Medical Terminology Complete! 9780134701226, 0134701224

Table of contents :
Cover
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Welcome!
Discover What Makes This Book Unique
MyLab Medical Terminology
Comprehensive Instructional Package
Preface
About the Author and Illustrators
Acknowledgments
Our Development Team
A Commitment to Accuracy
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction
Learning Objectives
The Programmed Learning Approach
Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms
The Word Parts
Forming Words From Word Parts
Chapter Review
Chapter 2 Understanding Suffixes
Learning Objectives
Getting Started with Suffixes
Suffix Introduction
Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State
Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease
Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality
Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty
Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment
Chapter Review
Chapter 3 Understanding Prefixes
Learning Objectives
Getting started with Prefixes
Prefix Introduction
Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity
Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing
Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term
Chapter Review
Chapter 4 The Human Body in Health and Disease
Learning Objectives
Organization of the Body
Anatomy and Physiology Introduction
Medical Terms Introduction
Understanding Medical Reports
Chapter Review
Chapter 5 The Integumentary System
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms of the Integumentary System
Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System
Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System
Abbreviations of the Integumentary System
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 6 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Abbreviations of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 7 Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
Signs and Symptoms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
Diseases and Disorders of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
Abbreviations of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 8 The Cardiovascular System
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms of the Cardiovascular System
Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System
Abbreviations of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 9 The Respiratory System
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms of the Respiratory System
Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System
Abbreviations of the Respiratory System
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 10 The Digestive System
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms of the Digestive System
Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System
Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System
Abbreviations of the Digestive System
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 11 The Urinary System
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms for the Urinary System
Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Abbreviations of the Urinary System
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 12 Reproductive System and Obstetrics
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms for the Reproductive System and Obstetrics
Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System
Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System
Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System
Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System
Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics
Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Abbreviations of the Reproductive System and Obstetrics
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 13 The Nervous System and Mental Health
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms for the Nervous System and Mental Health
Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System
Mental Health Diseases and Disorders
Abbreviations of the Nervous System and Mental Health
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 14 The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms for the Special Senses of Sight and Hearing
Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight
Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight
Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing
Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing
Abbreviations of the Eyes and Ears
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Chapter 15 The Endocrine System
Learning Objectives
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
Medical Terms for the Endocrine System
Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System
Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System
Abbreviations of the Endocrine System
Chapter Review
Medical Report Exercises
Appendix A: Word Parts Glossary
Appendix B: Abbreviations
Appendix C: Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals
Glossary-Index
Appendix D: Pharmacology Terms*
Appendix E: Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews*

Citation preview

Brief Contents Chapter 1 

  Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction  1

Chapter 2 

  Understanding Suffixes  19

Chapter 3 

  Understanding Prefixes  39

Chapter 4 

  The Human Body in Health and Disease  57

Chapter 5 

  The Integumentary System  79

Chapter 6 

  The Skeletal and Muscular Systems  110

Chapter 7 

  Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  153

Chapter 8 

  The Cardiovascular System  192

Chapter 9 

  The Respiratory System  234

Chapter 10 

  The Digestive System  279

Chapter 11 

  The Urinary System  326

Chapter 12 

  Reproductive System and Obstetrics  364

Chapter 13 

  The Nervous System and Mental Health  428

Chapter 14 

  The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing  470

Chapter 15 

  The Endocrine System  503

Appendix A: Word Parts Glossary  A-1 Appendix B: Abbreviations  A-7 Appendix C: Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals  A-13 Glossary-Index  I-1 Appendix D: Pharmacology Terms* Appendix E: Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews*

*Appendix D and Appendix E can be found online at www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources

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DEDICATION For Mala, who has shown so many thousands of students how learning can be made fun . . . including me. Credits and acknowledgments for content borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Notice: The author and the publisher of this book have taken care to make certain that the information given is correct and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. Nevertheless, as new information becomes available, changes in treatment and in the use of equipment and procedures become necessary. The reader is advised to carefully consult the instruction and information material included in each piece of equipment or device before administration. Students are warned that the use of any techniques must be authorized by their medical advisor, where appropriate, in accordance with local laws and regulations. The publisher disclaims any liability, loss, injury, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wingerd, Bruce D., author.   Medical terminology complete! / Bruce Wingerd. — Fourth edition.    p. ; cm.   Includes index.   ISBN 978-0-13-470122-6   ISBN 0-13-470122-4   I. Title.   [DNLM: 1. Medicine—Programmed Instruction. 2. Terminology as Topic—Programmed Instruction.  W 18.2]  R123  610.1’4—dc23           2014042089 1 18

ISBN 10: 0-13-470122-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-470122-6

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Welcome! Welcome to Medical Terminology Complete! You have chosen an exciting time to begin a career as a healthcare professional. The healthcare industry is a dynamic field that is filled with opportunities for those who care about helping other people. Although many aspects of health care remain relatively constant, research breakthroughs occur each year to keep us moving forward in the war against human suffering. And you can be a part of this exciting process! This book is designed to help you through the process of building a medical vocabulary. It teaches you the language by using a method known as programmed learning. With this approach, you read through the information at your own pace, one small box (or frame) at a time. Within most frames are blanks, which you fill in as you read. The answers to the blanks are provided in the left column, making it easy and quick to check your answer to make sure you are on the right track. To maximize your learning experience, it is best to cover the answers in the left column until you have filled in the blanks on your own. Challenge yourself! By filling in the blanks as you read, you become an active learner, which improves your chance of successfully mastering medical terminology. You’ll have the opportunity to learn thousands of medical terms, and our simple goal is to provide you with the tools and confidence to help you master this brand new vocabulary. You may be wondering about the title of this book: Medical Terminology Complete! Let us explain the two goals we had in mind as we developed this text. 1. To place a complete resource at your fingertips. With its interactive format and its wealth of clear definitions, vivid images, practical examples, and challenging exercises, it’s all that you need to become proficient in speaking and understanding the language of medicine. 2. To allow you to complete the exercises on every page. This book features a programmed method that prompts you, the reader, to fill in the content as you read. This approach keeps your pen or pencil on every page, so you stay engaged and retain more. Now please turn the page to get a glimpse of what makes this book an ideal guide to your exploration of medical terminology.

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Discover What Makes This Book Unique This section provides you with a snapshot of what makes this book special. Consider this your user’s manual to the book and all the accompanying resources that are available to you. 372

Chapter 12

Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Here are the word parts that specifically apply to the diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

anhyper-

without, absence of excessive, abnormally high, above alongside, abnormal

andr/o balan/o crypt/o epididym/o hydr/o orchi/o, orchid/o prostat/o varic/o

male glans penis hidden epididymis water testis prostate gland dilated vein

-cele

hernia, swelling, or protrusion condition or disease inflammation disease formation, growth

para-

KEY TERMS A–Z andropathy an DROPP ah thee

anorchism an OR kizm an/orch/ism

balanitis bal ah NYE tiss

benign prostatic hyperplasia bee NINE * pross TAT ik * HIGH per PLAY zee ah

-itis -pathy -plasia

Prefixes, combining forms, and suffixes are each designated by a unique color—making it easier for you to visually recognize the distinctions between each word part, thereby aiding in your ­mastery of word building.

12.17 A combining form that means “male” and the suffix meaning “disease” may be combined to form a general term for a disease afflicting only males, ____________________. This constructed term includes three word parts, which can be represented as andr/o/pathy. 12.18 A word root that means “testis” is orchi or orchid. When the prefix meaning “without, absence of” is added along with the suffix -ism, the constructed term ____________________ is created. It means “condition of without testis” and refers to the absence of one or both testes. The constructed form of the term is written ____/__________/____. The term anorchidism may also be used with the same meaning. 12.19 Inflammation of the glans penis is a disorder called ____________________. It is a constructed term with two word parts, as you can see in balan/itis. 12.20 Among many men older than age 50, the prostate gland enlarges to constrict the urethra passing through it. Known as benign prostatic hyperplasia, symptoms include nocturia (nighttime urination) and a frequent need to void (■ Figure 12.4). It is not a form of cancer and does not spread to other tissues, but its symptoms are uncomfortable. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is also called benign prostatic hypertrophy; both are abbreviated BPH.

Key Terms A–Z M12_WING1226_04_SE_C12.indd 372

The most important terms are listed in ­alphabetical order, helping you to easily ­review those important terms before an exam.

iv

-ism

Color-Coded Word Parts

Programmed Instruction

28/09/2017 05:28

This format allows you to learn actively but at your own pace, filling in blanks as you read. Answers appear in the left column, making it easy and quick to check your answer to make sure you are on the right track. Programmed instruction works best when you cover the answers in the left column until you fill in the blanks. If you remember to do this, it will keep your studies challenging, and your learning experience will benefit.

myocardial infarction my oh KAR dee al * in FARK shun

blood flow (■ Figure 8.6). The term myocardial is constructed from the wall of the colon (■■Figure 10.9). The presence of diverticula is word parts, as shown when it is written as my/o/cardi/al, which often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort and is called means “pertaining to heart muscle.” If the ________________________________________. This constructed term is diverticul/osis. If diverticulosis ____________________ affects a large or functionally critical part of the pouches become inflamed, it produces a more painful condition DYE ver tik yoo LOH siss the heart, arrhythmia (Frame 8.10), cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30), or both may follow. The common name for an MI is a heart attack.known as diverticulitis (DYE ver tik yoo LYE tiss), which increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34). The constructed According to the American Heart Association, approximately 790,000 individuals experiencediverticul/itis heart attacks in the United Statesform of this term is ____________/_____. toeach lifeyear, withroughly vibrant, clear, consistent, and scientifically precise images. 25% of which are fatal.

Medically Accurate Illustrations Concepts come

■■Figure 10.9 Area of infarct

(a)

Diverticulosis. The presence of abnormal pouches in the wall of the large intestine (diverticula). If the pouches become inflamed to produce diverticulitis, the risk of developing colorectal cancer (b) is elevated.

Diverticula within wall of colon

■ Figure 8.6 Myocardial infarction. (a) A heart with a myocardial infarction of the ventricle wall, in which cardiac cells have died and surrounding tissues have become damaged. The right image is a section through the heart. (b) Photograph of a human heart (postmortem) to reveal the the dead cardiac tissue (necrosis), which perished due to a sudden loss of blood flow. Photo Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo.

Image Labeling Frames

These frames provide you withofopportunities actively with the illustrations, 8.50 Inflammation the myocardium ofto the heart is anengage acute M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 293 condition ____________________. The They constructed form of myocarditis helping to reinforce yourcalled knowledge of anatomy. are included in the Chapter term is my/o/card/itis. Often caused byare bacterial infection, itedition. is a my oh kar DYE tisssection atthis R ­ eview the ends of Chapters 5–15 and new to this labels in ■ Figure 9.22 by writing labels in the spaces provided. formthe of cardiomyopathy (Frame 8.33).

e Labels

k

em.

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Nasal cavity

1. Hard Soft palate

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12/10/2017 10:14

2. Pharynx 3. Larynx Esophagus

Tongue

Mandible Hyoid bone 4. ________________ cartilage

5.

Trachea Larynx

6.

(a) 7. Right _____________ Left main bronchus

Heart (in mediastinum)

8. Right Left lung

Diaphragm

(b)

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

v

519

The Endocrine System

15.24 Another use of the suffix -emia is in the term hyperglycemia,

which literally means “condition of blood excessive sugar.” The constructed form of this term is hyper/glyc/emia. The chronic form of the disease often indicates the body may not be producing enough insulin or insulin receptor sites are resistant, resulting in the buildup of glucose in the blood as a characteristic of diabetes mellitus (Frame Word Building, Step by Step 15.20). In the opposite condition, ____________________, blood sugar hypoglycemia At-a-glance tables provide a preview of the word parts and definitions you’ll learn in each framed section that follows. levels fall to abnormally low levels. It is caused by excessive insulin HIGH poh glye SEE mee ah Then, in the frame for each constructed term, word part reminders show how the individual word part meanings combine administration excessive production by how the pancreas and isterm oftenis broken to form the constructed term. Word part breakdowns or show, by using slash marks, the constructed accompanied by headache, malaise (weakness), tremors, hunger, and down. Word parts are colored here, too, for further word building reinforcement. anxiety. If left untreated, it can lead to coma and death.

hypoparathyroidism HIGH poh pair ah THIGH royd izm hypo/para/thyroid/ism

Did You Know? 400 Chapter 12

15.25 The excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands is a disorder known as hyperparathyroidism. This lengthy term contains four word parts: hyper/para/thyroid/ism. Usually caused by a tumor, it results in excessive calcium levels in the blood, or hypercalcemia (Frame 15.23). In the opposite condition called ____________________, PTH levels are reduced and the condition of hypocalcemia (Frame 15.23) occurs. The constructed form of this term is ___/_____/_________/_____. Reproductive System and Obstetrics

para-

389

IN SITU

Note that the prefix para- doesn’t always appear at the beginning of a term. In the term hypoparathyroid, These special frames reveal fascinating The term in situ (pronounced in * SIGH tyoo) is a Latin phrase that literally means “in site.” Its it appears inof the middle of theDid term.You But don’tuse letinthat confuse you: isconfinement still a prefix still means WORDS TO modern medicine refersitto to a and site ofitorigin. Carcinoma in situ describes facts about the Latin or Greek origins 12.93 The surgical procedure that may be used to acorrect the tumor that is confined to its organ of origin, rather than a metastatic tumor in a secondary “alongside or abnormal.” Watch Out For a medical term and provide interesting, position of prolapsed uterus (FrameKNOW 12.79) by strengthening its a tumor that originates and remains in the cervix is in situ, while a tumor site. For example, that originates from the cervix but sheds cells to other organs such as the lungs or stomach connections to the abdominal wall is called ____________________. hysteropexy relevant facts and figures. is metastatic (or malignant). HISS ter oh PEK see

The constructed form of this term is hyster/o/pexy and means “surgical fixation15.26 of the uterus.” Excessive activity of the thyroid

gland produces abnormally 12.62in A malignant tumor of____________________, the cervix is known as ____________________ high levels of thyroid hormone the disease hyperthyroidism ____________________ (■ Figure 12.15). The most common form is a cervical cancer which accelerates metabolism. The constructed form ofthethis termcells is lining the HIGH per THIGH royd izm Words tofrom Watch Out For! SER vih kal * KANN ser squamous cell carcinoma, arising epithelial -pexy or -plasty? hyper/thyroid/ism. Symptoms include (Frame 15.9), These frames provide tips about opening into theexophthalmos uterus. It isspecial called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia The meanings of these two suffixes both relate to surgery—but they are very different forms of (SER vih kal * in trah ep ih THEE lee al * nee oh PLAY zee ah), or CIN. A surgery. Remember that -pexy means “surgical fixation, suspension,” and -plasty means “surgical commonly misspelled or error-prone WORDS TO goiter (Frame 15.10), rapid heart rate, and weight loss. One form of repair.” One way to remember the meaning of -pexy is that it uses an x, as does thesmaller word fixation Watch Out For percentage, about and 20%,word are adenocarcinomas, terms parts. to be arising from in its definition. Similarly, a way tochronic remember thehyperthyroidism, meaning of -plasty is that it uses a p, as does the called Graves’ disease, is believed the underlying glandular tissue. According to the National Cancer word repair in its definition. Institute, in 2016 an estimated women were diagnosed and an autoimmune disease. Another form, known as12,990 thyrotoxicosis 4,120 deaths were reported. Because human papillomavirus (HPV; (THIGH roh toks ih KOH siss), is an acute event that is triggered by Frame 12.136) has been found to be the The primary cause of CIN,287it Digestive System 12.94 A noninvasive diagnostic uses a is modified infection ortechnique traumathat and can become life-threatening. hoped that the vaccines against HPV, Gardasil and Cervarix, will

a hysteroscope (HISS ter ohSymptoms skope), toreduce evaluate the Practice Exercises endoscope, called PRACTICE: Signs and ofthethe Digestive System incidences of cervical cancer in the future.

uterine cavity is called ____________________. It contains three word hysteroscopy These are exercises that follow parts, as you can in hyster/o/scopy. To evaluate the external HISS ter OSS koh pee Thesee Right Match each chapter subsection and appearance ofMatch the and on other the pelvicdefinition cavity, aon the right. the term the organs left withof the correct hyperoruterus hypo-? provide opportunities tolaparoscope pause Schiller’s test (LAP ahr oh is inserted through a small incision flow of material in the GI tract ______ 1.skope) dysphagia a. backward demonstrating area of cells The spelling of these prefixes is very similar, but the and review with practices such in the lower abdominal wall two during a ____________________. Thedifference in meaning is great. Hyper- containing no glycogen laparoscopy ______ 2. abnormally reflux b. gas trapped in the GI“deficient, tract means “excessive, high, above”; whereas hypomeans abnormally low, WORDS TO procedure OSS kohMatch, pee as lap TheahrRight Linkup, and is shown in ■ Figure 12.23. This is also a constructed term, ______ flatusremember the difference c. is difficulty in of swallowing below.” An easy 3. way to think the long o sound of the word “low,” as lapar/o/scopy (thetoword root lapar means “abdomen”). Break Watch the Chain.Out For shown Early ______ the 4. sound halitosisof the vowel in hypo-. d. infrequent or incomplete bowel movements which matches ■ Figure 12.15

______ 5. ascites Cervical cancer (a) Top view of

the diarrhea uterus showing the presence ______ 6. of a tumor in the wall of the

______ 7. nausea cervix. (b) Three successive

stages in the development of ______ 8. constipation

cervical cancer, as seen through

Laparoscope ______ 9. jaundice exam. The a gynecological

M15_WING1226_04_SE_C15.indd 519

vi

■ Figure 12.23

Laparoscopy. A lighted endoscope specialized for insertion into the abdomen, called a laparoscope, is used

Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus

Break

inset shows a histological exam revealing the tumor and how it differs from normal tissue that the Chain borders it.

e. frequent discharge of watery fecal material

carcinoma

f. bad breath Tumor g. from the French word for yellow in wall of cervix h. a symptomatic urge to vomit

i. accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity Advanced carcinoma

(a)

(b)

9/12/17 3:28 AM Cancer in situ showing oblique line of transition

Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; word part of is the labeled for is you (p = prefix,known r = root, 12.63each Inflammation cervix a condition as Light source cf =cervicitis combining form, and s = suffix). ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written b) For the Question, write the cervic/itis. requested definition the blankform that of follows. The mostincommon cervicitis occurs when the inner SERBonus vih SIGH tiss The first set has been completed for you as an example. lining of the cervix becomes inflamed. It is called endocervicitis (EHN

Reinforcement Activities Conclude Each Chapter The Respiratory System

273

Word Building Exercises

CHAPTER REVIEW

These review opportunities provide practice in assembling word parts to The Digestive System 319 form many of the medical terms you have just learned about in the chapter.

Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example.

CHAPTER REVIEW

1. inflammation of the larynx 2. absence of oxygen

laryngitis

Word Building

_________________oxia Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.)

3. inflammation of the bronchi

The first question has been completed as an example. bronch_________________

4. respiratory failure characterized by atelectasis

1. indigestion respiratory _________________

5. physical exam that includes listening to body sounds

_________________ (do this one on your own!)

dyspepsia

2. enlargement of the liver

____________________y

3. difficulty swallowing

_______phag_______

4. inflammation of the lip

____________________itis

5. inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecyst____________________

6. condition of gallstones

chole____________________

7. inflammation of the colon

____________________itis

6. deficient oxygen levels in the blood

hyp_________________

7. difficulty breathing

_________________pnea

8. excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood

hyper_________________

9. abnormal dilation of the bronchi

bronchi _________________

10. lung inflammation due to dust inhalation

_________________coniosis 8. cancer of the colon and rectum

____________________al cancer

11. cancer arising from cells within the bronchi

bronchogenic _________________ 9. inflammation of the small intestine

enter____________________

12. an inherited disease of excessive mucus production

cystic 10. _________________ softening of the stomach wall

gastro____________________

13. inflammation of the trachea

trache_________________ 11. condition of diverticula

diverticul____________________

14. the absence of respiratory ventilation

12. tumor of the liver _________________sphyxia

____________________oma

15. x-ray image of the bronchi

13. inflammation of a salivary gland broncho_________________

____________________itis

16. surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity

14. surgical removal of hemorrhoids thora_________________

____________________ectomy

17. measurement of oxygen levels in the blood

16. endoscopic evaluation of the rectum oxi_________________

15. surgical creation of an opening into the colon

____________________ostomy proct____________________

17. endoscopic evaluation of the abdominal cavity

____________________oscopy

18. surgical repair of the tongue with sutures

gloss____________________

surgical removal of a polyp In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, 19. followed by one example of the combining

polyp____________________

Define the Combining Form

form used to build a medical term in Chapter 9.

Define the Combining Form Exercises This review gives youDefinition the opportunity

Define the Combining Form

1. practice bronch/o your new knowledge _______________________________ to in 2. laryng/o _______________________________ the definitions of combining forms 3. ox/i _______________________________ found provide 4. rhin/oin the chapter and _______________________________ an example of how a combining 5. atel/o _______________________________ form may create a term (new to this 6. pleur/o _______________________________ 7. pneum/o, pneumon/o _______________________________ edition). 8. pulmon/o

in a provided, Term write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining In Use the space form used to build a medical term in Chapter 10. _______________________________

_______________________________ Definition _______________________________ 1. gastr/o _________________________________ 2. _______________________________ cholecyst/o _________________________________ 3. _______________________________ choledoch/o _________________________________ 4. _______________________________ enter/o _________________________________ 5. _______________________________ duoden/o _________________________________ gingiv/o _________________________________ _______________________________ 6. _______________________________ 7. col/o 8. pept/o

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M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 319

_________________________________ _________________________________

21/09/2017 23:17

Use in a Term _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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320

Chapter 10

Complete the Labels

Complete the Labels

This review of basic anatomy asks you to complete the labeling of illustrations. The fully labeled illustrations are provided at the beginning of the chapter in the ­Anatomy and Physiology Terms section (new to this edition).

Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 10.24 and 10.25 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.

1.

Mouth Salivary glands

2.

8.

3. __________________

7. 4. __________________ 6. 5. __________________ __________________

■■Figure 10.24

The Endocrine System

Organs of the digestive system.

Medical Report Exercises

These scenarios combine the use of medical case ­studies and comprehension ­questions to help you develop a firmer understanding of the ­terminology in a real-world clinical context.

529

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Anita Del Rio

2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow. 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL

6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York

8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

Medical Consultation: Pediatrics

Date: 09/07/2017

Patient: Anita Del Rio

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 1/15/2004

Age: 13

Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Jonathon McClary, MD Subjective: “I’m really tired most of the day, mostly between meals, and getting behind in school. I get real thirsty a lot, and it seems like I need to use the bathroom 20 times a day! Lately, I’ve also been getting headaches a lot and 21/09/2017 M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 320 have trouble falling asleep at night.” 13 y/o female complains of malaise, polydipsia, polyuria, cephalalgia, and insomnia. Although full of pep in the clinic during her visit, her mother supports her complaints and is very concerned with her lack of energy. No medical history available. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 80; R: 22; BP: 120/75 Ht: 5¿1– Wt: 90 lb General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 80 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. HEENT: No abnormalities present. Lab: Ketone bodies elevated, mild acidosis pH 7.3; FBS 220 confirmed with GTT Assessment: Diabetes mellitus type 1 Plan: Treat as type 1 DM with regular insulin injection regimen and enroll with parent in diabetes management class. Photo Source: Scott Griessel/Fotolia.

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MyLab Medical Terminology™ What is MyLab Medical Terminology? MyLab Medical Terminology is a comprehensive online program that gives you, the student, the opportunity to test your understanding of information, concepts, and medical language to see how well you know the material from the test results. MyLab Medical ­Terminology builds a self-paced, personalized study plan unique to your needs. Remediation in the form of etext pages, illustrations, exercises, audio segments, and video clips is provided for those areas in which you may need additional instruction, review or reinforcement. You can then work through the program until your study plan is complete and you have mastered the content. MyLab Medical Terminology is available as a standalone program or with an embedded etext. MyLab Medical Terminology is organized to follow the chapters and learning outcomes in Medical Terminology Complete!, fourth edition. With MyLab Medical Terminology, you can track your own progress through your entire med term course.

How do Students Benefit? Here’s how MyLab Medical Terminology helps you. ■■ Keep up with information presented in the text and lectures. ■■ Save time by focusing study and review on just the content you need. ■■ Increase understanding of difficult concepts with study ­material for different learning styles. ■■ Remediate in areas in which you need additional review.

Key Features of MyLab Medical Terminology Pre-Tests and Post-Tests. Using questions aligned to the learning outcomes in Medical Terminology Complete!, multiple tests measure your understanding of topics. Personalized Study Material. Based on the topic pre-test results, you receive a personalized study plan, highlighting areas where you may need improvement. It includes these study tools: ■■ Links to specific pages in the etext ■■ Images for review ■■ Interactive exercises ■■ Animations and video clips ■■ Audio glossary ■■ Access to full Personalized Study Material. ix

How do Instructors Benefit? ■■ Save time by providing students with a comprehensive, media-rich study program. ■■ Track student understanding of course content in the program guidebook. ■■ Monitor student activity with viewable student assignments.

Comprehensive Instructional Package Perhaps the most gratifying part of an educator’s work is the “aha” learning ­moment when the light bulb goes on and a student truly understands a concept—when a ­connection is made. Along these lines, Pearson is pleased to help instructors foster more of these educational connections by providing a complete battery of resources to support teaching and learning. Qualified adopters are eligible to receive a wealth of materials ­designed to help instructors prepare, present, and assess. For more information, please contact your Pearson sales representative or visit www.pearsonhighered.com/educator.

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Preface Medical Terminology Complete! presents the most current and accepted language of health care in a programmed learning approach. It has helped prepare thousands of students for careers in health professions by providing a self-guided tool for learning medical terminology. The book may be used as a text to support lectures and online courses or as an independent student workbook. The flexibility of its application is made possible by the book’s text-like format combined with its self-guided learning program, selfassessment questions, and reinforcement exercises. To provide an optimum learning format, the text discussions are basic, clear, and concise. The programmed learning modules are simple and easy to follow, and the self-assessment questions and exercises provide reviews and clinical applications of the information at frequent intervals.

New to This Edition Based on extensive feedback from students and instructors, we have revised Medical Terminology Complete! so that it provides an even more valuable teaching and learning experience than previous editions. Here are the enhancements we have made: ■■ All chapters have been carefully reviewed and edited to complete a shift from a biological perspective to a more clinical perspective, thereby providing improved clinical training for students poised to enter healthcare careers. ■■ All selected terms have been carefully screened for current accuracy, with outdated terms removed and new terms added to bring the text up-to-date. ■■ Many new photographs and several new illustrations have been added to help learners more easily visualize the concepts and meanings of selected terms. ■■ Additional Chapter Review exercises at the end of chapters 5-15 have been added to give students more practice with reviewing chapter terms, including Define the Combining Form and Complete the Labels. ■■ The online support has been improved to provide easier access and enhancements to interactive learning, making this edition a valuable learning tool for online courses in medical terminology.

The Programmed Approach Each learning frame contains a clear and concise statement, usually describing a single medical term. This allows learners to focus on one term at a time. Each frame includes at least one blank space, which can be completed based on clues within the frame. The answer to the blank is provided in the left column. Students can either cover the answer column or leave it uncovered. Either way, the kinesthetic component of filling in the blank provides another level of learning that ensures retention. Each body systems chapter presents the most important terms (or “Key Terms”) in the answer column with color-coded word parts, where applicable, as well as a phonetic pronunciation. Prefixes appear in yellow; combining forms are red; and suffixes are blue.

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An added benefit of this Key Terms answer column is that the terms are presented in alphabetical order, which provides a way for students to quickly review the priority terms. Other terms that are related to the Key Terms in the answer column, but not as vital for the student to understand, are presented in the main frame section in boldface type. The self-study features enable students to learn with a minimum of instructor guidance. In addition to the programmed learning frames, other self-study features include blocks of review questions (Practice) that are placed at frequent intervals throughout each chapter. In these sections, students have the opportunity to test their understanding by answering questions in The Right Match, Linkup, and Break the Chain activities. Answers to these activities, along with those for the end-of-chapter review questions, appear in Appendix E located at www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources. The book also includes boxes intended to promote additional interest in medical terminology. They include Did You Know? boxes, which reveal fascinating facts about the Latin or Greek origins of a medical term and provide interesting and relevant facts and figures that draw a connection between a particular term and its clinical point of interest, and Words to Watch Out For! boxes, which provide tips about commonly misspelled or error-prone terms and word parts.

Chapter Format Each chapter begins with a brief list of Learning Objectives. In each chapter beginning with Chapter 5, a brief review of the structure and function of the particular body system discussed in the chapter follows the objectives. The section is titled Anatomy and Physiology Terms, and it begins with an at-a-glance table with the major combining forms and definitions for that body system. The Anatomy and Physiology section then presents a limited number of learning frames—enough to give students an opportunity to review essential anatomy and physiology, without overwhelming them or providing redundancy to students who have already taken an anatomy course as a prerequisite. The illustrations accompanying this section provide a visual review of anatomy. The primary text of each chapter consists of a brief narrative introduction discussing the pathophysiology of the body system, followed by numerous programmed learning frames and Practice exercises that are divided into three sections: ■■ Signs and Symptoms ■■ Diseases and Disorders ■■ Treatments, Procedures, and Devices An Abbreviations listing and a Practice exercise follow to conclude the teaching portion of the chapter. Finally, a Chapter Review section provides several review exercises, including Word Building and Medical Report Exercises with two medical reports and case studies. New to this edition are additional chapter review exercises, including Define the Combining Form and Complete the Labels.

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Organization of the Book The organization of this text is unique in that it provides a slow, building approach to teaching medical terminology. Students can often be overwhelmed by this new language, so here’s what we’ve done to address this and make the learning experience more comfortable for students: ■■ The text begins with three chapters devoted exclusively to word building and word parts. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to medical terminology and to the programmed learning approach. Basic definitions of terminology and word construction are first described here. Also, the importance of learning the most common Latin and Greek word parts is emphasized as a starting point. Chapter 2 provides an opportunity for students to learn the common suffixes that are in frequent use in building medical terms. Chapter 3 covers prefixes and their common uses in medical terms. We then present Chapter 4, which introduces anatomy and physiology word roots and combining forms, both of which create the foundation for the majority of medical terms. This chapter also introduces other foundational terms, such as anatomical and directional terms. This allows the student to take a slow, logical approach to learning word parts and word building. ■■ Then, the student can put that knowledge to work and learn about medical terms as they apply to each body system. The body system chapters progress from the least complex body system (integumentary) to the most complex body system (endocrine), with a sequence that parallels most courses in anatomy and physiology. This approach enhances learning by allowing students to build confidence as they work their way through the chapters. Appendix A provides a complete glossary of all word parts that are presented in the text, along with their definitions. Appendix B lists abbreviations commonly used in the healthcare professions. Appendix C provides word parts for describing color, number, and plurals. In Appendix D (online), common terms used in pharmacology are included for your reference. Appendix E (online) provides the answers to the Practice exercises and to the end-of-chapter Chapter Review questions. All online materials can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources. A glossary/index concludes the book, providing a quick and handy reference. I invite and welcome your reactions, comments, and suggestions to be sent to me directly so that subsequent editions may reflect your educational needs even better.

Bruce Wingerd

National University and San Diego State University San Diego, CA 92037 [email protected]

xiii

About the Author Bruce Wingerd is a member of the Biology Department at National University in San Diego, California. Previously, he has held teaching/administrative positions at Edison State College (now called Florida Southwestern State College), Broward College, and San Diego State University. Professor Wingerd’s degrees are in the fields of zoology and physiology, and he has taught courses in medical terminology, human anatomy, advanced human anatomy, and anatomy and physiology for more than 30 years. He has written numerous textbooks, lab manuals, and multimedia learning resources in medical terminology, human anatomy, anatomy and physiology, histology, and comparative mammalian anatomy. Professor Wingerd’s goal in teaching and writing is to provide students with learning tools that will help them reach their potential through education. He enjoys counseling students in the health sciences, developing novel approaches to teaching and learning, and leading faculty in the drive for excellence in education.

About the Illustrators Marcelo Oliver is president and founder of Body Scientific International, LLC. He holds an MFA degree in Medical and Biological Illustration from the University of Michigan. For more than 15 years, his passion has been to condense complex anatomical information into visual education tools for students, patients, and medical professionals. Body Scientific’s lead artists in this publication were medical illustrators Carol Hrejsa, ­Liana Bauman, and Katie Burgess. They each hold Master of Science degrees in Biomedical Visualization from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Their contribution was the creation and editing of clear, effective, vibrant, and medically accurate artwork throughout.

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Acknowledgments This book is the product of collective hard work from a talented team focused on creating a unique learning tool. Our team received its original direction from then-Editor-in-Chief Mark Cohen, who provided the vision and energy to launch this project into its first edition and continue with improvements into the second edition. The third edition and now this new fourth edition were spearheaded and supported by our present Portfolio Manager, John Goucher, who shared in our collective vision for a unique learning tool. I am filled with gratitude for his support to produce a fourth edition. I also appreciate the efforts of Elena Mauceri of DynamicWordWorks, Inc. who brought an outstanding developmental editor to join our team for the third edition and now the fourth edition, Jennifer Maybin of Editor in the Woods, LLC. Jennifer made many helpful suggestions and contributions through her dedicated hard work on every line of the textbook, and her many contributions are highly appreciated. Many other talented people worked hard to make this book a valuable teaching and learning resource. I extend to each of them my warmest gratitude: Melissa Bashe, Content Producer, who coordinated the development of a world-class teaching and learning package. Lisa Narine, Portfolio Management Assistant, who executed the complex process of managing our peer review program. Marcelo Oliver and his team of medical illustrators at Body Scientific International, LLC, who created a dynamic, clear, and precise art program. Meghan DeMaio, Editorial Project Manager for SPi Global, who directed the flow of textual and visual content throughout the production of the book and ancillary materials. Patty Donovan and Thomas Russell, Production Editors for SPi Global, who oversaw the copyediting and page composition processes.

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Our Development Team The fresh, unique vision, format, and content contained within the pages of Medical Terminology Complete! comes as a result of an incredible collaboration of expert educators from around the United States. This book represents the collective insights, experience, and thousands of hours of work performed by members of this development team. Their influence will continue to have an impact for decades to come. Let us introduce the members of our team.

Fourth Edition Reviewers Pamela Dobbins, MS Shelton State Community College Tuscaloosa, Alabama Jodi Gootkin, PT, Med, CEAS Broward College Fort Meyers, Florida Lisa Ritchie, EdD, RD, LD Harding University Searcy, Arkansas Amy Samuel, CMA (AAMA), AHI (AMT) University of Alaska, South East Sitka, Alaska Amy Snow, MS Greenville Technical College Greenville, South Carolina

Previous Edition Reviewers Lynn Alexander, MEd, SBB (ASCP) Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem, North Carolina Martha Arnson, RN Gwinnett Technical College Lawrenceville, Georgia

Amy Bowersock, PhD The University of Tampa Tampa, Florida

Litta Dennis, BSN, MS Illinois Central College Peoria, Illinois

Vera Brock, RNC, DSN Georgia Highlands College Rome, Georgia

Rosemary DeSiervi, MEd West Valley College Saratoga, California

Mary Elizabeth Browder, BA, AAS, CMA Raymond Walters College/UC-Blue Ash Cincinnati, Ohio

Sherry Gamble, RN, MSN The University of Akron Akron, Ohio

Joyce A. Bulgrin, MSA MT (ASCP) University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point Stevens Point, Wisconsin

Steven B. Goldschmidt, DC, CCFC North Hennepin Community College Brooklyn Park, Minnesota Inverhills Community College Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota

Barbara Burri, MBA, BS, CVT, LVT New Hampshire Community Technical College Stratham, New Hampshire

Sandra Gustafson, MA Nursing, CNE Hibbing Community College Hibbing, Minnesota

Christina Campbell, PhD, RD Montana State University Bozeman, Montana

Pamela Halter, MSN, RN Kent State University at Tuscarawas New Philadelphia, Ohio Karen R. Hardney, MSEd Chicago State University Chicago, Illinois

Cindy Ault, MS, MT (ASCP) Jamestown College Jamestown, North Dakota

Sandra Carlson, RN, BSN, CNOR Director, Surgical Technology New Hampshire Community Technical College Stratham, New Hampshire

Mary Jo Belenski, EdD Montclair State University Montclair, New Jersey

Jean M. Chenu, MBA Genesee Community College Batavia, New York

Kathy Harward, RN, BSN Florida Community College at Jacksonville Jacksonville, Florida

Linda A. Bell, BS, MEd Reading Area Community College Reading, Pennsylvania

Phyllis Clements, MA, OTR Macomb Community College Clinton Township, Michigan

Rachel M. P. Hopp, PhD Houston Baptist University Houston, Texas

Bradley S. Bowden, PhD Alfred University Alfred, New York

Pam deCalesta, OD Linn-Benton Community College Albany, Oregon

Diana Houston, AAS San Jacinto College North Houston, Texas

Pamela Harmon, RT (R) Triton College River Grove, Illinois

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Garnet Tomich, BA San Diego, California

James E. Hudacek, MSEd Lorain County Community College Elyria, Ohio

Anne Nez, RN, MSN Central Wyoming College Riverton, Wyoming

Louis M. Izzo, MS, CNMT University of Vermont Williston, Vermont

Arthur J. Ortiz, MA, LPN, LRCP Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska

Judy Traynor, MS, FNP, RN, CASAC Jefferson Community College Watertown, New York

Marcie Jones, BS, CMA Gwinnett Technical College Lawrenceville, Georgia

Elizabeth Pagenkopf, RN, BSN, MA Harper College Palatine, Illinois

Twila Wallace, MEd Central Community College Columbus, Nebraska

Marie L. Kotter, PhD Weber State University Ogden, Utah

Felicity F. Penner, BSc, MSPH Southwestern Community College Chula Vista, California

Margaret T. Warren, PhD, RN Rockland Community College Suffern, New York

Susan P. Lathbury, MS Broward College Pembroke Pines, Florida

Daniel Podd, MPAS, RPAC St. Johns University Fresh Meadows, New York

Kathy Whitley, MSN, FNP Patrick Henry Community College Martinsville, Virginia

Paul Lucas, CMA, CPbt, PN, AS Brown Mackie College Fort Wayne, Indiana

Linda Reeves, MD Virginia College Online Hoover, Alabama

Lynn C. Wimett, RN, ANP, EdD Regis University Denver, Colorado

Alice Macomber, RN, AS, RPT, RMA, CPI, AHI, LXMO Keiser University Port Saint Lucie, Florida

Carol Reid, MS, RN Century College White Bear Lake, Minnesota

Kathy Zabel, BS, AAS Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska

Lisa Ritchie, EdD, MS.E, BS Harding University Searcy, Arkansas

Previous Edition Ancillary Content Providers

Mandy Mann, CMA Big Bend Community College Moses Lake, Washington Laura Melendez, BS, RMA, BXMO Southeastern College Green Acres, Florida Cheryl Meyer, RN, MSN Delaware County Community College Media, Pennsylvania Deborah S. Molnar, PT, DPT, MSEd SUNY Canton Canton, New York Sandra Mullins, EdD Kentucky Community and Technical College System Lexington, Kentucky Sandra Mullins, EdD Bluegrass Community and Technical College Lexington, Kentucky Lisa Nagle, BSed, CMA Augusta Technical College Augusta, Georgia

Lawrence Rosenquist, MS, RN Wilkes University Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Linda C. Campbell, CMT, FAAMT The Andrews School Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Donna M. Rowan, MAT, RMA Harford Community College Bel Air, Maryland

Charlotte Creason, RHIA Tyler Junior College Tyler, Texas

Mary T Senor, BS Bergen Community College Paramus, New Jersey

Duane A. Dreyer, PhD Miller-Motte College Cary, North Carolina

Paula Silver, BS, PharmD ECPI University Newport News, Virginia

Jennifer Esch, BS, PA-C Bryant and Stratton College Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Lorraine M. Smith, MBA Fresno City College Fresno, California

Pamela A. Eugene, BAS, RT, (R) Delgado Community College New Orleans, Louisiana

Steven C. Stoner, PharmD, BCPP UMKC School of Pharmacy Kansas City, Missouri

Jodi Gootkin, PT, MEd Edison State College Fort Myers, Florida

Roger Thompson, BS, RRT Mountain Empire Community College Big Stone Gap, Virginia

Sherry Grover, PhD Virginia College Houston, Texas

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Jean M. Krueger-Watson, PhD Clark College Vancouver, Washington Trisha LaPointe, PharmD, BCPS Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Boston, Massachusetts Peggy Mayo, MEd MLT (ASCP) Columbus State Community College Columbus, Ohio

xviii

Lynette S. McCullough, MCH, NREMT-P Southern Crescent Technical College Griffin, Georgia Donna Jeanne Pugh, BSN, RN Florida Metropolitan University Jacksonville, Florida Linda Reeves, MD, FAAP Virginia College Online Birmingham, Alabama

Ann Wentworth, BAS, RT (R) (CT) Jackson Community College Jackson, Michigan Kathy Zaiken, PharmD Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Boston, Massachusetts

A Commitment to Accuracy As a student embarking on a career in health care you probably already know how critically important it is to be precise in your work. Patients and coworkers will be counting on you to avoid errors on a daily basis. Likewise, we owe it to you—the reader—to ensure accuracy in this book. We have gone to great lengths to verify that the information provided in Medical Terminology Complete! is complete and correct. To this end, here are the steps we have taken: 1. Editorial Review—We have assembled a large team of developmental consultants (listed on the preceding pages) to critique every word and every image in this book. No fewer than 12 content experts have read each chapter for accuracy. In addition, some members of our developmental team were specifically assigned to focus on the precision of each illustration that appears in the book. 2. Medical Illustrations—A team of medically trained illustrators was hired to prepare each piece of art that graces the pages of this book. These illustrators have a higher level of scientific education than the artists for most textbooks, and they worked directly with the author and members of our development team to make sure that their work was clear, correct, and consistent with what is described in the text. 3. Accurate Ancillaries—The teaching and learning ancillaries are often as important to instruction as the textbook itself. Therefore, we took steps to ensure accuracy and consistency of these by reviewing every ancillary component. The author and editorial team studied every PowerPoint slide and online course frame to ensure the context was correct and relevant to each lesson. Although our intent and actions have been directed at creating an error-free text, we have established a process for correcting any mistakes that may have slipped past our editors. Pearson takes this issue seriously and therefore welcomes any and all feedback that you can provide along the lines of helping us enhance the accuracy of this text. If you identify any errors that need to be corrected in a subsequent printing, please send them to: Pearson Health Editorial Medical Terminology Corrections 221 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 Thank you for helping Pearson reach its goal of providing the most accurate medical terminology textbooks available.

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Contents Welcome!  iii Discover What Makes This Book Unique  iv MyLab Medical Terminology  ix Comprehensive Instructional Package  x Preface  xi About the Author and Illustrators  xiv Acknowledgments  xv Our Development Team  xvi A Commitment to Accuracy  xix

Chapter 1 

  Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction  1

Learning Objectives  1 The Programmed Learning Approach  2 Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms  4 The Word Parts  6 Forming Words From Word Parts  12 Chapter Review  18

Chapter 2 

  Understanding Suffixes  19

Learning Objectives  19 Getting Started with Suffixes  20 Suffix Introduction  21 Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State  23 Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease  25 Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality  29 Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty  31 Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment  32 Chapter Review  37

Chapter 3 

  Understanding Prefixes  39

Learning Objectives  39 Getting started with Prefixes  40 Prefix Introduction  41 Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity  42 Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing  46 Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term  51 Chapter Review  55

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Chapter 4 

  The Human Body in Health and Disease  57

Learning Objectives  57 Organization of the Body  58 Anatomy and Physiology Introduction  58 Medical Terms Introduction  71 Understanding Medical Reports  76 Chapter Review  77

Chapter 5 

  The Integumentary System  79

Learning Objectives  79 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  80 Medical Terms of the Integumentary System  82 Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System  82 Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System  89 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System  100 Abbreviations of the Integumentary System  103 Chapter Review  104 Medical Report Exercises  106

Chapter 6 

  The Skeletal and Muscular Systems  110

Learning Objectives  110 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  111 Medical Terms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems  115 Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems  115 Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems  119 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems  134 Abbreviations of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems  144 Chapter Review  145 Medical Report Exercises  149

Chapter 7 

  Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  153

Learning Objectives  153 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  154 Medical Terms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  156 Signs and Symptoms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  157 Diseases and Disorders of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  161 Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  176 Abbreviations of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology  185 Chapter Review  185 Medical Report Exercises  188

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Chapter 8 

  The Cardiovascular System  192

Learning Objectives  192 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  193 Medical Terms of the Cardiovascular System  195 Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System  196 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System  200 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System  212 Abbreviations of the Cardiovascular System  225 Chapter Review  226 Medical Report Exercises  229

Chapter 9 

  The Respiratory System  234

Learning Objectives  234 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  235 Medical Terms of the Respiratory System  237 Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System  238 Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System  244 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System  256 Abbreviations of the Respiratory System  272 Chapter Review  273 Medical Report Exercises  275

Chapter 10 

  The Digestive System  279

Learning Objectives  279 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  280 Medical Terms of the Digestive System  282 Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System  284 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System  288 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System  306 Abbreviations of the Digestive System  318 Chapter Review  319 Medical Report Exercises  322

Chapter 11 

  The Urinary System  326

Learning Objectives  326 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  327 Medical Terms for the Urinary System  329 Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System  330 Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System  335 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System  344 Abbreviations of the Urinary System  356 xxii

Chapter Review  357 Medical Report Exercises  359

Chapter 12 

  Reproductive System and Obstetrics  364

Learning Objectives  364 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  365 Medical Terms for the Reproductive System and Obstetrics  368 Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System  369 Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System  372 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System  377 Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System  384 Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System  387 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System  397 Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics  406 Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics  408 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics  413 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)  417 Abbreviations of the Reproductive System and Obstetrics  419 Chapter Review  421 Medical Report Exercises  424

Chapter 13 

  The Nervous System and Mental Health  428

Learning Objectives  428 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  429 Medical Terms for the Nervous System and Mental Health  431 Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System  432 Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System  436 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System  449 Mental Health Diseases and Disorders  457 Abbreviations of the Nervous System and Mental Health  462 Chapter Review  463 Medical Report Exercises  466

Chapter 14 

  The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing  470

Learning Objectives  470 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  471 Medical Terms for the Special Senses of Sight and Hearing  473 Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight  473 Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight  476 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight  483 Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing  487 Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing  489 xxiii

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing  492 Abbreviations of the Eyes and Ears  496 Chapter Review  497 Medical Report Exercises  499

Chapter 15 

  The Endocrine System  503

Learning Objectives  503 Anatomy and Physiology Terms  504 Medical Terms for the Endocrine System  506 Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System  506 Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System  510 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System  520 Abbreviations of the Endocrine System  526 Chapter Review  527 Medical Report Exercises  529 Appendix A: Word Parts Glossary  A-1 Appendix B: Abbreviations  A-7 Appendix C: Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals  A-13 Glossary-Index  I-1 Appendix D: Pharmacology Terms*  Appendix E: Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews* 

*Appendix D and Appendix E can be found online at www.pearsonhighered.com/ healthprofessionsresources  xxiv

Chapter 1

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1.1

Use the technique of programmed learning and frames.

1.2

Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides that are used in frames.

1.3

Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and nonconstructed terms.

1.4

Identify each of the three word parts (word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to construct medical terms.

1.5

Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a combining form.

1.6

Recognize that many medical terms are constructed from word parts and can be deconstructed into their word parts.

2

Chapter 1

The Programmed Learning Approach 1.1 This textbook teaches you medical terminology by using the

frame

friendly technique of programmed learning. This technique has been used for many years to teach many subjects, such as math, world languages, and of course, medical terminology. It consists of blocks of information, known as frames, which contain one or more blanks. The blanks are provided for you to write in the missing word. In some cases, the missing word is easy to determine, and in other cases it becomes more of a challenge. In either case, the missing word is provided in the left margin of the ____________________, so you don’t have to feel frustrated if you have trouble identifying or spelling the missing word correctly. 1.2 As you can see, each frame consists of a block of information

number

with the blank in the box on the right side of the page. Note the frame ____________________. This number enables you to locate and flip back to a previous frame with ease if needed. 1.3 The far left margin in each frame contains the missing word(s).

blank

As you proceed from frame to frame, you should write the missing word in the ____________________. To challenge yourself and make the best use of your time, try to work by first filling in the blank without looking at the answer. It works best to use a 3 * 5 card or something similar to block the answers in the margin; then after committing to an answer, check to see if your choice is correct. By doing so, the activity will engage your mind and help you to learn the meanings of the words. 1.4 Spelling is very important when learning medical terminology. By

spelling

writing the missing word in the blank without looking at it in the far left margin and then comparing your answer with the one provided in the far left margin, you will be practicing the ____________________ of the word. Always check your answer before moving to the next frame. Pay special attention to the “Did You Know?” and “Words to Watch Out For” boxes in this text. These alert you to helpful information that aids your learning and identifies tricky spelling issues or terms that might easily be confused.

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

3

1.5 In addition to spelling, correct pronunciation of medical terms

phonetic foh-NET-ik

is also important. To help you with pronunciation, the phonetic (“sounds like”) form of the word is provided in parentheses whenever a new term is introduced; for example, ____________________ ( ____________________  ) and pronunciation (proh NUN see AYE shun). You should say the new word aloud whenever possible, using the phonetic guide to assist you.

guides

1.6 In the phonetic ____________________ that appear in this text,

note that the syllables with the most spoken emphasis are shown in all capital letters. Here are some examples: ■■ The

term cardiology is pronounced (kar dee AHL oh jee). Note that the middle syllable AHL carries the most emphasis.

■■ The

term gastrohepatic is pronounced (GAS troh heh PAT ik). Note that the long o sound in the second syllable is demonstrated when spelled phonetically as oh, and the short e sound is demonstrated when spelled eh.

■■ The

term osteopathic is pronounced (oss tee oh PATH ik). Note that the long e sound in the second syllable is shown as ee.

pronunciation

You can also refer to the student website for audio samples of the pronunciation of each medical term presented in this text. Spend time listening to the ____________________ of each term presented in each chapter. Doing so will help you complete the pronunciation exercise in this chapter’s “Talking Shop.”

PRACTICE: The Programmed Learning Approach The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. pronunciations

a. alert you to terms that might easily be confused

______

2. spelling

______

3. blank

b. learning technique that consists of blocks of information, known as frames, which contain one or more blanks for the student to fill in

______

4. programmed learning

______

5. Words to Watch Out For boxes

c. by comparing your filled-in answer with the one provided in the far left margin, you will be practicing this d. as you proceed from frame to frame, you should write the missing word into this e. you can also refer to the student website for audio samples of these

4

Chapter 1

Talking Shop In the blank, write the letter of the pronunciation that matches the term. The first one is completed for you as an example. Visit the student website to hear the correct pronunciation of these terms.

Term f

Pronunciation 1.

cardiologist

a. pee dee ah TRISH an

______ 2.

lymphoma

b. men IN goh seel

______ 3.

pneumonia

c. limm FOH mah

______ 4.

fracture

d. ep ih KAR dee um

______ 5.

meningitis

e. FRAK sher

______ 6.

meningocele

f.

______ 7.

epicardium

g. NEFF roh lith EYE ah siss

______ 8.

nephrolithiasis

h. HEPP ah toh MEG ah lee

______ 9.

psychologist

i.

bak teer ee YOO ree ah

______ 10. hepatomegaly

j.

noo MOH nee ah

______ 11. pediatrician

k. sigh KAHL oh jist

______ 12. bacteriuria

l.

kar dee AHL oh jist

MEN in JYE tis

Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms 1.7 Medical terminology is a language for medical health

language

medical terminology

professionals. This ____________________ has rules of grammar, spelling, and pronunciation, just like any other language. Because medical terminology is the universal language of medicine, its terms must be understood by speakers of many languages in many parts of the world, especially in our age of globalization. For the purpose of learning the language of ____________________ ____________________, terms in this specialized language can be separated into two main categories: constructed terms and nonconstructed terms. 1.8 Many medical terms are constructed terms, which are made

constructed terms

word

up of multiple word parts that are combined to form a new word. In most cases, the word parts are derived from Latin and Greek. The key to learning ____________________ ____________________ is to first learn the meaning of the various word parts. It may be helpful to think of constructed terms as if they were written in code. Once you have the key to a code, it becomes a fairly simple process to decode the messages or to use the code to form messages yourself. Similarly, once you learn the meanings of the individual ____________________ parts, you have the key to the medical terminology code. See ■ Figure 1.1.

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

5

Constructed term

■ Figure 1.1 Medical terms are either constructed words, which are composed of more than one word part, or nonconstructed words you must memorize, which include terms that are a single Latin or Greek word part, eponyms, acronyms, and so on.

Nonconstructed term

1.9 The second group of medical terms is nonconstructed

eponym

nonconstructed terms

terms, terms that are not formed from individual word parts. Nonconstructed terms include eponyms, which are terms derived from the names of people. For example, eustachian tube is an ____________________ because it is derived from the name of Bartolommeo Eustachio, who first discovered this small tube between the throat and the middle ear. Other forms of nonconstructed terms include acronyms, which are words derived from the first letters of words in a compound term, such as LASIK for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; and words derived from languages other than Greek or Latin, such as jaundice, which is derived from the French word for yellow, jaune. To learn ____________________ ____________________, you must commit them to memory.

PRACTICE: Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. nonconstructed terms

a. term derived from a person’s name

______ 2. constructed terms

b. must be committed to memory

______ 3. medical terminology

c. made up of word parts

______ 4. eponym

d. the universal language of medicine

6

Chapter 1

The Word Parts word parts

1.10 When a constructed term is formed, individual

____________________ ____________________ are assembled to create a term with a new meaning. This is very useful in medicine because new discoveries are made frequently, and the need to provide them with relevant names is important. The three primary types of word parts are prefixes, word roots, and suffixes. 1.11 A prefix is a word part that is affixed to the beginning of a

prefix

word. Its purpose is to expand or enhance the meaning of the word. Let’s look at an example of a prefix in action, using the word construction. In our sample word, con- is the prefix. It means “with, together, jointly.” Notice the hyphen following the prefix. You will know that a word part is a ____________________ by the hyphen that immediately follows it (e.g., con-). 1.12 A word root is a word part that provides the primary meaning

word root

of the term. The ____________________ ____________________ provides the basis for the term and is the part to which other word parts are attached. Nearly all terms have a word root, and some have more than one. In our sample word construction, struct is the word root. It means “make, build.” 1.13 A suffix is a word part that is affixed to the end of a word. The

suffix

____________________ often indicates the word’s part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.) or modifies the word’s meaning. In our sample word construction, the suffix is -ion. It indicates that the word is a noun and it means “process.” You will know that a word part is a suffix by the hyphen that immediately precedes it (for example, -ion). 1.14 To summarize using our example, the word construction is

three

composed of ____________________ word parts (■ Figure 1.2): con- + struct + -ion (prefix + word root + suffix) We decipher the meaning of medical words by defining each of the word parts. First, we look at the meaning of the suffix, and then we look at the meaning of the prefix. Finally, we define the word root. Then we combine the meanings of all the word parts in the way that makes the most sense. Thus, con- + struct + -ion means “process of building together.”

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction -ion

■ Figure 1.2 Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts.

(process)

+

con-

+

(together)

struct

(build)

=

7

construction

(Process of building together)

This text has a special color-coding system to help you recognize the individual word parts. Each time a word part is presented, it appears in a specific color:

Did You KNOW

■■ Prefixes are yellow ■■ Word roots and combining forms are red ■■ Suffixes are blue

1.15 The word construction, then, as we use it in medical

word parts

terminology, refers to “building words out of word parts.” This is what we do every time we write and speak. This is also what we do when we use medical terminology by speaking and writing medical terms. Understanding how to build words out of ____________________ ____________________ is essential to understanding the meaning of medical terms. Equally important is understanding how to deconstruct or break down a medical term into its component word parts. That is exactly what we did when we deciphered the meaning of our sample word construction. We broke the word down into its prefix, word root, and suffix parts and then combined the definitions of the word parts to derive the meaning of the term. Now let’s break down a medical term into its word parts: hypodermic hypo- + derm + -ic (prefix + word root + suffix) hypo- is a prefix that means “deficient, abnormally low, below” derm is a word root that means “skin” -ic is a suffix that means “pertaining to” Thus, the term hypodermic means “pertaining to below the skin.” Notice that the meaning of the suffix comes first when describing the meaning of the term from its word parts.

8

Chapter 1

1.16 Not every medical term has all three word parts. Some medical

terms lack a prefix, word root, or suffix, and some have more than one word root. For example, the term gastroenteritis (GAS troh en ter EYE tis) breaks down like so: gastroenteritis gastr + enter + -itis (word root + word root + suffix) word root

gastr is a word root that means “stomach” enter is a ____________________ ____________________ that means “small intestine” -itis is a suffix that means “inflammation” Thus, the term gastroenteritis means “inflammation of the stomach and small intestine.” Notice the letter o between the two word roots. You will learn about the importance of its use very soon (Frame 1.18). 1.17 Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.

The term aphasia is an example. aphasia a- + -phasia (prefix + suffix) suffix

a- is a prefix that means “without or absence of” -phasia is a ____________________ that means “speaking” Thus, the term aphasia means “absence of speaking.” 1.18 A fourth word part is the combining vowel. It is used when a

combining vowel

word root requires a connecting vowel in order to add a suffix that begins with a consonant, or to add another word root, when forming a term. The ____________________ ____________________ does not add to or alter the meaning of the word root; it simply assists us in pronouncing a term. In most cases, the combining vowel is the letter o, and in some cases it is the letter i or e.

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

1.19 Generally, it is best to learn a word root with its combining

combining form

vowel. This word root plus combining vowel form is called a combining form. Whenever possible, the combining forms are presented in this text to ease your building and deconstructing of medical terms, some of which are shown in ■ Figure 1.3. The method for writing a ____________________ ____________________ is to use a slash between the word root and the combining vowel, such as cardi/o (word root/combining vowel) The combining vowel in cardi/o is o.

cephal/o = head ot/o = ear

encephal/o = brain ocul/o = eye

trache/o = trachea angi/o = vessel bronch/o = airway

cardi/o = heart gastr/o = stomach

muscul/o = muscle oste/o = bone

■ Figure 1.3 The human body, with many of the common combining forms.

pod/o = foot

9

10

Chapter 1

1.20 You learned from Frame 1.18 that the most common combining

o

vowel is the letter ____________________. As practice, let’s take a look at a medical term you may be familiar with: cardiology This term is made up of three word parts: a word root, a combining vowel, and a suffix. The combining form is cardi/o and the suffix is -logy. Cardi/o means “heart” and -logy means “study or science of.” Thus, when we define the word parts of the term cardiology and then combine their definitions in a logical way, we know it means “the study or science of the heart.” It may help to write the constructed form of the term, which is written with slashes separating each word part: cardi/o/logy 1.21 Let’s practice deconstructing medical terms and using word

parts to decipher their meaning. Here are some more medical terms that you may already know. dermatologist dermat/o + -logist (combining form + suffix) combining form

dermat/o is a ____________________ ____________________ that means “skin” -logist is a suffix that means “one who studies.” Thus, the term dermatologist means “one who studies the skin.” The constructed form is written dermat/o/logist. 1.22 Another example is:

tonsillectomy tonsill + -ectomy (word root + suffix) suffix

tonsill is a word root that means “almond or tonsil” -ectomy is a ____________________ that means “surgical excision, removal” Thus, the term tonsillectomy means “surgical removal of tonsil (shaped like an almond).” The constructed form is written tonsill/ectomy.

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

1.23 Another example is:

microscopic micro- + scop + -ic (prefix + word root + suffix) micro- is a prefix that means “small” scop is a word root that means “viewing instrument” -ic is a suffix that means “pertaining to”

micro/scop/ic

Thus, the term microscopic means “pertaining to the viewing instrument for investigating small things,” or “visible only by means of a microscope.” The constructed form is written ________________/_______/_________.

THE ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMS Did You KNOW

Just as Greek and Latin have played a critical role in the formation and meaning of words in many languages such as English, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and others, these two ancient languages have contributed to the development of the language of medicine and many related disciplines. The ancient Greek, Hippocrates, is considered the father of modern medicine because he was among the first to explore the identification and treatment of disease ( ■ Figure 1.4). Hippocrates and other early Greek scholars explored and observed the human body and its functions, and they wrote about their discoveries using everyday words from their native language. Later, the Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations. They added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language. For example, the fallopian tube that connects the ovary with the uterus is known as a salpinx (plural, salpinges). This is an ancient Greek word meaning “trumpet.” The organ in the female body was named for its trumpetlike shape. From this descriptive Greek word, we can build many medical terms such as salpingitis (“inflammation of the fallopian tube”), salpingoplasty (“surgical repair of the fallopian tube”), salpingo-oophorectomy (“surgical

■ Figure 1.4 The Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms. Source: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. continued

11

12

Chapter 1 removal of the ovary and fallopian tube”), and many others. See Table 1.1 ■ for examples of word roots that originate from Greek and Latin. Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography, physical objects, and ideas. For example, the medical term psychology has its origins in the meaning of the Greek word psyche (“mind, soul”). Further investigation leads to the Greek myth of a princess named Psyche who falls in love with the god of love, Eros. Knowing the myth of Psyche and Eros may help you remember the meaning of the term psyche when you encounter it. We briefly explore the origins of medical terms in other “Did You Know?” features throughout the text. Look for these boxes to expand your understanding of medical terminology and provide a useful way to remember meanings.

