o t ive b ronze h e lme t s ( 5p i ece s ) G o r tyn I r ak l ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum F i r s th a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Ho f fmann 1 97 2 ,p .2 ,p l . 4 1 :4

M .5 .10 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I n v . B1 999 H . : 1 7 .3 c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unz e 1 944 ,P . 1 22 ,p l s . 4 3 -44

M .5 .3 M in ia tu re v o t ive b ronze h e lme t s ( 5c omp le te a nd f r agmen t so fo the r s ) P ra i so s ,A l ta rH i l l C and ia Mu seum F i r s th a l fo f7 th c en tu ry B .C . B o sanque t1 90 1 -1902 ,p .2 58 ,p l . 1 0 B en ton 1 939 -1940 ,p l . 3 1 :17

M .5 .11 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I n v . B1 701 H . : 1 6 .9 c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unze 1 944 ,p .1 22 ,p l s . 4 5 -46 M .5 .12 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I n v . B5 600 E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unz e 1 967 b ,p l s . 1 08 -109

M .5 .4 M in ia tu re v o t ive b ronze h e lme t P a la ika s t ro F i r s th a l fo f7 th c en tu ry B .C . B en ton 1 939 -1940 ,p l . 2 8 :31

M .5 .13 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unze 1 944 ,p . 13 ,p l . 3 6 :3

M .5 .5 R ock c a r v ing T he ra M idd le o ft he 7 th c en tu ry B .C . v on G ae r t r ing en -W i l sk i 1 904 ,p .7 9 ,f i g . 6 4

M .5 .14 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I n v . 1 671 E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unz e 1 944 ,p .1 09 ,f i g . 9 0 ,p l . 3 4

M .5 .6 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia , He ra ion S econd q ua r te ro ft h e7 th c en tu ry B .C . S t e ine r1 906 ,p L 1 8 K unz e 1 944 ,p p . 19 -123 ,p l . 4 2

M .5 .15 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r Amo rgo s B e r l in ,I n v . 1 038 8 H . :8 . 5c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . N eug ebaue r1 922 ,P . 6 1 , n o . 4 K unz e 1 967 b ,f i g . 7 8

M .5 .7 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I nv .5 834 A then s , N a t iona l Mu seum , I nv .6 094 S econd q ua r te ro ft h e7 th c en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .3 9 , n o .2 45 ,p l . 1 6 :245 -245a

M .5 .16

6 6

B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r D e lph i A then s ,N a t iona l Mu seum ,I nv .7 415 E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . C a s son 1 922 ,p .2 13 ,f i g . 7 b

M .5 . 24 Hand le a t tachemen tf r om ab ronze v e s se l O lymp ia O lymp ia Mu seum , I n v . B4 774

M .5 .17 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r A then s ,C a rapano sC olec t ion E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . B equ ignon 1 929 ,f i g . 3

M .6 .1 Wa r r io rf i gh t ing o ns h ip A then ian G eome t r ic ( D ipy lon ) Wa re L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . R i ch t e r1 934 ,f i g s . 1 2

M .5 .18 Wa r r io r E a r ly O r ien ta l iz ing p i tho s K no s so s ,I nv .6 391 2 nd q ua r te ro ft he 7 th c en tu ry B .C . P ayne 1 927 -192g p .2 40 , n o . 3 8p l s .X I :10 -11 ,X I I

M .6 . 2 Ho r se r ide r C ra te r f ragmen t A then s ," P i räu s s t ra s se " A then s ,N a t iona l Mu seum L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . P em i ce 1 892 ,p l . 1 0 B o r chha rd t1 972 ,p .6 5 , K a t . 1 3I I2 ,p L 3 2 :4

M .5 .19 B ronze G roup S amo s F o rme r ly S amo s Mu seum ,I nv .B .190 H . : 9c m E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .0 K a ro 1 930 ,f i g . 2 7 S chwe i t ze r1 97 1 ,p l s . 1 86 -187

M .63 F oo ts o ld ie rw i th r ound s h ie ld a nd t wo s pea r s C ra te r f ragmen t A then s ," P i räu s s t ra s se " A then s ,N a t iona l Mu seum L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . P em i ce 1 892 ,p l . 1 0 B o r chha rd t1 97 2 ,P . 6 5 , K a t . 1 3I I3 ,p l . 3 3 :4

M .5 .20 B ronze s t a tue t te o fa na rmou re r N ew Yo rk , M MA ,I nv .4 2 .11 .42 H . : 5 . 2c m E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .0 S chwe i t z e r1 97 1 ,p L 2 00

M .6 .4 P rd s f ragmen t A rgo s ,H e ra ion A then s ,N a t iona l Mu seum L a te 8 t hc en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p .2 33 ,p L 1 7 :2

M .5 .21 S cene f r om at r ipod c au ld ron l e g O lymp ia P lymp ia Mu seum ,I nv . B1 730 L . : 4 6 .7 c m E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .0 S chwe i t z e r1 97 1 ,p l . 2 13

M .6 .5 War r io r( hop l i te ) G eome t r ic a mpho ra A then s Daux 1 958 ,f i g . 8

M .5 .22 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r A then s ,A c ropol i s A then s ,n a t iona l Mu seum ,I nv .6 613 H . : 2 0 .5 c m L u l l ie s -H i r rne r1 960 ,p .5 3 , n o . 2 ,p L 2 S chwe i t z e r1 97 1 ,p l s . 1 59 -161

M .6 .6 Wa r r io r ( Geome t r ic g em ) S i phno s L a te 8 t he a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p l . V I :5

M .5 .23 Ho r semen o n ab ronze r el ie f O lymp ia , " B runnen 1 7 " O lymp ia Mu seum ,I n v . B5 085a K unze 1 961 -1962 ,p p . 15 -116 ,p l . 1 30b

M .6 .7 Wa r r io r ( v o t ive t e r raco t ta s h ie ld ) T i ryn s L a te 8 t he a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p l .X :1

6 7

F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,

P .

3 9 , n o . 2 43 ,p l . 1 6 :243 -243a

M .6 .8 Wa rr io r s ( hopl i te s ) R el ie fp i tho s T eno s 7 00 -675 B .C . K on to l eon 1 969 ,p l s . 5 2 -53

M .6 . 16 R ock c a rv ing T he ra M idd le o ft h e7 t hc en tu ry B .C . v on G ae r t r ing en -W i l sk i1 904 ,p .7 9 ,f i g . 6 3

M .6 .9 Wa r r io r P o t te ry s he rd L indo s ,A c ropol i s F i r s th a l fo f7 th c en tu ry B .C . B l ink enbe r g1 931 ,p l . 3 7 :867

M .6 .17 B ron ze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r D e lph i I nv .7 733 E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . R o l l e y1 969 ,p .3 8 n o . 1 7 ,p l . V 1 1 :17

M .6 .10 Wa r r io r ( hopl i te ) L a te G eome t r ic p o t te ry s he rd A then s , K e rame iko s ,I nv . 12 F i r s th a l fo f7 th c en tu ry B .C . T ö l l e 1 963 ,p .6 50 , n o . Zf i g . 5

M .6 .18 T e r ra co t ta h o r seman " Cypr u s " N ico s ia , C yp ru s Mu seum S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . T ö rnk v i s t1 973 ,P . 2 5 ,f i g . 2 1

M .6 .11 S cene f r om at r ipod c au ld ron l e g O lymp ia O lymp ia Mu seum ,I nv . B1 730 L . : 4 6 .7 c m E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .0 S chw e i t ze r1 97 1 ,p l . 2 13

M .6 .19 T e r raco t ta w a r r io rw i th s h ie ld K a lo r iz ik i ,C yp ru s Mu seum o fE p i skop i ,C yp ru s S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . T ö r nk v i s t1 973 ,P . 2 5 ,f i g . 2 2 -23 M .6 .20 T e r raco t ta w a r r io rw i th s h ie ld K a lo r iz ik i , C yp ru s ,K .1144 S econd h a l fo f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . B enson 1 97 3 ,p l . 4 1

M .6 .12 Wa r r io rw i th s ma l lr ound s h ie ld B ronze h e lme ta p l ique " C re te " Hambu rg , Mu seum f ü r Kun s tu nd G ewe rbe M idd le o ft he 7 th c en tu ry B .C . Hof fmann 1 972 ,p .6 ,f i g . 1 G rö sche l1 986 ,p .7 2 ,f i g . 5

M .6 . 21 T e r raco t ta w a r r io rw i th " f igu re -o f -e igh t " s h ie ld " Cypr u s " P i er ide sF ounda t ion Mu seum H . : L 3 .5 c m E nd o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K a rag eo r g h i s 1 985 ,P . 2 14 n o . 2 14 ( p l .)

M .6 .13 Wa r r io r( hopl i te ) " Me l ian ampho ra " L a te 7 th c en tu ry B .C . C onz e 1 862 ,p l . 3

M .6 .22 Wa r r io rl e ad ing ah o r se A rg ive L a te g eome t r ic p o t te ry s he rd E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . Wa ld s t e in 1 905 ,p l .5 7 :4

M .6 .14 Wa r r io r P ro to -Co r in th ian i v o ry s ea l P e racho ra , S anc tua ry o f He ra Ak ra ia F i r s tq ua r te ro f7 th c en tu ry B .C . I L IV , 2May 1 931 ,p .7 48

M .6 .23 Wa rr io r A rg ive L a te g eome t r i ck ra te rf r agmen t E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . C ha r i ton id i s1 954 ,P . 4 13 ,f i g . 4

M .6 .15 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I nv .2 914 E a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C .

