New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English [1 ed.] 9781443879187, 9781443874588

Citation preview

New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English

New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English Edited by

Paola Vettorel

New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English Edited by Paola Vettorel This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Paola Vettorel and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7458-2 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7458-8

TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Charts..............................................................................................vii List of Tables ...............................................................................................ix Acknowledgements .....................................................................................xi Introduction ..................................................................................................1 Paola Vettorel Part I: Developments in elf research and pedagogic implications Chapter One ...............................................................................................19 (/)LQIRUPHG3HGDJRJ\IURP&RGH¿[DWLRQWRZDUGV&RPPXQLFDWLYH Awareness Barbara Seidlhofer Chapter Two ...............................................................................................31 What is Going on in Academic ELF? Findings and Implications Anna Mauranen Part II: ELF and Teacher Awareness Chapter Three.............................................................................................55 Developing an ELF-Aware Pedagogy: Insights from a Self-Education Programme Yasemin Bayyurt and Nicos C. Sifakis Chapter Four ..............................................................................................77 Raising Trainee Teachers’ Awareness of Language Variation through Data-based Tasks Luciana Pedrazzini Chapter Five .............................................................................................103 Which English(es) to Teach? Empowering EFL Trainee Teachers to Make their Choices Luisa Bozzo

vi

Table of Contents

Chapter Six...............................................................................................129 Primary School Teachers’ Perceptions: Englishes, ELF and Classroom Practices – between ‘Correctness’ and ‘Communicative Effectiveness’ Paola Vettorel Part III: ELF and ELT practices Chapter Seven ..........................................................................................159 Young Learners in ELF Classrooms: a Shift in Perspective Lucilla Lopriore Chapter Eight ...........................................................................................179 ELF and the Development of Intercultural Communicative Competence: an Italian-American Telecollaboration Project Enrico Grazzi Appendix A ..............................................................................................198 Chapter Nine ............................................................................................205 Assessing ELF in European Universities: the Challenges ahead David Newbold Afterword .................................................................................................227 Frontiers of English and the Challenge of Change Henry Widdowson Glossary ...................................................................................................233 Thematic Annotated Bibliography ...........................................................255 Contributors .............................................................................................279

LIST OF CHARTS &KDUW 7HDFKHUV¶DZDUHQHVVRIWKHLUSXSLOV¶FRQWDFWZLWK(QJOLVKRXWVLGHVFKRRO &KDUW 7HDFKHUV¶DZDUHQHVVRIVWXGHQWV¶IXWXUHQHHGVDQGFRQWH[WVWRXVH(QJOLVK &KDUW ,QQHUFLUFOHYDULHWLHVLQGLGDFWLFPDWHULDOV &KDUW  =HURrdSHUVRQVPDUNLQJ KLJKO\DFFHSWDEOH± KLJKO\XQDFFHSW DEOH &KDUW =HURGRLQTXHVWLRQV KLJKO\DFFHSWDEOH± KLJKO\XQDFFHSWDEOH &KDUW 2YHUH[SOLFLWQHVVFRORXUQDPHRIFRORXU KLJKO\DFFHSWDEOH±  KLJKO\XQDFFHSWDEOH &KDUW 3UHIHUH KLJKO\DFFHSWDEOH± KLJKO\XQDFFHSWDEOH &KDUW 6\PSDWKHWLF YHU\DFFHSWDEOH± KLJKO\XQDFFHSWDEOH

LIST OF TABLES 7DEOH $QDO\VLVRIVWXGHQWV¶(QJOLVKODQJXDJHQHHGV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The concept for the present volume originated from the international Symposium “New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English”, which was held at the University of Verona on February 15th 2013 and was endorsed by the Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR). The event was made possible by funding from the PRIN National Research Project 2009 “Within and across the Borders: Usage and Norm in Western European Languages” and promoted by the Verona research unit “English and French linguistic identities in 21st century Europe: contacts and contaminations between rules and usage”, and realized with the support of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures of the University of Verona. I would like to thank Roberta Facchinetti for her valuable support both for the Symposium and for this volume. I am also grateful to my colleagues and friends Roberto Cagliero, Marta Degani, and to Valeria Franceschi (University of Verona), for their ongoing support, inspiration and suggestions. I am, of course, particularly grateful to all the contributors for making this book possible, and not least for their patient and supportive help and cooperation all throughout the development of the volume.

NEW FRONTIERS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH

INTRODUCTION PAOLA VETTOREL (QJOLVKDVD/LQJXD)UDQFDKDVGHYHORSHGLQWRRQHRIWKHPRVWYLEUDQW ¿HOGV RI UHVHDUFK RYHU WKH ODVW FRXSOH RI GHFDGHV 6LQFH WKH HDUO\ V ZKHQWKH¿UVWVHPLQDOZRUNVZHUHSXEOLVKHGE\(/)OHDGLQJVFKRODUV-HQ NLQV6HLGOKRIHU0DXUDQHQ PDQ\UHVHDUFKSURMHFWVKDYH EHHQXQGHUWDNHQPDQ\DUWLFOHVDQGERRNVSXEOLVKHGDQGWZRPDLQFRUSRUD FRPSOHWHG 92,&( (/)$ DQG :U(/)$  ZLWK DQRWKHU RQH$&( UH OHDVHGYHU\UHFHQWO\$Q(/)GHYRWHG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHLVUHJXODUO\ KHOGHYHU\\HDUWKHJournal of English as a Lingua FrancaZDVIRXQGHGLQ  DQG WKH (/)GHGLFDWHGDELF VHULHV 0RXWRQ GH *UX\WHU  LV JURZ LQJLQWLWOHV7KHUHODWLYHO\\RXQJ(/)UHVHDUFK¿HOGLVWKXVWKULYLQJZLWK FRQWLQXRXVDQGJURZLQJFRQWULEXWLRQVIURPVHYHUDOLQWHUFRQQHFWHGDUHDV± OLQJXLVWLFVVRFLROLQJXLVWLFVDQGDSSOLHGOLQJXLVWLFVLQVHYHUDOSDUWVRIWKH ZRUOGDFURVVDOOWKUHH.DFKUX¶V&LUFOHVDQGLQWKH([SDQGLQJRQHHVSHFLDOO\ 7KHERG\RIUHVHDUFKLQWR(/)KDVWKXVEHFRPHTXLWHFRQVLGHUDEOHDQG KDVPDGH¿QGLQJVDYDLODEOHLQVHYHUDODUHDVRIODQJXDJHXVHIURPSKRQROR J\WROH[LFRJUDPPDUSKUDVHRORJ\DQGFRGHVZLWFKLQJVKRZLQJKRZ(/) XVHUVFDQHIIHFWLYHO\FRPPXQLFDWHLQWKHLURZQZD\VDQGWHUPV GHSOR\ LQJODQJXDJHPHFKDQLVPVDQGVWUDWHJLHVWKDWDUHPDQ\WLPHVVRSKLVWLFDWHG LQWKHLUµGLIIHUHQFHV¶IURPQDWLYH 6WDQGDUG(QJOLVKQRUPV(/)UHVHDUFK KDVDOVRVKRZQKRZLVVXHVUHODWHGWRJOREDOL]DWLRQODQJXDJHFRQWDFWPXO WLOLQJXDOLVP DQG SOXULOLQJXDOLVP DV ZHOO DV OLQJXLVWLF VXSHUGLYHUVLW\ DUH GHHSO\LQWHUFRQQHFWHGLQ(/)DQGLQLWVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQV(/)FDQFHUWDLQO\ EH VHHQ DV D SRVWPRGHUQ µSKHQRPHQRQ¶ RI FKDQJLQJ DQG FKDQJHG WLPHV OLQJXLVWLFSURFHVVHVDQGODQJXDJHXVHZKHUHQDWLRQDOJHRJUDSKLFDQGOLQ JXLVWLFERUGHUVDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\FRQFHLYHGRIDUHQDWXUDOO\WUHVSDVVHGLQRUGHU IRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRWDNHSODFH ,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKH(/7ZRUOGKDYHEHHQDPDWWHURILQWHUHVWIRU(/) VFKRODUVVLQFHWKHHDUO\GD\VRI(/)HJ-HQNLQV6HLGOKRIHU  DQGLWLVSUREDEO\WKHSRWHQWLDOUHSHUFXVVLRQVRI(/)¿QGLQJVLQ(/7 WKDW KDYH UHSUHVHQWHG RQH RI WKH PRVW GHEDWHG µLVVXHV¶ HJ 0DOH\  3URGURPRX6ZDQ $QLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIVWXGLHVKDYHH[ SORUHG WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI (/) UHVHDUFK ¿QGLQJV DQG PRUH JHQHUDOO\ RI



,QWURGXFWLRQ

WKHSOXUDOLVDWLRQRI(QJOLVKLQSHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHV$UDQJHRISHUVSHFWLYHV KDYHEHHQORRNHGLQWRIURPWKRVHRIWHDFKHUVWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQWHDFKHUV¶ RSLQLRQVWRZDUGV(/)QDWLYHQHVVWR(QJOLVKLQWKHSURIHVVLRQ WRPDWHULDOV HJLVWKHFXUUHQWSOXUDOLW\RI(QJOLVKDQG(/)WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW",VWKH 16PRGHOVWLOOSUHGRPLQDQW" DVZHOODVSHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHVLQDUHDVVXFK DVFXUULFXOXPGHVLJQFODVVURRPDFWLYLWLHVDQGDVVHVVPHQWWRPHQWLRQEXW DIHZ$VWRDFWXDOSHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHVZKHWKHUDWDWKHRUHWLFDOOHYHORUE\ VHWWLQJIRUZDUGPRUHSUDFWLFDOSURSRVDOVRIFODVVURRPDFWLYLWLHVPDWHULDOV DQGWDVNVZKDWLVJHQHUDOO\FDOOHGIRUDQGDGYRFDWHGLVDPRUHLQFOXVLYHDS SURDFKDFFRXQWLQJIRUWKHFXUUHQWGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQRI(QJOLVKWKDWFDQQRWDQ\ ORQJHUEHLJQRUHGLQHGXFDWLRQLIVWXGHQWVDUHWREHSUHSDUHGIRUUHDODQG HIIHFWLYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQWKURXJK(QJOLVKLQWRGD\¶VZRUOG 7HDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVDUHWZRRIWKHPDLQDJHQWVLQYROYHGLQWKHFRP SOH[ SURFHVVHV RI ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ DQG LW FDQ FHUWDLQO\ EH DUJXHGWKDWWKH\DUHERWKLQWKHIURQWOLQHLQFRSLQJZLWKWKHGHHSFKDQJHV WKDWWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHLVJRLQJWKURXJK/DQJXDJHWHDFKHUVLQSDUWLFXODU DUHQRZDGD\VIDFHGZLWKVHYHUDOFKDOOHQJHVLQWKLVDVLQRWKHUSHGDJRJLF DUHDVLQFUHDVHGPRELOLW\ERWKSK\VLFDODQGYLUWXDOPHDQVWKDWWKH\RXQJ SHRSOHZKRDUHVLWWLQJLQFODVVHYHU\GD\IURPSULPDU\VFKRROXSWRKLJKHU HGXFDWLRQSUREDEO\KDYHLQWKHLUHDUVDQGH\HVµELWVDQGSLHFHV¶RI(QJOLVK WKH\KDYHHQFRXQWHUHGDORQJWKHVWUHHWVLQ¿OPVFDUWRRQVDQGYLGHRJDPHV RUFKDWWLQJZLWKWKHLUIULHQGV±ROGDQGQHZRQHV±HLWKHUGXULQJDQLQWHUQD WLRQDOVFKRROH[FKDQJHRUWKHLU(UDVPXVVWD\EXWIUHTXHQWO\DOVRWKURXJKD NH\ERDUGRQWKHLUFRPSXWHUVRUPRELOHSKRQHVµ1HZ¶JHQHUDWLRQVOLYHZLWK (QJOLVK DQG KDYH PDQLIROG RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR XVH LW RXWVLGH WKH FODVVURRP ZDOOV DV PXFK DV DQG SUREDEO\ LQ PDQ\ FDVHV HYHQ PRUH RIWHQ WKDQ  LQ FODVVYHU\GLIIHUHQWO\IURPRQO\DFRXSOHRIGHFDGHVDJRZKHUHPXVLFZDV DERXWWKHRQO\RWKHUUHJXODURFFDVLRQRIH[SRVXUHWRµUHDO¶(QJOLVKRXWVLGH VFKRRO9HU\RIWHQWKHUHIRUHHQFRXQWHUVZLWKGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK ±QDWLYHQRQQDWLYHDQGQDWLYLVHG6WDQGDUGDVZHOODVQRQVWDQGDUGDUHD GDLO\PDWWHUDORQJVLGHWKHDFWLYHuseRI(QJOLVKLQ(/)PXOWLFXOWXUDODQG PXOWLOLQJXDOFRQWH[WV 7KHVHIDVWRFFXUULQJFRQWLQXRXVDQGGHHSFKDQJHVFDQKDUGO\FRQWLQXH WREHLJQRUHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDVFRPSOH[DQGGHVWDELOL]LQJWKH\PD\ EH,WKDVEHHQPDGHYHU\FOHDUE\(/)UHVHDUFKHUVWKDWDQ(/)RULHQWHG DSSURDFKLVE\QRPHDQVWREHLQWHQGHGDVSUHVFULSWLYHLWLVUDWKHUDVKLIW LQ PLQGVHW DQ DZDUHQHVV WKDW WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH LQ LWV FRQWH[WVRIXVHDQGXVHUVDUHSDUWRIQDWXUDOODQJXDJHFKDQJHSURFHVVHVFI HJ)UDQFHVFKLDQG&RUUL]]DWR¶VLQWHUYLHZZLWK0DXUDQHQDQG6HLGOKRIHU  7KHZLGHVSUHDGXVHRI(QJOLVKDVDOLQJXDIUDQFDDORQJVLGHDQGDVDFRQ

New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English



VHTXHQFHRIJOREDOL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVKDYHLQWHQVL¿HGDQGDFFHOHUDWHGWKHVH FKDQJHVDOVRLQFRQQHFWLRQWRODQJXDJHFRQWDFWSKHQRPHQD,QLWVUROHRID VKDUHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRGHDFURVVWKHZRUOG(QJOLVKFRPHVLQWRFRQWDFW ZLWKDPXOWLSOLFLW\RI/VDVZHOODVZLWKWKHPDQ\³VLPLOHFWV´RILWVVSHDN HUVLQDFRPSOH[VHFRQGRUGHUODQJXDJHFRQWDFWVLWXDWLRQ0DXUDQHQ WKLVYROXPH  ,IDFNQRZOHGJHGWKHXQGHUO\LQJUHDVRQVDQGSURFHVVHVWKDWDUHVKDSLQJ (/)PD\DOVRDFWDVDVSULQJERDUGIRUUHÀHFWLRQRQWKHSHGDJRJLFDLPVRI WHDFKLQJ (QJOLVK VXFK DV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D ³FDSDELOLW\ ZKLFK ZRXOG VHUYHDVDQLQYHVWPHQWIRUVXEVHTXHQWOHDUQLQJ´LQWHQGHGDVDVWUDWHJLFDELO LW\DQG³NQRZOHGJHRIKRZPHDQLQJSRWHQWLDOHQFRGHGLQ(QJOLVKFDQEH UHDOLVHGDVDFRPPXQLFDWLYHUHVRXUFH´:LGGRZVRQ DOORZLQJ WRSHGDJRJLFDOO\H[SORUH³KRZWKHODQJXDJHFDQNH\LQWRWKHOHDUQHUV¶UHDO LW\VRWKDWWKH\FDQEHLQGXFHGWRHQJDJLQJZLWKWKHODQJXDJHLQWKHLURZQ WHUPVDQGOHDUQIURPLW´LYL $IRFXVRQFDSDELOLW\DQGWKHGHYHORS PHQWRIVWUDWHJLFFRPSHWHQFLHVZRXOGWKXVSRVVLEO\DOORZORRNLQJDWhow rather than how muchOHDUQHUVNQRZWKHODQJXDJH:LGGRZVRQ HPSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO KRZWKH\KDYHOHDUQW³KRZWRPHDQLQ(QJOLVK´DQG ³ZKDWWKH\makeRIWKHODQJXDJH´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¿HGE\WKHPDQ\WHDFKHUVZKRDWWHQGHGWKH6\PSRVLXP³1HZ )URQWLHUVLQ7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ(QJOLVK´KHOGDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9HUR QDLQ)HEUXDU\DWWLWXGHVRILQWHUHVWDQGFXULRVLW\WRZDUGVWKHFKDQJLQJ ZRUOGRI(QJOLVKDQG(/)RXJKWWREHVXVWDLQHGLQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQERWK SUHDQGLQVHUYLFH2QFHWHDFKHUVEHFRPHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHLVVXHVUHODWHG WRWKHVSUHDGRI(QJOLVKDQG(/)DQGDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRGHYLVHDQGWU\RXW DFWLYLWLHV WKDW DFNQRZOHGJH WRGD\¶V SOXUDOLW\ RI (QJOLVK DQG (/) VXLWLQJ WKHPWRWKHLUVSHFL¿FOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJFRQWH[WDQGPDNLQJWKHPORFDO O\PHDQLQJIXOERWKIRUWKHPDQGWKHLUVWXGHQWVDUHDOL]DWLRQWKDWµLWFDQEH GRQH¶PD\ZHOOIROORZ



,QWURGXFWLRQ

)LUVWDQGIRUHPRVW(/)DZDUHFODVVURRPSUDFWLFHVGRQRWPHDQµSLFN LQJ¶ZKLFK(/)IHDWXUHVVKRXOGRUVKRXOGQRW EHLQFOXGHGLQWKHV\OODEXV RUZKLFKµYDULHW\¶RI(QJOLVKVKRXOGEHFKRVHQLWUDWKHUHQWDLOVWDNLQJLQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHUHOHYDQFHRIµODQJXDJLQJ¶SURFHVVHVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYH DQGLQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHVWUDWHJLHVLQIRVWHULQJHIIHFWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQ DQG ODQJXDJH XVH RULHQWHG DW PHDQLQJ PDNLQJ (/) ¿QGLQJV FDQ SURYLGH LPSRUWDQWLQVLJKWVLQWRWKHZD\VWKURXJKZKLFKWKHODQJXDJHLVDGDSWHGLQ WKH FRPSOH[ YDULDELOLW\ RI (/) FRPPXQLFDWLYH VHWWLQJV LQ WKHVH LQWHUQD WLRQDOFRQWH[WVVSHDNHUVRIGLIIHUHQWOLQJXDFXOWXUDOEDFNJURXQGVFRRSHUD WLYHO\FRQVWUXFWDQGQHJRWLDWHPHDQLQJHQDFWLQJVWUDWHJLHVERWKOLQJXLVWLF DQGQRQOLQJXLVWLFWKDWDUHFRQWHQWPRUHWKDQIRUPRULHQWHG$V0DXUDQHQ ZRUGVLWWKH³IXWXUHEHORQJVWRWKHJRRGFRPPXQLFDWRUWKHÀH[LEOHSOXUL OLQJXDO LQGLYLGXDO ZKR FDQ DGDSW WR (/) FLUFXPVWDQFHV DFFRPPRGDWH DQG FRQYHUJH DQG DGDSW WR YDULDELOLW\ WR OLYH ZLWK D PRUH YDULHG VHOHF WLRQRI(QJOLVKOHFWVWKDQKDVEHHQFXVWRPDU\IRUVHFRQGODQJXDJHXVHUV´ 0DXUDQHQ )RVWHULQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDµFDSDELOLW\¶IRUODQ JXDJHXVHLQWKHVHPXOWLOLQJXDOPXOWLFXOWXUDODQGK\EULGFRQWH[WVFDQWKXV EHVHHQDVSDUWRIDPRYHWRZDUGVDQ(/)LQIRUPHGSHGDJRJ\6HLGOKRIHU WKLVYROXPH  $VPHQWLRQHG(/)DQG(/)UHODWHGLVVXHVDUHVWLOOSHUFHLYHGDVUDWKHU FRQWURYHUVLDO LQ WKH (/7 ZRUOG DQG DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV LWV SRWHQWLDO LPSOL FDWLRQV DUH VWLOO DPELYDOHQW SDUWLFXODUO\ IRU WHDFKHUV ,W KDV EHHQ SRLQWHG RXW WKDW ODQJXDJH FKDQJHV DV UHÀHFWHG LQ (/) PD\ EH WRR µGHVWDELOL]LQJ¶ IRUWHDFKHUVZKRIHHOWKH\VKRXOGPRYHEHWZHHQWKHLUSURIHVVLRQDOUHVSRQ VLELOLW\WRWHDFK6WDQGDUG(1/DQGDQRULHQWDWLRQWRZDUGVFRPPXQLFDWLYH HIIHFWLYHQHVVEHWZHHQ³(QJOLVKDVD¿[HGVHWRIFRGL¿HGQRUPVYHUVXV(QJ OLVKDVDG\QDPLFPHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ´'HZH\ ,WKDV DOVREHHQDUJXHGWKDW(/)LVVWLOOWRRYDULDEOHWR¿QGDSODFHLQFODVVURRP SUDFWLFHV6ZDQ DQGWKDWLWLVVWLOO HVVHQWLDOO\SDUWRIDQDFDGHPLF GHEDWHUDWKHUWKDQVRPHWKLQJWHDFKHUV¿QGRIUHOHYDQFHIRUWKHLUHYHU\GD\ SURIHVVLRQDOSUDFWLFHV0DOH\ 6LJQL¿FDQWO\ZHEHOLHYHWKLVYROXPH VWHPVRXWRIWKH6\PSRVLXP³New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English´ZKLFKZDVKHOGDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9HURQDLQ)HEUXDU\DQGZDV DGGUHVVHGERWKWRVFKRODUVDQG(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV7KH6\PSRVLXP ZDVSDUWRIWKHQDWLRQDOIXQGHG5HVHDUFK35,13URMHFW³Within and across WKH %RUGHUV 8VDJH DQG 1RUP LQ:HVWHUQ (XURSHDQ /DQJXDJHV´ DQG WKH WHQVLRQEHWZHHQµQRUP¶DQGµXVDJH¶LVLQGHHGFHQWUDODOVRLQ(/)UHVHDUFK DQGSDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWWRLWVSHGDJRJLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVQRWOHDVWLQWHUPV RIWKHLUSHUFHLYHG DFFHSWDELOLW\ 7KH 6\PSRVLXP ZDV HQGRUVHG E\ WKH 0,85 0LQLVWU\ RI (GXFDWLRQ