Table 1.1 ■

Word Roots from Greek and Latin

Root

Origin

Definition

Medical Term Example

lith

lithos, Greek

stone

cholelithiasis condition of having gallstones

maxim

maximus, Latin

biggest, highest

gluteus maximus the biggest (outermost) gluteus muscle in the buttocks

derm

derma, Greek

skin

dermatitis inflammation of the skin

path

pathos, Greek

disease

pathogen disease-causing agent

PRACTICE: The Word Parts The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. prefix

a. the most common combining vowel

______ 2. word root

b. a combining form

______ 3. -ectomy

c. a word part that is affixed to the beginning of a word

______ 4. o

d. a term built from word parts

______ 5. cardi/o

e. a word part that provides the primary meaning of the term

______ 6. constructed term

f. a suffix

Forming Words From Word Parts 1.24 You have learned that constructed medical terms are created

word parts

from building blocks called word parts and include word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. You will now learn how to form medical terms by using these ___________________ _____________________.

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

13

1.25 One rule to remember when forming words from word parts is

combining vowel

the proper use of the combining vowel. The combining vowel is not always used at the end of a word root to create a combining form. As a general rule, the ___________________ _____________________ is used to connect a word root with a suffix that begins with a consonant. 1.26 For example, let’s use the word root for heart, cardi. As you know,

cardi/o/logy

cardiopathy

cardiology means “study or science of the heart.” The constructed form of this term is written ____________/_________/________. Notice that it contains the combining vowel o and the suffix begins with a consonant (an l). Another term that includes the word root for heart is carditis, which means “inflammation of the heart.” The constructed form of this term is written card/itis. Notice that the suffix begins with a vowel (i) and there is no combining vowel. If you wanted to change the suffix to -pathy, which means “disease,” to form the term that means “disease of the heart,” how would you write the new term? Because the suffix -pathy begins with a consonant (p), you would include the combining vowel (o) to form a new term, which is ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written cardi/o/pathy. 1.27 There are exceptions to this rule, so it is not absolute.

combining vowel consonant

You will learn these exceptions as you learn the material in this book. For now, just keep in mind that you need to include the ____________________ ____________________ when the suffix begins with a ____________________. 1.28 A second rule to remember when forming new constructed

word roots

muscul/o/skelet/al

terms involves combining two word roots. Constructed medical terms use combining vowels to unite two ___________________ ___________________. For example, when describing an injury that involves both the muscular and skeletal systems, the two word roots (muscul and skelet) are united by placing the combining vowel between them. To make the term complete, the suffix -al is added to form the term musculoskeletal. Literally, the term means “pertaining to muscles and the skeleton,” and its constructed form is written _________/_________/_________/_________.

14

Chapter 1

1.29 Another example of this use of combining vowels occurs when

cardiopulmonary

forming the term describing a condition of the heart and lungs. As you know, the word root for heart is cardi. The word root for lung is pulmon. The suffix -ary (“pertaining to”) is added to form the term pulmonary. A combining vowel is added to unite the two word roots, creating the new term ____________________, which can be written as cardi/o/pulmon/ary. 1.30 A third rule to remember when forming constructed words from

epi/cardi/um

word parts applies when prefixes are added to other word parts. Generally, a prefix requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new term. For example, epi- is a prefix that means “upon, over, above, on top.” When this prefix is combined with the word root cardi, which means “heart,” and the suffix -um, which means “pertaining to,” it forms the new term epicardium that means “pertaining to on top of the heart.” The constructed form of this new term is written _____/_________/____. Notice that the prefix epi- did not change. 1.31 Finally, because most medical terms are composed of Latin

or Greek word parts, changing a singular medical term into a plural form is handled differently than in most English-language words where an s is simply added to the end. Here are some helpful points: ■■ If

vertebrae

the term ends in a, the plural is usually formed by adding an e. For example, the plural form of the term vertebra is ____________________.

■■ If

diagnoses

the term ends in is, the plural form is usually formed by changing the is to es. For example, the plural form of diagnosis is ____________________.

■■ If

the term ends in itis, the plural form is itides. For example, the plural form of gastritis is gastritides.

■■ If

myocardia

the term ends in on or um, the plural form drops the on or um and adds a. For example, the plural form of ganglion is ganglia and myocardium is ____________________.

■■ If

fibromata

the term ends in ma, the plural form is changed to mata. For example, the plural form of fibroma is ____________________.

■■ If

episiotomies

the term ends in y, the plural form drops the y and adds the ending ies. For example, the plural form of episiotomy is ____________________.

■■ If

fungi

the term ends in us, the plural form drops the us and adds the ending i. For example, the plural form of fungus is ____________________.

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

15

RULES TO REMEMBER Did You KNOW

■■ A prefix comes before the word root or combining form. ■■ A suffix is a word ending and comes after the word root(s) or combining form(s). ■■ The word root or combining form provides the primary meaning of the term. ■■ The combining vowel for most word roots is o. The vowels i and e are also used

as combining vowels for some word roots. If the combining form is to be joined with another word root or combining form that begins with a consonant, retain the combining vowel. When adding a suffix starting with a vowel to a combining form, drop the combining vowel. ■■ Prefixes do not require combining vowels to join with other word parts. Rarely, a prefix

will drop its ending vowel to combine with another word part. ■■ Medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, and then defining first

the suffix, then the prefix, then the word root(s) or combining forms.

The following list of word parts includes prefixes, word roots/combining vowels (combining forms), and suffixes. These are provided for you to practice constructing and deconstructing medical terms in the exercises that follow. You will be asked to learn these terms and their definitions later in this text. For now, concentrate on practicing the principles of constructed medical terms that you learned in the previous frames.

Prefix Definition antibradyendoepineopre-

against, opposite of slow within upon, over, above, on top new to come before

Word Root/­ Combining Vowel

Definition

Suffix

append/o, appendic/o bi/o cardi/o cerebr/o derm/o, dermat/o electr/o encephal/o gastr/o hem/o hepat/o hyster/o laryng/o leuk/o mamm/o, mast/o ment/o nat/o neur/o path/o proct/o psych/o rhin/o tonsill/o vas/o

appendix life heart brain, cerebrum skin electricity brain stomach blood liver uterus voice box, larynx white breast mind birth nerve disease rectum or anus mind nose almond, tonsil vessel

-al pertaining to -ectomy surgical excision, removal -emia condition of blood -gram a record or image -ia condition of -iatry treatment, specialty -ic pertaining to -itis inflammation -logist one who studies -logy study or science of -pathy disease -philia loving, affinity for -plasty surgical repair -scope instrument used for viewing -tic pertaining to

Definition

16

Chapter 1

PRACTICE: Forming Words from Word Parts The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. combining vowel

a. adding this word part to a word root requires no combining vowel

______ 2. -al

b. a suffix

______ 3. prefix

c. if a suffix begins with this type of letter, use a combining vowel

______ 4. consonant

d. used to connect a word root with another word root or a suffix

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts and label each word part using p = prefix, r = root, cv = ­combining vowel, and s = suffix. b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested word part or definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) cardiology

cardi/o/logy r cv s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? study or science of



2. a) appendicitis ________/________ / b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) hepatitis ________/________ / b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 4. a) neonatology

________/________/________/________ / / /

b) Bonus Question: Does this term contain a word root? ____________________________________________ 5. a) mammoplasty

________/________/________ / /

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 6. a) electrocardiogram

________/________/________/________/________ / / / /

b) Bonus Question: How many word roots/combining forms does this term have? _____________________ 7. a) prenatal

________/________/________ / /

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

17

Fill It In Complete the following sentences with the correct plural endings. The first one is completed for you as an example. 1. The plural form of appendicitis is appendic itides. 2. In one day, the surgeon performed several mammoplast__________. 3. The pericardium of the heart includes two layers, the parietal and visceral pericardi__________. 4. The patient was diagnosed with multiple sarcoma tumors, or sarco__________. 5. The diseased heart was found to have many cardiopath__________.

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any combining vowel. The first one is completed for you as an example.

Prefixes

Word Roots/Combining Vowel

Suffixes

endoneo-

encephal/o hyster/o mamm/o mast/o nat/o neur/o path/o rhin/o

-ectomy -gram -itis -logist -logy -pathy -plasty -scope

Definition

Term

1.  inflammation of the brain 2.  study or science of newborns 3.  disease of the nerves 4.  surgical removal of a breast 5.  surgical repair of the nose 6.  instrument for viewing within 7.  x-ray image of a breast 8.  one who studies disease 9.  surgical removal of the uterus

encephalitis ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

18

Chapter 1

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (All are built from word parts. Refer to the word parts table on page 15 for word part meanings.) The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. disease within the nose

endorhino pathy________________

2. surgical removal of the tonsils

tonsill _______________________

3. surgical repair of a fallopian tube

salpingo ______________________

4. inflammation of the skin

__________________________itis

5. study or science of the nose

_________________________logy

6. pertaining to the mind

___________________________al

7. disease of the nerves

________________________pathy

8. inherited defect in blood coagulation

________________________philia

9. inflammation of the larynx

laryng _______________________

10. study or science of the skin

dermato ______________________

11. instrument used for viewing the larynx

________________________scope

12. study or science of life

_________________________logy

Define the Combining Form 1. cardi/o _________________________________

6. cerebr/o _________________________________

2. hem/o _________________________________

7. hepat/o _________________________________

3. neur/o _________________________________

8. psych/o _________________________________

4. gastr/o _________________________________

9. dermat/o _________________________________

5. path/o _________________________________

10. rhin/o _________________________________

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Chapter 2

Understanding Suffixes Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 2.1

Define and spell the suffixes often used in medical terminology.

2.2

Identify suffixes in medical terms.

(a)

2.3

Normal appendix

Use suffixes to build medical terms that pertain to medical specialties, symptoms, and diseases.

Inflamed appendix in appendicitis (b)

20

Chapter 2

Getting Started with Suffixes Review the following list of common suffixes and their definitions. This will help you to recognize suffixes and their meanings.

Suffixes

Definition

-al -ic -itis -logy -meter -ous -pathy -scope -scopy

pertaining to pertaining to inflammation study or science of measure, measuring instrument pertaining to disease instrument used for viewing process of viewing

2.1 As you learned in Chapter 1, a suffix is the word part that is

attached to the end of the word root. Like the prefix, the suffix modifies the meaning of a term. The following frames contain examples of suffixes. 2.2 In the familiar word abnormal, which can be shown as:

ab/norm/al -al

the suffix is ____________________, which means “pertaining to.” It is the suffix because it is placed at the end of the root and it modifies the word meaning. 2.3 The medical term endocarditis can be shown as

endo/card/itis -itis

It means “inflammation within the heart.” The suffix is ____________________, which means “inflammation.” It is a suffix because it is placed at the end of the root and it modifies the word meaning. 2.4 The medical term arthropathy can be shown as:

arthr/o/pathy -pathy

It means “disease of the joint.” The suffix is ____________________, which means “disease.”

Understanding Suffixes

21

2.5 The medical term gastritis can be shown as:

gastr/itis -itis

It means “inflammation of the stomach.” The suffix is ____________________, and the word root gastr means “stomach.”

Suffix Introduction Complete the following frames to expand the suffixes you know. 2.6 The suffixes -ic, -ous, and -al all share the same meaning, which

pertaining to pertaining to pertaining to

is “pertaining to.” This can be seen in the terms: cardiac, which means “____________________ ________ the heart”; fibrous, which means “____________________ ________ fiber”; and dermal, which means “____________________ ________ the skin.” 2.7 Because the suffix -itis means “inflammation,” the term

inflammation

esophagitis means “____________________ of the esophagus.” 2.8 Because the suffix -logy means the “study or science of,”

study or science of

the term cardiology means “the ____________________ ________ ____________________ ________ the heart.” 2.9 Because the suffix -meter means “measure or

measures

measuring instrument,” a thermometer is an instrument that ____________________ temperature. 2.10 Because the suffix -pathy means “disease,” the term

disease

cardiopathy means any “____________________ of the heart.” 2.11 The suffix -scope indicates an instrument that is

viewing

used for viewing. A laparoscope is an instrument used for ____________________ the abdomen.

22

Chapter 2

2.12 Because the suffix -scopy means “process of viewing,” the

term laparoscopy indicates a ____________________ in which an instrument (in this case, a laparoscope) is used to view the abdomen. (See ■ Figure 2.1.)

process

■ Figure 2.1 Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope, which is a tubular instrument inserted into the cavity. It includes a small camera for viewing the procedure on a monitor and surgical tools for working on internal organs. Source: S4svisuals/Shutterstock.

PRACTICE: Suffix Introduction The Right Match Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. -meter

a. disease

______ 2. -al

b. pertaining to

______ 3. -scopy

c. inflammation

______ 4. -itis

d. pertaining to

______ 5. -logy

e. process of viewing

______ 6. -ous

f. study or science of

______ 7. -pathy

g. measure, measuring instrument

______ 8. -scope

h. pertaining to

______ 9. -ic

i.

instrument used for viewing

Suffix Linkup Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. The first one is completed for you as an example.

Suffix

Definition

Suffix

Definition

-scopy -meter

process of viewing measure, measuring instrument

-logy -itis

study or science of inflammation

Understanding Suffixes

Definition

Term

1. study or science of the heart 2. an instrument that measures temperature 3. a procedure in which an instrument (in this case, a laparoscope) is used to view the abdomen 4. inflammation of the stomach

cardiology thermo ________________ laparo _________________

23

gastr __________________

Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate an action or state. 2.13 In the term syndrome, the suffix -drome, which means “run

running

or running,” and the prefix syn-, which means “together,” combine to literally mean “____________________ together.” The medical term is formally defined as a group of symptoms that together are characteristic or indicative of a specific disorder, condition, or disease. 2.14 In the term hematemesis, the word root hemat, which means

-emesis

“blood,” is modified by the suffix ____________________, which means “vomiting.” The term hematemesis means “vomiting of blood.” 2.15 The suffix -malacia means “softening” as in the term

softening

cardiomalacia, which is the ____________________ or degeneration of heart tissue, usually from insufficient blood supply or tissue degeneration. 2.16 In the term biopsy, the suffix -opsy means “view of”; the term is

view

defined as the removal and examination (or ____________________) of living tissue. 2.17 In the term hypoxia, the suffix -oxia means “condition of

oxygen

oxygen.” Because the prefix hypo- means “deficient, below,” the constructed term indicates that the level of ____________________ in the tissues is below normal. 2.18 The suffixes -phil and -philia mean “loving or affinity for,”

loving or affinity for

as in the term hemophilia, which literally means “____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ blood.” The medical meaning of the term is an inherited condition of uncontrolled blood loss.

24

Chapter 2

2.19 The suffix -phagia means “eating or swallowing.” In the term

eating or swallowing

dysphagia, the prefix dys-, meaning “bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult,” adds to the meaning of the term; together these word parts combine literally to mean “painful or difficult eating or swallowing.” Similarly, the medical use of the term is a difficulty in ____________ ____________ ____________. 2.20 The suffix -phasia means “speaking.” In the term aphasia, the

speaking

prefix a-, which means “without or absence of,” adds to the meaning of the term; together these word parts combine to literally mean “without or absence of ____________________.” The term is defined as an absence or impairment of speech.

-phagia or -phasia? WORDS TO Watch Out For

Don’t confuse the suffix -phagia with the suffix -phasia. Although they are spelled almost the same, their meanings are very different: -phagia means “eating or swallowing”; -phasia means “speaking.” To help you remember, try associating the g in -phagia with the g in gastr/o (the combining form for “stomach”) and the s in -phasia with the s in speaking.

2.21 The suffix -physis means “growth.” In the term hypophysis, it

growth

combines with the prefix hypo-, which means “deficient, below,” to literally mean “____________________ below.” The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, which is located below the brain. 2.22 In the term quadriplegia, the suffix -plegia means “paralysis.”

paralysis

When it is combined with the prefix quadri-, which means “four,” the whole term means “____________________ of four limbs.” 2.23 In the term osteoma, the suffix -oma means “tumor”; when

tumor

combined with the word root oste, the combined word parts mean “____________________ of bone.” 2.24 The suffix -stasis means “standing still.” In the term

standing still

homeostasis, the combining form home/o is included to build the term and means “sameness, unchanging.” The literal meaning of the word parts, “sameness, ___________________ _____________,” gives an idea of continual balance; the term is defined as the process of maintaining internal stability despite changes in the environment.

Understanding Suffixes

25

PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State The Right Match Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. -plegia

a. tumor

______ 2. -oma

b. speaking

______ 3. -emesis

c. growth

______ 4. -phasia

d. condition of oxygen

______ 5. -oxia

e. paralysis

______ 6. -physis

f. softening

______ 7. -malacia

g. loving or affinity for

______ 8. -philia

h. vomiting

Suffix Linkup Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Suffix

Definition

Suffix

Definition

-drome -opsy -phagia

run, running view of eating or swallowing

-philia -stasis

loving or affinity for standing still

Definition

Term

1. a group of symptoms that together are characteristic or indicative of a ­specific disorder, condition, or disease 2. the removal and examination (or view) of tissue 3. a condition of uncontrolled blood loss 4. a difficulty in swallowing 5. the tendency of an organism or system to maintain internal stability

syn_____________ bi_______________ hemo____________ dys_____________ homeo__________

Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate a condition or disease. 2.25 In the term arthralgia, the suffix -algia, which means “condition of

pain

pain,” combines with the root arthr to mean “_____________________ in a joint.” 2.26 The suffix -asthenia, which means “weakness,” makes the term

weakness

myasthenia mean the “____________________ of muscle.”

26

Chapter 2

2.27 The suffix -atresia means “a closure or the absence of a

closure or absence

normal body opening,” so the term hysteratresia is the __________ __________ __________ of the uterine cavity. 2.28 Because the suffix -cele means “hernia, swelling, or

hernia

protrusion,” when it is added to the combining form mening/o, meaning “membrane,” it builds the word meningocele, which is a ____________________ of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord, resulting in tissue that protrudes through an abnormal opening in the skull or vertebral column. (See ■ Figure 2.2.)

■ Figure 2.2 Illustration of a child born with spina bifida, with a large meningocele.

2.29 Because the suffix -dynia means “pain,” the term tenodynia

pain

means “____________________ in a tendon.” 2.30 The suffix -ia means “condition of,” so when it is added to the

condition

term that means “no appetite,” we build the term anorexia, which literally means “a ____________________ in which there is no appetite.” 2.31 The suffix -osis also means “condition of.” In the term

condition

adenosis, the word root for gland is included to form the meaning “____________________ of a gland.” 2.32 Another suffix with the meaning “condition or disease” is -ism.

condition

Thus, because the combining form albin/o means “white,” the term albinism means “a ____________________ of white,” or the lack of skin pigment.

Understanding Suffixes

27

2.33 The suffix -itis means “inflammation.” Adding this ending to

inflammation

the word root that means “stomach” forms the term gastritis, which means “____________________ of the stomach.” 2.34 The suffix -oma means “tumor.” Adding this suffix to the

tumor

word root for fat, which is lip, forms the term lipoma, meaning “____________________ of fat tissue.” 2.35 The suffix -pathy is very common and means “disease,” as in

disease

the terms neuropathy, gastropathy, and adenopathy. In the latter, it makes the term mean “____________________ of a gland.” 2.36 Because -penia means “deficiency or abnormal reduction in

deficiency

number” and the combining form leuk/o means “white,” the term leukopenia means “a ____________________ of white blood cells.” 2.37 The suffix -phobia is well known and means “fear.” Because

fear

the combining form for “water” is hydr/o, the constructed term hydrophobia means “____________________ of water.” 2.38 Because -plasia means “formation, growth,” neoplasia means

growth

“new formation or ____________________,” and refers to a tumor. 2.39 Because -rrhagia means “abnormal discharge,” the term

abnormal discharge

rhinorrhagia means “____________________ ____________________ of the nose or nosebleed.” 2.40 The suffix -rrhea means “discharge.” Because the combining

discharge

form rhin/o means “nose,” the term rhinorrhea refers to a nasal ____________________ (or runny nose). 2.41 Because -rrhexis means “rupture,” an amniorrhexis is a

rupture

____________________ of the membrane known as the amnion, which encloses a fetus. 2.42 The suffix -sclerosis means “condition of hardening.” In the

hardening

term arteriosclerosis, the artery walls are ____________________ and losing their elasticity. 2.43 The word spasm and the suffix -spasm both indicate a sudden,

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

involuntary muscle contraction. Thus, the term bronchospasm indicates a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ of the wall of the bronchi.

28

Chapter 2

PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease Suffix Linkup Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Suffix

Definition

Suffix

Definition

-asthenia -cele -dynia -ia -itis -oma

weakness hernia, swelling, protrusion condition of pain condition of inflammation tumor

-penia -plasia -rrhagia -rrhea -rrhexis

abnormal reduction in number, deficiency formation, growth abnormal discharge discharge rupture

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

rhino______________ teno_______________ amnio_____________ lip_________________ leuko______________ anorex_____________ neo_______________ my________________ rhino______________ meningo___________

a nosebleed pain in a tendon rupture of the amnion a tumor of fat tissue a deficiency of white blood cells a condition in which a person has no appetite growth or formation of a tumor debility and weakness of muscle a discharge from the nose hernia or swelling of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord that ­protrudes through a hole in the skull or vertebral column 11. inflammation of the stomach

The Right Match Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. -spasm

a. rupture

______

2. -algia

b. disease

______

3. -rrhexis

c. sudden involuntary muscle contraction

______

4. -ism

d. formation, or growth

______

5. -oma

e. condition of pain

______

6. -sclerosis

f. fear

______

7. -pathy

g. condition of hardening

______

8. -dynia

h. condition or disease

______

9. -plasia

i. abnormal discharge

______ 10. -rrhagia

j. tumor

______ 11. -phobia

k. condition of pain

gastr______________

Understanding Suffixes

Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate location, number, or a quality. 2.44 Because the suffix -ad means “toward,” the term cephalad

toward

means “____________________ the head.” 2.45 The suffixes -emia and -hemia mean “condition of blood.”

blood

The prefix poly- means “excessive, over, many,” and the root cyt means “cell.” These word parts combine in the term polycythemia, which is a condition in which there is an overproduction of red ____________________ cells. 2.46 A word ending in a is a singular form, which is made plural by

vertebrae

adding an e to the end, -ae. For example, a vertebra is a bone of the spine, or vertebral column. The vertebral column includes 24 ____________________ in an adult. 2.47 There are numerous suffixes that mean “pertaining to.”

They include: ■■ -ac ■■ -al ■■ -ar ■■ -ary ■■ -ic ■■ -ous

Here are some examples of terms using these suffixes: ■■ cardiac,

which means “pertaining to the heart”

■■ cervical,

which means “pertaining to the cervix or neck”

■■ ocular,

pertaining to

which means “pertaining to the eyes”

■■ pulmonary,

which means “____________________ _________

the lungs” ■■ cephalic,

which means “pertaining to the head”

■■ nervous,

which means “pertaining to the nerves”

29

30

Chapter 2

PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality The Right Match Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. -ad

a. singular

______ 2. -emia

b. plural

______ 3. -a

c. pertaining to

______ 4. -ac

d. toward

______ 5. -ae

e. condition of blood

Suffix Linkup Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use them more than once.

Suffix

Definition

-a -ac -ad -al -ar -ary -hemia -ic -ous

singular pertaining to toward pertaining to pertaining to pertaining to condition of blood pertaining to pertaining to

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

cardi___________________ cervic__________________ ocul___________________ pulmon________________ bacteri_________________ cephal_________________ nerv___________________ cephal_________________ polycyt_________________

pertaining to the heart pertaining to the cervix or neck pertaining to the eyes pertaining to the lungs pertaining to bacteria pertaining to the head pertaining to the nerves toward the head a condition in which there is an overproduction of red blood cells

Understanding Suffixes

31

Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate a medical specialty. 2.48 Because the suffix -iatry means “treatment or specialty”

treatment

and pod is a word root that means “feet,” the term podiatry refers to the field of health care involving the diagnosis and ____________________ of diseases of the feet. 2.49 The suffix -logist means “one who studies” and the combining

studies

form audi/o means “hearing,” so the term audiologist describes a specialist who ____________________ and treats hearing disorders. 2.50 Similarly, the suffix -logy means “study or science of”; hence,

study

the term pathology is the ____________________ of diseases and the structural and functional changes they cause. A pathologist is a physician who often manages a lab where specimen samples are analyzed for diagnostic purposes. 2.51 The suffix -practic comes from the Greek word praktikos, which

practice

means “a practice.” Hence, the term chiropractic is the healthcare ____________________ involving the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders by manipulation of the spinal column and other body structures.

PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty The Right Match Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. -iatry

a. practice

______ 2. -logist

b. study or science of

______ 3. -logy

c. treatment, specialty

______ 4. -practic

d. one who studies

32

Chapter 2

Suffix Linkup Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Suffix

Definition

-iatry -logist -logy -practic

treatment, specialty one who studies study or science of practice

Definition

Term

1. a specialist who studies and treats hearing disorders 2. the study of diseases and the structural and functional changes caused by them 3. the healthcare profession involving the practice of diagnosing and treating ­musculoskeletal disorders by manipulation of the spinal column and other body structures 4. the healthcare field involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the feet

audio_______________ patho______________ chiro_______________ pod________________

Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate a procedure or treatment. 2.52 The suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture.” When it is

puncture

included with thorac/o, the combining form for “chest, thorax,” we form the term thoracocentesis, which is often shortened to thoracentesis. It is a medical procedure in which a surgical ____________________ is made into the chest cavity, usually to remove unwanted excess fluid. 2.53 The suffixes -clasia, -clasis, and -clast all mean to “break

broken apart

apart.” So the term osteoclasis describes a surgical procedure in which a bone is artificially fractured (or ____________________ ____________________) to correct deformity. 2.54 An arthrodesis is a procedure that involves the surgical fixation

fusion

or fusion of two or more joints using either bone grafts or metal rods. The suffix -desis means “surgical fixation or ____________________.”

excision

2.55 The suffix -ectomy means “surgical ____________________,” or

“removal.” For example, a chondrectomy is the excision of cartilage, and a thyroidectomy is the excision of the thyroid gland in the neck. (See ■ Figure 2.3.)

Understanding Suffixes

33

■ Figure 2.3 Thyroidectomy. In this minor surgery, the anterior neck is opened to remove a diseased thyroid gland. The gland is the large structure that has been pulled to the side prior to its removal. Source: Chanawit Sitthisombat/123RF.com.

2.56 The suffixes -gram, -graph, and -graphy are closely related:

-gram means “a record or image,” -graph means “an instrument for recording,” and -graphy is a “recording process.” When the combining forms for electrical and heart, electr/o and cardi/o, are combined and these suffixes are included, the resulting terms are: ■■ electrocardiogram,

recording

a record of the electrical events of the heart

■■ electrocardiograph,

an instrument for ____________________ the electrical events of the heart

■■ electrocardiography,

the process of recording an

electrocardiogram 2.57 Because the suffix -meter means “measure, measuring

measuring

instrument,” a thermometer is an instrument used for ____________________ temperature. 2.58 Similarly, the suffix -metry means “measurement, process

measurement

of measuring.” Hence, oximetry is the ____________________ or process of measuring oxygen levels in the bloodstream. 2.59 The suffix -pexy means “surgical fixation, suspension,” and the

fixation

combining form of the word “breast” is mast/o. Together they form the term mastopexy, which means “a surgical ____________________ or lifting of the breasts.” 2.60 The suffix -phylaxis means “protection” as in the term

protective

prophylaxis, which means “____________________ treatment to prevent disease.”

34

Chapter 2

2.61 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair,” so the term gastroplasty

surgical repair

means “a ____________________ ____________________ of the stomach.” (See ■ Figure 2.4.)

Band and staples are used to create a small stomach pouch

Pouch

■ Figure 2.4 Gastroplasty. Illustration of a surgical repair of the stomach as a treatment for obesity, in which a band and staples are inserted to create a small pouch that serves to reduce stomach volume.

2.62 Because -rrhaphy means “suturing,” the term herniorrhaphy

suturing

means “the ____________________ of a hernia (an abnormal protrusion).” 2.63 The suffixes -scope and -scopy are very similar: -scope

instrument viewing

means “a viewing instrument” and -scopy means “the process of viewing.” So the term gastroscope means “an ____________________ for examining and treating the stomach,” whereas a gastroscopy indicates the ____________________, or examination, process itself. 2.64 The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening,” so

surgical

the term gastrostomy means “the ____________________ creation of an opening into the stomach.” 2.65 The suffixes -tome and -tomy are closely related. The

cutting instrument

suffix -tome refers to a cutting instrument and -tomy refers to an incision. So the craniotome is the ____________________ ____________________ used during a craniotomy, which is performed to access the brain.

Understanding Suffixes

35

2.66 The suffix -tripsy means “surgical crushing,” as in

surgical crushing

the term lithotripsy, which means “____________________ ____________________ of unwanted stones” that may form in the kidneys or gallbladder. 2.67 The suffix -ion means “process,” as in the term ovulation, which

process

is the ____________________ of ovulating, or releasing an oocyte (egg cell) from an ovary.

PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment The Right Match Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. -centesis

a. measurement, process of measuring

______

2. -graphy

b. surgical creation of an opening

______

3. -clast

c. fusion

______

4. -tomy

d. process of viewing

______

5. -metry

f. suturing

______

6. -desis

e. recording process

______

7. -stomy

g. break apart

______

8. -scopy

h. process of cutting into

______

9. -pexy

i.

surgical puncture

______ 10. -rrhaphy

j.

excision or surgical removal

______ 11. -ectomy

k. surgical repair

______ 12. -plasty

l.

surgical fixation, suspension

36

Chapter 2

Suffix Linkup Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Suffix

Definition

-centesis -clasis -desis -gram -graphy -ion -meter -pexy -phylaxis -plasty -scope -tome -tomy -tripsy

surgical puncture break apart surgical fixation, fusion a record or image recording process process measure, measuring instrument surgical fixation, suspension protection surgical repair instrument used for viewing cutting instrument incision, to cut surgical crushing

Definition

Term

1. a medical procedure in which a surgical puncture is made into the chest cavity to remove fluid 2. a surgical procedure in which a joint is artificially fractured (or broken apart) to correct deformity 3. to surgically crush or pulverize kidney stones or gallstones 4. the cutting instrument used during a craniotomy 5. a procedure that involves the surgical fixation or fusion of two or more joints using either bone grafts or metal rods 6. the image or recording of the electrical activity of the heart 7. the process of recording an electrocardiogram 8. an instrument used for measuring oxygen levels in the blood 9. the process of ovulating 10. a surgical fixation or lifting of the breasts 11. protective treatment against disease 12. surgical repair of the stomach 13. an instrument for examining and treating the stomach 14. a procedure of cutting into the cranium with a craniotome

thoraco___________________ osteo_______________________ litho_______________________ cranio_____________________ arthro______________________ electrocardio_______________ electrocardio_______________ oxi_________________________ ovulat_____________________ masto_____________________ pro________________________ gastro_____________________ gastro_____________________ cranio_____________________

Understanding Suffixes

37

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. disease of the joint

arthropathy

2. pertaining to the nerves

nerv_____________________

3. group of symptoms that together are characteristic or indicative of a specific disorder, condition, or disease

syn_____________________

4. surgical procedure in which a bone is artificially fractured (or broken apart) to correct deformity

osteo___________________

5. benign tumor made of fat tissue

lip______________________

6. condition of uncontrolled blood loss

hemo___________________

7. specialist who studies and treats hearing disorders

audio___________________

8. study of diseases and the structural and functional changes they cause

patho___________________

9. vomiting of blood

hemat___________________

10. painful or difficult eating or swallowing

dys_____________________

11. protective treatment against disease

pro______________________

12. surgical puncture into the chest cavity to remove fluid

thoraco__________________

13. healthcare field involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the feet

pod_____________________

14. softening or degeneration of heart tissue

cardio___________________

15. to surgically crush unwanted stones that may form in the kidneys or gallbladder

litho_____________________

16. pain in a tendon

teno_____________________

17. surgical repair of the stomach

gastro___________________

18. condition in which a person has no appetite

anorex__________________

19. hernia of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord that protrudes through a hole in the skull or vertebral column

meningo_________________

20. level of oxygen in the tissues is below normal

hyp_____________________

21. instrument for examining and treating the stomach

gastro___________________

22. pertaining to the cervix or neck

cervic___________________

23. healthcare practice (diagnosis and treatment) of musculoskeletal disorders by manipulation of the spinal column and other body structures

chiro____________________

24. procedure that involves the surgical fixation or fusion of two or more joints using either bone grafts or metal rods

arthro___________________

25. removal and examination (or view) of tissue

bi_______________________

38

Chapter 2

26. debility and weakness of muscle

my______________________

27. instrument that measures oxygen levels in blood

oxi______________________

28. inflammation of the esophagus

esophag_________________

29. process of using an instrument to view the abdomen

laparo___________________

30. without or absence of speaking

a_______________________

Practice with Suffixes Circle the suffixes in the following terms, then define the suffix in the space provided.  1. endoscopy   2. oximeter   3. cardiac   4. microbiology   5. endocrinopathy   6. gastritis   7. lymphoma   8. hemophilia   9. paraplegia  10. rhinorrhagia  11. cervical  12. gastroplasty  13. colonostomy  14. pathologist 

MyLab Medical Terminology™ MyLab Medical Terminology is a premium online homework management system that includes a host of features to help you study. Registered users will find:

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Chapter 3

Understanding Prefixes Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 3.1

Define and spell the prefixes commonly used in medical terminology.

3.2

Identify prefixes in medical terms.

3.3

Use prefixes to build medical terms.

Cell membrane

Intracellular environment

Extracellular environment

40

Chapter 3

Getting started with Prefixes Review the following list of some common prefixes and their definitions. This will help you become more familiar with prefixes.

Prefixes

Definition

aabbiendohyperhypointrapostpresub-

without, absence of away from two within excessive, abnormally high, above deficient, abnormally low, below within to follow after to come before under, beneath, below

3.1 A prefix is the word part that is placed before the root

fix

to modify its meaning. The word prefix literally means “to _____________________ at the beginning of a word.” The following frames contain some examples of prefixes. 3.2 The familiar word abnormal, which can be shown with its word

parts as:

away from prefix

ab/norm/al includes the prefix ab-, which means “away from.” Therefore, abnormal means “ normal.” The word part ab- is the because it is placed before the root to modify the word’s meaning. 3.3 The medical term intravenous, which can be shown as:

intra-

intra/ven/ous means “pertaining to within a vein.” The prefix is , which means “within.” It is the prefix because it is placed before the root to modify the word’s meaning. 3.4 The word hypertension can be shown as:

hyper-

hyper/tens/ion The prefix is ____________________, which means “excessive, abnormally high, or above.” Because tens/o is the combining form that means “pressure,” hypertension means “high pressure,” usually referring to the condition of abnormally high blood pressure.

Understanding Prefixes

41

Prefix Introduction Complete the following frames to expand the prefixes you know. 3.5 The prefix anti- means “against or opposite of” as in the

convulsions

term anticonvulsive, which is a type of drug used to stop ____________________. 3.6 The one-letter prefix that means “without or absence of” is

____________________. An example of its use is found in the term aphasia, which means “absence of speech.”

a-

3.7 The prefix con- means “with, together, or jointly.” For example,

together

when twins are conjoined, the con- prefix indicates that the twins are joined ____________________. 3.8 Contra- means “counter or against” as in the term contraception,

conception

which literally means “against ____________________, or birth.”

contra- or con-? WORDS TO Watch Out For

Don’t confuse the prefix contra- with the prefix con-. Their meanings are very different. Contrameans “counter or against”; the prefix con- means “with, together, or jointly.”

3.9 Meta- means “after or change” as in the term metabolism, which

changed

is the process by which foods are ____________________ into energy for use by the body and energy is used to change molecules into new substances.

PRACTICE: Prefix Introduction The Right Match Match the prefix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. meta-

a. against or opposite of

______

2. a-

b. after or change

______

3. contra-

c. without or absence of

______

4. con-

d. counter or against

______

5. anti-

e. with, together, or jointly

42

Chapter 3

Prefix Linkup Link the prefixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. The first one is completed for you as an example.

Prefix

Definition

aconcontrameta-

without or absence of with, together, or jointly counter or against after or change

Definition

Term

1. prevention of conception 2. the process by which foods are changed into energy for use by the body and the use of energy to change molecules into new substances 3. when twins are joined together 4. the absence of speech

contraception ____________________bolism ____________________joined ____________________phasia

Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity Complete the following frames to learn about prefixes that indicate number or quantity. 3.10 The prefix ambi- means “both”; the term ambidextrous is the

both

ability to use ____________________ hands equally. 3.11 The prefix bi- means “two.” For example,

bifocal

____________________ means “pertaining to two focal points,” as in eyeglasses that correct for both near vision and far vision. 3.12 The Latin word cuspis means “a point.” In heart anatomy, a

two

cusp is a pointed flap that forms a heart valve, so the term bicuspid refers to a heart valve with “____________________ cusps.” 3.13 The prefix bi- is also in the term bilateral. It means “pertaining

both

to two sides,” and its use in medicine refers to __________ sides of the body. 3.14 The prefix di- means “double.” Because -plegia means

double

“paralysis,” diplegia is a ____________________ paralysis, or the loss of muscle function of the two arms or the two legs. 3.15 The prefix dipl- also means “double.” In the term diplopia, the

double

prefix dipl- indicates that a person with the condition perceives a single object as two images; it is also called ____________________ vision because -opia is a suffix that means “condition of vision.”

Understanding Prefixes

43

3.16 Because the prefix hemi- means “half,” hemiplegia is a

half

paralysis of half the body; in other words, on ____________________ or one side of the body. 3.17 The prefix mono- means “one.” Monoplegia means “paralysis

one

of ____________________ limb or muscle/muscle group.” 3.18 The prefix multi- means “many, more than once, or numerous.” A

many

multipolar neuron is a nerve cell that includes branches, called dendrites, at one end of the cell. (See ■ Figure 3.1.)

Dendrites

Neuron

■ Figure 3.1 Illustration of a multipolar neuron, with many branching dendrites at one end of the cell.

3.19 When a woman’s chart indicates multipara, it means that she

many

has given birth

times.

3.20 The terms nullipara and nulligravida share the prefix nulli-,

never

which means “none.” Nullipara means “the condition of never having given birth, or no births”; nulligravida means “____________________ having been pregnant or no pregnancies.”

44

Chapter 3

3.21 Because the prefix pan- means “all,” the term pandemic

all

refers to a disease occurring over a wide geographic area. Also, pansinusitis is inflammation of ____________________ paranasal sinuses on one or both sides of the nose.

poly-

3.22 The term polyphagia includes the prefix ____________________.

excessive

3.23 Polydipsia is the condition of ____________________ thirst.

excessive

3.24 Polyuria is the condition of

many

The prefix means “excessive, over, or many.” Because the suffix -phagia means “eating,” polyphagia means “excessive eating.”

production of

urine. 3.25 Polyarteritis is the inflammation of ____________________

medium and small arteries where they branch. 3.26 The prefix primi- means “first.” A woman who has given birth

first

for the ____________________ time is a primipara. 3.27 The word root gravid means “pregnant.” Therefore, a woman

primi-

who is pregnant for the first time is a ____________________ gravida. 3.28 The prefix quadri- means “four.” Therefore, when this prefix

four

is added to the suffix -plegia, which means “paralysis,” the term quadriplegia is formed. It means “paralysis of ____________________ limbs.” Another prefix that means “four” is tetra-. 3.29 The prefix semi- means “half or partial.” The term

partially

semiconscious means “____________________ conscious.” 3.30 The prefix tri- means “three,” as in tricycle. The term tripara

three

means “a woman who has given birth ____________________ times.” 3.31 The tricuspid valve is a valve of the heart containing

three

____________________ cusps, or pointed flaps. The tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart. 3.32 The prefix uni- means “one,” similar to mono-. Therefore, a

one

unipara woman has given birth to ____________________ child.

Understanding Prefixes

PRACTICE: Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity The Right Match Match the prefix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. di-

a. excessive, over, or many

______

2. ambi-

b. half

______

3. quadri-

c. first

______

4. hemi-

d. half or partial

______

5. bi-

e. two

______

6. primi-

f. double

______

7. tri-

g. both

______

8. pan-

h. four

______

9. semi-

i. one

______ 10. uni-

j. one

______ 11. multi-

k. never or none

______ 12. poly-

l. all

______ 13. mono-

m. many, more than once, or numerous

______ 14. nulli-

n. three

Prefix Linkup Link the prefixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Prefix

Definition

ambimononullipolyquadritetratri-

both one none excessive, over, or many four four three

Definition

Term

1. paralysis of one limb or muscle/muscle group 2. never having been pregnant or no pregnancies 3. the ability to use both hands equally 4. excessive eating 5. the valve that consists of three cusps that control blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle 6. a condition of paralysis of all limbs

_________________plegia _________________gravida _________________dextrous _________________phagia _________________cuspid _________________plegia

45

46

Chapter 3

Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing Complete the following frames to learn about prefixes that indicate location or timing. 3.33 The prefix ab- means “away from,” so the term abduction means

away

“movement ____________________ from the midline of the body.” 3.34 The prefix ad- means “toward,” so the term adduction means

toward

“movement ____________________ the midline of the body.” 3.35 The prefix ana- means “up, toward”; the word root tom means

anatomy

“to cut”; and the suffix -y means “process of.” So, the literal meaning of the term ____________________ means “process of cutting up.” The term anatomy was first used when the study of the human body was limited to the dissection of cadavers (lifeless bodies). We now use the term to mean “structure.” 3.36 The terms prenatal and antenatal share the root nat,

before

which means “birth.” Both terms mean “before birth,” so both prefixes, pre- and ante-, have the same meaning, which is “____________________” or “to come before.” 3.37 The term dialysis literally means “to loosen through” because

through

the prefix dia- means “____________________,” and the suffix -lysis means “to loosen or dissolve.” The term dialysis refers to the procedure that filters blood as it moves through a machine, a procedure that temporarily replaces the normal function of the kidneys. 3.38 The prefix dis- means “apart or away.” In the term dislocation,

apart away

the prefix indicates that the dislocated part is ____________________ or ____________________ from its normal position in the body. 3.39 Ec- and ecto- mean “outside or out.” An ectopic

outside

pregnancy is one in which the fertilized egg implants somewhere ____________________ the uterus. 3.40 The prefix endo- means “within.” Thus, the term endogastric

within

means “____________________ the stomach.” (See ■ Figure 3.2.)

Understanding Prefixes

47

Endoscope

Stomach

■ Figure 3.2

Endogastric procedure using an endoscope to observe the internal stomach lining.

Light with camera

3.41 The prefixes ep- and epi- mean “upon, over, above, or on top.”

upon, over, above, on top of

The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin because it is ______, _____, _____, or _____ ____ ____. the dermis layer. 3.42 The condition in which an eye is turned inward is called

inward

esotropia. To form this term, we add the prefix eso-, which means ____________________, and the suffix -tropia, which means “condition of turning.” 3.43 The prefixes ex- and exo- mean “outside or away from,” so in

away from

the condition exotropia, the eye is turned ________________________ ________________ its normal position. 3.44 The common prefix shared by the terms extracellular,

extra-

outside

extracorporeal, and extrauterine is ____________________, which means “outside.” Therefore, extracellular means “outside the cell” (see ■ Figure 3.3), extracorporeal means “outside the body,” and extrauterine means “____________________ the uterus.”

Cell membrane

Intracellular environment

■ Figure 3.3 A typical human cell. The environment within the cell is known as the intracellular environment and the one outside the cell is the extracellular environment.

Extracellular environment

48

Chapter 3

3.45 Infer- has the meaning “below,” as in the term inferior. The term

below

inferior indicates a position ____________________ another point of reference. 3.46 Because the prefix inter- means “between,” the term

between

intervertebral indicates a position ____________________ the vertebrae. 3.47 The terms intracellular and intrauterine share the prefix

intrawithin

____________________, which means “within.” Therefore, intracellular means “within the cell” (see Figure 3.3) and intrauterine means “____________________ the uterus.” 3.48 Because intra- means “within,” the term intradermal means

within

“____________________ the skin.” 3.49 The prefix para- means “alongside or abnormal.” Its use in the

abnormal

term paracusis indicates ____________________ hearing or a disorder in hearing. 3.50 The prefix peri- means “around.” In the term pericardium,

around

this prefix indicates the membrane that covers the area ____________________ the heart. 3.51 The prefix post- means “to follow after.” If we add this prefix to

after

a suffix that means birth, -partum, the term postpartum is formed, which means “to follow ____________________ birth.” 3.52 Notice that the terms postnatal and postpartum share the prefix

after

post-, which means “to follow after.” Because the term natal and suffix -partum have similar meanings, both terms mean “to follow ____________________ birth.”

Understanding Prefixes

49

3.53 The prefixes sub- and hypo- both mean “below.” To build a term

hypo-

subcutaneous

that means “below the skin,” add the prefix ____________________ to the Latin term for skin, dermis. The resulting term is hypodermis. An alternate term for the area below the skin attaches the prefix sub- to another word for skin, cutaneous. The resulting term is ____________________. (See ■ Figure 3.4.)

Pore of sweat gland Sensory receptors

Epidermis Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle

Dermis

Hair

■ Figure 3.4 Skin layers. The epidermis is on top of the dermis, and the hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer) is below the dermis.

Nerve Vein Artery

Hypodermis

Sweat gland

3.54 The prefixes super- and supra- share the meaning “above”; the

above

term superior indicates a position ____________________ another point of reference, and the term supraorbital is the area above an eye orbit. 3.55 The prefixes sym- and syn- also share a meaning, which is

together

“together or joined.” For example, a symptom is an experience that is added together with others to form an estimate of a disease, and syndrome is a group of symptoms or signs that occur ____________________.

50

Chapter 3

PRACTICE: Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing The Right Match Match the prefix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. ab-

______ 12. dis-

a. to come before

______

2. dia-

______ 13. peri-

b. up or toward

m. between

______

3. ad-

______ 14. ex-, exo-

c. apart or away

n. alongside or abnormal

______

4. endo-

______ 15. inter-

d. outside

o. below

______

5. ante-

______ 16. eso-

e. away from

p. around

______

6. extra-

______ 17. sub-

f. outside or away from q. outside or out

______

7. ep-, epi-

______ 18. post-

g. toward

r. before

______

8. ana-

______ 19. pre-

h. within

s. together or joined

______

9. infer-

______ 20. super-, supra______ 21. sym-, syn-

______ 10. ec-, ecto______ 11. para-

l. to follow after

t. under, beneath, below

i. inward j. through k. upon, over, above, or on top

u. above

Prefix Linkup Link the prefixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Prefix

Definition

Prefix

Definition

abanaantediaectoexo-

away from up, toward before through outside, out outside, away from

inferparapresubsyn-

below alongside, abnormal to come before under, beneath, below together, joined

Definition

Term

  1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9. 10.

____________tomy ____________duction ____________pic ____________lysis ____________tropia ____________ior ____________cusis ____________cutaneous ____________drome ____________natal

process of cutting up; current meaning is “structure” away from the midline of the body a pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants somewhere outside the uterus a procedure that filters blood a condition in which the eye turns away from its normal position a position below another point of reference a disorder in hearing below the skin a group of symptoms or signs that occur together before birth

Understanding Prefixes

51

Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term Complete the following frames to learn about prefixes that indicate a specific quality about a term. 3.56 Because the prefix a- means “without or absence of,” the term

without

aseptic means “sterile,” or “pertaining to ____________________ pathogenic organisms.” 3.57 Similarly, asymptomatic means “pertaining to not having

a-

symptoms” because the prefix ____________________ means “without.” 3.58 The prefix an- also means “without or absence of.” Thus, the

without

term anoxia means “____________________ oxygen.” 3.59 Because the prefix brady- means “slow” and cardi/o is the

slow

combining form for “heart,” the term bradycardia means “abnormally ____________________ heart rate.” 3.60 The term bradykinesia combines the prefix brady-, which means

slow

“slow,” and the combining form kinesi/o, which means “motion,” to create the meaning “condition of ____________________ motion.” 3.61 The term circumference contains the prefix circum-, which

around

dys-

means “around.” The term circumcision literally translates as a “process of cutting ____________________.” Circumcision is a surgery that cuts around the base of the foreskin to remove it from the penis. 3.62 The term dyslexia has the prefix ____________________, which

means “bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult.” It is a learning disability involving impaired reading, spelling, and writing ability. 3.63 The prefix eu- means “normal or good.” It is a prefix in the term

good

eupnea, where it alters the meaning of the root word that means “breath,” pnea, to create the meaning “normal or good breathing.” It is also a prefix in the term euthyroid, where it alters the meaning of the word thyroid, an endocrine gland in the neck, to literally mean “normal or ____________________ thyroid,” or in clinical language, a normally functioning thyroid gland. 3.64 The prefixes heter- and hetero- both mean “different.”

opposite

M03_WING1226_04_SE_C03.indd 51

Therefore, a heterosexual person has a sexual orientation toward people of the ____________________ sex.

15/03/18 12:23 PM

52

Chapter 3

3.65 The terms hyperacidity, hyperemesis, hyperkinesia, and

hyper-

hyperthermia share the common prefix ____________________, which means “excessive, abnormally high, or above.”

excessive

3.66 Hyperthyroidism is a condition of ____________________ levels

of thyroid hormones in the body. 3.67 The prefix hypo- means “deficient, abnormally low, or below.”

low

Hypothyroidism is a condition of abnormally ____________________ levels of thyroid hormones in the body, causing reduced energy and weight gain. 3.68 Notice that the prefix hypo- has a meaning opposite to that of

hyper-

the prefix ____________________. 3.69 In the term hypocalcemia, hypo- indicates that the level of

abnormally

calcium in the blood is ____________________ low. 3.70 The term hypothermia means a “state of abnormally

low

____________________ body temperature.” 3.71 The prefix macro- means “large.” The combining form cyt/o

large

means “cell,” and the suffix -osis means “condition of.” When these word parts are combined, the term macrocytosis is created, which refers to a condition of blood cells that are abnormally ____________________. 3.72 The prefix mal- means “bad,” so the term malabsorption literally

bad

means “____________________ absorption.” 3.73 The prefix mega- is familiar to many people and is in

large

common use today. It shares the meaning “large or great” with the prefix megalo-. So, the term megalocyte literally means “____________________ cell.” 3.74 The prefix micro- means “small.” When we add the suffix

small

-scopy, which means “process of viewing,” we form the term microscopy, which refers to the procedure of observing objects too ____________________ to be seen with the unaided human eye.

Understanding Prefixes

53

3.75 The term neonate refers to a newborn, specifically a baby

neo-

within the first 28 days of life. The prefix ____________________ means “new,” and the combining form nat/o means “birth.” 3.76 The prefix pseudo- means “false,” as in the term pseudocyesis,

false

which means “____________________ pregnancy.” 3.77 The prefix tachy- means “rapid, fast.” When we add the

rapid

combining form cardi/o, which means “heart” with the suffix -a to form the singular, the term tachycardia is formed. It means “a ____________________ heart rate.” 3.78 The prefix trans- means “through, across, or beyond,”

through across across

as in transvaginal, which means “____________________ or ____________________ the vagina.” Transverse means to “lie ____________________ or in a crosswise direction.” 3.79 The prefix ultra- means “beyond normal,” as in ultrasound,

beyond normal

which is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that provides images of internal structures by bouncing inaudible, or _____________________ , sound waves through the body (■ Figure 3.5).

■ Figure 3.5 Ultrasound imaging. In this noninvasive procedure, inaudible sound waves are bounced through the body, detected by a sensor, and interpreted by a computer to reveal internal structures, such as a fetus within the uterus. Source: Olesia Bilkei/Shutterstock.

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15/03/18 12:25 PM

54

Chapter 3

PRACTICE: Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term Prefix Linkup Link the prefixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Prefix

Definition

Prefix

Definition

abradycircumdyshypermal-

without or absence of slow around bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult excessive, abnormally high, above bad

megaloneopseudotransultra-

large, great new false through, across, or beyond beyond normal

Definition

Term

  1. false pregnancy   2. sterile, having no pathogenic organisms   3. a newborn; specifically, a baby within the first 28 days of life   4. abnormally slow heart rate   5. a surgery to remove the foreskin from the penis   6. a learning disability involving impaired reading, spelling, and writing ability   7. a condition of excess levels of thyroid hormones in the body   8. bad absorption   9. an abnormally large cell 10. a diagnostic procedure using sound waves

_________________cyesis _________________septic _________________nate _________________cardia _________________cision _________________lexia _________________thyroidism _________________absorption _________________cyte _________________sound

The Right Match Match the prefix on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. a-, an-

a. bad

______

2. hypo-

b. slow

______

3. neo-

c. small

______

4. tachy-

d. false

______

5. trans-

e. around

______

6. dys-

f. normal or good

______

7. macro-

g. deficient, abnormally low, below

______

8. hyper-

h. without or absence of

______

9. circum-

i. different

______ 10. brady-

j. rapid, fast

______ 11. micro-

k. bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult

______ 12. eu-

l. large or great

______ 13. mal-

m. large

______ 14. pseudo-

n. through, across, or beyond

______ 15. heter-, hetero-

o. new

______ 16. mega-, megalo-

p. excessive, abnormally high, above

M03_WING1226_04_SE_C03.indd 54

16/03/18 12:18 PM

Understanding Prefixes

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. excessive or abnormally high sensitivity to painful stimuli

____________hyperalgesia

2. a substance that stops convulsions

_________________convulsive

3. process by which foods are changed into energy for use by the body and energy is used to change molecules

_________________bolism

4. condition of seeing a single object as two images

_________________opia

5. paralysis of half the body

_________________plegia

6. has given birth more than once

_________________para

7. has never given birth

_________________para

8. a disease that is widespread globally

_________________demic

9. paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body

_________________plegia

10. inflammation of many medium and small arteries

_________________arteritis

11. having given birth for the first time

_________________para

12. movement toward the midline of the body

_________________duction

13. procedure that filters blood

_________________lysis

14. body part that is apart or away from its normal position

_________________located

15. pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants somewhere outside the uterus

_________________pic

16. within the layers of the skin

_________________dermal

17. membrane that covers around the heart

_________________cardium

18. a group of symptoms or signs occurring together

_________________drome

19. pertaining to not having symptoms

_________________symptomatic

20. a state of sterility, having no pathogens

_________________sepsis

21. slow movement

_________________kinesia

22. removal of the foreskin from the penis

_________________cision

23. “normal” or “good” breathing

_________________pnea

24. abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

_________________calcemia

25. false pregnancy

_________________cyesis

26. rapid heart rate

_________________cardia

27. twins that are joined together

_________________joined

55

56

Chapter 3

28. literally, “against conception”

_________________ception

29. ability to use both hands equally

_________________dextrous

30. pertaining to two focal points

_________________focal

31. paralysis of one limb or muscle/muscle group

_________________plegia

32. paralysis of four limbs

_________________plegia

33. partially conscious

_________________conscious

34. a woman who has given birth three times

_________________para

35. a woman who has given birth to one child

_________________para

36. away from the midline of the body

_________________duction

Practice with Prefixes Circle the prefixes in the following terms, then define the prefix in the space provided.

Definition 1. intracellular



2. antispasmodic



3. hypertonic



4. bifocal



5. hemiplegia



6. pansinusitis



7. polyuria



8. tricuspid



9. dislocation



10. epidermis



11. intrauterine



12. hypokinesia



13. neonate



14. tachycardia



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Chapter 4

The Human Body in Health and Disease Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 4.1

Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body.

4.5

Define the introductory terms associated with medical terminology.

4.2

Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body.

4.6

Identify the five major diagnostic imaging procedures.

4.3

Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and directional terms used to describe areas of the body.

4.7

Understand and interpret a Medical Report.

4.4

Break down and define the important terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of the human body.

58

Chapter 4

4.1 A study of medical terminology includes learning about the

disease

human body in a healthy state to better understand the mechanisms of ____________________ and its terminology. In this chapter, you learn some basics about body organization and some general principles of function, which are necessary for understanding many of the medical terms that you encounter later in the book.

Organization of the Body As the next step in learning the terminology of the human body, in this section you explore how the body is organized and many of the terms that are used to describe its organization. The combining forms that are presented in this chapter are listed here for you to preview.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

abdomin/o anter/o brachi/o cardi/o caud/o cephal/o cervic/o chondr/i cran/o, crani/o cyt/o dist/o dors/o femor/o gastr/o glute/o hom/o, home/o ili/o

abdomen front arm heart tail head neck gristle, cartilage skull cell distant back thigh, femur stomach buttock same flank, hip, groin

infer/o inguin/o later/o lumb/o medi/o organ/o pelv/o physi/o pleur/o poster/o proxim/o super/o thorac/o tom/o umbilic/o ventr/o

below groin side loin, lower back middle tool bowl, basin nature pleura, rib back near above chest, thorax to cut navel, umbilicus belly

Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Complete the following frames to learn the basics of anatomy and physiology. 4.2 The study of body structure is called anatomy. The term is

anatomy ann AH toe mee structure

constructed from three word parts, as shown when it is written as ana/tom/y. The prefix ana- means “up, toward,” the word root tom means “to cut,” and the suffix -y means “process of.” Thus, ____________________ literally means “the process of cutting up.” The word was first used by the ancient Greeks, who used cadaver dissection to explore body structure. Today, we use the term to describe the study of body ____________________, which includes the identification of body components and their locations relative to one another.

The Human Body in Health and Disease

59

4.3 The combining form physi/o means “nature,” and the suffix -logy

physiology fiz ee AHL oh jee functions

means “study or science of.” Combining these word parts forms the term ____________________, which literally means “study of nature.” Thus, physiology refers to the study of the nature of living things. It is concerned with body ____________________ and seeks answers to the question, “How does it work?” 4.4 The functions of the body perform work to keep the body

physiology

homeostasis HOE mee oh STAY siss

alive and as healthy as possible. Many body functions respond to a change, like a cold breeze or exposure to a virus, by making internal adjustments in the body. The goal of these functions is to keep the internal body in a constant, stable state despite changes in the world around us. The process of maintaining internal stability is a central concept of human ____________________ and is called homeostasis. This word is composed of three word parts, as shown when it is written as home/o/stasis. The combining form home/o means “sameness, unchanging” and -stasis is a suffix that means “standing still.” Thus, ____________________ means “maintaining internal stability.” 4.5 The structure of the body may be described in terms of building

cell

tissues

organs

systems

blocks, in which small, simple blocks combine to form larger, more complex blocks until the ultimate structure, the whole body, is assembled. Notice in ■ Figure 4.1 that the simplest building block of the body is known as the atom. The atom is the simplest organized substance known, although it too is composed of smaller particles. Atoms may bind together to form molecules, which in turn combine to form large, nonliving structures such as parts of cells called organelles. These structures are assembled to form the next level of complexity, the living cell. The ____________________ is the most basic form of life in the body. Cells may be arranged into similar groups to form the next level, the tissues. There are four main categories of ____________________: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ, which maintains a certain shape and performs a general function. For example, the stomach, the brain, and the pancreas are ____________________. Organs are associated with other organs with a common goal of performing a general function, such as digestion, transportation of oxygen, or maintenance of the water balance in the body. A group of organs sharing a general function is called a system. There are 11 ____________________ of the body, which are summarized and illustrated in Table 4.1 ■.

60

Chapter 4 Atoms Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Molecules Sugars Proteins Water Organelles Mitochondrion Nucleus Ribosome Cells Epithelial cell Nerve cell Muscle cell Tissues Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Organs Lung Brain Stomach Kidney

Organ Systems Respiratory system Nervous system Digestive system Circulatory system

Organism Human Organism

■ Figure 4.1 Building blocks of the body. Complexity increases in the direction of the arrow.

The Human Body in Health and Disease Table 4.1 ■

61

Systems of the Body

Cardiovascular System

Heart Major veins (in blue)

Major arteries (in red)

Function Transports ­substances to and from body cells.

Lymphatic System

Function Removes unwanted ­substances and recycle fluid to the bloodstream.

Tonsils Thymus Lymphatic vessels

Spleen Lymph nodes

Respiratory System

Pharynx Trachea Right lung

Function

Nose Larynx Bronchi Left lung

Urinary System

Exchanges gases between the external environment and blood.

Function Removes ­nitrogenous waste and excess water and salt from the bloodstream.

Urinary bladder

Kidneys (2) Ureters (2)

Digestive System

Pharynx Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Colon

Function

Mouth Salivary glands Stomach Pancreas Small intestine

Female Reproduction

Function Produces female gametes for fertilization and provide s­ upport for prenatal development.

Mammary glands Fallopian tube Uterus

Prepares foods for absorption into the bloodstream and eliminate solid wastes.

Ovary Vagina

Urethra

(continued)

62

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 ■

Systems of the Body (continued)

Male Reproduction

Function Produces male gametes for ­fertilization and a means to ­inseminate a female.

Vas deferens Testis

Nervous System

Function

Brain

Spinal cord Nerves

Prostate Urethra Penis

Endocrine System

Function

Pituitary gland Thyroid gland

Thymus

Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovary (female)

Controls homeostasis by releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which alter body functions.

Musculoskeletal System

Bone

Muscle

Joint

Testis (male)

Controls ­homeostasis by sensing changes in the ­environment, ­processing ­information, and initiating body responses.

Function Muscles produce movement of body parts; bones and joints support and protect soft body parts, store minerals, and form blood cells.

Tendon

Integumentary System Hair

Skin Nails

Function Protects the body from fluid loss, injury, and infection.

The Human Body in Health and Disease

63

4.6 Directional terms are words used to describe the relative

anatomical

location of the body or its parts. Because the body can move into many positions, such as sitting, standing, lying on one side, or lying on the back, we need a point of reference before we can describe the locations of body parts. The body position that is commonly used as a reference is known as the anatomical position. It is an erect posture with the face forward, arms at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, and legs apart with the feet pointing forward (■ Figure 4.2). Directional terms are always based on the ____________________ position, regardless of the actual body position of the individual. Because healthcare professionals often assist a patient lying in bed, two optional terms of position are in common clinical use. If the patient is lying on the back with the face upward, the position is called supine, and if the patient is lying on the belly side, the position is called prone.

Superior

Coronal or frontal plane

Transverse or horizontal plane

Midsagittal plane

Pos

terio

r

Ant

■ Figure 4.2

Body planes, shown with the figure in the anatomical position.