M .6 .24

6 8

Wa r r io r s( hopl i te s ) V a se o fA r i s tono tho s 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . L o r ime r1 950 ,p 1 .X :1

R el i e fp i tho s( t he Wooden Ho r se ,T roy ) Mykono s " A round 6 75 B .C . " E r v in 1 963 ,p l s . 1 8

M .7 .1 Wa r r io r s( hop l i te s ) R el i e fp i tho s( t he Wooden Ho r se a tT roy ) Mykono s A round 6 75 B .C . E r v in 1 963 ,p l s . 1 9 , 2 1

M .8 .2 Wa r r io r s( hopl i te s ) R el ie fp i tho s( t he Wooden Ho r se ,T roy ) Mykono s " A round 6 75 B .C . " E r v in 1 963 ,p l s . 1 9

M .7 .2 Wa r r io r s ( hopl i te s ) R el i e fp i tho s( t he Wooden Ho r se a tT roy ) Mykono s A round 6 75 B .C . E r v in 1 963 ,p l s . 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1

M .83 S pa r tan w a r r io r I v o ry p l aque S pa r ta ,S anc tu ary o fA r tem i sO r th ia S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tury B .C . D awk ins 1 929 ,p l . CV I I I

M .7 .3 N o tw a r l ike c on tex t L akon ian s he rd Amyk la ion L a te 8 th -e a r ly 7 th c en tu ry B .C . W id e 1 899 ,f i g . 4 2 S nodg ra s s 1 964 ,p .8

M .8 .4 M in ia tu re v o t ive b ronze h e lme t L indo s ,A c ropol i s H . :6 . 3c m M idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . B l ink enbe r g1 931 ,p .3 91 , n o . 1 564 ,p l . 6 3 :1564 M .8 .5 B ronze s t a tue t te o f ah op l i te O lymp ia O lymp ia Mu seum ,I n v . B6 800 H . : 1 6c m E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F ur twäng l e r1 890 ,p .1 7 -1g n o . 4 1 ,p l . 7 : 41

M .7 .4 B ronze s t a tue t te o f aw a r r io r O lymp ia ,I n v .9 788 E a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .3 8 , n o .2 42 ,p l . 1 6 :242 M .7 .5 Wa r r io r s T e r raco t ta p l aque s ( 2p i ece s ) P ra i so s( ? ) N ew Y o rk , Me t ropol i tan Mu seum o fA r t Dohan 1 930 -1931 ,f i g s . 1 2

M .8 .6 F a l len h opl i te L akon ian r el i e fp i tho s S pa r ta ,H e roon S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . D awk in s 1 929 ,P l . XV I

M .7 .6 Hopl i te B one r el ie f S pa r ta L a te 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . (? ) R icha rd s1 891 ,p l . 1

M .8 .7 Hopl i te ( c ha r io tw a r r io r ) L akon ian r el i e fp i tho s S pa r ta ,H e roon S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . D awk ins 1 929 ,P l . XV I

M .7 .7 T e r raco t ta w a rr io r " Cyp ru s " H . : 1 5 .3 c m C yp ro -A rcha ic P e r iod K a rag eo r gh i s 1 985 ,p .2 04 , n o . 1 99 ( P l . )

M .8 .8 Wa r r io r L akon ian r el i e fp i tho s S pa r ta ,H e roon S pa r ta Mu seum S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . D awk in s 1 929 ,P l . XV I

M .8 .1 Wa r r io r s( hopl i te s )

6 9

Wa r r io r L akon ian r e l ie fp i tho s S pa r ta S pa r ta Mu seum ,I n v .3 099 S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C .

M .8 .13 Hop l i te o nc ha r io t Wa l l -pa in t ing K iz i lbe l , We s t Wa l l " S econd h a l fo f6 t hc en tu ry B .C . " Me l l ink 1 976 ,p l . 5

Wa r r io r L akon ian r el i e fp i tho s S pa r ta S pa r ta Mu seum ,I n v .5 395 S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C .

M .X .1 B ronze s t a tue t te o f ac ha r io tr i de r O lymp ia L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . K unz e 1 944 ,p p . 10 -111 ,f i g . 9 1 ,p l . 3 5

M .8 .9 Wa r r io r( c ha r io tr i de r ) L akon ian r el i e fp i tho s S pa r ta , He roon S econd q ua r te r -m idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . D awk ins 1 929 ,P l . XV I

B ronze s t a tue t te o f ac ha r io tr i de r O lymp ia ,I n v .7 042 L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .3 8 , n o .2 40 ,p l . 1 6 :240

M .8 .10 G e ryon ( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) B ronze h o r se ' sp ec to ra le S amo s S amo s , Mu seum V a thy ,I n v .B .2518 L a s tq ua r te ro f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . B r i ze 1 985 ,p l s . 1 5 -17 , 2 0 :1 P f l ug 1 988b ,f i g . 1 2

B ronze s t a tue t te O lymp ia ,I n v .9 000 ( + I nv .8 900 ,5 630 ) L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .3 9 , n o . 2 41 ,p l . 1 6 :241 B ronze s t a tue t te O lymp ia ,I n v . 1 3 100 L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .3 9 , n o . 2 44 ,p l . 1 6 :244

G e ryon ( w i th h opl i te e qu ipmen t ) I v o ry p l aque S amo s S amo s , Mu seum V a thy ,I n v .E .127 L a s tq ua r te ro f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . B r i z e1 985 ,p l .2 2 :2

B ronze s t a tue t te O lymp ia ,I nv .6 507 L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .4 0 , n o . 2 49 ,p l . 1 5 :249 B ronze s t a tue t te O lymp ia ,I n v .3 680 ( + I nv .6 800 ) L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .4 0 , n o . 2 51 ,p l . 1 6 :251

K a ineu s B ronze p l aque O lymp ia O lymp ia Mu seum ,I nv . BE 1a M idd le o f7 t hc en tu ry B .C . B r i z e1 985 ,p l .2 4 :2

B ronze s t a tue t te O lymp ia ,I n v .9 626 L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tu ry B .C . F u r twäng l e r1 890 ,p .4 0 , n o . 2 51a ( f i g .)

M .8 .11 Hop l i te B ronze s hee t O lymp ia ,M 7 8 " Ea r ly 6 th c en tu ry B .C . " Y a lour i1 97 1 ,p l . 6 4

M .X .2 K en tau romach ia B ronze g roup O lymp ia N ew Y o rk , M MA 1 7 .190 .2072 H . : 1 c m L a te 8 t h -e a r ly 7 t hc en tury B .C . S chw e i t z e r1 97 1 ,p l . 1 85

M .8 .12 S t e le o f ah opl i te ( C re tan h e lme t ) P r in ia s ,S ide ro sp i la I r a ld ion ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,a r .4 03 H . :0 . 64 m 6 30 -620 B .C . L empe s i1 976 ,B O ,p l s .2 4 -25

7 0

B IBL IOGRAPHY

7 1

A h lb erg , G . ,1 971 F ig h t ing o n L and a nd S ea i n G r eek G eome t r ic A r t , ( Sk r i f ter U tg ivna a v S ven ska I n s t i tu te t i A then ,4 ° , XV I ) ,L und ,B e r l ing ska B ok t ry cke r ie t A k er s tröm ,A . , 1 966 D i ea r ch i tek ton i schen T e r rako t t en K l e ina s i en s , ( Sh i f te rU tg ivna a vS ven ska I n s t i tu te t iA then , 4 ° , X I ) ,L und , C .W .K . G lee rup A kurga l ,E . ,1 962 T he A r to ft h eH i t t i t e s , N ew Y o rk A lmagro ,M . ,1 958 " Depo s i to d el aR ia d e Hue lva " ,I nv en ta r ia A r ch .E spana 1 4E .1 3 9 ,p .2 73f f . A lmag ro -Gorbea ,M . ,1 973 " Ca sco sd e lB ron ze F ina le nl aP en in su la I be r ica " , T r aba jo sd eP r eh i s to r i ca 3 0 ,3 49f f . Amand ry ,P . , 1 949 " Ca sque sg rec s äd eco rg rave " , BCH 7 3 ,p p .4 37 -446 ,f i g s . 1 7 ,p l s .2 2 -25 Am ie t ,P . ,1 980 A r to ft h e Anc ien tN ea rE a s t ,N ew Y o rk , Ab ram s A ndrae ,W . ,1 925 C o lour ed C e ram i c sf r om A shur a nd E a r l i e r Anc i en tA s sy r ian Wa l lP a in t ing s . F rom P ho tog r aphs a nd Wa ter -Co lour s b y Membe r s o ft h eA shur E xped i t ion O rgan i zed b y t h e Deu t sche O r ien tG e se l l schaf t ,L ondon ,K egan P au l ,T rench ,T rubne r & CO .L TD . A ube t ,M .E . ,1 993 T he P hoen ic ian sa nd t h e W e s t .P o l i t i c s , C o lon i e sa nd T rad e , C amb r idge , Un ive r s i ty P re s s B arne t t ,R .D . ,1 953 " An A s sy r ian He lme t " , T he B r i t i sh Mu seum Q ua r t e r l y 1 8 ,p p . 1 01 -102 ,p l s .3 1 -32 B arne t t ,R .D . , 1 967 T he B r i t i sh Museum R epo r to ft h e T rus te e s 1 966 ,L ondon ,T he T ru s tee so ft h eB r i t i sh Mu seum B arne t t ,R .D . ,1 976 S cu lp tur es f rom t h e No r th P a lace o fA shurban ipa l a tN inev eh ( 6 68 -627 B .C .) , L ondon , T he T ru s tee so ft he B r i t i sh Mu seum B arne t t ,R .D . -Cur t i s ,J .E . ,1 973 " A R ev iew o fA cqu i s i t ion s 1 963 -1970 o f We s tern A s ia t ic An t iqu i t ies , 2 " , T he B r i t i sh Museum Q ua r te r l y3 7 , p p . 19 -137 B arne t t , LD . -F a lkner ,M . ,1 962 T he S cu lp tur e s o fA s sur -na s i r -ap l iI ( 883 -859 B .C . ) , T i g la th -p i l e s e rI I( 745 -7 27 B .C .) , E sa rhad d on ( 681 -669 B .C . )f r om t h e C en t ra la nd S ou th -W e s tP a lace sa tN im rud ,L ondon ,T he T ru s tee so f t he B r i t i sh Mu seum B e l insk iy ,A .B . , 1 990 " Kv op ro su ov remen i p oyav len iya s h lemov A s s i r iy skogo t i pa n aK avkaze ( Abou t t he Da te t he A s sy r ian type He lme t sF i r s t Appea red i nt h eC auca su s " ,S A 1 99 0/ IV ,p p . 1 90 -195 B enson ,J .L . , 1 973 T he N ecropo l i s o fK a lo r iz ik i , ( S tud ies i n Med i te rranean A rchaeo logy 3 6 ) , Gö tebo rg , P au l A s t röm s Vö r lag B en ton ,S . ,1 939 -40 " The Da t ing o f He lme t sa nd C o r se le t si nE a r ly G reece " ,B SA 4 0 ,p p .7 8 -82 Nqu ignon ,Y . ,1 929 " E tude st he s saf ienne sH I : s t a tue t te d eg ue r r ie rt r ouv ee äP hä re s " ,B H5 3 ,p p . 1 01 -116 B eran ,T . ,1 957 " A s sy r i sche G lypt ik d e s1 4 .J ah rhunde r t s " , ZA 5 2 ,p p . 1 41f . B i t te ! ,K . ,1 976 D i eH e th i te r , ( Un ive r s =d e rK un s t ) , München , C .H .B eck B l ink enberg , C hr . , 1 931 L indo s .F ou i l l e sd el ' Ac ropo l e 1 902 -1904 .I .L e sp e t i t so b j ec t s ,B e r l in ,W . d eG ruy te r B oardman ,J . ,1 970 " O r ien ta len a u fK re ta " ,i n : Ho f fmann ,H . , e d . , Däda l i sch K un s ta uf K r e ta , Hambu rg , p p . 1 4 -25 B oardman ,J . ,1 980 T he G r eek s O ve r sea s : T he i rE a r l yC o lon i e sa nd T r ad e , ( n ew a nd e n la rged e d i t ion ) , L ondon