New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English



8QLYHUVLW\DQG5HVHDUFK DQGWKHFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHURI(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV WUDLQHH WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV ZKR DWWHQGHG WKH GD\ WHVWL¿HV WR D JURZLQJ LQWHUHVWWRZDUGVWKHµQHZIURQWLHUV¶LQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFK LQJWKDW(/)FDQKHOSWRH[SORUH7KHSUREOHPDWL]DWLRQVEURXJKWWRWKHIRUH E\(/)UHVHDUFKLQUHODWLRQWRLVVXHVVXFKDVWKH³RZQHUVKLS´RIWKHODQ JXDJHQDWLYHQHVVDQGQRQQDWLYHQHVVVWDQGDUGODQJXDJHQRUPVK\EULGDQG ÀXLG FRQWH[WV RI XVH PXOWLFRPSHWHQFH DQG SOXULOLQJXDO UHSHUWRLUHV UDWKHU WKDQPRQROLQJXDO¿[HGVSHHFKFRPPXQLWLHVDQGODQJXDJHVWRJHWKHUZLWK DIXQFWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHXVHRIWKHFRGHGRFHUWDLQO\JLYHULVHWRFKDO OHQJLQJTXHVWLRQVIRUWHDFKHUVDVIRURWKHUVWDNHKROGHUVLQ(/7DWDOOOHYHOV RIHGXFDWLRQIURPSROLF\PDNHUVWRPDWHULDOZULWHUVDQGWHVWLQJDJHQFLHV ,QGHHGPDQ\LVVXHVDUHVWLOORSHQDQGWKHGHEDWHRQJRLQJWKHSDSHUVLQ WKLVYROXPHDGGUHVVVHYHUDODPRQJWKHVHTXHVWLRQVERWKIURPDWKHRUHWLFDO DQG DQ HPSLULFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ H[DPLQLQJ WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ DQG WHDFK HUV¶ YLHZV WKH PRGL¿HG VFHQDULRV RI PXOWLFXOWXUDO SULPDU\  FODVVURRPV WKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIIHUHGE\7HOHFROODERUDWLRQDQGWKHFRPSOH[DQGKLJKO\ GHEDWHGDUHDVRIWHVWLQJDQGDVVHVVPHQW 7KHPDLQUDWLRQDOHXQGHUO\LQJWKLVYROXPHLVWRSURYLGHDQXSWRGDWH SHUVSHFWLYHRQLVVXHVLPSOLFDWLRQVDQGUHSHUFXVVLRQVWKDW¿QGLQJVLQ(/) UHVHDUFK FDQ KDYH IRU (/7 SUDFWLFHV  3DSHUV LQFOXGH FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP VFKRODUV DQG UHVHDUFKHUVZKR KDYH ORQJ EHHQ HQJDJHGLQ (/)UHODWHGUH VHDUFKDQGZKRKDYHXQGHUWDNHQRSHUDWLRQDODQGSUDFWLFDOZRUNLQWKH¿HOG 7KHPDLQDLPRIWKHYROXPHLVWKXVWRH[DPLQHVRPHRIWKHPRVWVDOLHQWDQG FXUUHQWO\PRVWGHEDWHG DUHDVLQ(/)UHODWHGSHGDJRJLFDOSUDFWLFHVWKDWLV WHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ(/)RULHQWHGFODVVURRPSUDFWLFHVDQGDVVHVVPHQW7KH FKDSWHUVWKURXJKRXWWKHYROXPHDLPWRRIIHUDEURDGSLFWXUHUDQJLQJIURP SULPDU\VFKRROWRKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDQGWR\LHOGQRYHOSHUVSHFWLYHVRQWKH LVVXHV DQG LPSOLFDWLRQV EURXJKW DERXW E\ (/) UHVHDUFK LQ WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKSRVVLEO\UDLVLQJIXUWKHUTXHVWLRQVWRR,QQRYDWLYHSUR MHFWVLQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQLQYROYLQJSUHDQGLQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUVDUHDOVR SUHVHQWHGSURYLGLQJH[HPSOL¿FDWLYHJRRGSUDFWLFHVRISRVVLEOHQHZURXWHV LQWRSOXUDOLVWLF(/)DZDUHDQG(/)RULHQWHGGLGDFWLFSHUVSHFWLYHV 7KLVYROXPHLVRUJDQL]HGLQWRWKUHHPDLQVHFWLRQVHDFKFRYHULQJGLI IHUHQWEXWLQWHUUHODWHGDVSHFWVRI(/)DQGLQFORVHFRUUHODWLRQZLWKWKHSHG DJRJLF DSSOLFDWLRQV WKDW FDQ GHULYH IURP (/) ¿QGLQJV7KH FRQWULEXWLRQV in Part I – Developments in ELF research and Pedagogic Implications – DLPWRSURYLGHDQXSWRGDWHYLHZRIUHFHQWUHVHDUFKDQGRILPSOLFDWLRQV LQEURDGHUHGXFDWLRQDOWHUPV In Chapter one ³(/)LQIRUPHGSHGDJRJ\IURPFRGH¿[DWLRQWRZDUGV FRPPXQLFDWLYH DZDUHQHVV´ %DUEDUD 6HLGOKRIHU H[DPLQHV FRQFHSWXDOL]D



,QWURGXFWLRQ

WLRQV RI (QJOLVK DV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODQJXDJH IURP SDVW WR SUHVHQW IURP 2JGHQ¶V%DVLF(QJOLVK WR(,$/DVGHYHORSHGE\6PLWK DQG 6WUHYHQV LQFRQQHFWLRQWRERWK:RUOG(QJOLVKHVDQG(/)GLVFXVVLQJ KRZFRQFHSWVVXFKDVFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\OLQJXDFXOWXUDOQRUPVDQGLQWHUFXOWXU DOQHJRWLDWLRQV.QDSS DQWLFLSDWHGFXUUHQWYLHZVDQGLVVXHVLQ(QJOLVK DVD/LQJXD)UDQFD7RGD\(/)LVODUJHO\HPSOR\HGDVDJOREDODQGGHWHU ULWRULDOL]HGPHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQE\DGLYHUVLW\RIVSHDNHUVDURXQGWKH ZRUOGDQG³ZKHQLWLVVRXVHGLWFDQWDNHIRUPVZKLFKGHSDUWIURP6WDQGDUG (QJOLVK DQG WKH FXVWRPDU\ XVDJH RI LWV QDWLYH VSHDNHUV´ S   ZKHWKHU WKH VWDWXV RI (/) LV UHFRJQL]HG ZLWKLQ QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH GHYHORSPHQW RU PDUNHGDVGH¿FLHQWOHDUQHUODQJXDJHFDQKDYHVLJQL¿FDQWLPSOLFDWLRQVLQ SHGDJRJLFWHUPV(/)UHVHDUFKKDVVKRZQWKDWHIIHFWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLV QRWGLUHFWO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRJUDPPDWLFDO DFFXUDF\LQ(1/WHUPVEXWUDWKHU LQYROYHVDFRPSOH[VHWRIDFFRPPRGDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWUDWHJLHV ZKHUHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFULWHULDRIµFRPSOH[LW\¶µDFFXUDF\¶DQG µÀXHQF\¶ PD\ EH GLIIHUHQWO\ LQWHUSUHWHG +HQFH 6HLGOKRIHU DUJXHV UDWKHU WKDQ DLPLQJ DW QDWLYHOLNH FRPSHWHQFH WHDFKLQJ (QJOLVK VKRXOGWDNH LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQKRZOHDUQHUVVWUDWHJLFDOO\³PDNHGRZLWKWKHODQJXDJH´S  $Q(/)LQIRUPHGWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ ZRXOGWKXVUHVWRQDGLIIHUHQW SHGDJRJLFXVHRIUHVRXUFHVWH[WERRNVLQWKH¿UVWSODFHRQHWKDWWDNHVLQWR DFFRXQWKRZFRPPXQLFDWLYHUHVRXUFHVFDQEHHIIHFWLYHO\DQGDSSURSULDWHO\ SXW LQWR XVH LQ languaging WHUPV IRVWHULQJ ODQJXDJH DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DZDUHQHVVWRR%HVLGHVIRFXVLQJRQµKRZ¶UDWKHUWKDQRQµKRZPXFK¶ODQ JXDJH LV OHDUQW ZRXOG ³KDYH D PRWLYDWLQJ HIIHFW DQG FUHDWH D IDYRXUDEOH DWWLWXGHWROHDUQLQJ´S (QJOLVKLQJHQHUDODQGLQDWWLWXGHVWRWHVWLQJ WRRGHYHORSLQJDFDSDELOLW\IRUODQJXDJHXVHDQGIXUWKHUOHDUQLQJ In Chapter 2³:KDWLVJRLQJRQLQ$FDGHPLF(/)")LQGLQJVDQGLP SOLFDWLRQV´ $QQD 0DXUDQHQ ORRNV LQWR WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV HIIHFWV DQG LP SOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVSUHDGRI(QJOLVKDVD/LQJXD)UDQFDIRUODQJXDJHSURIHV VLRQDOV$IWHUDUJXLQJKRZ(QJOLVKLQLWVJOREDOlingua franca role cannot EHVHHQDVDWKUHDWWRRWKHUODQJXDJHV0DXUDQHQGLVFXVVHVKRZODQJXDJH FRQWDFWSKHQRPHQDQDWXUDOO\HQWDLOSURFHVVHVRIODQJXDJHFKDQJH(/)LV QRH[FHSWLRQWRWKLVVLQFHLWLVDVLWHRIODQJXDJHFRQWDFWSDUH[FHOOHQFH DQGRIDYHU\SDUWLFXODUNLQGZKHUHQRWRQO\WKHYDULHG/VEXWDOVRWKHGLI IHUHQW(QJOLVK³VLPLOHFWV´RILWVVSHDNHUVPHHW(/)FDQWKXVEHGH¿QHGDV ³XQXVXDOO\FRPSOH[´DQG³VHFRQGRUGHUODQJXDJHFRQWDFW´S )XUWKHU PRUH(QJOLVK±DVRWKHUODQJXDJHV±KDVXQGHUJRQHPDMRUFKDQJHVDORQJ LWVKLVWRU\PRVWRIWHQWKURXJKODQJXDJHFRQWDFWZLWKFRQVHTXHQWPRGL¿FD WLRQVLQVWDQGDUGVDQGLQKRZVWDQGDUGRUµJRRG¶ODQJXDJHLVSHUFHLYHG 6HYHUDO ODQJXDJHFKDQJHUHODWHG SURFHVVHV WKDW FDQ EH IRXQG LQ (/) DUH

New Frontiers in Teaching and Learning English



LOOXVWUDWHGGUDZLQJRQGDWDIURPWKH(/)$FRUSXVH[HPSOLI\LQJKRZSUR FHVVHVRIVLPSOL¿FDWLRQLQWHUPVRIUHJXODUL]DWLRQDSSUR[LPDWLRQEXWDOVR FRPSOH[L¿FDWLRQDUHDWZRUNLQVSRNHQDFDGHPLF(/)DWGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJH OHYHOVDQGSDUWLFXODUO\LQPXOWLZRUGXQLWV LQFOXGLQJWKHH[SORLWDWLRQRI WKH VSHDNHUV¶ SOXULOLQJXDO UHSHUWRLUHV ,W LV DOVR VKRZQ KRZ HQKDQFHG H[ SOLFLWQHVVIXQFWLRQVLQGLVFRXUVHXQLWVWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV VXFK DV UHSKUDVLQJ DQG UHIRUPXODWLRQ DOO FRQFXUULQJ WR PXWXDO LQWHOOLJLELOLW\DQGHIIHFWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ5DWKHUWKDQEHLQJVLPSOLVWLFDOO\ UHJDUGHGDVDVLPSOL¿HGIRUPRIODQJXDJHZLWKµORZHUHGLQJ¶VWDQGDUGVDQG µQRWJRRG(QJOLVK¶WKHKLJKO\FRPSOH[VHWRIIDFWRUVFKDUDFWHUL]LQJ(/) DQG(/)XVHDUHWKXVWREHVHHQDVSDUWRIQDWXUDOODQJXDJHFKDQJHDQGHYR OXWLRQZKLFKRIFRXUVHEHDUV³HQRUPRXVFKDOOHQJHVWRODQJXDJHSHGDJRJ\´ WRRS  3DUW,,Raising teachers’ awareness of ELFIRFXVHVRQVRPHUHFHQW O\GHYHORSHGSURMHFWVDLPHGDWIRVWHULQJWHDFKHUV¶DZDUHQHVVRIWKHFXUUHQW SOXUDOLW\RI(QJOLVKHVDQG(/)$VPHQWLRQHGWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQKDVEHHQ LGHQWL¿HGDVRQHRIWKHNH\DUHDVIRUDQ(/)LQIRUPHGSHGDJRJLFRULHQWD WLRQWREHDFFRXQWHGIRULQ(/7)RVWHULQJDZDUHQHVVDPRQJH[SHULHQFHG DQG WUDLQHH WHDFKHUV DOLNH RI WKH DFWXDO FRQWH[WV LQ ZKLFK (QJOLVK LV HP SOR\HGWRGD\DVZHOODVRILWVLQFUHDVHGYDULDELOLW\DQGSOXUDOLW\DSSHDUV DIXQGDPHQWDOVWHSWRUHÀHFWRQKRZSHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHVFDQFDWHUIRUODQ JXDJHXVHUV¶FRPPXQLFDWLYHQHHGVLQµUHDO¶(/) FRQWH[WVRIXVHDQGRI WKH³UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQODQJXDJHPRGHOVZKLFKDUHQHFHVVDULO\DEVWUDF WLRQV DQGWKHYDULDEOHQDWXUHRIODQJXDJHLQLQWHUDFWLRQ´-HQNLQV&RJRDQG 'HZH\    3DUW,, LQFOXGHVWZR FKDSWHUVGHDOLQJZLWKH[SHULHQFHV IURP RQJRLQJ WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ SURMHFWV LQYROYLQJ 7XUNLVK *UHHN «@What is essentialKRZHYHUis that the FRPPXQLFDWLYH mater ial VKRXOG be ¿[HG or recorded in some IRUP” (S In RXU VWXG\the matic analysis enabled XV to GHYHORS and LGHQWLI\ categories that emerged IURP the dataContent analysis KHOSHG XV to describe writtenVSRNHQand YLVXDO data in terms RI these categoriesContent analysis can be HPSOR\HG to analyse recorded materialRSHQended UHVSRQVHV to LQWHUYLHZV and VXU YH\ TXHVWLRQV Two broad thematic categories emerged GXULQJ the content analysis RI SRUWDO entries teachers’ UHÀHFWLRQV and IRFXV JURXS LQWHUYLHZV The ¿UVW one LQYROYHG QDWLYHnonQDWLYH VSHDNHUV RI English and the second one was SHGDJRJ\ RI ELF in SULPDU\ school classroomsIn the ¿UVW categorythe teachers’ UHVSRQVHV to the TXHVWLRQV and their VHOIHYDOXDWLRQV yielded VXE themes RI intelligibilityFRPPXQLWLHV RI SUDFWLFH and RZQHUVKLS RI English In the second broad themethey IRFXVHG on ELFaware ODQJXDJH teaching methodology and ELFaware ODQJXDJH teaching materials Findings In this VWXG\HYHQ WKRXJK there are other data UHVRXUFHVGXH to VSDFH limitationswe will SUHVHQW only the ¿QGLQJV RI the analyses RI teachers’ UHVSRQVHV to SRUWDO TXHVWLRQVThe data will be analysed in the light RI the themes that are described in the SUHYLRXV sectionWe will mainly IRFXV on QDWLYHQHVVQRQQDWLYHQHVV LVVXHV and ELFaware PedagogyThe ¿UVW cate gory FRPSULVHV teachers’ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI the XVH RI English in and RXW RI their English ODQJXDJH classesintelligibility LVVXHV as a FRPPXQLFDWLRQ IDFLOLWDWRU in and RXW RI their English ODQJXDJH classesand the RZQHUVKLS RI Englishthat isUHÀHFWLQJ on whether English belongs to its QDWLYH VSHDN ers only or to both QDWLYH and nonQDWLYH VSHDNHUV The second category considers teachers’ UHÀHFWLRQV RI how ELFawareness changed their earlier



&KDSWHU7KUHH

SHUFHSWLRQV RI English ODQJXDJH XVH and English ODQJXDJH teaching SUDFWLFH – iemethodologiesmaterials and so on Portal Answers 3DUWLFLSDWLQJ WHDFKHUV UDLVHG WKH IROORZLQJ JHQHUDO SRLQWV FRQFHUQLQJ ³QDWLYHQHVVQRQQDWLYHQHVV´REOLJDWLRQWRXVHRQHVSHFL¿FYDULHW\RI(QJ OLVK%ULWLVKRU$PHULFDQIHHOLQJRIEHLQJDGYDQWDJHGFRPSDUHGWRQDWLYH VSHDNHUV EHFDXVH RI FXOWXUDO NQRZOHGJH / NQRZOHGJH DQG IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK FRPPXQLWLHV RI SUDFWLFH LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ RZQHUVKLS RI (QJOLVK DQG (/)DZDUHSHGDJRJ\ 7KHWHDFKHUVSHUFHLYHGQDWLYHQHVVQRQQDWLYHQHVVLVVXHDQGLWVLPSOLFD WLRQVDVUHÀHFWHGXSRQWKHLUWHDFKLQJDVIROORZV ³7XUNH\LVLQWKHH[SDQGLQJFLUFOH/HDUQLQJ(QJOLVKKDVSULRULW\LQHYHU\ ¿HOGDQGSDUHQWVZDQWWKHLUFKLOGUHQWRWDON(QJOLVKDVQDWLYHVSHDNHU6R WKH\VHQGWKHPWRNLQGHUJDUGHQWROHDUQ(QJOLVKDVDPRWKHUWRQJXH´-DQ VHW4XHVWLRQ ³$ERXWWKHLVVXHRISURQXQFLDWLRQ,WKLQNLIWKHVWXGHQWVIHHOIUHHGXULQJWKH OHVVRQ WKH\ ZLOO EH HDJHU WR FRPPXQLFDWH LQ WDUJHW ODQJXDJH VR LQVLVWLQJ DERXWQDWLYHVSHDNLQJLVXQQHFHVVDU\3HULKDQ4XHVWLRQ ³0DQ\\HDUVDJRZHZHUHWDXJKWWREHMXVWOLNHD³QDWLYHVSHDNHU´LQRUGHU WREHDFFHSWHGVXFFHVVIXOLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ:HWULHGKDUGWRLPLWDWHWKH %ULWLVKRU$PHULFDQDFFHQWVWRIHHOVDIHLQODQJXDJHFODVVHV´6X]DQ4XHV WLRQ

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¶VGDXJK WHU DQG D 3RUWXJXHVH (QJOLVK WHDFKHU LQ WKH SULPDU\ VFKRRO ZKHUH -DQVHW ZRUNV  ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV HPSKDVL]H WKDW DOWKRXJK WKH\ ZHUH WUDLQHGWRVSHDNOLNHDQDWLYHVSHDNHUWKH\GRQRWIHHOVDIHZKHQH[SHFWHGWR GRVR7KH\VD\WKH\ZHUHSXVKHGWRZDUGVWKHJRDORIVSHDNLQJ(QJOLVKOLNH DQDWLYHVSHDNHUWKURXJKRXWWKHLUHGXFDWLRQLQSULPDU\VHFRQGDU\DQGWHU

'HYHORSLQJDQ(/)DZDUH3HGDJRJ\



WLDU\HGXFDWLRQDQGDUHUHOXFWDQWWRH[SHFWWKHVDPHRIWKHLUVWXGHQWVLQWKHLU RZQ(QJOLVKFODVVHV7KH\EHOLHYHWKDWLIWKH\GRQRWSUHVVXUHWKHLUVWXGHQWV WRVSHDNOLNHQDWLYHVSHDNHUVWKHLUVWXGHQWVZLOOIHHOPRUHFRQ¿GHQW7KXV WKH(/)SHUVSHFWLYHLVVHHQDVDMXVWL¿FDWLRQIRUWKHSUDFWLFHWKH\SUHIHU ,QWKHIROORZLQJTXRWHVWHDFKHUVWDONDERXWKLULQJSROLFLHVRIVFKRROV DQGWKHDGYDQWDJHVGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIEHLQJDQDWLYHRUQRQQDWLYH(QJOLVK ODQJXDJHWHDFKHU ³)RUDORQJWLPHVWLOOQRZ,¶YHEHHQIHHOLQJWKHQRWLRQRI³RWKHULQJ´ZKHQ HYHU,DSSO\IRUDMRELQELJVFKRROV7KH\¿QGQDWLYHVSHDNHUWHDFKHUVDV PRUH SURIHVVLRQDO DQG FRPSHWHQW LQ WKH ZD\ RI WHDFKLQJ 7KLV PLVEHOLHI PDNHVPHGLVDSSRLQWHGDOOWKHWLPH$JHQHUDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIQRQQDWLYH WHDFKHUV¶QRWEHLQJVXLWDEOHIRUVSHDNLQJFODVVHVIRUFHVSULYDWHVFKRROVKLUH QDWLYHVSHDNHUWHDFKHUVIRUVSHDNLQJOHVVRQV«,W¶VUHJDUGHGDVVRPHWKLQJ SUHVWLJLRXVIRUDVFKRROWRKDYHQDWLYHWHDFKHUV´6X]DQ4XHVWLRQ ³6RIRUPHEHLQJDQDWLYHVSHDNHULVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH VRFLDOJURXSDQGFRXQWU\\RXOLYHLQ«,DVDQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHURI(QJOLVK WHDFK(QJOLVKWRDQRQQDWLYHJURXSRIVWXGHQWV´3HULKDQ4XHVWLRQ ³6WXGHQWVWKLQNWKDWWKH³QDWLYHVSHDNHU´WHDFKHUVKRXOGNQRZWKHOHDUQHUV¶ PRWKHUWRQJXHDQGNQRZDERXWWKHORFDOFXOWXUH«$VDQHGXFDWRULQP\ RSLQLRQ D WHDFKHU RI ODQJXDJH VKRXOG NQRZ WKH WDUJHW FXOWXUH EHFDXVH LW SURYLGHVSHUPDQHQWOHDUQLQJ´3HULKDQ4XHVWLRQ

,QWKHVHTXRWHVWHDFKHUVLQGLFDWHWKDWVFKRROVSUHIHUWRKLUHQDWLYH(QJ OLVKVSHDNLQJWHDFKHUVDWDOOOHYHOV7KLVFDXVHVQRQQDWLYHWHDFKHUVRI(QJ OLVKWRIHHOOLNHRXWVLGHUV,QVXPLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKHHGXFDWLRQV\VWHP GRHVQRWYDOXHQRQQDWLYHWHDFKHUVDQGWKHLULQSXW+RZHYHUWKH(/)7(G H[SHULHQFHKHOSHGWKHVHWHDFKHUVWRDSSUHFLDWHWKHVLJQL¿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