Inferior

erio

r

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Chapter 4

4.7 The most commonly used directional terms are constructed

pertaining to

superior

dorsal

anterior

Table 4.2 ■

from word parts, and each includes one word root and one suffix. The suffixes are either -ior or -al, both with the same meaning of “____________________ ____________________.” The word roots include super, which means “above”; infer, which means “below”; anter, which means “front”; poster, which means “back”; medi, which means “middle”; later, which means “side”; proxim, which means “near”; dist, which means “distant”; ventr, which means “belly”; dors, which means “back”; and caud, which means “tail.” Thus, the term ____________________ means “pertaining to above” and refers to a body part located above, or toward the head end, relative to another body part. For example, you would say that the nose is superior to the chest. Also, the term dorsal means “pertaining to the back.” For example, you would say that the shoulder blades are ____________________ to the chest. Because posterior also means “pertaining to the back,” dorsal and posterior are interchangeable terms. This is also true of ventral and ____________________. Table 4.2 ■ provides a summary of the directional terms and additional examples of how they are used.

Directional Terms

Term

Definition

Example

Superior super/ior Inferior infer/ior Anterior (ventral) anter/ior Posterior (dorsal) poster/ior Medial medi/al Lateral later/al Superficial super/ficial Deep Proximal proxim/al Distal dist/al

Toward the head end or upper part of the body Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body Toward the front or belly side

The head is superior to the neck.

Toward the back

The vertebral column (or backbone) extends down the posterior (dorsal) side.

Toward the midline, which is an imaginary ­vertical line down the middle of the body Toward the side

The nose is medial to the ears.

External, toward the body surface Internal, inward from the surface of the body Toward the origin of attachment to the trunk

The skin is superficial to the muscles and body cavities. The heart lies deep to the rib cage. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Away from the origin of attachment to the trunk

The knee is distal to the hip and thigh.

The neck is inferior to the head. The eyes are on the anterior side of the head.

The ears are lateral to the nose.

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When to Drop the Combining Vowel WORDS TO Watch Out For

Remember the rule from Chapter 1: When a combining form is joined with a word part that begins with a vowel, the combining vowel is dropped, as is the case in the directional terms that appear in Table 4.2.

4.8 A plane is an imaginary flat field that is used as a point of

anatomical planes

sagittal

reference for viewing three-dimensional objects. Anatomical planes divide the body into imaginary sections that are useful in describing the location of body parts relative to one another. Three major ____________________ ____________________ are in common use. A frontal or coronal plane is a vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions. A sagittal (SAJ ih tal) plane is a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left portions. A ____________________ plane dividing the body down the center into equal portions is called midsagittal, and one dividing the body into unequal portions is known as parasagittal. Finally, a transverse plane is a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. The three major anatomical planes are shown in Figure 4.2. 4.9 The regions of the body are areas that have been named to give

healthcare workers the ability to communicate possible problems that may be revealed during a physical examination. The most commonly used names of ____________________ are constructed from one word root and one suffix, similar to directional terms (see Frame 4.7). For example, the thoracic region is the area of the chest. The term is constructed from the word root thorac, which means “chest, thorax,” and the suffix -ic, which means “pertaining to.” Also, the abdominal region is the area of the abdomen; the word root abdomin means “abdomen,” and the suffix -al means “pertaining to.” The regions are further described in Table 4.3 ■.

regions

Table 4.3 ■

Regions of the Body

Major Body Regions

Subdivisions

Head

Face, cranium

Neck

Anterior neck, posterior neck

Upper appendages

Shoulder, axilla (armpit), brachium (upper arm), elbow, antebrachium (forearm), carpus (wrist), manus (hand), digits (fingers)

Trunk

Thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back

Lower appendages

Gluteus (buttock), femorus (thigh), knee, crus (leg), tarsus (ankle), pes (foot), digits (toes)

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Chapter 4

4.10 To aid healthcare professionals in pinpointing problems

associated with the large region of the abdomen with accuracy, the ____________________ region is further divided into nine smaller regions. The name of each abdominal region is a constructed term descriptive of its location. The regions are illustrated in ■ Figure 4.3a and include the epigastric (epi/gastr/ic, which means “on top of the stomach”), ____________________ (hypo/gastr/ic, which means “below the stomach”), umbilical (umbilic/al, which means “pertaining to the navel)”, right and left hypochondriac (hypo/chondr/i/ac, which means “below the cartilage” of the ribs), right and left iliac (ili/ac, which means “pertaining to the hip or groin”), and right and left lumbar (lumb/ar, which means “pertaining to the loin”). A second set of abdominal divisions is also shown in ■ Figure 4.3b, in which the abdomen is divided into four quadrants. The quadrants are the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Referring to these quadrants by name is common in clinical practice.

abdominal ab DOMM ih nahl

hypogastric HIGH poh GASS trik

■ Figure 4.3 The abdomen and abdominal regions. (a) The nine abdominal regions are mapped according to imaginary lines, as shown. (b) The abdomen may also be divided into four quadrants. The organs are superimposed in the figure.

Right hypochondriac Epigastric region region Right lumbar region

Right iliac region

(a)

Umbilical region

Hypogastric region

Left hypochondriac region

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Left lumbar region Left iliac region

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

(b)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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4.11 When looking at the body as a whole, you will notice that its

appendages ap PEN dah jiz

cavities

basic design consists of a central trunk, or torso, with attached appendages, or limbs. The ____________________ are the head, arms, and legs. The trunk and head are not solid structures like the arms and legs, but include spaces that are partially filled with organs, connecting structures, and fluids. The spaces are called cavities, and their internal contents are known as viscera. The cavities are surrounded by a moist membrane that helps control the spread of infections and keeps the internal organs moist and lubricated. Thus, the ____________________ are membrane-lined spaces filled with viscera. 4.12 There are two main cavities, the dorsal cavity and the

dorsal cavity

ventral cavity. Each of these contains smaller cavities, which are illustrated in ■ Figure 4.4. As you can see from the figure, the ____________________ ____________________ (colored red) includes the cranial cavity, which houses the brain, and the spinal (vertebral) cavity, which contains the spinal cord.

ventral cavity

4.13 The ____________________ ____________________ in the

inferior

abdominopelvic cavity

anterior part of the body (colored purple in Figure 4.4) is much larger than the dorsal cavity. A muscular partition called the diaphragm (DYE ah fram) divides the ventral cavity into an upper and lower cavity. The cavity that is superior to the diaphragm is the thoracic cavity, and the cavity ____________________ to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity. You learned in Frame 4.9 that the term thoracic is composed of two word parts and is written thorac/ic. The term abdominopelvic contains four word parts and is written abdomin/o/pelv/ic. As the names suggest, the thoracic cavity lies within the chest, and the ____________________ ____________________ lies within the abdominal and pelvic areas.

68

Chapter 4 POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity

Pericardial membranes

Thoracic cavity

Heart Cranial cavity

Pericardial cavity Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Spinal cavity

Pleural cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Pericardial cavity Diaphragm (a) Spinal cavity

Pleural cavity

Abdominal cavity

Lung

Abdominopelvic cavity

Lung Pelvic cavity

Heart Pericardial cavity

Mediastinum (b)

■ Figure 4.4 Body cavities. The dorsal cavities are shown in red, and the ventral cavities are in purple. (a) Lateral view of a sagittal section through the body. The insert shows the heart surrounded by the pericardial membranes. (b) Anterior view of a frontal section through the body. The insert is a transverse section through the thoracic cavity.

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4.14 The thoracic cavity contains several smaller cavities. The

pericardial cavity

pericardial cavity lies along the midline of the thoracic cavity. The term pericardial consists of three word parts, peri/cardi/al, and literally means “pertaining to around the heart.” Thus, the ____________________ ____________________ surrounds the heart. The other cavities within the thoracic cavity are the two pleural cavities. The term pleural is written pleur/al and contains two word parts, pleur, which means “pleura, rib,” and -al, which means “pertaining to.” 4.15 In addition to the pericardial cavity and the two pleural cavities,

mediastinum mee dee ah STY num

the thoracic cavity includes the area between the two lungs. Because it lies along the midline and is deep to the breastbone or sternum, it is called the mediastinum. The ____________________ contains the heart, the large blood vessels located above the heart, and a gland called the thymus gland. 4.16 As you have learned, the abdominopelvic cavity is the large

abdominal

pelvic

cavity of the abdominal and pelvic regions. It contains an upper and lower area, which are not divided by a partition. The upper area is the abdominal cavity, which contains the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and most of the small and large intestines. Recall that ____________________ literally means “pertaining to the abdomen.” At the level of the iliac crest (the tips of the hip bones), the pelvic cavity begins and continues to the base of the abdominopelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and parts of the small and large intestines. The word ____________________ may be separated into its two word parts, pelv/ic, and literally means “pertaining to a bowl or basin,” which accurately describes this bowl-shaped cavity.

PRACTICE: Anatomy and Physiology Introduction The Right Match Match the combining form on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. abdomin/o

a. skull

______ 2. anter/o

b. neck

______ 3. brachi/o

c. tail

______ 4. caud/o

d. back

______ 5. cephal/o

e. distant

______ 6. cervic/o

f. front

______ 7. cran/o, crani/o

g. abdomen

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Chapter 4

______ 8. cyt/o

h. arm

______ 9. dist/o

i. cell

______ 10. dors/o

j. head

______ 11. femor/o

k. below

______ 12. gastr/o

l. groin

______ 13. glute/o

m. loin, lower back

______ 14. hom/o, home/o

n. tool

______ 15. ili/o

o. stomach

______ 16. infer/o

p. middle

______ 17. inguin/o

q. flank, hip, groin

______ 18. lumb/o

r. buttock

______ 19. medi/o

s. thigh

______ 20. organ/o

t. same

Correct the Spelling This exercise tests your ability to spell terms correctly. The list on the left column includes terms that are ­misspelled. In the right column, write in the correct spelling of the term. 1. abdominole _________________________________ 2. thorasik _________________________________ 3. parakardeal _________________________________ 4. fizeology _________________________________ 5. sagitall _________________________________ 6. superfishal _________________________________ 7. homiostaysis _________________________________ 8. diafram _________________________________

Word Root Linkup Link the word roots in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

Word Root

Definition

abdomin cardi chondr pelv physi

abdomen heart gristle, cartilage bowl, basin nature

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

_____________/o/logy _____________/al hypo/_____________/i/ac peri/_____________/al _____________/ic

refers to the study of the nature of living things the area of the abdomen below the cartilage pertaining to around the heart literally means “pertaining to a bowl or basin,” which accurately describes this bowl-shaped cavity

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71

Medical Terms Introduction As the next step in learning the terminology of the human body, in this section you explore introductory medical terms and diagnostic procedures. Here are two combining forms that you will see in this section.

Combining Form

Definition

chron/o path/o

time disease

Complete the following frames to learn some introductory medical terms and diagnostic procedures. 4.17 The body’s goal is to keep itself alive and healthy. Each

homeostasis disease dih ZEEZ

system performs functions that endeavor to keep the body in a constant, stable state by adjusting to changes. As you learned in Frame 4.4, this is the process of maintaining homeostasis. When body functions fail to maintain ____________________, a condition of instability results that is called disease. In general, the term ____________________ refers to a state of the body in which homeostasis has faltered for any reason. 4.18 The study of disease is a field of medicine called pathology.

pathology path AHL oh jee

This term is derived from the Greek word for suffering or disease, pathos, creating the combining form path/o. The term is completed by adding the suffix -logy, which means “study or science of.” A pathologist is a physician who specializes in ____________________, or the study of disease. In most cases, a pathologist does not treat individual patients, but manages a clinical lab that evaluates data about patients to assist other healthcare professionals. 4.19 When examining a patient who is complaining of an illness,

diagnosis DYE ag NO sis

the healthcare professional must first identify the illness before it can be treated. Identification of the illness is called a diagnosis. This is a constructed word containing the word parts dia-, which means “through,” and -gnosis, which means “knowledge.” The ____________________ must be established before a treatment program can be created. 4.20 To make a diagnosis, a healthcare professional listens to the

symptoms SIMP tumz

patient to learn about clues that might suggest the nature of the illness. Experiences of the patient resulting from a disease are called symptoms. They are usually sensations—such as pain, heat, cold, or pressure—but can also be the loss of sensations, such as numbness or loss of appetite. Other ____________________ include dizziness, loss of balance, and mental confusion.

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Chapter 4

4.21 Before a diagnosis can be made, a healthcare professional

often examines the patient for physical signs of disease. A sign is a finding that can be discovered by an objective examination, such as a physical exam or lab exam. For example, a thermometer inserted into the mouth or ear canal will indicate the presence of an elevated body temperature, or fever, which is a common ____________________ of an infectious disease.

sign

4.22 As part of a diagnosis, a disease is commonly classified by

its expected duration: a brief or a long duration. The term acute describes a disease of short duration. For example, a head cold is usually an ____________________ disease because of its short duration. The medical term for a head cold is acute coryza (kor EYE zah). Although an acute disease is relatively brief, many such diseases can have severe effects that can become life-threatening, so keep in mind that the term does not imply a mild disease.

acute ah KYOOT

Did You KNOW

ACUTE The term acute is derived from the Latin word acutus, which means “sharp.” It describes how a symptom or sign that is of short duration strikes quickly, such as would result from a stinging stab from a sharp instrument.

4.23 A term frequently used to describe diseases that are of long

chronic KRON ik

duration is chronic. The term is derived from the Greek word for time, kronos; these ____________________ diseases usually develop slowly and last for many years. An example of a chronic disease is the skin condition psoriasis (soh RYE ah siss), which lasts a lifetime. 4.24 Diseases may also be classified on the basis of their cause or

infection in FEKK shun etiology ee tee AHL oh jee

origin. One of the most common forms of disease is infection, a disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungal parasites, or protozoans. The presence of ____________________ results in the development of infectious disease. The cause of a disease is called its etiology, which literally means “the study or science of cause.” For example, the ____________________ of the infectious disease malaria is a microscopic protozoan called Plasmodium, which is passed to us by the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.

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73

4.25 Disease may also be caused by physical injury or trauma.

trauma TRAW mah

For example, a fractured bone is a common ____________________ arising from an automobile collision. It is a disease because it upsets homeostasis—in this case, homeostasis of the bone and surrounding tissues. Disease resulting from trauma is called traumatic disease. 4.26 Once a reliable diagnosis is made, the healthcare

prognosis prog NOH sis

professional may predict the probable course of the disease and its probable outcome. This prediction is called a prognosis. ____________________ is a constructed word containing the word parts pro-, which means “before,” and -gnosis, “knowledge.” 4.27 As you may suspect, making an accurate diagnosis is an

diagnostic imaging

essential part of medicine. As a result of improving technologies, making a diagnosis has become a more efficient and reliable practice than in the past. The most important improvements have been in the way instruments are able to observe the internal structure and functions of the body without the need for open surgical procedures. These noninvasive procedures are called diagnostic imaging. The five major types of ____________________ ____________________ are endoscopy, CT scan, PET scan, MRI, and ultrasound. 4.28 The use of a long, flexible tube that can be inserted into a

endoscopy end AH skoh pee

■ Figure 4.5 Endoscopy. This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure because it reduces patient recovery time and the risk of infection by avoiding the opening of body cavities. Instead, a fiberoptic tube with a camera is inserted into a body opening, such as the mouth (shown here), allowing the surgeon to observe internal organs and cavities on a monitor. Source: Beloborod/Shutterstock.

patient is called endoscopy. This constructed term includes two word parts: endo-, which means “within,” and -scopy, which means “process of viewing.” During the ____________________, a healthcare professional may observe the internal cavities and organs of the patient with the attachment of a camera at the far end of the tube (■ Figure 4.5). The tube may also contain surgical attachments, enabling a surgeon to manipulate internal body parts while viewing a monitor.

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Chapter 4

4.29 A CT (CAT) scan is a diagnostic procedure that combines

CT scan

multiple x-rays and computer enhancement to produce threedimensional images of internal body structures (■ Figure 4.6). The term ____________________ ____________________ is an acronym for computed tomography scanning. As a result of the computer enhancement, cross-sectional images or “slices” of body regions are produced. CT scans are useful, speedy, and relatively low cost when cross-sectional images of organs in the chest or abdomen, muscles, and joints are needed, as in the evaluation of trauma.

■ Figure 4.6 CT scan. The patient is undergoing the scan in the procedure room while the radiologic technician is monitoring the instrument behind the glass wall. The CT scan image is visible on the monitor. Source: Linda Bartlett/National Cancer Institute.

4.30 A PET scan is a procedure that detects the journey of a

PET scan

■ Figure 4.7 PET scan. (a) Photograph of a PET scan instrument. After receiving a radiolabeled mixture (usually in the form of an ingested drink), the patient lies on the table while the table moves into the doughnutshaped scanner. Source: Ververidis Vasilis/Shutterstock. (b) The scanner detects the radiolabeled mixture while it is metabolized by the patient, and interprets the data to form an image like the one shown. Areas of metabolically active cells may glow yellow (shown here) or use other colors to highlight their presence. Source: Monet_3k/Shutterstock.

radioactive-labeled substance, such as glucose (sugar), through the body. The PET scan instrument contains scanners that respond to radiolabeled glucose and computers that create an image to track the pathway of the glucose as it is metabolized by body cells. As a result, the ____________________ ____________________ reveals areas of the body that have an unusually high metabolic rate, such as tumors (■ Figure 4.7). The term PET is an acronym for positron emission tomography.

(a)

(b)

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75

4.31 Among all the diagnostic imaging techniques available, the

MRI

MRI has generated the most excitement in the medical community because it offers the clearest, most complete images of internal anatomy. The term MRI is an acronym for magnetic resonance imaging. The instrument includes magnets that respond to hydrogen atoms in the body by sending signals to a computer, which analyzes the information to produce three-dimensional images (■ Figure 4.8). Unlike CT and PET scans, MRI does not use radioisotopes and is thereby safer to use. The ____________________ can be used to diagnose many forms of cancer, joint disease, and trauma.

■ Figure 4.8 MRI. The patient enters the MRI instrument through the “doughnut” opening, while a technician monitors progress in an adjacent room. An MRI of the head is visible on the monitor. Source: James Steidl/ Shutterstock.

4.32 Ultrasound imaging, or sonography, involves the pulsation

ultrasound imaging

■ Figure 4.9 Ultrasound imaging. The use of sound waves produces a computer-enhanced image of the pregnancy status on the monitor, giving the parents an exciting early view of their child and healthcare professionals a valuable tool for mapping the progress of the pregnancy. Source: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

of harmless sound waves through a body region. As the waves travel through tissues of varying density, they produce echoes that can be detected by a probe and interpreted by a computer (■ Figure 4.9). Because of its harmless nature, ____________________ ____________________ has proven useful in prenatal care by providing an early glimpse of the developing fetus (a child before birth) in the uterus.

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Chapter 4

UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL REPORTS As you approach the ends of Chapters 5–15, you will come upon a section titled Medical Report Exercises. In each of these chapters, the exercises present a clinical issue that is very similar to the type of patient concerns you will encounter while working in medical health care. Each exercise begins with information about the patient, which is obtained by way of an interview that includes a physical exam of the patient. The patient information is recorded and becomes a part of the patient’s medical record, or chart, and is available for the health professionals assigned to the patient’s care. To help prepare you for a career in health care, the format of the medical record is presented using the popularized SOAP standard, which is an acronym for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. Here’s what each of these terms means: Subjective: What the patient has experienced regarding his or her present illness, usually recorded in his or her actual words as symptoms. This may also be called History of the Present Illness (abbreviated Hx or HPI). Objective: The unbiased facts of the illness, usually based on the results of the physical exam (abbreviated PE) and recorded as measurable physical signs. Assessment: The diagnosis (abbreviated Dx) made by the medical team of the patient’s illness. Plan: The medical strategies employed in improving the patient’s health, such as any lab or imaging procedures, surgery, or medications (abbreviated Rx). Here is what the SOAP version of a medical record often looks like.

CARDIOLOGY SERVICES 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

S O

A P

Date: 07/15/2017 Patient: Williams, James Dob: 3/20/1978 Age: 39 Provider: Robert A. Young, MD

Patient ID: 123456 Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA (no known drug allergy)

Subjective: “Lately I have noticed pain in my chest during exercise, and I feel out of breath more quickly than usual. I am extremely worried.” 39 y/o male describes chest pain and shortness of breath during workouts. Noted patient clenching his jaw and fist while describing his chest pain and shortness of breath. Patient denied radiating pain, nausea, or vomiting. The chest pain “disappeared” within a few seconds after exercising. He indicated he has no family or personal history of heart disease. Objective: Vital Signs: T (body temperature): 98.2°F; P (pulse rate): 60; R (breathing rate): 20; BP (blood pressure): 160/90 Ht: 5’10” Wt: 210 lb General Appearance: Slightly overweight. Noted no obvious signs of physical distress such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis. Overall health appears WNL (within normal limits). Heart: Rate at 60 beats per minute, with no extra sounds, regular rhythm, no murmurs. Lungs: Lungs clear, no rales or wheezes. Abd: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants; no tenderness or masses. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric; no swelling, masses, or deformity. Assessment: Chest pain (angina pectoris). Plan: Evaluate heart function and cause of chest pain with stress ECG. Rx to include beta-blocker and, to reduce BP (blood pressure), ACE inhibitor. Consult for possible angioplasty.

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77

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts; some are not.) The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. identification of an illness

dia/gnosis

2. maintaining internal stability

home/o/___________

3. common synonym of CAT scan

_______________ scan

4. of long duration

_______________/ic

5. the study of disease

_______________/o/logy

6. a disease of short duration

_______________ (do this one on your own!)

7. divides the body into superior and inferior portions

_______________ plane

8. body cavity inferior to the diaphragm

_______________/_____/__________/ic cavity

9. procedure using a long flexible tube

_______________/scopy

10. term for a finding following an objective examination

_______________

11. formed from similarly grouped cells

_______________

12. area of the chest

_______________/ic region

13. MRI

magnetic _______________ imaging

14. on top of the stomach

_______________/_______________/ic

15. pertaining to the lung

_______________/al

16. divides the body vertically into right and left portions

_______________ plane

17. pertaining to the navel

_______________/al

18. science or study of the cause of disease

_______________/o/logy

19. study of body structure

_______________/tom/y

20. study of nature

_______________/o/logy

Define the Combining Form  1. abdomin/o  2. crani/o  3. infer/o  4. poster/o  5. proxim/o  6. super/o  7. thorac/o  8. tom/o  9. pleur/o 10. pelv/o

Definition

Use in a Term

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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Chapter 4

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Chapter 5

The Integumentary System Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 5.1

Define the word parts used to create medical terms of the integumentary system.

5.3

Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the integumentary system.

5.2

Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the integumentary system.

5.4

Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the integumentary system.

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Chapter 5

Anatomy and Physiology Terms Review the combining forms that specifically apply to the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

aden/o aut/o cutane/o cyan/o derm/o, dermat/o

gland self skin blue skin

follicul/o kerat/o onych/o seb/o

little follicle hard nail sebum, oil

integumentary IN teg yoo MEN tar ee

epidermis

subcutaneous sub kyoo TANE ee us

5.1 The ____________________ system forms the entire surface area

of the body. It is dominated by the largest organ of the body, the skin. The skin is composed of two distinct layers: an inner, deep layer composed of connective tissue known as the dermis and an outer layer of epithelium called the epidermis. The term dermis means “skin,” and the term ____________________ means “on top of skin.” The integumentary system also includes smaller accessory organs embedded within the skin, such as hair and hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and sensory receptors. Immediately below the skin is an area of connective tissue that binds the skin to the muscles and is rich in blood vessels and nerves. Called the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer, it is a region of the body that commonly receives injections. The term hypodermis means “below the skin.” Because cutane/o also means “skin,” ____________________ also means “below the skin.”

5.2 The primary function of the integumentary system is protection.

protection

regulate

sensation

____________________ is provided against outside temperature changes, dehydration, and infectious microorganisms that may cause disease. In addition, the sweat glands, blood vessels, and a layer of fat help the skin to ____________________ internal body temperature, while receptors in your skin provide the ability to detect changes in the environment, giving the skin the added function of ____________________.

The Integumentary System

5.3 Review the anatomy of the integumentary system by studying

the illustration of the skin in ■ Figure 5.1 and the illustration of nails in ■ Figure 5.2.

Pore of sweat gland Epidermis

Sensory receptors Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Hair follicle

Dermis

Hair root

■ Figure 5.1

Nerve Vein Artery

Subcutaneous layer

Anatomy of the skin. Illustration of a section of skin showing key structures.

Sweat gland

Direction of growth

Free edge Nail bed (underneath) Cuticle

Lateral nail groove Lunula Nail body Nail bed Adipose tissue Phalanx (bone)

■ Figure 5.2

Nail structure, top view and side view.

Lunula

Nail root Cuticle

81

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Chapter 5

Medical Terms of the Integumentary System 5.4 The integumentary system can experience many types of

organ

skin

protection

challenges to its homeostasis. As the outermost organ of the body, the skin is more exposed to the extremes of the external environment than any other ____________________, subjecting it to temperature fluctuations, physical injury, and invasion by unwanted microorganisms. Many types of inherited and acquired diseases may also afflict the ____________________. In many cases, it is the first part of the body to display signs and symptoms of an internal disorder because it is the body part with which we are most familiar—we often see, feel, and touch our skin throughout the day. The ____________________ that it provides to your overall health is significant: A loss of skin, such as occurs in a severe burn, can lead to severe consequences due to dehydration and infection, even death. 5.5 The medical field that specializes in the health and disease of the

dermat/o/logy

integumentary system is known as dermatology (derm ah TAHL oh jee). This term is a constructed word, written __________/_____/______, using the combining form that means “skin,” dermat/o, to carry the primary meaning. A physician specializing in dermatology is commonly known as a dermatologist (derm ah TAHL oh jist). 5.6 In the following sections, we review the prefixes, combining

integumentary

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the _____________________ system.

Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System KEY TERMS A–Z

5.7 A common injury to the skin caused by scraping produces a

abrasion ah BRAY zhun

superficial wound called an abrasion. Practice spelling this term: _____________________. It is derived from the Latin word abrasus, which means “to scrape off.” 5.8 An abscess is a localized elevation of the skin containing a

abscess AB sess

cavity, which is a sign of a local infection. The ____________________ cavity contains a mixture of bacteria, white blood cells, damaged tissue, and fluids collectively known as pus and is surrounded by inflamed tissue. Several medical terms may be used to describe the production of pus. They are suppuration (suhp ah RAY shun), purulence (PEWR yoo lens), and pyogenesis (PIE oh JENN eh SISS).

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ABSCESS Did You KNOW

Many medical terms of the integumentary system are derived directly from Latin or Greek words with descriptive meanings. For example, the word abscess is derived from the original Latin word abscessus, which means “a going-away” (which is what you hope to happen soon to the abscess if one appears on your skin, since they can be very painful).

5.9 Cellulite is a local uneven surface of the skin and is a sign of

cellulite SELL yoo light

subcutaneous fat deposition. ____________________ is relatively common in women on the thighs and buttocks. 5.10 An injury to the skin resulting in a break through the epidermis

cicatrix SIK ah trix

and into the dermis or deeper layers of skin requires the process of healing. During this process, epidermal cells migrate to the wound and produce new cells while cells within the dermis produce additional protein fibers. If the wound is too large for the epidermal cells to close the breakage, additional protein fibers (collagen) will be produced to seal the wound. In this case, the wound becomes closed by the formation of scar tissue. A clinical term for scar is cicatrix. ____________________ is a Latin word that means “scar.” The plural form is cicatrices (sik ah TRYE sees). 5.11 The clinical term for pimple is comedo. It is a local elevation

comedo KOM ee doh

of the skin arising from a minor infection of sebaceous (oil) glands. Bacteria feed on the oil, attracting the movement of white blood cells and their products and resulting in the localized inflammation. In Latin, the word ____________________ means “glutton,” referring to the fact that the lesion is caused by the action of “gluttonous” bacteria. The plural form is comedones (KOM ee DOH neez). 5.12 Commonly known as a bruise, a contusion (kon TOO zhun)

contusion kon TOO zhun

is a discoloration and swelling of the skin resulting from tissue damage to the blood vessels of the dermis or deeper tissues. Thus, a ____________________ is a common sign following a physical trauma, such as an automobile accident or a blow to the face. 5.13 The combining form for the color blue is cyan/o. Adding

cyanosis sigh ah NO siss

the ending -osis, which means “condition of,” produces the term ____________________. It is a blue tinge of color to an area of the skin and is a sign of a cardiovascular or respiratory disturbance. Cyanosis is usually apparent most clearly in the lips and fingertips. A patient exhibiting this sign is called cyanotic.

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5.14 Derived from the Greek word kystis that means “bladder,”

cyst sist

a cyst is a closed sac or pouch on the surface of the skin that is filled with liquid or semisolid material. Notice that the c in the term ____________________ sounds like an s.

5.15 An injury often leads to inflammation, which includes swelling.

edema eh DEE mah

Swelling occurs when fluid accumulates in a confined space, such as beneath the skin. The clinical term for fluid accumulation is edema. It is derived from the Greek word oidema, which means “swelling.” Caused by the leakage of fluid across capillary walls, ____________________ is a common sign of injury and infection.

5.16 The Greek word that means “blush” is erythema. We use the

erythema ehr ih THEE mah

same word for any redness of the skin. It is a common sign of injury or infection. The correct spelling is the same as the original Greek word; it is spelled ____________________.

5.17 The clinical term for a narrow break or slit in the skin is fissure.

fissure FISH er

It is derived from the Latin word for a split or crack, fissura, and is illustrated in ■ Figure 5.3 with other signs of skin disease. Write the correct spelling of this term: ____________________.

A macule is a discolored spot on the skin; freckle

A wheal is a localized, evanescent elevation of the skin that is often accompanied by itching; urticaria

A papule is a solid, circumscribed, elevated area on the skin; pimple

■ Figure 5.3

Common skin signs. Each of the illustrations depicts a section through skin.

A pustule is a small, elevated, circumscribed lesion of the skin that is filled with pus; whitehead

An erosion or ulcer is an eating or gnawing away of tissue; decubitus ulcer

A fissure is a crack-like sore or slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis; athlete’s foot

A vesicle is a small fluid-filled sac; blister. A bulla is a large vesicle.

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5.18 If an abscess is associated with a hair follicle, the local swelling

furuncle FOO rung kl

on the skin is called a furuncle. Commonly known as a boil, it is derived from the Latin word for boil, furunculus. A photograph of a ____________________ is provided in ■ Figure 5.4.

■ Figure 5.4

Furuncle. Source: FCG/Shutterstock.

5.19 A local hard area on the skin, or perhaps elsewhere in the

induration in doo RAY shun

body, is known as an induration. This word is derived from the Latin word induratio, which means “the process of becoming firm or hard.” An ____________________ is usually a sign of an excessive deposit of collagen or calcium. 5.20 The French word for yellow is jaune. It is the origin of the

jaundice JAWN diss

clinical term for an abnormal yellow coloration of the skin and eyes, jaundice. In most cases, ____________________ is a sign of liver or gallbladder disease. The yellowing results from an abnormal release of bile pigments by the liver. 5.21 You have learned that a cicatrix (scar) may be formed when

keloid KEE loyd

■ Figure 5.5

Keloids. A single keloid is visible on the shoulder of this patient as an elevated, pigmented lesion. Source: WEERACHAT/ Shutterstock.

skin undergoes repair from an injury (see Frame 5.10). An overgrowth of scar tissue that forms an elevated lesion on the skin is known as a keloid. This large scar, or ____________________, is often discolored, which sets it apart from adjacent, normal skin (■ Figure 5.5). The term is derived from a Greek word for “spot,” kelis.

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5.22 A laceration is the common result of an injury caused by a

laceration LASS err AY shun

tear or perhaps a cut by a sharp object with an irregular surface. A ____________________ penetrating the dermis and extending for more than one inch often requires stitching with sutures to close the wound. 5.23 A discolored flat spot on the skin surface, such as a freckle,

macule MAK yool

is clinically called a macule, which means “little spot” in Latin. A ____________________ is a sign of sun damage to the skin, and the tendency to develop them is genetically determined. A macule is illustrated in Figure 5.3. 5.24 Similar to a macule but darker in color, a nevus is a pigmented

nevus NEE vus

spot that is commonly called a mole (■ Figure 5.6). It is actually a sign of a benign tumor, and if its edges become irregular or the color changes, the ____________________ should be examined as a suspected malignancy known as a melanoma (see Frame 5.51).

■ Figure 5.6

Nevus. Source: D. Kucharski, K. Kucharska/Shutterstock.

5.25 Pallor is an abnormally pale color of the skin. Derived from the

pallor PAL or

Latin word pallor that means “paleness,” ____________________ is a sign of an internal condition causing a decreased flow of blood to the skin. 5.26 A papule is a general term describing any small, solid elevation

papule PAP yool

on the skin (see Figure 5.3). An example of a ____________________ is a comedo, or pimple. The term is derived from the Latin word papula, which means a “small pimple.” 5.27 Petechiae is a term derived from a Latin word that

petechiae peh TEE kee eye

means “small red or purple dots.” The presence of dot-sized _____________________ on the surface of the skin is a sign of the abnormal rupture of small blood vessels in the dermis. 5.28 The symptom of itchy skin is known as pruritus. As you might

pruritus proo RYE tuss

suspect, ____________________ means “an itching” in Latin.

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Pruritus WORDS TO Watch Out For

You might think at first glance that pruritus (“an itching”) is a constructed term that uses the suffix -itis, meaning “inflammation.” This isn’t the case, however. Make a note of the spelling of this nonconstructed Latin term. The correct spelling of pruritus has a u near the end.

5.29 The Greeks used the word porphyra to name a shellfish that

purpura PER pew rah

releases a purple dye. In time, it was changed to name the color purple. Dermatologists use a form of the word, purpura, for a symptom of purple-red skin discoloration. ____________________ is usually the result of a hemorrhage (one or more broken blood vessels) that spread blood through the skin. 5.30 You learned from Frame 5.8 that pus is a fluid containing

pustule PUS tyool

bacteria, white blood cells, and their products. A general term for an elevated area of the skin filled with pus is pustule. An example of a ____________________ is a whitehead with pus. A pustule is illustrated in Figure 5.3. 5.31 An ulcer is an erosion through the skin or mucous membrane

ulcer ULL ser

(see Figure 5.4). The term is derived from the Latin word that means “a sore,” ulcus. A common form of ulcer arises from lack of movement when lying supine for an extended period of time. It is called a decubitus (dee KYOO bih tus) ____________________. Because a decubitus ulcer may arise in patients confined to bedrest for long periods of time, the erosion is commonly called a bed sore. 5.32 A common allergic skin reaction to medications, foods,

urticaria er tih KARE ree ah

■ Figure 5.7

Urticaria, or hives, is an allergic reaction resulting in small skin vesicles (Frame 5.34). Source: Ipen/Shutterstock.

infection, or injury produces small fluid-filled skin elevations, known as urticaria (■ Figure 5.7). Derived from the Latin word urtica, this sign is commonly known as hives. ____________________ is usually accompanied by itching, or pruritus (see Frame 5.28).

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5.33 A wart is a sign of infection by a papilloma virus. The wart, or

verruca ver ROO kah

verruca from its original Latin, is an effort by the skin to rid itself of the virus and is observed as a skin elevation with a thickened epidermis. A ____________________ can be treated with antiviral medication. 5.34 A vesicle is a small elevation of the epidermis that is filled

vesicle VESS ih kl

with fluid containing little or no pus (see Figure 5.3). A blister is an example of a ____________________ that results from injury to the skin. 5.35 A temporary, itchy elevation of the skin, often with a white center

wheal WEEL

and red perimeter, is called a wheal. A ____________________ is a symptom of an allergic reaction of the skin and is illustrated in Figure 5.3.

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. cellulite

a. localized skin swelling that is a sign of infection

______

2. abscess

b. abnormal yellow coloration of the skin

______

3. cicatrix

c. a local uneven surface of the skin caused by fat deposition

______

4. abrasion

d. an erosion through the skin or mucous membrane

______

5. jaundice

e. itchy skin

______

6. nevus

f. clinical term for scar

______

7. pruritus

g. a pigmented spot on the skin; a mole

______

8. ulcer

h. scraping injury to the skin

______

9. cyst

i. a wart

______ 10. erythema

j. elevated area of the skin filled with pus

______ 11. furuncle

k. temporary, itchy elevation of the skin

______ 12. pustule

l. redness of the skin

______ 13. verruca

m. abscess associated with a hair follicle; a boil

______ 14. wheal

n. a closed sac or pouch filled with liquid or semisolid material

______ 15. comedo

o. any small, solid elevation on the skin

Correct the Spelling The terms in the left column have been spelled incorrectly. Write in the correct spelling in the space provided. 1. erithemma _________________________________ 2. peritis _________________________________ 3. absess _________________________________ 4. ertikaria _________________________________ 5. paller _________________________________ 6. keeloid _________________________________

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Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System Review some of the word parts that specifically apply to the diseases and disorders of the integumentary system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

ecpar-

outside, out alongside, abnormal

actin/o aden/o albin/o carcin/o cellul/o chym/o crypt/o derm/o, dermat/o follicul/o hidr/o kerat/o leuk/o melan/o myc/o onych/o pedicul/o scler/o trich/o xer/o

radiation gland white cancer little cell juice hidden skin little follicle sweat hard white black fungus nail body louse hard hair dry

-a -ia -ic -ism

singular condition of pertaining to condition or disease inflammation softening tumor condition of disease discharge

KEY TERMS A–Z acne AK nee

■ Figure 5.8

Acne. Source: Ocskay Bence/Shutterstock.

-itis -malacia -oma -osis -pathy -rrhea

5.36 Acne is an uncomfortable condition of the skin resulting from

bacterial infection of sebaceous glands and ducts (■ Figure 5.8). The skin disease known as ____________________ is characterized by the presence of numerous open comedones (blackheads) and closed comedones (whiteheads) in affected parts of the face and may also involve the neck, back, and chest. Acne is the most common skin disease of adolescence, caused by rapid growth of sebaceous glands during this period of life. The term acne is derived from a similar Greek word that means “facial eruption.”

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5.37 Actinic keratosis is a precancerous condition of the skin

actinic keratosis ak TIN ik * kair ah TOH siss

caused by exposure to sunlight. It forms skin lesions resulting from overgrowths of the epidermis, usually with scaly surfaces. The term ____________________ ____________________ is a constructed word, actin/ic kerat/osis, in which actinic means “pertaining to radiation” and keratosis means “a condition of hard.” In general, any form of keratosis produces a sign of scaly skin. 5.38 A genetic condition characterized by the reduction of the

albinism AL bin izm

pigment melanin in the skin is known as albinism. The term ____________________ uses the combining form albin/o, which is derived from the Latin word for white, albus. The constructed word, albin/ism, means “a condition or disease of white.” The term albino refers to a person afflicted with albinism. 5.39 A loss or lack of scalp hair is a clinical sign known as baldness,

alopecia al oh PEE she ah

or alopecia. The term alopecia is from the Greek word alopex, which means “fox,” and refers to a form of hair loss (called mange) that may be seen in foxes. Alopecia may be a sign of an infection of the scalp, high fever, drug reactions, chemotherapy, or emotional stress. Alternatively, the common appearance of ____________________ in men, often called male-pattern baldness, is the result of a genetically controlled factor that prevents the development of hair follicles in certain areas of the scalp. 5.40 A burn is an injury to the skin caused by excessive exposure to

burn

fire, electricity, chemicals, or sunlight. The extent of injury caused by the ____________________ is determined by the amount of surface area damaged, called total body surface area (TBSA), and the depth of the damage. A burn becomes life-threatening when a large TBSA has become damaged, exposing the body to infection. The depth of burn classification is illustrated in ■ Figure 5.9. Sweat pore

Hair Epidermis

Partial thickness, superficial Partial thickness, deep

Dermis

Full thickness

■ Figure 5.9

Classification of burn injury by depth in skin.

Subcutaneous layer (adipose and connective tissue)

Blood vessels

Nerves

Sebaceous gland

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5.41 A carbuncle is a skin infection composed of a cluster of furuncles,

carbuncle KAR bung kl

or boils (■ Figure 5.10). The most common source of infection is Staphylococci bacteria, or “staph.” The term ____________________ is derived from the Latin word carbo, which means “live coal” and refers to the hot pain associated with this disease.

■ Figure 5.10

Carbuncle. Source: Rob Bouwman/ Shutterstock.

5.42 Remember that the combining form carcin/o means “cancer.”

carcinoma kar sih NOH mah

■ Figure 5.11

Basal cell carcinoma. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

When you add the suffix that means “tumor,” it forms the word ____________________. Several forms of cancer, or carcinoma, affect the skin. Basal cell carcinoma (■ Figure 5.11) and squamous cell carcinoma are tumors arising from the epidermis that usually remain localized, although the lesions do spread and can become serious if they are not treated. Squamous cell carcinomas, in particular, can be dangerous, while the less dangerous basal cell carcinomas are more common. The third major form of skin cancer is melanoma, which is described later in Frame 5.51.

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5.43 Cellulitis is an inflammation of the connective tissue in the

cellulitis sell you LYE tiss

dermis (■ Figure 5.12). It is caused by an infection that spreads from the skin surface or hair follicles to the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous tissue. It is usually bacterial in origin. The term ____________________ is a constructed word, cellul/itis, which literally means “inflammation of little cells.” The related term used for follicle infection, folliculitis (foh LIK yoo LYE tiss), is also a constructed word. It means “inflammation of little follicles.”

■ Figure 5.12

Cellulitis. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

5.44 Dermatitis is a generalized inflammation of the skin, involving

dermatitis der mah TYE tiss

eczema EK zeh mah

■ Figure 5.13

edema (Frame 5.15) of the dermis (■ Figure 5.13). In addition to swelling, symptoms may include pruritus (Frame 5.28), urticaria (Frame 5.32), vesicles (Frame 5.34), and wheals (Frame 5.35), or some combination of these. The major types of ____________________ include contact dermatitis, caused by physical contact with a triggering substance such as poison ivy; seborrheic (SEB or EE ik) dermatitis, which is an inherited form characterized by excessive sebum production; and actinic dermatitis, caused by sunlight exposure. Eczema is a superficial form of dermatitis and may also be called atopic dermatitis. The primary symptoms of ____________________ include severe, chronic pruritus and deep scaliness. Dermatitis is a constructed word, dermat/itis, which literally means “inflammation of the skin,” and eczema is derived from the Greek word ekzeo, which means “to boil over.”

Dermatitis. Source: joseph s l tan matt/Shutterstock.

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5.45 Ecchymosis is a condition of the skin caused by leaking blood

ecchymosis ek ih MOH siss

vessels in the dermis, producing purplish patches of purpura (Frame 5.29) that are larger in size than petechiae (Frame 5.27). The term ___________________ is a constructed word, ec/chym/osis, which literally means “condition of juice leaking out.” The combining form chym/o comes from the Greek word chymus, meaning “juice.” 5.46 A viral skin eruption producing clusters of deep blisters is

herpes HER peez

known as herpes. The vesicles (Frame 5.34) appear periodically, affecting the borders between mucous membranes and skin. There are several types of ____________________, all of which are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The major types are oral herpes, caused by herpes virus type 1 (■ Figure 5.14), and genital herpes, caused by herpes virus type 2. Herpes is an infectious disease, transferable when the vesicles burst open and physical contact is made between the carrier and another person. In the absence of lesions, it may also be transferable by body fluid contact.

■ Figure 5.14

Herpes. The blisters often last for several days to a week and form in response to periodic outbreaks of the virus. Source: Sergii Chepulskyi/ Shutterstock.

5.47 Sweating (perspiration) is a normal response by the skin’s

hyperhidrosis HIGH per high DROH sis

sweat glands to cool the body when you are hot, physically active, or nervous. In the condition hyperhidrosis, the individual sweats often and more than a normal amount. It is a constructed term, written hyper/hidr/osis, which literally means “condition of excessive sweat” because hidr/o is the combining form for “sweat.” The condition of ____________________ may be caused by a nervous disorder, low blood sugar, or a thyroid disease.

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5.48 Impetigo is a contagious skin infection (■ Figure 5.15). Similar

impetigo imp eh TYE goh

to oral herpes due to the development of small vesicles (Frame 5.34) usually forming around the lips, it is often caused by bacteria that enter a break in the skin (such as an animal or insect bite) and is characterized by the presence of golden crusts following the rupture of the vesicles. The term ____________________ is a Latin word meaning “scabby eruption.”

■ Figure 5.15

Impetigo. Note the presence of yellow crusts, which distinguishes this condition from the blisters in oral herpes (Figure 5.14). Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo.

5.49 Kaposi sarcoma is a form of skin cancer arising from the

Kaposi sarcoma KAP oh see * sar KOH mah

connective tissue of the dermis (■ Figure 5.16). It is indicated by the presence of brown or purple patches on the skin and appears among some elderly patients. ____________________ ____________________ is also a common condition associated with HIV/AIDS.

■ Figure 5.16

Kaposi sarcoma on the skin of the ankle. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

5.50 As some people age, their skin becomes lighter in color due

leukoderma loo koh DER mah

to reduced activity of the pigment-producing cells in the skin, the melanocytes. This condition is called leukoderma. The term ____________________ is a constructed word, leuk/o/derm/a, which literally means “white skin.”

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5.51 The most life-threatening skin cancer is malignant melanoma,

melanoma mell ah NOH mah

which is shown in ■ Figure 5.17. It arises from the cells normally providing the pigment melanin (MELL ah nin) to the skin, called melanocytes (mell AN oh sites). ____________________ is a constructed term, melan/oma, which literally means “black tumor.” Once established in the skin, the tumor grows rapidly and metastasizes (goes elsewhere in the body). About one-half of cases arise from nevi (moles).

■ Figure 5.17

Melanoma. The telltale signs of this form of skin cancer include a change in size or color of a nevus and, as seen in this specimen, irregular borders. Source: Librakv/Shutterstock.

5.52 The combining form for nail is onych/o and is used in the

onychocryptosis ON ih koh krip TOH siss

construction of terms relating to nail diseases. In general, a disease of the nail is an onychopathy (ON ih KOHP a thee). In the nail condition called onychocryptosis, a nail becomes buried in the skin due to abnormal growth. It is commonly called an ingrown nail. The term ____________________ is a constructed word, onych/o/crypt/osis, and means “condition of hidden nail.” 5.53 In the condition onychomalacia, the nails are abnormally

onychomalacia ON ih koh mah LAY she ah onychomycosis ON ih koh my KOH siss

■ Figure 5.18

Onychomycosis. Source: Australis Photography/ Shutterstock.

soft. The condition may be a result of calcium or vitamin D deficiency or a fungal infection (described in Frame 5.54). The term ____________________ is a constructed word, onych/o/malacia, which means “softening of the nail.” 5.54 The condition ____________________ is a fungal infection of one

or more nails (■ Figure 5.18). Notice that the word root for fungus, myc, is included in this constructed term, onych/o/myc/osis, to form its meaning into “condition of nail fungus.”

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5.55 In paronychia, the prefix par-, which means “alongside,

abnormal,” is included to build the term. Thus, the constructed word par/onych/ia means “condition of alongside the nail.” As you might guess, ____________________ is an infection around the nail.

paronychia pair oh NIK ee ah

5.56 The Latin word for a parasitic body louse is pediculus, which is

the origin of the combining form of pedicul/o. When this combining form is combined with the suffix for “condition of,” it forms the constructed word ____________________. Pediculosis occurs mostly on the scalp, where it is called head lice, but it may also be found in the pubic region (called pubic lice) and other parts of the body (called body lice). Pediculosis can be treated effectively with medicated shampoo. The small eggs laid by lice can sometimes be seen attached to hair shafts and are called nits.

pediculosis peh dik yoo LOH siss

5.57 Psoriasis is a painful, chronic disease of the skin characterized

by the presence of red lesions covered with silvery epidermal scales (■ Figure 5.19). Believed to be an autoimmune disease of the skin in which the body’s own white blood cells attack healthy cells, ____________________ is a Greek word meaning “to itch” and is spelled exactly like the clinical term.

psoriasis soh RYE ah siss

■ Figure 5.19

Psoriasis. Source: Hriana/Shutterstock.

Psoriasis WORDS TO Watch Out For

Psoriasis is a very commonly misspelled term. It is one of the medical terms that is spelled with a silent p (terms with the word root psych are the others). One way to remember to include the p is to think of the patches of red lesions that characterize this condition.

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5.58 The condition scabies is a skin eruption caused by the

scabies SKAY bees

female itch mite, which burrows into the skin to extract blood (■ Figure 5.20). From the Latin word scabere that means “scratch,” ____________________ produces the symptoms of dermatitis (Frame 5.44), such as erythema (Frame 5.16), swelling or edema (Frame 5.15), and pruritus (Frame 5.28).

■ Figure 5.20

Scabies. Source: Jaroslav Moravcik/ Shutterstock.

5.59 Scleroderma uses the combining form scler/o, which means

scleroderma sklair oh DER mah

“hard.” It is an abnormal thickening or hardness of the skin, caused by overproduction of collagen in the dermis. The term ____________________ is a constructed word, scler/o/derm/a, which means “skin hardness.” 5.60 Systemic lupus erythematosus, abbreviated SLE, is a

systemic lupus erythematosus sis TEM ik * LOO pus * air ih them ah TOH siss

Did You KNOW

chronic, progressive disease of connective tissue in many organs including the skin. The early stages of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, commonly referred to as just lupus, are marked by red patches on the skin of the face and joint pain.

LUPUS The Latin word for wolf is lupus. The disease lupus was named by the appearance of the reddish face rash that reminded early physicians of the face of a wolf.

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5.61 Tinea is a fungal infection of the skin. It is often called

tinea TIN ee ah

ringworm because of the ring-shaped pattern on the skin that forms in response to the fungi (■ Figure 5.21). In fact, the term ____________________ is the Latin word for worm or larval moth. The three major forms of tinea are tinea capitis, which forms on the scalp and can lead to alopecia (Frame 5.39); tinea pedis, which forms on the feet and is also known as athlete’s foot; and tinea corporis, which may occur elsewhere on the body.

■ Figure 5.21

Tinea. Although it is a fungal infection, tinea is often called ringworm. Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo.

5.62 A general term for a disease affecting the hair is trichopathy

trichomycosis TRIK oh my KOH siss

(trye KOH path ee), which connects the combining form for hair (trich/o) and the suffix for disease (-pathy). The condition trichomycosis is a fungal infection of hair. In this constructed term, trich/o/myc/osis, the combining form for hair and the word root for fungus are combined to form the term ____________________.

5.63 The combining form xer/o means “dry”; when this is

xeroderma zee roh DER mah

combined with the word root that means “skin,” it forms the word ____________________. Not surprisingly, the disease xeroderma is characterized by abnormally dry skin. It is caused by hyposecretion (abnormally low secretion) of the oil glands and is an inherited condition. It is a constructed term, xer/o/derm/a, which literally means “dry skin.”

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PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. tinea

a. results from bacterial infection of sebaceous glands and ducts

______ 2. acne ______ 3. burn

b. autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by red lesions covered with silvery epidermal scales

______ 4. herpes

c. baldness

______ 5. alopecia

d. contagious bacterial skin infection with a yellowish crust

______ 6. impetigo ______ 7. scabies ______ 8. psoriasis

e. caused by excessive exposure to fire, electricity, chemicals, or sunlight f. skin eruption caused by the female itch mite g. viral skin eruption that produces clusters of deep blisters h. fungal infection of the skin

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested word part or definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) dermatitis

dermat/itis r     s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? inflammation 2. a) melanoma

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) onychomycosis

________/___/________/________ cf   r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second word root? __________________________________ 4. a) pediculosis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) scleroderma

________/___/________/________ cf    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 6. a) trichomycosis

________/___/________/________ cf   r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

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7. a) cellulitis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 8. a) leukoderma

________/___/________/________ cf   r   s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second word root? __________________________________

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System Review some of the word parts that specifically apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the integumentary system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

abras/o aut/o derm/o, dermat/o rhytid/o

to rub away self skin wrinkle

-ectomy -ion -plasty -tome

surgical excision, removal process surgical repair cutting instrument

KEY TERMS A–Z biopsy BYE op see

5.64 A biopsy is a minor surgery involving the removal of tissue for

evaluation. Abbreviated bx or Bx, a ____________________ is usually a necessary step toward making a diagnosis of a suspected tumor of the skin. 5.65 Wounds are often complicated by physical contact with a

debridement de-BREED-ment

■ Figure 5.22

Debridement, or wound cleansing. Source: Katarzyna Bialasiewicz/123RF.com.

dirty object, including the ground. To clean the wound, a procedure called debridement is often used (■ Figure 5.22). A French word meaning “unbridled,” ____________________ involves excision (surgical removal) of foreign matter and unwanted tissue.

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5.66 Remember that the combining form derm/o means “skin.”

dermabrasion DERM ah BRAY zhun

When combined with the suffix that means “process” and the combining form that means “to rub away,” abras/o, it forms the word ____________________. Dermabrasion is a form of cosmetic surgery, in which the skin is surgically changed to improve appearance. During dermabrasion, abrasives similar to sandpaper are used to remove unwanted scars and other elevations and may also be used to remove tattoos. Alternatives to dermabrasion include chemical peels, in which a chemical agent is used to remove the outer epidermal layers to treat acne, wrinkles, and sun-damaged skin. 5.67 Some burns and similar injuries cause extensive damage

dermatoautoplasty DER mah toh AW toh PLASS tee

dermatome DER mah tohm

to a large area of skin, challenging the normal healing process. In these cases, the surgical procedure of dermatoautoplasty may be used to improve healing. This is a constructed term that can be written as dermat/o/aut/o/plasty. In this term, note the combining form that means “self,” aut/o. This surgery involves using the patient’s own skin as a graft, usually after it has grown in a media solution. ____________________ is also called an autograft. Alternatively, a skin graft from another person may be used. This procedure is called dermatoheteroplasty (DER mah toh HETT er oh PLASS tee), or allograft. During both procedures, an instrument called a dermatome (DER mah tohm) is used to cut thin slices of skin for grafting. A ____________________ may also be used to excise small skin lesions. Recall that the suffix -tome means “cutting instrument.” 5.68 The general term for a surgical procedure of the skin is

dermatoplasty DER mah toh plass tee emollient ee MALL ee ant

dermatoplasty. This term uses the combining form that means “skin” with the suffix -plasty, which means “surgical repair.” In ____________________, skin tissue is transplanted to the body surface. 5.69 An ____________________ is a chemical agent that softens

or smooths the skin. Topical and oral antibiotics (ahn tye bye OT iks) are used to manage infections, such as acne and carbuncles. Retinoids (RET ih noydz) may also be used to manage certain forms of acne because they cause the upper layers of the epidermis to slough away. Acne and related disorders may also be treated by ultraviolet light therapy, which causes a similar effect on the epidermis.

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5.70 Plastic surgery is a popular form of skin treatment that is used for

skin repair following a major injury, correction of a congenital defect, or cosmetic improvement. Several of the terms related to plastic surgery use the combining form rhytid/o, which means “wrinkle.” Plastic surgeries that are primarily cosmetic include rhytidoplasty (RIT ih doh PLASS tee), which is the surgical repair of skin wrinkles (■ Figure 5.23); ____________________, during which wrinkles are surgically removed; and liposuction (LIE poh suk shun), which is the removal of subcutaneous fat (fat immediately deep to the skin) by insertion of a device that applies a vacuum to pull the fat tissue out of the body.

rhytidectomy rit ih DEK toh mee

■ Figure 5.23

Rhytidoplasty. This is a common form of plastic surgery in which the skin is pulled and sutured to decrease skin wrinkles. Source: Kim Steele/Photodisc/ Getty Images.

The Y in Rhytid WORDS TO Watch Out For

It may be tempting to spell the term rhytidectomy with an i instead of a y. One way to remember to use a y is to think of the word elderly. As you’ve learned, the word root rhytid means “wrinkle.” Elderly people commonly have wrinkles, and the word elderly ends with a y.

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PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. biopsy

a. chemical agent that softens or smooths the skin

______ 2. emollient

b. wound-cleaning procedure

______ 3. debridement

c. surgically changing the skin to improve appearance

______ 4. cosmetic surgery

d. surgery that uses a patient’s own skin as a graft

______ 5. autograft

e. the removal of tissue for evaluation

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add in combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any combining vowel. The first one is completed for you as an example.

Combining Form

Suffix

abras/o aut/o derm/o, dermat/o rhytid/o

-ectomy -ion -plasty -tome

Definition

Term

1.  2.  3.  4.  5. 

dermabrasion _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

use of abrasives to remove unwanted scars and tattoos surgical repair of skin wrinkles surgical repair of the skin surgery that involves the use of the patient’s own skin to improve healing an instrument that is used to cut thin slices of skin for grafting

Abbreviations of the Integumentary System The abbreviations that are associated with the integumentary system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

BCC bx, Bx HSV

basal cell carcinoma biopsy herpes simplex virus

SLE SqCCa TBSA

systemic lupus erythematosus squamous cell carcinoma total body surface area

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PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

1. ____________________

biopsy

2. BCC

______________________________________________

3. ____________________

systemic lupus erythematosus

4. SqCCa

______________________________________________

5. ____________________

total body surface area

6. HSV

______________________________________________

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. literally means “black tumor”

melanoma

2. inflammation of connective tissue

____________________itis

3. disease of the nail

____________________pathy

4. fungal infection of a nail

onycho____________________

5. abnormally dry skin

____________________derma

6. a skin wound caused by scraping

abras____________________

7. an infection arising from a follicle

____________________itis

8. disease that affects the hair

tricho____________________

9. blisters that later form a yellowish crust

____________________igo

10. a small, solid circumscribed skin elevation

nev____________________

11. a discolored flat spot

____________________ule

12. derived from the Latin word “to soften”

emoll____________________

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 5. 1. derm/o 2. follicul/o 3. actin/o 4. kerat/o 5. melan/o 6. trich/o 7. onych/o

Definition

Use in a Term

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figure 5.24 by writing the labels in the space provided. Pore of sweat gland 1. ___________________

Sensory receptors 2. _______________ _______________ Arrector pili muscle 3. _____________ follicle

Dermis

4. Hair _______________ Nerve Vein Artery

Subcutaneous layer

■ Figure 5.24

Anatomy of the skin.

5. _______________

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

MyLab Medical Terminology™ MyLab Medical Terminology is a premium online homework management system that includes a host of features to help you study. Registered users will find:

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Chapter 5

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Sally Garcia Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Dermatology

Date: 07/15/2017

Patient: Sally Garcia

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 3/20/1996   Age: 21   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Jane K. Hernandez, MD Subjective: “For the past month the skin of my right arm has been very itchy, and sometimes painful. I have noticed swelling there also.” 21 y/o female describes discomfort of the right arm for the past month. About a month ago, she began ­working in a factory warehouse where she reports exposure to dust and high humidity. She reports that chemicals had been used in the workplace, but she does not know what chemicals. She indicated no relevant family history issues of the skin. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 78; R: 20; BP: 118/77 Ht: 5′5″ Wt: 123 lb General Appearance: No obvious signs of physical stress noted, such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis. Except for right arm, skin appears healthy. Skin of right arm shows some erythema and edema, and ­formation of scar tissue is evident. There is a 3 cm * 1 cm keloid on the lateral aspect of right arm. Heart: Rate at 78 bpm, with no abnormal sounds. Lungs: CTA AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscle symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Assessment: Contact dermatitis of right arm. Plan: 1. Treat dermatitis with topical 2% cortisone. Advise patient to refrain from scratching the site. 2. Schedule follow-up appointment in 2 weeks. If inflammation persists, antibiotic ointment to be administered. Photo Source: Imging/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What is the probable cause of the scars on her arm? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. If the symptom of pruritus returns after the initial treatment, how might the formation of new scar tissue be prevented? ________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do you think antibiotic therapy is included in the follow-up treatment if the condition persists? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) actinic keratosis

ulcers

pruritus

dermatitis

biopsy

vesicles

keloids

dermatology

cicatrices

emollients

At the (a) ______________________ clinic where patients with skin ailments are referred, Sally Garcia, a patient with an unusual skin condition, was observed. The skin condition included a generalized skin inflammation, or (b) ______________________, which included abnormal redness, swelling, and pain. Skin damage caused by sunlight, a precancerous condition known as (c) ______________________ ______________________, was ruled out as a diagnosis, along with all known forms of skin cancer. Rather, an allergic agent was the likely cause. After several days of general inflammation, fluid-filled skin elevations, or (d) ______________________, appeared. The elevations gave the patient symptoms of itching or (e) ______________________. Scratching the elevations produced open sores, or (f) ______________________, which upon healing left scars, or (g) ______________________. In some areas, the scar tissue became overgrown, forming (h) ______________________. Treatment included the application of topical ointments, or (i) ______________________, and antibiotic treatments were prescribed during follow-up.