7 2

B o l ,P .C . ,1 989 A r g iv i s che S ch i ld e , ( O lymp i sche F o r schungen XV I I ) ,B e r l in , Wa l te rd eG ruy te r B orchhard t ,J . ,1 972 Home r i sche He lme . H e imf o rmen d e r Ädä i s i ni h r en B e z iehung en z u o r ien ta l i s chen u nd e u ropä i s c hen H e imf o rmen i nd e rB ronz e -u nd f r ühen E i sen z e i t , Ma in7 a m Rhe in ,P h i l ipp v on Z abe rn B orchhard t ,J . ,1 977 " He lme " , i n : H .G . B uchho lz -J .W ie sne r , e d s . ,K r i eg sw e sen , v o l .I :S chu t zwaf f en u nd W ehr bau t en , ( A rchaeo log ia Home r ica , B and 1 ,K ap i te l E ) , G ö t t ingen , V andenhoeck & Rup rech t , p p . E 57 E 74 B o sanque t ,R .C . ,1 901 -02 " Ex cava t ion sa tP ra i so s ,I . " , BSA 8 ,p p .2 31 -270 B o sser t ,H .Th . ,e ta l . , 1 950 K a ra t epe K az i la r i ( D i e Ausg rabung en a uf d em K a ra t epe , E r s t e rV o r be r ich t ) , ( Tü rk T a r ih K u rumu Y ay in la r indan V .s e ni-No .9 ) , Anka ra ,T i i rk T a r ih K u rumu B a s imev i B o t ta ,M .P .E . -F land in ,M .E . ,1 849 -1850 Monumen td eN in i v e , v o l s . I -V ,P a r i s ,I mp r ime r ie N a t iona le B o t t in i ,A . ,1 988 " Apul i sch -ko r in th i sche He lme " , i n : A . B o t t in i , e ta l . , An t ik eH e lme . S amm lung L ippe rhe id eu nd a nde r e B e s tänd e d e s An t ikenmuseums B er l in , ( Röm i sch -Ge rman i sches Z en tra lmuseum , Monog raph ien 1 4 ) , Ma in7 ,V e r lag d e s Röm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum s ,p p . 1 07 -136 B oyd , HA . ,1 901 " Ex cava t ion sa tK a vou s i , C re te ,i n1 900 " , Ame r i can J ou rna lo fA r chaeo lo gy 5 ,p p . 1 25 -158 B örk er -K lähn ,J . ,1 982 A l tvo rd e ras ia t i sche B i ld s t e l en u nd v e r g l e ichba r eF e l s r e l ief s , ( Baghdade r F o r schungen , B and 4 ) , Ma inz am Rhe in ,P h i l ipp v on Z abe rn B r ique l -Cha tonne t ,F . ,1 992 L e s r e la t ion s e n t r el e sc i te s d e l aC o t eP hen i c i enne e tl e sR o yaume s d ' I s rae le td eJ uda , ( S tud ia P hoen ic ia 1 2 , O r ien ta l ia L ovan ien s ia Ana lec ta 4 6 ) ,L euven ,P ee te r s ,e sp .p p . 1 41 -226 B r i t ish Museum ,1 9293 B r i t i sh Museum .AG u id et ot h eE xh i t ion i l u s t ra t ing G r eek a nd R oman L i f e ,L ondon B r ize ,P . , 1 985 " Samo su nd S te s icho ro s .Z ue i nem f r üha rcha i schen B ronzeb lech " , AM 1 00 , p p .5 3 -90 B rock ,J .K . ,1 957 F o r te t sa . E ar l y G r eek T omb s n ea rK no s so s , ( BSA S upp lemen tum , 2 ) , C amb r idge , C amb r idge Un ive r s i ty P re s s B rückner ,A . -P ern ice ,E . ,1 893 " E in a t t i sche rF r iedhof ' , AM 1 8 ,p p .7 3 -191 B uchho lz ,H .G . ,1 972 " Pol i t iko -Tama s so s , 1 971 " , RDAC 1 972 ,p p . 1 83 -186 B uchho lz ,H .G . , 1 973 " Tama s so s ,Z ype rn , 1 970 -1972 " ,A r ch .Anz . 1 973 ,p p .2 95 -388 B uchho lz ,H .G . ,1 978 " Tama s so s ,Z ype rn , 1 974 b i s 1 976 .3 .B e r ich t " ,A r chäo log i sche rAnze ig e r9 3 , 1 55 -230 B udge ,E .A .W . ,1 914 A s sy r ian S cu lp tu r e si nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum .R e ign o fA shu r -na s i r -pa l , 8 85 -860 B .C . ,L ondon C a lmey er ,P . ,1 969 Da t ie rba r eB ronz en a us L ur i s tan u nd K i r rnanshah , ( Un te r suchungen z u rA s sy r io log ie u nd Vo r d e ra s ia t i schen A rchäo log ie 5 ) ,B e r l in , Wa l te rd eG ruy te r C a lmey er ,P . ,1 975 " He lm " , R ea l lex ikon d e rA s sy r io log i e u nd V o rd e ra s ia t i schen A r chäo log ie I V , B e r l in , Wa l te r d e G ruy te r ,p p .3 13 -317 C a lmey er ,P . ,1 991 " He lme t s a nd Qu ive r s " ,i n : R . Me rhav , e d . , U ra r tu . A Me ta lwo rk ing C en t e ri nt h eF i r s tM i l l enn ium B .C .E . ,J e ru sa lem ,I s rae l Mu seum ,p p . 1 23 -133 C a sson ,S . ,1 922 " B ronze Wo rk o ft h eG eome t r ic P e r iod " , JHS 4 2 ,p p .2 07 -219

7 3

C a t l ing ,H .W . ,1 964 C yp r io t eB ronzewo rk i nt h e My cenaean Wo r ld , ( Ox fo rd Monog raph s o n C la s s ica lA rchaeo logy ) , Ox fo rd ,C la rendon P re s s C har i ton id is ,S . ,1 954 " Reche rche sd an sl eq ua r t ie rE s t &A rgo s " , BCH 7 8 ,p p .4 10 -42 6 C ia low icz , K .M . ,1 983 " Ca sque sc o r in th ien sd an sl e sc olec t ion sp o lona i se s " ,E tud e se tT ravaux 1 3 ,p p .4 7 -52 C o ld s tr eam ,J .N . ,1 977 G eome t r i c G r eece , ( AB enn S tudy :A rchaeo logy ) ,L ondon C o ld s tr eam ,J .N . ,1 982 " Greek s a nd P hoen ic ian s i nt he Aegean " , i n : N iemeye r , H .G . , e d . , P hön iz ie r i m Wes ten . D ie B e i t räg e d e s I n t e rna t iona l en S ympo s ium s ü be rd i ep hön i z i s che E xpans ion i m W e s t l ichen M i t t e l mee r raum i nK ö ln v om 2 4 . b i s2 7 . Ap r i l 1 979 , ( Mad r ide rB e i t räge , 8 ) , Ma in z am Rhe in , p p . 2 61 2 75 C o ld s tr eam ,J .N" 1 983 " G i f t E xchange i nt he E igh th C en tu ry B .C . " , i n : Hägg , R . , e d . , T he G r eek R ena i s sanc e i nt h e E igh th C en tu ry B .C . : T rad i t ion a nd I nnova t ion , ( Sk r i f te r U tg ivna a vS ven ska I n s t i tu te t iA then 4 , XXX ) ,S tockho lm ,P .A s t röm sV ö r lag ,p p .2 01 -206 C o t ton , D . ,1 988 F i r s tI mp r e ss ions . C y l ind e rS ea l s i nt h e Anc i en tN ea rE a s t , C h icago , T he Un ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s C o t ton ,D . -C rouw e l ,J . -L i t tauer , MA . , 1 976 " AB ronze C ha r io tG roup f r om t h eL evan ti nP a r i s " ,L evan t8 ,p p .7 1 -81 C onze ,A . , 1 862 Me l i sche T hong ef ä s se ,L e ipz ig ,B re i tkop fu nd H ä r te ! C ook ,J .M . ,1 952 " A rchaeo logy i nG reece , 1 951 " , HIS 7 2 ,p p .9 2 -112 C ook ,J .M . -A kurga l ,E . ,1 952 " A rchaeo log ica l Wo rk i nT u rkey , 1 951 : O ld Smy rna ( Bay rak l i ) " ,A nS t2 ,p p . 2 3 -24 C ourb in , P . ,1 957 " Une t ombe g 6om6 t r ique &A rgo s " , BCH 8 1 ,p p .3 22 -386 C rouw e l ,J .H . , 1 987 " Cha r io t si nI r on A ge C yp ru s " , RDAC 1 987 ,p p . 1 01 -118 C rouw e l ,J .H . -T a t tonBrown ,V . ,1 988 " R idden Ho r se si nI r on Age C yp ru s " , RDAC 1 988/ 1 1 ,p p . 7 -87 C ur t is ,J .E . ,1 979 An e xam ina t ion o fL a t eA s sy r ian me ta lwo rk w i th s pec ia lr e f e r ence t o ma t e r ia lf r om N imr id ,v o l s . I I , Unpubl i shed P h .D .D i s s . , Un ive r s i ty o fL ondon C ur t is ,J .E . ,1 994 " Me sopo tam ian B ronze sf r om G reek S i te s :t h e Wo rk shop so fO r ig in " ,I r aq 5 6 ,p p . 1 25 C ur t is ,J .E . -Whe e ler ,T .S . -Muh ly ,J .D . -Madd in ,R . ,1 979 " Neo -A s sy r ian I r onwo rk ing T echno logy " , PAPS 1 23 ,p p .3 69 -390 D aux ,G . , 1 958 " Ch ron ique d e sf ou ile se td 6couve r te s a r ch6o log ique se nG rec ee n 1 957 : A thene s " , BCH 8 2 , p p . 6 56 -669 ,T i ryn s ,p .7 07 ,f i g .2 6 D aux ,G . ,1 960 " Ch ron ique d e sf ou i l le se td 6couve r te sa r ch6o log ique se nG rece e n1 959 " , BCH 8 4 ,p p . 6 17 -868 D awk in s ,R .M . ,e d . , 1 929 T he S anc tua ry o fA r tem i s Onh ia a tS pa r ta ,L ondon , Ma cm i l lan d eC hano t ,E . ,1 880 " Ge ryon .B ronze E t ru sque " ,G a z e t t eA r chgo log ique 6 ,p p . 1 36 -138 d eG .D av ie s ,N .a nd N . ,1 933 T he T omb o f Menkhepe r ra sonb , Amenmo se , a nd Ano the r( No s . 8 6 , 12 , 4 2 , 2 26 ) , ( Theban T omb S e r ie s ,F i f th Memo i r ) ,L ondon D eonna ,W . ,1 938