&KDSWHU7KUHH

VWDWHWKDWWKHIRFXVVKRXOGEHRQVXFFHVVIXOFRPPXQLFDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQQD WLYHOLNHSURQXQFLDWLRQ ³(/)VSHDNHUVIRFXVRQPHDQLQJUDWKHUWKDQSURQXQFLDWLRQWKH\FDQXQGHU VWDQGHDFKRWKHU´-DQVHW4XHVWLRQ ³0LVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV E\ SURQXQFLDWLRQ IDLOXUHV GR QRW FDXVH EUHDNGRZQ LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ$OWKRXJKVSHDNHUVFDQQRWGHFLSKHUDOOWKHZRUGVWKH\FDQ XQGHUVWDQGHDFKRWKHUVLQFHVSHDNHUVRI(/)IRFXVRQPHDQLQJUDWKHUWKDQ SURQXQFLDWLRQ´3HULKDQ4XHVWLRQ

$QRWKHU SRLQW WKDW WKH WHDFKHUV UDLVH LQ UHODWLRQ WR LQWHOOLJLELOLW\LV DO WKRXJK(/)VSHDNHUVGRQRWSURQRXQFH(QJOLVKZLWKDQDWLYHOLNHSURQXQ FLDWLRQWKH\VWLOOXQGHUVWDQGHDFKRWKHU7KHUHIRUHWKH\VKRXOGHPSKDVL]H LQWHOOLJLELOLW\UDWKHUWKDQFRUUHFWQDWLYHOLNHSURQXQFLDWLRQLQWKHLU(QJOLVK ODQJXDJHFODVVHVDQGVWXGHQWVVKRXOGQRWEHFRUUHFWHGZKLOHVSHDNLQJLQWKH FODVVURRP7KLVZD\WKH\FRXOGERRVWWKHLUFRQ¿GHQFHLQXVLQJ(QJOLVKIRU FRPPXQLFDWLYHSXUSRVHVDQGVHHWKHGLYHUVHQDWXUHRIWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH ³, GRQ¶W KDYH WR LPLWDWH D QDWLYH OLNH DFFHQW %XW , KDYH WR EH LQWHOOLJLEOH E\SURQRXQFLQJZRUGVFOHDUO\,QWHOOLJLELOLW\LVVRLPSRUWDQWLQ(/)FRQWH[W VLQFHLW¶VWKHPDMRUNH\IRUSHRSOHIURPGLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVDQGFXOWXUHVWR XQGHUVWDQGHDFKRWKHULQDULJKWZD\´6X]DQ4XHVWLRQ ³.HHSLQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISURQXQFLDWLRQLQP\PLQG,H[SHFWP\VWXGHQWV WRSURQRXQFHWKHZRUGVLQWHOOLJLEO\+RZHYHU,GRQ¶WSXVKWKHPWRVSHDN OLNH³DQDWLYH´(QJOLVKVSHDNHUVLQFH,GRQ¶WKDYHDQDWLYHOLNHPDQQHULQP\ RZQWHDFKLQJFRQWH[W´6X]DQ4XHVWLRQ ³,QP\RSLQLRQVWXGHQWVVKRXOGQ¶WEHFRUUHFWHGZKHQWKH\SURQRXQFHWKH ZRUGVLQWKHLURZQDFFHQW6RWKH\ZLOOIHHOIUHHWRJHWWKHLGHDRIWKHGLYHU VLW\ DQG ZLOO FRQFHQWUDWH RQ LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ « GXULQJ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ´ -DQVHW4XHVWLRQ

$VFDQEHVHHQLQWKHTXRWDWLRQVDERYHLQWHOOLJLELOLW\LVDQRWKHULVVXH WKDWFDXVHGVRPHGLVFXVVLRQDPRQJWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV7KH\PDGHWKHFRQ QHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ DQG SURQXQFLDWLRQ DGGXFLQJ WKDW LQ (/) FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LW LV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WR EH FRPSUHKHQVLEOH WKDQ WR VSHDN ZLWK QDWLYHOLNH GLFWLRQ 7KH\ FODLPHG WKDW PLVSURQXQFLDWLRQ GRHV QRW LQ LWVHOIFDXVHDEUHDNGRZQLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUV 7KH\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW QRQQDWLYH VSHDNHUV XVH DFFRPPRGDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV WR PDLQWDLQWKHÀRZRIFRQYHUVDWLRQ+HQFHQDWLYHOLNHSURQXQFLDWLRQLVWKH

'HYHORSLQJDQ(/)DZDUH3HGDJRJ\



ODVWWKLQJ RQH VKRXOG ZRUU\ DERXW LQ VXFK LQWHUDFWLRQV,Q HIIHFWWKH SDU WLFLSDQWV¶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¶VDQVZHUVEHORZ  ³(QJODQGLVZKHUHWKHODQJXDJHRULJLQDWHG«VRWKH\OHJDOO\PD\FODLPWKDW (QJOLVKEHORQJVWRWKHP´-DQVHW4XHVWLRQ ³,IDODQJXDJHEHFRPHVDJOREDOODQJXDJHQRERG\RZQVLWDQ\PRUHRUHY HU\RQHZKROHDUQHGLWRZQVLW´6X]DQ4XHVWLRQ ³8QWLO,ZDVDSDUWRIWKLVSURMHFW,FRXOGQ¶WWKLQNLQDQRWKHUZD\H[FHSWIRU µ(QJOLVKEHORQJVWR(QJODQGRU8QLWHG6WDWHV¶VLQFH,ZDVWDXJKWDFFRUGLQJ WRWKLVEHOLHI,KDGJUHDW(QJOLVKWHDFKHUV7KH\ZHUHDOOQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUV EXWWU\LQJKDUGWRVSHDNOLNHDQDWLYHVSHDNHU6RLWZDVLQHYLWDEOHIRUPH DVDWHDFKHUWRLPLWDWHP\ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV7KHUHIRUH,WULHGWREHFDUHIXO RQP\DFFHQWDQGSURQXQFLDWLRQ2IFRXUVHWKLVSHUFHSWLRQLVIDUEH\RQGXV ,WLVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWREHSRZHUIXODVDQDWLRQDQGEHLQJDYRLFHRQRWKHU FRXQWULHV(YHQVHHLQJWKHPDVµRWKHUV¶´6X]DQ4XHVWLRQ

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¿FDQFHRIEHLQJLQWHOOLJLEOH ³2XU OHVVRQV DUH EDVHG RQ WKUHH WKLQJV LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ 6R DFFRUGLQJ WR WKLV ZH SUHSDUH 3RZHU3RLQW SUHVHQWDWLRQV WR PDNH WKH VWXGHQWV XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW LV JRLQJ RQ DQG WKHQ ZH PDNH DF WLYLWLHVRQWKHWRSLFWRPDNHWKHPFRPSUHKHQGWKHWRSLF)LQDOO\ZHPDNH WKHPSUHSDUHSURMHFWVLQRUGHUWRVHHKRZUHDG\WKH\DUHWRLQWHUSUHWZKDW



&KDSWHU7KUHH LVSUHVHQWHGWRWKHPLQWKHPDWHULDOVRXUHPSKDVLV ´-DQVHW4XHVWLRQ ³$VD\RXQJOHDUQHUVWHDFKHUZKHQ,WKLQNDERXWP\VWXGHQWVDQGP\WHDFK LQJPHWKRGV,DPDOZD\VWU\LQJP\EHVWWRPDNHP\VWXGHQWVJRRGFRP PXQLFDWRUV2XUDFWLYLWLHVGXULQJWKHOHVVRQVDUHLQFOXGLQJDELOLW\WROLVWHQ ZHOOWRFRPSUHKHQGZULWWHQDQGVSRNHQODQJXDJHWRH[SUHVVLGHDVFOHDUO\LQ ZRUGVWRLQWHUSUHWQRQYHUEDOFOXHVVR,WKLQNWKHVHDUHWKHPDLQFRPSXOVLYHV WREHFRPHLQWHOOLJLEOHFRPPXQLFDWRUV´3HULKDQ4XHVWLRQ

,QWKHVHTXRWHVWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVFODLPWRIRFXVRQJRDOVRILQWHOOLJLELO LW\FRPSUHKHQVLELOLW\DQGÀ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¿QGWKHVHPDWHULDOVDXWKHQWLF7KHUHIRUHWKH\DGDSWHGWKHPDWHUL DOVDFFRUGLQJWR7XUNLVKFXOWXUHZKLFKVHHPHGPRUHPHDQLQJIXOIRUWKHLU OHDUQHUV ³:HXVHFODVVERRNVE\2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVDQGZHDUHHYHQWUDLQHG E\ WKH %ULWLVK WUDLQHUV WR XVH WKHVH PDWHULDOV RXU HPSKDVLV  >@ :H DV WHDFKHUV DGG RXU FXOWXUDO DQG FRQWLQHQWDO HYHQWV WR RXU FXUULFXOXP DW WKH EHJLQQLQJRIWKHWHUP7KLVLVZKDWWKHFRQVFLRXVSDUHQWVH[SHFWXVWRGR 2WKHUZLVHWKHPDWHULDOVWKDWZHDUHJLYHQE\2[IRUGRU&DPEULGJHDUHDOO EDVHGRQ:HVWHUQ&XOWXUHDQGWKH\DUHQRWDXWKHQWLFDQGIDUIURPQDWXUDO HYHU\GD\HQYLURQPHQWWKDW7XUNLVKFKLOGUHQKDYH´-DQVHW4XHVWLRQ

+RZHYHU WKH IROORZLQJ WHDFKHUV VWDWH WKDW WKH\ VKRXOG JLYH WKHLU VWX GHQWVWKHIHHOLQJWKDWWKH\EHORQJWRDPXOWLOLQJXDODQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOZRUOG ZKHUH(QJOLVKLVXVHGDVDFRPPRQODQJXDJH+HQFHZKLOH(QJOLVKODQ JXDJHWHDFKHUVDUHSUHSDULQJPDWHULDOVIRUWKHLUVWXGHQWVWKH\VKRXOGLQFOXGH H[DPSOHVIURPGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKVSRNHQDOORYHUWKHZRUOG ³7KH UHVHDUFK RI >«@ (/) VSHDNHUV¶ LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWKLQ D VSHFL¿F FRP

'HYHORSLQJDQ(/)DZDUH3HGDJRJ\



PXQLW\ RI SUDFWLFH LV EHQH¿FLDO IRU D (/) DZDUH WHDFKHU ZKLOH SUHSDULQJ PDWHULDOV6RLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRWDNHWKRVHGDWDLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKLOHEH LQJ WUDLQHG DV (/)DZDUH WHDFKHU 6R PDWHULDOV EDVHG RQ PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP VKRXOGEHGHYHORSHG´3HULKDQ4XHVWLRQ ³6RDVDQ()/WHDFKHUZHVKRXOGKHOSRXUVWXGHQWVWRH[SDQGWKHLUSHUFHS WLRQRIJOREDO(QJOLVKE\EULQJLQJVDPSOHVRIGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK LQWRWKHFODVVURRP´6X]DQ4XHVWLRQ

)RU H[DPSOH RQH RI WKH WHDFKHUV GHVFULEHV KRZ VKH LQWHJUDWHV (/) DZDUHDFWLYLWLHVWRKHUFODVVDVIROORZV ³,Q P\ RZQ WHDFKLQJ FRQWH[W , WU\ WR NHHS P\VHOI XSGDWHG RQ WKLV LVVXH :KHQ,WHDFKIRRGDQGGULQNRUVKRSSLQJ,EULQJP\VWXGHQWVWRVXSHUPDU NHWWREX\WKHIRRGDQGGULQNZHKDYHOHDUQWLQFODVVURRP2U,SUHSDUHD SLFQLFLQWKHFODVVURRP:KHQ,KDYH³)HVWLYDOV +ROLGD\V´XQLW,RSHQWKH YLGHRVRIIHVWLYDOVDQGQDWLRQDOKROLGD\VDURXQGWKHZRUOG´6X]DQ4XHV WLRQ

,QWKHVHTXRWHVWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVGLVFXVVWKHQDWXUHRIWKHPDWHULDOVWKH\ GHYHORSIRUDQ(/)DZDUHFODVVURRPLQFOXGLQJWKHQHHGWRUHYLVHWKHFXO WXUDOFRQWHQWRIPDWHULDOVLQWKHLUSRVVHVVLRQ7KH\VXSSRUWWKHJRDORIH[ SRVLQJVWXGHQWVWRWKHYDULRXV(QJOLVKHVVSRNHQDURXQGWKH:RUOGDQGFRQ VLVWHQWZLWKWKLVJRDOLVWKHLUHPSKDVLVRQWKHORFDOFXOWXUH7KXVPDWHULDOV WKDW SURPRWH RQO\ %ULWLVK RU$PHULFDQ (QJOLVK KDYH WR EH PRGL¿HG DQG DGDSWHGWRWKHORFDOFXOWXUH,QWKLVZD\WKHVWXGHQWVDUHHQFRXUDJHGWRWKLQN RI(QJOLVKLVDJOREDOODQJXDJH 7HDFKHUV¶5HÀHFWLRQV $WWKHHQGRIWKHVHFRQGSKDVHRIWKHSURMHFWZHDVNHGWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV WRHYDOXDWHWKHLUH[SHULHQFHIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJWRWKHHQGRIWKHSURMHFW$OO WKHWHDFKHUVZURWHDERXWKRZWKHLUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQIURPDWUDGLWLRQDO(QJOLVK ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUWRDQ(/)DZDUH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKHU,QWKHIROORZ LQJTXRWDWLRQVWKH\DGPLWWKDWLQWKHEHJLQQLQJWKH\ODFNHGWKHVHOIFRQ¿ GHQFHWRXVH(QJOLVKHIIHFWLYHO\7KH\ZHUHDOVRLQWROHUDQWRIWKHLUVWXGHQWV¶ XVHRI/LQWKH(QJOLVKFODVVURRP+RZHYHU(/)DZDUHQHVVFRPLQJIURP WKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKH(/)7(GSURMHFWFKDQJHGWKHLUDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGV (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ DQG DORQJ WKHVH OLQHV WKHLU H[SHFWDWLRQV IURP WKHLUVWXGHQWV7KH\GLVFXVVWKLVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDVIROORZV ³, ZRXOG OLNH WR VKDUH VRPH RI P\ LGHDV ZLWK \RX %HIRUH WKLV SURMHFW ,



&KDSWHU7KUHH GLGQ¶WKDYHVRPXFKVHQVHRI6HOIHVWHHP>«@,VRPHWLPHVKHVLWDWHGWRWDON GXULQJWKHOHVVRQVEHFDXVHRIP\SURQXQFLDWLRQ>«@)RUPHDQ(/)DZDUH WHDFKHULVWKHRQHZKRKDVVHQVHRIVHOIFRQ¿GHQFHZKLOHSUHSDULQJWKHLUPD WHULDOVDQGDSSO\LQJWKHPWRKHUKLVOHVVRQV$VDQ(/)DZDUHWHDFKHU,IHHO PRUH FRQ¿GHQW EHFDXVH , NQRZ WKDW LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ DUH WKH NH\SRLQWV>@,DOVRIHHOPRUHHQWKXVLDVWLFIRUWHDFKLQJDQGGRLQJDFWLYLWLHV LQWKHFODVVURRP´-DQVHW-XQH ³%HIRUHWKLVSURMHFW,ZDVQ¶WDQ(/)DZDUHWHDFKHU>«@,ZDVVWULFWDERXW XVLQJWDUJHWODQJXDJHDQGVWXGHQWVVKRXOGRQO\XVH(QJOLVKWKDWWKHPRWKHU WRQJXHVKRXOGQRWEHDOORZHG,GRQ¶WFDUHLIWKH\XQGHUVWDQGRUQRWEXWQRZ DVDQ(/)DZDUHWHDFKHU,DPFRQVLGHULQJDERXWWKHSURFHVVRIFKLOGGHYHO RSPHQW VWURQJO\ LQÀXHQFHV ODQJXDJH GHYHORSPHQW ,I , WKLQN P\ VWXGHQWV KDYHWURXEOHWRXQGHUVWDQGLQVWUXFWLRQV,XVH>WKHLU@PRWKHUWRQJXHDQGWKLV LQÀXHQFHVWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIP\OHVVRQ´3HULKDQ-XQH

,QKHUUHÀHFWLRQVFDSWXUHGEHORZRQHRIWKHWHDFKHUVUHSRUWHGWKDWVKH QRZ GLYLGHG KHU FDUHHU LQWR WZR VWDJHV EHIRUH (/) DQG DIWHU (/) 6KH DOVRVDLGWKDW(/)ZDVKHUNH\WREHFRPLQJDFRPSHWHQWXVHURI(QJOLVK +HULGHDORIWKHQDWLYHVSHDNHUPRGHOKDGVKLIWHGWRWKHPRUHUHDOLVWLFDQG DFKLHYDEOH(/)DZDUHFRPSHWHQWXVHURI(QJOLVKPRGHO ³$V , UHDG WKH WH[WV DQG WKRXJKW DERXW WKH TXHVWLRQV , JUDGXDOO\ UHDOL]HG WKDW(/)LVZKDWZHQHHGZKLOHWHDFKLQJ(QJOLVKWRWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQ)RU WKH¿UVWWLPHLQP\WHDFKLQJFDUHHU,ZHQWWKURXJKD\HDUZKLFKFKDQJHG PHDORW(/)LVWKHQDPHRIWKLVFKDQJH1RZ,VHSDUDWHGP\OLIHLQWRWZR EHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKLVSURMHFW%HIRUH(/),ZDVLQDJUHDWHQGHDYRXUWREHD ³QDWLYHOLNH´(QJOLVKWHDFKHU>@1DWLYHZRUOGZKLFKLQFOXGHV*UHDW%ULW DLQDQG86$ZDVWKHDXWKRULW\RI(QJOLVKIRUPHW@KHVSUHDGRIYLUWXDOODQJXDJH LPSOLHVDGDSWDWLRQDQGQRQFRQIRUPLW\´7KLVLVZKDWLVDOVRLPSOLHGE\WKH WHUPµ(QJOLVKHV¶WKDWLV³VHYHUDOYLUWXDOODQJXDJHVQRWVHYHUDOYDULDQWVRI WKHVDPHRQH'LIIHUHQWOLQJXLVWLFVSHFLHV´:LGGRZVRQ ,WLVSUH FLVHO\WKHDERYHIHDWXUHVRIµDGDSWDWLRQ¶DQGµQRQFRQIRUPLW\¶WKDWPD\SRVH WHDFKHUVVRPHSUREOHPVRIµDFFHSWDQFH¶RIWKLVFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJUHDOL W\RI(QJOLVK,QHIIHFWHVSHFLDOO\WHDFKHUVLQWKH([SDQGLQJ&LUFOH¿QGLW GLI¿FXOWLIQRWµRYHUZKHOPLQJ¶DWWLPHVWRUHFRQVLGHUDQGSRVVLEO\DGMXVW WKHODQJXDJHWKH\XVHDQGWHDFKRQDFFRXQWRIWKLVµYLUWXDO¶(QJOLVKDQGLWV µYDULDQWV¶7KLVLVDOVRZKDWPD\FDXVHWKHPDQXQFRPIRUWDEOHVHQVHRIµXQ FHUWDLQW\¶WRZKLFKWKH\VHHPWRUHDFWE\FOLQJLQJRQWRSUHVFULSWLYHPRGHOV 6HLGOKRIHU  $PRQJ WKH PRGHOV RI (QJOLVK .DFKUX¶V µWKUHH FLUFOHV¶ FODVVL¿FDWLRQ   PD\ EH VDLG WR KDYH DURXVHG JHQHUDO LQWHUHVW DPRQJ (/7 SUDFWL tioners as well$V.DFKUXDQG1HOVRQ XQGHUOLQHLWLVQRWVLPSO\ ³DKHXULVWLFFRPSDULVRQRUPHWDSKRU´EXW ³LV YDOLG LQ WKH VHQVHV RI HDUOLHU KLVWRULFDO DQG SROLWLFDO FRQWH[WV WKH G\ QDPLFGLDFKURQLFDGYDQFHRI(QJOLVKDURXQGWKHZRUOGDQGWKHIXQFWLRQV DQG VWDQGDUGV WR ZKLFK LWV XVHUV UHODWH (QJOLVK LQ LWV PDQ\ FXUUHQW JOREDO LQFDUQDWLRQ³

&RPSDUHGWRDPRUHIDPLOLDUGLVWLQFWLRQIRUWHDFKHUVZKLFKFODVVL¿HV (QJOLVKLQWRµQDWLYH¶(1/ µVHFRQG¶(6/ DQGµIRUHLJQ¶()/ .DFKUX¶V FODVVL¿FDWLRQKDVWZRDGYDQWDJHV³LWPDNHV(QJOLVKSOXUDOVRWKDWRQH(QJ OLVKEHFRPHVPDQ\(QJOLVKHV´DQG³>LW@GRHVQRWVXJJHVWWKDWWKDWRQHYD ULHW\LVDQ\EHWWHUOLQJXLVWLFDOO\VSHDNLQJWKDQRWKHUV´.LUNSDWULFN  7HDFKHUVPD\WKHQUHIHUWRWKLVFODVVL¿FDWLRQIRUWKHLUDFWXDOWHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFHDQGGHFLGHWRSURYLGHOHDUQHUVZLWKPRUHVDPSOHVRI(QJOLVKLQLWV GLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVDQGXVHV +RZHYHUFXWWLQJDFURVVWKHGLVWLQFWLRQLQ.DFKUX¶VPRGHO:LGGRZVRQ



&KDSWHU)RXU

   DUJXHV WKDW WKH VSUHDG RI (QJOLVK DV DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODQJXDJH QHHGVWREHH[SODLQHGRQDFFRXQWRIWZRNLQGVRIGHYHORSPHQW ³RQHRIWKHPLVSULPDU\DQGORFDODQGWDNHVWKHIRUPRIYDULHWLHVZKLFKDUH GLDOHFWOLNHLQWKDWWKH\VHUYHWKHLPPHGLDWHHYHU\GD\VRFLDOQHHGVRIDSDU WLFXODUFRPPXQLW\7KHRWKHULVVHFRQGDU\DQGJOREDODQGWDNHVWKHIRUPRI UHJLVWHUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKSDUWLFXODUGRPDLQVRILQVWLWXWLRQDODQGSURIHVVLRQDO XVH´

7KHWHUPµ:RUOG(QJOLVKHV¶DFFRXQWVWKHQIRUWKH¿UVWW\SHRIGHYHORS PHQWLQWKH2XWHU&LUFOHDQGUHIHUVWR³WKRVHLQGLJHQRXVQDWLYLVHGYDULHWLHV WKDWKDYHGHYHORSHGDURXQGWKHZRUOGDQGWKDWUHÀHFWWKHFXOWXUDODQGSUDJ PDWLFQRUPVRIWKHLUVSHDNHUV´.LUNSDWULFN $VUHJDUGVWKHVHFRQG W\SHRIGHYHORSPHQW:LGGRZVRQ SRVLWVWKDW ³WKHJOREDOUHJLVWHUV>«@DUHE\QRPHDQVH[FOXVLYHWRWKH([SDQGLQJ&LU FOHZKHUH(QJOLVKLVXVXDOO\VDLGWREHDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHIRUWKH\DUHWDNHQ XSE\2XWHU&LUFOHSHRSOHDVZHOODQGKDYHWREHDVDPDWWHURIHFRQRPLF DQGVRFLRSROLWLFDOVXUYLYDO´