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Chapter 5

Patricia Velasquez For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Dermatology

Date: 05/30/2017

Patient: Patricia Velasquez

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 1/15/1990   Age: 27   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Robert M. O’Brady, MD Subjective: “The skin on the top of my right shoulder is sensitive to the touch and hurts when I put on clothes.” 27 y/o female complains of skin sensitivity and pain at the top of her right shoulder. She has spent a lot of time outdoors since childhood due to her interest in competitive swimming and diving. She knows of no ­history of skin disease in her immediate family. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.8°F; P: 75; R: 19; BP: 116/75 Ht: 5′3″ Wt: 110 lb General Appearance: No obvious signs of physical stress noted, such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis. Skin tone is healthy. Numerous freckles and nevi are present, and at the top of the right shoulder is a single nevus larger than others that is not circumscribed and surrounded with erythema. The nevus measures 0.9 cm dia. Heart: Rate at 75 bpm, with no abnormal sounds. Lungs: CTA AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscle symmetric, with very little SC fat. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Assessment: Possible melanoma on right shoulder. Plan: Outpatient excision of mass approved by patient, with lidocaine injection and removal with #8 scalpel. Biopsy sent to lab for analysis. Photo Source: ESB Basic/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What patient behaviors support the initial diagnosis? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a common word for nevus? _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Do you think antibiotic therapy should be included in the treatment? ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Patricia Velasquez, a 25-year-old female, had trained for competitive swimming and diving since the age of 12 years. According to her mother, Patricia has had no prior medical concerns and was given the usual vaccinations as a young child. Several months before Patricia’s visit to her personal physician, she had been complaining of a nagging irritation on the skin of her right shoulder. Because, at first, she believed the skin irritation to be a minor response to a new skin lotion, or (j) ____________________, she delayed consulting a physician. When her mother noticed the mole, or (k) ____________________, on Patricia’s right shoulder had changed in shape and become darker, she decided to make an appointment. After a physical exam with otherwise negative findings, her personal physician observed the mole and referred her immediately to a skin specialist, or (l) ____________________. Upon observing the nevus, which had increased in size from 0.5 cm to 0.9 cm since her prior appointment only 3 weeks earlier, the skin specialist recorded the lesion as a possible form of skin cancer arising from pigment-producing skin cells, called (m) ____________________. He determined that an immediate course of action was necessary and asked for Patricia’s approval to remove the suspected tumor as an outpatient treatment in his office. Patricia agreed, and the specialist performed the minor surgery within minutes. The specimen was sent to the lab for analysis as part of the biopsy procedure, abbreviated (n) ____________________. Because of the large incision necessary, a skin repair procedure, (o) ____________________, was performed to aid healing and prevent the formation of a scar, or (p) ____________________. Although the lab reported that the specimen was positive for melanoma, the specimen did not show evidence of metastasis, so no further cancer treatments were deemed necessary.

Chapter 6

The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 6.1

Define and spell the word parts used to create medical terms for the skeletal and muscular systems.

6.3

Build medical terms from word parts associated with the skeletal and muscular systems.

6.2

Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the skeletal and muscular systems.

6.4

Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the skeletal and muscular systems.

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111

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal and muscular systems. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

arthr/o articul/o burs/o carp/o chondr/o condyl/o cost/o cran/o, crani/o fasci/o femor/o fibr/o fibul/o ili/o

joint joint purse or sac, bursa wrist cartilage knuckle of a joint rib skull, cranium fascia thigh, femur fiber fibula flank, hip, groin, ilium of the pelvis haunch, hip joint, ischium meniscus muscle muscle bone marrow

orth/o oste/o pariet/o patell/o ped/o petr/o phalang/o phys/o pub/o radi/o sacr/o skelet/o spondyl/o stern/o synov/o, synovi/o tars/o ten/o, tendon/o vertebr/o

straight bone wall patella child stone phalanges growth pubis radius sacred, sacrum skeleton vertebra chest, sternum synovial tarsal bone stretch, tendon vertebra

ischi/o menisc/o muscul/o my/o, myos/o myel/o

6.1 The skeletal and muscular systems are combined in this chapter

musculoskeletal MUS kyoo loh SKEHL eh tahl movement

because their organs, bones, and muscles are closely connected. Together they form the ____________________ system. Notice how this constructed term is assembled with four word parts: muscul/o/ skelet/al. As you know, the bones and muscles work together to support the body and produce body ____________________. In fact, nearly every one of the 206 bones in your body receives an attachment to one or more muscles.

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6.2 Each bone is an organ, composed of mainly connective tissue

muscle

bones

receiving blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Bones support and protect soft internal organs, store mineral salts including calcium and phosphorus, and produce blood cells within the red bone marrow. They also serve as an attachment site for muscles. Joints are organs of the musculoskeletal system too and include the knee, elbow, shoulder, hip, and anywhere else in the body where two opposing bones meet. Each ____________________ is an organ also, composed mainly of skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue. Muscles are attached to bones by way of tough, dense bands of connective tissue called tendons. As a muscle shortens in length by contraction, it pulls on the tendons attaching to ____________________ to produce body movement. The range of motion (ROM) produced by the muscle contraction is mainly determined by the type of joint between the opposing bones. The joints of the body allowing the greatest ROM, such as the shoulder and knee, are known as synovial joints because they are filled with a shockabsorbing fluid called synovial fluid. Ligaments, like tendons, are also bands of dense connective tissue, but they extend from bone to bone to stabilize and strengthen joints. For example, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a ligament that stabilizes the knee joint. 6.3 Review the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system by studying ■

Figures 6.1 through 6.3. Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Compact bone Medullary cavity Periosteum

Diaphysis

Endosteum Nutrient foramen Nutrient vessel

■ Figure 6.1

Parts of a bone.

Epiphyseal plate Distal epiphysis

The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Frontal bone Skull Maxilla Mandible

Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra

Ulna Radius Ilium Sacrum Coccyx Ischium

Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Pubis

Femur

Patella

Tibia Fibula

■ Figure 6.2

The bones of the skeleton. The skeleton, anterior view.

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

113

114

Chapter 6 Temporalis Masseter Platysma Shoulder

Trapezius Deltoid

Frontalis Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis major Thorax

Latisimus dorsi Serratus anterior

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Forearm

Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis

Biceps brachii

Rectus abdominis External oblique

Leg

Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Tibialis anterior

■ Figure 6.3 The major muscles of the human body, anterior view.

Arm

Abdomen

Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Gastrocnemius

Neck

Brachialis

Gracilis

Peroneus longus

Facial

Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis

Thigh

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Medical Terms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 6.4 The diseases of the skeletal and muscular systems are often

the result of physical injury but can also be caused by infections, tumor development, endocrine disease, and inherited disorders. The branch of medicine focusing on these diseases is known as orthopedics, which is commonly abbreviated to ortho. The term ____________________ is a constructed word: orth/o/ped/ic. It includes the combining form orth/o, which is derived from the Greek word orthos and means “straight,” and the word root ped, which is also from the Greek language and means “child.” A physician specializing in this field of medicine is called an ____________________.

orthopedic OR thoh PEE dik

orthopedist (OR thoh PEE dist)

Did You KNOW

ORTHOPEDICS The term orthopedics was first coined in 1740 by French physician Nicholas Andry, who combined the two Greek word parts orthos (“straight”) and ped (“child”) into the term o ­ rthopedie (“straightening a child”) to describe his medical practice of treating the broken limbs of children. The anglicized version of this term, orthopedic, entered worldwide medical use in 1840.

6.5 In the following sections, we review the prefixes, combining

muscular MUS kyoo lar

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the skeletal and ____________________ systems.

Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems Here are the word parts that specifically apply to the signs and symptoms of the skeletal and muscular systems that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

abradydys-

without, absence of slow bad, abnormal, p ­ ainful, difficult excessive, abnormally high, above

arthr/o kinesi/o my/o tax/o

-a -algia -dynia -ia -y

singular condition of pain condition of pain condition of process of

hyper-

ten/o troph/o

joint motion muscle reaction to a stimulus, movement stretch, tendon development

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Chapter 6

KEY TERMS A–Z

arthralgia ahr THRAL jee ah

6.6 Referring to the preceding word parts table, notice that the suffix

-algia means “condition of pain.” Add that to a combining form that means “joint,” and it forms the word that means “condition of joint pain,” or ____________________. This is often the first symptom of joint or bone disease. Arthralgia is also a common complaint following injury to a joint. The constructed form of this word is arthr/algia. 6.7 The word root tax means “reaction to a stimulus.” By adding

ataxia ah TAK see ah

the prefix a- (“without”), the meaning of the term becomes negative. When the suffix -ia (“condition of”) is added, it forms the word ____________________, which is the inability to coordinate muscles during a voluntary activity. Ataxia is a sign of a nervous system disorder, often inherited, that results in a loss of muscle coordination. The constructed form of this word is a/tax/ia. 6.8 Stabilizing a broken limb by casting it in plaster is a common

atrophy AT roh fee

treatment for bone fractures. It prohibits movement of the limb to promote the healing process. Unfortunately, the lack of movement leads to a reduction in muscle strength due to disuse, a sign of reduced muscle size known as atrophy. The muscle reduction is reversible when healing is complete and muscle activity is restored. Similar to the term ataxia, the term ____________________ also uses the prefix a- to make the meaning of the word root negative. The word root troph means “development” and -y means “process of.” The three word parts that form the word can be written as a/troph/y. 6.9 An abnormally slow movement is a clinical sign of an

bradykinesia BRAD ee kih NEE see ah

underlying bone, muscle, or nervous disorder. It is known as ____________________, which literally means “condition of slow motion.” This term is a constructed word that can be written as brady/kines/ia, in which brady- means “slow,” kinesi is the word root that means “motion,” and the suffix -ia means “condition of.” (Note that the i at the end of the word root is dropped when using a suffix that begins with an i.) 6.10 The abnormal reduction of calcium in bone is a clinical sign

decalcification DEE kal sih fih KAY shun

known as decalcification, which is often caused by a hormonal disorder upsetting the calcium balance between the bloodstream and bone. In many patients, ____________________ can be treated with a combination of hormonal therapy, a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and mild exercise.

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117

6.11 Difficulty in movement is a common sign of a musculoskeletal

dyskinesia diss kih NEE see ah

disorder. Remember from the term bradykinesia that the word root kinesi means “motion” and the suffix -ia means “condition of.” When the prefix dys- is added, it forms the word ____________________, which literally means “condition of bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult motion.” The constructed form of dyskinesia can be written as dys/kines/ia. 6.12 A general symptom of progressive muscle weakness

dystrophy DISS troh fee

that results from a genetic mutation is often called a ___________________, which literally means “process of (-y) bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult (dys-) development (troph).” It is a constructed term that can be written as dys/troph/y. The progressive muscle weakness is a common symptom of nine known forms of the disease, most of which appear during early childhood and are collectively called muscular dystrophies. 6.13 The sign of excessive muscle growth or development is known

hypertrophy high PER troh fee

as ____________________. Although it is an abnormality, it is often induced by exercise enthusiasts by adding tension to weight-training activities. Muscular hypertrophy is produced by the addition of protein to muscle fibers, which is stimulated by strenuous muscle activity. The constructed form of this word is hyper/troph/y, in which hyper- means “excessive,” troph means “development,” and -y means “process of.” 6.14 During strenuous exercise, muscle cell activity may exceed the

myalgia my AL jee ah

capacity of the cell to obtain and use oxygen during metabolism. When this occurs, the resulting “oxygen debt” will cause the cell to metabolize without oxygen (called anaerobic respiration), resulting in the buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue. Because lactic acid causes muscle pain, a common symptom of strenuous exercise is ____________________, which literally means “condition of muscle (myo) pain (-algia).” Its constructed form is my/algia. This form of myalgia is temporary, lasting about one day. Chronic forms of myalgia usually suggest an underlying musculoskeletal disease. 6.15 Tendon pain, or tenodynia, is a common symptom of

tenodynia TEN oh DINN ee ah

“weekend athletes”: people who work inactive jobs during the workweek and become very active on their days off. The symptom of ____________________ usually indicates minor injury to one or more tendons, often lasting weeks or months. The suffix -dynia means “condition of pain,” and ten/o means “stretch, tendon.” The constructed form of this term is ten/o/dynia. If tenodynia is intense, it may indicate tearing of the tendons, which requires medical intervention. Remember that another suffix with the meaning of “condition of pain” is -algia.

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PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) arthralgia

arthr/algia r  s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of pain

2. a) ataxia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 3. a) atrophy

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 4. a) bradykinesia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) dyskinesia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 6. a) dystrophy

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 7. a) hypertrophy

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 8. a) myalgia

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 9. a) tenodynia

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

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Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the skeletal and muscular systems and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

aepi-

ankyl/o arthr/o burs/o carcin/o carp/o chondr/o condyl/o fibr/o kyph/o leuk/o lith/o lord/o menisc/o my/o, myos/o myel/o oste/o por/o sarc/o scoli/o spondyl/o synov/o, synovi/o ten/o, tendon/o

-algia -asthenia -cele

condition of pain weakness hernia, swelling, protrusion condition of blood origin, cause inflammation softening tumor condition of formation, growth paralysis drooping

without, absence of upon, over, above, on top para- alongside, abnormal polyexcessive, over, many quadri- four

crooked joint purse or sac, bursa cancer wrist cartilage knuckle of a joint fiber hump white stone bent forward meniscus muscle bone marrow bone hole flesh, meat curved vertebra synovial stretch, tendon

-emia -genesis -itis -malacia -oma -osis -plasia -plegia -ptosis

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KEY TERMS A–Z achondroplasia ah kon droh PLAY zee ah

6.16 Dwarfism is a condition characterized by abnormally

short limbs and stature. A disease that causes dwarfism is ____________________. The term combines the prefix a- (“without, absence of”), the combining form chondr/o (“cartilage”), and the suffix -plasia (“formation, growth”) to form the meaning “without cartilage formation.” The constructed form of this term is a/chondr/ o/plasia. About 80% of the cases of achondroplasia are caused by a random mutation of genes before birth, and the remaining 20% of cases are inherited. In either type, the condition involves the abnormal lack of growth of the skeleton, mainly long bones, resulting in a short and disproportional body form. See ■ Figure 6.4.

■ Figure 6.4 Achondroplasia. The individual in this photograph has the reduced limb development that typifies this cause of dwarfism. Source: Sam100/Shutterstock.

6.17 In the disease that literally means “condition of crooked,”

ankylosis an kill OH siss

____________________, joints are abnormally stiff and movement is difficult. Ankylosis is the abnormal adhesion of two bones, which damages the joint structure between them. When the condition affects two or more bones of the vertebral column to cause a rigid spine, it is called ankylosing spondylitis (AS), in which spondylitis means “inflammation of vertebrae” (■ Figure 6.5). The constructed form of the term ankylosis is ankyl/osis, and spondylitis is spondyl/itis.

The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Spine without ankylosing spondylitis

121

Spine with ankylosing spondylitis

■ Figure 6.5 Ankylosing spondylitis. Side view of two subjects, in which a normal spine is compared to a spine with this condition. The inset shows a magnified view of the fusion that has occurred between adjacent vertebrae, which causes the loss of flexibility and posture.

Vertebrae fused togrether

6.18 The general disorder resulting in inflammation and degeneration

arthritis ahr THRYE tiss

■ Figure 6.6 Arthritis. (a) Photograph of osteoarthritis within the joints of the fingers. (b) Progressive changes of rheumatoid arthritis: (1) inflammation of synovial membrane; (2) progressive inflammation and beginning of cartilage destruction; (3) complete loss of synovial membrane; and (4) complete joint loss. Photo Source: Catalin Petolea/ Shutterstock.

of a joint is known as ____________________. It literally means “joint inflammation,” which is easy to see in the constructed form of the term, arthr/itis, in which arthr means “joint” and the suffix -itis means “inflammation.” There are two major forms of arthritis, each with a different cause. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition as people age, in which the joint structures become worn over time and are gradually replaced by bone. See ■ Figure 6.6. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, in which joint structures become eroded by the action of the body’s own white blood cells.

(a)

(b) 1

2

3

4

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Did You KNOW

INFLAMMATION The suffix -itis is used frequently in this chapter and means “inflammation.” The Latin word inflammatio is the origin of this term, which literally means “to ignite” or “set ablaze.” Because the symptoms of inflammation are heat, swelling, redness, and pain, this term is aptly named!

6.19 In the joint disease arthrochondritis, the articular cartilage

within synovial joints undergoes inflammation, resulting in joint pain during movements. Unlike arthritis, ____________________ is usually a temporary condition caused by a localized infection. As a constructed term, it can be written arthr/o/chondr/itis by putting together the combining form arthr/o (“joint”) with the word root chondr (“cartilage”) and the suffix -itis (“inflammation”).

arthrochondritis AHR throh kon DRY tiss

6.20 A bunion is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of

bunion BUN yun

the big toe. A ____________________ is caused by an inflammation of a bursa near the big toe.

Did You KNOW

BUNION The term bunion is derived from the Old French word buigne, which means “a swelling caused by a blow to the head.” However, the modern meaning is limited to a swelling of the big toe.

6.21 Remember that the suffix -itis means “inflammation,” and the

bursitis ber SIGH tiss

word root burs means “purse or sac,” referring to a fluid-filled sac or bursa that cushions certain joints. So the inflammation of a bursa is known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term is burs/itis. 6.22 A calcium deposit within a bursa is known as a bursolith. The

bursolith BER soh lith

diagnosis of a ____________________ is confirmed with an x-ray, and it is often surgically removed. The word root lith is derived from the Greek word lithos, which means “a stone.” The constructed form of this term is burs/o/lith. (Note that no suffix is used in this term.) 6.23 People working at computer stations for extended periods

carpal tunnel syndrome KAR pahl * TUN ul * SIN drohm

of time increase their risk of a repetitive stress injury of the wrist. Commonly known as ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, or CTS, it is characterized by inflammation of the wrist (tenosynovitis; see Frame 6.57) that causes pressure against the median nerve, resulting in local pain and restricted movement.

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6.24 Also known as “wrist drop,” the condition carpoptosis is a

carpoptosis KAR pop TOH siss

weakness of the wrist resulting in difficulty supporting the hand. ____________________ is a constructed term: carp/o/ptosis. It literally means “drooping of the wrist” (-ptosis is the suffix that means “drooping,” and the combining form carp/o means “wrist”). 6.25 Prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions cause pain

cramps

wherever they occur, often striking the stomach wall or thigh muscles after strenuous exercise. The painful contractions are called ____________________. 6.26 A general term describing a disease of joints in which the

DJD

cartilage undergoes degeneration is called degenerative joint disease, abbreviated ____________________. This type of disease is progressive, becoming worse in time. During the process of joint degeneration, the articular cartilage degrades and is often replaced with bone. Arthritis (see Frame 6.18) is the most common form of DJD. 6.27 Children are occasionally born with a disease causing skeletal

Duchenne muscular dystrophy doo SHEN * MUS kyoo lar * DIS troh fee

muscle degeneration, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and deterioration. Abbreviated DMD, it is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Although it is the most intensively researched of the nine forms of muscular dystrophy (see Frame 6.12), a cure for ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is yet to be found.

6.28 When the suffix that means “inflammation” is combined with

epicondylitis ep ih kon dih LYE tiss

the word root condyl (“knuckle of a joint”) and the prefix epi- (“upon, over, above, on top”), it forms the term ____________________. The epicondyles are small bony elevations on the humerus near the elbow joint. In epicondylitis, this area of the elbow becomes inflamed, usually due to an injury. The constructed form of this term is epi/condyl/itis. 6.29 A disease of unknown origin that produces widespread pain

fibromyalgia FIE broh my AHL jee ah

of musculoskeletal structures of the limbs, face, and trunk is known as fibromyalgia. This term is constructed with the combining form fibr/o, the word root my, and the suffix -algia, which together mean “condition of pain of the fibers and muscles.” ____________________ can be written as the constructed form fibr/o/my/algia. Also known as fibromyalgia syndrome, there is some evidence that it may be a form of autoimmune disease, possibly triggered by infections or injury.

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fracture FRAK sher

Table 6.1 ■

6.30 The clinical term for a break in a bone is ____________________.

The most common fractures are simple, or closed, in which the fracture is not visible from the skin, and open, or compound, in which parts of the fractured bone visibly penetrate through the skin to cause bleeding. Open fractures carry a much higher risk of infection. Other types of fractures are described in Table 6.1 ■.

Common Bone Fractures

Type of Fracture

Definition

Illustration

Type of Fracture

Definition

Illustration

Colles’ (KOH leez)

A break in the distal part of the radius, common in children

greenstick

A slight break in a bone that appears as a slight fissure in an x-ray exam

comminuted

A break or breaks resulting in fragmentation of the bone

spiral

A spiral-shaped break, often caused by twisting stresses along the shaft

oblique

A break along an oblique angle of the bone shaft

compression

A crushed break in a vertebra often due to an impact or fall

transverse

A break along a transverse plane of the bone shaft

pathological

A fracture caused by another disease process that weakens the bone Comminuted fracture

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6.31 In gout, a person experiences sharp pain in the joints of the toes,

especially the big toe. See ■ Figure 6.7. The pain of ____________________ is often exacerbated by a diet high in protein because the disorder is caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, which are waste products of protein metabolism. It is a form of arthritis because of the injury it causes to the joints. It is sometimes called gouty arthritis. Roughly 8 million people are currently diagnosed with gout in the United States, most of whom are men.

gout GOWT

■ Figure 6.7 Gout. Also known as gouty arthritis, it often strikes the big toe, as seen in this illustration.

GOUT Did You KNOW

The term gout is derived from the Latin word gutta, which means “a drop.” The foot pain that characterizes gout was thought to be caused by a body fluid dripping internally onto the joint. It was a malady common to European aristocracy before the 20th century, made worse by poor dietary habits that included diets high in protein and low in fresh vegetables and fruits.

6.32 The rupture of an intervertebral disk, which is a joint between

herniated disk HER nee ay ted * disk

two adjacent vertebrae of the spine, is called a herniated disk. It causes pressure against spinal nerves or the spinal cord to produce back pain. A ____________________ ____________________ is a back injury often caused by a sudden movement or an attempt to lift a heavy object. See ■ Figure 6.8. Cross section showing compression of nerve root

■ Figure 6.8 Herniated disk. A herniated disk is a protrusion of the disk’s gelatinous center, called the nucleus pulposus, which often pushes into the spinal cord or spinal nerves to cause pain and loss of movement (left illustration). The illustration on the right shows the back surgery necessary to access the injury.

Spinal cord Nerve root Nucleus pulposus

Surgical exposure of lower lumbar disk herniation

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6.33 Spinal curvatures are normal and help us to stand erect.

kyphosis kih FOH siss

lordosis lor DOH siss scoliosis SKOH lee OH siss

However, some individuals suffer from a deformity of the spine that alters the normal curves. The three primary spinal deformities are kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. A ____________________ occurs when the upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly, causing an abnormal hump at the upper back (kyph means “hump”) that often accompanies osteoporosis (see Frame 6.45). A ____________________ is an exaggerated anterior spinal curve in the lumbar area (lord means “bent forward”). A ____________________ is a lateral curvature of the spine with a congenital origin, usually in the thoracic or lumbar regions (scoli means “curved”). See ■ Figure 6.9. All three terms for abnormal spinal curvatures are constructed terms. For example, scoliosis can be written as scoli/osis.

Kyphosis

Scoliosis

■ Figure 6.9 Spinal disfigurements. Kyphosis, or humpback, in which the upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly; lordosis, an exaggerated anterior curve in the lumbar region; and scoliosis, a lateral curvature.

Lordosis

6.34 The congenital disease called Marfan’s syndrome results

Marfan’s syndrome mahr FAHNZ * SIN drohm

in excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates (growth plates), forming abnormally long limbs and a tall, thin body form. The heart valves of those suffering from ____________________ ____________________ are also deformed, resulting in valvular heart disease. Some forensic scientists have argued that Abraham Lincoln suffered from this syndrome. 6.35 A meniscus is a crescent-shaped band of cartilage that

meniscitis MEN ih SIGH tiss

supports certain joints, such as the knee and shoulder. The term meniscus is derived from the Greek word for “crescent moon,” meniskos. Inflammation of a meniscus results in joint pain and is called ____________________. As a constructed term, it is written as menisc/itis.

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6.36 Myasthenia gravis is characterized by a progressive

myasthenia gravis my ass THEE nee ah * GRAHV iss

failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation. The term ____________________ ____________________ means “serious muscle weakness.” The word gravis means “serious,” and you may recognize myasthenia, which means “muscle weakness,” as a constructed term: my/asthenia. 6.37 The red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation. A

myeloma my ah LOH mah

malignant tumor associated with this tissue is a myeloma, sometimes called multiple myeloma or plasma-cell myeloma. It arises when a type of white blood cell, called a plasma cell, undergoes mutations to form a tumor that first appears in red bone marrow. The term ____________________ literally means “tumor of bone marrow,” in which the root word myel/o means “bone marrow” and the suffix -oma means “tumor.” The constructed form is myel/oma. 6.38 A muscle is surrounded by a layer of tough connective tissue,

myocele MY oh seel

known as fascia. An injury to a muscle may cause the muscle to tear through the fascia, causing a protrusion. This condition is known as a myocele. The constructed form of the term ____________________ is my/o/cele, which is composed of the combining form for muscle, my/o, and the suffix -cele, which means “hernia, swelling, protrusion.” 6.39 A common result of muscle injury is a local inflammation known

myositis my oh SIGH tiss

as myositis. Combining myos (which means “muscle”) and -itis (“inflammation”), the constructed form of ____________________ is myos/itis. 6.40 When injured or exposed to infection, bone tissue often

osteitis OSS tee EYE tiss

responds with inflammation. This condition, which combines the suffix that means “inflammation” and oste, the word root meaning “bone,” is known as ____________________, which literally means “inflammation of bone.” The constructed form is oste/itis. 6.41 Also called Paget disease, osteitis deformans results in bone

osteitis deformans OSS tee EYE tiss * day FOR manz

deformities due to a failure of bone remodeling, which is a balance between bone loss and bone deposition. Common symptoms of ____________________ ____________________ include severe bone pain and frequent fractures. Recent evidence suggests this disease may be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. It strikes roughly 1% of the adult population in the United States, mainly men over age 40.

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6.42 An inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth

osteogenesis imperfecta OSS tee oh JEN eh siss * im per FEK tah

and fragile bones is known as osteogenesis imperfecta. The term means “imperfect bone development.” Tragically, ____________________ ____________________ is progressive, leading to severe bone pain, skeletal deformities, and frequent fractures.

6.43 The suffix -malacia means “softening,” and the combining form

osteomalacia OSS tee oh mah LAY she ah

oste/o means “bone.” A disease resulting in the softening of bones is generally known as ____________________. It is a constructed term with three word parts: oste/o/malacia. The cause is usually a hormonal imbalance, resulting in the gradual loss of calcium from bone tissue. 6.44 The word root myel means “bone marrow.” Inflammation

osteomyelitis OSS tee oh my eh LYE tiss

of the red bone marrow is a painful disease known as ____________________, which literally means “inflammation of bone marrow and bone.” The usual cause is a bacterial infection. Osteomyelitis is a constructed term with four word parts: oste/o/ myel/itis. 6.45 The abnormal loss of bone density is a common result of

osteoporosis OSS tee oh por ROH siss

aging, especially among postmenopausal women. The condition is called osteoporosis and results in a loss of posture and flexibility and an increased risk of fractures. See ■ Figure 6.10. The term ____________________ literally means “condition of holes in bone.” (The word root por means “hole.”) The constructed term includes four word parts: oste/o/por/osis.

The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

(a)

129

(b) 5’6’ 5’3’ 5’ 4’9’ 4’6’

■ Figure 6.10

Osteoporosis. (a) A section through normal spongy bone. (b) A section through a bone with osteoporosis reveals a reduction of bone spicules and additional space. (c) Spinal curvatures resulting from osteoporosis of the vertebral column with advancing age.

4’3’

(c) Age 30

50

70

6.46 An osteosarcoma (■ Figure 6.11) is bone cancer arising from

osteosarcoma OSS tee oh sar KOH mah

connective tissue, usually within the bone itself. It is an aggressive form of cancer, striking mostly the young and middle teens. The constructed form of ________________ is oste/o/sarc/oma. A second form of malignant bone cancer arises from the cells of the red bone marrow and is called leukemia (loo KEE mee ah). This term literally means “condition of white blood,” named because of the high levels of deformed white blood cells in a blood sample that are a diagnostic of the disease. Leukemia is described further in Chapter 7.

Osteosarcoma

■ Figure 6.11 Osteosarcoma. X-ray of the leg revealing an internal osteosarcoma just below the knee joint on the tibia. Source: Wonderisland/ Shutterstock.

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6.47 The suffix -plegia means “paralysis.” One form of paralysis

paraplegia PAR ah PLEE jee ah

quadriplegia KWAHD rih PLEE jee ah polymyositis PAHL ee my oh SYE tiss

is ____________________, in which there is a loss of sensation or voluntary movement of the area of the body below the hips, including both legs. In another form of paralysis, all four limbs are without sensation or voluntary movement. The term for this form of paralysis utilizes a prefix that means “four” and is called ____________________.

6.48 The term ____________________ means “inflammation of many

muscles.” It is an autoimmune disease because the inflammation is the result of the body’s own white blood cells attacking otherwise healthy tissue, in this case muscle tissue. The constructed form of this term is poly/myos/itis, in which the prefix poly- means “many,” myos means “muscle,” and the suffix -itis means “inflammation.” 6.49 Children with a long-term deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

rickets RIHK ehts

in the diet may exhibit bowed legs and growth retardation. The condition is known as rickets, which is a modern version of the Greek word rhakitis that means “spine.” Most ____________________ cases occur in developing countries because of widespread malnutrition. The skeletal deformities result from insufficient levels of vitamin D, calcium, or both in the bloodstream that lead to bone softening. When bone softening occurs in adults, it is called osteomalacia (Frame 6.43). 6.50 The rotator cuff is a combination of four muscles and their

rotator cuff injury

tendons that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint: teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. A trauma to the shoulder can tear one or more tendons and muscles, resulting in a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ that can cause local inflammation, pain, and joint dislocation. 6.51 A trauma to the vertebral column may result in

spinal cord injury

____________________ ____________________ ____________________, which is abbreviated SCI. If severe, the injury can cause paralysis of areas of the body below the vertebral level of the injury.

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6.52 The clinical term that is formed by combining the suffix

spondylarthritis SPON dill ahr THRYE tiss

sprain

meaning “inflammation,” the word root arthr, meaning “joint,” and the word root spondyl, meaning “vertebra” is ____________________, which means “inflammation of joints of vertebrae.” It is a general term for inflammatory diseases of the joints and their associated tendons and ligaments. Because the most common source of inflammation occurs in intervertebral joints, the most common symptom is low back pain. Ankylosing spondylitis, described in Frame 6.17, is an example of spondylarthritis. The constructed form of this term is spondyl/arthr/itis. 6.53 A ____________________ is a tear of collagen fibers within a

ligament. See ■ Figure 6.12. It is usually caused by stretching the ligament beyond its normal range without warming up or slowly stretching before exercise.

■ Figure 6.12 Sprain. A sprain involves damage to one or more ligaments and is categorized into three degrees of injury as shown.

First-degree sprain Localized joint pain and tenderness, but no joint laxity.

Second-degree sprain Detectable joint laxity, plus localized pain and tenderness.

Third-degree sprain Complete disruption of ligaments and gross joint instability.

6.54 Similar to a sprain but involving a muscle, a

strain

____________________ is usually caused by stretching a muscle beyond its normal range. Muscle tissue tearing and the resulting capillary damage often cause a bruise.

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6.55 The temporomandibular joint is the junction of the mandible

temporomandibular joint disease TEMP or oh man DIH byoo lahr * JOYNT * dis EEZ

and the temporal bone, which allows the lower jaw to move when speaking and chewing. A disease of this joint is known as ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, or TMJ, and results in frequent dislocations that make it difficult and painful to move the jaw during speaking and chewing.

6.56 Inflammation of a tendon is a common sports injury and is

tendonitis TEN dunn EYE tiss

known as ____________________. An example occurs when damage is caused by throwing a ball without warming up, which is known as rotator cuff tendonitis. Tendonitis is a constructed term, written as tendon/itis. 6.57 A form of tendonitis that includes inflammation of the synovial

tenosynovitis TEN oh sin oh VYE tiss

membrane surrounding the joint is known as ____________________. This term has four word parts: ten/o/synov/itis, in which ten/o means “stretch, tendon,” synov means “synovial,” and -itis means “inflammation.”

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. Pott’s

a. an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe

______

2. gout

______

3. bunion

______

4. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

b. a condition that causes skeletal muscle degeneration, which results in progressive muscle weakness and deterioration; abbreviated DMD

______

5. cramps

______

6. sprain

______

7. fracture

______

8. strain

______

9. comminuted

______ 10. rotator cuff injury

c. prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions d. a trauma that causes tearing of tendons and/or muscles of the shoulder e. caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints; usually affects the big toe joints f. an injury that results from stretching a muscle beyond its ­normal range g. a type of fracture that involves a break resulting in ­fragmentation of the bone h. a tear of collagen fibers within a ligament i. a type of fracture that involves a break at the ankle that affects both bones of the leg j. clinical term for a break in the bone

The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

epipoly-

arthr/o burs/o condyl/o lith/o lord/o menisc/o my/o, myos/o oste/o synov/o ten/o

-asthenia -itis -malacia -osis

Definition

Term

  1.    2.    3.    4.    5.    6.    7.    8.    9.  10.  11. 

myasthenia ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

weakness in the muscles inflammation of many muscles simultaneously a spine deformity with an anterior curve of the spine inflammation of bony elevations (epicondyles) near the elbow joint inflammation and degeneration of a joint a gradual and painful softening of bones inflammation of a bursa inflammation of bone tissue a calcium deposit or stone within a bursa inflammation of a meniscus form of tendonitis that also involves inflammation of the synovial membrane

133

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices associated with the skeletal and muscular systems and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are colorcoded to help you identify them: combining forms are red and suffixes are blue.

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

arthr/o burs/o chir/o chondr/o cost/o crani/o electr/o fasci/o lamin/o my/o orth/o oste/o pod/o spondyl/o syn/o ten/o vertebr/o

joint purse or sac, bursa hand cartilage rib skull, cranium electricity fascia thin, lamina muscle straight bone foot vertebra connect stretch, tendon vertebra

-centesis -clasia, -clasis -desis -ectomy -gram -graphy -iatry -ist -lysis -pathy -plasty -rrhaphy -scope -scopy -tic -tomy

surgical puncture break apart surgical fixation, fusion surgical excision, removal a record or image recording process treatment, specialty one who specializes loosen, dissolve disease surgical repair suturing instrument used for viewing process of viewing pertaining to incision, to cut

KEY TERMS A–Z

arthrocentesis AHR throh sen TEE siss

■ Figure 6.13 Arthrocentesis. The aspiration of fluid is a common treatment for joint injuries resulting in inflammation, such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), shown in this illustration.

6.58 The suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture,” and the

combining form arthr/o means “joint.” Many joint injuries result in the condition of inflammation, which may slow healing and lead to additional complications. In the procedure known as ____________________, excess fluids are aspirated, or withdrawn by suction, through a surgical puncture into the synovial cavity of the joint. See ■ Figure 6.13. This constructed term includes three word parts: arthr/o/centesis.

Aspiration of wrist joint

Palmaris longus tendon Median nerve

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6.59 Occasionally, an abnormally stiff joint must be broken during

arthroclasia ahr throh KLAY see ah

surgery to increase the range of motion, or ROM. This procedure is called ____________________, in which the suffix -clasia means “break apart.” After arthroclasia, it is common to undergo ROM exercises to increase muscle strength and joint mobility. Arthroclasia is a constructed term with three word parts: arthr/o/clasia. 6.60 The suffix -desis means “surgical fixation, fusion.” Thus, the

arthrodesis ahr throh DEE siss

term ____________________ means “surgical fixation of a joint.” The constructed form of this term is arthr/o/desis. 6.61 Prior to joint surgery, it is common to obtain an x-ray of the

arthrogram AHR throh gram

joint after injection of contrast media, air, or both to highlight the synovial joint. The image is printed on a film or recorded digitally and is called an ____________________ because the suffix -gram means “a record or image” (■ Figure 6.14). The constructed form of this term is arthr/o/gram.

■ Figure 6.14 Arthrogram. X-ray of the lower back and pelvis that reveals inflammation (in red) of an intervertebral disc. Source: Tlegend/Shutterstock.

6.62 The suffix -lysis means “loosen, dissolve.” During an

arthrolysis ahr THROL oh siss

____________________, a joint is loosened of abnormal restrictions, such as calcium deposits and bursoliths (see Frame 6.22). The constructed form of this term is arthr/o/lysis. 6.63 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” The goal of an

arthroplasty AHR throh PLASS tee

____________________ procedure is to repair a joint. A complete arthroplasty refers to a joint replacement, the most common of which is a knee replacement. The constructed form of this term is arthr/o/plasty.

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6.64 An endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity uses an

arthroscopy ahr THROSS koh pee

instrument that integrates fiber optics, live-action photography, and computer enhancement, known as an arthroscope. The viewing process is called ____________________. When arthroscopy is part of a surgery, the procedure is called arthroscopic surgery. See ■ Figure 6.15.

■ Figure 6.15 Arthroscopic surgery. In this photograph, the knee joint is undergoing surgery with a specialized endoscope called an arthroscope in the procedure known as arthroscopic knee surgery. Source: Samrith Na Lumpoon/ Shutterstock.

6.65 The suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.” A surgical incision

arthrotomy ahr THROTT oh mee

into the synovial cavity of a joint is known as ____________________. The constructed form of the term is arthr/o/tomy. 6.66 A surgery involving the removal of a bursa from a joint is known

bursectomy ber SEK toh mee

as a ____________________. The constructed form of the term is burs/ectomy, in which burs means “purse or sac” and -ectomy means “surgical excision or removal.” 6.67 The field of therapy that is centered on manipulation of bones

chiropractic KIGH roh PRAK tik

and joints, most commonly the vertebral column, is known as ____________________. A practitioner of this therapy is called a chiropractor (KIGH roh prak tor). The term chiropractor is constructed from the combining form chir/o, which means “hand,” and the suffix -practic, which means “one who practices.”

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6.68 Surgical excision, or removal, of the cartilage associated with

chondrectomy kon DREK toh mee

a joint is a common procedure known as ____________________. The surgery commonly uses arthroscopy to reduce the size of the incision and improve the surgeon’s view. Chondrectomy is a constructed term that can be written as chondr/ectomy to reveal its two word parts: chondr, which means “cartilage,” and -ectomy, which means “surgical excision or removal.”

-ectomy or -tomy? WORDS TO Watch Out For

These two suffixes look very similar, but how do you tell them apart? One easy way is to r­ emember that -ectomy means “excision” (see how they both start with an e?). The suffix -tomy means ­“incision” or “to cut,” and this meaning does not start with an e.

6.69 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” Surgical repair of

chondroplasty KON droh plass tee

cartilage associated with a joint is known as ____________________. The constructed form of the term is chondr/o/plasty. 6.70 A surgery involving the removal of a rib (the combining form is

costectomy koss TEK toh mee

cost/o) is known as a ____________________.

6.71 When one or more bones of the cranium (crani/o)

cranioplasty KRAY nee oh plass tee

undergo repair during surgery (-plasty), the procedure is called ____________________. The constructed term for this procedure is crani/o/plasty. 6.72 To perform surgery of the brain, a craniotomy is required,

craniotomy KRAY nee OTT oh mee

during which the surgeon enters the cranial cavity by cutting an opening through the cranium. The constructed form of ____________________ is written as crani/o/tomy, in which the combining form crani/o means “skull, cranium” and the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.”

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6.73 A surgical procedure that is used frequently to reduce the pain

diskectomy disk EK toh mee

of a herniated disk by surgically removing the intervertebral disk is a ____________________. It may also be called a spinal fusion when the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of the disk. An alternate term for spinal fusion is spondylosyndesis (SPON dih loh sin DEE siss), which literally means “surgical fixation to connect vertebrae.” This constructed term includes four word parts: spondyl/o/syn/desis, in which the combining form spondyl/o means “vertebra,” syn means “connect,” and the suffix -desis means “surgical fixation, fusion.” Also performed to treat a herniated disk is a laminectomy (lahm ih NEK toh mee), during which the part of a vertebra known as the lamina is surgically removed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. 6.74 The strength of a muscle contraction can be measured and

electromyography ee LEK troh my OG rah fee

recorded by a procedure called electromyography (EMG). It utilizes an instrument that electrically stimulates a muscle, and the resulting contraction is recorded and analyzed on a computer. In this term, electr/o means “electricity,” my/o means “muscle,” and -graphy means “recording process.” ____________________ includes five word parts: electr/o/my/o/graphy (■ Figure 6.16).

■ Figure 6.16 Electromyography. Photograph of a patient undergoing electrical muscle stimulation and analysis for muscle function testing. Source: Photoshooter2015/ Shutterstock.

6.75 A surgical incision into the connective tissue sheath

fasciotomy FASH ee OTT oh mee

surrounding a muscle, called fascia, is known as a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is fasci/o/tomy.

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139

6.76 Orthopedic surgeons, or orthopedists, treat fractures by

closed fracture reduction

aligning the broken bones to their normal positions in a procedure known as reduction (■ Figure 6.17), which means “bringing back to normal”. Manipulating the bone without surgery during reduction is known as ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. If surgical intervention is needed to align and stabilize the broken area, the procedure is called open fracture reduction. During this procedure, pins, screws, rods, or plates may be inserted to stabilize the alignment, known as internal fixation. In external fixation, metal rods and pins are attached from outside the skin surface. External fixation carries the advantage of avoiding the use of a plaster cast for immobilization. If the normal healing process is impeded, bone grafting or electrical bone stimulation may be applied to stimulate the healing process.

■ Figure 6.17 Fracture reduction. X-ray of two lower legs, right (R) and left (L), following orthopedic surgery. The right tibia and fibula, both with a simple fracture, have been treated through closed fracture reduction by placing the limb within a plaster cast to immobilize it. The left tibia and fibula have a more severe injury, both with a compound comminuted fracture. As a result, an open fracture reduction has been performed to connect the shattered bones with metal pins to an external metal rod (white), in the procedure called external fixation. Source: Jarva Jar/Shutterstock.

6.77 The combining form my/o means “muscle.” A muscle can

myoplasty MY oh plass tee

myorrhaphy my OR ah fee

tear during a serious injury and require surgical intervention to promote healing. During a ____________________, a muscle undergoes surgical repair (the suffix -plasty means “repair”). The constructed form of the term is my/o/plasty. The repair often includes suturing the torn ends together in a procedure known as ____________________. The constructed form of the term is my/o/rrhaphy, in which the suffix -rrhaphy means “suturing.”

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Chapter 6

6.78 The most common pharmacological treatment for any

NSAIDs

condition, including inflammation or pain of muscle or bone tissue, is the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, commonly abbreviated ____________________. Examples of NSAIDs are aspirin and ibuprofen. 6.79 The field of medical support involving the construction and

orthotics or THOTT iks

fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as lifts, artificial limbs, and retraction devices, to assist a patient is known as orthotics. Formed from the combining form orth/o, which means “straight,” and the suffix -tic, which means “pertaining to,” this constructed term includes three word parts: orth/o/tics. A specialist in ____________________ is called an orthotist (or THOTT ist). The medical term for an artificial limb is prosthesis (pross THEE siss), which literally means “to place in addition” (■ Figure 6.18).

■ Figure 6.18 An orthotics lab. An orthotist is adjusting a prosthetic device on a patient who lost both legs to enable him to walk again. Source: Mykola Komarovskyy/ Shutterstock.

ostectomy oss TEK toh mee

6.80 An ____________________ is the surgical removal, or excision,

of bone tissue. It is performed to remove unwanted bony formations. The constructed form of this term is ost/ectomy, in which the suffix meaning “surgical excision or removal” is added to the word root for bone (ost). 6.81 In some cases, it becomes necessary to break a bone

osteoclasis OSS tee oh KLAY siss

purposely to correct a defect or an improperly healed fracture. Formed by adding the suffix -clasis, meaning “break apart,” to the combining form for bone (oste/o), the name of the procedure is ____________________. It is a constructed term: oste/o/clasis.

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141

6.82 A medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the

musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on body alignment and nutrition is called osteopathy. The constructed form is oste/o/pathy. A physician trained in ____________________ is known as an osteopath or osteopathic surgeon and is symbolized by the abbreviation DO (Doctor of Osteopathy).

osteopathy OSS tee OPP ah thee

6.83 The surgical repair of bone is a general procedure known as

osteoplasty OSS tee oh plass tee

____________________. This term is formed by adding the suffix -plasty (“surgical repair”) to the combining form oste/o (“bone”). The constructed form is oste/o/plasty.

-pathy or -plasty? WORDS TO Watch Out For

These two suffixes look very similar, but how do you tell them apart? The suffix -pathy means “disease,” whereas the meaning of the suffix -plasty is “surgical repair.” One easy way to tell them apart is to think of the sound of -plasty: it sounds like “plaster,” which is a home product that is used to repair walls.

6.84 The Greek word for foot is podos. When the combining form

podiatry poh DYE ah tree

of this Greek word (pod/o) is combined with the suffix -iatry, which means “treatment or specialty,” the result is the constructed term ____________________, which is the specialty that focuses on foot health. A healthcare professional trained in this field is called a podiatrist (poh DYE ah trist). 6.85 A very common treatment for most internal injuries of the

RICE

musculoskeletal system, such as sprains (Frame 6.53) and strains (Frame 6.54), is often called by its popular acronym, RICE. The meaning of ____________________ is rest, ice compresses, compression of the injury site, and elevation of the injured limb. 6.86 Some injuries involve damage to both the muscle and its

tenomyoplasty TEN oh MY oh plass tee

associated tendon. The surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon is called a ____________________. This constructed term is shown as ten/o/my/o/plasty to reveal its word parts: the combining forms ten/o, meaning “stretch, tendon,” and my/o, meaning “muscle,” and the suffix -plasty, meaning “surgical repair.”

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Chapter 6

6.87 Stepping into a hole and falling can cause a serious injury to

tenorrhaphy ten OR ah fee

tenotomy ten OTT oh mee

the calcaneal tendon of the ankle. This tendon, also known as the Achilles tendon, attaches the powerful calf muscles to the large heel bone (calcaneus). If it tears, mobility of the affected leg becomes impossible until surgical intervention corrects the injury. The surgery is called a ____________________ and involves the suturing of a tendon to close a tear. This constructed term is ten/o/rrhaphy to reveal its word parts. In this term, the suffix -rrhaphy, which means “suturing,” is added to the combining form that means “stretch, tendon.” 6.88 A tenorrhaphy often includes the ____________________

procedure, during which one or more incisions are made into a tendon. Also a constructed term, it is written as ten/o/tomy, using the combining form that means “stretch, tendon” and the suffix that means “incision, to cut.” 6.89 A surgical procedure that repairs damaged or diseased

vertebroplasty VERT eh broh plass tee

vertebrae is called a ____________________. Adding the combining form that means “vertebra” with the suffix that means “surgical repair” creates this constructed term. It includes three word parts: vertebr/o/plasty.

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. reduction

______

2. aspiration

______

3. arthrocentesis

______

4. nonsteroidal anti-­ inflammatory drugs

______

5. spinal fusion

______

6. arthroscopy

______

7. chondroplasty

______

8. tenorrhaphy

______

9. podiatry

______ 10. arthrogram

a. the most common pharmacological treatment for inflammation or pain of muscle or bone tissue b. a procedure in which adjacent vertebrae are fused together following a diskectomy c. withdrawing by suction d. a procedure in which excess fluids are aspirated through a surgical puncture in the joint e. a procedure that aligns broken bones to their normal positions f. an x-ray image of a joint g. healthcare specialty that focuses on foot health h. an endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity i. surgical repair of cartilage j. a surgery that sutures a tear in a tendon

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143

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested word part or definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) arthrodesis

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 2. a) chondrectomy

________/________ r     s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 3. a) craniotomy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: Does this term contain a prefix? ________________________________________________ 4. a) laminectomy

________/________ r     s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) electromyography

________/___/________/___/________ cf      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second combining form? _____________________________ 6. a) orthotics

________/___/________ cf     s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 7. a) osteoclasis

________/___/________ cf     s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 8. a) tenomyoplasty

________/___/________/___/________ cf      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 9. a) osteoplasty

________/___/________ cf      s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

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Chapter 6

Abbreviations of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems The abbreviations that are associated with the skeletal and muscular systems are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament, a ­ligament that stabilizes the knee joint ankylosing spondylitis carpal tunnel syndrome degenerative joint disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy physician specializing in osteopathy electromyography herniated nucleus pulposus, a herniated intervertebral disk myasthenia gravis nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

OA ortho RA RICE ROM SCI THR TKA TKR TMJ Vertebrae    C1 through C7    T1 through T12    L1 through L5

osteoarthritis orthopedics rheumatoid arthritis rest, ice, compression, elevation range of motion spinal cord injury total hip replacement total knee arthroplasty total knee replacement temporomandibular joint disease

AS CTS DJD DMD DO EMG HNP MG NSAIDs

the seven cervical vertebrae the twelve thoracic vertebrae the five lumbar vertebrae

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

1. ____________________

spinal cord injury

2. TKA

______________________________________________

3. ____________________

rheumatoid arthritis

4. DMD

______________________________________________

5. ____________________

herniated nucleus pulposus

6. EMG

______________________________________________

7. ____________________

anterior cruciate ligament

8. THR

______________________________________________

9. ____________________

the five lumbar vertebrae

10. CTS

______________________________________________

11. ____________________

range of motion

12. OA

______________________________________________

13. ____________________

total knee replacement

14. T1–T12

______________________________________________

15. ____________________

degenerative joint disease

16. TMJ

______________________________________________

17. ____________________

myasthenia gravis

18. AS

______________________________________________

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145

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. a gradual and painful softening of bone

osteomalacia

 

2. abnormal loss of bone density

osteo____________________

3. paralysis of lower body, including both legs

____________________plegia

4. abnormal lateral curve of the spine

scoli____________________

5. inflammation of a tendon and synovial membrane

teno____________________

6. x-ray image of a joint

arthro___________________

7. inflammation of a meniscus

____________________itis

8. surgical incision into a joint

arthro___________________

9. muscular weakness

my______________________

10. protrusion of muscle through its fascia

myo_____________________

11. a repetitive stress injury of the wrist

______________tunnel syndrome

12. a therapy in which a joint is loosened of its restrictions

arthro____________________

13. a viral infection of bone that accelerates bone loss

____________________’s disease

14. a rupture of an intervertebral disk

____________________ disk

15. surgical repair of a joint

arthro___________________

16. pain in a tendon

teno_____________________

17. a calcium deposit within a bursa

burso____________________

18. abnormal condition of joint stiffness

____________________osis

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 6.

1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8. 

ankyl/o arthr/o burs/o spondyl/o myel/o oste/o chondr/o synovi/o

Definition

Use in a Term

_________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________  _________________________________ 

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

146

Chapter 6

Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 6.19, 6.20, and 6.21 by writing the labels in the spaces provided. Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone 1. __________________ __________________ Medullary cavity 2. ___________________

3. ___________________

Endosteum Nutrient foramen Nutrient vessel

■ Figure 6.19

Parts of a bone.

Epiphyseal plate Distal 4. ___________________

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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147

5. _________________ Skull Maxilla Mandible

6. _________________ Scapula Sternum Rib 7. _________________ Vertebra

Ulna Radius Ilium 8. _________________ Coccyx Ischium

Carpals Metacarpals 9. _________________

Pubis

10. __________________

Patella

Tibia Fibula

■ Figure 6.20 The bones of the skeleton.

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

148

Chapter 6 Temporalis Masseter Platysma Shoulder

Trapezius 11. ____________

Frontalis Orbicularis oculi

Orbicularis oris Sternohyoid 13. _____________

Pectoralis major Thorax

Latisimus dorsi Serratus anterior

Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Forearm

Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis

Facial

Zygomaticus

Neck

14. __________ brachii

Arm

Brachialis Rectus abdominis External oblique

Abdomen

Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Sartorius

Thigh

Gracilis 15. ______ femoris

Leg

Peroneus longus

Vastus medialis

12. _______________

Vastus lateralis

Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Tibialis anterior

■ Figure 6.21 The major muscles.

11. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Jorge Johnson Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Orthopedics

Date: 09/11/2017

Patient: Jorge Johnson

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 5/20/1982    Age: 35   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Jonathon McIntyre, MD Subjective: “My right ankle hurts a lot, even when I am lying down. I twisted it while playing touch football just 10 hours ago.” 35 y/o male. The patient is in great discomfort. Swelling of the right ankle is apparent, and some bleeding is present at the injury site. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 82; R: 25; BP: 138/95 Ht: 6'2" Wt: 203 lb General Appearance: Physical stress is noted by diaphoresis, heavy breathing, facial expression of ­ iscomfort, edema of the right ankle. Break in the skin at the right ankle with minor bleeding. d Heart: Rate at 82 bpm, with no abnormal sounds. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity in areas other than right ankle. Assessment: Compound Pott’s fracture at the distal end of r. tibia and fibula with tendonitis of Achilles tendon. Plan: Apply RICE STAT. X-ray right ankle. If confirmed, prep for ortho surgery to remove bone fragments and realign fracture. Close and cast injury in plaster, with follow-up in 2 weeks. Photo Source: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

149

150

Chapter 6

Comprehension Questions 1. What is the evidence supporting a diagnosis of a compound fracture? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why are x-rays required before treatment can begin? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. In what area of the body might a Pott’s fracture occur? _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the list of terms that precedes the case study. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) compound

myositis

Pott’s

myalgia

polymyositis

tendonitis

A 35-year-old patient named Jorge Johnson received injuries during a weekend touch football game in the park. Upon his arrival at emergency, he presented an open, or (a) ____________________, fracture of the distal end of the right tibia and fibula, pain, and discoloration of the ankle that suggested damage to a tendon, or (b) ____________________, and muscle tenderness or (c) ____________________ that suggested damaged muscle fibers, or (d) ____________________, and inflammation of all muscles of the right lower extremity, or (e) ____________________. An x-ray examination revealed a fracture at the right ankle, called a (f) ____________________ fracture, with associated inflammation of the Achilles tendon, or generalized (g) ____________________.

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151

Debra Simpson For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Orthopedics

Date: 09/19/2017

Patient: Debra Simpson

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 8/10/1934   Age: 85   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Paula S. Medina, MD Subjective: “I have a lot of trouble moving: walking, climbing into and out of bed, reaching for cans out of my cabinet. I can’t stand straight anymore without pain. My hands hurt most of the time, sometimes worse when it’s cold out.” 85 y/o widowed patient lives alone, with three children living within 50 miles. She says this is her first visit to a medical institution in 25 years. Her discomfort is apparent in her face and voice. She keeps as active as possible, although recently she has stopped her daily walks due to the pain. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 97.6°F; P: 80; R: 23; BP: 145/102 Ht: 5'3" Wt: 129 lb General Appearance: Skin pallor with numerous pigmented patches, eyes clear, stooped posture with ­ yphosis, walks with shuffling gait, low energy, voice faint and crackling. k Heart: Rate at 80 bpm, with no abnormal sounds. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric for her age. Swelling and erythema at the joints of hands and feet, e­ specially at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. Assessment: Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis Plan: HRT with calcium/vit D supplements. Recommend NSAIDs to help manage the OA. Photo Source: Absolut/Shutterstock.

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Chapter 6

Comprehension Questions 1. What is the diagnosis? _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What term is abbreviated OA? __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the meaning of the term osteoporosis? ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Debra Simpson, an 85-year-old female, was initially seen by her personal general practitioner when she complained of difficulty in movement, or (h) ____________________, and joint pain, or (i) ____________________, of both wrists. The GP referred her to (j) ____________________ due to an abnormal bent-over posture, called a (k) ____________________, the presence of a minor back hump, or (l) ____________________, and x-ray exams that indicated a loss of bone density. Based on these findings, the initial diagnosis was (m) ____________________. The orthopedist also reported advanced joint degeneration in her carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints that was diagnosed as (n) ____________________ due to her advanced age. Treatments were prescribed to include hormone therapy with calcium supplements, mild exercise for the bone loss, and NSAIDs for OA management.

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Chapter 7

Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 7.1

Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology.

7.3

Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology.

7.2

Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, and treatments associated with the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology.

7.4

Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology.

154

Chapter 7

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

aden/o bacteri/o blast/o erythr/o hem/o, hemat/o immun/o leuk/o

gland bacteria germ, bud, developing cell red blood exempt, immunity white

lymph/o path/o splen/o thromb/o thym/o tox/o

clear water or fluid disease spleen clot wartlike, thymus gland poison

7.1 Although the blood is a tissue that is part of the cardiovascular

blood

lymph

system, the blood is also closely associated with another system, the lymphatic system. Therefore, the blood and lymphatic system are combined in this chapter. In the human body, blood is normally found only within the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. As ____________________ courses through these organs, it performs its primary function of transport. Blood includes a watery medium, called plasma, which carries within its current two major types of cells: red blood cells (RBCs), which transport oxygen, and white blood cells (WBCs), which combat infection. Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes, which mean “red cells.” Similarly, white blood cells are also called leukocytes, which mean “white cells.” Fragments of cells are also present in blood. Called platelets, they trigger the formation of blood clots to reduce blood loss following an injury. Another type of body fluid, known as lymph, also transports substances throughout the body, but this fluid is found only within lymphatic vessels. 7.2 Lymphatic vessels and ____________________ are important

parts of the lymphatic system, along with the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Lymph carries the components of immunity, such as white blood cells and the products they use to fight infection. Amazingly, blood and lymph are intertwined because lymph is formed from blood during capillary exchange and rejoins the bloodstream later. And, because both blood and lymph carry white blood cells, both fluids are involved in the fight against infection.

Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology

transport

protection

155

7.3 The primary function of blood is the ____________________ of

substances throughout the body. Vital substances carried by the blood include oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and waste materials. The blood also protects against infectious disease and helps regulate body temperature. The primary function of the lymphatic system is ____________________ from infectious disease. It also recycles fluids from the extracellular environment to the bloodstream. 7.4 Review the anatomy of the blood and lymphatic system by

studying ■ Figure 7.1 and ■ Figure 7.2. White blood cell (monocyte)

Platelets

Red blood cells

■ Figure 7.1 A blood smear. The smear reveals representative cells from each formed element group: red blood cells, platelets, and two white blood cells (shown is a lymphocyte and a monocyte).

Tonsil Lymphatic vessel Thymus gland Thoracic duct

Spleen

Lymph nodes

■ Figure 7.2 The lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels, major lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs. The direction of lymph flow is toward the heart.

White blood cell (lymphocyte)

156

Chapter 7

Medical Terms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 7.5 Because blood is a vital fluid, making sure it is healthy is an

transport

diagnostic

important part of healthcare management. Like any other tissue, blood can become diseased from any one of several sources, including inherited abnormalities, infection, or tumor development. The loss of blood itself can become a life-threatening situation if intervention is not provided in time, due to its important function as a ____________________ medium for gases, enzymes, nutrients, hormones, blood cells, and other substances. Fortunately, blood serves as an important diagnostic tool. Because blood can be conveniently removed from a blood vessel and analyzed, it is an important avenue for testing body chemistry as well as blood cells during a ____________________ evaluation. 7.6 The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related

hemat/o/logy

hematologist

disease is known as hematology (HEE mah TAHL oh jee). You should recognize this term as being constructed of three word parts and shown as ________/_____/______. It includes the combining form hemat/o, which is derived from the Greek word for blood, haima, and the suffix -logy that means “study or science of.” A physician specializing in the treatment of disease associated with blood is called a ____________________ (HEE mah TAHL oh jist) or, alternatively, a hematopathologist (hee MAH toh path AHL oh jist). 7.7 The lymphatic system has dual functions: filtering and

infection

lymph

recycling of fluid to the bloodstream and battling against ____________________. A disease of the lymphatic system can affect either function, or perhaps both. Also, because the lymphatic system components are distributed throughout the body, a lymphatic disease can spread quickly to distant areas of the body. In fact, metastasizing cancer cells often use the low-pressure current of the ____________________ to travel from one area of the body to another. In addition to tumors, lymphatic disease also includes infections that may overwhelm the immune response and inherited conditions that result in deficiencies in immune protection.

Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology

157

7.8 Our understanding of infectious disease has grown rapidly during

immun/o/logy

bacteriology

the past 50 years, due mainly to new information coming from research labs. The field of medicine that treats this form of disease is generally called immunology (IM yoo NAHL oh jee) or, at some hospitals, infectious disease. The term immunology refers to the body’s ability to defend against infection and includes a variety of mechanisms. This is a constructed term, written as ________/_____/______, where immun/o is a combining form derived from the Latin word immunis, which means “exempt or immunity,” and -logy is the often-used suffix that means “study or science of.” Subspecialties in the field of infectious disease include virology (vih RAHL oh jee; study of viruses) and ____________________ (bak TEER ee AHL oh jee; study of bacteria). 7.9 In the following sections, we review the prefixes, combining

lymphatic lim FAT ik

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the blood, the ____________________ system, and immunology.

Signs and Symptoms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

anisomacropoly-

without, absence of equal large excessive, over, many

bacteri/o cyt/o erythr/o hem/o leuk/o poikil/o splen/o thromb/o tox/o

-emia -ia -lysis -megaly -osis -penia

condition of blood condition of loosen, dissolve abnormally large condition of abnormal reduction in number, deficiency abnormal discharge

bacteria cell red blood white irregular spleen clot poison

-rrhage

KEY TERMS A–Z

7.10 The presence of red blood cells of unequal size in a sample of

anisocytosis an EYE soh sigh TOH siss

blood is an abnormal finding. It is a sign known as anisocytosis. The constructed form of this term is an/iso/cyt/osis, in which anis a prefix that means “without or absence of,” iso- is a prefix that means “equal,” cyt/o is the combining form for “cell,” and -osis means “condition of.” Thus, ____________________ literally means “condition of without equal cells.”

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7.11 The presence of bacteria in a sample of blood is a sign of

bacteremia bak ter EE mee ah

an infection and is called bacteremia, as shown in ■ Figure 7.3. The constructed form of this term reveals two word parts, bacter/emia. Because the suffix -emia means “condition of blood,” ____________________ literally means “condition of bacteria in the blood.”

Red blood cells

Bacteria

■ Figure 7.3 Bacteremia. Illustration of blood infected with bacteria, as seen through a microscope.

7.12 The suffix -penia means “abnormal reduction in number,

erythropenia ee RITH roh PEE nee ah

erythr/o/cyt/o/penia

deficiency.” It is used in the term ____________________ to describe an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells in a sample of blood. This constructed term is written erythr/o/penia. It is also called erythrocytopenia, which is also a constructed term and is written _______/___/____/___/______. 7.13 The rupture of red blood cells may occur if a blood transfusion

hemolysis hee MALL ih siss

is not compatible with the recipient’s blood, or during a salt imbalance in which more salt is present in the cells than in the plasma. The rupture of the red blood cell membrane is called hemolysis. The constructed form of ____________________ is written hem/o/lysis, which literally means “dissolve blood.” 7.14 The abnormal loss of blood from circulation is a sign of trauma

hemorrhage HEM eh rihj

or illness. It is called ____________________, which is a constructed term written hem/o/rrhage.