7 4

L e mob i l ie r DN i en , ( De lo s XV I I I ) ,P a r i s , d eB occa rd d eS chauen se e ,M . ,1 988 " No r thwe s t I r an a s aB ronzewo rk ing C en t re : t h e V iew f r om Ha san lu " , i n : J .C u r t i s e d . , B ron z ewo rk ing C en t r e so fW e s t e rn A s ia c .1 000 -539 B .C . ,L ondon , K egan P au l ,p p .4 5 -62 ,p l s . 1 3 -56 D e sp in i , K . ,1 981 " Ko r in th iako k rano sa po t eK ha lk id ike " ( " E in a r cha i sche r He lm a u s C ha lk id ike " ) ,A then s Anna l s o fA r chaeo log y1 4 ,p p .2 46 -250 D ersö ,T . ,1 993 N ea rE a s t e rn H e lme t so ft h eI r on A g e ,P h .D .d i s se r ta t ion ,B udape s t D er sö ,T . -C ur t is ,J .E . ,1 991 " A s sy r ian I r on H e lme t sf r om N im rud n ow i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum " ,I r aq 5 3 , p p . 1 05 -126 , p l s . 1 5 2 0 D ika io s ,P . ,1 969 E nkom i .E x cava t ions 1 948 -1958 . V o l .I . , Ma inz ,P h i l ipp v on Z abe rn D ohan ,E .H . ,1 930 -31 " A rcha ic C re tan T e r raco t ta si n Ame r ica " , Me t ropo l i tan Museum S tud i e s3 ,2 09 -228 D ör ig ,J . ,1 981 " E in k or in th i sche r He lm i nA thene r P r iva tbe s i tz " , i n : A . Malw i tz ,X . B e r ich t ü be rd i e Aus g r abung en i nO l ymp ia , ( F s .E .K unze ) ,B e r l in , Wa l te rd eG ruy te r ,p p . 1 09 -110 ,p l . 1 2 D roop ,J .P . ,1 926 -27 " Ex cava t ion sa tS pa r ta , 1 927 .T he N a t ive P o t te ry f r om t h eA c ropol i s " ,B SA 2 8 ,p p .4 9 -81 D ugas ,C h . ,1 921 " Le S anc tua i re d 'A lea A thena aT egee " , BCH 4 5 ,p p .3 35 -435 D unbab in ,T .J . ,1 957 T he G reek s a nd T he i rE a s ter n N e ighbo r s . S tud ie s i n t h e R e la t ions b etw een G r eece a nd t h e C oun t r i e sof t h eN ea rE a s ti nt h eE ig h ta nd S ev en th C en tu r i e s BC . , ( Soc ie ty f o r t he P romo t ion o f Helen ic S tud ie s ,S upp lemen ta ry P ape r8 ) ,L ondon D y son , R .H . -Muscar e l la ,0 .W . , 1 989 " Con s t ruc t ing t h eC h rono logy a nd H i s to r ica lI mpl i ca t ion so f Ha san lu I V " ,I r an 2 7 ,p p . 1 27 E gg ,M . ,1 984 " Neue rwe rbungen f ü r d i e S amm lungen " ,J ah r buch d e sR öm i sch -Ge rman i schen Z en t ra lmuseum s Ma inz 3 1 ,p p .6 47 -655 E gg ,M . ,1 986 I t a l i s che He lme ( RGZM Monog raph ien 1 , 1 2 ) , Ma inz ,V e r lag d e s RGZM E gg ,M . ,1 988 " D ie ä l te s ten He lme d e r Ha l l s ta t tze i t " , i n : B o t t in i ,A . , e ta l . ,A n t ik e He lme . S amm lung L ippe r h e id e u nd a nd er e B e s tänd e d e s An t ik enmuseums B er l in . Handbuch m i t K a ta log , ( Röm i sch G erman i sche s Z en t ra lmu seum , Monog raph ien 1 4 ) , Ma inz , V e r lag d e s Röm i sch -Ge rman i sche s Z en t ra lmu seum s ,p p .2 12 -221 E gg ,M . -Waur ick ,G . ,1 990 An t ik e He lme . Au s s te l lung ska ta log , S pe y e r , Ma inz ,V e r lag d e s RGZM E i lmann ,R . ,1 933 " F rühe G r iech i sche K e ram ik i mS am i schen H e ra ion " , AM 5 8 ,p p .4 7 -145 E lay i ,J . ,1 983 " Le sc i te sp hen ic ienne se tr emp i re a s sy r ien är epoque d 'A s su rban ipa l " , RA 7 ,p p .4 5 -58 E lay i ,J . ,1 985a " Le s r e la t ion s e n t re l e s c i te s p hen ic ienne s e tP emp i re a s sy r ien s ou s l er egne d e S ennacher ib " , S em i t i ca 3 5 ,p p . 1 9 -2 6 E lay i ,J . ,1 985b B yb lo se tl ad om ina t ion a s sy ro -baby lon ienne " ,B aM 1 6 ,p p .3 93 -397 E rv in ,M . ,1 963 " AR e l ie fP i tho sf r om Mykono s " ,A r ch .De l t . 1 8 ,p p .3 7 -75 F a lsone ,G . ,1 988 " Phoen ic ia a s aB ronzewo rk ing C en t re i nt he I r on Age " , i n : C u r t i s , J .E . , e d . ,B ronzewo rk ing C en t r e so fW e s t er nA s ia c .1 000 -539 BC ,L ondon ,K eegan a nd P au l ,p p .2 27 -250

7 5

F e l sch ,R .C .S . ,1 987 " Ka lapod i " ,A r ch .Anz . 1 987 ,p p . 1 25 F rank e l ,D . ,1 979 T he Anc i en tK ingdom o fU ra r tu ,L ondon F rank ens t e in ,S . ,1 979 " The P hoen ic ian si nt he F a r We s t : AF unc t ion o fN eo -A s sy r ian I mpe r ia l i sm " , i n : L a r sen , T . , e d . , P ow e ra nd P ropaganda , (Me sopo tam ica , C openhagen S tud ie s i nA s sy r io logy , 7 ) , C openhagen , p p .2 63 -294 F r iedr ich ,J . -Mey er ,R . -U ngnad ,A . -We idner ,E . ,1 940 D ie I n sch r if t en v om T e l l Ha laf . K e i l schnf t t ex t e u nd a ramä i sche U rkund en a us e i ne ra s sy r i schen P rov inzhaup t s tad t , ( A rch iv f ü rO r ien t fo r schung , B e ihef t6 ) , G raz F uch s ,H . -K e l lner , H . -J . ,1 978 " Von d en Au fgaben d es Museums " , i n : B . H rouda e d . , Me thoden d er Ar chäo log ie . E ine E inf üh rung i ni h r en a tu rw i s senschaf t l i chen T echn ik en , München , C .H .B eck , p p .3 72 -390 F ur twäng ler ,A . ,1 890 O l ymp ia I V ,D i eB ronz en ,B e r l in ,A .A she r G amber ,0 . ,1 978 Waf f e u nd R üs tung E uras iens , F rühz e i t u nd An t ik e , ( B ib l io thek f ü r Kun s t - u nd An t iqu i tä ten f r eunde 5 1 ) ,B raun schwe ig ,K l inkha rd & B ie rmann G ar e l l i ,P . ,1 983 " Rema rque s s u r l e s r appo r t s e n t re l ' A s sy r ie e tl e s c i te s p hen ic iennes " , i n :A t t i d e l IC ong r e s so I n t ema z iona l ed iS t ud iF en i c i eP un i c i ,v o l .I ,R ome ,p p .6 1 -66 G jer s tad ,E . ,e ta l . ,1 935 T he S w ed i sh C yp ru sE xped i t ion . F ind sa nd R e su l to ft h eE x cava t ions i nC yp ru s , 1 927 -1931 ,v o l .I , S tockho lm ,T he S wed i sh C yp ru sE xped i t ion G jer s tad ,E . ,e ta l . ,1 948 T he S w e id sh C yp ru sE xped i t ion ,I V/2 ,S tockho lm ,T he S w ed i sh C yp ru sE xped i t ion G re enewa l t ,C .H . ,J r . ,1 989 " Recen tA rchaeo log ica lR e sea rch i nT u rkey : S a rd i s , 1 988 " , AnS t3 9 ,p p . 1 82 -184 G r eenewa l t ,C .H . ,J r . ,1 991 " The S a rd i s C ampa ign o f 1 987 " , i n : W .E . R a s t , e d . , P r e l im ina r y R epor t s o f ASOR -Sponzo r ed E x cava t ions o f1 982 -1989 ,B a l t imo re ,T he J ohn s Hopk in s Un ive r s i ty P re s s ,p p . 1 28 G r eenewa l t ,C .H . ,J r . ,1 992 "When aM igh ty Emp i re w a s De s t royed : T he C ommon Man a tt h e F a l l o fS a rd i s , C a . 5 46 B .C . " , PAPS 1 36/ I I ,p p .2 47 -271 G r eenewa l t ,C .H . ,J r . -H eywood ,A .M . ,1 992 " A He lme to ft h eS i x th C en tu ry B .C .f r om S a rd i s " , BASOR 2 85 ,p p . 1 31 G rösche l ,S . -G . ,1 986 " De rg o ldene He lm d e rA thena ( I l ia sV ,7 43/44 ) " , AM I1 9 , p p .4 3 -78 ,p l s . 1 3 -20 G ura ln ick ,E . ,1 988 " Greece a nd t h e N ea r E a s t : A r t a nd A rchaeo logy " , i n : S u t ton , R .F . , e d . , Da ida l ikon :S tud ie s i n Memo r yo fR aymond V .S chod e r , S i . , Wauconda ,I l ino i s ,p p . 1 51 -176 G ura ln ick ,E . ,1 992 " Ea s t t o We s t : N ea r E a s te rn A r t i f ac t s f r om G reek S i te s " , i n : C ha rp in , D . -J oanne s , F . , e d s . ,L a c i r cu la t ion d e s b i ens , d e sp e r sonne s e td e s i d d es d ans l eP roche -O r i en ta nc i en , XXXV I I l eR .A .I . , ( Ed i t ion sR eche rche s u rl e sC iv i l i sa t ion s ) ,P a r i s ,p p .3 27 -340 H ampe ,I t -J an tz en ,U . ,1 936 -1937 " E i senge rä te u nd Wa f fen " , i n :B e r i ch tü be rd i e Au sg rabung en i nO l ymp ia , B e r l in , W . d e G ruy te r , p p .4 9 -64 H awk ins ,J .D . ,1 976 -1980 " Ka rkam i s " , R ea l lex ikon d er A ssy r io log ie u nd V o rde ra s ia t i schen A r chäo log ie V , B e r l in , d e G ruy te r ,p p .4 26 -446 H euz ey ,L . ,1 880 " Su r u n p e t i t v a se e n f o rme d e t e te c a squee p r tan t u ne i n sc r ip t ion h i e rog lyph ique " , G aze t te A r chdo log ique 6 ,p p . 1 45 -160 H od jash ,S . I . -T rukh tanova ,N .S . -H ovhann iss ian ,K .L . , 1 979