:KDWLVUHIHUUHGWRKHUHLVWKHXVHRI(QJOLVKDVµDOLQJXDIUDQFD¶ZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI ³WKH G\QDPLVP RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO VSUHDG´ DQG LQYROYHV VSHDNHUV ZKR PD\ XVLQJ (QJOLVK DV D ¿UVW VHFRQG RU IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH 6HLGOKRIHU GH¿QHV(QJOLVKDVDOLQJXDIUDQFD³as any use of EngOLVK DPRQJ VSHDNHUV RI GLIIHUHQW ¿UVW ODQJXDJHV IRU ZKRP (QJOLVK LV WKH communicative medium of choice, and often the only option´6KHFRQVLGHUV LW³QRWDYDULHW\RI(QJOLVKEXWDYDULDEOHZD\RIXVLQJLW´6HLGOKRIHU  ,WVKRXOGWKHQEHFRQFHLYHGRI³QRWDVDUHSODFHPHQWRIEXWDVDQDG GLWLRQWRRWKHU(QJOLVKHVZKHWKHUQDWLYHQDWLYL]HGZKHWKHU(1/(6/RU ()/ZKHWKHUJOREDOL]HG RUORFDOL]HG ´6HLGOKRIHU 7DNLQJD GLIIHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYH%UXWW*ULIÀHUL[ H[SODLQV:RUOG(QJOLVKGH YHORSPHQWDVDSURFHVVRIµPDFURDFTXLVLWLRQ¶WKDWLV³QRWDVWKHWHUULWRULDO H[SDQVLRQRIWKHODQJXDJHEXWDVDSKHQRPHQRQRIVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXL VLWLRQE\VSHHFKFRPPXQLWLHV´7KLVSURFHVVKDVODUJHO\RFFXUUHGLQ2XWHU &LUFOHFRXQWULHVEXWDOVRLQVRPH([SDQGLQJFRXQWULHVDQGKDGODUJHVFDOH ELOLQJXDOLVPDVDUHVXOW:KDWIROORZVLVWKDW ³DOWKRXJKLWLVSRVVLEOHWRLGHQWLI\SDUWLFXODUIHDWXUHVDVVDOLHQWDQGGLVWLQF WLYHLQFHUWDLQZD\VRIXVLQJODQJXDJH>«@(QJOLVKVSUHDGVLQWRDOONLQGVRI JHQHUDOXVHVRIODQJXDJHDVZHOO´>«@DQG³ZLOOFRQWLQXHWREHH[SORLWHGLQ DOOPDQQHURILQQRYDWLYHDQGXQSUHGLFWDEOHZD\V´:LGGRZVRQ

5DLVLQJ7UDLQHH7HDFKHUV¶$ZDUHQHVVRI/DQJXDJH9DULDWLRQ



$OWKRXJKDQXPEHURIVWXGLHVKDYHLQYHVWLJDWHGODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV¶DW WLWXGHVWRZDUGV(QJOLVKDVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOODQJXDJHIRUH[DPSOH0DWVXGD 6LIDNLVDQG6XJDUL-HQNLQV ³VRIDUWKHUHKDVEHHQ OLWWOHGHWDLOHGGLVFXVVLRQRIKRZGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKRUKRZWKH G\QDPLFYDULDELOLW\RI(/)PLJKWLPSDFWRQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJPRGHOVRU PHWKRGRORJ\´ -HQNLQV HW DO    6WXGLHV DGGUHVVLQJ WKHVH LVVXHV KDYHMXVWVWDUWHGWRDSSHDUDQGVHHPWRKLJKOLJKWWKHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIWHDFK HUWUDLQLQJDFWLYLWLHVIRFXVLQJH[SOLFLWO\RQODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQ+RZHYHUWKH W\SHRITXHVWLRQQDLUHEDVHGTXDQWLWDWLYHDQDO\VLVZKLFKLVIUHTXHQWLQPRVW VWXGLHVGRHVQRWVHHPWRDOORZDGHHSHUORRNLQWRZKDWH[DFWO\PD\FDXVH DFKDQJHLQWHDFKHUV¶DWWLWXGHVRUEHOLHIV)RUH[DPSOHLQWKHLULQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWR (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV¶ UHDFWLRQV IROORZLQJ DQ LQVHUYLFH 0$ LQ 7()/(GZDUGVDQG2ZHQ UHSRUWWKDWDPRQJWKHPRVWUHOHYDQWDQG XVHIXOWRSLFVDGGUHVVHGLQWKHVRFLROLQJXLVWLFVFRPSRQHQWWKRVHQRPLQDWHG ZHUHFURVVFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQDFFHQWDQGGLDOHFWDQGSLGJLQVFUHROHV DQG1HZ(QJOLVKHV7KHFRPPHQWVSURYLGHGVHHPWRKLJKOLJKW³QRWRQO\DQ HQULFKHGYLHZRIODQJXDJHEXWDOVRWKDWWKLVNQRZOHGJHKDVEHHQRIGLUHFW XVHLQWKHWHDFKHUV¶RZQSULYDWHDQGSURIHVVLRQDOLQWHUDFWLRQV´(GZDUGVDQG 2ZHQ 7KHVH¿QGLQJVKDYHWKHQPDGHUHVHDUFKHUVFRQFOXGHWKDW WHDFKHUV¶SUHMXGLFHVFRQFHUQLQJFHUWDLQYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKFDQEHVRPHKRZ FKDOOHQJHGZKHQ³LQGLYLGXDOFLUFXPVWDQFHDQGLQWHUHVWSOD\DPDMRUUROHLQ GHWHUPLQLQJSUHFLVHO\ZKLFKDUHDVRIVRFLROLQJXLVWLFVDUHXVHIXORUUHOHYDQW´ (GZDUGVDQG2ZHQ  )LQDOO\ DV UHJDUGV D PRUH VSHFL¿F (/)RULHQWHG SHUVSHFWLYH IRU ODQ JXDJH WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ -HQNLQV HW DO    SRLQW WR ³WKH QHHG WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ODQJXDJH PRGHOV ZKLFK DUH QHFHVVDULO\DEVWUDFWLRQV DQGWKHYDULDEOHQDWXUHRIODQJXDJHLQLQWHUDFWLRQ´ 7KHDZDUHQHVVRIWKLVYDULDELOLW\RIODQJXDJHXVHPD\SURYHSDUWLFXODUO\HI IHFWLYHWRGUDZODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV¶DWWHQWLRQQRWRQO\RQVRFLROLQJXLVWLFEXW DOVRRQSUDJPDWLFIHDWXUHVZKLFKWHQGWREHJHQHUDOO\QHJOHFWHGLQWHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ FRXUVHV DQG WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFH$ QXPEHU RI SURSRVDOV IRU ODQ JXDJHWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQKDYHDGGUHVVHGWKLVQHHGWDNLQJWHDFKHUVWKURXJKD SURFHVVRIDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJWDVNVZKLFKLQFOXGHVWKHDQDO\VLVRIDXWKHQWLF VSRNHQ(/)GDWDIRUH[DPSOH6LIDNLV/RSULRUH%D\\XUWDQG 6LIDNLVWKLVYROXPH 



&KDSWHU)RXU

Variation in English: a study with trainee teachers 7KLVVHFWLRQUHSRUWVRQDVWXG\FDUULHGRXWZLWKDVPDOOJURXSRIWUDLQ HHVDWWHQGLQJDQ(/7WHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPPHUHFHQWO\VWDUWHGE\,WDO LDQXQLYHUVLWLHV7KHVWXG\VHWRXWWRH[SORUHKRZWUDLQHHVDVSURVSHFWLYH WHDFKHUVLQWKH,WDOLDQXSSHUVHFRQGDU\VFKRROFRXOGEHOHGWRUHÀHFWXSRQ VSHFL¿FIHDWXUHVRIVHOHFWHGYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKDQGWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKH DZDUHQHVV RI WKHVH SKHQRPHQD PD\ DIIHFW WKHLU XVH RI (QJOLVK DQG WKHLU WHDFKLQJRSWLRQV'DWDEDVHGWHDFKHUGHYHORSPHQWWDVNV%RUJ ZHUH XVHGWRSURYLGHWUDLQHHVZLWKµWDQJLEOH¶VDPSOHVRIYDULDWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\DV UHJDUGV(QJOLVKDFFHQWVLQGLIIHUHQWVRFLROLQJXLVWLFFRQWH[WV±ZKHUH(QJOLVK LVWKHPDMRULW\¿UVWODQJXDJHDQGZKHUHLVDQDGGLWLRQDOODQJXDJH±DQGWKH XVHRI(QJOLVKDVDOLQJXDIUDQFDLQEXVLQHVVDQGDFDGHPLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 7KHVWXG\IROORZVDSUHYLRXVLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRWKHXVHRI(QJOLVKDVD OLQJXDIUDQFDE\DJURXSRI()/WHDFKHUVIURPGLIIHUHQWQRQQDWLYH(QJ OLVKVSHDNLQJ /EDFNJURXQGVZRUNLQJLQ,WDO\3HGUD]]LQLDQG1DYD  %HVLGHVFRQ¿UPLQJSUHYLRXVGHVFULSWLRQVRI(/)XVHLQWKHDUHDRI OH[LFRJUDPPDUIRUH[DPSOH6HLGOKRIHU%UHLWHQHGHU&RJRDQG 'HZH\ WKH¿QGLQJVIURPWKLVVWXG\DOVRSRLQWWRGLVWLQFWLYHDVSHFWV RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶(QJOLVKVWHPPLQJIURPWKHLUUROHDVµODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV¶ 7KHVHIHDWXUHVPDLQO\SHUWDLQWRWKHLUFRQVLVWHQWUHSDLUVRI(/)LQÀHFWLRQ DOPRUSKRORJ\WR(1/VWDQGDUGIRUPVWKHLUSUDJPDWLFRYHUGLUHFWQHVVDQG XQGHUXVHRIKHGJLQJDQGYDJXHQHVVZKHQH[SUHVVLQJRSLQLRQVZKLFKFDQ LQGHHGEHDFFRXQWHGIRUE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVKDYHDSURIHVVLRQDO LQWHUHVWLQLVVXHVRIµVWDQGDUG(QJOLVKFRUUHFWQHVV¶DQGWKDWWKHFRQWH[WLQ ZKLFKWKH\DFWXDOO\XVHWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHLVPDLQO\WKHFODVVURRP,Q WKHIRFXVJURXSLQWHUDFWLRQVLQZKLFKWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHLQYROYHGWKH\ DSSHDUHGWRKROGDVWDXQFKEHOLHILQWKHSULPDF\RIQDWLYHVSHDNHUYDULHWLHV RI (QJOLVK %ULWLVK DQG$PHULFDQ  DQG WKH QHHG WR DSSUR[LPDWH VWDQGDUG QDWLYH (QJOLVK DV FORVHO\ DV SRVVLEOH7KHVH SUHOLPLQDU\ ¿QGLQJV VHHPHG WKHQWRSRLQWWRWKHQHHGWRSURYLGHODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVZLWKWKHRSSRUWXQLW\ WREHFRPHPRUHDZDUHRIWKHGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKDQGUHÀHFWXSRQ WKHYDULHW\WKH\DFWXDOO\UHIHUWRDQGWHDFK

Research methodology 7KHVWXG\SUHVHQWHGKHUHLVDQDWWHPSWWRLQYHVWLJDWHLVVXHVRIODQJXDJH YDULDWLRQ ZLWK SUHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV WKURXJK GDWDEDVHG WDVNV DQG WHVW WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKLVPHWKRGLQYLHZWRLWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQSUHDQGLQVHU

5DLVLQJ7UDLQHH7HDFKHUV¶$ZDUHQHVVRI/DQJXDJH9DULDWLRQ



YLFH WHDFKHU WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPPHV ,W LQYROYHG HLJKW WUDLQHHV DWWHQGLQJ D RQH\HDUSRVWJUDGXDWHFRXUVHLQ7(62/UXQE\WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0LODQLQ DQGLWUHTXLUHGWKHPWRWDNHSDUWLQDQXPEHURIVHVVLRQVEH\RQGWKH FRXUVH$OOVHVVLRQVEXWIRUWKHODVWWKDWZDVUXQE\WKHWUDLQHHVWKHPVHOYHV DVDIRFXVJURXSGLVFXVVLRQZHUHOHGE\WKHUHVHDUFKHUV7RHYDOXDWHWKH WUDLQHHV¶DZDUHQHVVRIODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQWKHUHVHDUFKHUVLQYROYHGWKHPLQ VRPHGDWDEDVHGWDVNVZKLFKZLOOEHGHVFULEHGEHORZ7KHWUDLQHHV¶LQWHUDF WLRQVGXULQJWKHVHVVLRQVZHUHDXGLRUHFRUGHGDQGWUDQVFULEHG 'XULQJWKHVHVVLRQVWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDVNHGWRGUDZRQWKHLUH[SH ULHQFH DV XVHUV DQDO\VWV DQG SURVSHFWLYH WHDFKHUV RI (QJOLVK$V :ULJKW  SRLQWVRXW ³WKHuserGRPDLQLQYROYHVQRWRQO\WKHDELOLW\WRXVHWKHODQJXDJHDSSURSUL DWHO\>«@EXWDOVRDQDZDUHQHVVRIWKHVRFLDODQGSUDJPDWLFQRUPVZKLFK XQGHUOLHVXFKDSSURSULDWHXVH7KHanalystGRPDLQFRYHUVNQRZOHGJHRIODQ JXDJH >«@ ,W LQFOXGHV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH IRUPV DQG ODQJXDJH V\VWHPV ±JUDPPDUYRFDEXODU\DQGSKRQRORJ\7KHteacherGRPDLQLQYROYHVDZDUH QHVVRIKRZWRFUHDWHOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV´ +RZHYHU FRQVLGHULQJ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ OLPLWHG WHDFKLQJ H[SHULHQFH ranging IURPDIHZPRQWKVWRWZRRUWKUHH\HDUVWKHµWHDFKHU¶GRPDLQZDVWKHOHDVW H[SORUHG7KHWDVNVXVHGLQWKHVHVVLRQVZHUHPDLQO\DLPHGDWKDYLQJWKH WUDLQHHVWRJHWHQJDJHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIODQJXDJHGDWDWKDWZRXOGKHOS WKHPLQYHVWLJDWHLVVXHVRIODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQPRUHDVDG\QDPLFSKHQRP HQRQUDWKHUWKDQD¿[HGERG\RIHVWDEOLVKHGIDFWV%RUJ 7KURXJK RXWWKHVHVVLRQVWKH\ZHUHDOVRHQFRXUDJHGWRPDNHWKHLUEHOLHIVDERXWWKH WRSLFVH[SOLFLW $VUHJDUGVWKHGHVLJQRIGDWDEDVHGWHDFKHUGHYHORSPHQWDFWLYLWLHV%RUJ  DUJXHVWKDWWKHLUHIIHFWLYHQHVV³ZLOOGHSHQGRQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH GDWDDQGWKHWDVNVWKURXJKZKLFKWKHGDWDLVH[SORLWHG´7KUHHPDLQW\SHV RIGDWDZHUHVHOHFWHGIRUWKHWDVNVLQWKLVVWXG\D DXGLRUHFRUGHGGDWDRI VSHDNHUVRI(QJOLVKZLWKGLIIHUHQWDFFHQWVE WUDQVFULSWVRIDFWXDOWHDFKHUV¶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¿UVW VHW RI WDVNV EHORZ   DUH DLPHG DW LQYROYLQJ WUDLQHHV LQ D



&KDSWHU)RXU

UHÀHFWLRQRQDVSHFWVRIYDULDWLRQDFURVV:RUOG(QJOLVKHVZLWKDIRFXVRQ DFFHQWV7KH WUDLQHHV DUH DVNHG WR GUDZ RQ WKHLU SHUVRQDO NQRZOHGJH DQG H[SHULHQFHDVXVHUVRI(QJOLVKDQGH[SUHVVWKHLUEHOLHIVDQGSHUFHSWLRQVLQ WHUPVRIDFFHSWDELOLW\FRUUHFWQHVVIDPLOLDULW\DQGGLI¿FXOW\7KHWDVNVDUH DOVRDLPHGDWUDLVLQJDQGGLVFXVVLQJLVVXHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQRI YDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKGLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQQDWLYHDQGQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUVRI (QJOLVKVHFRQGODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVDQGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVDQGWKH XVHRI(QJOLVKLQPXOWLOLQJXDODQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV (QJOLVKLVVSRNHQDVD¿UVWRUVHFRQGODQJXDJHLQVHYHUDOFRXQWULHVHJ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP &DQDGD 1HZ =HDODQG$XVWUDOLD ,QGLD 1LJHULD 6RXWK$IULFD HWF +RZ IDPLOLDU DUH \RX ZLWK WKH (QJOLVK DFFHQWVVSRNHQLQWKHVHFRXQWULHV":KDWPDNHVDSDUWLFXODUDFFHQWIDPLOLDU RUXQIDPLOLDUWR\RX" ,VWKHUHDSDUWLFXODUDFFHQWRI(QJOLVK\RXµLGHDOO\¶UHIHUWRDVDXVHURI (QJOLVK":KDWLVWKHPDLQUHDVRQIRU\RXUSUHIHUHQFH" /LVWHQWRDQGLGHQWLI\WKHVHDFFHQWVRI(QJOLVKDPRQJWKRVHSURYLGHG D%ULWLVK(QJOLVKDFFHQWV1RUWKRI(QJODQG:DOHV6FRWWLVK6WDQGDUG(QJ OLVK E1RUWK$PHULFDQDFFHQWV&DQDGLDQ*HQHUDO$PHULFDQ86$6RXWK F2WKHU(QJOLVKDFFHQWV,QGLDQ$XVWUDOLDQ6RXWK$IULFD +RZGR\RXQRUPDOO\¿QGWKH(QJOLVKXVHGE\FRPSHWHQWVSHDNHUVZKR GRQRWVSHDNYDULHWLHVRI%ULWLVK$PHULFDQRU$XVWUDOLDQ(QJOLVK")RUH[ DPSOHYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKVSRNHQLQ,QGLD$IULFDRU$VLDHWF7@KHVLQJOHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLQSXWYDULDEOH>LQHGXFDWLRQ@LVWKHTXDOLW\RI WHDFKLQJ´(FRQRPLVW,QWHOOLJHQFH8QLW

8QGRXEWHGO\ WHDFKLQJ TXDOLW\ JUHDWO\ GHSHQGV RQ WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ ZKLFKLVWKHVXEMHFWRIWKLVSDSHU$VIDUDV,WDO\LVFRQFHUQHGWKHFRXQWU\ ³QHHGVWRPDNHDJLDQWOHDSIRUZDUG´3XOFLQL $FFRUGLQJWR3XO FLQLLQ,WDO\³WKHUHKDVDOZD\VEHHQDZLGHVSUHDGEHOLHIWKDW>«@JRRGWHDFK HUVKDYHLQERUQTXDOLWLHVDQGLQVWLQFWLYHPRWLYDWLRQZKLFKPDNHVWUDLQLQJ VXSHUÀXRXV´ 2YHUWKHODVWWZHQW\\HDUVJUDGXDOFKDQJHKDV WDNHQ SODFH IURP RSWLRQDO VLQJOH FRXUVHV DQG ZRUNVKRSV RIIHUHG E\ XQL YHUVLWLHV SULYDWH LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG WHDFKHU DVVRFLDWLRQV WR IXOO\ GHYHORSHG



&KDSWHU)LYH

FRPSXOVRU\WHDFKHUWUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHVOLNHWKH66,6(Scuola di Specializzazione per l’Insegnamento Secondario1 ,QWKHDFDGHPLF\HDU ,WDOLDQ8QLYHUVLWLHVZHUHFDOOHGWRSURYLGHSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJLQ SODFHRIWKHGLVPDQWOHG66,66LQFHWKHQXQLYHUVLW\GHSDUWPHQWVKDYHVWDUW HGDFWLYDWLQJQHZWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJFRXUVHVLQPDQ\GLVFLSOLQHV$VIDUDVIRU HLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJLVFRQFHUQHGLWLVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRUHGHVLJQWHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ FXUULFXOD LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH QHZHVW FRJQLWLYH SHGDJRJLFDO DQG OLQJXLVWLF¿QGLQJV,QWKLVFKDSWHUWKHDXWKRUH[DPLQHV tKHWUDLQLQJQHHGVRI WKHWHDFKHUVRIWKHIXWXUHZKRZLOOEHIDFHGZLWKHYHULQFUHDVLQJFKDQJHVLQ ZRUNSODFHVLWXDWLRQVDQGYHU\GLYHUVHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJGHPDQGV 2QH RI WKH OLYHOLHVW FRQWURYHUVLHV DERXW (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ (/7 LVWKHVHOHFWLRQRIZKLFKYDULHWLHVWRLQFOXGHLQWHDFKLQJ±VWDQGDUG QRQVWDQGDUG%ULWLVK$PHULFDQRU(QJOLVKDVDlingua francaHWF6RPHRI WKHPRVWUHFHQWVFKRODUVDQGWHDFKHUWUDLQHUV¶YLHZVDUHUHYLHZHGLQZKRVH OLJKWDVKLIWLQSDUDGLJPLVSURSRVHG7KHVXJJHVWLRQLVWKDWWUDLQHHVEHLQ YROYHGLQWKHGHEDWHE\H[SDQGLQJWKHLUOLQJXLVWLFFRPSHWHQFHWRLQFOXGH SUDJPDWLF DQG FXOWXUDO SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG E\ IRVWHULQJ WKHLU ODQJXDJH DQG LQWHUFXOWXUDODZDUHQHVV7KHH[SHFWHGUHVXOWLVWKDWWHDFKHUVWREHDUHHP SRZHUHGWRPDNHWKHLURZQGHFLVLRQVDVWRWKHFKRLFHRIODQJXDJHYDULHW\ RUYDULHWLHVEDVHGRQWKHLUOHDUQHUV¶DFWXDOQHHGV7KHSURSRVDOH[WHQGVWKH GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH V\OODEXV FRQWHQWV WR WKH WUDLQLQJ DSSURDFKHV ZKLFK DUH UHFRPPHQGHG WR FRPSULVH WKH UHÀHFWLYH DQG WUDQVIRUPDWLYH GLPHQVLRQV DQGWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIIDFHWRIDFHDQGHOHDUQLQJPRGHVLQDFRRSHUDWLYH DQGFRQVWUXFWLRQLVWSHUVSHFWLYH,WLVKRSHGWKDWWKLVZLOOGHYHORSWKHVWXGHQW WHDFKHUV¶WKLQNLQJVNLOOVDQGWKHLUDELOLW\LQWXUQWRDGRSWVXFKDSSURDFKHV $¿QDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQLVWKDWSUHVHUYLFHWUDLQLQJLVSODQQHGWRSDYHWKH ZD\IRULQVHUYLFHWUDLQLQJDXWRQRPRXVOLIHORQJOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKHUGH YHORSPHQWSURJUDPPHVWKXVHQDEOLQJIXWXUHWHDFKHUVWRDGDSWWRXQIRUHVHHQ VFHQDULRVIRUWKHSOXUDOLW\RI(QJOLVKHV anGEHFRPHSDUWRIDQHYHUJURZLQJ NQRZOHGJHEXLOGLQJFRPPXQLW\