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7.15 An abnormally reduced number of white blood cells in a

leukopenia loo koh PEE nee ah leuk/o/cyt/o/penia

sample of blood is a sign of disease called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is leuk/o/penia. It is also called leukocytopenia (LOO koh SIGH toh PEE nee ah), which is also a constructed term and is written _______/___/____/___/______. 7.16 The presence of abnormally large red blood cells in a sample

macrocytosis MAK roh sigh TOH siss

of blood is a sign of disease and is called macrocytosis. The constructed form of ____________________ is written macro/cyt/osis, which literally means “condition of large cell.” 7.17 The combining form poikil/o means “irregular.” Normally,

poikilocytosis POY kih loh sigh TOH siss

red blood cells are round biconcave disks, but the sign of ____________________ occurs when more than 10% of the cells have irregular shapes. The constructed form of this term is poikil/o/ cyt/osis, which literally means “condition of irregular cell.” 7.18 The prefix poly- means “excessive, over, many.” When

polycythemia pall ee sigh THEE mee ah

combined with the word roots that mean cell (cyt) and blood (hem) and the suffix that means “condition of” (-ia), the term ____________________ is formed. This constructed term is written poly/cyt/hem/ia. Polycythemia is an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood. It results from a genetic mutation within stem cells of the red bone marrow, and may also be called erythrocytosis (eh RITH roh sigh TOH siss). This is also a constructed term, written erythr/o/cyt/osis, that literally means “condition of red cell.” 7.19 The suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” Abnormal

splenomegaly splee noh MEG ah lee

enlargement of the spleen is a sign of injury or infection and is called ____________________. The constructed form is written splen/o/megaly, which literally means “abnormally large spleen.” 7.20 An abnormally reduced number of platelets in a sample

thrombopenia throm boh PEE nee ah thromb/o/cyt/o/penia

of blood is a sign of disease and is called thrombopenia. The constructed form of ____________________ is thromb/o/penia. It is also called thrombocytopenia (THROM boh SIGH toh PEE nee ah), which is also a constructed term and is written _______/___/_____/___/_______. 7.21 The presence of toxins in the bloodstream is known as

toxemia tahk SEE mee ah

____________________. The constructed form is tox/emia, which literally means “condition of blood poison.”

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PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. anisocytosis

a. presence of bacteria in the blood

______ 2. bacteremia

b. abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

______ 3. splenomegaly

c. abnormally large red blood cells

______ 4. toxemia

d. presence of red blood cells of unequal size

______ 5. erythropenia

e. abnormal increase in number of red blood cells

______ 6. macrocytosis

f. irregularly shaped red blood cells

______ 7. poikilocytosis

g. presence of toxins in the bloodstream

______ 8. polycythemia

h. abnormal loss of blood from the circulation

______ 9. hemorrhage

i. abnormal enlargement of the spleen

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed as an example. 1. a) polycythemia

poly/cyt/hem/ia p r r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of 2. a) thrombopenia

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?  3. a) leukopenia

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  4. a) hemolysis

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  5. a) leukocytopenia

________/___/________/___/________ cf cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first combining form? 

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Diseases and Disorders of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

an-

aden/o aut/o botul/o fung/o globin/o hem/o, hemat/o hydr/o iatr/o idi/o immun/o leuk/o lymph/o necr/o nosocom/o nucle/o path/o sept/o staphylococc/o streptococc/o thym/o

-emia

without, absence of anaup, toward mono- one

KEY TERMS A–Z AIDS

gland self sausage fungus protein blood water physician individual exempt, or immunity white clear water or fluid death hospital kernel, nucleus disease putrefying; wall or partition Staphylococcus (bacterium) Streptococcus (bacterium) wartlike, thymus gland

Definition

condition of blood -genic pertaining to producing, forming -ial pertaining to -ic pertaining to -ism condition or disease -itis inflammation -oma tumor -osis condition of -pathy disease -philia loving, affinity for -phobia fear -phylaxis protection -rrhagic pertaining to abnormal discharge

7.22 The acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is

____________________. This devastating disease is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which disables the immune response by destroying important white blood cells known as helper T cells. The loss of immune function allows opportunistic diseases to proliferate, such as pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, dementia, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and many others, any of which eventually cause death if aggressive medical intervention is not provided. There is no cure, although many patients respond well to antiretroviral therapy if it is available. Commonly referred to as H-I-V AIDS (written HIV/AIDS), it is the most deadly infectious disease on our planet, with nearly 37 million people infected and over 1 million deaths each year.

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7.23 An allergy is the body’s immune response to allergens, which

allergy AL er jee

are foreign substances that produce a reaction including immediate inflammation. An ____________________ may strike in different forms, the most common of which are allergic rhinitis (hay fever), which affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat, and allergic dermatitis, which affects the skin where it has been in physical contact with the allergen (■ Figure 7.4).

■ Figure 7.4 The patient is undergoing an allergy skin test by receiving subdermal inoculations of allergens. Inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, and pain) of the inoculated area is evidence of an allergic reaction. Source: Gorillaimages/ Shutterstock.

7.24 An immediate allergic reaction to a foreign substance that

anaphylaxis AN ah fih LAK siss

includes rapid inflammation, vasodilation, bronchospasms, shortness of breath, and spasms of the GI tract is called anaphylaxis. In severe cases, it can become life-threatening if medical intervention is not available. This term is constructed from the prefix ana- that means “up, toward” and the suffix -phylaxis that means “protection.” Thus, the constructed form of ____________________ is written ana/phylaxis.

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7.25 The prefix an- means “without, absence of,” and the suffix

anemia ah NEE mee ah

-emia means “condition of blood.” Combining these two word parts forms the term anemia, which literally means “without blood.” The constructed form of this term is written an/emia. ____________________ is the reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues. It may result from a reduced number of normal circulating red blood cells or a reduction in the amount of the oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells called hemoglobin. Some common forms of anemia include aplastic anemia, in which the red bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of normal blood cells; iron-deficiency anemia, caused by a lack of available iron, resulting in the body’s inability to make adequate amounts of hemoglobin; sickle cell anemia, in which the hemoglobin is defective within cells, resulting in misshaped red blood cells that cause obstructions in blood vessels (■ Figure 7.5); and pernicious (per NISH us) anemia, caused by a failure to acquire vitamin B12 into the bloodstream for its delivery to red bone marrow, which requires it to produce new red blood cells.

Microinfarct

■ Figure 7.5

Sickle cell anemia. (a) Illustration of a blockage in a blood vessel resulting from sickled cells forming a mass, resulting in the reduction of blood flow downstream and the death of tissue (necrosis). (b) Microphotograph of a blood vessel that is blocked by a mass of sickled cells.

Necrotic tissue Damaged tissue Inflamed tissue Hypoxic cells Mass of sickled cells obstructing capillary lumen Capillary (a)

(b)

7.26 A bacterial disease that has been threatened to be used

anthrax AN thraks

in bioterrorism, which is the application of disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) to cause harm to a population, is anthrax. The spores of the bacteria can survive within a powder that can be distributed through the air, making it very dangerous. If inhaled, ____________________ is usually fatal. The term is derived from the Greek word anthrakos, which means “coal,” referring to the blackening effect the infection has on the skin and lungs.

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7.27 A disease that is caused by a person’s own immune response

autoimmune disease au toh im YOON * dis EEZ

attacking otherwise healthy tissues is called autoimmune disease. The term autoimmune is a constructed term, written aut/o/immune, and literally means “self-exempt” or “self-immunity.” Examples of ____________________ ____________________ include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. The triggering mechanism that results in autoimmune disease is not yet known. 7.28 One lethal form of foodborne illness is called botulism. This

botulism BAHT yoo lizm

disease was first recorded in Europe in 1735 when villagers died after eating German sausage, thereby earning its name after the Latin word for sausage, botulus. It is caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with the neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ____________________ usually occurs when canned food is not prepared properly and is often fatal because of the extreme toxic nature of the botulism neurotoxin: about one millionth of a gram can kill an adult. 7.29 A disease that is capable of transmission from one person to

communicable disease kah MYOON ik ah bul * dis EEZ

■ Figure 7.6 A sneeze is a common source of transmission of a communicable disease. As you can see, it propels infectious material outward for a considerable distance. Source: Courtesy of Public Health Image Library, ­Centers For Disease Control and Prevention.

another is called a ____________________ ____________________. Also known as a contagious disease, it may be transmitted by direct contact with an infected person, indirectly by way of contact with infected body fluids or other materials, or by way of vectors, usually biting arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas (■ Figure 7.6).

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7.30 Diphtheria is an infectious disease resulting in acute

diphtheria diff THEER ee ah

inflammation of the mucous membranes, primarily in the mouth and throat. Derived from the Greek word for “leather,” ____________________ is characterized by the formation of an obstructive, leatherlike membrane in the throat. It is illustrated in ■ Figure 7.7. Diphtheria is now a very rare disease in the United States, thanks to a vaccine (often combined with vaccines against tetanus and pertussis, known as DTaP) that has been widely administered to children since the 1960s.

■ Figure 7.7 Diphtheria. The bacteria that cause this disease, called Corynebacterium diphtheriae, proliferate in the mucous membranes of the throat to establish a leathery, white covering.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Klebs-Löffler bacilli)

DIPHTHERIA Did You KNOW

Before the availability of the diphtheria vaccine and antibiotics, diphtheria was a life-­ threatening scourge among children, killing thousands each year in the United States. It is caused by the toxins produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces inflammation of the throat and the formation of a thick secretion. Because the infected throat becomes covered with a leathery membrane, it was named after the Greek word for leather, diphthera.

7.31 Derived from the Greek word dyskrasia, which means “difficult

dyscrasia diss KRAY zee ah

temperament,” the clinical term ____________________ is any abnormal condition of the blood. Apparently, this condition was named after a correlation between a difficult temperament and blood disease was observed.

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7.32 The leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the interstitial

edema eh DEE mah

space between body cells causes swelling and is one aspect of inflammation. The swelling is called ____________________, as shown in ■ Figure 7.8. The term is derived from the Greek word oidema, which means “swelling.”

■ Figure 7.8 Edema. The patient’s edema of both lower limbs is the result of plasma leaking across damaged blood vessels into the interstitial space, producing swelling and pain. Source: Valerio Pardi/ Shutterstock.

7.33 The combining form for fungus is fung/o, and the suffix -emia

fungemia fun JEE mee ah

means “condition of blood.” Putting these word parts together forms the term fungemia, which is a fungal infection that spreads throughout the body by way of the bloodstream. As a constructed term, ____________________ is written fung/emia and literally means “condition of blood fungus.” Another common term for this infection is fungal septicemia. 7.34 When a word root for blood, hemat/o, is combined with the

hematoma HEE mah TOH mah

■ Figure 7.9 Hematoma. A hematoma around the right eye caused by an injury. A hematoma is the result of bleeding below the surface of the skin and is also known as a contusion or bruise when it is visible through the skin. Source: Molodec/Shutterstock.

suffix that means “tumor” (-oma), the term ____________________ is formed. It is a mass of blood outside blood vessels and confined within an organ or space within the body, usually in a clotted form (■ Figure 7.9). Commonly known as a bruise or a contusion when it is visible through the skin, a hematoma is usually the result of injury or disease. The constructed form of this term is written hemat/oma.

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7.35 A general term for a disease that affects hemoglobin within red

hemoglobinopathy HEE moh gloh bin AH path ee

blood cells is hemoglobinopathy. This constructed term contains five word parts, as shown when it is written as hem/o/globin/ o/pathy. It literally means “disease of blood protein.” Because sickle cell anemia is a disease that affects hemoglobin (Frame 7.25), it is a form of ____________________.

7.36 An inherited bleeding disorder that results from defective or

hemophilia HEE moh FILL ee ah

missing blood-clotting proteins that are necessary components in the coagulation process is known as hemophilia. Because the clotting proteins normally stop the loss of blood after minor injuries, a patient suffering from ____________________ experiences an abnormal loss of blood with any physical injury. The term is a constructed term, written hem/o/philia, which literally means “love for blood.” 7.37 An infectious disease that causes internal bleeding, or internal

hemorrhagic fever HEM or AJ ik

hemorrhage (Frame 7.14), and high fevers is generally known as ____________________ ____________________. The disease is often caused by viruses, such as Ebola, and some forms exhibit a high rate of mortality. 7.38 A condition that is caused by a medical treatment is called an

iatrogenic disease EYE ah troh JEN ik * dis EEZ

iatrogenic disease. This constructed term combines the combining form that means “physician,” iatr/o, with the suffix that means “pertaining to producing, forming,” -genic. The resulting constructed form is written iatr/o/genic. An example of an ____________ _______ is the development of a MRSA infection (Frame 7.58) following a surgical procedure. 7.39 A disease that develops without a known or apparent cause

idiopathic disease id ee oh PATH ik * dis EEZ

is called an ____________________ ____________________. The constructed form of this term is idi/o/path/ic, which literally means “pertaining to individual disease.” 7.40 A condition resulting from a defective immune response is

immunodeficiency IM yoo noh dee FISH ehn see

called an immunodeficiency. It occurs when there are insufficient numbers of functional white blood cells, especially lymphocytes, available to defend the body from sources of infection. A closely related term is immunocompromised, which is used to describe a patient suffering from an ____________________.

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7.41 A reduction of an immune response may be caused by disease

immunosuppression IM yoo noh suh PREH shun

or by use of chemical, pharmacological, or immunologic agents. The suppressed status of the immune response that results is called ____________________.

7.42 The combination of two blood types that results in the

incompatibility IN kum PAT ih BILL ih tee

destruction of red blood cells is called ____________________. It may occur during a blood transfusion, causing severe consequences, including the possibility of death if the donor blood antibodies attack the recipient’s red blood cells. 7.43 A multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms, or

infection in FEK shun

pathogens, in the body is called an infection. The term is derived from the Latin word infectus, which means “to color, stain, or dye,” referring to the discoloration of skin during an infection. A disease caused by ____________________ is called an infectious disease. The reaction of the body against an infection is illustrated in ■ Figure 7.10.

Connective tissue

Epithelium 1

2 Inflammatory exudate

■ Figure 7.10 Reaction against infection. Pathogens may invade the body by a puncture through the skin. The result of invasion is the proliferation of pathogens within body tissues, or infection. The body responds to the infection by mounting an attack that begins with inflammation, which promotes the movement of phagocytes to the site of the infection. Phagocytes localize the pathogens and destroy them by phagocytosis. Pus is released, which is composed of dead bacteria and phagocytes.

3

4 6

5 Blood vessel 1. Dirty nail punctures skin. 2. Bacteria enter and multiply. 3. Injured cells release histamine. 4. Blood vessels dilate and become permeable, releasing inflammatory exudate. 5. Blood flow to the damaged site increases. 6. Neutrophils (polymorphs) move toward bacteria (chemotaxis) and destroy them (phagocytosis).

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7.44 The physiological process that serves as the body’s initial

inflammation in flah MAY shun

response to injury and many forms of illness involves the swelling of body tissue. Known as inflammation, the swelling results from the movement of plasma from capillaries into the extracellular space to produce edema (Frame 7.32), or fluid accumulation in tissue (see Figure 7.10). The common symptoms of ____________________ include swelling, redness, heat, and pain. The term inflammation is derived from the Latin word inflammatio, which means “to ignite” or “to set ablaze.” 7.45 A viral disease characterized by fever and an acute

influenza in floo EHN zah

inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes is called influenza. Commonly called “the flu,” ____________________ is highly contagious, and the virus is capable of mutating to escape detection by white blood cells. 7.46 A form of cancer that literally means “condition of white blood

leukemia loo KEE mee ah

cells” is ____________________. Leukemia originates from cells within the blood-forming tissue of the red marrow. The constructed form of the term is written leuk/emia. The primary tumor of leukemia spreads throughout the red marrow, transforming the blood-forming tissue into a dysfunctional mass that produces abnormal white blood cells in very large numbers and red blood cells in fewer numbers (■ Figure 7.11). As a result, common symptoms of leukemia include immunodeficiency (Frame 7.40), the development of opportunistic infections, and malaise (low energy) resulting from the reduced production of red blood cells (anemia; Frame 7.25).

Normal Blood

■ Figure 7.11 Leukemia. Illustration comparing a normal blood smear with a blood smear from a leukemia patient. Notice the reduced red blood cells and increased (abnormal) white blood cells in the leukemia blood. Source: Alila Medical Media/ Shutterstock.

Leukemia

Erythrocytes Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte

Platelets

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7.47 Inflammation of the lymph nodes is a condition called

lymphadenitis limm fad eh NYE tiss

lymphadenitis. The constructed form of this term is lymph/aden/itis. The acute form of ____________________ is common during infections. The chronic form indicates a more serious disorder may be the cause, such as lymphoma (Frame 7.48). 7.48 The general term for a form of cancer that begins in a type of

lymphoma limm FOH mah

white blood cell, called a lymphocyte, is ____________________. The constructed form uses the suffix -oma, which means “tumor,” and is written lymph/oma. There are two main categories of lymphomas, both named after English physician Thomas Hodgkin, who in 1845 first described this cancer of lymphatic tissue with symptoms of swollen lymph nodes and fatigue and the development of numerous infections. The two main categories of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by its altered lymphocytes called ReedSternberg cells, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which includes fast-growth and slow-growth forms. Although progress is being made in chemotherapies, lymphomas remain deadly diseases. According to the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, in 2016 NHL is expected to cause 72,580 cases and 20,150 deaths, whereas the less-frequent Hodgkin lymphoma is expected to cause 8,500 cases and 1,120 deaths. 7.49 A disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red

malaria mah LAIR ee ah

blood cells and the liver during different parts of its life cycle is called malaria. The vector, or carrier, of the protozoan is the Anopheles mosquito, and the symptoms of malaria include periodic flare-ups of high fever. The term ____________________ literally means “bad air,” referring to the swampy marshlands where the mosquitoes proliferate to cause higher incidences of the disease.

MALARIA Did You KNOW

The term malaria is derived from combining the Italian word for bad, mal, with that of air, aria. It was first used during the Middle Ages, when malaria was believed to have been caused by breathing bad air near swamplands. We now know that this dreaded disease is caused by the bite of an Anopheles mosquito carrying the protozoan known as Plasmodium. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015 an estimated 214 million cases of malaria were reported worldwide with 438,000 deaths, making malaria the third deadliest infectious disease in the world. (HIV/AIDS is the deadliest infectious disease, and tuberculosis ranks second.)

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7.50 Measles is an acute viral disease that often begins as a fever,

measles

followed by the development of a skin rash containing numerous vesicles and often accompanied by a general inflammation of the respiratory tract (■ Figure 7.12). Before the availability of a widely distributed vaccine, ____________________ killed thousands of children and adults each year in the United States. A clinical synonym is rubeola. The word measles is derived from the Middle English word maselen, which means “many little spots,” and rubeola is from the Latin word rubeus, which means “red.”

■ Figure 7.12 Measles. A photograph of a child stricken with measles, showing the tell-tale sign of the skin rash. Source: Courtesy of Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

7.51 A viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes

mononucleosis MAHN oh nook lee OH siss

■ Figure 7.13 Mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and produces the symptoms of swollen palatine tonsils (pharyngitis), swollen cervical lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), high fever, fatigue, and a blood sample that reveals large numbers of mononuclear leukocytes.

and spleen, atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue is called mononucleosis. Also called infectious mononucleosis, it is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and is a communicable disease (■ Figure 7.13). The term ____________________ is derived from this disease’s characteristic feature of the presence of abnormally high numbers of a certain type of white blood cells, called mononuclear leukocytes, in a blood sample. The mononuclear leukocytes increase in number to destroy the invading Epstein-Barr virus. The term mononucleosis is a constructed term made up of the prefix mono-, meaning “one,” the word root nucle, meaning “kernel, nucleus,” and the very common suffix -osis, meaning “condition of.” It is written as mono/nucle/osis.

Atypical lymphocytes

Pharyngitis and throat pain

Swollen lymph nodes

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7.52 The death of one or more cells or a portion of a tissue or organ

necrosis neh KROH siss

is called necrosis. The term ____________________ is derived from the Greek word nekrosis, which means “death.” A cell or cells, tissue, or organ that is dead is often called necrotic. A photograph of necrosis of a hand, which was caused by infection with plague (Frame 7.54), is shown in ■ Figure 7.14.

■ Figure 7.14 Photograph of the hand of a patient who has tested positive for Yersinia pestis, and is thereby diagnosed with bubonic plague. One sign of this dreaded disease is the blackened necrosis of hands and feet. Source: Courtesy of Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

7.53 An infectious disease that is contracted during a hospital stay is

nosocomial infection noh soh KOH mee al * in FEK shun

called a nosocomial infection. The term nosocomial is derived from the Greek word nosokomeion, which means “hospital.” The most common cause of ____________________ ____________________ in recent years has been a lack of handwashing, made worse by the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus (Frame 7.58). 7.54 Any infectious disease that is widespread and causes extensive

plague playg

mortality is called a plague. The term is derived from the Latin word plago, which means “to strike or beat.” The term originated from the first recorded outbreak of bubonic plague in 542 ad. Today, the term still applies to the bubonic ____________________, which is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is characterized by high fever, enlarged lymph nodes (called buboes), skin discoloration, internal hemorrhage, and pneumonia. The bacteria are transmitted by the bite of a flea that may jump from small mammals, such as rats, to humans (Figure 7.14).

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7.55 A viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected

rabies RAY beez

animal, usually by way of a bite, is known as rabies. In Latin, rabies means “savage, fierce,” which refers to the ferocity of infected animals. The virus acts on the central nervous system to cause paranoia and paralysis and is usually fatal, unless early diagnosis and treatment is provided. ____________________ has also been called hydrophobia (HIGH droh FOH bee ah), which literally means “fear of water” and refers to the symptom of a fear of water appearing during the stage of mental deterioration. Hydrophobia is a constructed term, written as hydr/o/phobia. 7.56 A system-wide disease caused by the presence of bacteria

septicemia sep tih SEE mee ah

and their toxins in the circulating blood is called septicemia. This is a constructed term written sept/ic/emia and literally means “condition of putrefying (decaying) blood.” The word root, sept, is derived from the Greek word sepsis, which means “putrefying.” If not treated quickly, ______________ may progress into a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response, known by its Greek origin as sepsis. A person suffering from this condition is referred to as septic and requires immediate medical intervention to survive. A septic patient is in danger of developing septic shock, which includes a dangerous drop in blood pressure that often leads to death. 7.57 A viral disease caused by the variola virus that was the scourge

smallpox

of the human population before its eradication in 1977 is known as smallpox. The term was first used around 150 ad to distinguish the disease from syphilis, the “great pox,” which at the time was characterized by the formation of large pustules on the skin that exceeded the pustules of smallpox in size and number. The eradication of ____________________ was the crowning achievement of the World Health Organization, which battled the disease with an aggressive vaccination (Frame 7.89) campaign for about 8 years. Although it is eradicated from the population, reserves of variola remain in guarded storage for research purposes.

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7.58 The presence of the bacterium Staphylococcus in the blood is

staphylococcemia STAFF ih loh kok SEE mee ah

a condition known as staphylococcemia. Only two word parts, the word root staphylococc and the suffix meaning “condition of blood,” -emia, are used to construct ____________________, which is written staphylococc/emia. Staphylococcus is a frequent cause of infections in wounds, a complication of normal healing. An infection caused by Staphylococcus is commonly called a staph infection. It is also the most common cause of foodborne illness, skin inflammation, osteomyelitis (infection of bone), and nosocomial infections (Frame 7.53). Varieties of Staphylococcus that are resistant to antibiotics are one of the greatest challenges to antiseptic medical procedures. These resistant strains are abbreviated MRSA, for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and are pronounced “mersa.” 7.59 The presence of the bacterium Streptococcus in the

streptococcemia STREP toh kok SEE mee ah

blood is known as streptococcemia. The constructed term ____________________ is written streptococc/emia. An infection caused by Streptococcus is commonly called a strep infection. It frequently begins in the throat as a form of pharyngitis called strep throat or in the mouth following a dental procedure and, if not managed, may spread to the bloodstream, which distributes the infection to vital organs. 7.60 A disease caused by a powerful neurotoxin released by the

tetanus TETT ah nuss

common bacterium Clostridium tetani is called tetanus. The toxin acts on the central nervous system to cause convulsions and spastic paralysis (in which muscles are unable to relax). The term ____________________ is derived from the Latin word tetanos, which means “convulsive tension.” Infection can be obtained from a puncture wound that is not properly cleaned, but is easily prevented with periodic vaccination (Frame 7.88). (See Figure 7.10.) 7.61 A tumor originating in the thymus gland is called a thymoma.

thymoma thigh MOH mah

The constructed form of ____________________ uses the word root thym and the suffix -oma and is written thym/oma.

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PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. sickle cell anemia

a. disease caused by a neurotoxin released by Clostridium tetani

______

2. rabies

______

3. botulism

b. anemia resulting from defective hemoglobin within cells, resulting in misshaped red blood cells

______

4. Hodgkin disease

c. viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected animal

______

5. tetanus

d. condition resulting from a defective immune response

______

6. immunodeficiency

______

7. fungemia

______

8. plague

______

9. diphtheria

e. any infectious disease that is widespread and causes extensive mortality f. fungal infection that spreads throughout the body by way of the bloodstream g. a cancer of lymph nodes

______ 10. malaria

h. caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum i. disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells and the liver j. infectious disease resulting in acute inflammation with formation of a leathery membrane in the throat

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add in combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any combining vowel. The first one is completed for you as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

monoan-

aden/o botul/o globin/o hemat/o hem/o hydr/o iatr/o lymph/o nucle/o sept/o thym/o

-emia -genic -ic -ism -itis -oma -osis -pathy -philia -phobia

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Definition

Term

1. system-wide disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood 2. tumor originating in the thymus gland 3. reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues 4. poisoning caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with the toxin ­produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum 5. blood outside the blood vessels and confined within an organ or space within the body, usually in a clotted form 6. a condition that is caused by a medical treatment 7. an inherited bleeding disorder that results from missing or deficient bloodclotting proteins 8. general term for a disease that affects hemoglobin within red blood cells 9. inflammation of the lymph nodes 10. a viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue 11. another term for rabies that refers to infected animals’ inability to drink water due to progressive paralysis

septicemia ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology Here are the word parts that specifically apply to the treatments and procedures of the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

antipro-

aden/o aut/o bi/o globin/o hem/o, hemat/o hom/o immun/o lymph/o splen/o thromb/o

-crit -ectomy -logous -logy -lysis -phylaxis -stasis -therapy -tic

to separate surgical excision, removal pertaining to study study or science of loosen, dissolve protection standing still treatment pertaining to

against, opposite of before

gland self life protein blood same exempt, immunity clear water or fluid spleen clot

Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology

KEY TERMS A–Z

antibiotic therapy AN tih bye AHT ik * THAIR ah pee

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7.62 A curative treatment involving the use of a substance with

known toxicity to bacteria is called antibiotic therapy. The constructed form of the term antibiotic is written anti/bi/o/tic, which literally means “pertaining to against life.” The antibiotic may be obtained from a fungus, usually a mold, or other bacteria. ____________________ ____________________ is effective only against bacteria, many types of which are capable of developing resistance, especially when antibiotics are not administered properly.

DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS Did You KNOW

The first antibiotic was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming, who found that a common bread mold (a fungus) could produce toxins capable of killing bacterial colonies (■ Figure 7.15). The Penicillium mold produces an antibacterial toxin that is now known as penicillin. In time, the fungal toxins were proven to be effective against many strains of bacteria, and their use as antibiotics has been hailed as the single most important treatment against bacterial infections ever.

■ Figure 7.15 Alexander Fleming photographed in his lab where he observed the natural competition between a fungus and bacteria in 1928, which gave rise to the discovery of antibiotics. Source: Pictorial Press Ltd./Alamy.

7.63 A chemical agent that delays or prevents the clotting process in

anticoagulant AN tye koh AG yoo lant

blood is called an anticoagulant. It is often administered to reduce the likelihood of clot formation after surgery. The most common ____________________ agent is warfarin (Coumadin).

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7.64 A pharmacological therapy that is useful in battling a class

antiretroviral therapy AN tye REH troh VYE ral * THAIR ah pee

of viruses that tend to mutate quickly, called retroviruses, is often called ____________________ ____________________. It is used against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (Frame 7.22). The drugs form a cocktail that includes nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, which block HIV replication by a variety of means. 7.65 The process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent,

attenuation ah TEN yoo AY shun

or infectious, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation is called ____________________. The term is derived from the Latin word attenuatus, which means “to make thin.” 7.66 A transfusion of blood donated by a patient for their personal

autologous transfusion aw TALL oh guss * trans FYOO zhun

use is called an autologous transfusion. The term includes a constructed form that is written aut/o/logous and means “pertaining to study of self.” ____________________ ____________________ is a common procedure before surgery to avoid potential incompatibility or contamination of blood (see ■ Figure 7.16).

■ Figure 7.16 Blood transfusion. A transfusion of one’s own blood is called an autologous transfusion (see Frame 7.66). A transfusion of donated blood from another person is called a homologous transfusion (see Frame 7.78).

7.67 A test or series of tests on a sample of blood plasma

blood chemistry

to measure the levels of its composition, including glucose, albumin, triglycerides, pH, cholesterol, and electrolytes is called ____________________ ____________________.

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7.68 A clinical test to determine infection in the blood is called a

blood culture

____________________ ____________________. It is performed by placing a sample of blood in a nutrient-rich liquid medium in an effort to grow populations of bacteria for analysis. 7.69 The introduction of blood, blood products, or a blood

blood transfusions

substitute into a patient’s circulation to restore blood volume to normal levels is called blood transfusion. The two main types of ____________________ ____________________ are autologous transfusion (Frame 7.66) and homologous transfusion (Frame 7.78). (See Figure 7.16.) 7.70 A common procedure to treat leukemia (Frame 7.46), or

bone marrow transplant

injury resulting from radiation therapy or chemotherapy, is a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. It involves the removal of a sample from a compatible donor, usually from red marrow in the pelvis, and its inoculation into the recipient’s red marrow (■ Figure 7.17).

Cortical bone Spongy bone Marrow

■ Figure 7.17 Bone marrow transplant. A bone marrow transplant is usually extracted from red bone marrow within a donor’s pelvis with a syringe, and then inoculated into the recipient’s red bone marrow.

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7.71 A timed blood test to determine the time required for a

coagulation time koh ahg yoo LAY shun

blood clot to form is called coagulation time. One form of this ____________________ ____________________ test, called prothrombin time (PT), measures the time required for prothrombin, a precursor blood-clotting protein, to form thrombin. Thrombin then acts on the blood protein fibrinogen to form fibrin, a threadlike protein that coagulates blood. This procedure is often used to monitor the effects of anticoagulants (Frame 7.63). Another type of test is used to evaluate clotting ability and is called partial thromboplastin time (PTT). 7.72 A common laboratory test that evaluates a sample of blood

complete blood count

to provide diagnostic information about a patient’s general health is abbreviated CBC, which means complete blood count. A ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ includes several specific tests, including hematocrit (Frame 7.74), hemoglobin (Frame 7.76), red blood count (Frame 7.85), and white blood count. Sometimes a platelet count (PLT) is also included (Frame 7.83). 7.73 A microscopic count of the number of each type of white

differential count

blood cell in a sample of blood is called ____________________ ____________________. The procedure uses staining techniques to highlight the features of white blood cells, allowing the hematologist to distinguish between the types. 7.74 A procedure included in a complete blood count that measures

hematocrit hee MAT oh krit

the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood is called hematocrit. This constructed term includes the suffix -crit, which means “to separate,” and is written hemat/o/crit. Abbreviated HCT or Hct, a ____________________ is obtained by centrifuging a sample of blood to separate the cells from plasma in the centrifuge tube. The percentage of red blood cells is then calculated and recorded as the “hematocrit.” The normal range in males is 38.8–50%, and in females, 34.9–44.5%. 7.75 The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related disease

hematology HEE mah TALL oh jee

is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is hemat/o/logy.

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7.76 A procedure included in a complete blood count that measures

hemoglobin HEE moh gloh binn

the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells (in grams) is simply called ____________________ and is abbreviated HGB or Hgb. Any level below normal is diagnosed as a form of anemia (Frame 7.25). 7.77 The stoppage of bleeding is a physiological process known as

hemostasis HEE moh STAY siss

hemostasis. It literally means “standing still blood.” The constructed form of ____________________ is written hem/o/stasis.

7.78 Transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another

homologous transfusion hoh MALL oh guss * trans FYOO zhun

person is called a ____________________ ____________________. The term homologous is a constructed term written hom/o/logous and means “pertaining to study of the same.” It requires blood-type work called crossmatching to prevent incompatibility (Frame 7.42). (See Figure 7.16.) 7.79 A treatment that establishes immunity against a particular

immunization IM yoo nih ZAY shun

foreign substance that may otherwise cause disease is called ____________________. The treatment includes inoculation of antigen components that stimulate the patient’s immune response to produce memory lymphocytes and antibodies, which will be available in the blood to provide immune protection when a future exposure occurs (■ Figure 7.18).

■ Figure 7.18 Immunization with a vaccine. A healthcare professional is injecting a vaccine into the patient’s arm to provide him with acquired immunity against the influenza virus. Source: Image Point Fr/ Shutterstock.

7.80 The science concerned with immunity and allergy is called

immunology IM yoo NAHL oh jee

____________________. The constructed form of this term is immun/o/logy.

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7.81 The treatment of infectious disease and certain cancers by

immunotherapy IM yoo noh THAIR ah pee

the administration of pharmacological agents, such as serum, gamma globulin, treated antibodies, activated white blood cells, and suppressive drugs is called ____________________. This constructed term is written immun/o/therapy. 7.82 The suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal.”

lymphadenectomy limm fad eh NEK toh mee

Placing this suffix at the end of a word root for an organ describes the procedure that surgically removes the organ. For example, the surgical removal of one or more lymph nodes is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts, lymph/aden/ectomy. 7.83 A laboratory procedure that calculates the number of platelets

platelet count

in a known volume of blood is called a platelet count, or PLT. A reduced ____________________ ____________________ suggests a potential failure of hemostasis (Frame 7.77) because platelets play a major role in blood clot formation and coagulation. 7.84 Any treatment that tends to prevent the onset of an infection or

prophylaxis proh fih LAK siss

other type of disease is called prophylaxis. For example, thoroughly washing your hands is a ______________ against spreading an infection with contaminated fingers. The constructed form is written as pro/phylaxis, which literally means “protection before.” 7.85 A lab test included in a complete blood count that measures

red blood count

the number of red blood cells within a given volume of blood is called a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, or RBC. 7.86 The surgical removal of the spleen is often necessary if it has

splenectomy splee NEK toh mee

ruptured, which may occur during a physical injury to the left side of the trunk. The procedure is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written splen/ectomy. Note that in the term splenectomy, one e from spleen is dropped. 7.87 A treatment that is performed to dissolve an unwanted blood

thrombolysis throm BALL ih siss

clot, or thrombus, is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is thromb/o/lysis, which literally means “dissolve clot.”

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7.88 The inoculation of a foreign substance that has reduced

virulence, or a reduced ability to cause infection, as a means of providing a cure or prophylaxis (Frame 7.84), is called a ____________________.

vaccination VAK sih NAY shun

7.89 A preparation that is used to activate an immune response to

provide acquired immunity against an infectious agent is called a ____________________.

vaccine vak SEEN

Did You KNOW

VACCINES Vaccines have been in use since the Middle Ages or possibly earlier, when scrapings from smallpox sores were given to people as prophylaxis against this deadly disease. The use of the term vaccine (derived from the Latin word vaccinus, which means “relating to a cow”) began in 1796, when Edward Jenner published his findings that scrapings of skin pustules from people infected with a similar virus that produced a different disease contracted from milking cows, known as cowpox, provided immunity against the variola virus that causes smallpox.

PRACTICE: Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. attenuation

a. measures the number of red blood cells

______

2. hematocrit

b. procedure that establishes immunity against a particular antigen

______

3. vaccine

______

4. immunization

c. process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, or infectious, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine

______

5. red blood count

d. tests on a sample of plasma to measure the levels of certain chemicals

______

6. prothrombin time

______

7. blood chemistry

______

8. antiretroviral therapy

______

9. prophylaxis

______ 10. antibiotic therapy

e. a timed test for coagulation rate f. measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood by centrifuging a sample g. drugs used to battle retroviruses h. a preventative treatment i. a therapy against bacterial infections j. a preparation used to activate an immune response

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Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) immunotherapy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  2. a) splenectomy

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?  3. a) lymphadenectomy

________/________/________ r    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second word root?  4. a) immunology

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?  5. a) homologous

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?  6. a) hematology

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  7. a) autologous

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?  8. a) antibiotic

________/________/___/________ p         cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix?  9. a) hemostasis

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  10. a) thrombolysis

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? 

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Abbreviations of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology The abbreviations that are associated with the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome complete blood count hematocrit hemoglobin human immunodeficiency virus methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

NHL PLT PT PTT RBC WBC

non-Hodgkin lymphoma platelet count prothrombin time partial thromboplastin time red blood cell or red blood count white blood cell or white blood count

CBC HCT, Hct HGB, Hgb HIV MRSA

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

 1. ____________________  2. CBC  3. ____________________  4. RBC  5. ____________________  6. PT  7. ____________________  8. WBC  9. ____________________ 10. HIV 11. ____________________ 12. NHL

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome __________________________________ platelet count __________________________________ hemoglobin __________________________________ partial thromboplastin time __________________________________ hematocrit __________________________________ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus __________________________________

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example.  1. reduced ability of blood to deliver oxygen

anemia

 

 2. presence of red blood cells of unequal size

________________cytosis

 3. any abnormal condition of the blood

dys________________

 4. a serious protozoan infection of red blood cells

________________ aria

 5. abnormal reduction of red blood cells

erythro________________

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 6. inherited defect in blood coagulation

________________philia

 7. cancer originating in red bone marrow, producing abnormal white blood cells

________________emia

 8. abnormally large red blood cells

macro________________

 9. condition of staphylococci (bacteria) in the blood

staphylococc________________

10. disease caused by immune reaction against own tissues

________________disease

11. abnormal increase in number of red blood cells

________________ia

12. cancer of lymphatic tissue with Reed-Sternberg cells

________________disease

13. presence of bacteria and toxins in the blood

septic________________

14. inflammation of the lymph nodes

________________itis

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 7.  1. bacteri/o  2. immun/o   3. hem/o, hemat/o  4. erythr/o  5. aden/o  6. lymph/o  7. splen/o  8. tox/o  9. sept/o 10. leuk/o

Definition

Use in a Term

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 7.19 and 7.20 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.

1.________________________

2.________________________ 3._________ ____________ ____________ Lymphocyte

■ Figure 7.19 A blood smear.

Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology

Tonsil 4. ___________________ ___________________ 5. ___________________ ___________________ Thoracic duct

6. ___________________

7. ___________________ ___________________

■ Figure 7.20 The lymphatic system.

1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7. 

187

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MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Millie Nyugen Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Hematology

Date: 12/17/2017

Patient: Millie Nyugen

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 4/20/1962   Age: 55   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Sylvia S. Hernandez, MD Subjective: “I have felt warm, tired, and achy for the past few days or so, with headaches at night mostly. During this time I have been taking my temperature and it has been between 99 and 101°F. A few weeks ago I noticed tenderness in both armpits and in the groin area.” 55 y/o female patient has no prior hospitalizations or serious complaints. Her demeanor is cheerful, although very concerned about her health. She has also indicated a loss of energy during the past week. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 101.3°F; P: 78; R: 16; BP: 130/90 Ht: 5'2" Wt: 110 lb General Appearance: Pallor and diaphoresis of the skin, with mild edema around the eyes and in the neck. Swollen lymph nodes in cervical, axial, and inguinal regions. Heart: Rate at 78 bpm, with no abnormal sounds. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Blood: CBC with RBCs normal; WBCs elevated 25%. Blood culture positive for S. aureus. Assessment: Staphylococcemia Plan: Antibiotic therapy with two IV antibiotics to be administered STAT with daily evaluation until blood culture confirms cleared. Follow-up in 2 weeks after discharge. Photo Source: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What complaints support the diagnosis?    2. Why do you think antibiotics might fail as a treatment?    3. What does the term staphylococcemia mean?    Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the list of terms that precedes the case study. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) antibiotic

Hodgkin disease

lymphadenitis

septicemia

blood culture

immunodeficiency

immunotherapy

splenomegaly

differential count

infection

lymphoma

staphylococcemia

A 54-year-old female, Millie Nyugen, was admitted to the infectious disease wing of the clinic after having been referred by her personal physician, due to a prolonged fever and mild inflammation of the lymph nodes, called (a) ____________________, in the neck, armpit, and groin regions. The doctor’s initial diagnosis was an unspecified disease of the lymph nodes, or lymphadenopathy, and she was concerned about a possible tumor originating in the lymph nodes, or (b) ____________________, which might include cancer of the nodes, or (c) ____________________. Upon more thorough examinations, no evidence of a tumor was found. However, an abnormal enlargement of the spleen, or (d) ____________________, was observed. Blood tests including a(n) (e) ____________________ were ordered to look for multiplication of pathogens, or a(n) (f) ____________________. The tests were positive for bacteria, indicating the patient suffered from (g) ____________________, or bacterial infection of the blood. Further tests identified the common bacterium Staphylococcus as the causative pathogen, providing the diagnosis of (h) ____________________. The patient was administered (i) ____________________ therapy. However, after 2 weeks, the symptoms failed to lessen. The patient had developed a deficient immune response, or (j) ____________________. To combat this, (k) ____________________ was begun immediately that included antibody treatments in combination with antibiotic therapy. A complete recovery resulted after 3 months of treatment.

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Shane Alexander For a greater challenge, read the medical report provided and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Infectious Disease

Date: 04/11/2017

Patient: Shane Alexander

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 7/10/1999   Age: 17   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: T.R. McBain, MD Subjective: “For the past several months I’ve felt very tired all the time. I fall asleep easily, and it’s hard to get up out of bed in the morning and make it to school. I’ve been getting sick a lot lately too.” 17 y/o male patient appears lethargic, with slow verbal responses to questions. He seems to have a viral cold, and indicates that he’s had this cold for weeks. He is very concerned about his lack of energy and states he is getting behind in school. He says he has not yet eaten today due to his hectic schedule and is hungry. He states that his diet has been limited lately. He has been eating fast foods due to his schedule. He does not like red meat or vegetables. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 100.2°F; P: 75; R: 18; BP: 122/82 Ht: 6'1" Wt: 167 lb General Appearance: No obvious signs of physical stress noted, such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis. Skin appears healthy, with no discoloration. Heart: Rate at 75 bpm, with no abnormal sounds. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. HEENT: Minor erythema and swelling of throat; eyes and ears clear. Blood: CBC: WBCs normal; RBCs 37%; HCT 35% Assessment: Anemia, possibly iron deficient Plan: Prescribe iron and folic acid supplements; refer to Social Services to request them to meet with his parents/ guardian and discuss dietary requirements for health. Photo Source: Tracy Whiteside/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. Why were dietary supplements administered to the patient? ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is anemia? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do the patient complaints point to the diagnosis? _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. A 17-year-old male named Shane Alexander was seen by his personal physician after complaining of low energy and susceptibility to infections. Prior to seeing the patient, the physician suspected that a nonspecific blood disorder, or (l) ____________________, was the cause of the symptoms and ordered tests to measure the levels of blood components, known as a (m) ____________________, including a test for the percentage of red blood cells, called a (n) ____________________, and a test for the levels of hemoglobin in the blood, called a (o) ____________________. The tests showed low hemoglobin and low numbers of red blood cells, suggesting a general condition of (p) ____________________. Dietary supplements of iron and folic acid were administered.

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Chapter 8

The Cardiovascular System Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 8.1

Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the cardiovascular system.

8.3

Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the cardiovascular system.

8.2

Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the cardiovascular system.

8.4

Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the cardiovascular system.

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Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

angi/o aort/o arter/o, arteri/o atri/o cardi/o coron/o my/o, myos/o

blood vessel aorta artery atrium heart crown or circle, heart muscle

pect/o, pector/o valvul/o vas/o vascul/o ven/o ventricul/o

chest little valve vessel little vessel vein little belly, ventricle

8.1 Every one of the 50 trillion or so cells in your body requires a

cardiovascular kar dee oh VAS kyoo lar

blood

continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients and an unending removal of waste materials. To meet these demands, the blood carries these materials by way of the body’s circulation within a series of closed tubes, called blood vessels, pushed along mainly by the movements of the heart. Blood vessels include arteries that carry blood away from the heart, veins that carry blood toward the heart, and microscopic capillaries that bridge arteries and veins, whose thin walls permit the exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid. The movement and transport of blood is thereby achieved by the ____________________ system, which consists of the heart and blood vessels, as the word parts that form the term cardiovascular suggest. The constructed form is cardi/o/vascul/ar, in which cardi/o is a combining form that means “heart,” and vascul is a word root that means “little vessel.” The continuous flow of ____________________ to all tissues is vital to maintain normal body functions. If the supply of oxygen or nutrients or the removal of carbon dioxide is reduced or cut off, even for a few minutes, the affected cells will die. Thus, a disease of the cardiovascular system can pose life-threatening risks to health and survival. 8.2 The functions of the cardiovascular system may be summarized

as: heart

■■ Propulsion

of blood by the ____________________

■■ Transport

blood vessels

of blood to all body tissues by the ____________________ ____________________

■■ Exchange

of materials between the blood and body tissues

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Chapter 8

8.3 Review the anatomy of the cardiovascular system by studying ■ Figure

8.1 and ■ Figure 8.2. AIR (OXYGEN) Trachea Left lung

Right lung Right pulmonary artery

Left pulmonary artery

Lung capillaries

Lung capillaries

Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary veins

Heart (blood) Vein

Artery

Arterioles

Venules

BODY CAPILLARIES = Blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide (deoxygenated) = Blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide (oxygenated)

■ Figure 8.1 The cardiovascular system. A schematic view of the closed circulation of blood. The heart is sectioned, and the capillaries are enlarged to enable you to see them. The black arrows indicate the direction of blood flow.

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195

Superior vena cava Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

Left atrium Aortic valve

Right atrium Pulmonary valve

Mitral (bicuspid) valve Left ventricle

Tricuspid valve Right ventricle

Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

Inferior vena cava

■ Figure 8.2 Internal anatomy of the heart. The heart is sectioned to reveal its internal features.

Medical Terms of the Cardiovascular System 8.4 Many diseases of the cardiovascular system have a profound

blood

effect on the body’s overall health. The result of cardiovascular disease is often the reduction or stoppage of blood flow to one or more parts of the body, which results in the death of cells. If ____________________ flow reduction affects a large area or a critical organ like the brain, kidneys, or heart itself, the resulting cell death can produce a condition that quickly becomes life-threatening. 8.5 The division of medicine known as cardiology (kar dee AHL oh

cardi/o/logy

cardiologist kar dee AHL oh jist

jee) provides clinical treatment for heart disease. Cardiology is a constructed term, _____/_____/_____, where the combining form cardi/o means “heart” and the suffix -logy means “study or science of.” A physician specializing in this field is called a cardiologist. Generally, a ____________________ also treats conditions associated with blood vessels because of the close functional relationship between blood vessels and the heart.

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8.6 In the following sections, we review the prefixes, combining

cardiovascular

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the ____________________ system.

Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the cardiovascular system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

a-

without, absence of slow bad, abnormal, painful, difficult rapid, fast

angi/o cardi/o cyan/o pect/o, pector/o rhythm/o, rrhythm/o sten/o

blood vessel heart blue chest rhythm narrow

-a -algia -dynia -genic

singular condition of pain condition of pain pertaining to producing, forming condition of condition of paralysis state of sudden involuntary muscle contraction

bradydystachy-

KEY TERMS A–Z angina pectoris an JYE nah * PEK tor iss

-ia -osis -plegia -sis -spasm

8.7 The primary symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen

to the heart is chest pain called ____________________ ____________________. This Latin term literally means “chest choke.” The level of chest pain varies with the patient, varying from a very slight pressure to an overbearing pain that radiates to the shoulders, upper left arm, and back. 8.8 The common combining form of “blood vessel” is angi/o.

angiospasm AN jee oh spazm

Blood vessel disorders include abnormal muscular contractions, or spasms, of the smooth muscles in the vessel walls. This sign is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is angi/o/spasm.

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8.9 Narrowing of a blood vessel is a sign of cardiovascular disease,

angiostenosis AN jee oh sten OH siss

causing a reduction of blood flow to the part of the body at the receiving end of the narrowed vessel. This sign is called angiostenosis. The constructed form of this term is angi/o/sten/osis and includes one combining form: angi/o, which means “blood vessel,” and the word root sten, which means “narrow.” Thus, the literal meaning of ____________________ is “condition of a narrow blood vessel.”

8.10 The prefix a- means “without, absence of,” and the prefix dys-

arrhythmia ah RITH mee ah

means “bad, abnormal, painful, difficult.” In some cases, they may be used interchangeably. For example, a loss of the normal rhythm of the heart is called ____________________, which means “condition of without rhythm” and is written a/rrhythm/ia. An alternate term for an abnormal heart rhythm is dysrhythmia. The constructed form of this term is written dys/rhythm/ia.

Arrhythmia and Dysrhythmia WORDS TO Watch Out For

These two medical terms relating to the abnormal rhythm of the heart are very similar in their meanings, but they have important differences. As you have learned, the prefix a- means “without, absence of,” and the prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful, difficult.” Now look closer at the word roots. They are not identical. The term arrhythmia (“condition of without rhythm”) has an extra r. To remember which term is spelled with two rs, it might help to think of the expression “without rhyme or reason.” A condition of arrhythmia is a heartbeat “without rhyme or reason,” whereas a condition of dysrhythmia is a heartbeat with an abnormal rhythm. Arrhythmia is used much more frequently than dysrhythmia.

8.11 The common word root for heart is cardi. You will find it

bradycardia brad ee KAR dee ah

used in many terms in this chapter. In the term bradycardia, the prefix that means “slow” is used to form the meaning “slow heart.” ____________________ is an abnormally slow heart rate, usually under 60 beats per minute at rest. The normal resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 90 beats per minute. 8.12 The most common term for chest pain is, simply, chest

cardiodynia kar dee oh DIN ee ah

pain, abbreviated CP. An alternate term may also be used for this symptom. This term, cardiodynia, uses the suffix -dynia, which means “condition of pain.” The constructed form of ____________________ is cardi/o/dynia.

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8.13 The suffix -genic means “pertaining to producing,

cardiogenic kar dee oh JENN ik

forming.” When combined with the word part for heart, the term ____________________ is formed. The constructed form of the term is written cardi/o/genic. It refers to a symptom or sign that originates from a condition of the heart. For example, the pain sensation of angina pectoris (Frame 8.7) is a cardiogenic symptom because it is caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart. 8.14 A symptom in which a blue tinge is seen in the skin

cyanosis sigh ah NOH siss

and mucous membranes is called cyanosis, which literally means “condition of blue.” The constructed form is cyan/osis. ____________________ is caused by oxygen deficiency in tissues and is a common sign of respiratory failure often caused by cardiovascular disease. 8.15 A symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat

palpitation pal pih TAY shun

is called ____________________. The term is derived from the Latin word palpitatus, which means “a throbbing.” 8.16 The opposite of the prefix brady- is the prefix tachy-,

tachycardia tack ee KAR dee ah

which means “rapid, fast.” A rapid heart rate is called ____________________. It may be a symptom of heart disease if the heart exceeds 100 beats per minute at rest. 8.17 A temporary loss of consciousness and posture is known as

syncope SIN koh pee

syncope. Commonly known as “fainting,” it is often the result of a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain. Frequent episodes may be symptoms of a cardiovascular disease. For example, heart disease may cause fainting spells, referred to as cardiogenic _______________. The term syncope is derived from the Greek word synkope, which means “to cut short.”

The Cardiovascular System

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you. (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) angiostenosis

angi/o/sten/osis cf r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of  2. a) bradycardia

________/________/________ p r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?  3. a) cardiodynia

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  4. a) cardiogenic

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  5. a) cyanosis

________/________ r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?  6. a) angiospasm

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? 

The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. cyanosis

a. sign or symptom that originates from a condition of the heart

______ 2. angina pectoris

b. pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat

______ 3. syncope

c. opposite of bradycardia; fast heartbeat

______ 4. cardiogenic

d. pain associated with the heart

______ 5. cardiodynia

e. chest pain or pressure

______ 6. arrhythmia

f. blue tinge in the skin and mucous membranes

______ 7. tachycardia

g. fainting

______ 8. palpitation

h. term that literally means “condition of without rhythm”

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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

endo- within epiupon, over, above, on top hyper- excessive, abnormally high, above hypo- deficient, abnormally low, below peri- around poly- excessive, over, many

angi/o aort/o arter/o, arteri/o ather/o cardi/o coron/o hem/o isch/o my/o phleb/o scler/o sept/o sten/o tampon/o tens/o thromb/o valvul/o varic/o

-ac -ade -al -ar -emia -ic -ion -itis -megaly -oma -osis -pathy

pertaining to process pertaining to pertaining to condition of blood pertaining to process inflammation abnormally large tumor condition of disease

blood vessel aorta artery fatty plaque heart crown or circle, heart blood hold back muscle vein hard putrefying; wall, partition narrow plug pressure clot little valve dilated vein

KEY TERMS A–Z

8.18 An abnormal bulging of an arterial wall is called an

aneurysm AN yoo rism

aneurysm and is shown in ■ Figure 8.3. The term is derived from the Greek word aneurysma, which means “a widening.” An ____________________ is usually caused by a congenital defect or an acquired weakness of the arterial wall, which worsens in time as blood is pushed against it. The bursting of a large aneurysm is usually life-threatening, resulting in massive hemorrhage.

■ Figure 8.3 Aneurysm. Photograph of the aorta, the large blood vessel arising from the heart, with a large bulge, or aneurysm, in its wall (just to the left of the tubing). An aneurysm is caused by a weakened blood vessel wall that is in danger of bursting, which often results in a lifethreatening hemorrhage. Source: Kalewa/Shutterstock.

Aneurysm Aorta

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201

8.19 Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels is a disease

angiocarditis AN jee oh kar DYE tiss

called angiocarditis. It is usually caused by a widespread bacterial infection of the blood, or septicemia (Frame 8.55). The four word parts of ____________________ are shown when it is written angi/o/ card/itis. 8.20 A term describing a tumor arising from a blood vessel

angioma an jee OH mah

combines the word root for blood vessel, angi, with the suffix for tumor, -oma, to form ____________________. This constructed term is written angi/oma. Also known as hemangioma (heh MAN jee OH mah), it is a benign clump of endothelium forming a mass. In some cases the mass can obstruct the flow of blood through the vessel. The term hemangioma carries a second meaning of a red or purple birthmark on the skin that does not obstruct blood flow. 8.21 The aortic valve is the semilunar valve located at the base of

aortic insufficiency ay OR tik * in suf FISH un see

the aorta, which normally prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle. If it fails to close completely during ventricular diastole, blood may return to the left ventricle, causing the left ventricle to work harder. This condition is called aortic insufficiency. The long-term result of ____________________ ____________________, abbreviated AI, is a chronic condition of the heart known as congestive heart failure, which is described in Frame 8.36. An alternate term for AI is aortic regurgitation. 8.22 The word root sten means “narrow.” An aortic stenosis is a

aortic stenosis ay OR tik * sten OH siss

aortitis ay or TYE tiss

narrowing of the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and aorta. An ____________________ ____________________ causes the left ventricle to work harder than normal. It is usually a more serious condition than aortic insufficiency, although the long-term effect is similar, leading to congestive heart failure (Frame 8.36). It is a constructed term, written aort/ic sten/osis. 8.23 Inflammation of the aorta is called ____________________. The

constructed form of this term is aort/itis. Often caused by a bacterial infection, it can lead to acute aortic insufficiency (Frame 8.21). 8.24 A general term for a disease of an artery is

arteriopathy ahr tee ree AH path ee

____________________. This constructed term uses the suffix -pathy (meaning “disease”) and is written arteri/o/pathy.

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8.25 One common form of arteriopathy occurs when an artery wall

arteriosclerosis ahr TEE ree oh skleh ROH siss

becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, resulting in a reduced flow of blood to the tissues. The risk of developing this disease, known as arteriosclerosis, increases with advanced age. The constructed form of ____________________ is arteri/o/scler/osis, which literally means “condition of hard artery.” If coronary arteries supplying the heart are damaged by this disease, the condition is called arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). 8.26 A term describing a specific form of arteriosclerosis (Frame 8.25),

atherosclerosis ATH er oh skleh ROH siss

in which one or more fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries, uses the combining form that means “fatty plaque,” ather/o, to form the term ____________________. The plaques thicken with time, which reduces the flow of blood through the affected vessel (■ Figure 8.4). The constructed form of this term is ather/o/scler/osis, which literally means “condition of hard fatty plaque.” A major cause of coronary artery disease (Frame 8.38), atherosclerosis poses an immediate threat to life if a plaque disrupts blood flow and releases blood clots, which may trigger an acute myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49).

Coronary artery

Plaque

Adventitia Media Interna

(a)

■ Figure 8.4 Atherosclerosis. (a) A sectioned coronary artery that exhibits an accumulation of fatty plaque, which reduces the internal diameter of the vessel. (b) In this close-up, you can see that the plaque consists of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, collagen, and smooth muscle cells. (c) Two types and degrees of atherosclerotic narrowing, or stenosis.

Endothelium Collagen Plaque Smooth muscle cell Cholesterol crystal Lipid Internal elastic lamina (damaged) Fibrosis (b)

(c)

Moderate atherosclerotic narrowing of the lumen

Almost complete atherosclerotic occlusion of the lumen

The Cardiovascular System

atrial septal defect AY tree al * SEP tal * DEE fekt

atriomegaly AY tree oh MEG ah lee atri/o/megaly

atrioventricular block AY tree oh ven TRIK yoo lar

cardiac arrest KAR dee ak * ah REST

203

8.27 A general condition present at birth that centers on a malfunction of the heart is called a congenital heart disease. One form of this disease occurs when an infant’s heart allows blood to move between the two atria because of a small opening in the wall separating them. Known as an atrial septal defect, it results in a reduction of blood flow to the lungs. As a result, the tissues of an infant with ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ become starved of oxygen. Atrial and septal are constructed terms, as you can see when they are written as atri/al and sept/al. 8.28 The suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” In the condition ­atriomegaly, the atria have become abnormally enlarged or dilated, reducing their ability to push blood into the ventricles. The constructed form of ____________________ reveals three word parts: _____/_____/_____. It is a form of cardiomegaly (Frame 8.32). 8.29 An injury to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which normally receives impulses from the sinoatrial node (SA node) and transmits them to the ventricles to stimulate ventricular contraction, is called an ____________________ ____________________, or AV block. The injury is usually caused by a myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49), ­during which the cells of the AV node die due to a loss of blood flow. The term atrioventricular is a constructed term: atri/o/ventricul/ar. 8.30 The cessation of heart activity is called ____________________ ____________________. As you should know, cardiac is a ­constructed term written cardi/ac. Arrest means “stop.” In ­sudden cardiac arrest, abbreviated SCA, the patient may have little or no warning signs; often the arrest causes death. According to the American Heart Association, more than 320,000 people die from an SCA each year in the United States. Most deaths occur within ­minutes, primarily due to a sudden loss of blood flow to the brain. The most common cause of SCA is an electrical disturbance to the heart that causes arrhythmia (Frame 8.10), although it may also ­follow a myocardial infarction, or heart attack (Frame 8.49).

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cardiac tamponade KAR dee ak * tamp oh NAHD

cardiomegaly KAR dee oh MEG ah lee

cardiomyopathy

KAR dee oh my OPP ah thee

cardiovalvulitis

KAR dee oh val vyoo LYE tiss

■ Figure 8.5 Cardiovalvulitis. The human heart has been sectioned to reveal the left ventricle and origin of the aorta, with the aortic valve between them. The yellow growths, called vegetations, on the aortic valve have been caused by a Streptococcus infection, rendering the valve disfigured and thereby unable to direct the flow of blood properly. Source: Courtesy of the Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

8.31 Acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity is known as cardiac tamponade. The term is constructed from word parts and is shown as cardi/ac tampon/ade. It literally means “pertaining to heart plug process.” ____________________ ____________________ is a complication of an inflammatory disease of the pericardium known as pericarditis (Frame 8.52). 8.32 Recall that the suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” The abnormal enlargement of the heart is called ____________________, which occurs when the heart must work harder than normal to meet the oxygen demands of body cells. The constructed form of this term is cardi/o/megaly. 8.33 A general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart is ­cardiomyopathy. The constructed form of ____________________ reveals five word parts: cardi/o/my/o/pathy. The most common causes of cardiomyopathy include coronary artery disease (Frame 8.38), viral or bacterial infection, and stress during pregnancy. 8.34 An inflammation of the valves of the heart is called ­cardiovalvulitis (■ Figure 8.5). The constructed form of this term is cardi/o/valvul/itis. As you know, cardi/o means “heart,” and the suffix -itis means “inflammation.” The word root valvul means “little valve.” The most common causes of this disease are bacterial infection, which leads to the deposition of calcium deposits on heart valves (known as vegetations), and congenital defects, which result in abnormally shaped valves. ____________________ is usually diagnosed from the presence of a heart murmur (Frame 8.44), which is a gurgling sound detected during auscultation (Frame 8.68).