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E r ebun i .P amya tn ik U ra r t skogo z od t she s t va V I I I -V Iv .d on . e . , Mo skva ,I s ku s s tvo H of fmann ,H . ,1 972 E a r l yC r e tan A rmo r e r ' s , Ma in; Z abe rn H ogar th ,D .G . ,1 914 C ha r chem i sh I ,I n t roduc to r y ,L ondon H orn ,H .G . -R üg er ,C .B . ,1 979 D ie N um id e r ,B onn , Rhe in i sche sL ande smu seum J ack son ,A .H . ,1 987 " An E a r ly C o r in th ian He lme t i nt h e Mu seum o ft h eB r i t i sh S choo l a tA then s " , BSA 8 2 , p p . 1 07 14 ,p l . 1 7 J an tz en ,U . ,1 962 " Ph ryg i she F ibe ln " , i n : Han fman , G .M .A . , e ta l . ,F e s t schr if tf ür F r ied r i ch Ma t z , Ma inz , P h . v on Z abe rn ,p p .3 9 -43 K arageorgh i s ,V . , 1 966 " Ch ron ique d e s f ou i l les e t d 6couve r te s a rch6o log ique s aC hypre e n 1 965 " , B u l le t in d e c o r r e spondance h e l l dn ique 9 0 ,p p .2 87 -389 K arageorgh is ,V . ,1 967 " Nouvele s t ombe s d e g ue r r ie r s aP a laepapho s " , B u l le t in d e c o r r espondance h e l l dn ique 9 1 , p p . 2 02 -245 K arageorgh i s ,V . ,1 973 " Ch ron ique d e sf o u i l le se td 6couve r te sa r cheo log ique s äC hyp re e n 1 972 " , BCH 9 7 , p p .6 01 -689 K arageorgh is ,V . ,1 985 Anc i en tC yp r io t eA r ti nt h eP ie r id e sF ounda t ion Mu seum ,L a rna ca K arageorgh i s ,V . ,1 988 " Ch ron ique d e s f ou i l le s e td 6couve r te s a rch6o log ique s aC hyp re e n 1 987 " , B u l le t in d e c o r r e spondance h e l ldn ique 12 ,p p .7 93 -855 K aro ,G . ,1 930 " A rchäo log i sche F unde a u s d em J ah re 1 929 u nd d e r E r s ten Hä l f te v on 1 930 : I n se ln " ,A r ch .Anz . 4 5 ,p p . 1 28 -165 K e l lner , H . -J . ,1 976 U ra r tu , e i n w ied e r en td eck t e rR iva l eA s sy r iens , K a ta log d e r Aus s t e l lung , Munchen , P räh i s to r i sche S taa t s samm lung K e l lner ,H . -J . ,1 979 " E i sen i n U ra r tu " , i n : Ak ten d e s V I I . I n te rna t iona len K ong r es ses f ür I r an ische K uns t u nd Ar chäo log ie , München 7 -10 . S ep tember 1 976 , ( Archäo log ische Mi t te i lungen a us I ran , E rgänzung sband 6 ) ,B e r l in , D ie t r ich R e ime rV e r lag ,p p . 1 51 -156 K e l lner ,H . -J . ,1 980 " Beme rkungen z ud en He lmen i nU ra r tu " , Anado lu A ra s t i r r na la r i8 ,p p .2 05 -213 , p l s . 1 16 K e l lner ,H . -J . ,1 993 " E in a s sy r i sche B eu tehe lm? " , i n : M .J . Me l l ink -E . P o rada -T . özg 4 , e d s . , N ime t Ö zgüge A rmagan . A spec t s o fA r t a nd I conog raphy : Ana to l ia a nd i t s N e ighbour s . S tud i es i n Honour o f N ime tÖ zgüc , Anka ra ,T i i rk T a r ih Ku rumu B a s imev i ,p p .3 25 -331 K enda l l ,T . ,1 975 Wa rf a r ea nd M i l i ta ry Ma t t e r s i nt h e N uz i T ab l e t s , P h .D . D i s s . , B rande i s Un iver s i ty , Ann A rbo r 1 979 , Un ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s K e s temon t ,G . ,1 983 " Ty re tl e sA s sy r ien s " ,S tud ia P hoen i c ia 1 2 ,p p .5 3 -78 K i l ian -D ir lmey er ,I . ,1 985a " F remde We ihungen i ng r iech i schen He i l ig tüme rn v om 8 .b i sz um B eg inn d e s7 .J ah rhunde r t sv . C h r . " ,J RGZM 3 2 ,p p .2 15 -254 K i l ian -D ir lmey er ,I . ,1 985b " Noch e i nma lz ud en " K r iege rg räbe rn "v on Kno s so s " ,J RGZM 3 2 ,p p . 1 96 -214 K ing ,L .W . ,1 915 B ronz eR e l ief sf r om t h e G a t e so fS ha lmane se r ,L ondon

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K leng e l -Brand t ,E . , 1 986 S y r ien , K l e ina s i en , ( Vo rde ra s ia t i sche s Mu seum , K le ine S ch r i f ten , 6 ) , B e r l in ,S taa tl ichen Mu seen z uB e r l in K on to leon ,N .M . ,1 969 " D ie f r ühg r iech i sche R el ie fkun s t " ,A r cha io log ik eE pheme r i s 1 9 69 ,p p .2 15 -236 K opck e ,G . ,1 992 "Wha t Ro le f o r P hoen ic ian s? " , i n : K opcke , G . -T okuma ru , I . ,e d s . , G r eece b e tween E a s ta nd W es t : 1 0 th -8 th C en tu r ie s BC , ( Pape r s o ft he Mee t ing a tt h e I n s t i tu te o fF ine A r t s , N ew Y o rk Un ive r s i ty , Ma rch 1 51 6 th , 1 990 ) , Ma inz ,v on Z abern ,p p . 1 03 -113 K u f t in , BA . , 1 941 A rkheo log i tches lee r a skopk i vT r ia l e t iI ,O p i tp e r iod i za t s i ip amya tn ikov , T b i l i s i , Akademü N auk G rnz in skoy S . S .R . K ukahn ,E . ,1 936 D e rg r iech i sche H e lm ,D i s s . , Ma rbu rgLahn ,H .B aue r K unz e ,E . , 1 931 K r e t i sche B ronze r e l ief s ,S tu t tga r t K unze ,E . , 1 938a " He lme " , i n : Kunze , E . -S ch le i f , H . ,I .B e r ich tü be rd i e Au sg r abung en i nO l ymp ia , B e r l in ,W . d e G ruy te r , p p .9 3 -96 K unze ,E , 1 938b "Waf f en funde " , i n : Kunze , E . -S ch le i f , H . ,I . B e r ich tü be rd i eA u sg rabung en i nO l ymp ia , B e r l in , W . d e G ruy te r , p p .6 7 -103 K unze ,E . , 1 941 " He lme " ,i n : Kunze , E . -S ch le i f , H . ,I I .B e r i ch tü be rd i e Au sg r abung en i nO l ymp ia ,B e r l in ,W . d e G ruy te r , p p . 1 06 -114 K unze ,E . , 1 944 " Bronze s ta tue t ten " , i n : Kunze , E . -S ch le i f , H . ,I V B e r i ch tü be rd i e Au sg r abung en i nO l ymp ia , B e r l in ,W . d e G ruy te r ,p p . 1 05 -142 K unze ,E . ,1 958 " Der f rühg r iech i sche K ege lhe lm " , i n : K unze , E . , V I . B e r i ch tü be rd i e Au sg r abung en i n O l ymp ia , " He lme " ,B e rl in ,W . d e G ruy te r ,p p . 18 -151 K unz e ,E . ,1 961a " D ie Au sg rabungen i nd en f r üh jah ren 1 956 b i s 1 958 " , i n : K unze , E . , V I I . B er i ch tü be rd i e Aus g rabung en i nO l ymp ia ,B e r l in ,W .d eG ruy te r ,p p . 1 28 K unze ,E . ,1 961b " Ko r in th i sche He lme " , i n : Kunze , E . , V I I . B e r i ch tü be rd i eA u s g rabung en i nO l ymp ia , B e r l in , W . d eG ruy te r ,p p .5 6 -128 ,p l s . 1 3 -55 K unze ,E . , 1 961c " E in B ronzehe lm a u s d er P er serbeu te " , i n : K unze , E . , V I I . B e r ich t ü be rd i e Ausg rabung en i n O l ymp ia ,B e r l in ,W . d eG ruy te r ,p p . 1 29 -137 ,p l s .5 6 -57 K unze ,E . ,1 961 -1962 " D ie Au sg rabungen i nO lymp ia . L au fbahn u nd No rdwal d e s S t ad ion s " ,A r ch .De l t . 1 7 , p p . 1 07 1 24 K unze ,E . , 1 967a " He lme . De r f r ühg r iech i sche K ege lhe lm " , i n : K unze , E . , V I I I . B e r i ch tü be rd i e Ausg rabung en i n O l ymp ia , B e r l in ,W . d eG ruy te r ,p p . 11 -116 K unz e ,E . ,1 967b " K le inp la s t ik a u s B ronze " , i n : K unze , E . , V I I I . B e r ich tü be rd i eA u sg rabung en i nO l ymp ia , B er l in , W . d eG ruy te r ,p p .2 13 -250 ,p l s . 1 06 -119 K unze ,E . ,1 967c "Waf f enwe ihungen " , i n : Kunze , E . , V I I I . B r i ch tü be rd i e Au sg rabung en i nO l ymp ia , B e r l in , W . d e G ruy te r , p p .8 3 -110 ,f i g s .2 8 -37 ,p l s .3 0 -49 L amb ,W . ,1 929 G r eek a nd R oman B ronze s ,L ondon , Me thuen L emp e s i ,A .K . ,1 976 Ho is t e l e st o uP r in ia ,A th ina i