ELT in Europe and Italy: Facts and issues 7KHHVWLPDWHGSHUFHQWDJHVRIWKHWHDFKLQJRI(QJOLVKDVDIRUHLJQODQ JXDJH LQ (XURSH DQG ,WDO\ DUH VWHHSO\ JURZLQJ DW DOO OHYHOV RI HGXFDWLRQ 7KLVIDFWSRLQWVWRZDUGVDQLQFUHDVLQJQHHGIRUODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJVWUDWHJLHV DQGKLJKTXDOLW\OHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH research on Key Data on Teaching Languages at School in EuropeWKHSURSRUWLRQRI SXSLOVOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKDVDVHFRQGRUIRUHLJQODQJXDJHLQORZHUVHFRQGDU\

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



DQGJHQHUDOXSSHUVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQLQ(XURSHLVDERXW($&($  ,Q,WDO\UDWLRVDUHHYHQKLJKHU±IRUORZHUVHFRQGDU\DQG IRUXSSHUVHFRQGDU\($&($ $WWHUWLDU\OHYHOWKHWHDFKLQJ RI(QJOLVKDVDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFRPELQHVZLWKDJURZLQJQXPEHURI(0, (QJOLVKDVD0HGLXPRI,QVWUXFWLRQ FRXUVHVZKLFKKDYH³LQFUHDVHGH[SR QHQWLDOO\LQ(XURSHDQXQLYHUVLWLHVRYHUWKHODVW\HDUV´&RVWDDQG&ROH PDQ DQGDUHZLGHO\H[SDQGLQJLQ,WDO\WRRHVSHFLDOO\DWPDVWHU¶V GHJUHHDQG3K'OHYHO&DPSDJQDDQG3XOFLQL 7KHDSSHWLWHIRU(QJ OLVKOHDUQLQJLQ,WDO\LVDOVRVSUHDGLQJLQVHYHUDODUHDVRXWVLGHPDLQVWUHDP HGXFDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ YRFDWLRQDO HGXFDWLRQ FRUSRUDWH FRXUVHV OLIHORQJ OHDUQLQJSURJUDPPHVDQGOLIHVNLOOVFRXUVHVIRULPPLJUDQWVDQGUHIXJHHV ,QOLQHZLWKWKHVHGDWDLWLVDI¿UPHGWKDWIROORZLQJWKHWUHQGRILQFUHDV LQJJOREDOLVDWLRQDQGFRQVHTXHQWQHHGIRUPXOWLOLQJXDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKH LPSRUWDQFHDQGSRWHQWLDORIWKHODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJVHFWRULVGHVWLQHGWRULVH DWDQHVWLPDWHGUDWHRID\HDU DFFRUGLQJWRWKHStudy on the Size of the Language Industry in the EU by the (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ ³$GLUHFWVRFLDOLPSDFWRIDJURZLQJ(XURSHDQODQJXDJHLQGXVWU\LVWKHLQ FUHDVHG H[LJHQF\ IRU PXOWLOLQJXDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZKLFK QHHGV WR EH UH ÀHFWHGLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJVWUDWHJLHVRIIHULQJDSSURSULDWHDQGKLJKTXDO LW\ IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV´ 5LQVFKH DQG 3RUWHUD=DQRWWL  

&RQFRPLWDQWO\LWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVLQ WKHZRUOGDUHQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUVDVHVWLPDWHGE\/OXUGD ,Q,WD DO\WKHVLWXDWLRQLVSUHVXPDEO\VLPLODUDQGWKHSHUFHQWDJHLVSUREDEO\PXFK KLJKHU IRU VWDWH VFKRRO WHDFKHUV ZKR DUH PDLQO\ UHFUXLWHG DPRQJ ,WDOLDQ JUDGXDWHVRI(QJOLVKDVDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH 7KHTXHVWLRQVDULVLQJIURPWKLVSLFWXUHDUHPDQLIROG7KHVHIDFWVOHDG WRDQXPEHURIRSHQLVVXHVUHJDUGLQJIXWXUH(QJOLVKOHDUQLQJQHHGVDQGWKH HQVXLQJWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFV&RQFHUQLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI WKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH x ZKDWZLOOWKHVSUHDGRI(QJOLVKEHOLNHLQWHQWZHQW\RUWKLUW\\HDUV¶ WLPH" x ZLOODOLQJXLVWLFYDULHW\SUHYDLODQGZKLFKRQH" x ZLOO(QJOLVKVWLOOSOD\WKHUROHRIDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOlingua francaDQGWR ZKDWH[WHQW" 7DNLQJWKHVHTXHVWLRQVLQWRDFFRXQWZRXOGEHYLWDOIRUGHVLJQLQJWHDFK HUHGXFDWLRQFXUULFXODZKLFKSUHSDUHQRQQDWLYHWHDFKHUVWRFDWHUIRUWKHLU OHDUQHUV¶QHHGV0RUHVSHFL¿FDOO\



x x

&KDSWHU)LYH

ZKLFK(QJOLVKYDULHW\RUYDULHWLHVZLOOWUDLQHHWHDFKHUVQHHGWRNQRZ DQGWRZKLFKGHJUHHRIFRPSHWHQFH" ZKLFKVKRXOGWKHPDLQOLQJXLVWLFREMHFWLYHVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFK HUHGXFDWLRQEH"

$V .DFKUX DQG 6PLWK DI¿UP LQ WKHLU SDSHU RQ IXWXULVWLF FRQVWUXFWV RI :RUOG(QJOLVKHVWKHUHDUHQRREYLRXVDQVZHUVWRWKHIRUPHUVHWRITXHV WLRQV ³,WLVQRWHDV\WRORRNDWWKHFXUUHQWPRPHQWXPRIWKHZRUOGZLGHGLIIXVLRQRI (QJOLVKDQGLPDJLQHZKDWWKHIXWXUHWUHQGVZLOOEHE\PLGFHQWXU\RUHYHQ LQWKHQH[WWZRRUWKUHHGHFDGHV´

7KLVPHDQVWKDWWHDFKHUVZLOOEHIDFHGZLWKFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJDVSHFWV RIWKHLUMREVDQGYHU\GLYHUVHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJGHPDQGVZKLFKDUHRQO\ SDUWLDOO\IRUHVHHDEOHIRUWKHWLPHEHLQJ

Language variety orientations in ELT teacher education *LYHQWKHPXOWLIDULRXVQHVVRIWKHSRWHQWLDOVFHQDULRVWKHRQO\FHUWDLQ WLHVDUHSDUDGR[LFDOO\XQFHUWDLQW\DQGFKDQJH$VDUHVXOWFRQFHUQLQJWKH FKRLFHRI(QJOLVKYDULHW\RUYDULHWLHVIRUODQJXDJHWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQWKHUH DUHDPXOWLSOLFLW\RIYLHZVHDFKGHSHQGLQJRQWKHRXWORRNRIWKHLUSURSR QHQWV 7KHVHYHUDOH[LVWLQJRULHQWDWLRQVDVWRWKHFKRLFHRI(QJOLVKYDULHW\IRU WHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQDUHWREHIRXQGDORQJFOLQHVEHWZHHQKDUGOLQHSUHVFULS WLYLVPDQGDOOWROHUDQWGHVFULSWLYLVPEHWZHHQVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQDQGGLYHUVL ¿FDWLRQDQGEHWZHHQQDWLYL]DWLRQDQGDFFXOWXUDWLRQ:KLOHSUHVFULSWLYLVWV WHQGWRVHOHFWDQGLPSRVHWKHODQJXDJHQRUPVWREHIROORZHGGHVFULSWLY LVWVREVHUYHDQGDQDO\VHWKHIHDWXUHVRIODQJXDJHDVLWLVDFWXDOO\XVHG7KH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIDODQJXDJHLVLWVQDWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWDVD³SUHVWLJHYDULH W\>«@XVHGZLWKLQDVSHHFKFRPPXQLW\´UHFRJQL]HGDV³DXQL¿HGPHDQVRI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ´&U\VWDO ZKHUHDVGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQLVWKHSURFHVV WKURXJKZKLFKDODQJXDJHYDULHW\DFTXLUHVQHZIHDWXUHVDQGEHFRPHVLQ FUHDVLQJO\GLIIHUHQWIURPDQRWKHU1DWLYL]DWLRQLVGH¿QHGE\5LFKDUGVDQG 6FKPLGW DV ³WKH DGDSWDWLRQ D ODQJXDJH PD\ XQGHUJR ZKHQ LW LV XVHG LQ D GLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDODQGVRFLDOVLWXDWLRQ´ 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDF FXOWXUDWLRQLVWKHSKHQRPHQRQZKHUHE\³FRQWDFWZLWKGLYHUVL¿HGFXOWXUHV DQG >@ DGDSWDWLRQ WR GLIIHUHQW SURIHVVLRQDO VHWWLQJV DQG FRPPXQLFDWLYH

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



SXUSRVHV´)DFFKLQHWWLHWDO OHDGWR³DUHVKDSLQJRIWKHODQJXDJH DVLWQDWXUDOO\DGDSWVWRWKHQHZYDOXHVDQGUHODWLRQVLQJOREDOFRPPXQLFD WLRQ´)DFFKLQHWWLHWDO  7KHVHRULHQWDWLRQVPD\EHFOXVWHUHGDURXQGWKUHHPDLQDUHDVGHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH SUHYDLOLQJ HPSKDVLV DWWULEXWHG WR HDFK RI WKH FRQFHQWULF FLUFOHV LQ .DFKUX¶VPRGHORIYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK.DFKUX ZKLFKSRUWUD\WKH ,QQHU&LUFOHRI6WDQGDUG(QJOLVK6( WKH2XWHU&LUFOHRI:RUOG(QJOLVKHV :( DQGWKH([SDQGLQJ&LUFOHRI(QJOLVKDVDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DQJXDJH (,/  2WKHU PRGHOV KDYH VLQFH EHHQ SURSRVHG LQ WKH DWWHPSW WR DFFRXQW IRUWKHPXOWLIDFHWHGDVSHFWVG\QDPLFVDQGRYHUODSSLQJVRIWKHVSUHDGRI (QJOLVKKRZHYHUGHVSLWHWKHRYHUVLPSOL¿FDWLRQRI.DFKUX¶VPRGHOZKLFK SURYLGHVEURDGFDWHJRUL]DWLRQVDQGGRHVQRWDFFRXQWIRUWKHVXEWOHWLHVRIWKH SKHQRPHQRQWKHDXWKRUFKRRVHVWRDGRSWLWIRUDVFKHPDWLFVXPPDUL]DWLRQ RI SHGDJRJLFDO RULHQWDWLRQV VLQFH LW UHSUHVHQWV D FOHDU DQG WLPHKRQRXUHG WULSDUWLWLRQRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIWKHVSUHDGRIWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH

Focus on the Inner Circle .DFKUX¶V,QQHU&LUFOHFRPSULVHVWKHFRXQWULHVZKHUH(QJOLVKLVVSRNHQ DVWKHSULPDU\ODQJXDJHLQFOXGLQJ*UHDW%ULWDLQ,UHODQGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV RI $PHULFD &DQDGD $XVWUDOLD 1HZ =HDODQG DQG 6RXWK $IULFD :KHQ WKHIRFXVLVRQ6WDQGDUG(QJOLVKWKH,QQHU2XWHUDQG([SDQGLQJ&LUFOHV DUH LGHQWL¿HG UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZLWK WKH VWDWXV RI (QJOLVK DV norm-providing norm-developing and norm-dependent (*R]GDZD*RáĊELRZVNL    DQG (QJOLVK VSHDNHUV DUH FODVVL¿HG DV QDWLYH VSHDNHUV VHFRQGODQJXDJH VSHDNHUVDQGQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUV ,Q0LFKDHO6WXEEV¶GH¿QLWLRQRI6WDQGDUG(QJOLVK6(  ³6(>«@LVWKHYDULHW\RI(QJOLVKZKLFKLVQRUPDOO\XVHGLQSULQWDQGPRUH JHQHUDOO\LQWKHSXEOLFPHGLDDQGZKLFKLVXVHGE\PRVWHGXFDWHGVSHDNHUV PRVWRIWKHWLPH,WLVWKHYDULHW\XVHGLQWKHHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPDQGWKHUHIRUH WKH YDULHW\ WDXJKW WR OHDUQHUV RI (QJOLVK DV D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH´ 6WXEEV 

7KLVYLHZKDVDOZD\VKDGPDQ\VXSSRUWHUVDPRQJZKRPZULWHU+HQU\ +LWFKLQJV DXWKRU RI WKH ERRN The Language Wars: A History of Proper English  ZKRLQDSDQHOGLVFXVVLRQRUJDQL]HGE\2[IRUG'LFWLRQDU LHVDI¿UPVWKDWWKHVWDQGDUG(QJOLVKODQJXDJHQHHGVWREHSUHVHUYHG



&KDSWHU)LYH ³(QJOLVKLVQRZRQHRI%ULWDLQ¶VIHZVLJQL¿FDQWH[SRUWVDQGLWVHHPVWRPH WKDWPDLQWDLQLQJVWDQGDUGVRI(QJOLVKLVHVVHQWLDOWRPDNLQJRXUFDSDFLW\WR H[SRUWLWLQDPHDQLQJIXOZD\VXVWDLQDEOH´283$FDGHPLF

6FKRODU$QQD:LHU]ELFNDFDOOV$QJOR(QJOLVK³WKHWRXFKVWRQHDQGJXDU DQWRURI(QJOLVKEDVHGJOREDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ´  LQWKHWUDGLWLRQ RI/RUG5DQGROSK4XLUNZKRDVVHUWLYHO\VXSSRUWHGDKLHUDUFKLFDOYLVLRQRI YDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK6(EHLQJ³WKHEHVW´³,WLVQHLWKHUOLEHUDOQRWOLEHUDWLQJ WRSHUPLWOHDUQHUVWRVHWWOHIRUORZHUVWDQGDUGVWKDQWKHEHVWDQGLWLVDWUDY HVW\RIOLEHUDOLVPWRWROHUDWHORZVWDQGDUGV´4XLUN  ,Q ,WDO\ PDLQVWUHDP (/7 KDV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ GUDZQ RQ WKLV RULHQWDWLRQ ZKLFKLVUDUHO\FULWLFL]HGRUHYHQUDLVHGDVDQLVVXH7KHPRVWSRSXODU(/7 WH[WERRNVE\LQWHUQDWLRQDODQG,WDOLDQSXEOLVKHUVDWDOOOHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQ EDVHWKHLUV\OODEXVHVRQ6WDQGDUG%ULWLVK(QJOLVKZKHUH6WDQGDUG$PHUL FDQ(QJOLVKDQGRWKHUVWDQGDUGYDULHWLHVDUHDWPRVWLQWURGXFHGDVGHYLDQW FXULRVLWLHV7H[WERRNVOLNH/LQGVD\&ODQG¿HOGHWDO¶V GlobalVHULHV ZKLFKLQFOXGHVVDPSOHVRIVHYHUDO(QJOLVKYDULHWLHVDQGDOVRH[FHUSWVDERXW ODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQDUHQLFKHSURGXFWVZKLFKKDYHQRWJDLQHGWKHDWWHQWLRQ RIWKH,WDOLDQWHDFKLQJSXEOLF,Q,WDOLDQXQLYHUVLW\GHSDUWPHQWVRI(QJOLVK ³WKHLGHDODVIDUDVODQJXDJHSUR¿FLHQF\LVFRQFHUQHGLVYHU\PXFKWKDWRI DXVXDOO\PRQROLQJXDOQDWLYHVSHDNHURI6WDQGDUG(QJOLVK´0DQV¿HOGDQG 3RSSL  &RQYHUVHO\WKHGHWUDFWRUVRI6WDQGDUG(QJOLVKHVDQG6WDQGDUG%ULWLVK (QJOLVKHVSHFLDOO\DVWKHRQO\RSWLRQIRU(/7DGYRFDWHWHDFKHUV¶GHYHORS PHQWRIDFULWLFDODWWLWXGHWRZDUGVDSSOLHGOLQJXLVWLFV7KH\PDLQWDLQWKDW (/7SURIHVVLRQDOVVKRXOGUHIUDLQIURPSULYLOHJLQJ/YDULHWLHV$V(UOLQJ SXWVLW ³0RUHLPSRUWDQW>«@LVHQVXULQJWKDW(/7SURIHVVLRQDOVDURXQGWKHZRUOG PRYHWKHLUSUDFWLFHDZD\IURPDQLGHRORJ\WKDWSULYLOHJHV/µLQQHUFLUFOH¶  YDULHWLHV7KHODQJXDJHPXVWEHWDXJKWDVDPHDQVRILQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPX QLFDWLRQFULWLFDODQDO\VLVDQGLQGHHGZKHUHQHFHVVDU\UHVLVWDQFH´(UOLQJ  

,QVXSSRUWRI(UOLQJ¶VSRVLWLRQ&DLQHPHWDSKRULVHVWKHFRQFHSWRIUHVLVW DQFHDVDIRUPRIZDUDQGJRHVDVIDUDVDI¿UPLQJWKDW³(/7SURIHVVLRQDOV RQWKHIURQWOLQHVPXVWOHDGWKHFKDUJHWRZDUGVFKDQJHZKLOHEDWWOLQJWKHLU RZQDVVXPSWLRQVUHJDUGLQJ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ´&DLQH  

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



Focus on the Outer Circle ,IRWKHUZLVHWKHIRFXVLVVHWRQWKH2XWHU&LUFOHWKDWLVRQWKHFRXQWULHV ZKHUH(QJOLVKLVPDLQO\VSRNHQDVDQDGGLWLRQDOODQJXDJHOLNH,QGLD1LJH ULD%DQJODGHVK3DNLVWDQ0DOD\VLD7DQ]DQLD.HQ\DWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQG RWKHUV WKH LGHQWLW\ RI (QJOLVK LV WKDW RI D SOXULFHQWULF ODQJXDJH .DFKUX    ZLWK D PXOWLSOLFLW\ RI VWDQGDUGV 7KH FRQÀLFW EHWZHHQ WKH global and the local arises in relation to the notion RI :RUOG (QJOLVKHV ZKLFKDUHVHHQDV³FURVVFXOWXUDODQGJOREDOFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQVRIWKH(QJ OLVKODQJXDJHLQPXOWLSOHYRLFHV´.DFKUXHWDO  ³7RUHOHDVH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVDQGOHDUQHUVIURPWKHRSSUHVVLYHKROG RIQDWLYHVSHDNHUQRUPVDQGPRGHOVPDQ\UHVHDUFKHUVKDYHFDOOHGIRUWKH HUDGLFDWLRQRIWKHQDWLYHQRQQDWLYHGLVWLQFWLRQE\FKDQJLQJWKHODEHOVWKHP VHOYHV´&DLQH

,Q WKLV YLHZ WKH SURSRVDO LV WR FRQVLGHU QRQQDWLYH VSHDNHUV RI (QJ OLVKDVHLWKHU/OHDUQHUVRU/XVHUV7KHWDUJHWIRU/OHDUQHUVLVDQ/ FRPSHWHQWXVHUQRWDQDWLYHVSHDNHUDVVXJJHVWHGE\&RRN $QRWK HU FODVVL¿FDWLRQ RI ODQJXDJH VSHDNHUV LV SURSRVHG E\ /HXQJ    EDVHGRQWKHFULWHULDRIlanguage expertise WKDWLVODQJXDJHSUR¿FLHQF\  language inheritance WKDWLVEHLQJERUQLQWRDIDPLO\DQGRUFRPPXQLW\ VHWWLQJZKHUHDVSHFL¿FODQJXDJHLVVSRNHQ  and ODQJXDJHDI¿OLDWLRQ(at WDFKPHQWRULGHQWL¿FDWLRQIHOWIRUDODQJXDJH  ,QWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHWHDFKHUV DUHHQFRXUDJHGWRWDNHFRQWH[WXDOHOHPHQWVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKHQWHDFK LQJ(QJOLVKWRWKHLUVWXGHQWV ³(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVVKRXOGFRQVLGHUDOOYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKQRWMXVW %ULWLVK6WDQGDUG(QJOLVKRU$PHULFDQ6WDQGDUG(QJOLVK,QRUGHUWREHWWHU SUHSDUHVWXGHQWVIRUWKHJOREDOZRUOGDQGWRVKRZWKHPWKDWWKHLURZQ(QJ OLVKLVYDOXHGWHDFKHUVFDQLPSOHPHQWDEDODQFHGDSSURDFKWKDWLQFRUSRUDWHV WKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJFRQWH[WDVZHOODVWKHOHDUQHUV¶YDOXHV,WDOVRKHOSV WRSUHSDUHOHDUQHUVIRUIXWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKVSHDNHUVRIGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHV RI(QJOLVK´)DUUHOO0DUWLQ

7KHLQGLFDWLRQVIRUWHDFKHUVDQGWHDFKHUWUDLQHUVDUHWKXVWRSUHSDUHVWX GHQWVIRUFRQWDFWZLWKVHYHUDOYDULHWLHVE\GHYHORSLQJWKHLUFRPPXQLFDWLYH VWUDWHJLHV$FFRUGLQJ WR &DQDJDUDMDK ³>U@DWKHU WKDQ IRFXVLQJ RQ D VLQJOH ODQJXDJH RU GLDOHFW DV WKH WDUJHW RI OHDUQLQJ WHDFKHUV KDYH WR GHYHORS LQ VWXGHQWVDUHDGLQHVVWRHQJDJHZLWKDUHSHUWRLUHRIFRGHVLQWUDQVQDWLRQDO FRQWDFWVLWXDWLRQV´DQGKDYH³WRWUDLQVWXGHQWVWRVKXWWOHEHWZHHQFRPPXQL