Aortic valve vegetations

The Cardiovascular System

coarctation

koh ark TAY shun

congestive heart failure

cor pulmonale

kor * pull moh NAY lee

coronary artery disease

205

8.35 A congenital (present at birth) heart disease affecting the infant’s aorta is coarctation of the aorta. The term coarctation is derived from the Latin word coarcto, which means “to press together.” ____________________ of the aorta causes reduced systemic circulation of blood and accumulation of fluid in the lungs and requires surgical repair. 8.36 A chronic form of heart disease characterized by the ­failure of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic ­tissues is called congestive heart failure (CHF). Also known as left-­ventricular failure, the reduced function of the left ventricle characteristic of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ makes the heart work harder, resulting in ­cardiomegaly (Frame 8.32), pulmonary congestion (fluid in the lungs), and reduced left-ventricle function that eventually leads to cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30). The primary symptoms of CHF include shortness of breath and fatigue. 8.37 If a disease of one or both lungs affects blood flow within the lungs, blood may back up in the right ventricle of the heart (the right ventricle normally pumps blood to the lungs). As a result, the right ventricle will be forced to work harder but with less efficiency, which enlarges the heart on the right side. A chronic enlargement and reduced efficiency of the right ventricle resulting from backup of the pulmonary circulation is called cor pulmonale. A French word that literally means “heart lung,” ____________________ ____________________ is also known as right-­ventricular failure. 8.38 A general term for a disease that afflicts the coronary arteries supplying the heart is ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ (CAD). The most common form of CAD is ­atherosclerosis (Frame 8.26). Because the coronary arteries supply the heart with blood, an alternate term to coronary artery disease is coronary heart disease (CHD).

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coronary occlusion

8.39 Occlusion is a general term that means “blockage.” A coronary occlusion is a blockage within a coronary artery, resulting in a reduced blood flow to an area of the heart muscle. The most common single cause of a ____________________ ____________________ is atherosclerosis (Frame 8.26). Atherosclerosis or other diseases may also lead to emboli (drifting blood clots), and a congenital stenosis may also contribute to coronary occlusion.

embolism

8.40 A blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or other foreign particle (including air or fat) moves through the circulation is called an embolism. The term is derived from the Greek word embolisma, which means “piece or patch.” An ____________________ can produce a severe circulatory restriction when the blood clot or particle, called an embolus (plural form is emboli), lodges in an artery.

EM boh lizm

endocarditis

EHN doh kar DYE tiss

8.41 Inflammation of the endocardium, the thin membrane lining the inside walls of the heart chambers, is an acute disease called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is endo/ card/itis. Because the endocardium also covers the heart valves, endocarditis often results in cardiovalvulitis (Frame 8.34). It is usually caused by a bacterial infection. 8.42 A condition of uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle

fibrillation fih bril AY shun

forming the ventricles or atria is called ____________________. It is a severe form of arrhythmia (Frame 8.10). Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) leads to a reduction of blood expelled from the atria and is usually not fatal, although it poses an increased risk of stroke due to blood clots forming in the left atrium that may lodge in the brain. However, ventricular fibrillation results in circulatory collapse due to the failure of the ventricles to expel blood. It is often fatal within 5 minutes if medical intervention through CPR (Frame 8.71) or defibrillation (Frame 8.74) is not immediately available. 8.43 A block or delay of the normal electrical conduction of the heart

heart block

is called ____________________ ____________________. It is often the result of a myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49) that damages the SA node or AV node, which normally manage the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

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207

8.44 An abnormal sound heard during auscultation (Frame 8.68) of

heart murmur

the heart is a heart murmur. An “innocent” ____________________ ____________________ is not associated with a heart condition and is very common, while murmurs that are not innocent suggest heart disease such as cardiovalvulitis (Frame 8.34). A common source of heart murmur is a leaky mitral valve (the atrioventricular valve on the left side), and is known as mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Most people with MVP have an innocent heart murmur, but in some, the prolapse causes regurgitation of blood through the damaged mitral valve into the left atrium and thereby requires medical intervention. 8.45 The presence of dilated, or varicose, veins in the anal region

hemorrhoids HEM oh roydz

is called ____________________. The condition produces symptoms of local pain and itching. It usually results from too much pressure on the veins in the anal wall, producing swollen veins within the anal columns (internal hemorrhoids) or near the anal opening (external hemorrhoids). 8.46 Persistently high blood pressure while at rest is an abnormal

hypertension HIGH per TEN shun

condition called ____________________. This constructed term is written hyper/tens/ion and means “process of abnormally high pressure.” It includes essential hypertension, in which the condition is not traceable to a single cause, and secondary hypertension, in which the high blood pressure is caused by the effects of another disease, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes. Although hypertension usually produces no symptoms, it is one of the most common causes of stroke and kidney failure. 8.47 A condition of abnormally low blood pressure is called

hypotension HIGH poh TEN shun

____________________, which includes the prefix hypo- that means “deficient, abnormally low, below.” It is usually an acute reaction to hemorrhage, hypothermia (abnormally low body temperature), or septicemia (Frame 8.55). 8.48 An abnormally low flow of blood to the tissues is the

ischemia iss KEE mee ah

condition known as ischemia. The term is a constructed term, isch/emia, which literally means “condition of holding back blood.” Coronary ____________________ is caused by an occlusion, such as atherosclerotic plaque (Frame 8.26), emboli (Frame 8.40), or thrombosis (Frame 8.57), and, because it damages the heart, can lead to a life-threatening myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49).

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8.49 Death of a portion of the myocardium is called myocardial

myocardial infarction my oh KAR dee al * in FARK shun

infarction, abbreviated MI. The term infarction is derived from the Latin word infarctus, which means “stuff into.” In medicine, the term is used to describe a death of cells resulting from a sudden loss of blood flow (■ Figure 8.6). The term myocardial is constructed from word parts, as shown when it is written as my/o/cardi/al, which means “pertaining to heart muscle.” If the ____________________ ____________________ affects a large or functionally critical part of the heart, arrhythmia (Frame 8.10), cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30), or both may follow. The common name for an MI is a heart attack. According to the American Heart Association, approximately 790,000 individuals experience heart attacks in the United States each year, roughly 25% of which are fatal.

Area of infarct

(a)

(b)

■ Figure 8.6 Myocardial infarction. (a) A heart with a myocardial infarction of the ventricle wall, in which cardiac cells have died and surrounding tissues have become damaged. The right image is a section through the heart. (b) Photograph of a human heart (postmortem) to reveal the the dead cardiac tissue (necrosis), which perished due to a sudden loss of blood flow. Photo Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo.

8.50 Inflammation of the myocardium of the heart is an acute

myocarditis my oh kar DYE tiss

condition called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is my/o/card/itis. Often caused by bacterial infection, it is a form of cardiomyopathy (Frame 8.33).

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209

8.51 A congenital condition characterized by an opening between

patent ductus arteriosus PAY tent * DUCK tuss * ahr tee ree OH siss

the pulmonary artery and the aorta at birth due to a failure of the fetal vessel, called the ductus arteriosus, to close is called patent ductus arteriosus. The term patent means “open.” The condition ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ permits the flow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, which bypasses the pulmonary circulation. 8.52 Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, the

pericarditis pair ih kar DYE tiss

pericardium, is called ____________________. The constructed form of the term is written peri/card/itis. It is usually caused by bacterial infection and affects both layers of the pericardium (the outer pericardial sac and the inner epicardium). 8.53 A word root for vein is phleb, and it is used in the construction

phlebitis fleh BYE tiss

of the term that means “inflammation of a vein.” The term is ____________________, and its constructed form is phleb/itis. In the related condition thrombophlebitis (THROM boh fleh BYE tiss), the inflammation of the vein includes an obstruction by a blood clot. 8.54 Simultaneous inflammation of many arteries is a condition

polyarteritis PALL ee ahr ter EYE tiss

known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts and is poly/arter/itis. 8.55 A bacterial infection of the bloodstream is called septicemia.

septicemia SEP tih SEE mee ah

Because the bacteria are carried throughout the body by way of the infected blood, it becomes widespread and life-threatening quickly. The constructed form of ____________________ is sept/ic/emia, which literally means “condition of putrefying blood.” Recall that sepsis is a Greek word that means “putrefying.” 8.56 A severe congenital disease in which four defects associated

tetralogy of Fallot teh TRALL oh jee * of * fah LOH

with the heart are present at birth is called tetralogy of Fallot. The four defects are pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), ventricular septal defect (Frame 8.59), incorrect position of the aorta, and right-ventricular hypertrophy. As a result of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, the pulmonary circulation is partially bypassed.

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8.57 The presence of stationary blood clots within one or more

thrombosis throm BOH siss

varicosis vair ih KOH siss

blood vessels is called thrombosis. The term is the Greek word for clotting, thrombosis. A coronary ____________________ is often caused by atherosclerosis (Frame 8.26), and its rupture can result in sudden cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30) due to an acute myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49). 8.58 An abnormally dilated vein is called ____________________,

or varicose vein. Varicosis is a constructed term, written varic/osis, which literally means “condition of dilated vein.” It results when valves within a superficial vein of the leg or elsewhere fail, allowing blood to pool in response to gravitational forces (■ Figure 8.7).

Open

Closed Varicose vein

(a)

■ Figure 8.7 Varicosis. (a) Varicose veins develop due to the failure of valves in the superficial veins of the leg, which leads to blood accumulation in response to gravity and vein dilation. (b) Photograph of spider veins (small varicose veins) of the leg. Photo Source: Schankz/ Shutterstock.

(b)

Normal vein – competent valves

Dilated vein – incompetent valves

The Cardiovascular System

211

8.59 A congenital disease in which an opening in the septum

ventricular septal defect vehn TRIK yoo lar * SEPP tal * DEE fekt

(sept/o in this case means “wall, partition”) separating the right and left ventricles is present at birth is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, abbreviated VSD. The opening allows some blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, reducing blood flow to body organs while dangerously increasing blood flow to the lungs.

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add in combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

hyperperi-

angi/o ather/o cardi/o embol/o my/o scler/o tens/o thromb/o varic/o

-ion -ism -itis -oma -osis -pathy

Definition

Term

1. An occlusion of blood flow 2. A general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart 3. A specific form of arteriosclerosis in which one or more fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries 4. A tumor arising from a blood vessel 5. Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart 6. Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels 7. An abnormally dilated vein 8. The presence of a stationary blood clot within a blood vessel 9. Persistently high blood pressure

embolism____________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

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The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. aneurysm

a. a disease of the coronary vessels

______

2. cardiac tamponade

b. a congenital heart defect

______

3. cor pulmonale

c. a block of the heart conduction system

______

4. heart murmur

d. a blockage in a coronary vessel

______

5. cardiac arrest

e. abnormal bulging of an arterial wall

______

6. coronary artery disease

f. an abnormal sound heard through auscultation

______

7. coronary occlusion

g. cessation of heartbeat

______

8. atrial septal defect

h. uncoordinated, rapid heartbeat

______

9. congestive heart failure

i. literally, “heart lung”

______ 10. heart block

j. left-ventricular failure

______ 11. fibrillation

k. caused by fluid within the pericardial cavity

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices associated with the cardiovascular system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

endo- within ultra- beyond normal

angi/o aort/o arter/o, arteri/o cardi/o coron/o

-ac -ary -ectomy -gram -graphy -ist -lytic -meter -metry

ech/o electr/o embol/o man/o phleb/o pulmon/o son/o sphygm/o thromb/o valvul/o

blood vessel aorta artery heart crown or circle, heart sound electricity plug thin, scanty vein lung sound pulse clot little valve

Definition

pertaining to pertaining to surgical excision, removal a record or image recording process one who specializes pertaining to loosen, dissolve measure, measuring instrument measurement, process of measuring -plasty surgical repair -rrhaphy suturing -scopy process of viewing -stomy surgical creation of an opening -tomy incision, to cut

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KEY TERMS A–Z

8.60 A diagnostic procedure that includes x-ray photography, MRI,

angiography an jee OG rah fee

or CT scan images of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium is called angiography. This constructed term is written angi/o/graphy. The image resulting from ____________________ is called an angiogram (AN jee oh gram), which is written angi/o/gram. When the procedure is focused on the heart, it is called cardiac angiography or coronary angiography. 8.61 The surgical repair of a blood vessel is generally known as

angioplasty AN jee oh plass tee

■ Figure 8.8 Angioplasty. One popular form is called balloon angioplasty, shown here. A balloon catheter is threaded into the blocked artery and positioned into the obstructed area (left). The balloon is then inflated, which presses the plaque against the vessel wall (right). After the balloon catheter is withdrawn, the plaque remains flattened, improving the flow of blood through the vessel. Source: Pearson Education Inc.

____________________. The constructed form of this term is angi/ o/plasty. It includes procedures to reopen blocked vessels, such as balloon angioplasty, in which a balloon is inserted into a blocked vessel and inflated (■ Figure 8.8), and laser angioplasty, which uses a laser beam to open a blocked artery. Artery

Atheromatous plaque

Uninflated balloon on catheter

Balloon inflated

8.62 The use of a flexible fiber-optic instrument, or endoscope,

angioscopy AN jee OS koh pee

to observe a diseased blood vessel and to assess any lesions is a procedure called ____________________. This constructed term is written angi/o/scopy. The endoscope is often a modified instrument, called an angioscope, which includes a camera at one end and a video monitor at the opposite end. 8.63 The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening.”

angiostomy an jee OS toh mee

The surgical procedure that involves the creation of an opening into a blood vessel, usually for the insertion of a catheter, is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is angi/o/stomy. 8.64 The surgical incision into a blood vessel is called

angiotomy an jee OT oh mee

___________________, which uses the suffix -tomy that means “incision, to cut.” The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts, as shown in angi/o/tomy.

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8.65 A procedure that obtains an x-ray image, MRI, or CT scan

aortography AY or TOG rah fee

image of the aorta is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is aort/o/graphy. The image is called an aortogram. 8.66 A procedure that obtains an image of an artery is known as

arteriography ahr tee ree OG rah fee

____________________. The constructed form of this term is arteri/ o/graphy, which literally means “process of recording an artery.” The image is called an arteriogram.

arteriotomy ahr tee ree OT oh mee

8.67 An incision into an artery is called an ____________________.

This constructed term is written arteri/o/tomy. It is usually performed to repair an injured artery during a procedure known as an arterioplasty. The conclusion of the procedure is achieved by suturing the opening, called arteriorrhaphy. 8.68 An important part of a physical examination involves listening

auscultation oss kull TAY shun

to internal sounds using a stethoscope (STETH oh skope) and is called ____________________. Certain sounds suggest abnormalities of heart function, especially arrhythmias and valve disorders (■ Figure 8.9).

■ Figure 8.9 Auscultation. A pediatrician is performing auscultation on an infant to check for possible heart disorders. Source: Image Point Fr/ Shutterstock.

AUSCULTATION Did You KNOW

Auscultation is derived from the Latin word ausculto, which means “to listen.” During the ancient times of Aristotle, early physicians practiced this form of evaluation by pressing an ear against the patient’s chest. The stethoscope, which literally means “instrument to view the chest,” is a device that made this procedure much more efficient by amplifying the sounds. French physician Rene Laennec was the inventor of the first stethoscope in 1816. He rolled paper into a tube shape to listen to the chest sounds of a young female patient to avoid unwanted contact between his ear and her chest. He was excited to learn of the amplified effect of the tube and developed a wooden tube that became widely used within a few years. Today, stethoscopes include two rubber earpieces and an amplifying bell or cone.

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8.69 Insertion of a narrow flexible tube, called a catheter, through a

cardiac catheterization KAR dee ak * kath eh ter ih ZAY shun

blood vessel leading into the heart is called ____________________ ____________________ (■ Figure 8.10). The procedure is performed to withdraw blood samples from heart chambers, measure pressures, and inject contrast medium for imaging purposes. The term catheter is derived from the Greek word katheter, which means “to send down.”

■ Figure 8.10 Cardiac catheterization. Insertion of a tube, called a catheter, through a blood vessel. In this example, the catheter is inserted into the brachial artery of the arm and is pushed through vessels until reaching the interior of the heart.

8.70 A cardiac pacemaker is a battery-powered device that is

cardiac pacemaker KAR dee ak * PAYS may ker

implanted under the skin and wired to the inner wall of the heart to help control abnormal heart rhythms (■ Figure 8.11). It produces timed electric pulses that replace the function of the SA node as a treatment for a heart block and certain other arrhythmias. Recently, the ____________________ ____________________ has been improved to adjust to the patient’s physical activity and SA node function. This is called an on-demand pacemaker.

Pacemaker

■ Figure 8.11 Cardiac pacemaker. The pacemaker device is implanted beneath the skin near the heart.

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8.71 An emergency procedure that is used to maintain some

cardiopulmonary resuscitation KAR dee oh PULL mon air ee * ree SUSS ih TAY shun

blood flow to vital organs until the heart can be restarted is commonly abbreviated CPR, which means ____________________ ____________________. It consists of rhythmic chest compression. If the restoration of breathing is also needed, artificial respiration may be included. The constructed form of this term is written cardi/o/ pulmon/ary resuscitation. The term resuscitation is derived from the Latin word resuscitatio, which means “to revive.” 8.72 A surgical procedure that involves removing a blood vessel

coronary artery bypass graft

from another part of the body and inserting it into the coronary circulation is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, or CABG. The grafted vessel restores blood flow to an oxygen-deprived area of the heart by carrying blood around an occluded (blocked) coronary artery (■ Figure 8.12).

Saphenous vein grafts

Aorta

Occlusion Occlusion

■ Figure 8.12 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). The grafts are often obtained from the patient’s saphenous veins in the legs and are inserted to carry blood around the blockage (occlusion).

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8.73 An artificial, metallic scaffold that is used to support an injured

coronary stent

■ Figure 8.13 Coronary stent. Insertion of a stent to open a coronary artery that is blocked by an atherosclerotic plaque is a popular surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. The top figure shows the stent, temporarily attached to a catheter, in place in the area of the occluding plaque. The middle figure shows the process of expanding the stent, which pushes the plaque to clear the occlusion. In the bottom figure, the catheter has been removed and the stent is fully expanded, and will remain in place after the surgery. Source: Pearson Education, Inc.

blood vessel, compress an atherosclerotic plaque, or anchor a surgical implant or graft is called a stent (■ Figure 8.13). In coronary circulation, a coronary stent may be implanted into a coronary artery that is occluded to restore blood flow to an oxygen-deprived part of the heart. A ____________________ ____________________ may also be used to prevent closure of a coronary artery after angioplasty (Frame 8.61).

Unexpanded stent on catheter

Sheath removed from stent

Expanded stent in place

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8.74 In cases in which an arrhythmia progresses to the state of

defibrillation dee fib rih LAY shun

ventricular fibrillation (Frame 8.42), an electric charge may be applied to the chest wall to stop the heart conduction system momentarily, then restart it to establish a more normal heart rhythm. This procedure is called ____________________. In most cases, the electric charge is applied to the skin of the chest with paddles using an automated external defibrillator. Abbreviated AED, a portable unit is illustrated in ■ Figure 8.14a. Alternatively, a smaller device may be surgically implanted under the skin with electrodes terminating directly on the heart. This device is called an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and is illustrated in ■ Figure 8.14b.

Emergency medical technician helping with defibrillation Pads with electrodes stick to patient’s chest

AED has written instructions and gives voice instructions

ICD

Automated external defibrillator (AED) (checks heart rhythm and can send electric shock to restore normal rhythm) (a)

(b)

■ Figure 8.14 Defibrillator. Defibrillators are devices that supply a voltage charge to the heart in the hope of restarting the cardiac cycle (heartbeat). (a) A portable automated external defibrillator (AED). The unit includes two paddles that are pressed against the external chest wall, which deliver a brief voltage charge from a generator to the patient. AEDs are given credit for saving thousands of lives every year, mainly from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). (b) An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), which is used during surgery and may be inserted for postsurgical maintenance.

8.75 An ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow through a

Doppler sonography DOP ler * son OG rah fee

blood vessel is called Doppler sonography. It is often performed on the heart or on the carotid artery of the neck to evaluate problems in blood flow in a noninvasive manner, and it may also be used to monitor pulse rate from peripheral arteries. In the term ____________________ ____________________, sonography is a constructed term, written son/o/graphy, which literally means “recording process of sound.”

The Cardiovascular System

8.76 An ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through

echocardiography ek oh kar dee OG rah fee

the heart to observe heart structures in an effort to evaluate heart function is called ____________________ (■ Figure 8.15). This is a constructed term with five word parts that is written ech/o/ cardi/o/graphy. The procedure may also be called cardiac ultrasonography (KAR dee ak * ul trah son OG rah fee). The record or image of the data is typically called an echocardiogram (ek oh KAR dee oh gram). If a heart condition is suspected, it is often performed during or immediately after exercise using a treadmill or stationary bicycle to reproduce the dysfunction for closer evaluation, in the procedure known as a stress ECHO.

(a)

■ Figure 8.15 Echocardiography. (a) The procedure is performed by placing electrodes on the chest wall, which sends ultrasound pulses to the heart. A receiver, held by the physician or technician, picks up echoes from the pulses and sends them to a computer for analysis. (b) A monitor displays the flow of blood passing through the heart (red and yellow) and action of the heart valves, providing a record that may be digitally saved and printed. Source: (a) Anamaria Mejia/ Shutterstock (b) cylonphto/123RF.com.

(b)

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8.77 In the procedure known as electrocardiography, electrodes

electrocardiography ee LEK troh KAR dee AWG rah fee

are pasted to the skin of the chest to detect and record the electrical events of the heart conduction system (■ Figure 8.16). The constructed form of ____________________ is written electr/o/ cardi/o/graphy. The record or image of the data is called an electrocardiogram and abbreviated ECG or EKG (the K is from the Greek word for heart, kardia) (see Figure 8.16b). Electrocardiography is used extensively to evaluate heart function and is the most common method for diagnosing a heart attack. It is particularly useful in diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias (Frame 8.10). When measured during physical activity using a treadmill or stationary bicycle, it is called a stress ECG.

Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node R

T

P

Q PR interval

ST segment S QT interval

Time(s) 0 (b) (a)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

P = Atrial depolarization QRS = Ventricular depolarization T = Repolarization

■ Figure 8.16 An electrocardiogram may be obtained while at rest (shown) or during exercise when it is called a stress ECG. (a) Electrodes are placed on the patient’s chest to record the electrical events within the heart, and the results are collected by computer and displayed on a monitor. (b) Each cardiac cycle of a normal electrocardiogram includes three peaks or waves, called the P wave, QRS wave, and T wave. Source (a): Lapina/Shutterstock.

Echocardiography and Electrocardiography WORDS TO Watch Out For

Echocardiography and electrocardiography are both methods of measuring heart function. The two medical terms are similar enough in construction and in meaning to be confusing. Let the word parts provide the clue. Remember that one hears an echo, and thus, echocardiography is the procedure that uses ultrasound technology to make measurements of heart function. Also remember a synonym for ultrasound is sonography, which means “recording process of sound.”

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221

8.78 The suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal.” The

embolectomy EM boh LEK toh mee

surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus (Frame 8.40), is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is embol/ectomy. 8.79 The removal of the inner lining of an artery to remove a

endarterectomy END ahr teh REK toh mee

fatty plaque is a surgical procedure called endarterectomy. The constructed form of ____________________ is end/arter/ectomy, which literally means “surgical excision or removal of within artery.” The most common surgical site for this procedure is the carotid artery in the neck, which is subject to developing atherosclerotic plaques (Frame 8.26). Note that the o ending in the prefix endo- is deleted from this constructed term for ease of pronunciation. 8.80 A portable electrocardiograph may be worn by the patient to

Holter monitor

monitor electrical activity of the heart over 24-hour periods. The device is called a ____________________ ____________________ and is useful in detecting periodic or transient cardiac abnormalities (■ Figure 8.17).

■ Figure 8.17 Holter monitor. Photograph of a portable Holter monitor on a male patient. Source: Papa1266/Shutterstock.

8.81 A drug that is commonly used as an emergency vasodilator

nitroglycerin NIGH troh GLIH ser ihn

to treat severe angina pectoris (Frame 8.7) or myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49) is the compound nitroglycerin. The vasodilation that results from ____________________ temporarily improves blood flow to the heart and other vital organs.

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Chapter 8

8.82 Phlebectomy is constructed from the word root meaning

phlebectomy fleh BEK toh mee

“vein” (phleb) and the suffix meaning “surgical excision, removal” (-ectomy). From its word parts, we know that a ____________________ is a procedure involving the surgical removal of a vein. The constructed form of this term is phleb/ectomy. 8.83 A puncture into a vein to remove blood for sampling or

phlebotomy fleh BOT oh mee

donation is called phlebotomy (■ Figure 8.18). This constructed term combines the word root for vein, the combining vowel o, and the suffix meaning “incision or to cut” to create the term ____________________, which is written phleb/o/tomy. Although the word part for incision is included, a small puncture is made rather than an incision when withdrawing blood (called a venipuncture). A healthcare professional who performs this procedure is called a phlebotomist (fleh BOT oh mist).

■ Figure 8.18 Phlebotomy. In this common procedure, a syringe needle punctures a vein, usually in the arm, and withdraws blood for sampling or donation. Source: Courtesy of the Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

8.84 A noninvasive procedure that provides blood flow images

positron emission tomography scan PAHZ ih tron * ee MISH uhn * toh MOG rah fee

using positron emission tomography (PET) techniques combined with radioactive isotope labeling may be used to produce images of the heart to reveal functional defects. The procedure is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, or PET scan.

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8.85 A common procedure that measures arterial blood

sphygmomanometry SFIG moh mah NOM eh tree

pressure is called ____________________. This constructed term is written sphygm/o/man/o/metry, which literally means “the process of measuring scanty gas.” It utilizes a device called a sphygmomanometer (sfig moh mah NOM eh ter), which consists of an arm cuff and air pressure pump with a pressure gauge (■ Figure 8.19). In recent years, the mercury pressure gauge has been replaced by aneroid dials and digital technology.

■ Figure 8.19 Sphygmomanometry. Photograph of a physician taking blood pressure readings with the use of a sphygmomanometer, which includes an arm cuff and pressure gauge. Source: Keith Brofsky/­ Photodisc/Getty Images.

8.86 Treatments to dissolve unwanted blood clots are often

thrombolytic therapy throm boh LITT ik * THAIR ah pee

necessary after surgery to prevent the development of emboli (Frame 8.40). It is also performed soon after a myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49) to minimize damage to the heart and is credited with saving many lives. Known as ____________________ ____________________, it includes the use of drugs such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). The constructed term thrombolytic is made up of the combining form that means “clot” (thromb/o) and the suffix that means “pertaining to loosen or dissolve” (-lytic). 8.87 If a heart condition is suspected, a cardiologist will often

treadmill stress test

require the patient to undergo exercise during echocardiography or electrocardiography (or both) in an effort to examine heart function under stress. The most common term for this procedure is ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. 8.88 The surgical repair of a heart valve is called

valvuloplasty VAL vyoo loh plass tee

____________________. The constructed form of this term is written valvul/o/plasty. If repair is not possible due to the extent of the damage or defect, valve replacement may be required using an artificial valve or a porcine (pig) valve.

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PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. cardiac pacemaker

______

2. defibrillation

a. an artificial metallic scaffold that is implanted to open a blocked coronary artery

______

3. phlebotomy

b. a drug that is commonly used as an emergency vasodilator

______

4. Holter monitor

______

5. coronary stent

c. a patient undergoes exercise before or during echocardiography to examine heart function under stress

______

6. PET scan

______

7. stress ECHO

______

8. nitroglycerin

e. puncture into a vein, usually to remove blood for sampling or donation

______

9. auscultation

f. a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient

______ 10. Doppler sonography

d. a battery-powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired to the wall of the heart

g. an electric charge applied to the chest wall to stop the heart conduction system momentarily, then restart it with a more normal heart rhythm h. a noninvasive procedure that provides blood flow images using positron emission tomography techniques combined with radioactive isotope labeling i. an ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow j. a physical examination that involves listening to internal sounds

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) arteriogram

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  2. a) echocardiography

________/___/________/___/________ cf s cf

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first combining form?  3. a) embolectomy

________/________ r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? 

The Cardiovascular System

4. a) sphygmomanometry

225

________/___/________/___/________ cf cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  5. a) phlebotomist

________/___/________/________ cf r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?  6. a) electrocardiography

________/___/________/___/________ cf cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  7. a) cardiopulmonary

________/___/________/________ cf r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root in the first word?  8. a) endarterectomy

________/________/________ p r s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix?  9. a) valvuloplasty

________/___/________ cf s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? 

Abbreviations of the Cardiovascular System The abbreviations that are associated with the cardiovascular system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation Definition

Abbreviation Definition

AED A-fib AI AS ASD ASHD AV CABG CAD CHD CHF CP

CPR ECG, EKG ICD LA LV MI MVP PET RA RV SCA VSD

automated external defibrillator atrial fibrillation aortic insufficiency aortic stenosis atrial septal defect arteriosclerotic heart disease atrioventricular coronary artery bypass graft coronary artery disease coronary heart disease congestive heart failure chest pain

cardiopulmonary resuscitation electrocardiogram implantable cardioverter defibrillator left atrium left ventricle myocardial infarction mitral valve prolapse positron emission tomography right atrium right ventricle sudden cardiac arrest ventricular septal defect

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PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

 1.  ____________________  2.  ASD  3.  ____________________  4.  MI  5.  ____________________  6.  CPR  7.  ____________________  8.  AV

congestive heart failure  coronary artery bypass graft  positron emission tomography  arteriosclerotic heart disease 

 9.  ____________________ 10.  CAD 11.  ____________________ 12.  RV 13.  ____________________ 14.  MVP

electrocardiogram  automated external defibrillator  ventricular septal defect 

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example.  1. generalized disease of the heart muscle

cardiomyopathy

 2. inflammation of the heart and blood vessels

angio____________________

 3. narrowing of a blood vessel

angio____________________

 4. tumor arising from a blood vessel

angi____________________

 5. hardening of the arteries

____________________sclerosis

 6. abnormally slow heart rate

____________________cardia

 7. a sensation of pain in the heart

cardio____________________

 8. incision into an artery to remove plaque

end____________________ectomy

 9. abnormal hypertrophy of the heart

cardio____________________

10. inflammation of the inner heart membrane

endo____________________

11. an abnormal heart rhythm

a____________________

12. high blood pressure that is persistent

____________________tension

13. death of a portion of the myocardium

_______cardial in_______________

14. inflammation of the myocardium

myo____________________

15. a process of recording heart electrical activity

____________________cardiography

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Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 8.

Definition

Use in a Term

  1.  angi/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  2.  cardi/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  3.  hem/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  4.  phleb/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  5.  sten/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  6.  scler/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  7.  thromb/o _________________________________

_________________________________

  8.  ech/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

  9.  arter/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

10.  coron/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

11.  electr/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

12.  valvul/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

13.  isch/o

_________________________________

_________________________________

14.  sphygm/o _________________________________

_________________________________

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Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in the illustrations by writing the labels in the spaces provided. 1.

AIR (OXYGEN)

2. 3.

Trachea Right pulmonary artery

Right lung

Left lung Left pulmonary artery 1._________________

1._____________

2._________________ Right pulmonary veins

4._______________ Veins

3. _______________

Arterioles

Venules

BODY CAPILLARIES = Blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide (deoxygenated)

■ Figure 8.20 The cardiovascular system.

= Blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide (oxygenated)

4. 5. 6. 7.

Superior vena cava 5. ______________

8. Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Pulmonary valve

Left atrium Aortic valve 7. ______________ valve 8. ______________ ventricle

Tricuspid valve 6. ______________ ventricle

Myocardium

■ Figure 8.21

Internal anatomy of the heart. The heart is sectioned to reveal its internal features.

Endocardium Epicardium

Inferior vena cava

The Cardiovascular System

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Robert Gorman Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Cardiology

Date: 10/22/2016

Patient: Robert Gorman

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 3/14/1954   Age: 62   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Richard Freemann, MD Subjective: “I have been experiencing chest pain for the past couple of weeks, unlike any I’ve felt before. I am also tired most of the time and have lost my appetite.” 62 y/o male patient has a recent history of mild chest pain, shortness of breath, and malaise. No murmur has yet been reported. The patient says he underwent tooth extractions a month ago and had been given antibiotics by the dentist, but since he wasn’t feeling ill, he did not take them. Patient reports his father died at 79 y/o due to CHF. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 80; R: 23; BP: 144/102 Ht: 5'8" Wt: 183 lb General Appearance: Some pallor and edema present in the face and neck. Mild diaphoresis. No noticeable discolorations of the skin. Heart: Rate at 80 bpm, with possible murmur at mitral valve. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. CV: ECG normal. Stress ECHO shows minor vegetations of mitral valve. Assessment: Endocarditis with cardiovalvulitis on left side Plan: Long-term IV drip with nonpenicillin antibiotic. If there is no improvement in 4 weeks, consult for valvuloplasty. Photo Source: Aletia2011/Fotolia.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What complaints support the diagnosis? 







2. Why is the patient history an important part of this diagnosis? 



______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the meaning of the abbreviation CHF? 







Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) angina pectoris

angiostenosis

atherosclerosis

block

cardiologist

cardiology

cardiovalvulitis

electrocardiography

endocarditis

myocardial infarction

stress ECHO

valvuloplasty

A patient named Robert Gorman complained of pain in the heart area of the chest, or (a) ____________________, and was subsequently referred to (b) ____________________ for immediate diagnosis and treatment. The specialist, a (c) ____________________, diagnosed the pain as having a cause from insufficient blood supply to the heart. The patient was given medication and educated about heart disease management. Several weeks later, the patient was readmitted due to continued complaints of chest pain. After evaluating heart electrical events with (d) ____________________, the physician performed a technique using sound waves to evaluate heart activity during physical exercise, known as a(n) (e) ____________________ ____________________. The ECG showed a normal conduction system, thereby ruling out damage to the conduction system, or a heart (f) ____________________. The stress ECHO also showed mostly normal results, ruling out damage to the heart muscle, or a(n) (g) ____________________ ____________________, because the heart muscle was receiving sufficient levels of oxygen. Because blood flow was normal, the narrowing of a coronary artery, generally called a(n) (h) ____________________, was

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eliminated as a cause, which also eliminated the common plaque-forming disease that causes a stenosis, known as (i) ____________________. However, the stress ECHO did reveal abnormal valvular activity during ventricular contraction, or systole, indicating a valvular disorder called (j) ____________________. A course of treatment was ordered that included a long-term, nonpenicillin antibiotic therapy with an IV drip. If the patient did not improve, consideration for a surgical operation to repair a damaged valve, called (k) ____________________, would be made.

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Danika Price For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that follow from the information in the chapter.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Cardiology

Date: 12/09/2016

Patient: Danika Price

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 04/15/1974   Age: 42   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Donald H. Surley, MD Subjective: “I have been experiencing pain in my upper abdomen that comes and goes. It started about a week ago, and it interrupts my sleep.” 42 y/o female patient describes the pain as recent, within 1 week, occurring between the median and radiating to the left upper quadrant. According to her it is a sharp, intermittent pain, which increases in intensity when she stands from a sitting or lying position. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 83; R: 21; BP: 135/90 Ht: 5'7" Wt: 135 lb General Appearance: No pallor, edema, or diaphoresis of the skin. No noticeable discolorations of the skin. No masses. Heart: Rate at 83 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. Tenderness of the LUQ with palpation. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. CV: ECG normal. Aortogram reveals abnormal swelling of the aorta inferior to the celiac trunk. Assessment: Aortic aneurysm of upper abdominal aorta inferior to celiac trunk Plan: Angioplasty with stent insertion at aortic aneurysm. Photo Source: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What is the actual cause of the abdominal pain reported by the patient? ____ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What procedure provided the evidence for the diagnosis?  ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is an angioplasty and how might it correct an aortic aneurysm?  ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides additional discussion of the patient’s condition in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from your readings in this chapter. Danika Price, a 42-year-old female patient with a history of persistently high blood pressure, or (l) __________________, complained of intermittent pain sensations in the upper abdomen. Upon evaluation during which an x-ray was taken of the aorta, called a(n) (m) ____________________, it became apparent that the source of the pain was from abdominal spasms of the aorta wall, called (n) ____________________, due to an abnormal dilation of the vessel wall known as a(n) (o) ____________________. To prevent a possible rupture of the wall of the aorta, a surgical repair called a(n) (p) ____________________ was scheduled. During the repair, an incision was made into the wall of the vessel in a procedure called a(n) (q) ____________________ and the vessel wall received a stent to strengthen it. The patient made a complete recovery, and received education on ways to control her essential hypertension.

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Chapter 9

The Respiratory System Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 9.1

Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the respiratory system.

9.3

Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the respiratory system.

9.2

Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the respiratory system.

9.4

Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the respiratory system.

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Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

alveol/o bronch/o, bronch/i hem/o, hemat/o laryng/o lob/o muc/o nas/o ox/i pharyng/o

air sac, alveolus airway, bronchus blood voice box, larynx a rounded part, lobe mucus nose oxygen throat, pharynx

phragm/o, phragmat/o pleur/o pneum/o, pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o sept/o sinus/o thorac/o trache/o

partition rib, pleura air, lung lung nose putrefying; wall, partition cavity chest, thorax windpipe, trachea

9.1 The respiratory (RESS pih rah tor ee) system brings oxygen into

respiratory system

the bloodstream, where it is transported to all body cells. The system gets its name from its function: The process of providing cells with oxygen is commonly known as respiration. This term is derived from the Latin word respiratio, which means “to breathe again.” In addition to bringing oxygen into the bloodstream, the ____________________ ____________________ also removes the waste product, carbon dioxide, from the blood and channels it outside the body. 9.2 When you inhale through the nose, air enters the body and

lower respiratory tract

alveoli al-VEE-oh-leye

flows through a series of chambers and tubes, known as the upper respiratory tract. It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. The lower portion of the respiratory system, known as the ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, consists of the trachea in the neck and chest; the bronchial tree, which branches extensively throughout the lungs; the tiny air sacs within the lungs known as alveoli; and the lungs themselves. Gas exchange occurs within the lungs across the walls of alveoli and adjacent capillaries and begins when air enters your alveoli during inhalation. The oxygen in the air then diffuses from the ____________________ into capillaries to enter the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction (from capillaries to alveoli), enabling you to remove the carbon dioxide from your blood with exhalation.

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9.3 The functions of the respiratory system may be summarized as

follows: oxygen

■■ Provides

a stream of ____________________ into the blood through the process of inhalation, followed by diffusion.

carbon dioxide

■■ Removes

____________________ ____________________ from the blood through the process of diffusion, followed by exhalation.

9.4 Review the anatomy of the respiratory system by studying ■ Figure

9.1a and Figure 9.1b.

Nasal cavity

Hard palate Soft palate Palatine tonsil Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Esophagus

Tongue

Mandible Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Pharynx

Trachea Larynx

Trachea

Right lung

■■Figure 9.1

The respiratory system. (a) Sagittal section of the head and neck, revealing the organs of the upper respiratory tract: the nose, pharynx, and larynx. (b) The organs of the lower respiratory tract, which includes the trachea, right and left primary bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs.

(a)

Left primary bronchus Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm

(b)

Right primary bronchus Left lung

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Medical Terms of the Respiratory System 9.5 Oxygen is a molecule that is required for energy production

during cell metabolism. If cells are not continually supplied with oxygen, they perish because they are unable to perform their functions without energy. Many diseases of the respiratory system reduce the amount of oxygen that is normally supplied to body cells. Severe cases can lead to a failure of oxygen delivery and result in large-scale death of cells and ultimately the death of the patient. Respiratory diseases may also increase the levels of carbon dioxide, the toxic metabolic waste product. The buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood and other tissues combines with water to form acid, which becomes life-threatening quickly.

respiratory

The most common symptoms of respiratory disease are breathing problems. If these problems are not identified and treated early, additional complications may arise. In general, ____________________ disease may be caused by congenital conditions, infections, allergies, tumors, heart disease, or injury. 9.6 The clinical treatment of a respiratory disease is performed

pulmonologist cancer

by a physician with a specialization in treating the body region, the particular disorder, or a set of similar disorders. For example, lung disease is treated by a pulmonary specialist, or ____________________, disease of the pharynx is treated by an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist, or otolaryngologist, and lung cancer is treated by a ____________________ specialist, or oncologist. Often assisting the physician is a respiratory therapist who has received special training in the operation of equipment used to diagnose or treat breathing problems. 9.7 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the respiratory system.

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Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the respiratory system that are ­covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

a-, anbradydys-

without, absence of slow bad, abnormal, ­painful, difficult upon, over, above, on top normal, good excessive, ­abnormally high, above deficient, abnormally low, below rapid, fast

bronch/o capn/o hem/o laryng/o orth/o ox/i rhin/o thorac/o

-algia -dynia -emia -oxia -phonia

epieuhyperhypotachy-

KEY TERMS A–Z anoxia ah NOK see ah

airway, bronchus carbon dioxide blood voice box, larynx straight oxygen nose chest, thorax

Definition

condition of pain condition of pain condition of blood condition of oxygen condition of sound or voice -pnea breath -ptysis to cough up -rrhagia abnormal discharge -spasm sudden involuntary muscle contraction -staxis dripping

9.8 The suffix meaning “condition of oxygen” is -oxia. When

the prefix that means “without, absence of” is added, the term ____________________ is made, which is the absence of oxygen. Anoxia occurs when oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues or organs is absent due to any cause. The constructed form of anoxia is an/oxia. 9.9 The suffix -phonia means “condition of sound or voice.”

aphonia ah FOH nee ah

Adding the prefix that means “without, absence of” forms the term ____________________, which is the absence of voice. The constructed form of this term is a/phonia. 9.10 The suffix -pnea means “breath.” Adding the prefix that means

apnea AP nee ah a/pnea

sleep apnea

“without, absence of” forms the term ____________________, which is a longer-than-normal pause between breaths. This constructed term is ____________________/____________________. A common form of apnea is known as sleep apnea, in which one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths occur while sleeping. In ____________________ ____________________, the pauses may last for a few seconds to several minutes, usually anywhere from 5 to 30 or more times per hour. When normal breathing resumes, a choking or snorting sound is often made.

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9.11 Adding the prefix brady-, which means “slow,” to the suffix that

means “breath” produces the term for an abnormal slowing of the breathing rhythm, ____________________. The constructed form of bradypnea is brady/pnea.

bradypnea brad ip NEE ah

9.12 A narrowing of the airway caused by the contraction of smooth

muscles in the walls of the tiny tubes known as bronchioles within the lungs is called bronchospasm. The constructed form of this term is bronch/o/spasm. A ____________________ is a common sign of the respiratory disease, asthma (Frame 9.31).

bronchospasm BRONG koh spazm

9.13 The sign known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a repeated

Cheyne-Stokes respiration chain stohks * ress pih RAY shun

pattern of distressed breathing marked by a gradual increase of deep breathing, followed by shallow breathing and apnea. ___________________-____________________ ____________________ is a sign of brain dysfunction or congestive heart failure.

9.14 The prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult.”

dysphonia diss FOH nee ah

When used with the suffix that means “condition of sound or voice,” the term ___________________ is formed. It is the symptom of a hoarse voice. The constructed form of dysphonia is dys/phonia. 9.15 Adding the prefix dys- to the suffix that means “breath” forms

dyspnea DISP nee ah

the term ____________________. It is the symptom of difficult breathing, usually caused by a respiratory disease or cardiac disorder. In contrast, a normal breathing rhythm is called eupnea (yoop NEE ah). The constructed form of dyspnea is dys/pnea, and eupnea is eu/pnea.

Terms with No Word Roots WORDS TO Watch Out For

Many terms related to the respiratory system contain no word root (or combining form), such as dysphonia, dyspnea, epistaxis, hyperpnea, and hypopnea. Don’t let those terms confuse you when you’re interpreting their meanings.

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9.16 A nosebleed is clinically called epistaxis. It is a constructed

epistaxis ep ih STAK siss

term that literally means “dripping upon” and is written epi/staxis. An ____________________ can be a sign of high blood pressure, a nasal sinus infection, inhalation of a toxic irritant or particle, or a blow to the face. It is also called rhinorrhagia (rye noh RAH jee ah), another constructed term. The constructed form is rhin/o/rrhagia and literally means “abnormal discharge of nose.” 9.17 The symptom of coughing up and spitting out blood is called

hemoptysis hee MOP tih siss

____________________, which combines the combining form hem/o that means “blood” and the suffix -ptysis that means “to cough up.” The constructed form of this term is hem/o/ptysis. 9.18 A term composed of two word parts that literally means “chest

hemothorax hee moh THOH raks

■■Figure 9.2

Hemothorax. The clinical sign of hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural cavity, which surrounds both lungs.

blood” is ____________________. It is the pooling of blood within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs (■ Figure 9.2). The term is written hem/o/thorax. Note that this term has no prefix or suffix; it is constructed of a combining form (hem/o) and a noun (thorax).

Pleural cavity filled with blood

9.19 The prefixes hyper- and hypo- have opposite meanings. For

hypercapnia HIGH per KAP nee ah hypocapnia HIGH per KAP nee ah

example, excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood is a sign of respiratory ­failure and is called ____________________, since the combining form for carbon dioxide is capn/o. The opposite sign, in which carbon dioxide blood levels are deficient, or abnormally low, is __________________.

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9.20 The sign of abnormally deep breathing or an abnormally high

hyperpnea HIGH perp NEE ah

hyperventilation HIGH per vent ih LAY shun

rate of breathing is called ____________________ and is common among patients suffering from the respiratory disease, emphysema (Frame 9.42). Hyperpnea is also a common symptom of heart failure. By contrast, the sign of abnormally rapid shallow breathing is more common among patients experiencing anxiety (panic) attacks and is called __________________. The constructed form of hyperpnea is written hyper/pnea, and that of hyperventilation is hyper/ventilation. 9.21 The opposite sign of hyperpnea is abnormally shallow breathing

hypopnea high POPP nee ah

and is called ____________________. This constructed term is written hypo/pnea. 9.22 A reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body’s

hypoventilation HIGH poh vent ih LAY shun

gas exchange demands is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is hypo/ventilation. It is opposite to an accelerated shallow breathing rhythm, which you learned is called hyperventilation (Frame 9.20). 9.23 Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood is a sign of a

hypoxemia high pahk SEE mee ah hypoxia high PAHK see ah

respiratory deficiency called hypoxemia. This constructed term is written hyp/ox/emia. Notice that the letter o in hypo- is dropped because the combining form, ox/i, begins with a vowel. This rule makes ____________________ easier to pronounce. Similarly, this rule is also used to form the term hypoxia, which is written as hyp/ox/ia. __________________ is the sign of abnormally low levels of oxygen throughout the body. 9.24 A laryngospasm is the closure of the glottis, the opening

laryngospasm lair ING goh spazm

into the larynx, due to muscular contractions of the throat. ____________________ is a constructed term with three word parts: laryng/o/spasm. 9.25 The combining form orth/o means “straight.” When the

orthopnea or THAHP nee ah

suffix for breath is added, the term orthopnea is formed. ____________________ is the limited ability to breathe when lying down and becomes relieved when sitting upright. The constructed form of this term is orth/o/pnea.

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9.26 The term paroxysm refers to a sudden onset of symptomatic

paroxysm pahr AHK sizm

sharp pain or a convulsion. ____________________ is derived from the Greek word paroxysmos, which means “to sharpen or to irritate.” When used with the respiratory system, paroxysm refers to a severe coughing spell. 9.27 Respiratory diseases often include the symptom of sputum,

sputum SPYOO tum

which is an expectorated (coughed out from the lungs) matter. ____________________ contains mucus, inhaled particulates, and sometimes pus or blood. 9.28 The prefix tachy- means “rapid or fast.” When combined

tachypnea tak ihp NEE ah

with the suffix that means “breath,” it forms the term ____________________. The constructed form of this term for rapid breathing is written tachy/pnea. 9.29 The symptom of pain in the chest region is called

thoracalgia thor ah KAL jee ah

____________________. The constructed form of this term is written thorac/algia; notice the combining vowel (the o) has been dropped because the suffix begins with a vowel. An alternate term with the same meaning is thoracodynia (THOR ah koh DIN ee ah).

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______   1. thoracalgia

a. severe coughing spell (in respiratory system)

______   2. apnea

b. coughing up and spitting out blood

______   3. eupnea ______   4. bradypnea

c. expectorated (spit-out) matter that contains mucus, inhaled particulates, and sometimes pus and blood

______   5. paroxysm

d. normal breathing

______   6. hemoptysis ______   7. sputum ______   8. hemothorax ______   9. hypercapnia ______ 10. hypoxemia ______ 11. Cheyne-Stokes respiration

e. slow breathing f. pause in breathing g. excessive carbon dioxide blood levels h. deficient levels of oxygen in the blood i. pain in the chest region j. blood in the pleural cavity k. pattern of repeated distressed breathing marked by a ­gradual increase of deep breathing, followed by shallow breathing and apnea

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Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) bronchospasm

bronch/o/spasm cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? sudden involuntary muscle contraction 2. a) dysphonia

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) dyspnea

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 4. a) epistaxis

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) hyperpnea

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 6. a) laryngospasm

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?_____________________________________

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Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the respiratory system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

a-

without, absence of upon, over, above, on top

atel/o bronch/o, bronch/i carcin/o coccidioid/o

epi-

Definition

incomplete airway, bronchus cancer Coccidioides immitis (a fungus) coni/o dust cyst/o bladder, sac embol/o plug fibr/o fiber glott/o opening into the windpipe laryng/o voice box, larynx myc/o fungus nas/o nose pharyng/o throat, pharynx pleur/o rib, pleura pneum/o, pneumon/o air, lung pulmon/o lung py/o pus rhin/o nose sinus/o cavity sphyx/o pulse sten/o narrow tonsill/o almond, tonsil trache/o windpipe, trachea tubercul/o little swelling

Suffix

Definition

-al -ary -ectasis -genic

pertaining to pertaining to expansion, dilation pertaining to ­producing, forming condition of pertaining to condition or disease inflammation tumor condition of

-ia -ic -ism -itis -oma -osis

KEY TERMS A–Z

9.30 The word root meaning “pulse” is sphyx. It is included in the

asphyxia ass FIK see ah

term asphyxia, which is the absence of respiratory ventilation. In other words, it is the inability to breathe. The constructed form of ____________________ is a/sphyx/ia and literally means “condition of without pulse.”

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9.31 A chronic condition of the lungs that is characterized by

asthma AZ mah

widespread narrowing of the bronchioles, bronchospasms (Frame 9.12), and formation of mucous plugs is known as asthma. The term is derived from the Greek word asthma, which means “to pant.” Illustrated in ■ Figure 9.3, ____________________ produces the symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB), chest pain, and frequent coughing during an episode, the frequency of which varies with every patient. It is regarded as an inflammatory response to an allergic substance by the lungs. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology roughly 25 million Americans suffer from this chronic disease, 10 million of whom are under the age of 18 years. When asthma is complicated with bronchitis (see Frame 9.34), it is referred to as asthmatic bronchitis (az MAHT ik * brong KYE tiss). Normal bronchiole

Constricted bronchiole

Contracted smooth muscle

■■Figure 9.3

Asthma. A normal bronchiole (left) compared to an asthmatic bronchiole (right). During an asthma “attack,” the bronchioles undergo spasms that reduce the airway diameter. In addition, the mucous membrane lining the bronchioles swells, and thickened mucous secretions form plugs that further reduce the airway.

Smooth muscle

Mucous membrane

Excessive mucus secretion

Swollen mucous membrane

9.32 The alveoli in the lungs normally retain a small amount of

atelectasis at eh LEK tah siss

bronchiectasis BRONG kee EK tah siss

air even during a forced expiration, which prevents them from collapsing completely. In the condition called atelectasis, trauma or disease disables this protective mechanism and causes the alveoli to collapse, preventing air from entering. ____________________ is a constructed term composed of two word parts, atel, which means “incomplete,” and -ectasis, which means “expansion, dilation.” Its constructed form is written atel/ectasis. When the alveoli in a lung collapse due to the abnormal entry of air into the pleural cavity, the condition is commonly called collapsed lung (Frame 9.54). 9.33 Another term that uses the suffix -ectasis is ____________________,

which is a chronic, abnormal dilation (widening) of the bronchi. The constructed form of this term is bronchi/ectasis.

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9.34 Recall that the suffix that means “inflammation” is -itis. This

bronchitis brong KYE tiss

bronchiolitis brong kee oh LEYE tiss

will be used in many terms in this section. Inflammation of the bronchi is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is bronch/itis. Bronchi are large tubes that branch into much smaller tubes within the lungs known as bronchioles (the suffix -oles means “tiny”). When these small air tubes undergo inflammation, the condition is called ____________________, written with its word parts as bronchiol/itis. Acute bronchitis is usually associated with a respiratory tract infection. Chronic bronchitis is usually caused by smoking, although allergies may cause this condition in some people. Bronchiolitis can be caused by either infection or allergy and can become life-threatening if the swelling closes off airflow to the alveoli. 9.35 An aggressive form of cancer arising from cells within the

bronchogenic carcinoma brong koh JENN ik * kar sih NOH mah

bronchi is known as bronchogenic carcinoma (■ Figure 9.4). The constructed form of this term is written bronch/o/genic carcin/oma. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), in 2016 there were approximately 224,000 new cases and 158,000 deaths due to ____________________ ____________________ in the United States, making it the most deadly form of any type of cancer. According to the American Lung Association, each year more people die from bronchogenic carcinoma than from the next three most common cancers combined (colon, breast, and prostate). It is commonly referred to as lung cancer and includes two major types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is well established that smoking tobacco products is the cause of at least 90% of all cases of bronchogenic carcinoma.

■■Figure 9.4

Bronchogenic carcinoma (lung cancer). (a) An illustration of a sectioned lung with tumors that originated from the bronchial wall. (b) Photograph of part of a lung removed after death. The yellow area is a large tumor and the blackened areas suggest the patient was a heavy smoker. Photo Source: Courtesy of National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute Visuals Online.

Bronchial tumor Primary tumor

(a)

(b)

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9.36 An acute inflammatory disease involving the bronchioles and

bronchopneumonia BRONG koh noo MOH nee ah

the alveoli is called bronchopneumonia. This constructed term contains four word parts: bronch/o/pneumon/ia. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that involves the bronchi and the soft tissue of the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill with fluid and leading to the loss of air space. ____________________ often occurs in a lobe of a lung, lending it the alternate name of lobar pneumonia. 9.37 A reduced flow of air to and from the alveoli in the lungs may

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

be the result of chronic bronchitis (Frame 9.34) or emphysema (Frame 9.42). When both conditions appear simultaneously, the diagnosis is given as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, abbreviated COPD. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is a progressive disease (gets worse with time) that makes breathing very difficult and is primarily caused by smoking tobacco products. 9.38 The combining form myc/o means “fungus.” A fungal infection

coccidioidomycosis kok SIDD ee oy doh mye KOH siss

of the upper respiratory tract, which often spreads to the lungs and other organs, is called coccidioidomycosis. This constructed term is coccidioid/o/myc/osis and is based on the name of the causative fungus, Coccidioides immitis. Also called valley fever due to its place of origin in the San Joaquin Valley of California, ____________________ is caused by inhaling spores of the fungal pathogen.

9.39 The common cold is caused by a virus that infects the upper

coryza koh RYE zah

respiratory tract, resulting in local inflammation. The condition is clinically called coryza, which is derived from the Greek word for runny nose, koryza. Because a cold is an acute illness, it is often called acute ____________________. It is also called rhinitis (rye NYE tiss), due to the inflammation of the nasal mucosa. 9.40 A viral infectious disease that is relatively common among

croup kroop

infants and young children produces a characteristic hoarse cough with a sound resembling the bark of a dog or seal. Commonly known as croup, the cough results from a swelling of the larynx in response to a viral infection. The clinical term for ____________________ is laryngotracheobronchitis (lair RING goh TRAY kee oh brong KYE tiss). The constructed form of this term reveals six word parts: laryng/o/ trache/o/bronch/itis.

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9.41 A severe hereditary disease that is characterized by excess

cystic fibrosis SISS tik * fye BROH siss

mucus production in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and elsewhere is called cystic fibrosis and is abbreviated CF. This constructed term is written cyst/ic fibr/osis. ____________________ ____________________ literally means “condition of fibrous cysts (bladders)” and is named after the characteristic fibrosis and cysts that form in the pancreas. CF causes difficulty breathing because of the dense mucus that obstructs the airways. It strikes roughly 1 in 3,000 children in the United States and is commonly fatal before the age of 40 years, usually from chronic infections. 9.42 A chronic lung disease characterized by the symptoms of

dyspnea (Frame 9.15), a chronic cough, formation of a barrel chest due to labored breathing, and a gradual deterioration caused by chronic hypoxemia (Frame 9.23) and hypercapnia (Frame 9.19) is called emphysema. It is a Greek word that means “to inflate.” The symptoms arise when the alveolar walls deteriorate, resulting in a loss of elasticity that causes an inability to exhale normally, making breathing extremely difficult. Smoking is the leading cause of ____________________, and when it is combined with chronic bronchitis, the patient is diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), described in Frame 9.37. Emphysema is illustrated in ■ Figure 9.5.

emphysema em fih SEE mah

Normal lung

Emphysema

Alveoli

Normal (a)

■■Figure 9.5

(b)

Patient with emphysema

Emphysema. (a) Illustration comparing normal lungs and emphysemic lungs. The insets illustrate how alveolar walls deteriorate in emphysema, reducing their surface area by convergence. (b) Comparison of a patient with and without emphysema. Characteristic signs of emphysema include reduced weight, a barrel chest, and a drawn facial appearance, all due to the need to inhale deeply and forcibly exhale with nearly every breath.

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9.43 Inflammation of the epiglottis is called epiglottitis. This

epiglottitis ep ih glah TYE tiss

laryngitis LAIR in JYE tiss

constructed term includes three word parts: epi/glott/itis. ____________________ is usually caused by a bacterial infection that spreads from the throat to the epiglottis and can be very serious because of the danger of it causing airway obstruction, especially among children. 9.44 An acute inflammation of the larynx is called ____________________.

The constructed form of this term is laryng/itis. It is characterized by the symptom of dysphonia (Frame 9.14). 9.45 A form of pneumonia (Frame 9.52) that is caused by the

legionellosis lee juh nell OH siss

bacterium Legionella pneumophila is called Legionnaires’ disease, or ____________________.

LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE Did You KNOW

Legionellosis was first identified in 1976, when many members at an American Legion ­convention became afflicted with an infection that caused 21 deaths. It took intensive research to reveal the causative bacteria and why it spread so quickly: it was delivered throughout the hotel ventilation system under ideal conditions for the bacteria to proliferate.

9.46 Recall that the suffix -itis means “inflammation.” Inflammation

nasopharyngitis nay zoh FAIR in JYE tiss

of the nose and pharynx is thereby called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written nas/o/pharyng/itis. It may be caused by an allergic reaction or bacterial or viral infection. 9.47 An acute infectious disease characterized by inflammation of

pertussis per TUSS siss

the larynx, trachea, and bronchi that produces spasmodic coughing is called pertussis. The term is a Latin word that means “intense cough.” ____________________ is commonly known as whooping cough because of the noise produced at the end of a cough when the larynx spasms, producing a long inspirational noise. If not treated, it can become fatal due to the exhaustive coughing and obstructed airflow. Pertussis is a preventable disease with early childhood vaccination (often called DTaP).

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pharyngitis FAIR in JYE tiss

9.48 Inflammation of the pharynx is called ____________________.

The constructed form of this term is written pharyng/itis. Pharyngitis is commonly called “sore throat.” 9.49 Effusion refers to the leakage of fluid. In the disease

pleural effusion PLOO ral * eh FYOO zhun

____________________ ____________________, fluid leaks into the pleural cavity. It usually occurs as a response by the body to injury or infection of the pleural membranes surrounding the lungs. Pleural is a constructed term, pleur/al. 9.50 Inflammation of the pleural membranes is called

pleuritis ploo RYE tiss

____________________. This constructed term is written pleur/itis. It is also called pleurisy. Inflammation of the pleural membranes and the lungs is a disease called pleuropneumonia (PLOO roh noo MOH nee ah). 9.51 Inflammation of the lungs, when caused by the chronic

pneumoconiosis noo moh KOH nee OH siss

inhalation of fine particles, is called pneumoconiosis. The constructed form of this term is pneum/o/coni/osis, which literally means “condition of dusty lungs.” The term arose because the disease is usually caused by mining and manufacturing activities. The inflammation leads to the formation of a fibrotic (scar) tissue around alveoli, reducing their ability to stretch with incoming air, which impedes the efficiency of gas exchange. The most common forms of ____________________ are asbestosis (az bess TOH siss), caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, and silicosis (sill ih KOH siss), caused by inhalation of fine silicone dust.

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251

9.52 Inflammation of soft lung tissue (excluding the bronchi) that

pneumonia noo MOH nee ah

results in the formation of an exudate (fluid) within alveoli is the general condition known as pneumonia. The constructed form of this term is pneumon/ia. The exudate fills the alveoli, which impedes the efficiency of gas exchange (■ Figure 9.6). The filling of alveoli with exudate has the same effect as drowning, so ____________________ is sometimes referred to as “drowning in your own fluids.” Pneumonia is usually caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens, which trigger the inflammatory response, although it can also be caused by smoke inhalation. Viral and bacterial pneumonia are leading causes of death worldwide. Fungal pneumonia is relatively rare, although infection by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is a common sign of HIV/AIDS.

■■Figure 9.6

Pneumonia. This common lung inflammation may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and is often diagnosed with a chest x-ray. In this chest x-ray of infected lungs, the inflammation appears as the cotton-like whitish areas, known as opacities. Source: Joloei/Shutterstock.

9.53 An inflammatory condition of the lungs that is independent of

pneumonitis NOO moh NYE tiss

a particular cause is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written pneumon/itis. Pneumonitis is often associated with pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55), which is the accumulation of fluid within the lungs.

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9.54 A pneumothorax is the abnormal presence of air or gas

pneumothorax NOO moh THOH raks

within the pleural cavity (■ Figure 9.7). It is caused by a penetrating injury to the chest or severe coughing and leads to collapsed lung (Frame 9.32). ____________________ is a constructed term: pneum/o/ thorax.