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L emp es i ,A .K . , 1 985 T o H ie ro t o u H enne k a it e s Aphrod i t e ss t e S ym iB iannou , v o l . I ,1 .C ha lk ina C r e t i ca T o r euma ta , A then L epor e ,L . ,1 984 " Un e lmo b ronzeo d e l la c o l lez ione C eccan t i " , i n : S tud i d i a n t ich i tä i no no r e d i Gug l ie lmo Mae t z l c e ,v o l . I( A rchaeo log ica 4 9 ) ,R oma ,B re t schne ide r ,p p .3 29 -332 , p l . 1 L igabue ,G . -S a lva tor i ,S . ,1 977 " O r ien ta lB ronze si nP r iva te C olec t ion si nV en ice " ,R iv i s ta d iA r cheo log ia 1 ,p p . 7 15 ,f i g s . 1 18 L loyd ,S . ,1 967 E a r l yH igh land P eop le so fAna to l ia ,L ondon ,T hame sa nd Hud son L or imer ,H .L„ 1 950 Home ra nd t h e Monumen t s ,L ondon , Macm i l lan L uck enb i l l ,D .D . ,1 927 Anc ien tR eco rd s o fA s sy r ia a nd B aby lon ia I . H i s to r ica lR eco rd s o fA s sy r ia f r om S a r gon t ot h e E nd , Ch icago ,U .P . L u l l ies ,R . ,1 962 " Neue rwe rbungen d e r An t iken samm lungen i n München 1 958 -1961 " ,A r ch .Anz . 7 7 ,p p .5 94 -631 L u l l ie s , R . -H irmer ,M . ,1 960 G r eek S cu lp tu r e ,L ondon ,T hame sa nd Hud son Maa ss ,M . ,1 987 " He lme , Zubehö rv on Wagen u nd P f e rdege sch i r r a u sU ra r tu " ,A r chäo log i sche M i t te i lung en a us I r an 2 0 ,p p .6 5 -92 ,p l s . 1 10 Maa ss ,M . ,1 988 B ad i sche s L ande smuseum . 1 50 J ahr e An t ikensamm lung en K a r l s ruhe 1 838 -1988 , K a r l s ruhe , B ad i sche sL ande smu seum Maa ss ,M . ,1 989 " Bad isches L andesmuseum , N euerwerbungen 1 988 , An t ike " , J ahrbuch d er S taa t l ichen K un s t samm lung en i nB ad en -W ü r t t embe rg 2 6 ,p p . 1 94 -197 Magou ,E . -P erno t ,M . -R o l ley ,C . ,1 991 " B ronze so r ien taux e to r ien tal i san t sa na ly se sc omp l6men ta i re s " , BCH 15 ,p p .5 61 -577 Ma ier , KG . -K arag eorgh is ,V . ,1 984 P apho s .H i s to ry a nd A r chaeo log y ,N ico s ia ,L even t i sF ounda t ion Ma l lowan ,M .E .L . ,1 966 N im rud a nd I t sR ema ins , v o l s .I I I ,L ondon ,C o l l in s Ma l lowan ,M .E .L . -D av ie s ,L .G . ,1 970 I vo r ie s i n_ A s sy r ian S t y l e , ( I vo r ie s f r om N im rud ( 1 949 -1963 ) , v o l . 2 ) , L ondon , B r i t i sh S choo l o f A rchaeo logy i nI r aq Mar fo e ,E . ,e ta l . ,1 982 AG u id et oT he O r i en ta lI n s t i tu t e Mus eum , C h icago ,T he O r ien ta lI n s t i tu te Mar ina to s ,S p . ,1 936 " Le t emp le g 6omä r ique d eD re ro s " , BCH 6 0 ,p p .2 14 -285 Markoe ,G . , 1 985 P hoen ic ian B ronze B ow l sf r om C yp rus a nd t h e Med i te rranean , ( Un ive r s i ty o f C a l i fo rn ia P ub l i ca t ion s , C la s s ica lS tud ie s2 6 ) ,B e rke ley -L o s Ange le s , Un ive r s i ty o fC a l i fo rn ia P re s s Ma s troko s tas ,E . ,1 961 -1962 " Ch ron ika :A cha ia " , Ar ch .De l t . 1 7 ,p p . 1 26 -132 Maxw e l l -Hy s lop ,K .R . ,1 959 " An U ra r t ian A rche ro nt h e Z in j i rl iC ha r io tR el i ef ' ,B u l l e t in o ft h eI n s t i tu t eo fA r chaeo logy 2 ,p p . 6 5 -66 ,p l .3 Maxw e l l -Hy s lop , K .R . ,1 974 " A s sy r ian S ou rce so fI r on " ,I r aq 3 6 ,p p . 1 39 -154 Medved skaya ,I . ,1 988 "Who De s t royed Ha san lu I V ? " ,I r an 2 6 ,p p . 1 15 Medved skaya ,I . ,1 991 " Once Mo re o nt he Des t ruc t ion o f Ha san lu I V : P rob lem s o f Da t ing " , I r an ica An t igua 2 6 , p p . 1 49 -161

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Me l l ink , MJ., 1 976 " Loca l ,P h ryg ian a nd G reek T ra i t si nN o r the rn L yc ia " , RA 1 976 ,p p . 2 1 -34 Mon loup ,T h . ,1 984 L e sf i gu r ine sd et e r r ec u i t ed et r ad i t ion a r cha ique , ( Sa lam ine d eC hyp re X I I ) ,P a r i s , d eB oc ca rd Moor ey ,P .R .S . ,1 987 T he Anc ien tN ea rE a s t , ( A shmo lean Mu seum P ubl i ca t ion s ) , Ox fo rd ,A shmo lean Mu seum Mü l ler -Karp e ,H . ,1 962 " Zur s pä tb ronzeze i t l ichen B ewa f fnung i nM i t te leu ropa u nd G r iechen land " , G erman ia 4 0 , p p . 2 55 -287 Mu scar e l la ,0 .W . ,1 980 T he C a ta lo gue o fI vo r i e sf r om Ha san lu , I r an , ( Un iv e r s i ty Mu seum Monog raph 4 0 , Ha san lu S pe c i a lS tud ie s2 ) ,P h i lade lph ia ,T he Un ive r s i ty Mu seum Mu scar e l la ,0 .W . ,1 988 B ronze a nd I r on . Anc i en tN ea rE a s t er nA r t i f ac t si nt h e Me t ropo l i tan Museum o fA r t , N ew Y o rk Mu scar e l la ,0 .W . ,1 989 " K ing M ida so fP h ryg ia a nd t h e G reek s " , i n Em re , K . , e ta l . , Ana to l ia a nd t h e An ien tN ea rE as t : S tud ie si n Honour o fT ahs in Ö zg i ic , Anka ra ,3 33 -344 Muscar e l la ,0 .W . ,1 992 " Greek a nd O r ien ta l C au ld ron A t tachmen t s :AR ev iew " , i n : K opcke , G . -T okuma ru , I . ,e d s . , G r eece b e tw een E a s ta nd W e s t : 1 0 th -8 th C en tu r i e s BC , ( Pape r s o ft he Mee t ing a tt h e I n s t i tu te o f F ine A r t s ,N ew Yo rk Un ive r s i ty , Ma rch 1 5 -16 th , 1 990 ) , Ma im ' ,v on Z abe rn ,p p . 1 6 -45 My r e s ,J .L . ,1 914 Handbook o ft h e C e sno la C o l lec t ion o f An t iqu i t ie sf r om C yp rus , N ew Yo rk , T he Me t ropo l i tan Mu seum o fA r t N ee f t ,C .W . ,1 977 " Two C o r in th ian He lme t si nt h eA l la rd P ie r son Mu suem , Am s te rdam " , i n : B oe r sma , J . S . ,e ta l . , e d s . ,F e s toen . O pg ed rag en a an A .N . Z adok s -Jo sephu sJ i t ta b z jh aa rz even t ig s t e v e r jaa rdag , ( S c r ip ta A rchaeo log ica G ron ingana 6 ) , G ron ingen ,H .D .T jeenk W i l l ink ,p p .4 43 -449 N eug ebauer , K .A . ,1 922 " Neuerwe rbungen d e r An t iken samm lungen i nD eu t sch land ,B e r l in " ,A r ch .Anz . 3 7 , p p .5 9 -119 N unn ,A . ,1 988 D ie Wandma le r e i u nd d e rg l a s i e r te Wand schmuck i nA l ten O r ien t , ( Handbuch d e r O r ien ta l i s t ik I /2/B/6 ) , L e iden ,B r i l l Oded ,B . ,1 974 " The P hoen ic ian C i t ie s a nd t h eA s sy r ian Emp i re i nt h e T ime o fT ig la th -P i le se r H I " , ZDPV 9 0 , p p .3 8 -49 O r thmann ,W . ,1 971 U n te r suchung en z ur S pä the th i t i schen K uns t , ( Saa rb rücke r B e i t räge z u rA l te r tum skunde ,B and 8 ) , B onn , R . Habe l t O v er lae t , BJ . ,1 979 " Po in ted He lme t so ft he I r on Age f r om I r an " ,I r an i ca An t igua 1 4 ,p p .5 1 -63 ,p l s . 1 4 Ö zgen ,E . ,1 982 T he U ra r t ian B ronze C o l l ec t ion a tt h e U n ive r s i ty Museum : T he U ra r t ian A rmo r , P h . D . D i s s . Un ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia , Ann A rbo r , Un ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s P apa thana sopou lo s ,G .A . ,1 969 " A rcha io te te sk a i mneme ia E le ia s : 1 . Mou se ion O lymp ia s " ,A r ch .De l t . 2 4 ,p p . 1 46 -150 P arro t ,A . , 1 961 N in i eveh a nd B aby lon ,L ondon P a t er son ,A . ,1 912 A s sy r ian S cu lp tur e s , P a lace o fS inache r ib , Hague ,M .N i jhof f P ayne ,H .G .G . ,1 927 -1928 " Ea r ly G reek V a se sf r om K no s so s " ,B SA 2 9 ,p p .2 24 -298 P erdr iz e t ,P . ,1 908 Monumen t sf i gur e s . P e t i t s b ronzes , t e r r e s -cu i t e s , a n t iqu i te s d i v er se s , ( Fou i l le s d e De lphe s V ) , P a r i s ,A .F on temo ing P ern ice ,E . , 1 892