&KDSWHU)LYH

WLHVE\QHJRWLDWLQJWKHUHOHYDQWFRGHV7RWKLVHQGZHKDYHWRIRFXVPRUHRQ FRPPXQLFDWLYHVWUDWHJLHVUDWKHUWKDQRQIRUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ´  ,QDGGLWLRQ0DWVXGDLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWLVDGYLVDEOHWRH[SRVHOHDUQHUVWR RWKHUYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK 1HOVRQIXUWKHUVWKHLGHDE\VXJJHVW LQJWKDWWHDFKHUVFRQFHQWUDWHRQWKHLQWHOOLJLELOLW\RIODQJXDJH ³7HDFKLQJ (QJOLVK ZLWK D ZRUOG (QJOLVKHV SHUVSHFWLYH EDVLFDOO\ LQYROYHV MXVWWKDWDQDSSURDFKWRWKHZRUNWKDWLVFHQWHUHGRQWKHLQWHOOLJLELOLW\RI WKHODQJXDJHWKDWLVOHDUQHGDQGWKDWZLOOEHXVHG6WXGHQWVOHDUQIURPWKH PRGHOVDQGSUDFWLFHWKDWWKH\¿QGDYDLODEOHWHDFKHUVWHDFKWKHLURZQ(QJ OLVKHVDQGHOHPHQWVRIRWKHUVWKDWWKH\PDNHWKHPVHOYHVDZDUHRI´1HOVRQ 

6SHFL¿FDOO\ 1HOVRQ XQGHUOLQHV WKH IDFW WKDW LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ LV DQ LQWHU DFWLRQDO SKHQRPHQRQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ ERWK VSHDNHU DQG OLVWHQHU 7KHUHIRUH OHDUQHUV QHHG WR GHYHORS UHSDLU VWUDWHJLHV DQG LQIHUHQFH VNLOOV DV ZHOO DV FRQFHQWUDWHRQWKHFRUHSKRQRORJLFDOLQWRQDWLRQDOOH[LFDODQGFRPPXQLFD WLYHWUDLWVRI(QJOLVK &RQWHPSRUDU\OHDUQHUVRI(QJOLVKLQ,WDO\DVZHOODVHOVHZKHUHPLJKW EHQH¿WIURPWKLVDSSURDFKWR:RUOG(QJOLVKHVVLQFHLPPLJUDWLRQIURP2XW HU&LUFOHFRXQWULHVSURYLGHVIUHTXHQWFRQWDFWEHWZHHQ,WDOLDQVDQGVSHDNHUV RIGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHV7UDYHODQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQIRUHGXFDWLRQDOEXVLQHVV RUWRXULVPSXUSRVHVZLWKFRXQWULHVOLNH,QGLD1LJHULDWKH3KLOLSSLQHVHWF DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ IUHTXHQW WRR 7KHVH SKHQRPHQD HQJHQGHU OLQJXLVWLF DQG FXOWXUDOPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJVUDQJLQJIURPIXQQ\WRGUDPDWLFZKLFKPLJKW EHSUHYHQWHGZLWKDSWHGXFDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQDQGVWUDWH JLHVIRUPXWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

Focus on the Expanding Circle 7KH([SDQGLQJ&LUFOHHQFRPSDVVHVDUHDVZKHUH(QJOLVKLVZLGHO\OHDUQW DVDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHDQGXVHGDVDPHGLXPRILQWHUQDWLRQDODQGLQFUHDV LQJO\LQWUDQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQOLNHFRQWLQHQWDO(XURSH5XVVLD&KL QD-DSDQ.RUHD,QGRQHVLDDQGPDQ\RWKHUV,IRQWKHRQHKDQGWKHIRFXV RQ:RUOG(QJOLVKHVXQGHUOLQHVWKHFHQWULIXJDOWUHQGVRIQDWLYL]DWLRQRQWKH RWKHUKDQGDIRFXVRQWKH([SDQGLQJ&LUFOHDQG(QJOLVKDVDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DQJXDJHRU(QJOLVKDVD/LQJXD)UDQFDRU*OREDO(QJOLVK  highlights the FHQWULSHWDOIRUFHVIXHOOHGE\WKHQHHGIRU(QJOLVKWREHIXOO\LQWHOOLJLEOHLQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ:LHU]ELFND ,QLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQ

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



WH[WVQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUV116V DUHRIWHQVHHQDVPRUHIXQFWLRQDOWKDQ QDWLYHVSHDNHUV16V ³PDQ\116VRI(QJOLVKDUHPRUHFRPPXQLFDWLYHO\ HI¿FLHQWVSHDNHUVRI(QJOLVK>«@WKDQDJUHDWGHDORI16V´0RXVVXDQG /OXUGD DQGIRUWKLVUHDVRQSUR¿FLHQW116VPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGDV EHWWHUPRGHOVIRUOHDUQHUVUDWKHUWKDQ16V ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHRXWORRNLQVSLUHGE\WKH2XWHU&LUFOHSHUVSHFWLYH(QJ OLVKDVD/LQJXD)UDQFD(/) LVVHHQDV³DSSURSULDWHGE\DQGEHORQJLQJWR DOOLWVVSHDNHUVQDWLYHDQGQRQQDWLYHDOLNH´(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ   ³(QJOLVK LV LQFUHDVLQJO\ XVHG WR FRPPXQLFDWH DFURVV LQWHUQDWLRQDO ERXQGDULHVDQGLVQRWWKHUHIRUHWLHGWRRQHSODFHFXOWXUHRUSHRSOH´(UOLQJ  $FFRUGLQJWRWKHGRFXPHQWE\WKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ ³(QJOLVK LV SURSRVHG DV D K\EULG DQG ÀXLG WRRO ZKLFK ² OLNH WKH OLQJXD IUDQFDRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ²VKRXOGQRWEHVHHQDVDQLQVWUXPHQWRILP SHULDOLVPRUDVEHLQJDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFXOWXUHRIWKHFRXQWULHVRULJLQDOO\ VSHDNLQJLW´ 

7KH ([SDQGLQJ &LUFOH SHUVSHFWLYH KDV OHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WZR PDLQGLUHFWLRQVIRUWKHWHDFKLQJRI(QJOLVK x

x

WHDFK(/)DVDQHXWUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRROGHYRLGRIFXOWXUDOYDOXHV as maintained by *R]GDZD*RáĊELRZVNL³OLQJXDIUDQFD(QJOLVKPD\EH VWULSSHGRIFXOWXUDOYDOXHV>«@7KHVWUHQJWKRIDOLQJXDIUDQFDLVWKDW LWVWDQGVDFKDQFHRIEHFRPLQJDQHXWUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRROEHWZHHQ SHRSOHRIGLIIHUHQWHWKQLFDQGOLQJXLVWLFEDFNJURXQGV´  XVHVRXUFHFXOWXUHDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOWDUJHWFXOWXUHPDWHULDOVLQ(/7WKDW LVPDWHULDOVWKDWXVHDJUHDWYDULHW\RIFXOWXUHVLQ(QJOLVKDQGQRQ(QJ OLVKVSHDNLQJFRXQWULHVDURXQGWKHZRUOGWRGHYHORSZKDW%\UDPFDOOV ,QWHUFXOWXUDO &RPPXQLFDWLYH &RPSHWHQFH   ³>$@V DQ LQWHUQD WLRQDOODQJXDJH(QJOLVKEHORQJVWRLWVXVHUVDQGDVVXFKLWLVWKHXVHUV¶ FXOWXUDOFRQWHQWDQGWKHLUVHQVHRIWKHDSSURSULDWHXVHRI(QJOLVKWKDW VKRXOGLQIRUPODQJXDJHSHGDJRJ\´0F.D\ 

7KHVH WZR RULHQWDWLRQV UHTXLUH WHDFKHUV WR WDNH D VWDQFH RQ WKH UROH RI FXOWXUHLQWKHLUODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ7KHIRUPHURULHQWDWLRQLPSOLHVDFOHDUFXW VHSDUDWLRQRIODQJXDJHIRUPVIURPFXOWXUDOFRQWHQWV,WVPRVWUDGLFDODSSOL FDWLRQOHDGVWRV\OODELZKLFKGHOLEHUDWHO\DYRLGRUGHÀDWHFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWV LQIDYRXURIZKDWLVSHUFHLYHGDVµFRPPRQFRUH¶(QJOLVK,Q,WDO\LWLVDQ XQGHUFXUUHQWZKLFKLVRIWHQHPEUDFHGE\WHDFKHUVZKRKDYHDGHFRQWH[WXDO L]HGYLVLRQRI(QJOLVKSRVVLEO\RZLQJWRWKHLUSHUVRQDOOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHV



&KDSWHU)LYH

$QLQWHUPHGLDWHSRVLWLRQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVWRLQFRUSRUDWHDVSHFWVRI WKHFXOWXUHV RIWKH,QQHU&LUFOH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJFRXQWULHVLQWKHV\OODEXV DVDUHÀHFWLRQDQGDUHLQVWDWHPHQWRIWKHLUUROHDVOLQJXLVWLFDQGLQWHJUDWLRQ DO PRGHOV 7KLV LV DUJXDEO\ WKH PRVW ZLGHVSUHDG SUDFWLFH LQ ,WDO\ ZKHUH 6WDQGDUG%ULWLVK(QJOLVKDQGWRDPLQRUGHJUHH6WDQGDUG$PHULFDQ(QJ OLVKDUHWDXJKWLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKKLVWRULFDOJHRJUDSKLFDODQGVRFLRSUDJ PDWLFHOHPHQWVRI*UHDW%ULWDLQWKH86$DQGRWKHU,QQHU&LUFOHFRXQWULHV 7KHODWWHURULHQWDWLRQVXJJHVWVWKDWVWXGHQWVDUHLQLWLDWHGWRWKHREVHUYD WLRQDQGGHVFULSWLYHVWXG\RI(QJOLVKDVLWLVXVHGE\VSHDNLQJFRPPXQLWLHV DQGDVDQH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHLUVSHFL¿FEHOLHIVDQGOLIHVW\OHVUHJDUGOHVVRIWKH &LUFOHWKH\EHORQJWR*URZLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOPRELOLW\LQFOXGLQJPLJUDWLRQ ÀRZVWRDQGIURP([SDQGLQJ&LUFOHFRXQWULHVDVZHOODV,QQHUDQG2XWHU &LUFOH FRXQWULHV RIWHQ SXWV 116V DQG 16V DOLNH LQWR FRPPXQLFDWLYH VLW XDWLRQVZKHUHWKH\DUHLQYROYHGLQWKHQHJRWLDWLRQRIPHDQLQJVIURPYHU\ GLVWDQW FXOWXUHV ,WDOLDQ OHDUQHUV PLJKW EHQH¿W IURP DFWLYLWLHV WKDW DURXVH ERWK WKHLU ODQJXDJH YDULHW\ DZDUHQHVV DQG WKHLU VRFLRFXOWXUDODZDUHQHVV )RU LQVWDQFH 0DQV¿HOG DQG 3RSSL   SURYLGH WKH H[DPSOH RI D WDVN ZKHUHOHDUQHUVSHUIRUPDFRUSXVVHDUFKDQGDQDO\VLVRIQHRORJLVPVDVWKH\ DUHFUHDWHGLQ&KLQHVH(QJOLVKWRH[SUHVVRQWRORJLHVEHORQJLQJWRWKHORFDO FXOWXUHHJ³VXUQDPHG´³LQIRUPDWLRQL]DWLRQ´DQG³KDUPRQLRXVVRFLHW\´  8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFXOWXUDOUHDVRQVXQGHUSLQQLQJOH[LFDOLQQRYDWLRQIRUH[ DPSOHFDQKHOSOHDUQHUVIDFHGZLWKXQIDPLOLDUSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGLQWHUFXOWXU DOLVVXHVWREHRSHQPLQGHGDQGSUHSDUHGWRDGMXVWWRQRYHOW\

A proposal for a paradigm shift in EFL teacher education $PRQJWKHVHGLIIHULQJSHGDJRJLFDORULHQWDWLRQVWKHUHDUHVRPHWKDWVKLIW WKHTXHVWLRQIURPWKHSUHIHUHQFHIRUDVSHFL¿FYDULHW\RI(QJOLVKWRWKHQHHG IRUWHDFKHUVWREHDZDUHRIDOOWKHRSWLRQVDYDLODEOH0DKERREDQG7LODNDUDW QDIRULQVWDQFHUHFRPPHQG³WKDW(/7WHDFKLQJSUDFWLFHVDUHVXLWHGWRWKH QHHGVRIWKHSDUWLFXODUFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKH\RFFXU´ $GGLWLRQDO O\ZKHQIRFXVLQJRQWKHIUDPHZRUNRI(/)6HLGOKRIHUVWDWHVWKDW ³>U@DWKHUWKDQMXVWEHLQJWUDLQHGLQDUHVWULFWHGVHWRISUHIRUPXODWHGWHFK QLTXHV IRU VSHFL¿F WHDFKLQJ FRQWH[WV WHDFKHUV ZLOO QHHG D PRUH FRPSUH KHQVLYHHGXFDWLRQZKLFKHQDEOHVWKHPWRMXGJHWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH(/) SKHQRPHQRQIRUWKHLURZQWHDFKLQJFRQWH[WVDQGWRDGDSWWKHLUWHDFKLQJWR WKHSDUWLFXODUUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHLUOHDUQHUV´6HLGOKRIHU 

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



7KHVH YLHZV OHDG WR D EURDGHU GLPHQVLRQ 7KH FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ RI WHDFKHU SURIHVVLRQDO OHDUQLQJ KDV JUDGXDOO\ FKDQJHG LQ WKH UHFHQW SDVW WR D SHUVSHFWLYH ZKHUH WHDFKHUV¶ YRLFHV DUH DFFHSWHG DV NH\ FRQWULEXWRUV WR HIIHFWLYH WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFH 5DWKHU WKDQ EHLQJ WDXJKW RULHQWDWLRQV ZKLFK LPSO\ WKH DFFHSWDQFH RI D FHUWDLQ YDULHW\ RI (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV QHHG WR EH LQIRUPHGDERXWWKHRSWLRQVDYDLODEOHDQGPXVWEHSURYLGHGZLWKWKHGHFL VLRQDOWRROVHQDEOLQJWKHPWRPDNHWKHEHVWFKRLFHVIRUWKHLUOHDUQHUV¶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

Contents, values, strategies and skills for a multidimensional awareness The )UDPHRI5HIHUHQFHRIWKH(XURSHDQ3UR¿OHIRU/DQJXDJH7HDFKHU EducationE\WKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQDGYDQFHVDOLVWRIUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU IRUHLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQDVLWVKRXOGEHLQWKHWZHQW\¿UVWFHQWX U\$PRQJWKHPWKHIROORZLQJVHHPSDUWLFXODUO\DSWWRGHYHORSWKHVHQVHRI VRFLRFXOWXUDODQGVRFLROLQJXLVWLFUHODWLYLW\WUDLQHHVQHHGWRPDNHLQIRUPHG FKRLFHVDERXWODQJXDJHYDULHWLHV ([SHULHQFHRIDQLQWHUFXOWXUDODQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW>«@ 7UDLQLQJLQVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOYDOXHV 7UDLQLQJLQWKHGLYHUVLW\RIODQJXDJHVDQGFXOWXUHV 7UDLQLQJLQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJDERXWIRUHLJQODQ JXDJHVDQGFXOWXUHV.HOO\HWDO.HOO\DQG*UHQIHOO

$FFRUGLQJWR.HOO\DQG*UHQIHOOWUDLQHHVVKRXOGDFTXLUH³DZLGHUDQJH RIFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGDWWLWXGHVVKDSHGE\VRFLDOHWKQLFDQGSROLWLFDO



&KDSWHU)LYH

IDFWRUV´LQRUGHU³WRGHYHORSDQLQWHUFXOWXUDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGDSSUHFLDWH WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFXOWXUH´  ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH DERYH D ODQJXDJH WHDFKHU VKRXOG EH HQGRZHG ZLWK H[WHQVLYHOLQJXLVWLFDQGVRFLRSUDJPDWLFDZDUHQHVVFRQ¿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¿WWKHVSH FL¿FQHHGVRIOHDUQHUVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHXQSUHGLFWDEOHFRQWH[WRIWKHVSUHDG RI(QJOLVKDVKDVEHHQRXWOLQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVSDUDJUDSKVRIWKLVFKDSWHU 6WUDWHJLHV LQFOXGH WKH FRJQLWLYH DQG WKH PHWDFRJQLWLYH GLPHQVLRQ UHÀHF WLRQDQGDKLJKGHJUHHRIGHFLVLRQDODQGSURFHGXUDODXWRQRP\DVOLVWHGLQ .HOO\HWDO DQGLQ.HOO\DQG*UHQIHOO  7UDLQLQJLQWKHFULWLFDOHYDOXDWLRQGHYHORSPHQWDQGSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQ RIWHDFKLQJPDWHULDOVDQGUHVRXUFHV 7UDLQLQJLQPHWKRGVRIOHDUQLQJWROHDUQ 7UDLQLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIUHÀHFWLYHSUDFWLFHDQGVHOIHYDOXDWLRQ 7UDLQLQJLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQGHSHQGHQWODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV

$SHGDJRJLFDODSSURDFKZKLFKXQGHUOLQHVWKHUROHRIUHÀHFWLRQLQOHDUQ HUV¶±DQGWUDLQHHWHDFKHUV¶±DFWLYHDQGUHVSRQVLEOHFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHOHDUQ LQJSURFHVVLVH[SHULHQWLDOOHDUQLQJ7KLVDSSURDFKLVRULHQWHGWRZDUGVLQWH JUDWLQJWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFHLQDKROLVWLFYLVLRQRIWKHOHDUQHUDQGHPSKDVL]HV WKHYDOXHRIGLUHFWH[SHULHQFHIRUHIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJ.RKRQHQ ([ SHULHQWLDOOHDUQLQJHQDEOHVWHDFKHUVWREHWRSXWUHVHDUFKDFWLRQLQWRSUDF WLFHDQGWREHQH¿WIURPWKHLURZQH[SHULPHQWDWLRQE\DSSO\LQJUHÀHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHVWRWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVWUDLQHHVFRQFHSWXDOL]HWKHRXWFRPHVDQGFDQ VKDUHDQGGLVFXVVWKHPZLWKWKHLUSHHUVDQGWKHLUWUDLQHUV

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



Organizational framework for an integrated approach 7KHUHDOL]DWLRQRIDWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQFXUULFXOXPZKLFKLQWHJUDWHVWKHVH FRQWHQWV YDOXHV VWUDWHJLHV DQG VNLOOV FRXOG VXSSOHPHQW WKH DFDGHPLFDOO\ WUDGLWLRQDOLQVWUXFWLRQDOPRGHVZLWKDFWLYHOHDUQLQJDSSURDFKHVLQYROYLQJ SUDFWLFXPPHQWRULQJWHDPZRUNLQJFROODERUDWLRQDQGQHWZRUNLQJ $FXUULFXOXPWKDWLQWHJUDWHVDFDGHPLFVWXG\DQGWKHSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFH RIWHDFKLQJ>«@  7UDLQLQJ LQ WHDPZRUNLQJ FROODERUDWLRQ DQG QHWZRUNLQJ LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH WKH LPPHGLDWH VFKRRO FRQWH[W .HOO\ HW DO   .HOO\ DQG *UHQIHOO

$PRQJ WKH VXLWDEOH VWUXFWXUHV IRU VXFK DSSURDFKHV DUH IDFHWRIDFH EOHQGHG DQG HOHDUQLQJ ZRUNVKRSV VHOIPDQDJHG UHVHDUFK JURXSV DQG OHDUQHU DXWRQRP\ GHYHORSPHQW WRROV OLNH WKH 6WXGHQW 7HDFKHU¶V 3RUWIROLR (3267/ 1HZE\HWDO DQGWKHOHDUQLQJORJERRN $ EH¿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¿UPV³ZH PD\DOVRHQYLVDJH>«@FRXUVHVIRUPRGHUQODQJXDJHVZKLFKDUH>«@SDUWO\ DGPLQLVWHUHG WKURXJK RQOLQH ZRUNVKRSV WR HQKDQFH WXWRUWUDLQHH FROODE RUDWLRQ DOORZ YLUWXDO WHDFKLQJ DQG IHHGEDFN DQG LQFUHDVH SURGXFWLYLW\ RI FROODERUDWLYHWDVNV´ 7KLVPHWKRGRORJLFDOFKRLFHLVDOVRDGYR FDWHG E\ &RULQR   ZKR VD\V WKDW ,WDOLDQ WHDFKHUV KDYH YHU\ OLPLWHG NQRZOHGJHRIWKHRSSRUWXQLWLHVRIIHUHGE\LQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVLQWKH ¿HOGRIODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ&RULQRVWDWHVWKDWLQ,WDOLDQWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQLW LVQHFHVVDU\WRHGXFDWHWKHQHZHUJHQHUDWLRQVRIWHDFKHUVWRWKLQNRXWRIWKH ER[WRRYHUFRPHWKHLUSDUDGLJPVRISHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHDQGWRH[SHULPHQW QHZZD\VRIWHDFKLQJ 



&KDSWHU)LYH

Courseware design example 7KLV SURSRVDO FRXOG ¿QG LWV SODFH DORQJVLGH WKH H[LVWLQJ OLQJXLVWLF DQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOFRXUVHVLQ(/7WHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQLQ,WDO\DVDVSHFLI LF GLPHQVLRQ RQ ODQJXDJH YDULHW\ DQG VRFLRFXOWXUDO DZDUHQHVV %HVLGHV LWZRXOGSURYLGHDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRIVWXGHQWWHDFKHUV¶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x WRVKDUHDFRPPRQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHNH\FRQFHSWVRIYDULDWLRQRI WKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH x WRXQGHUVWDQGEHWWHUWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQLQWKH(QJ OLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOGIRUODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ x WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIRQH¶VRZQH[SHULHQFHRSLQLRQDQGDWWL WXGHDERXWODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQRI(QJOLVK x WRWHDFKWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH¶VPDLQIHDWXUHVLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHLU VDOLHQWVRFLRSUDJPDWLFPHDQLQJV x WR IRVWHU ODQJXDJH YDULHW\ DZDUHQHVV DQG LQWHUFXOWXUDO DZDUHQHVV LQ VWXGHQWV x WRGHVLJQRUDGDSWODQJXDJHDFWLYLWLHVWRUDLVHWKLVDZDUHQHVV $GDSWHGIURP/i]iUHWDO  7KHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHLVDPRGXOHZKRVHGHVLJQLVEDVHGRQWKHJXLGH OLQHVVXJJHVWHGE\/i]iUHWDOLQWKHLUKDQGERRNDeveloping and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence ³6WDUWIURPZKHUHSDUWL FLSDQWVDUH´³)DFLOLWDWHWDONEHWZHHQSDUWLFLSDQWV´³3URYLGHRSSRUWXQLWLHV IRUDFWLYHOHDUQLQJSHUVRQDOUHYLHZDQGUHÀHFWLRQ´³+HOSSDUWLFLSDQWVWR FRQFHSWXDOL]HZKHQDSSURSULDWH´DQG³&UHDWHOLQNVZLWKWKHUHDOZRUOGRI WHDFKLQJ´    7KH PRGXOH LV FRQ¿JXUHG DV D ZRUNVKRS EXLOW DURXQGDPDLQWDVNZKLFKLVGHVLJQHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHSULQFLSOHVRI7DVN %DVHG/HDUQLQJ7%/ :LOOLV DQG$XWKHQWLF/HDUQLQJ+HUULQJWRQ HWDO 7KHDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGHDZDUPXSGLVFXVVLRQWKUHHSUHWDVNDF WLYLWLHVWKHPDLQWDVNDQGSRVWWDVNGHEULH¿QJ$OOZRUNDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLV PHDQWWREHSHUIRUPHGE\WKHWUDLQHHVLQGHGLFDWHGDV\QFKURQRXVIRUXPVRQ