Parietal pleura

Torn pleura Outside air entering pleural cavity

Visceral pleura

■■Figure 9.7

Pneumothorax. The abnormal presence of air or gas within the pleural cavity is usually caused by a penetrating chest wound. This illustration shows a movement of air into the pleural cavity, which has collapsed the left lung while pushing the heart and trachea to the right side.

Pleural cavity

Collapsed left lung

Inspiration

Diaphragm

9.55 The accumulation of fluid within the lungs is a response to

pulmonary edema PULL mon air ee * eh DEE mah

infection or injury and is called pulmonary edema. The most common cause of ____________________ ____________________ is cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure. Pulmonary edema may also arise from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which you learn about soon in Frame 9.58. Pulmonary edema is often associated with pneumonia (Frame 9.52) and pneumonitis (Frame 9.53). Pulmonary is a constructed term with two word parts, pulmon/ary, and edema means “swelling.” 9.56 A blood clot that moves along with the bloodstream is called an

pulmonary embolism PULL mon air ee * EM boh lizm

embolus (EM boh lus). It is derived from the Greek word embolos, which means “a plug.” An embolus can become dangerous if it lodges in a blood vessel, causing an occlusion that blocks the flow of blood to form an embolism. A blockage in the pulmonary circulation by a blood clot is called a ____________________ ____________________. Abbreviated PE, it is often a complication to an injury or surgery elsewhere in the body. Pulmonary embolism is a constructed term: pulmon/ary embol/ism.

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253

9.57 The presence of pus in the pleural cavity is called pyothorax.

pyothorax pye oh THOH raks

This constructed term is written py/o/thorax. ____________________ is also known as empyema (em pye EE mah), which is composed of mostly Greek word parts that mean “leakage of pus within.” 9.58 A severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

respiratory failure is known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It occurs in two different forms. One form affects newborns and is called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). It is caused by insufficient surfactant, which is an oily substance produced by alveolar cells. Surfactant prevents alveoli from sticking together following a deep exhalation, and thereby helps to prevent atelectasis (Frame 9.32). ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ mainly strikes premature infants because they have not yet developed the ability to produce surfactant. The second form of RDS affects adults and is called adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is caused by severe lung infections or injury that result in damage to lung capillary walls and bronchioles, causing a rapid accumulation of purulent fluid into alveoli and bronchioles that places the patient in immediate danger of “drowning in their own fluids.” Thus, ARDS often involves pneumonia (Frame 9.52) and pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55). It requires swift medical intervention with blood transfusions, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics to save the patient’s life. 9.59 Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

rhinitis rye NYE tiss

is called rhinitis. The constructed form of this term is rhin/itis. Acute ____________________ is one of the clinical terms for the common cold (Frame 9.39). 9.60 A severe, rapid-onset viral infection resulting in respiratory

severe acute respiratory syndrome

distress that includes acute lung inflammation, alveolar damage, and atelectasis (Frame 9.32) is often referred to by its abbreviation, SARS. The long form is ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. It is usually caused by a virus and can become fatal due to the aggressive immunological response that injures alveoli and bronchioles.

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9.61 Similar to rhinitis (Frame 9.59), the condition known as

sinusitis sigh nuss EYE tiss

____________________ is an inflammation of the mucous membranes. It affects the nasal cavity and also the paranasal sinuses that are located within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones of the skull. The constructed form of this term is sinus/itis. 9.62 Inflammation of one or more tonsils is called

tonsillitis TAHN sill EYE tiss

____________________. This constructed term is tonsill/itis.

tracheitis tray kee EYE tiss

9.63 Inflammation of the trachea is called ____________________.

tracheostenosis TRAY kee oh steh NOH siss

The constructed form of this term is trache/itis. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that travels downward from the larynx. If the inflammation leads to a narrowing of the trachea, it is called _______________ because the combining form that means “narrow” is sten/o. Also constructed of word parts, it includes four: trache/o/sten/osis. 9.64 Infection of the lungs by the bacterium Mycobacterium

tuberculosis too BER kyoo LOH siss

■■Figure 9.8

Tuberculosis. A chest x-ray is often used to diagnose TB in a patient. The white clusters in the lungs indicate the presence of TB colonies, called tubercles. Source: Puwadol Jaturawutthichai/Shutterstock.

tuberculosis causes the disease ____________________, abbreviated TB (■ Figure 9.8). This term is constructed of two word parts, tubercul/osis, and literally means “condition of a little swelling.” The little swelling, or tubercle, is a colony of bacteria within the soft tissue of the lung that forms a hardened barrier, preventing white blood cells from entering and destroying the bacteria. In time, the bacterial colonies multiply throughout the lung until necrosis and inflammation overwhelm the function of gas exchange. In its active state, TB is a severely life-threatening disease, ranking as the world’s second most lethal infectious disease (HIV/AIDS is first) with over 1 million deaths each year, according to the World Health Organization.

The Respiratory System

upper respiratory infection

255

9.65 A generalized infection of the upper respiratory tract (nasal

cavity, pharynx, and larynx) is called a(n) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, or URI.

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

a-

bronch/o, bronch/i coni/o embol/o legionell/o pleur/o pneum/o pulmon/o sinus/o sphyx/o sten/o tonsill/o trache/o tubercul/o

-ary -ectasis -ia -ism -itis -genic -osis

Definition

Term

  1. inflammation of the pleurae; also called pleurisy   2. inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and also the paranasal sinuses   3. dilation of the bronchi   4. narrowing of the trachea   5. the absence of respiratory ventilation, or suffocation   6. inflammation of a tonsil   7. lung cancer   8. inflammation of the lungs caused by the chronic inhalation of fine particles, which leads to the formation of a fibrotic tissue around the alveoli   9. infection of the lungs by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis 10. pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila 11. blockage in the pulmonary circulation by a mobile blood clot

pleuritis ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

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The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______   2. pertussis

a. severe viral infection resulting in respiratory distress that includes lung inflammation, alveolar damage, and atelectasis

______   3. asthma

b. condition of pus in the pleural cavity

______   4. severe acute respiratory syndrome ______   5. croup ______   6. atelectasis ______   7. tracheitis ______   8. tuberculosis ______   9. coryza ______ 10. pyothorax

c. inflammation of the trachea

______   1. emphysema

d. collapse of alveoli in the lungs e. also known as whooping cough f. clinical term for the common cold g. condition of the lungs that is characterized by widespread narrowing of the bronchioles and formation of mucous plugs h. chronic lung disease named by a Greek word that means “to inflate” i. a barking cough caused by an acute obstruction in the ­larynx among children j. a highly contagious bacterial disease

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the respiratory system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

anti-

against, ­opposite of within

aden/o angi/o bronch/o dilat/o laryng/o lob/o ot/o ox/i pleur/o pneum/o, pneumon/o pulmon/o rhin/o sept/o

gland blood vessel airway, bronchus to widen voice box, larynx a rounded part, lobe ear oxygen pleura, rib lung, air lung nose putrefying; wall, partition breathe chest, thorax windpipe, trachea

-al -ary -centesis -ectomy

pertaining to pertaining to surgical puncture surgical excision, removal a record or image recording process process one who studies measure, measuring instrument measurement, ­process of measuring resembling surgical repair instrument used for viewing process of viewing surgical creation of an opening incision, to cut

endo-

spir/o thorac/o trache/o

-gram -graphy -ion -logist -meter -metry -oid -plasty -scope -scopy -stomy -tomy

The Respiratory System

KEY TERMS A–Z acid-fast bacilli smear

257

9.66 A clinical test performed on sputum to identify the presence

of bacteria that react to acid is called acid-fast bacilli smear, abbreviated AFB. An ____________________-____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is frequently used with chest x-rays to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis (Frame 9.64). An AFB smear is shown in ■ Figure 9.9.

■■Figure 9.9

Acid-fast bacilli smear. Photograph through a microscope of a sample taken during an AFB procedure. The red structures are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of TB. Source: Courtesy of Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

9.67 A pharyngeal tonsil is called an adenoid (ADD eh noyd). This

adenoidectomy ADD eh noyd EK toh mee

constructed term, written aden/oid, means “resembling a gland.” In some cases, a chronically inflamed adenoid is surgically removed to avoid complications, including obstruction of the nasopharynx. Remember that the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal.” So, combine that with the term adenoid, and it creates the name for this procedure, ____________________. The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts: aden/oid/ectomy. Because the adenoid is one of several types of tonsils, its removal may also be called tonsillectomy (TAHN sil EK toh mee). 9.68 A histamine is a compound released by certain cells in response

antihistamine an tih HISS tah meen

to allergens. Histamines cause bronchial constriction and blood vessel dilation. A therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of histamines is called an ____________________, which uses the prefix that means “against, opposite of.” Because antihistamines cause bronchial dilation, they are useful as a treatment against swollen airways.

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9.69 A clinical test on arterial blood to identify the levels of

arterial blood gases

oxygen and carbon dioxide is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. It is abbreviated ABGs. 9.70 The removal of fluid, air, or foreign bodies with suction is a

aspiration ass pih RAY shun

procedure called aspiration. ____________________ is derived from the Latin word aspiratus, which means “to breathe on,” and is a common procedure for clearing the airway of obstructions. 9.71 A procedure that involves listening to sounds within the

auscultation aw skull TAY shun

body as part of a physical examination, often with the aid of a stethoscope, is called auscultation. The term ____________________ is derived from the Latin word ausculto, which means “to listen to.” As part of a physical examination that addresses the respiratory system, auscultation involves listening to breathing sounds during inhalation and exhalation (■ Figure 9.10). Abnormal sounds include wheezing, a sign of asthma (Frame 9.31); rales, a sign of pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55) or atelectasis (Frame 9.32); and gurgles, a sign of pneumonia (Frame 9.52).

■■Figure 9.10

Auscultation. A stethoscope is pressed against the body wall to listen for sound waves associated with breathing. Source: Image Point Fr/ Shutterstock.

9.72 A procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent to relax the

bronchodilation BRONG koh dye LAY shun

smooth muscles of the airways in an effort to stop bronchial constriction, thereby allowing the patient to breathe easier, is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is bronch/o/dilat/ion, which means “process of widening the airway.”

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259

9.73 The suffix -graphy means “recording process.” The x-ray

bronchography brong KOG rah fee

imaging of the bronchi is called ____________________. This procedure produces an x-ray image of the bronchi called a bronchogram (BRONG koh gram) and uses a contrast medium to highlight the bronchial tree. In many respiratory clinics, bronchography is being replaced by bronchoscopy (Frame 9.74) and CT scans to provide improved observation of the bronchi. 9.74 Remember that the suffix -scopy means “process of

bronchoscopy brong KOSS koh pee

viewing.” The evaluation of the bronchi using a flexible fiberoptic tube mounted with a small lens at one end and attached to an eyepiece and computer monitor at the other end is called ____________________. This constructed term is bronch/o/scopy. The instrument is a modified endoscope, known as a bronchoscope (BRONG koh skope), which is inserted through the nose to observe the trachea and bronchi (■ Figure 9.11).

Cross Section of Scope

Eye piece

Viewing channel Light source

Biopsy forceps and instrument channel Flexible bronchoscopic tube

■■Figure 9.11

Bronchoscopy.

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9.75 Diagnostic imaging of the chest by a computed tomography (CT)

chest CT scan

instrument is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ (■ Figure 9.12). The procedure is used to diagnose respiratory tumors, pleural effusion, pleuritis, and other diseases by providing three-dimensional images of the thoracic cavity.

■■Figure 9.12

Chest CT scan. A series of CT images provides numerous layers of the chest to reveal a diagnostic three-dimensional analysis of respiratory disease. Source: Blue Planet Earth/ Shutterstock.

9.76 An x-ray image of the thoracic cavity that is used to diagnose

chest x-ray

■■Figure 9.13

Chest x-ray. A physician is examining chest x-rays with the aid of a plastic model of the bronchial tree. Source: Courtesy of National Institutes of Health Image Bank.

tuberculosis, tumors, and other conditions of the lungs is called a ____________________ ____________________ (■ Figure 9.13). Abbreviated CXR, it is also called a chest radiograph.

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261

9.77 A device that is commonly used to regulate breathing during

CPAP

sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea (Frame 9.10) is called continuous positive airway pressure, abbreviated ____________________. The CPAP machine includes a mask that fits over the mouth and nose, or just the nose, and gently blows air to encourage rhythmic breathing (■ Figure 9.14).

■■Figure 9.14

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device. The sleeping subject is receiving the benefits of the flow of air generated by the CPAP device. Source: Chalermpon Poungpeth/ Shutterstock.

9.78 A physician specializing in the treatment of upper

ear, nose, and throat specialist

respiratory tract disease is called an ENT, which is the abbreviation of ________________ ____________________ _______________ ____________________ ____________________. Alternate terms include otolaryngologist (OH toh LAIR in GAHL oh jist), otonasolaryngologist (OH toh NAY so LAIR in GAHL oh jist), and otorhinolaryngologist (oh toh RYE no LAIR in GAHL oh jist). The constructed form of otorhinolaryngologist is ot/o/rhin/o/ laryng/o/logist. 9.79 Insertion of a noncollapsible breathing tube into the trachea

endotracheal

through the nose or mouth is called endotracheal intubation (EHN doh TRAY kee al * in too BAY shun). It is performed to open the airway or, if the patient is comatose, to keep the airway open. ____________________ is a constructed term, endo/trache/al, which means “pertaining to within the trachea.” 9.80 A drug that breaks up mucus and promotes the coughing

expectorant ek SPEK toh rant

reflex to expel the mucus is called an expectorant. The term ____________________ is derived from the Latin word expectoro, which means “spit out of the chest.”

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Chapter 9

9.81 A valuable postoperative breathing therapy is called incentive

incentive spirometry in SEHN tiv * spy RAH meh tree

spirometry (■ Figure 9.15). It involves the use of a portable spirometer (Frame 9.93) to promote deeper breathing to improve lung expansion after an operation. Usually self-administered, ____________________ ____________________ reduces pulmonary complications and helps to correct atelectasis (Frame 9.32).

■■Figure 9.15

Incentive spirometry. A portable incentive spirometer is useful for encouraging patients to exercise their breathing function following an operation.

9.82 An inhaler is a small handheld device containing a prescription

inhaler

medication, such as albuterol, that delivers a specific dosage of aerosolized medicine for inhalation to open (dilate) the bronchiolar airways. An ____________________ is commonly used as a primary self-administered response to asthma (Frame 9.31) and may be prescribed for other breathing disorders as well. Two types are in general use: a “controller inhaler” is used regularly to help prevent asthma symptoms by controlling lung inflammation, and a “rescue inhaler” is used to stop asthma symptoms once they have begun. 9.83 Surgical removal of the larynx is performed during a

laryngectomy lair in JEK toh mee

____________________. The constructed form of this term is written laryng/ectomy. It is often required as a treatment for laryngeal cancer and is usually followed by training or insertion of a device to enable the patient to communicate orally. Laryngectomy patients have a permanent tracheostomy (Frame 9.102).

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263

9.84 A diagnostic procedure that uses a modified endoscope, called

laryngoscopy lair ring GOSS koh pee

a laryngoscope (lair RING goh skope), to visually examine the larynx is called ____________________.

9.85 A surgical incision into the larynx and trachea is usually

laryngotracheotomy lair ring goh TRAY kee OTT oh mee

performed to provide a secondary opening for inspiration and expiration, allowing air to bypass the upper respiratory tract. Remember that the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.” Combine that with the combining forms for larynx and trachea, and you form the term for this procedure, ____________________. The constructed form of this term reveals five word parts: laryng/o/trache/o/tomy.

9.86 Surgical removal of a single lobe of a lung is sometimes

lobectomy loh BEK toh mee

required as a treatment for lung cancer, if the tumor is isolated in one lobe (the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two). The procedure is called ____________________. It may involve the removal of more than one lobe if required. Lobectomy is a constructed term: lob/ectomy. 9.87 A medical treatment to provide supplemental oxygen to

mechanical ventilation

■■Figure 9.16

Mechanical ventilation. The photograph shows a patient receiving breathing assistance by the use of a portable mechanical ventilator. Source: Beerkoff/Shutterstock.

patients in respiratory distress is called mechanical ventilation. It provides assisted breathing using a ventilator, which pushes air into the patient’s airway (■ Figure 9.16). ____________________ ____________________ is often used by a respiratory therapist in a clinical setting or by an emergency medical technician at the site of injury and in transit to a hospital.

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Chapter 9

9.88 A device used to convert a liquid medication to a mist and

nebulizer NEBB yoo lye zer

deliver it to the lungs with the aid of deep inhalation is called a nebulizer (■ Figure 9.17). The term ____________________ is derived from the Latin word nebula, which means “fog.”

■■Figure 9.17

Nebulizer. The nebulizer converts a liquid medication to a mist that is easily inhaled. A face mask, such as the one shown here, is often included to direct the mist. Source: Kleber Cordeiro/ Shutterstock.

9.89 The suffix -metry means “measurement, process of

oximetry ok SIM eh tree

■■Figure 9.18

Pulse oximetry. The small device provides a digital readout of oxygen levels in the blood. Source: toysf400/Shutterstock.

measuring,” and the combining form that means “oxygen” is ox/i. Therefore, the procedure that measures oxygen levels in the blood using an instrument called an oximeter (ok SIM eh ter) is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is ox/i/metry. A small, widely used oximeter that provides a digital readout of oxygen levels is called a pulse oximeter (■ Figure 9.18) because it also monitors pulse rate. The pulse oximeter is usually attached to a finger and includes sensors with a computer chip that determines oxygen levels carried by hemoglobin in the red blood cells moving through capillaries in the dermis of the skin.

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265

9.90 The suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture.” The surgical

pleurocentesis ploor oh sehn TEE siss

puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity is a diagnostic procedure called ____________________. After aspiration, the fluid is analyzed for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells, the presence of which indicates pleuritis (Frame 9.50). Pleurocentesis is a constructed term, pleur/o/centesis. It is also called thoracentesis (Frame 9.98) or thoracocentesis. 9.91 Many terms in this section have used the suffix that means

pneumonectomy NOO moh NEK toh mee

“surgical excision, removal,” -ectomy. A word root that means “lung” is pneumon. Therefore, surgical removal of a lung is called ____________________, or pneumectomy (noo MEK toh mee). It is performed as a radical treatment for lung cancer, in which tumors have progressed throughout one lung. The constructed form of pneumonectomy is pneumon/ectomy. If the surgery is limited to the removal of a single lobe, recall that the procedure is called a lobectomy (Frame 9.86). 9.92 A diagnostic procedure that evaluates the blood circulation of

pulmonary angiography PULL mon air ee * AN jee OG rah fee

the lungs is called pulmonary angiography. In this procedure, x-ray images are taken of the lungs following the injection of a contrast medium into the pulmonary circulation. ____________________ ____________________ is a constructed term represented as pulmon/ary angi/o/graphy, which literally means “recording of blood vessel pertaining to lung.”

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Chapter 9

9.93 A series of diagnostic tests performed to determine the

pulmonary function tests

cause of lung disease by evaluating lung capacity through the use of spirometry (Frame 9.81) is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ (abbreviated PFTs). Spirometry involves breathing into a tube connected to an instrument, called a spirometer. Both are terms that use the combining form that means “breathe,” spir/o. Spirometry measures the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle, called tidal volume (TV), the amount of air forcefully exhaled, called expiratory reserve volume (ERV), the volume of air forcefully inhaled, called inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and other values shown in ■ Figure 9.19.

Inspiratory reserve volume - 3100 mL Tidal volume - 500 mL Expiratory reserve volume - 1200 mL Residual volume - 1200 mL (a)

■■Figure 9.19

Pulmonary function test (PFT): spirometry. (a) Normal respiratory volumes, as measured during spirometry. A patient’s spirometry data are compared to this chart to identify breathing deficiencies. (b) Photograph of a patient exhaling into a spirometer during a pulmonary function test, with the assistance of a respiratory therapist. Source: Phanie/ScienceSource.

(b)

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267

9.94 A physician specializing in the treatment of diseases affecting

pulmonologist PUL moh NAHL oh jist

the lower respiratory tract, particularly the lungs, is called a pulmonary specialist or ____________________.

9.95 An emergency procedure that is used to restore breathing is

resuscitation ree SUSS ih TAY shun

Did You KNOW

known as pulmonary resuscitation. The most common form is cardiopulmonary ____________________, or CPR, which uses chest compressions with the patient lying supine (on the back).

RESUSCITATION The term resuscitation is derived from the Latin word resuscito, which means “to rise up again” or “revive.” Its present meaning refers to any procedure that involves a restoration of body functions such as breathing and blood flow to vital organs and includes the popular technique of compressing the chest and heart called cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It also includes mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, in which air is blown into the patient’s mouth while holding the nose, and the Heimlich maneuver, during which an obstruction (usually food) may be dislodged by reaching around a standing patient and pushing upward on the diaphragm to force an expulsion of air.

9.96 Add the combining form that means “nose” (rhin/o) to the suffix

rhinoplasty RYE noh plass tee

that means “surgical repair” to form the term ____________________, which is the surgical repair of the nose. This constructed term is rhin/o/plasty. Although this procedure is commonly used to modify the external appearance of the nose during cosmetic surgery, it may include septoplasty (SEP toh plass tee), during which deviation of the nasal septum is corrected to improve breathing. The combining form in this term, sept/o, means “wall, partition.”

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Chapter 9

9.97 A simple skin test to determine the presence of a tuberculosis

TB skin test

infection is called a TB skin test. During a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, a purified protein derivative (PPD) sample of the TB bacillus is injected beneath the epidermis of the skin (called an intradermal injection). A reddened, swollen skin lesion at the injection site a few days later indicates a previous exposure (■ Figure 9.20) and requires follow-up confirmation with a chest x-ray (Frame 9.76), a sputum AFB smear (Frame 9.66), or both. The TB skin test is also called PPD skin test and Mantoux skin test (after French physician Charles Mantoux).

0.1 ml tuberculin injected just under skin surface of forearm. Pale elevation results. Needle bevel directed upward to prevent too-deep penetration.

Test read in 48–72 hours. Extent of induration determined by direct observation and palpation; limits marked. Area of erythema has no significance.

■■Figure 9.20

The TB (PPD) skin test. It is in common use as an initial screening for tuberculosis.

Diameter of marked indurated area measured in transverse plane. Reactions over 9 mm in diameter are regarded as positive; those 5–9 mm are questionable, and test may be repeated after 7 or more days to obtain booster effect. Less than 5 mm of induration is regarded as negative.

9.98 The suffix that means “surgical puncture” is -centesis.

thoracentesis THOR ah sehn TEE siss

Surgical puncture using a needle and syringe into the thoracic cavity to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnosis or treatment is called a ____________________. It is also called thoracocentesis (THOR ah koh sehn TEE siss) or pleurocentesis (Frame 9.90). Thoracentesis is a constructed term, thora/centesis; note that, in this term, the syllable co is removed from the combining form thorac/o. The procedure is often used to treat pleural effusion (Frame 9.49) by draining the excess fluid from the pleural cavity.

The Respiratory System

269

9.99 The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening.”

thoracostomy THOR ah KOSS toh mee

Surgical puncture into the chest cavity, usually for the insertion of a drainage or air tube, is called a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written thorac/o/stomy. The procedure is often termed “placing a chest tube.” 9.100 Recall the suffix that means “incision, to cut.” Add this to the

thoracotomy THOR ah KOTT oh mee

combining form that means “chest, thorax,” and you form the term ____________________, which is a surgical incision into the chest wall. The constructed form of this term is thorac/o/tomy. 9.101 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” Surgical repair of

tracheoplasty TRAY kee oh PLASS tee

the trachea is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts: trache/o/plasty. 9.102 Recall the suffix that means “surgical creation of an opening.”

tracheostomy TRAY kee OSS toh mee

Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea, usually for the insertion of a breathing tube, is called ____________________. This constructed term is trache/o/stomy. The procedure is shown in ■ Figure 9.21.

■■Figure 9.21

Tracheostomy. A tracheotomy, or incision into the trachea, is performed to create an opening into the trachea as shown in this series of illustrations.

9.103 Surgical incision into the trachea is a required part

tracheotomy TRAY kee OTT oh mee

of a tracheostomy (Frame 9.102). The incision is called a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is trache/o/tomy.

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Chapter 9

9.104 A diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine, or the use

ventilation-perfusion scanning

of radioactive material, to evaluate pulmonary function is called ventilation-perfusion scanning. It can identify pulmonary embolism (Frame 9.56) and pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55). ____________________-____________________ ____________________ is also called lung scan and V/Q scan (the Q stands for “quotient”).

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______   1. pulmonary function tests

a. breaks up mucus and promotes coughing

______   2. pulse oximeter

b. also called PPD skin test and Mantoux skin test

______   3. bronchodilation

c. measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide blood levels

______   4. arterial blood gases

d. device used to convert a liquid medication to a mist and deliver it to the lungs

______   5. TB skin test ______   6. auscultation ______   7. ventilation-perfusion scanning ______   8. nebulizer ______   9. pulmonary angiography ______ 10. expectorant

e. physical examination that includes listening to sounds within the body f. a blood oxygen measuring device that reads oxygen levels by noninvasive physical contact with a finger g. procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent in an inhaler to reduce bronchial constriction h. x-ray of lung blood vessels i. diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine, or the use of ­radioactive material, to evaluate pulmonary function j. use of spirometry to evaluate lung function

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Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) tracheotomy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 2. a) thoracentesis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 3. a) pneumonectomy

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 4. a) bronchoscopy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) adenoidectomy

________/________/________ r    s    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first suffix? _________________________________________ 6. a) bronchodilation

________/___/________/________ cf    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 7. a) lobectomy

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 8. a) rhinoplasty

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 9. a) septoplasty

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

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Abbreviations of the Respiratory System The abbreviations that are associated with the respiratory system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

ABGs AFB ARDS

arterial blood gases acid-fast bacilli smear adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome cystic fibrosis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continuous positive airway ­pressure device cardiopulmonary resuscitation chest x-ray ear, nose, and throat specialist neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

NSCLC PE PPD PFTs RDS SARS

non–small cell lung cancer pulmonary embolism purified protein derivative pulmonary function tests respiratory distress syndrome severe acute respiratory syndrome small cell lung cancer shortness of breath tuberculosis upper respiratory infection ventilation-perfusion scanning

CF COPD CPAP CPR CXR ENT NRDS

SCLC SOB TB URI V/Q scan

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1. ____________________

continuous positive airway pressure device

  2. ____________________

tuberculosis

  3. ARDS

______________________________________________

  4. ____________________

chest x-ray

  5. CPR

______________________________________________

  6. ____________________

cystic fibrosis

  7. URI

______________________________________________

  8. ____________________

small cell lung cancer

  9. COPD

______________________________________________

10. ____________________

pulmonary embolism

11. AFB

______________________________________________

12. ____________________

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

13. SOB

______________________________________________

14. ____________________

pulmonary function tests

15. PPD

______________________________________________

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CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example.   1. inflammation of the larynx

laryngitis

  2. absence of oxygen

_________________oxia

  3. inflammation of the bronchi

bronch_________________

  4. respiratory failure characterized by atelectasis

respiratory _________________

  5. physical exam that includes listening to body sounds

_________________ (do this one on your own!)

  6. deficient oxygen levels in the blood

hyp_________________

  7. difficulty breathing

_________________pnea

  8. excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood

hyper_________________

  9. abnormal dilation of the bronchi

bronchi _________________

10. lung inflammation due to dust inhalation

_________________coniosis

11. cancer arising from cells within the bronchi

bronchogenic _________________

12. an inherited disease of excessive mucus production

cystic _________________

13. inflammation of the trachea

trache_________________

14. the absence of respiratory ventilation

_________________sphyxia

15. x-ray image of the bronchi

broncho_________________

16. surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity

thora_________________

17. measurement of oxygen levels in the blood

oxi_________________

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 9.

1. bronch/o 2. laryng/o 3. ox/i 4. rhin/o 5. atel/o 6. pleur/o 7. pneum/o, pneumon/o 8. pulmon/o

Definition

Use in a Term

_______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

_______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

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Chapter 9

Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figure 9.22 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.

Nasal cavity

1. Hard Soft palate 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx Esophagus

Tongue

Mandible Hyoid bone 4. ________________ cartilage

5.

Trachea Larynx

6.

(a) 7. Right _____________ Left main bronchus

Heart (in mediastinum)

8. Right Left lung

Diaphragm

■■Figure 9.22

The respiratory system.

(b)

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Geoffrey Piscotti Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Pediatrics

Date: 11/04/2017

Patient: Geoffrey Piscotti

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 04/22/2011   Age: 6   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Maria S. Zargas, MD Subjective: Described with help from Mom: “My chest hurts when I breathe, so I cough a lot. I’m tired a lot, and I have a stuffy nose that sometimes bleeds.” 6 y/o male has difficulty breathing. His mother indicates it is interrupting his sleep, leaving him tired during the day. He coughs frequently and expressed sputum tinged with blood while in the examination room. Mother is a respiratory therapist in downtown clinic with known TB exposures. Father is a schoolteacher. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 99.5°F; P: 88; R: 25; BP: 135/90 Ht: 3¿5– Wt: 55 lb General Appearance: Skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Mild edema of the face around the eyes. Eyes unclear with mild conjunctivitis. Heart: Rate at 88 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Bronchial, tracheal congestion present; congestion in left lung during auscultation with minor rales and gurgles. HEENT: Swelling of nasal cavity with evidence of recent epistaxis; erythema and swelling of throat. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Lab: Skin test positive for TB. AFB positive for TB. TB in left lung confirmed by chest x-ray. Assessment: Active TB Plan: Admit and provide oxygen assist with TB antibiotic cocktail by IV drip. After release and return home, follow with long-term antibiotic cocktail supervised by adult with weekly clinic visits. Report infection to County Health and CDC. Photo Source: Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What complaints support the diagnosis? _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Based on the family history, how do you think the TB infection originated? ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the meaning of the abbreviation TB? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) acid-fast

bronchitis

coryza (or acute rhinitis)

chest x-rays

bronchodilating

tuberculosis (TB)

Geoffrey Piscotti, a 6-year-old boy with a previous healthy history, was admitted into an emergency clinic when his mother became concerned about his respiratory function. She explained that he had come home from school 3 weeks ago with a common cold, or (a) ____________________. He began coughing violently shortly afterward, preventing him from sleeping. Physical exams showed an acute inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, indicating the acute condition known as (b) ____________________, which was bacterial in origin. Following the prescribed use of antibiotic therapy and the use of inhaled (c) ____________________ agents to reduce bronchial constriction, the patient recovered initially. Several months passed and then the coughing returned and the boy complained of low energy. Following a (d) ____________________ skin test and a sputum test that included (e) __________________-__________________ bacilli, positive results indicated an active lung infection known as (f) ____________________. TB was confirmed with the use of radiographic images of the thorax, or (g) ____________________ ____________________. The course of treatment included a cocktail of antibiotics administered over a 6-month period.

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277

Shareena Mushreen For a greater challenge, read the following medical report, then answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: EENT

Date: 12/09/2017

Patient: Shareena Mushreen

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 3/08/1949   Age: 68   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: George T. Cohn, MD Subjective: “For the past week I have found it hard to breathe. When I take a big breath, my chest hurts badly. I cough frequently, and I’m tired a lot.” 65 y/o female complains of chest pain when breathing deeply, coughing, headache, and malaise. She works in a textile factory. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 100.8°F; P: 79; R: 20; BP: 139/97 Ht: 5¿2– Wt: 155 lb General Appearance: Skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Mild edema of the face around the eyes and neck. Heart: Rate at 79 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Congestion during auscultation with prominent gurgles of both lungs. HEENT: Swelling of nasal cavity and throat; mild erythema of throat and larynx. Oxygen 63%. PFT shows reduced IRV and VC 25%. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Lab: Chest x-ray positive for pneumonia. AFB negative for TB. Blood culture positive for P. jiroveci, but no HIV antibodies present. Assessment: Pneumonia with P. jiroveci Plan: Admit stat and isolate in oxygen tent with IV drip antibiotics specific against P. jiroveci. Monitor continuously. Once stable, release with oral antibiotics and weekly visits until cleared. Report infection to County Health and CDC. Photo Source: David Jenks/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. Why would the diagnosed condition of pneumonia cause the patient complaint? 



2. Why is additional testing recommended to explore the source of the infection? 



3. What is the source of the infection causing the pneumonia? 



Case Study Questions The following case study provides additional consideration of the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. A 65-year-old female, Shareen Mushareen, complained of difficulty breathing and chest pain, two symptoms called (h) ____________________ and (i) ____________________. Her personal physician began with a chest (j) ____________________ using a stethoscope, followed by fingertip assessment of oxygen levels in the blood using a (k) ____________________ and a measurement of breathing volumes, using a (l) ____________________. The tests indicated reduced oxygen levels in the blood, called (m) ____________________, in combination with reduced lung capacity. Breathing sounds suggested labored breathing with some gurgling sounds. The physician diagnosed the condition as a lung inflammation with alveolar fluids, called (n) ____________________, caused by an unknown infectious agent. To identify the source of the infectious agent, sputum and blood tests were performed that included (o) ____________________ ____________________ bacilli, HIV testing, and histological blood tests. The tests showed the infectious agent as a fungus that is an opportunistic pathogen in immune-suppressed patients, known as (p) ____________________ ____________________. This disease, called (q) ____________________, is a common diagnostic indicator of patients suffering from HIV infection. An antibody test for HIV was administered, with negative results. The patient was admitted for continual monitoring during antibiotic therapy and was kept within an oxygen tent to improve oxygen blood levels. After the treatment, blood tests confirmed the pathogen had been defeated.

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Chapter 10

The Digestive System Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 10.1 Define

and spell the word parts used to create terms for the digestive system.

10.3 Build

10.2 Break

10.4 Pronounce

down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the digestive system.

medical terms from the word parts associated with the digestive system. and spell common medical terms associated with the digestive system.

280

Chapter 10

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

abdomin/o an/o append/o, appendic/o bil/i cec/o chol/e choledoch/o col/o, colon/o cyst/o dent/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/e, esophag/o gastr/o gingiv/o gloss/o

abdomen anus appendix bile blind intestine, cecum bile, gall common bile duct colon bladder, sac teeth twelve, duodenum small intestine gullet, esophagus stomach gums tongue

hepat/o ile/o jejun/o lingu/o or/o pancreat/o peps/o, pept/o peritone/o

liver to roll, ileum empty, jejunum tongue mouth sweetbread, pancreas digestion to stretch over, peritoneum rectum or anus pylorus rectum saliva the letter s, sigmoid colon mouth

digestive dye JEST iv

GI

proct/o pylor/o rect/o sial/o sigm/o stomat/o

10.1 The ____________________ system converts food into a form

the body can use for energy, growth, and repair. It derives its name from its primary function, digestion. The term is from the Latin word digestus, which means “to divide, dissolve, or set in order.” The digestive system performs all three: When the body digests food, it divides and dissolves it into simpler parts, called nutrients, which may then be absorbed into the bloodstream. From the blood, nutrients diffuse into cells to serve as fuel to power body functions. Digestion occurs gradually, as food is passed from one organ to the next through the digestive tract, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The organs of the ____________________ tract form a long continuous tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The small intestine includes three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine also includes three segments, called the cecum, colon, and rectum. Accessory organs contribute to digestion, mainly by secreting enzymes and other chemicals into the GI tract. They include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

The Digestive System

digestion

281

10.2 You have just learned that ____________________, which is the

breakdown of food particles into their small subunits, is the primary function of the digestive system. Chemical digestion is performed by enzymes, and mechanical digestion is achieved by chewing in the mouth and mixing and churning actions produced by muscles in the walls of the stomach. Other important functions of the digestive system include: ■■ Absorption

of nutrients, which occurs across the wall of the small

intestine ■■ Formation

of solid waste, in the form of feces, and its elimination from the body

■■ Conservation

of water, which occurs as water is absorbed across the walls of the small and large intestines

10.3 Review the anatomy of the digestive system by studying ■ Figure

10.1 and ■ Figure 10.2.

Pharynx

Mouth Salivary glands

Esophagus

Liver

Stomach

Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine

■■Figure 10.1

Organs of the digestive system.

282

Chapter 10

Tooth (incisor) Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Posterior wall of pharynx Tongue

■■Figure 10.2

The oral cavity. Anterior view of the open mouth.

DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, AND ILEUM Did You KNOW

The three segments of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The term duodenum is derived from the Medieval Latin word duodeni, which means “twelve.” This word first appeared in the anatomical texts in 1050 ad, taken from a monk’s description of it as the “first part of the small intestine, about 12 fingerbreadths in length.” Ileum means “to roll” in Greek and is named after its peristaltic waves of muscle contraction that roll through the organ like ocean waves. The term jejunum is named from the Latin word ­jejunus, ­meaning “empty.”

Medical Terms of the Digestive System 10.4 The digestive system is under a constant risk of infection

microbiota

because food and other substances that often contain pathogens are introduced into the body through the mouth every day. To make matters even more risky, the GI tract normally contains an enormous number of bacteria. Known as the microbiota, most of these microorganisms are beneficial when their populations are contained within the tract. For example, E. coli assists in the breakdown of indigestible plant materials and synthesizes vitamin K, which is needed for blood clot formation. But if the ____________________ is able to increase in density or spread to other body areas, severe infections can result.

The Digestive System

infections

283

10.5 In addition to ____________________, the GI tract organs

are also susceptible to inherited defects and the development of tumors. In each case, the result of the disease may be a reduction of the body’s ability to digest food, eliminate wastes, absorb and conserve water, or perform other specific functions. Most digestive disorders affect overall health rather than remain localized, due to the abundance of blood vessels and lymphatics associated with GI tract organs and the functional importance of accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. 10.6 The clinical treatment of a digestive disorder is performed

disease

by a physician with a specialization in treating the body region or organ, the particular disorder, or a set of disorders. For example, a ____________________ of the mouth or throat is treated by a head and neck specialist, stomach or intestinal disease is treated by a gastroenterologist (GAS troh EN ter AHL oh jist), a disease of the rectum is treated by a proctologist (prok TAHL oh jist), and a disease of the liver is treated by a hepatobiliary (heh PAT oh BIL ee air ee) specialist. Cancer is treated by an oncologist, often in association with a regional specialist. The area within a hospital that treats digestive disorders is often called internal medicine. 10.7 Because most digestive organs are located deep within the

digestive

body, the diagnosis of ____________________ disorders can benefit from noninvasive imaging procedures. Consequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, and specialized x-ray techniques are often used. Once diagnosed, most disorders may be treated with therapeutic agents or by surgery. 10.8 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the digestive system.

284

Chapter 10

Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the digestive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

adiadys-

flux/o gastr/o halit/o hemat/o hepat/o peps/o, pept/o phag/o steat/o

flow stomach breath blood liver digestion eat, swallow fat

-algia -dynia -emesis -emia -ia -megaly -osis -rrhea

condition of pain condition of pain vomiting condition of blood condition of abnormally large condition of discharge

re-

without, absence of through bad, abnormal, painful, difficult back

KEY TERMS A–Z aphagia ah FAY jee ah

10.9 The prefix a- means “without, absence of” and the combining

form phag/o means “eat, swallow.” Combining these word parts forms the term ____________________, which is the inability to swallow. This constructed term contains three word parts, as shown when it is written a/phag/ia. Although the literal meaning is “without eating or swallowing,” clinical use of the term has changed its meaning to “inability to swallow.” 10.10 The Greek word that means “bag” is askos. It is used

ascites ah SIGH teez

to create the term ascites, which is an accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen. ____________________ is a sign of liver disease, congestive heart failure, malnutrition, or irritation to the peritoneum. 10.11 Infrequent or incomplete bowel movements are characteristic

constipation kon stih PAY shun

of constipation. It is a sign of an intestinal disorder that causes feces lacking in water, making their passage through the rectum and anus difficult and often painful. The term ____________________ is derived from the Latin word constipatus, which means “to press together.” 10.12 An opposite condition to constipation is diarrhea, in

diarrhea dye ah REE ah

which a frequent discharge of watery fecal material occurs. It is a constructed term with two word parts: dia/rrhea. ____________________ literally means “discharge through” and may be caused by an improper diet, but it is more commonly a sign of infection by virus, bacteria, or protozoa. It is particularly dangerous to infants, who are in danger of severe dehydration. According to the World Health Organization, more than 500,000 children die across the world each year from dehydration resulting from diarrhea.

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285

10.13 A common symptom of digestive difficulty that literally

dyspepsia diss PEPP see ah

translates to “condition of difficult digestion” is ____________________. This constructed term contains three word parts, as shown in dys/peps/ia. Commonly called indigestion, it is accompanied by stomach or esophageal pain or discomfort. 10.14 Difficulty in swallowing is called dysphagia. It often

dysphagia diss FAY jee ah

accompanies a sore throat, although its chronic form can be a sign of oral or pharyngeal cancer. ____________________ is a constructed term: dys/phag/ia. 10.15 The term flatus is a Latin word that means “a blowing.” It is

flatus FLAY tuss

used to describe the presence of gas, or air, in the GI tract, which is simply called ____________________. Gas is expelled through the anus as flatulence (FLAT yoo lens). 10.16 The combining form for stomach is gastr/o, and a suffix that

gastrodynia GAS troh DINN ee ah

means “condition of pain” is -dynia. Therefore, the symptom of stomach pain is known as ____________________. This constructed term includes three word parts and is written gastr/o/dynia. It is also known as gastralgia (gast RAL jee ah). Despite the availability of these terms, the primary term in present clinical use to identify the symptom of stomach pain is, simply, abdominal pain. 10.17 The word root halit means “breath.” It is derived from the

halitosis hal ih TOH siss

Latin word for breath, halitus. Adding the suffix -osis forms the term halitosis. Although there is no word part included to give the term a negative meaning, nonetheless ____________________ means “bad breath.” The constructed form is halit/osis. 10.18 Vomiting blood is a sign of a severe digestive disorder,

hematemesis HEE mah TEM eh siss

such as a bleeding peptic ulcer (Frame 10.62) or stomach cancer (Frame 10.43). It is called hematemesis, which is a constructed term with two word parts: hemat/emesis. The literal meaning of ____________________ is “vomiting blood.” 10.19 A sign of liver disease is abnormal enlargement of the liver,

hepatomegaly HEPP ah toh MEG ah lee

called ____________________. This constructed term is hepat/o/megaly, which literally means “abnormally large liver.”

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Chapter 10

10.20 A yellowish-orange coloration of the skin, sclera of the

eyes, and deeper tissues is a collective sign of liver disease called jaundice (■ Figure 10.3). The condition of ____________________ results from the accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream that is normally removed by the liver.

jaundice JAWN diss

■■Figure 10.3

Jaundice. Photograph of an individual with liver disease, evidenced by the yellowing of the sclera of the eyes and the skin. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas F. Sellers and Emory University, Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.

Did You KNOW

JAUNDICE The term jaundice is derived from the French word for yellow, jaune, to describe the yellowing appearance of the skin and sclera. An alternate term for this symptom is icterus, which is the Greek word meaning “yellow bird.”

10.21 A symptom of dizziness that includes an urge to vomit is

nausea NAW see ah

called nausea. When ____________________ is accompanied by vomiting, it is abbreviated N&V. Nausea is derived from the Latin and Greek words for seasickness, nausia. 10.22 A backward flow of material in the GI tract, or regurgitation, is

reflux REE fluks

called reflux. This constructed term is re/flux. The literal meaning of ____________________ is “back flow.”

10.23 Abnormal levels of fat in the feces is a sign of digestive

steatorrhea STEE at oh REE ah

malfunction. It is called steatorrhea, which is a constructed term, steat/o/rrhea. Because steat/o is a combining form for fat, ____________________ literally means “discharge of fat.”

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287

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. dysphagia

a. backward flow of material in the GI tract

______ 2. reflux

b. gas trapped in the GI tract

______ 3. flatus

c. difficulty in swallowing

______ 4. halitosis

d. infrequent or incomplete bowel movements

______ 5. ascites

e. frequent discharge of watery fecal material

______ 6. diarrhea

f. bad breath

______ 7. nausea

g. from the French word for yellow

______ 8. constipation

h. a symptomatic urge to vomit

______ 9. jaundice

i. accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) aphagia

a/phag/ia p   r  s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of

2. a) dyspepsia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 3. a) gastrodynia

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

4. a) hematemesis

________/________ r    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

5. a) steatorrhea

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

6. a) hepatomegaly

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

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Chapter 10

Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the digestive system and are ­covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

andys-

without, absence of bad, abnormal, ­ ainful, difficult p bad

aden/o appendic/o cheil/o chol/e cholecyst/o choledoch/o cirrh/o col/o diverticul/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/e, esophag/o gastr/o gingiv/o gloss/o hepat/o lith/o orex/o pancreat/o

gland appendix lip bile, gall gallbladder common bile duct orange colon diverticulum twelve, duodenum small intestine gullet, esophagus

-al -ectasis

mal-

parot/o pept/o peritone/o polyp/o proct/o rect/o sial/o volv/o

stomach gums tongue liver stone appetite sweetbread, pancreas parotid gland digestion to stretch over, peritoneum small growth rectum or anus rectum saliva to roll

Definition

pertaining to expansion, dilation -ia condition of -iasis condition of -ic pertaining to -itis inflammation -malacia softening -megaly abnormally large -oid resembling -oma tumor -osis condition of -pathy disease -ptosis drooping -sis state of -y process of

The Digestive System

KEY TERMS A–Z anorexia nervosa AN or EKS ee ah * nerv OH sah

appendicitis ah pen dih SIGH tiss

289

10.24 An emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food

because of a compulsion to become thin in appearance is known as anorexia nervosa. The medical term ____________________ ____________________ is a constructed term, an/orex/ia nervosa and literally means “nervous condition of absence of appetite.” It results in extreme weight loss and nutritional deficiencies and can become fatal if left untreated. 10.25 Inflammation of the appendix is called ____________________.

It is a constructed term, appendic/itis and is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.4. Appendicitis is considered a medical emergency because the appendix is in immediate risk of rupture, which can spread life-threatening infectious material throughout the abdominal cavity.

(a)

Normal appendix

Inflamed appendix (b)

■■Figure 10.4

Appendicitis. (a) A normal appendix. (b) An inflamed appendix in appendicitis.

10.26 A common eating disorder involving repeated gorging with

bulimia boo LEEM ee ah

food followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse is known as bulimia. Commonly known as “bingeing and purging,” the term ____________________ is derived from the Greek word that means “ravenous hunger,” boulimia. 10.27 Because the combining form for lip is cheil/o, inflammation of

cheilitis kye LYE tiss

the lip is called ____________________, a constructed term written cheil/itis. Another term using this combining form is cheilosis (kye LOH siss). It is a general condition of the lip, which often includes splitting of the lips and corners of the mouth, usually resulting from vitamin B deficiency.

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10.28 The combining form for gallbladder is cholecyst/o, which

cholecystitis koh lee siss TYE tiss

literally means “bladder of gall.” Inflammation of the gallbladder is therefore called ____________________, which includes two word parts: cholecyst/itis. It is usually caused by stones lodged within the gallbladder, which are commonly called gallstones (shown in ■ Figure 10.5).

Liver (cross sectioned) (a)

(b)

■■Figure 10.5

Cholelithiasis. Common sites of gallstones in the generalized condition. (a) Stones in the hepatic duct. (b) Stones in the gallbladder. (c) Stones in the common bile duct (called choledocholithiasis).

(c)

10.29 The combining form for common bile duct, which is a

choledochitis KOH leh dok EYE tiss

choledoch/o/lith/iasis

tube that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine, is choledoch/o. Thus, inflammation of the common bile duct is called ____________________. Adding the combining form lith/o and the suffix -iasis to the word root to describe the presence of stones within the common bile duct forms the term choledocholithiasis (KOH leh doh koh lith EYE ah siss) (shown in Figure 10.5). This constructed term includes four word parts: ___________/__/____/____. 10.30 A generalized condition of stones lodged within the

cholelithiasis KOH lee lith EYE ah siss

gallbladder or bile ducts is called ____________________. It is illustrated in Figure 10.5. This constructed term includes four word parts, as shown when it is written chol/e/lith/iasis.

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10.31 A chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by the

cirrhosis ser ROH siss

gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue is known as cirrhosis. It is shown in ■ Figure 10.6. The constructed form of ____________________ is cirrh/osis. It literally means “condition of orange,” referring to the common symptom of a yellowish-orange coloration of the skin (jaundice; Frame 10.20). Hepatitis B and C (Frame 10.52) are responsible for about 65% of cirrhosis cases. The remainder is mainly caused by chronic alcoholism, drug abuse, and obesity.

■■Figure 10.6

Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is characterized by a chronic deterioration of the liver, in which healthy cells are replaced with connective tissue and fat that causes a mottled appearance. In this photograph, the liver was removed from a deceased patient in an advanced state of cirrhosis.

10.32 A cleft palate is a congenital defect in which the bones

cleft palate

supporting the roof of the mouth, or hard palate, fail to fuse during fetal development, leaving a space between the oral cavity and nasal cavity (■ Figure 10.7). A ____________________ ____________________ is often accompanied by an opening in the upper lip, called a cleft lip.

Cleft palate and lip (unilateral)

■■Figure 10.7

Cleft palate. A congenital defect in which the bones of the palate (roof of the mouth) fail to fuse, leaving a space between the mouth and nasal cavity.

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10.33 Inflammation of the segment of the large intestine known as

colitis koh LYE tiss

the colon is called ____________________. Colitis often includes excessive peristaltic contractions, mucus production, and cramping pain. If chronic bleeding of the colon wall occurs to form bloody diarrhea, the condition is called ulcerative colitis (UHL ser ah tiv * koh LYE tiss). Ulcerative colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD (Frame 10.55). Colitis is a constructed term, col/itis. 10.34 Most of the large intestine is made up of the colon, a muscular

colon cancer KOH lun*KAN ser

colorectal cancer kohl oh REK tal * KAN ser

tube about 5 feet long. At its distal end, the colon becomes the rectum, a 6-inch-long straight tube that opens to the exterior at the anus. Cancer of the colon is simply called ________ __________. If the cancer occupies parts of the colon and rectum, it is known as colorectal cancer. Colorectal is a constructed term:col/o/rect/al. According to the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer is the third most lethal form of cancer among men and women, with more than 50,000 deaths expected in 2017. Primary tumors often arise as a polyp (Frame 10.64), which is an abnormal mass of tissue that projects from the wall of the organ into the interior like a mushroom, to become an aggressive, malignant tumor. The most common sites of ____________________ ____________________ are illustrated in ■ Figure 10.8.

Transverse colon

■■Figure 10.8

Cancer of the colon. When tumors are present in multiple areas of the colon and rectum, as shown in this illustration, the condition is called colorectal cancer.

Ascending colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon Rectum

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10.35 A chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, most

Crohn’s disease KRONZ * dih ZEEZ

commonly the ileum of the small intestine, that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall, is called Crohn’s disease. Also known as regional ileitis or regional enteritis, its cause is unknown and a cure is not yet available. ____________________ ____________________ is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD (Frame 10.55).

CROHN’S DISEASE Did You KNOW

Dr. B. B. Crohn first described the disease that bears his name in 1932. At the time, he believed this chronic form of IBD was caused by a pathogen. Recent evidence suggests that he may have been partly correct, although the causative organism has not yet been identified. This new evidence suggests that genetic factors may play a role in its cause by reducing the body’s immune response to certain bacteria or viruses, resulting in the chronic inflammation.

10.36 In some individuals, small pouches called diverticula form on

diverticulosis DYE ver tik yoo LOH siss

diverticul/itis

the wall of the colon (■ Figure 10.9). The presence of diverticula is often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort and is called ____________________. This constructed term is diverticul/osis. If the pouches become inflamed, it produces a more painful condition known as diverticulitis (DYE ver tik yoo LYE tiss), which increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34). The constructed form of this term is ____________/_____.

■■Figure 10.9

Diverticulosis. The presence of abnormal pouches in the wall of the large intestine (diverticula). If the pouches become inflamed to produce diverticulitis, the risk of developing colorectal cancer is elevated.

Diverticula within wall of colon

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10.37 An ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the duodenum of the small

duodenal ulcer doo ODD eh nal * UL ser

intestine is called a ____________________ ____________________. The constructed form of duodenal is duoden/al. Duodenal ulcer is further described in Frame 10.62. 10.38 An acute inflammation of the GI tract that is caused by

dysentery DIS en tair ee

bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants is called dysentery. This constructed term includes three word parts, dys/enter/y and literally means “difficult intestine.” ____________________ is characterized by severe diarrhea, often with a bloody discharge, and can become a life-threatening disease by causing dehydration. 10.39 The combining form for “intestine” is enter/o. Thus, inflammation

enteritis EHN ter EYE tiss

of the small or large intestine is called ____________________, which can be written enter/itis to show the word parts. 10.40 Inflammation of the esophagus is called esophagitis. This

esophagitis eh soff ah JYE tiss

esophag/o/malacia

constructed term is esophag/itis. It is often caused by acid reflux (Frame 10.22) from the stomach, which burns the esophageal lining to produce the inflammation. Chronic ____________________ may lead to either a morbid softening of the esophageal wall, called esophagomalacia (eh soff ah go mah LAY shee ah), or the development of esophageal cancer. The constructed form of esophagomalacia is written ___________/__/________. 10.41 Ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria can cause

food-borne illness

symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting, even in otherwise healthy people, but in the very young, elderly, and immunosuppressed it can become life-threatening. Common causes of food-borne illness, or food poisoning, include E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococci. In addition, the extremely toxic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum causes a severe form of ____________________-____________________ ____________________, especially in improperly prepared homecanned foods. The life-threatening disease caused by toxins produced by this organism is called botulism (BOTT choo lizm). 10.42 Abnormal stretching, or dilation, of the stomach is called

gastrectasis gas TREK tah siss

gastrectasis. This constructed term uses the suffix -ectasis (meaning “expansion, dilation”) and is written gastr/ectasis. ___________________ may be caused by overeating, obstruction of the pyloric opening, or hiatal hernia (Frame 10.54). The related condition of gastromegaly (GAS troh MEG ah lee) is an abnormal enlargement of the stomach.

The Digestive System

gastric cancer GAS trik * KAN ser

10.43 Commonly known as stomach cancer, ____________________

____________________ is an aggressive form of cancer arising from cells lining the stomach (■ Figure 10.10). Risk of developing gastric cancer increases with chronic infection of the stomach by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Gallbladder Tumors

Stomach

Liver

Gastric ulcer

■■Figure 10.10

Gastric cancer. In advanced stages of gastric cancer, malignant cells spread from their origin in the stomach wall to form tumors in the lymph nodes, liver, omentum, pancreas, bile ducts, and elsewhere.

295

Omentum

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10.44 An ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the stomach is commonly

gastric ulcer GAS trik * UL ser

called a ____________________ ____________________. It is caused by an imbalance between the secretion of the protective mucous layer and the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which is often the result of infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and elevates the risk of developing gastric cancer. Gastric ulcer is further described in Frame 10.62. 10.45 Inflammation of the stomach is called gastritis. The

gastritis gas TRY tiss

gastroenteritis GAS troh en ter EYE tiss

gastr/o/enter/o/col/itis

constructed form of this term is written gastr/itis. The acute form of ____________________ is usually caused by an improper diet or an infection, and the chronic form may be caused by a chronic bacterial infection, peptic ulcers (Frame 10.62), or gastric cancer (Frame 10.43). If the small intestine is involved in the inflammation, it is called ____________________. This constructed term includes four word parts: gastr/o/enter/itis. If the first segment of the small intestine, the duodenum, is specifically involved, it is called gastroduodenitis (GAS troh doo oh den EYE tiss), shown with its word parts as gastr/o/duoden/itis. Inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon all at once is called gastroenterocolitis (GAS troh EN ter oh koh LYE tiss). The constructed form of this term reveals six word parts: _______/__/_____/__/_____/_______. 10.46 A recurring backflow, or reflux, of stomach contents into the

gastroesophageal GAS troh eh SOFF ah JEE al

esophagus is a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. It is usually the result of a weakened esophageal sphincter located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach and produces the burning pain of indigestion. The term ____________________ is constructed of word parts: gastr/o/esophag/e/al. In some cases, untreated GERD leads to Barrett’s esophagus, in which the cells lining the esophagus undergo a change. This cellular change increases the risk of developing a rare form of cancer, known as esophageal adenocarcinoma (eh SOFF ah JEE al*AD eh noh kar sih NOH mah).

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10.47 The suffix -malacia means “softening.” The softening of

gastromalacia GAS troh mah LAY shee ah

the stomach wall may occur during advanced stages of stomach cancer and other chronic diseases of the stomach. It is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is gastr/o/malacia. 10.48 Infection by the intestinal protozoa Giardia intestinalis or

giardiasis jee ahr DYE ah siss

Giardia lamblia produces symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting (■ Figure 10.11). The disease is usually contracted by drinking contaminated water and is known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term is giardia/sis.

■■Figure 10.11

Giardiasis. Colorized electron micrograph of a Giardia protozoan on the surface of an epithelial cell lining the small intestine. The tiny red circles are microvilli, which number roughly 3,000 on a single intestinal cell. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Stan Erlandsen, Public Health Image Library, Centers for ­Disease ­Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.

10.49 Inflammation of the gums, or gingivae, is called

gingivitis jin jih VYE tiss

___________________. It is usually caused by chronic bacterial activity at the junction of the teeth and gums and normally follows the formation of dental plaque. The constructed form of this term is gingiv/itis. 10.50 A combining form for tongue, gloss/o, is derived from

glossitis gloss EYE tiss gloss/itis

the Greek word glossa. Any disease of the tongue is called a glossopathy (gloss AH path ee). The constructed form is gloss/o/pathy. An example of a glossopathy is ____________________, which is an inflammation of the tongue often caused by exposure to allergens, toxic substances, or extreme heat or cold. The constructed form of glossitis is ________/________.

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10.51 A varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus

hemorrhoids HEM oh roydz

produces painful swellings that may break open and bleed, known as hemorrhoids. This term literally means “resembling leakage of blood.” ____________________ are commonly called “piles.”

10.52 A viral-induced inflammation of the liver is called

hepatitis

____________________. The constructed form of this term is hepat/itis. There are five known forms of hepatitis, which are categorized with the letters A through E and described in the Did You Know? box.

HEPATITIS TYPES Did You KNOW

There are five main categories of hepatitis, all caused by viruses: ■■ Type A (infectious hepatitis) is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. ■■ Type B (serum hepatitis) is transmitted via body fluids, such as blood or semen.

Because it can be transmitted during sexual exchange, it is considered to be an STI. ■■ Type C is mainly transmitted through the blood and often causes permanent liver

damage. It is the most deadly of the five types; according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), close to 20,000 deaths were caused by type C hepatitis in 2015, more than double all other types combined. ■■ Type D is similar to type B and may combine with it to severely damage the liver. ■■ Type E is similar to type A and is the most common form in countries that have

contaminated water supplies. In the United States, periodic testing for types B and C is recommended for healthcare professionals, and vaccination is available for type B and, hopefully soon, for type C.

10.53 The suffix that means “tumor” is -oma. A tumor arising

malignant hepatoma

from cells within the liver is called a malignant hepatoma (hepp ah TOH mah). The constructed form of this term is hepat/oma. ____________________ ____________________ is also called hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC. This form of liver cancer accounts for about 85% of the cases and is often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis or hepatitis B.

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10.54 A hernia is an abnormal protrusion through a body wall.

hiatal hernia HER nee ah

Protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity is called a hiatal hernia. ____________________ ____________________ causes the symptom of heartburn that results from the movement of stomach acids into the esophagus and is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.12. Another type of digestive system hernia, called inguinal hernia, is a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region. A direct inguinal hernia occurs in males and is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity. Also, an umbilical hernia occurs when a small intestinal segment enters through a tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical (navel) region. In each of these cases, the hernia may become strangulated, which restricts blood flow to the protruding organ. A strangulated hernia requires medical intervention to avoid loss of the affected organ.

Inflammation of esophageal wall

Esophagitis and ulceration

■■Figure 10.12

Hiatal hernia. (a) The hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity, often leading to the movement of stomach fluids into the esophagus that creates esophageal reflux and esophagitis. (b) A close-up of a hiatal hernia.

Acid reflux

(b)

(a)

10.55 You have learned from Frames 10.33 and 10.35 that

inflammatory bowel disease

____________________ ____________________ ___________________, or IBD, is a general term that includes the conditions ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. IBD is a syndrome affecting different patients in different ways. It includes a wide spectrum of conditions and symptoms that range from chronic diarrhea and enteritis to ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

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10.56 Although the small intestine is anchored to the abdominal

wall by the peritoneal membranes, it is subject to infolding. Infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment is a condition called intussusception and results in a reduction of intestinal motility. It is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.13. The term ____________________ is a combination of Latin words that collectively mean “to take within.”

intussusception IN tuh suh SEP shun

■■Figure 10.13

Intussusception. The condition is caused by an infolding of the small intestine, which often causes a reduction of intestinal motility.

10.57 A chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of

large intestinal (bowel) function without clear physical damage is called irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. Episodes of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ include abdominal pain caused by intestinal muscle spasms and flatus and are often associated with fluctuations between diarrhea and constipation.

irritable bowel syndrome

IBD versus IBS WORDS TO Watch Out For

Because IBD and IBS are nearly identical abbreviations, they are often confused. IBD, which means “inflammatory bowel disease,” is a chronic, severe, debilitating condition that injures the large ­intestine with ulcers, bleeding, and adhesions. On the softer side, IBS, which means “irritable bowel syndrome,” is an uncomfortable chronic condition of irregular bowel movements that does not cause lasting tissue damage. It is marked with bouts of diarrhea, constipation, or an alternation of the two.

10.58 All infants and many adults produce an enzyme in the small

lactose intolerance LAHK tos * in TOHL er ans

intestine that breaks down lactose, the primary sugar in milk and milk products. A lack of this enzyme results in the uncomfortable symptoms of flatus and diarrhea when dairy foods are consumed. This condition is called ____________________ ____________________ and is abbreviated LI.