8 0

" Geome t r i sche V a se a u sA then " , AM 1 7 ,p p . P f lug ,H . ,1 988a " G r iech i sche H e lme G eome t r i sche rZ e i t " ,i n :A . B o t t in i , e ta l . ,A n t ik eH e lme . S amm lung L ippe r h e id e u nd a nd e r e B es tänd e d e s An t ik enmuseums B e r l in , ( Röm i sch -German i sches Z en t ra l mu seum , Monog raph ien 1 4 ) , Ma inz , V e r lag d e s R öm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum s , p p . 1 -26 P f lug ,H . ,1 988b " Kyp r i sche H e lme " , i n : A . B o t t in i , e ta l . ,A n t ik eH e lme . S amm lung L ippe r he ide u nd a nde r eB e s t ä nd ed e sA n t ik enmu seums B e r l in ,( Röm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum , Monog raph ien 1 4 ) , Ma in; V e r lag d e sR öm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t rahnu seum s ,p p .2 7 -41 P f lug ,H . ,1 988 c " Ko r in th i sche H e lme " , i n : A . B o t t in i , e ta l . , An t ik eH e lme . S amm lung L ippe rhe id e u nd a nd e r e B e s tänd ed e sA n t ik enmu seum sB e r l in , ( Röm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum , Monog raph ien 1 4 ) , Ma in z( 1 988 ) ,V e r lag d e sR öm i sch -German i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum s ,p p .6 5 -106 P f lug ,H . ,1 989 " K ypr i sche H e lme " , i n : H . P f lug , S chu t zu nd Z i e r . H e lme a us d em An t ik enmuseum B e r l in u nd Waf f en a nd e r e rS amm lung en , ( An t ikenmu seum B a se lu nd S amm lung L udw ig ) , B a se l , p p . 1 7 -18 , K a t . 1 P io trov sky ,B .B . ,1 955 K ar r n i rB lu rI I ,R ez u l ta ty R a skopok 1 950 -1953 ,E revan ,A l cademü N auk A rmyan skoy S . S .R . P lace ,V . ,1 867 -1870 N in iv ee tl ' A s sy r i e ,v o l .I ,P a r i s P l e iner ,R . -B jorkman ,J .K . ,1 974 " The A s sy r ian I r on A ge :T he H i s to ry o fI r on i nA s sy r ian C iv i l iza t ion " , PAPS 18 ,p p .2 83 -313 P ro tono tar iou -D e i lak i ,E . ,1 971 " Ch ron ika :A rgo s " ,A r ch .De l t . 2 6 ,p p .7 4 -82 P ro tono tar iou -De i lak i ,E . ,1 973 " Ch ron ika :A rgo s " ,A r ch .De l t . 2 8 ,p p .9 7 -99 P ro tono tar iou -D e i lak i ,E . ,1 982 " Apo t oA rgo st o u8 ou k a i7 ou A lI . C h . " ,A nnua r io d e l la S cuo la A r chaeo log ia d iA t ene , 6 0 ,p p . 3 3 -48 R eade ,J .E . ,1 972 " The N eo -A s sy r ian C ou r ta nd A rmy :E v idence f r om t h eS cu lp tu re s " ,I r aq 3 4 ,p p .8 7 -112 R en f r ew ,C . ,1 983 B ef o r eC iv i l i za t ion :T he R ad io ca r bon R evo lu t ion a nd P r eh i s to r i cE u rope ,P el i can B ook s R ichard s ,G .C . ,1 891 " A rcha ic R e l ie f sa t Dh im i tzana " , JHS 1 2 ,p p .4 1 -45 R ich ter ,G .M .A . ,1 9 34 " AC o lo s sa lD ipy lon V a se " ,B u l l e t in o ft h e Me t ropo l i tan Museum o fA r t2 9 ,p p . 1 69 -172 R ö l l ig ,W . ,1 992 " A s ia M ino ra s aB r idge b e tween E a s ta nd We s t : t h e R o le o ft h e P hoen ic ian s a nd A ramean s i n t h e T ran s fe r o fC u l tu re " , i n : K opcke , G . -T okuma ru , I . ,e d s . , G r eece b e tween E a s ta nd W e s t : 1 0 th -8 th C en tur ie s BC , ( Paper s o f t he Mee t ing a t t he I n s t i tu te o f F ine A r ts , N ew Y ork Un ive r s i ty , Ma rch 1 51 6 th , 1 990 ) , Ma in; v on Z abe rn ,p p .9 3 -102 S a lva tor i ,S . ,1 975 " Un e lmo a s s i ro f i gu ra to p roven ien te d a l L ur i s tan " , O r iens An t iquu s 1 4 , p p . 2 55 -264 , f i g s . 1 2 , p l s .3 6 -38 S chaaf f ,U . ,1 973 " F rüh la teneze i t l i che G rab funde m i tH e lmen T yp B e r ru " ,J RGZM 2 0 ,p p .8 1 -106 S chauer ,P . ,1 983 " Or ien t i m S pä tb ronze - u nd F rühe i senze i t l ichen O c c iden t . K u l tu rbez iehungen z w ischen d e r I be r i schen H a lb in se lu nd d em V o rde ren O r ien tw äh rend d e s s pä ten 2 .u nd d e s e r s ten D r i t te l s d e s1 .J ah r tau send sv .C h r . " ,J RGZM 3 0 ,p p . 1 75 -194 S chauer ,P . ,1 988 " D ie K ege l - u nd G locken fö rm igen H e lme m i t G ego s senem S che i te lknau fd e rJ üngeren B ron z eze i tA l teu ropa s " , i n :A . B o t t in i , e ta l . , An t ik eH e lme . S amm lung L ippe r he id eu nd a nd e r eB e s -

8 1

t ä nd ed e s An t ik enmuseums B e r l in , ( Röm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum , Monog raph ien 1 4 ) , Ma inz , V e r lag d e s Röm i sch -Ge rman i sche sZ en t ra lmu seum s ,p p . 1 81 -194 S chm id t ,G . , 1 968 K ypr i sche B i ldw e rk ea us d em H e r a ion v on S amo s , ( Samo s ,B and V I I ) , B onn ,R . Habe l t S chw e i tzer , B . ,1 971 G r eek G eome t r i cA r t , L ondon ,P ha idon S e ed en ,H . , 1 980 T he S tand ing A rmed F igu r ine si nt h eL evan t , ( P räh i s to r i sche B ronze funde , Ab te i lung I ,B and 1 ) , München ,C .H . B eck S haw ,J .W . , 1 980 " Ex cava t ion sa tK ommo s ( C re te ) Du r ing 1 979 " ,H e spe r ia 4 9 ,p p .2 07 -250 S haw ,J .W . , 1 989 " Phoen ic ian si nS ou the rn C re te " ,AJA 9 3 , p p . 1 65 -183 Sm i th ,S . , 1 938 S cu lp tur e si nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum ,f r om S ha lmane se rI It oS ennache r ib , L ondon , T he T ru s tee s o f t he B r i t i sh Mu seum S nodg ra ss ,A .M . ,1 964 E ar l y G r eek A rmour a nd W eapons f r om t h eE nd o ft h e B ronze Ag e t o6 00 B .C . , E d inbu rgh , Un ive r s i ty P re s s S t e iner ,P . ,1 906 " Bronze -S ta tue t te a u sO lymp ia " , AM 3 1 , p p .2 19 -227 T admor , H . , 1 975 " A s sy r ia a nd t he Wes t . T he N in th C en tu ry a nd i t s Af terma th " , i n : Goe cl i cke , H . -Robe r t s , J . J . , e d s . , U n i ty a nd D iv e r s i ty ,B a l t imo re ,p p .3 6 -48 T a t tonBrown ,V . ,1 979 " AT e r raco t ta " Ge ryon "i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum " , RDAC 1 979 ,p p .2 81 -288 T errace ,E .L .B . ,1 962 T he A r to ft h e Anc ien tN ea rE a s ti nB o s ton , Mu seum o fF ine A r t s ,B o s ton T hureau -Dang in ,F . -B arro is ,A . -D o ss in ,G . -D unand ,M . ,1 931 A r s lan -T a sh , ( B ibl io theque A rch6o log ique e tH i s to r ique XV I ) ,P a r i s , G eu thne r T hureau -Dang in ,F . -D unand ,M . ,1 936 T i lB a r s ib , ( B ib l io theque A rch6o log ique e tH i s to r ique XX I I I ) ,P a r i s , G eu thne r T ö l le ,R . ,1 963 " F igü rl iche b ema l te F ragmen te d e r Geome t r i schen Z e i t v om K e rame iko s " ,A r ch .Anz . 7 8 , p p . 6 42 -665 T örnkv is t , S . ,1 973 " A rms , A rmou r a nd D ress o f t he T erraco t ta S cu lp tu re f r om A j ia I r in i , C yp ru s " , Med e l h ay smusee tB u l l e t in 6 ,p p . 7 55 T u fne l l ,0 . ,e ta l . ,1 953 L ach i sh I I . T he I r on Ag e , Ox fo rd , O x fo rd Un ive r s i ty P re s s U s s i shk in , D . , 1 969 " The Da te o ft he N eo -H i t t i te E nc lo su re i nK a ra tepe " , Ana to l ian S t ud i e s 1 9 ,p p . 1 21 -137 U ss i shk in , D . , 1 982 T he C onque s to fL ach i sh b yS ennache r ib ,T e lA v iv ,I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy V anden B erghe ,L . ,1 959 A r chdo log i ed e L7 ran Anc i en ,L e iden ,B r i l l V anden B erghe ,L . -D e Mey er ,L . ,1 982 U ra r tu en v e r g e ten c u l tuur u i th e tb e rg land A rmen id , S i n t -P i e t e r sabd i j -G en t , 9o k tobe r1 982 -3 0 j anua r i1 983 v an L oon ,M .N . ,1 966 U ra r t ian A r t . I t s d i s t inc t iv e T ra i t s i nt h eL ig h to fN ew E x cava t ion s , ( U i tgaven v an h e t N ede r land s H is tor isch -Archaeo log isch I ns t i tuu t t e I s tanbu l 2 0 ) , I s tanbu l , N eder lands H i s tor i sch A rchaeo log i sch I n s t i tuu t V erde l is ,N .M . , 1 963 " Neue g eome t r i sche G räbe ri nT i ryn s " , AM 7 8( 1963 ) ,p p . 1 62 v on G aer tr ing en ,H . -W i l sk i ,P . , 1 904