:KLFK(QJOLVKHV WR7HDFK"



DQRQOLQHSODWIRUPZKHUHWKH\FDQUHVSRQGDQGLQWHUDFWXQGHUWKHJXLGDQFH DQGVXSHUYLVLRQRIDWXWRU,WLVKRZHYHUDGYLVDEOHWRKDYHUHJXODUIDFHWR IDFHPHHWLQJVDVZHOOZKHUHVRFLDOFRKHVLRQPD\EHUHLQIRUFHGGLUHFWVXS SRUWPD\EHSURYLGHGDQGOHDUQHUV¶GRXEWVFDQEHTXLFNO\FODUL¿HG 7KHVWDUWLQJSRLQWRIWKHZRUNVKRSLVDZDUPXSDFWLYLW\LQWURGXFLQJWKH WRSLFVRIWKHZRUNVKRSDVWKH\KDYHEHHQRXWOLQHGLQWKHWKLUGVHFWLRQRIWKLV FKDSWHU ³/DQJXDJH YDULHW\ RULHQWDWLRQV LQ (/7 WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ´  7KH SXUSRVHLVWREXLOGRQWUDLQHHV¶SUHYLRXVNQRZOHGJHDQGWROD\WKHIRXQGD WLRQVIRUDNQRZOHGJHEXLOGLQJFRPPXQLW\ZKLFKZLOOVKDUHDQGUHÀHFWRQ LWVH[SHULHQFHVDQGEHOLHIV7KHDLPRIWKHFXHTXHVWLRQVLVWRHOLFLWWUDLQHHV¶ NQRZOHGJHSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVIHHOLQJVDWWLWXGHVDQGEHOLHIVDERXWWKH VSUHDGRIWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDQGLWVFRQVHTXHQFHVLQ(/7 Warm-up ‡ :KDWGR\RXNQRZDERXWWKHVSUHDGRIWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH":KHUH GRHV\RXULQIRUPDWLRQVWHPIURPVWXG\RUSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFH" ‡ 2QZKLFKRFFDVLRQVKDYH\RXPHWZLWKOLQJXLVWLFPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV RUFXOWXUHEXPSVEHWZHHQSHRSOHFRPPXQLFDWLQJLQ(QJOLVK" ‡ +DYH \RX HYHU PHW ZLWK ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ RU WHDFKLQJ VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUHWKHLVVXHRI(QJOLVKYDULHWLHVKDVEHHQEURXJKWXS" ‡ +RZGR\RXWKLQNWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKPD\ LPSDFW\RXUWHDFKLQJLQIXWXUH" 3UHWDVNVLQWURGXFHWKHWRSLFVWKHUHVRXUFHVDQGWKHWRROVZKLFKZLOOEH QHFHVVDU\WRSHUIRUPWKHPDLQWDVN7KH\DUHGHYLVHGLQDZD\WRSURYLGH YDULHW\DV/i]iUHWDO DGYLVH3UHWDVNEULQJVWRWKHIRUHWKHPDLQ LVVXHVDERXW(QJOLVKYDULHWLHVDQGUHTXLUHVWUDLQHHWHDFKHUVWRUHVSRQGWRWKH RQJRLQJGHEDWHVDERXWWKHSHGDJRJLFDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKHVSUHDGRIWKH (QJOLVKODQJXDJH7KHEDFNJURXQGUHDGLQJVIRU3UH7DVNDUHIURP&KDS WHULQ6HLGOKRIHU¶V Controversies in Applied LinguisticsZKLFKUH SRUWVDQGFRPPHQWVRQIDPRXVH[FKDQJHVEHWZHHQ4XLUNDQG.DFKUX3KLO OLSVRQDQG%HUQVWRJHWKHUZLWKDODUJHJURXSRIVFKRODUV 3KLOOLSVRQDJDLQ DQG&U\VWDO7KHVWXG\TXHVWLRQVDUHDVHOHFWLRQIURP6HLGOKRIHU¶V  VWLPXODWLQJ¿QDOVHFWLRQRIWKHERRN7KHLUSXUSRVHLVWRDFWLYDWHGHHSSUR FHVVLQJRIWKHWRSLFVWKURXJKXQGHUVWDQGLQJVXPPDUL]LQJFRPSDULQJDQG H[SUHVVLQJMXGJHPHQW7UDLQHHVDUHWKHQLQYLWHGWRZLGHQWKHLUUHDGLQJZLWK DQXSGDWHGELEOLRJUDSKLFDOVHOHFWLRQZKLFKLQFOXGHVWKHWH[WVLQGLFDWHGLQ WKH SDUDJUDSK ³/DQJXDJH YDULHW\ RULHQWDWLRQV LQ (/7 WHDFKHU HGXFDWLRQ´ LQWKLVFKDSWHUDQGWKRVHLQGLFDWHGLQWKHDQQRWDWHGELEOLRJUDSK\$OVDJRII HWDO 0DWVXGD 0XNKHUMHHDQG+XQGW 0XUUD\DQG &KULVWLVRQ 1HOVRQ 



&KDSWHU)LYH

Pre-task 1 5HDG&KDSWHUIURP6HLGOKRIHU¶V Controversies in Applied Linguistics.7KHQGLVFXVVWKHVHVWXG\TXHVWLRQVLQVPDOOJURXSV ‡ :KDWDUHWKHNH\VWDWHPHQWVRIHDFKSDSHU" ‡ :KDWDUHWKHPDLQµDOOHJDWLRQV¶WKDWWKHDXWKRUVOHYHODWHDFKRWKHU" ‡ :KDWDUHWKHNH\LQFRPSDWLELOLWLHVEHWZHHQWKHRSSRVLQJVLGHV" ‡ :KDWGLVFLSOLQDU\SHUVSHFWLYHGRHVHDFKDXWKRUWDNH" ‡ :KDWLVWKHUHODWLYHSURSRUWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQJLYLQJDQGRSLQLRQJLYLQJ" ‡ 7RZKDWH[WHQWGRHVWKHSDSHUUHODWHWR\RXURZQH[SHULHQFHRIYDUL DWLRQLQ(QJOLVK" ‡ :KHUHGR\RXVWDQGLQWKLVGLVSXWH" ‡ $UHWKHUHDVSHFWVZKLFK\RXKDGQRWWKRXJKWRIEHIRUH" ‡ $UHWKHUHSDVVDJHV\RXGRQRWXQGHUVWDQGIRUODFNRIEDFNJURXQGLQ IRUPDWLRQ" ‡ $UHWKHUHLPSRUWDQWLVVXHVWKDWKDYHEHHQQHJOHFWHG" ‡ &DQ\RXWKLQNRIH[DPSOHVSHUWDLQLQJWR\RXUH[SHULHQFHZKLFKUHODWH WRRQHRUPRUHSRLQWVRIWKHGLVSXWH" $GDSWHGIURP6HLGOKRIHU 3UHWDVNLVDQH[SORUDWRU\DFWLYLW\,WFRQVLVWVRID:HE4XHVWOHDGLQJ WRWKHGLVFRYHU\RIUHVRXUFHVIRUWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK 7UDLQHHVDUHLQYLWHGWRFUHDWHDFROOHFWLYHUHSRVLWRU\RIZHEVLWHVZKHUHWKH\ PD\¿QGOLQJXLVWLFPDWHULDOSURGXFHGE\GLYHUVH(QJOLVKVSHDNLQJFRPPX QLWLHV7KHVHUHVRXUFHVZLOODOORZWKHPWRUHVHDUFKLQGHSHQGHQWO\DVSHFWV UHODWHGWRODQJXDJHIHDWXUHVWROHDUQDERXWYDULHWLHVDQGWRGHYLVHDFWLYLWLHV IRUWKHLURZQOHDUQHUVLQFOXGLQJWKHFUHDWLRQRIOLQJXLVWLFFRUSRUD Pre-task 2 ‡ ,GHQWLI\DJHRJUDSKLFDODUHDZKHUH(QJOLVKLVXVHGDVDPHDQVRIFRP PXQLFDWLRQHLWKHUDVD¿UVWODQJXDJHDVHFRQGODQJXDJHRUDOLQJXD IUDQFD ‡ )LQG DV PDQ\ ZHEVLWHV DV SRVVLEOH IHDWXULQJ WKH YDULHW\ RI (QJOLVK XVHGLQ\RXUFKRVHQDUHD«@DQGDVDPDWWHURIIDFWVSRNHQE\VXFKDYDULHW\RI SHRSOHFKDQJHVDQGPXWDWLRQVDUHMXVWDQDWXUDOFRQVHTXHQFH7KLVDQ\ZD\



&KDSWHU6L[ VKRXOGQRWVSRLOWKHWUXHQDWLYHQDWXUHRIWKHODQJXDJHLWVHOISDUWLFXODUO\UH JDUGLQJVSHOOLQJJUDPPDUVWUXFWXUHV7KLVFRXOGEHVDLGRIHYHU\ODQJXDJH DVWKHZRUOGZHEZLGHQV´7TXHVWLRQQDLUH

7KLV GLFKRWRP\ VHHPV WR EH DW ZRUN DW VHYHUDO OHYHOV WRJHWKHU ZLWK DZDUHQHVV RI WKH GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQ RI (QJOLVK DQG VRPH RSHQQHVV WR LQFRU SRUDWLQJLWLQWRWKHLUFODVVURRPSUDFWLFHVHJ6LIDNLV'HZH\  QRWLRQVRIQRUPDWLYLW\FRUUHFWQHVVDQGVWDQGDUGDUHSHUFHLYHG DVVDOLHQWDQGLQDOLHQDEOHLQSHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHV7KHVHWZRSRVLWLRQVGRQRW VHHPWREHHDVLO\UHFRQFLODEOHDQGPD\SOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWHDFKHUV¶ ³UHFHSWLYHQHVVRI(/)DVDFRQFHSW´'HZH\ :KLOHDFNQRZO HGJLQJWKHFKDQJHVUHODWHGWRWKHVSUHDGRI(QJOLVKWKH\DUHKLJKO\PLQGIXO RIWKHLUUROHDV()/WHDFKHUVDQGRIWKHLUµGXW\¶WRSURYLGHOHDUQHUVZLWK VWDQGDUG FRUUHFW(QJOLVKWKHVHWZRDVSHFWVDSSHDUWRFRH[LVWSXOOLQJLQ WZRRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQVDQGFUHDWLQJDVRUWRI'U-HN\OODQG0U+\GHµV\Q GURPH¶DVRQHUHVSRQGHQWGH¿QHGLW7LQWHUYLHZ  :KHQORRNLQJDWODQJXDJHXVHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOVFKRROH[FKDQJHVFRP PXQLFDWLYH HIIHFWLYHQHVV LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ SRVLWLYH WHUPV D IRFXV RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI FRPPXQLFDWLYH VNLOOV LV SHUFHLYHG DV SDUWLFXODUO\ UHOHYDQW LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\RULHQWHG FRPPXQLFDWLYH FRQWH[WV ZKHUH ³LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR OHW ODQJXDJH ÀRZ ZLWKRXW PDUNLQJ JUDPPDU PLVWDNHV´ 7 TXHVWLRQQDLUH 7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIGHYHORSLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQVNLOOVUDWKHU WKDQIRFXVVLQJSULPDULO\RQDFFXUDF\VWURQJO\HPHUJHVIURPWKHLQWHUYLHZV DQG WKH )* WRR 2Q WKH ZKROH UHVXOWV LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI DFFHSWDELOLW\ DUHVLPLODUUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLQIRUPDQWV¶SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOSUR MHFWVQHYHUWKHOHVVVHYHUDOWHDFKHUVZKRH[SHULHQFHGVFKRROSDUWQHUVKLSV HPSKDVL]HGKRZFRPPXQLFDWLYHHIIHFWLYHQHVVUDWKHUWKDQJUDPPDWLFDODF FXUDF\VKRXOGEHYDOXHGQRWOHDVWLQRUGHUWRHQFRXUDJHDQGVXSSRUWFKLO GUHQWRXVHWKHODQJXDJHWKH\DUHLQWKHSURFHVVRIOHDUQLQJLQWKHLUZRUGV ³WKH\DUHVWDUWLQJWROHDUQDQHZODQJXDJHVRWKHPLVWDNHVZLOOEHWKHUHVXOW RIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KH\DUHQRWVRLPSRUWDQWIRUPHEHFDXVHWKH\DUH XVLQJWKHODQJXDJH´7)* ³ZKHQDWHDFKHULVWU\LQJWRWHDFKD)/WKH ¿UVWWKLQJWKDWKDVWREHLQ\RXUREMHFWLYHVLVPDNLQJ\RXUSXSLOVDEOHWR FRPPXQLFDWHE\XVLQJWKHODQJXDJHLQDµUHDO¶ZD\´7LQWHUYLHZ ³P\ SXSLOVGRPDNHWKHPLVWDNHVLQFOXGHGLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHOLNHGURSWKHµGR¶ LQTXHVWLRQVEXWWKH\GRPDQDJHWRFRPPXQLFDWH´7LQWHUYLHZ  +RZHYHUHYHQZKHQQRQVWDQGDUGIRUPVDUHFRQVLGHUHGPRUHDFFHSW DEOHDQGRYHUWO\FRUUHODWHGWRLQWHOOLJLELOLW\DQGQRQGLVUXSWLYHQHVVLQRUDO  FRPPXQLFDWLRQWKHLU³µGHYLDQFHV¶DQGGLIIHUHQFHVIURP6WDQGDUG(QJOLVK DVµPLVWDNHV¶´7LQWHUYLHZ DUH DOZD\VIRUHJURXQGHGSDUWLFXODUO\VRE\

3ULPDU\6FKRRO7HDFKHUV¶3HUFHSWLRQV



WHDFKHUV ZKR KDYH QHYHU SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO SURMHFWV 7KLV JHQ HUDOO\JRHVKDQGLQKDQGZLWKWKHSHUFHLYHGGXW\WRSURYLGHOHDUQHUVZLWK µWKHFRUUHFWIRUP¶WRSUHYHQWERWKIRVVLOL]DWLRQDQGµFRQIXVLRQ¶WKDWLVWR SURYLGH VWDQGDUG UXOHV LQ FODVVURRP FRQWH[WV $V VRPH WHDFKHUV UHPDUN WHDFKLQJLVLQLWVHOIERXQGWRFRUUHFWLRQ³RIFRXUVH,KDYHWRFRUUHFW´7 LQWHUYLHZ DQG³ZHDUHWHDFKHUVZHWHQGWRFRUUHFW´7)* ³ZKHQ\RX XVH(QJOLVKLQWKHFODVVURRPLWLVDOZD\VIRUWHDFKLQJ(QJOLVKVRLWDSSHDUV OLNH\RXUGXW\WRFRUUHFW%XWZKHQ\RXGRLQWHUQDWLRQDOSURMHFWVZKHUHWKH FKLOGUHQ KDYH VRPHWKLQJ UHDO WR FRPPXQLFDWH DERXW WKHQ WKRVH NLQGV RI HUURUVDUHQRWLPSRUWDQWLWLVDQRUPDOSURFHVV%XWZKHQWKH\DUHLQZULWWHQ SURGXFWLRQLWLVGLIIHUHQW´7LQWHUYLHZ  'LYHUJLQJDQGFRQWUDVWLQJIRUFHVVHHPWKXVWREHDWZRUNLQWKHVHWHDFK HUV¶EHOLHIV2QWKHRQHKDQGWKH\DUHZHOODZDUHRIWKHOLQJXDIUDQFDUROHRI (QJOLVKDQGRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHLUVWXGHQWV¶SUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHQHHGVZLOOLQ YROYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKVSHDNHUVRIGLIIHUHQWOLQJXDFXOWXUHVSUHYDOHQWO\ LQQRQQDWLYHFRQWH[WV7KLVOHDGVLQPRVWFDVHVWRDZDUHQHVVRIWKHQHHGWR GHYHORSODQJXDJHVNLOOVWKDWDUHQRWRQO\±RUPHUHO\EDVHGRQDFFXUDF\ EXWUDWKHURQWKHDELOLW\WRFDUU\RXWHIIHFWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQERWKDWDOLQ JXLVWLFDQGDWDQLQWHUFXOWXUDOOHYHO2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDQGLQHTXDOPHDV XUHHYHQWKRVHUHVSRQGHQWVZKRH[SUHVVPRUHRSHQDQGÀH[LEOHDWWLWXGHV WRZDUGVQRQVWDQGDUGOLQJXLVWLFHOHPHQWVDUHDVRQHWHDFKHUSXWVLW³WRUQ EHWZHHQ WZR GLIIHUHQW SRLQWV RI YLHZ´ 7 LQWHUYLHZ   WKDW LV EHWZHHQ IRVWHULQJ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VNLOOV DQG D SURIHVVLRQDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR WHDFK µJRRG¶(QJOLVKFIDOVR-HQNLQV  7KH SRWHQWLDO LPSOLFDWLRQV WKHVH ¿QGLQJV FDQ KDYH LQ WHUPV RI WHDFK HUHGXFDWLRQDQGSHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHVDUHPDQLIROG7KHUDSLG changes the (QJOLVKODQJXDJHKDVJRQHWKURXJKRYHUWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHVDQGWKHYDULD ELOLW\RI(/)XQGRXEWHGO\FRQVWLWXWHDGHVWDELOL]LQJIDFWRUIRUWHDFKHUVDQG WKHLUSHGDJRJLFFKRLFHV$V'HZH\ HPSKDVLVHV ³WKH QRQVWDELOLW\ IRXQG LQ (/) DSSHDUV WR UHSUHVHQW VRPHWKLQJ RI D PHQWDOEDUULHUIRUPDQ\ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV,WUXQVFRXQWHUWRSUHYDLOLQJZLV GRPDERXWODQJXDJHDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\LWUXQVFRXQ WHUWRHYHU\WKLQJWKH\KDYHEHHQWUDLQHGWRWKLQNDQGGRLQWKHFODVVURRP´

$VZHKDYHVHHQRXUUHVSRQGHQWV¶WUDLQLQJWRRNSODFHLQ%ULWLVK(QJ OLVKPRVWO\ IRUDOPRVWKDOIRIWKHPLQFOXGLQJ$PHULFDQ(QJOLVKWRR  $OWKRXJKWKH\XVH(QJOLVKERWKZLWKQDWLYHDQGQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUV DQGDUHWKXV(/)XVHUVWKHPVHOYHVWKHQHHGWREDVHWKHLUWHDFKLQJXSRQ VWDQGDUG QRUPV LV D FRPPRQ SUHRFFXSDWLRQ 6LPLODUO\ WR UHVSRQGHQWV LQ



&KDSWHU6L[

RWKHUVWXGLHV'HZH\5DQWD'¶$QGUHD WKH\ DUHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHSOXUDOLW\LQWRZKLFK(QJOLVKKDVGHYHORSHGLQWHUPVRI IXQFWLRQVDQGDUHDZDUHRIWKHUHOHYDQFHRIHQFRXQWHUVZLWKVXFKSOXUDOLW\ LQWKHLUSXSLO¶VRXWVLGHVFKRROH[SHULHQFHV 7KHFRUUHFWQHVVHIIHFWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQSUHRFFXSDWLRQVHHPVSDUWLFX ODUO\HYLGHQWIRUWHDFKHUVZKRKDYHWDNHQSDUWLQVFKRROH[FKDQJHVHLWKHU IRUPDOO\RULQIRUPDOO\DQGKDYHWKXVH[SHULHQFHGWKHLUSXSLOVHIIHFWLYHO\ VWHSSLQJ LQWR WKH UROH RI (/) XVHUV µEH\RQG WKH FODVVURRP ZDOOV¶ In the ZRUGVRIRQHRIWKHWHDFKHUVZLWKDORQJVWDQGLQJH[SHULHQFHZLWKLQWHUQD WLRQDOSDUWQHUVKLSV ³2QWKHRQHKDQG,WKLQNHYHU\WKLQJLVDFFHSWDEOHZKHQ\RXFRPPXQL FDWHDQGRQWKHRWKHU,DPDWHDFKHUVR,WKLQNVRPHWKLQJVDUHQRWDFFHSW DEOHIURPDJUDPPDWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZ)RULQVWDQFH,FKRVHDµ¶LQWKHLWHP UHODWHGWR]HURrdSHUVRQPDUNLQJEHFDXVH,KDYHDPELYDOHQWRSLQLRQV,IHHO OLNH D 'RFWRU -HN\OO DQG 0U +\GH LQ WKHVH FDVHV ## EHFDXVH ZKHQ WKH PDWWHULVUHDOOLIHLW¶VOLNHLQORYHHYHU\WKLQJLVDFFHSWDEOHZKHQ\RXQHHG WRFRPPXQLFDWH##´7LQWHUYLHZ

7KH UHVSRQGHQW¶V ZD\ RI RSSRVLQJ KHU WHDFKHU¶V UROH LQ FRQWUDVWLQJ VWDQGDUGJUDPPDWLFDO DFFXUDF\ZLWKUHDOOLIHFRQWH[WVRIXVHZKHUHHIIHFW LYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LV SUHSRQGHUDQW YHU\ FOHDUO\ H[SUHVVHV WKH WZR SROHV WHDFKHUVDUHWRUQEHWZHHQ,QP\GDWDWKLVHPHUJHVDVDPDMRULVVXHZKLFK LVQRWRQO\FRQWHQWLRXVEXWDOVRSURIHVVLRQDOO\FRPSOH[DVWKH'U-HN\OO DQG0U+\GHPHWDSKRUZHOOUHÀHFWV7KHLQKHUHQWYDULDELOLW\RI(/)VHHPV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ GLV DOORZLQJ LWV UHFRJQLWLRQ LQ WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFHV HVSHFLDOO\LQWKDWGLYHUVLW\DQGSOXUDOLW\³WHQGWREHVHHQLQDWKUHDWHQLQJ OLJKWRIWHQFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVFRQFHSWVWKDWXQGHUPLQHDWHDFKHU¶VUROHSDU WLFXODUO\ZLWKUHJDUGWRµWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHWHDFKHUVWRWHDFKVWXGHQWV WKH³DFFHSWHG´DQG³UHFRJQL]HG´YDULHW\¶´'HZH\FIDOVR -HQNLQV 7KHVDPHLVVXJJHVWHGLQ5DQWD¶V¿QGLQJVZKLOHWHDFKHUV UHFRJQL]H WKH ³YDOXH RI QRQQDWLYH YLVLWRUV WR WKHLU FODVVHV ZHOFRPH WKH QRQQDWLYHPRGHOVLQWKHPHGLDDQGSRLQWWRWKHOLQJXDIUDQFDXVHDQGPDQ\ GLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVK´ WKH\H[SUHVV³PL[HGIHHOLQJV´ DERXWFODVVURRPPRGHOVDQGJRDOVVLQFHIRUPDQ\WKHQDWLYHVSHDNHUZDVWR EHFRQVLGHUHG³WKHDSSURSULDWH\DUGVWLFNIRUPHDVXULQJWKHLUVWXGHQWV¶VNLOOV DQGZDQWHGWKHLUVWXGHQWVWROHDUQWRXVHRQHYDULHW\RI(QJOLVKFRQVLVWHQW O\´LELG  7HDFKHUV¶H[SHULHQFHDV()/OHDUQHUVPD\EHDUHOHYDQWIDFWRUDVRQH WHDFKHUDSWO\FRPPHQWHGGXULQJWKH)*GLVFXVVLRQ

3ULPDU\6FKRRO7HDFKHUV¶3HUFHSWLRQV



³LWLVWKDWZD\WKDWZHOHDUQW(QJOLVK>«@DOOWKHWLPHLVJUDPPDWLFDOWKH JUDPPDWLFDOZD\GRQ¶WIRUJHWWKH±VGRQ¶WIRUJHWWKHSOXUDOEHFDUHIXOZKHQ \RXDUHVSHDNLQJQRWRQO\FRPPXQLFDWHFRPPXQLFDWHLWGRHVQ¶WPDWWHUWKH PLVWDNHVQREHFDUHIXOEHFDUHIXOEHFDUHIXOEHFDUHIXOEHFDUHIXOVR«LW¶V EHFDUHIXODQGP\SUREOHPLVWKDW,DPVSHDNLQJ,DPWKLQNLQJ\HVWKHSDVW ###´7)*

7KHLUH[SHULHQFHDVOHDUQHUVVHHPVWKXVWREHDUPRUHRUOHVVFRQVFLRXV O\DQLQÀXHQFHRQWKHLUSHGDJRJLFEHOLHIVDQGSUDFWLFHVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH IUDPHZRUNV WKH\ KDYH EHHQ H[SRVHG WR LQ SUH DQGRU LQVHUYLFH WHDFKHU WUDLQLQJ,QGHHG -HQNLQV KDV QRWLFHGWKDW³ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVDV D SURIHV VLRQWHQGWRKROGWKHVDPHNLQGVRISUHVFULSWLYHYLHZVRIFRUUHFWQHVVDQG DFFHSWDELOLW\DVWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ7KDWLVWKHLUYLHZRIµFRUUHFW¶DQG µDFFHSWDEOH¶(QJOLVKLVDFTXLUHGGXULQJWKHLURZQVFKRROGD\VDQGWKDWZDV IXUWKHUHQGRUVHGLQWKHLUSUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUWUDLQLQJ´-HQNLQV FIDOVR-HQNLQV*UDX>@ ,QDGGLWLRQLQSRSXODU *URRP   DQG VFKRODUO\ SHUFHSWLRQV ³>F@RUUHFWQHVV SUHVWLJH DQG DX WKHQWLFLW\DUHVWLOOOLQNHGWR16(QJOLVK´DQG³116(QJOLVKLVVWLOOVWLJPD WL]HG DV µLQWHUODQJXDJH¶ µEURNHQ (QJOLVK¶ µLQWHUPHGLDWH (QJOLVK¶ DQG VR RQ´-HQNLQV  ,WLVWKXVKDUGO\VXUSULVLQJWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVLQP\VWXG\DOWKRXJK DFNQRZOHGJLQJWKHLPSRUWDQFHRILQFOXGLQJLQ(/7GLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVDQG RIHPSKDVL]LQJFRPPXQLFDWLYHSUDFWLFHVWRHTXLSWKHLUOHDUQHUVIRUWKH(Q JOLVKHV WKH\ZLOOPHHWLQIXWXUH UHDOFRQWH[WRIXVHH[SUHVVWKHLUSURIHV VLRQDOFRQFHUQVLQWHUPVRIµEHLQJWRUQ¶EHWZHHQVWDQGDUGFRUUHFWQHVVDQG HIIHFWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

Conclusions 7RVXPXSWKHVH()/SULPDU\WHDFKHUVDSSHDUWREHZHOODZDUHRIWKH OLQJXDIUDQFDUROHWKDW(QJOLVKLQFUHDVLQJO\SOD\VQRWOHDVWLQWKHLUSXSLOV¶ OLYHV$OWKRXJK WKHLU H[SHULHQFHV LQ IRUPDO HGXFDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV LQ WKHLU WHDFKHUWUDLQLQJKDYHPRVWO\EHHQFRQQHFWHGWR%ULWLVK(QJOLVKWKH\XVH WKHODQJXDJHWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKERWKQDWLYHDQGQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUV 0\¿QGLQJVVXJJHVWWKDWWKH\DUHRQWKHZKROHIDYRUDEOHWRWKHLQFOXVLRQ RI(QJOLVKesLQFODVVURRPSUDFWLFHVDQGWKDWWKH\GRVRZKHQHYHUWKHRFFD VLRQDULVHVDOVRGUDZLQJRQWKHLUSXSLOV¶¿UVWKDQGH[SHULHQFHVWDNLQJLQWR DFFRXQW WKHLU IUHTXHQW HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK (QJOLVK QRW OHDVW LQ PRWLYDWLRQDO WHUPV



&KDSWHU6L[

7KHVH WHDFKHUV SRVLWLYHO\ YDOXH LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\RULHQWHG RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ WHUPV RI ODQJXDJH XVH LQWHUFXOWXUDO HQFRXQWHUV DQG DV µZLQGRZV RQ WKH ZRUOG¶ DQG WKH\ EHOLHYH WKDW ³IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJHV DUH QRW RQO\ D VXEV MHFW VRPHWKLQJ \RX GR DW VFKRRO ZLWKRXW DQ\ FRQWDFW ZLWK UHDO OLIH EXW LW¶VVRPHWKLQJUHDO´DWRRO³WRFRQWDFWRWKHUSHRSOHWRPHHWWKHPWRJHW WRNQRZWKHPWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLUZD\RIOLIHDQGWKHLUZD\RIEHLQJ³7 LQWHUYLHZ 6HYHUDOWHDFKHUVVWUHVVWKDWSDUWLFXODUO\DWWKHSULPDU\OHYHOWKH IRFXVRISHGDJRJLFSUDFWLFHVVKRXOGEHRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFRPPXQLFD WLRQVNLOOVUDWKHUWKDQJUDPPDWLFDODFFXUDF\7RWKLVSHGDJRJLFDOREMHFWLYH ³JUDPPDULVJRRGEXWLI\RXGRQ¶WJLYHWKHPWKHDWWLWXGHRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ LW¶V GLI¿FXOW WKHQ WKDW WKH\ SHUFHLYH OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK OLNH D OLIH VNLOO DQG QRWOLNHDVFKRROVXEMHFW´7LQWHUYLHZ WRWKLVDLPH[SRVXUHWRGLIIHUHQW YDULHWLHVDQGFRQWH[WVRIXVHLVSDUDPRXQW +RZHYHU PRVW WHDFKHUV DOVR H[SUHVV WKHLU FRQFHUQV DERXW WKH DFFHSW DELOLW\ RI ZKDW WKH\ ODUJHO\ GH¿QH DV µPLVWDNHV DQG µGHYLDQW¶ ODQJXDJH IRUPV$VZHKDYHVHHQWKLVPD\EHDVFULEDEOHWRDFRPSOH[VHWRIIDFWRUV QRWOHDVWWRWKHIDFWWKDWLQ(/7WKHQRWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHFRPSHWHQFH KDVEHHQRIWHQLQWHUSUHWHGDVDGKHUHQFHWRWKHVHWRIQRUPVRIQDWLYHVSHDN HUVVSHHFKFRPPXQLWLHVZKHUH³(QJOLVKLVµ¿[HG¶DVDVHWRIQRUPVZKHUH WKHJUDPPDURIDVWDQGDUGYDULHW\LVUHJDUGHGDVWKHSULPDU\SUHUHTXLVLWH IRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGLQWHOOLJLELOLW\LVVHHQDVQRUPGHSHQGHQW´'HZH\ DQG /HXQJ    6LJQL¿FDQWO\ VHYHUDO WHDFKHUV UHPDUNHG GXULQJ WKH LQWHUYLHZVDQGWKH)*WKDWWKLVZDVWKH¿UVWWLPHWKH\KDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\ WRUHÀHFWRQWKHVHLVVXHVSRLQWLQJRQFHPRUHWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISUHDQG LQVHUYLFHWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ 7KHGLFKRWRPRXVVWDQFHVGLVFXVVHGDERYHVHHPWRVXJJHVWWKDWWHDFKHUV¶ EHOLHIVDQGSUDFWLFHV PD\EHRQWKHFKDQJHDQGWKDWDWWHQWLRQWRH[SHUL HQFHVRIUHDOODQJXDJHXVHPD\SURYLGHDVLJQL¿FDQWSRVLWLYHGULYLQJIRUFH 7KHJOREDOVSUHDGRI(QJOLVKDQGDERYHDOOLWVLQFUHDVLQJXVHDVDOLQJXD IUDQFDZRXOGFDOOIRUD&ERXQGUDWKHUWKDQDQ1ERXQGSHUVSHFWLYHZKHUH FRPPXQLFDWLYHVNLOOVLQOLQJXDFXOWXUDOWHUPVDUHIRVWHUHGDQGYDOXHGRQD SDU ZLWK RU DERYH 1ERXQG RULHQWDWLRQV 6LIDNLV   ,QGHHG YDOXLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLYHRULHQWHG WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFHV FRXOG IRVWHU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI OHDUQHU¶V YRLFHV DQG DXWKHQWLFDWHG ODQJXDJH XVH HQFRXUDJLQJ ³H[SHUL HQFHDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRJXHVVLQVWHDGRIDOZD\VSLFNLQJRQµZKDWLVULJKW´ 7)* 7KLVFRXOGDOVROHDGWRZDUGVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI³DFDSDELOLW\ IRUHIIHFWLYHXVHZKLFKLQYROYHVWKHSURFHVVRIH[SORLWLQJZKDWHYHUOLQJXLV WLFUHVRXUFHVDUHDYDLODEOHQRPDWWHUKRZIRUPDOO\µGHIHFWLYH¶´6HLGOKRIHU FIDOVR:LGGRZVRQ 7RFRQFOXGHZLWKWKHZRUGVRI DWHDFKHU

3ULPDU\6FKRRO7HDFKHUV¶3HUFHSWLRQV



³,WKLQNWKDWYHU\RIWHQZLWK(QJOLVKDVZLWKDORWRIRWKHUVXEMHFWVWKDW LWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWKDW##\RXDUHEUDYH\RXGDUHVD\VRPHWKLQJDQGLW¶V DYHU\KDUGZRUNIRUDQ(QJOLVKWHDFKHUEXWOHWWKHFKLOGVSHDNJLYHWKHP VRPHTXHVWLRQVKHDUZKDWWKH\VD\JLYHWKHPWLPHWRPDNHTXHVWLRQVDQG KHDUWKHLUYRLFHV>«@LI\RXKDYHWKDWFRQ¿GHQFHEXLOGLQJWKDWFRQ¿GHQFH \RXFDQHDVLO\EHJLQWRFRPPXQLFDWHEXWLW¶VWKH¿UVWWKLQJZKLFKLVYHU\ YHU\KDUGDQGLPSRUWDQW´7)*

Bibliography $PEURVR6DQG/RSULRUH/³/¶LQVHJQDPHQWRGHOO¶LQJOHVHDJOL$O OLHYL QRQ ,WDORIRQL´ ,Q Educare i bambini alla lingua inglese HG 0 6DQWLSROR/HFFH3HQVD0XOWLPHGLD $OVDJRII/6/0F.D\*+XDQG:$5HQDG\DHGV Principles and practices for teaching English as an International Language, /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH &RJR$DQG0'HZH\Analysing English as a Lingua Franca/RQ GRQ1HZ(YHU\WKLQJ\RXZURWHZDVYHU\ZHOOZULWWHQ7KHRQO\WZRWKLQJV,¶GOLNHWR VD\DUHZKHQ\RXZULWH“ma adesso sono molto dedita”LWZRXOGEHEHWWHU WR XVH D GLIIHUHQW H[SUHVVLRQ LQ ,WDOLDQ LQVWHDG RI dedita. 6R \RX VKRXOG ZULWH“ma adesso sono molto presa”RUHOVH“adesso sono un’appassionata”. 7KHQZKHQ\RXZULWH “non stiamo nello stesso esterno” GR\RXPHDQ ZKHQ\RXOLYHLQGLIIHUHQWVWDWHV"@

,Q WKLV FDVH ZH FDQ VHH WKDW WKH ,WDOLDQ VWXGHQW¶V IHHGEDFN UHIHUV WR D OH[LFRJUDPPDUH[SUHVVLRQWKDWVKHFRQVLGHUVLQDSSURSULDWHLQ,WDOLDQ“ma adesso sono molto dedita”6KHIRFXVHVWKHLQWHUORFXWRU¶VDWWHQWLRQRQWKH XVHRIWKHZRUGdeditaZKLFKLVLPSOLFLWO\SHUFHLYHGDVDZURQJFROORFDWH HYHQWKRXJKVKHGRHVQRWSURYLGHKHU$PHULFDQSDUWQHUZLWKDPHWDOLQJXLV WLF H[SODQDWLRQ ,Q IDFW VKH VXJJHVWV WZR DOWHUQDWLYH OH[LFDO SKUDVHV WKDW ZRXOGVRXQGPRUHQDWXUDOLQWKLVSDUWLFXODUFRQWH[WERWKLQWHUPVRIODQ JXDJHUHJLVWHUDQGLQWHUPVRIZRUGFROORFDWLRQV Extract 2 When you say “your relation with the church is confused” i am not sure what you mean? maybe you are not sure about your religious beliefs. I think i understand though. The word you used “Fecundated” is not correct. I believe what you meant to write was “Fertilized” This is what we call when the sperm from the man meets the egg from the woman. (hahah awkward i know but this is what we say) Instead of saying “the medicine world” in english we change the word medicine to the adjective “medical” so it is correctly written “The Medical World” Other than these small corrections, your english is PERFETTO!!! =-)

,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKH$PHULFDQVWXGHQWLVDOVRSURYLGLQJKLV,WDOLDQSDUWQHU ZLWKDGYLFHWKDWLVHVVHQWLDOO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKODQJXDJHUHJLVWHUVVHPDQWLFV OH[LVDQGFROORFDWLRQV(YHQLIKLVIHHGEDFNLVDSSDUHQWO\IRFXVHGRQIRUP UDWKHUWKDQFRQWHQWíFRQVLGHUIRUH[DPSOHWKHZD\KHFODVVL¿HVWKHZRUG FecundatedDVLQFRUUHFWRUKLVXVHRIPHWDODQJXDJHadjective WRH[SODLQ WKHXVHRIWKHZRUGmedicalí we FRXOGVD\WKDWWKHQHZZRUGLQJRIWKHWH[W WKDWKHSURSRVHGLVHVVHQWLDOO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHQHJRWLDWLRQRIPHDQLQJLQD JLYHQFRPPXQLFDWLYHFRQWH[W 7KHYHUEfecundate DVFLHQWL¿FWHUPWKDWLVPDLQO\XVHGLQIRUPDODQG DFDGHPLFGLVFRXUVHZDVUHSODFHGE\WKHYHUEfertilizeZKLFKLVPRUHFRP

(/)DQGWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI,&&



PRQO\XVHGLQLQIRUPDOVSHHFK7KHUHIRUHZHFDQFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHGLIIHU HQWZRUGVHOHFWLRQZDVSUREDEO\GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHODQJXDJHUHJLVWHUDQG WH[W W\SRORJ\ ,QFLGHQWDOO\ ZH VKRXOG DOVR FRQVLGHU WKDW ZKLOH LQ ,WDOLDQ WKHFRJQDWHYHUEfecondare (meaning to impregnate LVXVHGERWKLQIRUPDO DQGLQIRUPDOGLVFRXUVHWKHH[WHQVLRQRIWKHFRJQDWH,WDOLDQYHUEfertilizzare GRHVQRWLQFOXGHWKLVPHDQLQJ $V IRU WKH SUHPRGL¿HU medicine LQ WKH QRXQ SKUDVH medicine world WKH$PHULFDQVWXGHQWUHSODFHGLWZLWKWKHSUHPRGL¿HUmedical%RWKQRXQ SKUDVHV medicine world and medical world DUH IRUPDOO\ FRUUHFW WKRXJK WKHLUPHDQLQJLVGLIIHUHQW7KHIRUPHUUHIHUVWRZKDWHYHULVFRQFHUQHGZLWK SKDUPDFRORJ\WKHODWWHULQVWHDGWRZKDWHYHULVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHFXUHRI GLVHDVHVDQGKHDOWKFDUH7KHUHIRUHWKHDSSURSULDWHFROORFDWHLQWKLVSDUWLFX lar context is medicalUDWKHUWKDQmedicine $QH[WHQGHGDQDO\VLVRITXDQWLWDWLYHDQGTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDRISHHUIHHG EDFNJRHVEH\RQGWKHSXUSRVHDQGVFRSHRIWKLVSDSHU+RZHYHU0DUDQ]DQD DQG,REVHUYHGWKDWWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIHSDUWQHULQJZDVODUJHO\ZHOFRPHG E\PRVWSDUWLFLSDQWV7KLVLVLQOLQHZLWK:DUHDQG2¶'RZG¶V  FRQFOXVLRQVDERXWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISHHUIHHGEDFNLQ1%/7 ,ZRXOGQRZOLNHWRJREDFNWRWKHPDLQJRDORIWKLVUHVHDUFKZKLFKDV, KDYHDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGDERYHFRQVLVWVLQLQWHJUDWLQJWHOHFROODERUDWLRQLQWR WKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHV\OODEXV7KHUHIRUH,ZLOOQRZSURYLGHDGHVFULSWLRQ RIWKHSUDFWLFDOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKLVLQWHUFXOWXUDOSURMHFW

The implementation of the Italian-American intercultural telecollaboration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³LVDQRXWJURZWKRI³SHUHQ QLDOFRQFHUQVZLWKLQFRPPXQLFDWLYHODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJIRUDXWKHQWLFLW\RI OHDUQLQJWDVNVDQGPDWHULDOVYDULHW\RIGLVFRXUVHRSWLRQVWKHVLJQL¿FDQFH RIOHDUQHUV¶HSLVWHPLFUROHVLQWKHFODVVURRP«DQGWKHUROHRIWKHFODVV URRPLQIRVWHULQJODQJXDJHDZDUHQHVV«DQGOHDUQHUDXWRQRP\´



&KDSWHU(LJKW

%HO]¶VZRUGVVXJJHVWWKHLGHDWKDWWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI1%/7FDQWXUQ WKH/FODVVURRPLQWRDPRGHUQDJRUDZKHUHDFRPPXQLW\RILQWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWVnetizens10H[SORLWWKHUHVRXUFHVSURYLGHGE\WKHGLJLWDOWHFKQRORJ\ NQRZQDV:HEWRVRFLDOLVHFRPPXQLFDWHDQGOHDUQFRRSHUDWLYHO\LQD PXOWLOLQJXDO DQG PXOWLFXOWXUDO HGXFDWLRQDO VHWWLQJ$ VLPLODU FRQFHSW ZDV DUWLFXODWHGE\.HUQet al. ZKRDWWHVWWKDW ³$VGLJLWDOPHGLDEHFRPHPRUHUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHWRZLGHDXGLHQFHVRIXV HUV WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV DUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ DEOH WR GHYHORS QRYHO ZD\V RI LQWHJUDWLQJPXOWLSOHPRGHVRIOHDUQLQJLQWRWKHODQJXDJHFODVVURRP,QVRPH FDVHV VXFK LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLOO FHUWDLQO\ WDNH WKH IRUP RI PRUH FRQYHQWLRQDO DSSURDFKHVEXWZHDOVRDQWLFLSDWHLQQRYDWLRQLQ1%/7GULYHQE\QHZHU WHFKQRORJLHVVXFKDVSRGFDVWLQJDQGZLNLV´

7KHUDWLRQDOHEHKLQGWKHWHDFKLQJH[SHULHQFHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHULV LQOLQHZLWKWKHVHYLHZV0DUDQ]DQDDQG,FRQFHLYHRIWKH:HEDVDQDUWLIDFW WKDWSURYLGHVDK\SHUPHGLDEDVHGFRQVWUXFWLYLVWOHDUQLQJFRQWH[WZKHUHE\ the remediation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held in Rome (Liceo Classico Statale “Ennio Quirino Visconti” DQG7XFVRQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD UHVSHFWLYHO\:HGHVFULEHGWKHPLVVLRQDQGSXUSRVH RIRXUVWXG\DQGLQIRUPHGWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVDERXWWKHLUDVVLJQPHQWV:HJDYH WKHPLQVWUXFWLRQVRQKRZWRDFFRPSOLVKWKHLUWDVNVE\XVLQJWKHGLJLWDOUH VRXUFHVZHKDGVHWXSDGHGLFDWHGZHEVLWH and a wiki7KHVHZHUHLQWHU FRQQHFWHGDQGDFFHVVLEOHRQO\WRRXUVWXGHQWVDQGWKHSURMHFWFRRUGLQDWRUV 7KHZHEVLWHFRQWDLQHGVHYHUDOSDJHVZKHUHSDUWLFLSDQWVFRXOG¿QG D 7KH RYHUDOO GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH SURMHFW DQG VKRUW ELRGDWD RI LWV WKUHHFRRUGLQDWRUV E $SRZHUSRLQWSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHSURMHFWDQGDSRZHUSRLQWPDQX DOZLWKJXLGHOLQHVRQKRZWRFDUU\RXWWKHLUDVVLJQPHQWV F $OLVWRIUHOHYDQWFXOWXUDOWRSLFVWRFKRRVHIURPZLWKVKRUWEDFN JURXQGQRWHVDQGOLQNVWRZHEVLWHVWKDWFRXOGSURYLGHSDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWKDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLYHPDWHULDOV G $GLUHFWFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHZLNLWKDWSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHVXSSRVHGWR

(/)DQGWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI,&&



XVHLQRUGHUWRFDUU\RXWWKHLUFRPPXQLFDWLYHWDVNV H $ OLVW RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV DQG WHDPV (DFK WHDP ZDV FRPSRVHG RIRQH,WDOLDQDQGRQH$PHULFDQVWXGHQWZKRP0DUDQ]DQDKDG SDLUHGXSUDQGRPO\ +HUHLVWKHOLVWRIWRSLFVWKDWSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHIUHHWRFKRRVHIURPLQ RUGHUWRFDUU\RXWWKHLURQOLQHGLVFXVVLRQV  )LUVWRI$OO7DON$ERXW