8 2

S tad tg e s ch ich t ev on T he r a , ( The ra I I ) ,B e r l in ,R e ime r v on L ipperhe ide ,F . ,1 896 An t ik eH e lme , Mun ich v on L uschan ,F . ,e ta l . ,1 902 Ausg rabung en i nS end sch i r l i , v o l . I I , ( M i t te i lungen a u s d en O r ien ta l i schen S amm lungen , Hef t X I I I ) ,B e r l in v on L uschan ,F . -A nd ra e ,W . ,1 943 D ie K l e inf unde v on S end sch i r l i . Ausg rabung en i nS end s ch i r l i , v o l . V , ( M i t te i lungen a u s d en O r ien ta l i schen S amm lungen ,H ef t XV ) ,B e rl in , Wa l te rd eG ruy te r Wa ldbaum ,J .C . ,1 989 " B . Me ta lwo rk f r om I da l ion , 1 971 -1980 " , i n : L .E . S tage r -A .M . Wa lke r , e d s . , Amer ican E xped i t i on t oI da l ion , C yp rus 1 973 -1980 , ( O r ien ta l I n s t i tu te C ommun ica t ion s n o . 2 4 ) , C h icago , T he O r ien ta lI n s t i tu te o ft h e Un ive r s i ty o fC h icago ,p p .3 28 -351 ,p l s . 1 4 Wa ld s te in ,C h . ,1 905 T he A rg ive He raeum , v o l .I ,B o s ton a nd N ew Y o rk , Hough ton ,M i f f l in a nd C o . Wa l ter s ,H .B . ,1 899 C a ta logue o ft h eB ronz e s , G r e ek R oman , a nd E t ru scan , i nt h eD epa r tmen to fG r eek a nd Roman An t iqu i t i e s , B r i t i sh Mu seum ,L ondon War tk e ,R . -B . ,1 991 " P roduc t ion o fI r on A r t i f ac t s " ,i n : R . Me rhav , e d . , U ra r tu . A Me ta lwo rk ing C en t e ri nt h eF i r s tM i l l e nn ium B .C .E . ,J e ru sa lem ,I s rae l Mu seum ,p p .3 22 -331 We i ss ,C . , 1 977 " An Unu sua lC o r in th ian He lme t " , C a l i f o rn ia S t ud ie si nC la s s i ca l An t iqu i t y 1 0 ,p p . 1 95 -207 W ide ,S . , 1 899 " Geome t r i sche V a sen a u sG r iechen land " , AM 1 4 ,p p .7 8 -86 W in ter ,I . ,1 988 " No r th S y r ia a s aB ronzewo rk ing C en t re i nt h eE a r ly F i r s tM i l lenn ium BC :L uxu ry C ommod i t ie s a t Home a nd Ab road " , i n : C u r t i s , J .E . , e d . ,B ronz ewo rk ing C en t r e s o fW e s t er nA s ia c .1 000 -539 BC , L ondon ,K eegan a nd P au l ,p p . 1 93 -225 Woo l ley ,C .L . ,1 921 C ha r chem i sh I , T he T own D e f ence s ,L ondon Woo l ley ,C .L . -B arne t t ,R .D . ,1 952 C ha r chem i sh I I , L ondon Wr igh t ,G .E . ,1 958 B ib l i sche A r chäo log i e , Gö t t ingen ,V andenhoeck & Rup rech t Y a lour i ,A . ,1 971 " A He ro ' s Depa r tu re " ,AJA 7 5 ,p p .2 69 -275 Y a lour is ,N . ,1 960 "Myken i sche B ronze schu tzwa f f en " , AM 7 5 ,p p .4 2 -67 Y e sa ian ,S .A . ,1 976 D r evnyaya K u l tur aP l emen S ev e ro -V o s to t shno yA r rnenü T i s . d oN .E . ) , E revan , I zda tye l s tvo Akadem i iN auk A rmyan skoy S . S .R . Y e sa ian ,S .A . ,1 986 Do speh D r evney A rmenü ,E revan ,I zda te l s tvo E revan skogo Un ive r s i te ta Y oung ,J .H . -Y oung ,S .H . , 1 955 T e r raco t ta F igu r ine sf r om K ou r ion i nC yp ru s , ( Mu seum Monog raph s ) , P h i lade lph ia , Un ive r s i ty Mu seum Z accagn in i ,C . ,1 983 " Pa t te rn o f Mob i l i ty a mong Anc ien tN ea rE a s te rn C raf t smen " ,I NES 4 2 ,p p .2 45f f . Z ervo s ,C h . ,1 946 L 'A r te n G r ece d ut r o i s ieme m i l l dna i r ea uI V e s i e c l ea van tn o i r ee r e ,P a r i s , C ah ie r sd 'A r t

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I l . 1T he e vo lu t ion o fA s sy r ian ,S y ro -A s sy r ian a nd o r ien ta l iz ing E a s te rn Med i ter ranean h e lme tt ype s o ft he 9 th -7 th c en tu r ie sB .C .T he f i nd s . 1 .V en ice , Ma r ia & G iancar lo L igabue C o l lec t ion 2 .V en ice ,p r iva te c olec t ion ( r econ s t ruc ted f r om af r agmen t ) 3 .T ehe ran ,p r iva te c olec t ion ( r econ s t ruc ted f r om af r agmen t ) 4 .S cha f fhausen , Museum A l le rH e i l igen ( g a lvano c opy : Mun ich ,P r äh is to r i sche S taa ts samm lung ,n eg . n o .2 6 -27 ) 5 . Manchse te r , Un ive r s i ty o f Manche s te r Mu seum ,i n v .n o . 1 618 6 .L ondon ,B r i t i sh Museum , WA 2 2496 7 . Mun ich ,P räh is to r ische S taa t s samm lung ,i n v .n o .1 980 /6227 -6228 8 . Ka r l s ruhe ,B ad isches L ande smu seum ,i n v .n o .8 9 /12 9 . Mun ich ,P räh is to r i sche S taa t s samm lung ,i n v .n o .1 979 / 1181 1 0 .L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,4 8 -11-4 , 15 ( r econ s t ruc ted f r om f r agmen t s ) 1 .L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum ,4 8 -11-4 , 15 ( r econ s truc ted f r om f r agmen t s ) 1 2 .Z inç ir l i ,S . 3965 ( Be r l in? ) 1 3 .L ondon ,B r i t i sh Mu seum , WA 1 34611 1 4 .Z i aw i r l i ,S . 3964 ( Be r l in? )( r econ s truc ted f r om f r agmen t s ) 1 5 .P r iva te c olec t ion 1 6 .B r i t i sh Museum ,2 841 ( R icha rd P ayne Kn igh tB eque s t ) 1 7 .N ico s ia ,C ypru s Museum ,i n v .n o .1 965 /X I -29 /62 1 8 .N ico s ia ,C ypru s Mu seum ,i n v .n o .A la s sa T 16 / 1 1 9 .A rgo s ,A rchaeo log ica l Museum ( A rgo s ,O do sP e rseou s4 1 ) 2 0 .A rgo s ,A rchaeo log ica l Museum ( A rgo s ,O do sD iom idou s ) 2 1 .B udape s t , Museum o fF ine A r t s ,i n v .n o .8 442 ) 2 2 .A rgo s ,A rchaeo lo g ica l Museum ( A rgo s ,T omb 4 5 ) 2 3 .O lymp ia Museum ( O lymp ia ,f r om t he A lphe io s ) 2 4 .O lymp ia Museum ,i n v .n o .B .5 1 2 5 .O lymp ia Museum ,o ld i nv .n o .B r . 1 0533 2 6 .F lo rence ,C olec t ion A .C eccan t i ,i n v .n o .p rov . CC 4 36 ( O rdona ) 2 7 .O rdona ,S ou th I t a ly 2 8 .V en ice ,p r iva te c olec t ion 2 9 . Hamburg , Mu seum f ü r Kun s tu nd G ewe rbe ,i n v .n o . 1 970 .26c 3 0 .I s tanbu l ,A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ,i n v .n o . 1 6 3 1 .N ico s ia ,C ypru s Mu seum ,i nv .n o .9 8 / 1971 3 2 .B e r l in , An t ikenmu seum ,i nv .m i sc .8 142 ,620

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1 1 .6 C on ica lb ronze h e lme t .P a laepaphos ,K ouk l ia , Mav romma t i sT omb ( N icos ia ,C yp rus Museum , i nv .n o . 1 965/XI -29/62 ) 9 3

1 1 .7 F ragmen to f ac on ica lb ronze h e lme t .A lassa ,"Pano - Mand i la r is " ,Tomb 1 6( N icos ia ,C yp rus Museum ,i n v .n o .T .16/1) 9 4

1 1 .8 D raw ing o ft h eA lassa f ragm en t

1 1 .9 D raw ing o f ac on ica lb ronze h e lme t .A rgos , Odos P e rseous 4 1( Argos ,A rchaeo log ica l Museum ) ,( G rösche l 1 986 ,p .72 ,f ig .4 ) 9 5

1 110 D raw ing o fa nA ssy r ian c on ica lb ronze h e lme t( V en ice , Mar ia & G ianca r lo L igabue C o l lec t ion )

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1 1 .15 P o in ted b ronze h e lme t . Tamas so s ,D romos o fR oya lT omb I V( N icos ia ,C yprus Museum ,i nv . n o .9 8/1971)

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1 04

I l .2 0F ragmen tary c r es ted b ronze h e lme t .O lymp ia ,S ou th o ft h eH e ra ion ( O lymp ia Museum ,o ld i nv .n o .B r . 1 0533 ) 1 05

1 1 .21 F ragmen ta ry c r e s ted b ronze h e lm e t .O lymp ia ,p robab ly f rom t h eA lphe ios ( O lymp ia Museum ) 1 06

1 1 .22 F ragmen tary c res ted b ronze h e lme t .O lymp ia ,f rom t h e No r th Wa l lo ft h eS tad ion ( O lymp ia Museum ,i nv .n o . B5 1) 1 07

I l .2 3F ragmen ta ry c r es ted b ronze h e lm e t .O lymp ia ," B runnen 2 3i mS tad ion -No rdwa l l" ( O lymp ia Museum ,i n v .n o . B4 714 ) 1 08

I l .2 4S y ro -Assy r ian c r es ted b ronze h e lme t .W i thou tp rov enance ( B r i t ish Museum ,i n v .n o .2 841 , R ichard P ayne K n igh tB eques t ) 1 09

I l .2 5U ra r t ian c r es ted b ronze h e lme t ." U ra r tu " (Ma in z ,R öm isch -Ge rman isches Z en tra lmuseum , i n v .n o .0 .39702 ) 10

I I .2 6A ssy r ian c res ted b ronze h e lme t .W i thou tp rovenance (M un ich ,P räh is to r isch es S taa tssamm lung ,i n v .n o .P .S . 1 979/1181) 11

I l .2 7A ssy r ian c res ted b ronze h e lme t .W i thou tp rovenance ( Kar lsruhe ,B ad isches L andesmuseum , i nv .n o .8 9/12) 12

1 1 .28 D raw ing o fa nA ssy r ian c r e s ted i r on h e lme tr e cons t ruc ted f rom f ragm en ts .N imrud , NW P a lace ,C hameb r I( London ,B r i t ish Museum ,4 8 -11-4 , 15 ) 13

I l .2 9F ragmen ta ry b ronze a nd i r on c ompos i te h e lme t .S ard is ,C o lossa lL yd ian S t ruc tu re 14

15 I l . 3 0R econs truc t iona ld raw ings o ft h eS ard is h e lme t