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301

10.59 The prefix mal- means “bad.” A disorder that is

malabsorption syndrome MAL ab sorp shun * SIN drom

celiac disease SEE lee ak

characterized by difficulty absorbing one or more nutrients is called malabsorption syndrome. It can have severe consequences, depending on the nutrients that cannot be absorbed. An example of ____________________ ____________________ is found in people who react to ingested gluten, a plant protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Known as celiac disease and, more recently, gluten sensitivity enteropathy, the arrival of gluten into the body triggers an immune response resulting in damage to the villi lining the small intestine, causing a failure to absorb nutrients (malabsorption) (■ Figure 10.14). Although its symptoms vary, a person suffering from ____________________ ____________________ often suffers weight loss, anemia, frequent bouts of bloody diarrhea and vomiting, cramping pain, osteoporosis, and bone and joint pain. When it strikes young children, the malabsorption may also delay growth rate and the onset of puberty. The term celiac means “pertaining to the abdomen” and enteropathy means “disease of the intestine.”

■■Figure 10.14

Celiac disease is a form of malabsorption syndrome. The condition results from an immune reaction to glutens, which are proteins present in wheat, barley, and rye. The injury caused by the immune reaction is the destruction of villi lining the small intestine, thereby reducing the ability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients. Source: Roberto Biasini/123RF .com.

pancreatitis PAN kree ah TYE tiss

10.60 Inflammation of the pancreas is called ____________________.

The constructed form of this term is pancreat/itis. Possible causes include tumor development and bacterial infection. If pancreatic functions are affected, the complications of acute pancreatitis can become life-threatening. 10.61 The largest salivary glands are called parotid glands and are

parotitis pahr oh TYE tiss

located around the angle of the jaw. Inflammation of one or both parotid glands is called ____________________. If caused by a virus, it is usually referred to as mumps. The term parotitis is a constructed term: parot/itis. It may also be referred to as sialadenitis (sigh AL add eh NYE tiss). The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts, sial/aden/itis, and literally means “inflammation of saliva gland.”

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10.62 The term peptic is a constructed term, pept/ic, which means

peptic ulcer PEPP tik * UL ser

“pertaining to digestion.” An erosion into the inner wall of an organ along the GI tract is generally called a ____________________ ____________________. Usually, a peptic ulcer occurs in the wall of the stomach as a gastric ulcer (Frame 10.44) or in the wall of the duodenum as a duodenal ulcer (Frame 10.37). Both forms of Gastric juicesThe are ulcer is formed Gastric peptic ulcer are shown in ■ Figure 10.15. whenjuices released into the the protective mucus layer becomes eroded, exposing the inner(acidic) stomach Duodenal ulcer lining to the caustic effects of hydrochloric acid. Roughly 80% of peptic ulcers are associated with an infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which triggers an immune response that reduces mucus Acid secretionsIn further production and increases the risk of developing gastric cancer. break down the lining severe cases, the erosion may penetrate through the wall the of the of stomach, forming an ulcer organ to form a perforated ulcer, which is a life-threatening crisis due to hemorrhage and infection. Gastric ulcer (a)

Gastric juices are released into the stomach

Gastric juices (acidic)

Duodenal ulcer

Acid secretions further break down the lining of the stomach, forming an ulcer Gastric ulcer (a) (a)

■■Figure 10.15

(b)

(b) or in the duodenum (duodenal ulcer). The most Peptic ulcer. (a) A peptic ulcer may occur in the stomach (gastric ulcer) common cause is associated with infection by H. pylori. (b) The photograph of a gastric ulcer has been taken through the lens of a scanning electron microscope at 40,000 magnification and given color by a computer. The blue polygons are cells of the stomach lining. In the center is a cavity, which is an early gastric ulcer beginning to form. The ulcer has been caused by a reduction of protective mucus as a result of infection by the bacteria, H. pylori, which are the green rods. Also present are yeast cells, colored red, which sometimes accompany the H. pylori. Photo Source: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source.

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10.63 The peritoneum is the extensive membrane that lines the inner

peritonitis pair ih toh NYE tiss

wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs. Inflammation of this membrane is called ____________________. This constructed term includes two word parts: periton/itis (the e on the end of the word root is dropped in this case). The inflammation is the body’s response to an infection of the peritoneum, usually bacterial, that can become life-threatening without medical intervention. 10.64 Any abnormal mass of tissue that projects inward from the

polyposis pall ee POH siss

wall of a hollow organ is called a polyp (PALL ip). The term means “small growth.” It is usually a benign growth that may occur in the nose, throat, or large intestine. The presence of many polyps is called ____________________ and is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.16. The constructed form of this term is polyp/osis, which literally means “condition of small growths.” Polyposis usually occurs in the colon or rectum of the large intestine, where it increases the risk for colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34).

(a)

■■Figure 10.16

Polyps and polyposis. A polyp is a protruding growth from a mucous membrane lining a hollow organ. (a) Photograph during a colonoscopy of a polyp in the wall of the colon. (b) In the disease polyposis, multiple polyps develop, usually along the inner wall of the large intestine. Photo Source: Juan Gaertner/ Shutterstock.

Polyps

(b)

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10.65 A combining form meaning “rectum” or “anus” is proct/o.

proctitis prok TYE tiss

Inflammation of the anus, and usually the rectum as well, is called ___________________. The constructed form of this term is proct/itis.

10.66 Recall that the suffix -ptosis means “drooping.” A drooping,

proctoptosis PROK top TOH siss

or prolapse, of the rectum is a condition called __________________. The constructed form of this term is proct/o/ptosis. 10.67 A severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction

volvulus VOLL vyoo lus

■■Figure 10.17

Volvulus. A volvulus results when the small intestine twists, causing an obstruction that can lead to severe complications.

is called volvulus. The term is derived from the Latin word that means “to roll.” A ____________________ that has caused a severe obstruction is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.17.

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PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. gastrectasis

______

2. polyp

______

3. gingivitis

______

4. giardiasis

______

5. bulimia

______

6. duodenal ulcer

______

7. volvulus

______

8. intussusception

______

9. cirrhosis

a. infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment b. a chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, ­usually of the ileum c. intestinal infection by the protozoa Giardia intestinalis or Giardia lamblia d. inflammation of abnormal pouches in the colon e. twisting of the intestine causing an obstruction f. an abnormal protrusion through a body wall g. characterized by periodic bowel disturbances

______ 10. Crohn’s disease ______ 11. irritable bowel syndrome ______ 12. hernia

h. a chronic liver disease i. abnormal stretching of the stomach j. an abnormal mass projecting inward

______ 13. gastroenterocolitis

k. an eating disorder of bingeing and purging

______ 14. cheilitis

l. an erosion in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine

______ 15. choledocholithiasis

m. inflammation of the colon

______ 16. colitis

n. inflammation of the gums

______ 17. diverticulitis

o. inflammation of the stomach and intestines

______ 18. gastroesophageal reflux disease

p. presence of stones in the common bile duct q. recurring backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus r. inflammation of the lips

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

andys-

appendic/o chol/e enter/o esophag/e, esophag/o gastr/o gloss/o hepat/o lith/o orex/o pancreat/o polyp/o proct/o

-ia -iasis -itis -malacia -oma -osis -ptosis -y

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Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

appendicitis ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

inflammation of the appendix inflammation of the tongue condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts condition of prolapse of the rectum tumor within the liver softening of the stomach wall inflammation of the esophagus inflammation of the stomach and small intestine inflammation of the pancreas acute inflammation of the GI tract caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants 11. eating disorder in which the patient restricts food intake because of a compulsion to become thin 12. condition of many polyps

____________________ ____________________

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the digestive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

anti-

abdomin/o acid/o

-al -centesis -ectomy

diaendo-

against, ­opposite of through within

append/o cheil/o cholecyst/o choledoch/o col/o colon/o duoden/o esophag/e, esophag/o fec/o gastr/o gingiv/o gloss/o ile/o lapar/o lith/o nas/o polyp/o pylor/o vag/o

abdomen a solution or ­substance with a pH less than 7 appendix lip gallbladder common bile duct colon colon twelve, duodenum gullet, esophagus feces stomach gums tongue to roll, ileum abdomen stone nose small growth pylorus vagus nerve

Definition

pertaining to surgical puncture surgical excision, removal -emetic pertaining to vomiting gram a record or image -graphy recording process -ic pertaining to -plasty surgical repair -rrhaphy suturing -rrhea discharge -scopy process of viewing -spasmodic pertaining to a ­sudden, involuntary muscle contraction -stomy surgical creation of an opening -tomy incision, to cut

The Digestive System

KEY TERMS A–Z abdominocentesis ab DOM ih noh sehn TEE siss

307

10.68 Because the suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture,” a surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid is a procedure called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is abdomin/o/centesis. An alternate term for this procedure is paracentesis (pair ah sehn TEE siss).

abdomen and abdomin/o WORDS TO Watch Out For

antacid ant ASS id

antiemetic an tye ee MEH tik

The combining form meaning “abdomen” is abdomin/o, which is found in terms such as abdominocentesis. Notice that the combining form uses a letter i and not an e, as in abdomen.

10.69 An agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity is called an antacid. Note that the letter i is deleted from the prefix anti- because the combining form begins with a vowel, which makes ____________________ easier to pronounce. Most mild medications neutralize the acid pH of the stomach, whereas stronger medications inhibit the amount of acid produced and are called proton pump inhibitors. Antacid is a constructed term, ant/acid. 10.70 An antiemetic is a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex. The constructed form of this term is anti/emetic. ____________________ literally means “pertaining to against vomiting.”

antispasmodic an tye spaz MOH dik

10.71 A drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract, which arrests the muscular spasms involved in diarrhea, is called an antispasmodic. The constructed form of ____________________ is anti/spasmodic. An antidiarrheal (an tye dye ah REE al) may also be used to treat the symptoms of diarrhea (Frame 10.12), but usually by increasing water absorption in the colon while decreasing spasms.

appendectomy app ehn DEK toh mee

10.72 The surgical removal of the appendix is called ___________________ because the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal.” An appendectomy is performed to treat the acute condition of appendicitis (Frame 10.25).

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Chapter 10

bariatric surgery behr ee AT rik

10.73 One of the most common surgeries of the GI tract is known as bariatric surgery. It is a procedure for treating obesity, in which the body contains an abnormally high amount of fat that threatens the health of the patient. The term bariatric means “treatment of weight.” Some forms of ___________________ ___________________ reduce the volume of the stomach, whereas others bypass the stomach completely (■ Figure 10.18).

(a) Adjustable Gastric Band (Lap Band)

Stomach pouch Adjustable band

Port placed under skin

(b) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RNY)

■■Figure 10.18

Bariatric surgery. The two most popular forms are shown, both of which are treatments for obesity. (a) Adjustable gastric band, which is reversible, and (b) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, which is not reversible. Source: Alila Medical Media/ Shutterstock.

cathartic kah THAHR tik

Gastric pouch

Duodenum

Jejunum

Bypassed duodenum

Bypassed portion of stomach

Jejunum

Food Digestive juice

10.74 An agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon is called a cathartic. Derived from the Greek word kathartikos, which means “purging, cleansing,” a ____________________ is used to treat the symptom of constipation. An agent that causes mild waves of peristalsis is called a laxative.

cheilorrhaphy kye LOR ah fee

10.75 Because the combining form of lip is cheil/o and the suffix -rrhaphy means “suturing,” the procedure of suturing a lip is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is cheil/o/rrhaphy.

cholecystectomy KOH lee siss TEK toh mee

10.76 The word root for gallbladder is cholecyst, which literally means “bladder of gall.” The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is cholecyst/ectomy.

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CHOLECYSTECTOMY Did You KNOW

cholecystogram KOH lee SISS toh gram

choledocholithotomy koh lee doh koh lih THOTT oh mee

colonoscopy kohl on OSS koh pee

Because of the prevalence of cholecystitis, cholecystectomy is the most common surgery of the abdomen performed in the United States, numbering about 500,000 each year. To reduce the invasiveness of the procedure, laparoscopic surgery using a specialized endoscope is increasing in popularity, replacing the more traditional form of “open” cholecystectomy.

10.77 The process of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder is known as cholecystography (KOH lee siss TOG rah fee). The constructed form of this term is cholecyst/o/graphy. The x-ray image of the gallbladder is called a ____________________.

10.78 The combining form for the common bile duct is choledoch/o, and the combining form for stone is lith/o. The surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct is called ____________________. This constructed term has five word parts: choledoch/o/lith/o/tomy.

10.79 A colonoscopy is the visual inspection of the colon’s interior (■ Figure 10.19). Because a specialized endoscope is used and the flexible end is inserted into the GI tract, a colonoscopy is a type of GI endoscopy (Frame 10.86). A ____________________ is routinely used as a preventative procedure in an effort to detect early signs of colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34) or to diagnose the presence of polyps (Frame 10.64), diverticulosis (Frame 10.36), or other forms of disease of the large intestine. The constructed form of this term is colon/o/scopy, which means “process of viewing the colon.”

Tumor

■■Figure 10.19

Colonoscopy. (a) Illustration of the colonoscopy procedure using a flexible colonoscope. (b) Photograph taken during a colonoscopy, during which a tumor is observable in the wall of the colon. Photo Source: Juan Gaertner/ Shutterstock.

(a)

(b)

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Chapter 10

total colectomy

colostomy koh LAH stom ee

■■Figure 10.20

10.80 Surgical removal of the entire length of the colon is called a total colectomy (koh LEK toh mee). ____________________ ____________________ is commonly referred to as a bowel resection. If a part of the colon is removed, it is known as a partial colectomy, and if only the right or left segment is removed, it is called a hemicolectomy (hemi- means “half”). The constructed form of this term is hemi/col/ectomy. 10.81 The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening.” When this procedure is performed on the colon, it is called a ____________________. The artificial opening that is created serves as an artificial anus, usually following the excision of the distal part of the colon. The new opening is referred to as a stoma (STOE mah). A patient with a colostomy is taught how to manage the new opening through their GI tract, which involves the attachment of a disposable plastic bag that is secured to the skin around the stoma by a ring of adhesive wax. Once the bag fills about half way, the ring and bag are removed and discarded and the skin cleaned before a fresh bag and ring are attached. Variations of colostomy are illustrated in ■ Figure 10.20. Colostomy is a constructed term: col/o/stomy.

Colostomy. Alternate versions of colostomy are illustrated, each of which creates one or more new openings that serve as an artificial anus. During creation of the opening, or stoma, the surgeon rolls back the mucosa and sutures it to the abdominal wall. Waste material exiting the stoma is collected into a disposable plastic bag that adheres to the skin, and the filled bag is discarded and replaced.

The Digestive System

fecal occult blood test FEE kal * uh KULT

gastrectomy gas TREK toh mee

gastric lavage GAS trik * lah VAHZH

gavage gah VAHZH

311

10.82 A clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces is called a fecal occult blood test, abbreviated FOBT. The word occult means “hidden, concealed,” indicating that the presence of blood is often hidden in the feces and requires a lab procedure to identify it. A positive ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ may indicate Crohn’s disease (Frame 10.35), polyposis (Frame 10.64), or colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34) if hemorrhoids have been ruled out. Fecal is a constructed term: fec/al. 10.83 Surgical removal of part of the stomach or, in extreme cases, the entire organ, is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is gastr/ectomy. A part of the stomach may be removed to treat peptic ulcers (Frame 10.62) or severe obesity. The entire organ may be removed as a method to treat gastric cancer (Frame 10.43). 10.84 A cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed solution is known as gastric lavage. A ____________________ ____________________ is performed after ingestion of a toxic substance or drug overdose or to remove irritants before or after surgery. A similar irrigation procedure may be performed on the colon to remove unwanted substances and is called colonic irrigation. If the unwanted material is a fecal blockage in the colon or rectum, an enema (EN eh mah) is used instead. 10.85 The process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach is called gavage. The term ____________________ is derived from the French word gaver, which means “to force-feed.” The tube used in this procedure is called a nasogastric tube. The term nasogastric is constructed of four word parts and is written nas/o/gastr/ic.

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Chapter 10

GI endoscopy en DAH sko pee

colonoscopy kohl on OSS koh pee

■■Figure 10.21

GI endoscopy. The visual examination of the interior of the GI tract. Shown here is a photograph of a gastroscopy procedure, in which the surgeon is viewing a monitor while adjusting the gastroscope with his left hand and moving the flexible tube with his right hand through the patient’s mouth until it reaches the stomach cavity. Source: A. Benoist/BSIP SA/ Alamy Stock Photo.

10.86 Visual examination of the interior of the GI tract organs is made possible by the use of endoscopes in the procedure known as ____________________ ____________________, an example of which is shown in ■ Figure 10.21. The endoscope is a long, flexible tube with fiber optics, a camera, and surgical tools at one end and an eyepiece tube that can be connected to a viewing monitor at the other end. The endoscope may undergo modifications for insertion into each organ of the GI tract. Procedures using modified endoscopes to examine upper GI tract organs enter through the mouth and include esophagoscopy (eh SOFF ah GOSS koh pee), which examines the esophagus, gastroscopy (gas TROSS koh pee), which views the stomach, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (eh SOFF ah goh GAS troh DOO oh dehn OSS koh pee) (EGD), which examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Endoscopic procedures using an endoscope that enters through the anus to examine the lower GI tract include ____________________, which views the colon, sigmoidoscopy (SIG moyd OSS koh pee), which examines the sigmoid colon, and proctoscopy (prok TOSS koh pee), which observes the rectum. Notice that all of these are constructed terms that are formed by adding the combining form of the organ (or organs) to the suffix -scopy, which means “process of viewing.” For example, the constructed form of esophagogastroduodenoscopy is esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy.

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313

10.87 A GI series is a common term applied to several diagnostic techniques that provide radiographic examination of the GI tract. In most cases, the radiographic substance barium sulfate is administered to highlight the GI tract organ or organs within a series of x-ray photographs. The x-rays expose abnormalities in the organs, such as ulcers or tumors. In an upper ____________________ ____________________ (UGI), a barium swallow, barium shake, or barium meal is ingested to enhance x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (■ Figure 10.22a). An enema is the introduction of a substance into the rectum and colon to prepare for an evaluation, to evacuate the bowel, to administer drugs, or to introduce nutrients. A barium enema (BE) is the administration of barium sulfate into the rectum and colon for a lower GI series (LGI) of x-rays (■ Figure 10.22b).

GI series

Barium

(a)

(b)

■■Figure 10.22

GI series. (a) Upper GI series begins with a barium swallow, barium shake, or barium meal. (b) Lower GI series begins with administration of a barium enema to provide the x-ray of the large intestine shown here. Photo Source: CNRI/Science Source.

gingivectomy JIN jih VEK toh mee

10.88 Surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums, or gingivae, is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is gingiv/ectomy.

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Chapter 10

glossorrhaphy gloss OR ah fee

10.89 An injury that involves a severe bite through the tongue often requires surgery to close the wound with sutures. This surgery is called ____________________, which is a constructed term with three word parts: gloss/o/rrhaphy.

hemorrhoidectomy HEM oh royd EK toh mee

10.90 Surgical removal of hemorrhoids is performed during a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is hemorrhoid/ectomy.

herniorrhaphy her nee OR ah fee

10.91 Recall that the suffix -rrhaphy means “suturing.” The term herniorrhaphy therefore means “suturing a hernia” and is a corrective response to any one of the various types of hernias described in Frame 10.54. Thus, a ____________________ is a common surgical procedure to repair an abnormal protrusion through a body wall.

ileostomy ILL ee OSS toh mee

10.92 A surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine is called an ileostomy (see Figure 10.20). An ____________________ is performed to establish an alternative anus (called a stoma) for the elimination of waste material, usually following a total colectomy in which the entire colon is removed (Frame 10.80). Ileostomy is a constructed term: ile/o/stomy.

Ilium and Ileum WORDS TO Watch Out For

laparotomy lap ah ROTT oh mee

laparoscopy lap ah ROSS koh pee

Spelling medical terms correctly is very important for proper understanding and communication. Two terms, ilium and ileum, sound identical and look almost the same, but they refer to two different body parts. The ilium is the upper, wing-shaped bone of the pelvic girdle. The ileum is the third and final ­segment of the small intestine that delivers waste material to the cecum of the large intestine. You might remember that ileum has an e if you think of the combining form for small intestine: enter/o, with an e.

10.93 The Greek word for the soft abdomen is lapara, which serves as the origin for a combining form for abdomen, lapar/o. The surgical procedure that involves an incision through the abdominal wall, often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone, is called a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is lapar/ o/tomy. In some cases, a laparoscopy may be performed instead, during which a modified endoscope equipped with a camera and surgical instruments, called a laparoscope, is inserted through the abdominal wall via one or more small incisions (■ Figure 10.23). The ____________________ has an advantage over a laparotomy because it is minimally invasive, thereby posing less risk of infection to the patient.

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315

■■Figure 10.23

Laparoscopy. (a) Laparoscopy is an abdominal surgery using a specialized endoscope, called a laparoscope, inserted through the wall of the abdomen via a small incision. (b) In this photograph of laparoscopic surgery, several laparoscopes are used simultaneously: one with a camera and two with surgical instruments attached. Photo Source: Samrith Na Lumpoon/Shutterstock.

polypectomy pall ih PEK toh mee

pyloroplasty pye LOR oh plass tee

stool culture and sensitivity

vagotomy vay GOTT oh mee

(a)

(b)

10.94 Because polyps (Frame 10.64) represent benign tumors that can become inflamed and change form to become malignant, surgical removal is sometimes necessary. The surgical removal of polyps is known as ____________________ and is usually performed during a colonoscopy (Frame 10.86). The constructed form of this term is polyp/ectomy. 10.95 Surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach, which may include repair of the pyloric valve, is known as a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is pylor/o/plasty. 10.96 If a pathogen is a suspected cause of a disease that affects the GI tract, a test may be performed called a stool culture and sensitivity. Abbreviated C&S, a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ includes obtaining stool (fecal) samples, using the samples to grow microorganisms in culture, and identifying the microorganisms to determine which antibiotics will effectively kill the pathogens. 10.97 The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that innervates much of the GI tract, providing sensory information to the brain relating to digestion and stimulating peristalsis of GI tract organs. The surgical dissection of branches of the vagus nerve may be performed in an effort to reduce gastric juice secretion as a treatment for chronic gastric ulcers (Frame 10.44). This procedure is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is vag/o/tomy.

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PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. colonoscopy

______

2. abdominocentesis

______

3. antacid

______

4. gastric lavage

______

5. cholecystography

______

6. cheilorrhaphy

______

7. ileostomy

______

8. stool culture and sensitivity

______

9. upper GI series

______ 10. gavage

a. test that uses a stool sample to grow and identify ­microorganisms in a culture b. process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that descends into the stomach c. also known as paracentesis d. procedure of suturing a lip e. procedure of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder f. endoscopy of the colon g. cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed solution h. an agent that neutralizes stomach acid i. surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine j. a barium substance ingested to enhance x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

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317

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) antiemetic

________/________ p    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

2. a) glossorrhaphy

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

3. a) sigmoidoscopy

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

4. a) hemorrhoidectomy

________/________ (noun)   s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

5. a) laparotomy

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

6. a) pyloroplasty

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

7. a) antispasmodic

________/________ p    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________

8. a) gingivectomy

________/________ r    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? __________________________________________

9. a) vagotomy

________/___/________ cf    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

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Chapter 10

Abbreviations of the Digestive System The abbreviations that are associated with the digestive system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

BE C&S EGD FOBT GERD GI HCC

barium enema stool culture and sensitivity esophagogastroduodenoscopy fecal occult blood test gastroesophageal reflux disease gastrointestinal hepatocellular carcinoma

IBD IBS LGI LI N&V UGI

inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome lower GI series lactose intolerance nausea and vomiting upper GI series

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1. BE

__________________________________________

  2. ____________________

inflammatory bowel disease

  3. UGI

__________________________________________

  4. ____________________

gastroesophageal reflux disease

  5. N&V

__________________________________________

  6. ____________________

upper GI series

  7. IBS

__________________________________________

  8. ____________________

lower GI series

  9. C&S

__________________________________________

10. ____________________

gastrointestinal

11. FOBT

__________________________________________

12. ____________________

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

13. LI

__________________________________________

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CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example.  dyspepsia

1. indigestion 2. enlargement of the liver

____________________y

3. difficulty swallowing

_______phag_______

4. inflammation of the lip

____________________itis

5. inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecyst____________________

6. condition of gallstones

chole____________________

7. inflammation of the colon

____________________itis

8. cancer of the colon and rectum

____________________al cancer

9. inflammation of the small intestine

enter____________________

10. softening of the stomach wall

gastro____________________

11. condition of diverticula

diverticul____________________

12. tumor of the liver

____________________oma

13. inflammation of a salivary gland

____________________itis

14. surgical removal of hemorrhoids

____________________ectomy

15. surgical creation of an opening into the colon

____________________ostomy

16. endoscopic evaluation of the rectum

proct____________________

17. endoscopic evaluation of the abdominal cavity

____________________oscopy

18. surgical repair of the tongue with sutures

gloss____________________

19. surgical removal of a polyp

polyp____________________

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 10.

Definition               Use in a Term 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

gastr/o cholecyst/o choledoch/o enter/o duoden/o gingiv/o col/o pept/o

_________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________ _________________________________    _________________________________

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Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 10.24 and 10.25 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.

1.

Mouth Salivary glands

2.

8.

3. __________________

7. 4. __________________ 6. 5. __________________ __________________

■■Figure 10.24

Organs of the digestive system.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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321

9. ________________________ 10. Soft ________________________ 11. ________________________ Palatine tonsil 12. Posterior wall of ________________________ 13. ________________________

■■Figure 10.25

The oral cavity. Anterior view of the open mouth.

9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Maria Nguyen Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Internal Medicine

Date: 09/18/2017

Patient: Maria Nguygen

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 02/10/1994   Age: 23   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Joanne M. Morgenthaler, MD Subjective: “I have severely painful irregular bowel habits. I am not able to compete at school, date, or even keep friends.” 23 y/o female is in tremendous discomfort with intermittent bouts of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal cramping. It appears to be affecting her quality of life, causing anxiety and depression. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.7°F; P: 82; R: 20; BP: 122/75 Ht: 5'3" Wt: 105 lb General Appearance: Patient is underweight; skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Edema around the eyes. Heart: Rate at 82 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Active peristalsis with gurgles and possible spasms in RLQ and LLQ: ileocecal junction, transverse colon. Severe tenderness at these locations during palpation. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Lab: Lactase positive. UGI negative. BE test positive for swelling, spasms of transverse colon. Colonoscopy: Performed on 09/14/2017, shows positive for erythema and mild ulceration at distal ileum Laparoscopy: Performed on 09/17/2017, positive for ileitis, spastic colon. Assessment: Crohn’s disease Plan: Treat with oral antispasmodics and anti-inflammatory. Educate about dietary and behavioral management of Crohn’s disease. Review status in 2 weeks.

M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 322

23/03/18 6:10 PM

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Comprehension Questions 1. What is the diagnosis? __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which findings support the diagnosis? ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is a laparoscopy? _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) barium enema

diarrhea

inflammatory bowel

constipation

flatus

lactose intolerance

Crohn’s disease

irritable bowel syndrome

laparoscopy

A 23-year-old female named Maria Nguyen was admitted following a history of 4 weeks of intermittent watery stools, or (a) ____________________, accompanied with trapped gas, or (b) ____________________, occasional reduced peristalsis of the large intestine, or (c) ____________________, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Initial diagnosis by her personal GP was the lack of the digestive enzyme lactase, known as (d) ____________________ ____________________, although IBS, or (e) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, was ruled as another possibility. With time, symptoms of pain and bowel irregularity increased, raising the concern that the woman might be suffering from a chronic inflammation of the ileum, or (f) ____________________ ____________________, a type of IBD, or (g) ____________________ ____________________ disease. Once admitted, thorough testing, including a lactase enzyme test, BE (also known as (h) ____________________ ____________________), a UGI series, and an endoscopy into the abdomen, called a (i) ____________________, ensued. The laparoscopy confirmed the initial diagnosis of Crohn’s disease.

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Chapter 10

Mark Swanson For a greater challenge, read the following medical report, then answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Internal Medicine

Date: 08/04/2017

Patient: Mark Swanson

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 11/11/1993   Age: 24   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Arthur Broward, MD Subjective: “I have abdominal cramps after eating nearly anything. At times, at least once a week, I have either diarrhea or constipation, which is often painful.” 24 y/o male struggles with abdominal discomfort, with alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation that he says limits his enjoyment of eating and makes sports, studying, and hanging out with friends very difficult and uncomfortable. Patient history reveals abdominal complaints of bloating, cramping, and excessive flatulence since age 8. Father is LI with chronic colitis and hemorrhoid complaints. Mother w/out digestive complaints. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.7°F; P: 78; R: 20; BP: 124/88 Ht: 5'10" Wt: 142 lb General Appearance: Skin with mild pallor. Lean build, timid behavior. Heart: Rate at 78 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: RLQ and LLQ with active audible peristalsis. RUQ and LUQ relatively quiet. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Lab: C&S negative. Colonoscopy: On 07/28/2017, with no polyps or ulcerations. Two minor internal hemorrhoids present. Mild erythema in cecal and sigmoidal walls. Assessment: LI and IBS Plan: Educate improved dietary regimen to include daily use of probiotics, fiber supplements, and lactase ­supplements to improve bowel functions. Reschedule visit in 3 months.

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Comprehension Questions 1. Which parent’s genes had more likely contributed to the diagnosed diseases? ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What complaints suggest IBS as a diagnosis? _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does the abbreviation IBS mean? ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides additional discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks from information provided in the chapter. Mark Swanson, a 24-year-old male patient with a pediatric history of abdominal discomfort, had experienced weight loss, leading to an initial diagnosis of the mental disorder (m) ______________________ ______________________. However, a gastroenterologist examined him further to look for evidence of physical disease. Tests were ordered that included endoscopy of the colon, or (n) ______________________, and a test for bacterial infection known as a (o) ______________________ test (abbreviation). He was found to have no known infection, and his large intestine wall was mildly irritated but without major disease. Also found was the presence of two internal (p) ______________________. Due to this evidence of mild disease and his family history of (q) ______________________ ______________________, his physician instructed Mark to undergo diet education in order to manage his LI and (r) ______________________ ______________________ ______________________. It is hoped that the education will improve his dietary habits and will serve to reduce his discomfort.

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Chapter 11

The Urinary System Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 11.1 Define

and spell the word parts used to create terms for the urinary system.

11.3 Build

11.2 Break

11.4 Pronounce

down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the urinary system.

medical terms from the word parts associated with the urinary system. and spell common medical terms associated with the urinary system.

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327

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

albumin/o blast/o glomerul/o gluc/o glyc/o, glycos/o meat/o

albumin (a protein) germ, bud, developing cell little ball, glomerulus sweet, sugar sweet, sugar opening, passage

nephr/o pyel/o ren/o ureter/o urethr/o ur/o, urin/o

kidney renal pelvis kidney ureter urethra urine

urinary YOO rih nair ee

kidneys

11.1 The ____________________ system functions as the sanitation

engineer of the body, maintaining the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials and recycling other materials. The kidneys are its most important organs. They filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day, removing metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water that leave the body as urine, while returning needed materials back into the blood. Because waste removal is essential for your survival, the kidneys are vital organs; a loss of both ____________________ requires medical intervention to sustain life. Other organs of the urinary system transport urine or store it before it can be released to the exterior of the body. They are the paired ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. 11.2 You have just learned that the primary function of the kidneys

urine

is the removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water from the bloodstream. This function is performed by the formation of urine as a watery waste. ____________________ is formed by three processes occurring in the kidneys: filtration of the blood to produce a filtrate; reabsorption of excess water, ions, and nutrients in the filtrate to return them to the bloodstream; and secretion of excess ions as waste into the filtrate. In addition to forming urine, the kidneys also perform other vital functions: ■■ Regulation

of blood pressure

■■ Regulation

of pH within body fluids

■■ Regulation

of water and salt concentrations

■■ Regulation

of red blood cell production

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Chapter 11

11.3 Review the anatomy of the urinary system by studying ■ Figure 11.1, ■ Figure

11.2, and ■ Figure 11.3.

Left kidney Renal artery and vein Right ureter

■■Figure 11.1

Organs of the urinary system. This illustration is an anterior view of a female with the abdominal wall and digestive organs removed.

Urinary bladder Urethra

Renal cortex Renal medulla

Calyx

Renal papilla Hilum Renal pyramid

Renal pelvis

■■Figure 11.2

The kidney. This illustration of a sectioned kidney reveals its internal features.

Left ureter

The Urinary System

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Distal convoluted tubule Efferent arteriole

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Glomerulus Afferent arteriole

Collecting duct

Proximal convoluted tubule Descending loop of Henle

Ascending loop of Henle

■■Figure 11.3

The nephron. The microscopic nephron is the basic subunit of each kidney.

Peritubular capillaries

Medical Terms for the Urinary System 11.4 For many people, the major pathological challenge to the health

mucous membrane

infections

urine

of the urinary system is infection, due to communication to the exterior by way of the urinary meatus. Although the urethra, urinary bladder, and ureters are each protected by a ____________________ ____________________, bacteria and viruses are sometimes able to gain entry into the internal organs through the meatus. Once established, they are capable of spreading through the urinary tract, bringing disease to the kidneys and beyond. Also, the close location of the urinary meatus to the anus in females enables some bacterial populations that normally form the intestinal microbiota to infect the urinary tract. In addition to ____________________, other sources of disease afflicting the urinary system include diabetes, hypertension, tumors, stones, inherited disorders, and heart disease. 11.5 Because ____________________ originates from the

bloodstream and the urinary system releases urine on a regular basis, urine testing provides a convenient means for testing general health. Many diseases can be diagnosed from a urine sample that contains abnormal contents, such as blood cells, bacteria, albumin (a protein normally found in blood), glucose, and high levels of creatinine (a protein product of metabolism).

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11.6 The surgical treatment of urinary disease is a medical discipline

urology nephrology neh FROL oh jee

known as urology (yoo RAHL oh jee). In most hospitals and clinics, the unit specializing in the treatment of urinary diseases is also called ____________________. A physician specializing in this field of medicine is called a urologist. The field that specializes in the treatment of kidney disease is ____________________. A physician specializing in this field is a nephrologist. Nephrology is a subspecialty of internal medicine, and is often called renal medicine because ren/o is a combining form for kidney (nephr/o is a second combining form that means “kidney”). 11.7 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the urinary system.

Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the urinary system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

andiadys-

albumin/o azot/o bacteri/o glycos/o hem/o, hemat/o ket/o, keton/o noct/o olig/o protein/o py/o

-emia -uresis -uria

condition of blood urination pertaining to urine, urination

poly-

without, absence of through bad, abnormal, ­painful, difficult excessive, over, many

albumin (a protein) urea, nitrogen bacteria sweet, sugar blood ketone night few in number protein pus

KEY TERMS A–Z

11.8 A urinalysis (Frame 11.84) is a clinical procedure that examines

albuminuria AL byoo men YOO ree ah

the composition of urine. The most common type of urinalysis involves dipping an indicator stick into a urine specimen and reading the results that compare with a known standard. Diseases of the urinary system and other parts of the body may be diagnosed with this valuable clinical tool. For example, albumin is a protein normally present in the bloodstream. If it appears in the urine, it is a physical sign of abnormal renal filtration. The sign is called ____________________. This constructed term contains two word parts, as you can see in albumin/uria.

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11.9 The inability to pass urine is the clinical sign known as anuria.

anuria an YOO ree ah

In this term, the prefix an-, which means “without,” is added to the suffix -uria, which means “pertaining to urine, urination,” to create the medical term ____________________. It is a sign of kidney disease and is defined as the production of less than 100 mL of urine per day (the normal urine output per day varies between 800 and 2,000 mL). Its constructed form is an/uria. 11.10 The sign of abnormally high levels of urea and other

azotemia az oh TEE mee ah

nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood is called azotemia. ____________________ is a constructed term: azot/emia. The combining form azot/o means “urea, nitrogen,” although it originates from a Greek word, azo, which means “without life.” 11.11 The abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine is a sign of

bacteriuria bak teer ee YOO ree ah bacteri/uria

a urinary tract infection and is called ____________________. This constructed term includes two word parts, which are revealed when the term is written as ________/________. 11.12 The temporary, excessive discharge of urine is a symptom

diuresis DYE yoo REE siss

known as diuresis. It literally means “urination through.” The constructed form of this word is di/uresis. Note the a in the prefix dia- is not used in order to make the term easier to pronounce. ____________________ may be induced with drugs, called diuretics, to reduce high blood pressure by increasing urine volume. 11.13 Recall that the prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful,

dysuria diss YOO ree ah

or difficult.” When dys- is combined with the suffix for “pertaining to urine, urination,” the resulting term refers to difficulty or pain experienced during urination. It is a symptom of a urinary tract disease often caused by a bacterial infection. The symptom is called ____________________. It is a constructed term with two word parts: dys/uria. 11.14 The combining form glycos/o means “sweet, sugar.” The

glycosuria glye kohs YOO ree ah

abnormal presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine is a sign of an endocrine disease, such as diabetes mellitus. The sign is called ____________________, which is a constructed term: glycos/uria.

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11.15 The abnormal presence of blood in the urine is a sign of a

urinary system disorder. It is called ____________________, which means “pertaining to bloody urine or urination” (■ Figure 11.4). The constructed form of this term is hemat/uria.

hematuria HEE mah TOO ree ah

■■Figure 11.4

Hematuria. An analysis of urine is performed to evaluate kidney function. In this illustration, the beaker contains urine that is red, indicating the sign of blood within the urine, which is confirmed by microscopic analysis.

11.16 The abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine is called

ketonuria kee tohn YOO ree ah

ketonuria. The constructed form of ____________________ uses the combining form for ketone bodies (keton/o) and is keton/uria. It is a common sign of a metabolic disorder, a high-protein/lowcarbohydrate diet, starvation, or diabetes mellitus.

Terms with No Combining Vowels WORDS TO Watch Out For

Most of the terms related to the signs and symptoms of the urinary system contain no combining vowel. For example, terms such as ketonuria and hematuria contain only a word root and suffix. This is because the suffixes in this section (-emia, -uresis, -uria) all begin with a vowel, so no combining vowel is needed to make the terms easier to pronounce.

11.17 The need to urinate frequently at night is a possible symptom

nocturia nok TOO ree ah

of diabetes mellitus or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is called nocturia. As a constructed term, ____________________ includes two word parts, noct/uria.

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11.18 Reduced urination becomes a clinical problem when the

oliguria all ig YOO ree ah

volume of urine declines to less than 500 mL within a 24-hour period. It is known as oliguria and is a possible sign of a kidney disorder. ____________________ may also be a sign of congestive heart failure, dehydration, or a blockage in the urinary tract. The constructed form of this term is olig/uria. 11.19 The chronic, abnormal production of large volumes of urine

polyuria pall ee YOO ree ah

requires frequent urination and is a common sign of an endocrine disease, usually diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. The sign is called ____________________, which is a constructed term with two word parts: poly/uria. 11.20 In Frame 11.8 you learned that albuminuria is the presence of

proteinuria proh tee NYOO ree ah

the protein albumin in the urine. The presence of any protein in the urine is called ____________________, so albuminuria is a form of proteinuria. The constructed form of this term is protein/uria. 11.21 Pus is a mixture of white blood cells, bacteria, and cell

pyuria pye YOO ree ah

debris that forms during an infection. Its appearance in the urine indicates a urinary tract infection. The presence of pus in urine is called __________________, with the constructed form py/uria. The combining form that means “pus” is py/o.

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. albuminuria

a. urination at night

______

2. bacteriuria

b. presence of blood in the urine

______

3. diuresis

c. presence of bacteria in the urine

______

4. glycosuria

d. chronic excessive urination

______

5. hematuria

e. ketone bodies in the urine

______

6. ketonuria

f. presence of sugar in the urine

______

7. nocturia

g. presence of albumin in the urine

______

8. oliguria

h. reduced urination

______

9. polyuria

i. literally “urination through”

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Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed as an example. 1. a) proteinuria

protein/uria r     s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? pertaining to urine or urination 2. a) azotemia

________/________ s r      

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 3. a) dysuria

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?  4. a) anuria

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix?  5. a) pyuria

________/________ r       s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?  6. a) glycosuria

________/________ r       s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?  7. a) bacteriuria

________/________ r       s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word suffix?  8. a) ketonuria

________/________ r       s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? 

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Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Review some of the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the urinary system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

dys-

azot/o bacteri/o blast/o

-al -cele

pertaining to hernia, swelling, protrusion condition of blood condition of pertaining to inflammation abnormally large tumor condition of disease drooping state of urination pertaining to urine, urination

enepihypopoly-

bad, abnormal, ­painful, difficult within, upon, on, over upon, over, above, on top deficient, ­abnormally low, below excessive, over, many

KEY TERMS A–Z acute kidney injury

cyst/o glomerul/o hemat/o hydr/o lith/o nephr/o py/o pyel/o ren/o spadias/o sten/o ur/o ureter/o urethr/o

urea, nitrogen bacteria germ, bud, ­developing cell bladder, sac little ball, glomerulus blood water stone kidney pus renal pelvis kidney rip, tear narrow urine ureter urethra

-emia -iasis -ic -itis -megaly -oma -osis -pathy -ptosis -sis -uresis -uria

11.22 A rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a

failure to produce urine is known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Formerly called acute renal failure, ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is usually caused by physical injury, septic shock, severe dehydration, or surgical complications, and is regarded as a recoverable condition. 11.23 The combining form for bladder is cyst/o. An inflammation of

cystitis siss TYE tiss

the urinary bladder is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is cyst/itis. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that travels up the urethra. An infection of the urinary bladder and the urethra is called urethrocystitis (yoo REE throh siss TYE tiss), with the following word parts: urethr/o/cyst/itis. 11.24 Because the suffix -cele means “hernia, swelling, protrusion,”

cystocele SISS toh seel

a herniation of the urinary bladder is called a cystocele. In females, the protrusion pushes into the adjacent vagina. The term ____________________ is a constructed term: cyst/o/cele.

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cystolith SISS toh lith

11.25 A ____________________ is a stone, or calculus, in the urinary

bladder. If it is too large to pass through the urethra, medical intervention is required to eliminate it. The constructed form of this term is cyst/o/lith. 11.26 Failure of both kidneys to form urine from any cause is a

end-stage kidney disease

life-threatening condition called end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Also called renal failure, development of ________________________________________ ____________________ ____________________ produces symptoms of nausea, lethargy, itching, mental confusion, and fluid retention (edema). To prevent death, the medical team must develop an aggressive course of action, such as hemodialysis and, if possible, kidney transplant. 11.27 An involuntary release of urine, which usually occurs due to a

enuresis ehn yoo REE siss

lack of bladder control among children or older adults, is known as enuresis. When this occurs during sleep, it is known as nocturnal ____________________, or bedwetting. The constructed form of this term is en/uresis. 11.28 A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning

epispadias EP ih SPAY dee ass

of the urinary meatus is known as epispadias (■ Figure 11.5). In males, the meatus opens on the dorsal (upper) surface of the penis, and in females the meatus opens dorsal to the clitoris. ____________________ is a constructed term with two word parts, epi/spadias, which literally means “a rip or tear upon.”

External urethral opening

■■Figure 11.5

Epispadias and hypospadias. In the male, epispadias is an abnormally placed opening of the urethra on the dorsal side of the penis (left), and in hypospadias, the opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis (right).

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11.29 A glomerulus is a ball of specialized capillaries within a kidney

glomerulonephritis gloh MAIR yoo loh neh FRYE tiss

nephron (the term glomerulus means “little ball”). Any disease of the glomeruli is called a glomerulonephropathy (gloh MAIR yoo loh neh FROH path ee), which is a constructed term with two combining forms and a suffix: glomerul/o/nephr/o/pathy. An example is inflammation of the glomeruli, which is known as ____________________. It is either an autoimmune disease resulting from an attack on glomeruli by the body’s own white blood cells, or it may be caused by a bacterial infection. The constructed form of this term is glomerul/o/nephr/itis. 11.30 The production of urine by the kidneys is a physiological

hydronephrosis HIGH droh neh FROH siss

process that is continual throughout your lifetime. If the exit of urine out of the kidneys becomes blocked by an obstruction in a ureter, the urine will back up to cause distension of the renal pelvis. This condition is known as hydronephrosis and is illustrated in ■ Figure 11.6. The term ____________________ includes four word parts: hydr/o/nephr/osis. Recall that hydr/o means “water,” which refers to the fluid (urine) that becomes blocked from its normal passage in this condition.

Normal kidney

Hydronephrosis

Minor calyx

Distended renal calyces Distended renal pelvis

■■Figure 11.6

Hydronephrosis. Normal kidney (left) and kidney with hydronephrosis (right) are compared. Note the distension (swelling) of the renal pelvis. In this illustration, the distension was caused by the constriction of the ureter, causing urine to back up in the renal pelvis.

Renal pelvis

Kidney stone

Ureter

Blocked ureter

11.31 You learned in Frame 11.28 that epispadias is a congenital

hypospadias HIGH poh SPAY dee ass

defect in which the urinary meatus has shifted dorsally. In hypospadias, the change in location of the urinary meatus is ventral (see Figure 11.5). In males, it opens on the underside of the penis, and in females the meatus is within the vagina. ____________________ is a constructed term written hypo/spadias, which literally means “a rip or tear below.”

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11.32 The inability to control urination is called urinary

incontinence in KON tih nens

____________________. In stress incontinence, an involuntary discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement. 11.33 One combining form for kidney is nephr/o, and it is

nephritis neh FRYE tiss

found in many terms describing a kidney disease or procedure. For example, inflammation of a kidney is known as nephritis. _____________________ may be caused by an autoimmune response (attack by the body’s own white blood cells) or an allergic reaction to certain medications; it may also be called interstitial nephritis. It is a constructed term with two word parts, nephr/itis. 11.34 A nephroblastoma is a tumor originating from kidney

nephroblastoma NEFF roh blass TOH mah

■■Figure 11.7

Nephroblastoma. A sectioned kidney reveals the presence of a very large tumor, which arose from fetal cells during development. A newborn with nephroblastoma is illustrated to show the location and relative size of the tumor.

tissue that includes developing embryonic cells (■ Figure 11.7). It is also called Wilms’ tumor after the 19th-century German physician who published the first description of the disease. _____________________ is a constructed term, nephr/o/blast/oma.

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11.35 The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a kidney

nephrolithiasis NEFF roh lith EYE ah siss

is called nephrolithiasis. The constructed form of this term is nephr/o/ lith/iasis. An alternate term for ____________________ is renal calculi (REE nal * KAL kyoo lye) and is further described in ■ Figure 11.8.

Stone

Ureter

■■Figure 11.8

Nephrolithiasis. Stones, or calculi, may form in several areas within the urinary tract. When they form in the kidney, they usually arise within the renal pelvis to form the condition nephrolithiasis. Kidney stones may dislocate to form obstructions in the ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra, usually at their junctions.

Stones

Bladder Stone Urethra

11.36 A general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue is

nephroma neff ROH mah

____________________. This constructed term has two word parts, nephr/oma. 11.37 The suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” An abnormal

nephromegaly neff roh MEG ah lee

enlargement of one or both kidneys is called ____________________. The word parts of this term can be shown as nephr/o/megaly. 11.38 A severe condition of a kidney that leads to end-stage kidney

nephropathy neh-FROP-ah-thee

disease (Frame 11.26) is generally called nephropathy. There are two major forms: diabetic nephropathy, resulting from unmanaged diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive nephropathy, resulting from unmanaged chronic hypertension (high blood pressure). A third form that is not as common is drug-induced nephropathy, which may be caused by certain over-the-counter drugs (such as ibuprofen), lab procedures (such as x-rays), and prescription medicines. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), approximately 26 million Americans suffer from a form of nephropathy. The term ____________________ is a constructed term, created when the combining form that means “kidney,” nephr/o, is combined with the suffix -pathy, which means “disease.”

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11.39 The condition of a downward displacement (“drooping”)

nephroptosis neff ropp TOH siss

of a kidney is known as nephroptosis. The constructed form of this term is nephr/o/ptosis. It occurs when the kidney is no longer held in its proper position against the posterior abdominal wall. ____________________ is commonly called floating kidney.

11.40 A kidney condition characterized by the presence of

polycystic PALL ee SISS tik

numerous cysts (fluid-filled capsules) occupying much of the kidney tissue is called polycystic kidney disease. The cysts replace normal tissue, resulting in a loss of kidney function (■ Figure 11.9). The term ____________________ is a constructed term composed of three word parts, poly/cyst/ic, and literally means “pertaining to many bladders.”

■■Figure 11.9

Polycystic kidney disease. Notice the presence of numerous fluid-filled sacs, or cysts, in these kidneys, which were removed from a patient who died of renal failure. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Public Health Image Library, Centers for ­Disease ­Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.

11.41 The combining form for renal pelvis is pyel/o. Inflammation of

pyelitis PYE eh LYE tiss

the renal pelvis is called ____________________. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The constructed form of this term is pyel/itis. 11.42 A serious inflammatory condition of one or both

pyelonephritis PYE eh loh neh FRYE tiss

kidneys is called pyelonephritis. The constructed form of ____________________ is pyel/o/nephr/itis. Pyelonephritis is usually caused by an infection involving the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli (E .coli), resulting from a urinary tract infection (Frame 11.49) that has been left untreated. This life-threatening condition often results in bacteremia (the presence of bacteria in the blood). Its chronic form leads to kidney failure.

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11.43 A condition of abnormal narrowing is known as a stricture.

Examples of urinary ____________________ include ureteral stricture, in which the ureter is narrowed; urethral stricture, in which the urethra is narrowed; and ureterovesical stricture, in which the junction of the ureter and bladder is narrowed. Because the medical term stenosis also refers to an abnormal narrowing, it may be used as an alternative term to stricture in each of these terms. An example term is ureterostenosis (yoo REE ter oh steh NOH siss), which is a ureteral stricture, or narrowing. The constructed form of this term is ureter/o/sten/osis.

strictures STRIK cherz

11.44 In the condition uremia, an excess of urea and other

nitrogenous wastes are present in the blood. The constructed form of this term is ur/emia. ____________________ is caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea and is associated with renal insufficiency or renal failure.

uremia yoo REE mee ah

Hematuria versus Uremia WORDS TO Watch Out For

Here is a pair of opposites. The term hematuria is a sign of any condition in which urine contains blood or red blood cells. On the other hand, the term uremia refers to a condition in which the blood contains urine (actually an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes), so its primary sign is ­azotemia (Frame 11.10). Uremia is often the result of advanced kidney disease.

11.45 The ureters are the paired narrow tubes that transport urine

ureteritis yoo REE ter EYE tiss

from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Inflammation of a ureter is called ____________________ and is often the result of a bacterial infection. This constructed form of this term is ureter/itis. 11.46 A herniated ureter is called a ureterocele. The constructed

ureterocele yoo REE ter oh seel

form of ____________________ is ureter/o/cele.

11.47 The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within

ureterolithiasis yoo REE ter oh lith EYE ah siss

a ureter is called ureterolithiasis. The constructed form of ____________________ includes a combining form and a word root and is written ureter/o/lith/iasis.

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11.48 The abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder

urinary retention YOO rih nair ee * ree TEN shun

is called urinary retention. The condition of ____________________ ____________________ results from an inability to void, or urinate. 11.49 Commonly called by its abbreviation of UTI, a

urinary tract infection YOO rih nair ee * trakt * in FEK shun

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is an infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder (called a lower urinary tract infection; a less common form involves the ureters and kidneys and is called an upper urinary tract infection). The symptoms include lumbar or abdominal pain, dysuria (Frame 11.13), and a sense of urgency to urinate, while common signs include bacteriuria (Frame 11.11), pyuria (Frame 11.21), and sometimes hematuria (Frame 11.15) (■ Figure 11.10). A UTI is more common in females and is often caused by E. coli bacteria.

Urine Exam

Bacteriuria (over 100,000/cu ml)

■■Figure 11.10

Urinary tract infection. A UTI is characterized by fever, lumbar or abdominal pain, and pain or burning during urination. A diagnosis may be confirmed in a urine exam that reveals the presence of bacteria (bacteriuria) and white blood cells (pyuria).

Leukocytes and white cell casts

The Urinary System

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. cystocele

a. condition of excess urea in the blood

______

2. cystolith

b. protrusion of the urinary bladder

______

3. nephritis

c. stone(s) in the urinary bladder

______

4. nephromegaly

d. urinary meatus opens on the underside of the penis

______

5. uremia

e. inflammation of a kidney

______

6. hypospadias

f. enlargement of a kidney

______

7. polycystic kidney disease

g. a condition of stones in the kidneys

______

8. renal calculi

h. involuntary discharge of urine

______

9. urinary incontinence

i. a condition of many cysts within a kidney

______ 10. urinary retention

j. abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder

______ 11. stricture

k. a condition in which kidney function ceases

______ 12. acute kidney injury

l. condition of abnormal narrowing

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Combining Form

Suffix

cyst/o glomerul/o hydr/o lith/o nephr/o pyel/o

-itis -oma -osis -iasis

Definition

Term

1. inflammation of the urinary bladder 2. inflammation of the glomeruli 3. inflammation of the renal pelvis and the nephrons 4. presence of one or more stones within a kidney 5. condition of blockage of urine (water) in the kidney 6. tumor that arises from kidney tissue 7. inflammation of the renal pelvis

cystitis ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Review some of the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the urinary system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

dia-

through

cyst/o hemat/o, hem/o lith/o meat/o nephr/o peritone/o

bladder, sac blood stone opening, passage kidney to stretch over, peritoneum renal pelvis kidney sound to cut ureter urethra urine bladder

-al -ectomy

pertaining to surgical excision, removal a record or image recording process study or science of loosen, dissolve surgical fixation, suspension surgical repair suturing process of viewing surgical creation of an opening incision, to cut surgical crushing

pyel/o ren/o son/o tom/o ureter/o urethr/o ur/o, urin/o vesic/o

KEY TERMS A–Z

blood urea nitrogen blud * yoo REE ah

-gram -graphy -logy -lysis -pexy -plasty -rrhaphy -scopy -stomy -tomy -tripsy

11.50 A clinical lab test that measures urea concentration

in a sample of blood as an indicator of kidney function is blood urea nitrogen. Abbreviated BUN, elevated values of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ for an extended length of time support a diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease (Frame 11.26). 11.51 The protein creatinine is a normal component of urine and is

creatinine kree ATT ih neen

a by-product of muscle metabolism. It may be measured in a urine sample. Elevated levels of ____________________ indicate a problem during kidney filtration, suggesting kidney disease. 11.52 Because the combining form cyst/o means “bladder, sac” and

cystectomy (siss TEK toh mee)

the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal,” the surgical removal of the urinary bladder is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is cyst/ectomy.

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11.53 An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder

with injection of a contrast medium or dye is called cystography (siss TOG rah fee). This constructed term is written cyst/o/graphy. The x-ray image is called a ____________________ (■ Figure 11.11). If the procedure includes the ureters, it is called a cystoureterography (SISS toh yoo REE ter OG rah fee), and the image obtained is a cystoureterogram (SISS toh yoo REE ter oh gram). The constructed form of the term cystoureterography is cyst/o/ureter/o/graphy. If the procedure includes the urethra, it is a cystourethrography (SISS toh yoo reeth ROG rah fee), and the image is a cystourethrogram (SISS toh yoo REE throh gram). The constructed form of the term is cyst/o/urethr/ o/gram. In a voiding ____________________ (VCUG), x-rays are taken before, during, and after urination to observe bladder function.

cystogram SISS toh gram

cystourethrogram

■■Figure 11.11

Cystogram. A cystogram is an x-ray photograph of the pelvic cavity to examine the urinary bladder (visible in white in this example). The round shape of the bladder shown here is due to its maximum volume of stored urine (the bladder flattens when empty). Source: Santibhavank P/Shutterstock.

-graphy or -gram? WORDS TO Watch Out For

Remember that the suffix -graphy means “a recording process,” whereas the suffix -gram means “a record or image.” In each of these procedures, switching the suffix from -graphy to -gram creates the term that refers to the record that is a result of the recording process.

11.54 A procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary

cystolithotomy siss toh lith OTT oh mee cyst/o/lith/o/tomy

bladder wall to remove a stone is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term includes five word parts: ______/___/______/__/______. 11.55 Surgical repair of the urinary bladder is a procedure called

cystoplasty SISS toh plass tee

____________________. The constructed form of this term is cyst/o/plasty, which reveals three word parts. 11.56 Suturing the urinary bladder wall is a procedure called

cystorrhaphy sist OR ah fee

____________________. The constructed form of the term is cyst/o/rrhaphy, which literally means “suturing bladder.”

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11.57 A procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior

cystoscopy siss TOSS koh pee

of the urinary bladder is known as ____________________. The instrument is inserted through the urinary meatus and urethra to enter the bladder cavity (■ Figure 11.12). The constructed form of this term is cyst/o/scopy. The cystoscope may also be used as a surgical instrument.

Tumor or stone removal

Urinary bladder

Cystoscope

■■Figure 11.12

Cystoscopy. In this procedure, a specialized endoscope with a rigid tube, known as a cystoscope, is used to view the internal environment of the urinary bladder. As shown, the cystoscope may be outfitted to include surgical devices to remove tumors or stones.

11.58 Recall that the suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of

cystostomy siss TOSS toh mee

an opening.” The surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder is a procedure called ____________________. The most common application of this procedure is a suprapubic cystostomy, in which the incision is made just above the pubic bone and a catheter (see Frame 11.85) is inserted through the skin to the urinary bladder (■ Figure 11.13). The catheter provides an alternate exit passageway for urine if the normal passageway through the urethra is blocked or the urethra is surgically removed. Cystostomy is a constructed term, cyst/o/stomy, and suprapubic is supra/pub/ic.

■■Figure 11.13

Cystostomy. An artificial opening is made through the urinary bladder wall during this procedure. The suprapubic cystostomy, illustrated here, includes the insertion of a catheter and a urine collection bag. It allows the bladder to drain of urine when an obstruction to normal urinary flow is present, such as a blockage in the urethra from calculi, congenital defects, swelling of the prostate (BPH), or cancer.

To collection bag

Symphysis pubis

Catheter Urinary bladder

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347

11.59 The suffix -tomy means “incision” or “to cut.” Therefore,

cystotomy siss TOTT oh mee

the term ____________________ refers to an incision through the urinary bladder wall. It is also called vesicotomy (VESS ih KOTT oh mee) because both cyst and vesic are word roots meaning “bladder.” 11.60 A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an

fulguration full guh RAY shun

Did You KNOW

electric current is called fulguration. ____________________ is commonly used to remove tumors and polyps from the interior wall of the urinary bladder.

FULGURATION Fulguration is derived from the Latin word fulguratio, which means “flash of lightning.”

11.61 The general term dialysis is a constructed word composed of

hemodialysis HEE moh dye AL ih siss

two word parts: dia/lysis. It means “dissolving through” and refers to the movement of substances across a permeable membrane during the process of filtration. Also, hem/o is a combining form that means “blood.” Combining these word parts forms the term ____________________, which is a procedure that pushes a patient’s blood through permeable membranes within an instrument (■ Figure 11.14). It is performed to artificially remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body metabolism, temporarily replacing the function of kidney filtration for patients with kidney disease or kidney failure. Hemodialysis is a constructed term with four word parts: hem/o/dia/lysis. Venous pressure monitor Air trap

Fresh dialyzing solution

Clean blood returned to patient

Dialyzer Cellophane membranes

■■Figure 11.14

Hemodialysis. The process of hemodialysis replaces the kidney function of blood filtration by forcing blood from the patient through cellophane membranes, as shown in this schematic.

Blood removed for cleaning

Arterial pressure monitor

Heparin infusion Blood pump

Used dialyzing solution

Inflow pressure monitor

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Chapter 11

A Misplaced Prefix? WORDS TO Watch Out For

Most prefixes appear in the very beginning of a term, but in the term hemodialysis, note that the ­prefix dia- appears after the combining form hem/o.

11.62 The suffix -tripsy means “surgical crushing.” A surgical

lithotripsy LITH oh trip see

technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize or dissolve stones into smaller pieces that may then pass with urine through the urethra is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is lith/o/tripsy/. In the popular procedure extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ultrasonic energy from an instrument outside of the body (hence the term extracorporeal, which means “pertaining to outside the body”) is directed onto stones that are otherwise too large to pass through the urethra, pulverizing the stones into tiny particles that can pass with urine flow (■ Figure 11.15). It is a noninvasive technique and thereby avoids the risks of surgery.

■■Figure 11.15

Lithotropsy. (a) ESWL uses fluoroscopy (above the patient) to view progress. The stones are pulverized by ultrasonic shock waves from below the patient. Photo Source: Carolina K. Smith MD/Shutterstock. (b) Illustration of lithotripsy, during (left) and after (right) the procedure. Source: Alexonlne/Shutterstock.

(a)

(b)

11.63 Recall that one of the combining forms for kidney is

nephrectomy neh FREK toh mee

nephr/o. A surgical procedure that removes a kidney is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is nephr/ectomy. 11.64 An x-ray technique producing an image of a kidney after

nephrogram NEFF roh gram

injection of a contrast medium or dye is called nephrography (neh FROG rah fee). It is a constructed term with three word parts: nephr/o/graphy. The x-ray image of the kidney obtained in this procedure is called a ____________________.

The Urinary System

349

11.65 The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated

nephrology neff ROL oh jee

with the kidneys is called ____________________. This constructed term is nephr/o/logy. A physician specializing in this field is a nephrologist (neff ROL oh jist). 11.66 The suffix -lysis means “loosen, dissolve.” Combining it with

nephrolysis neh FRALL ih siss

the combining form for kidney, nephr/o, forms the constructed term ____________________. It is a surgical procedure during which abnormal adhesions are removed from a kidney, loosening the organ. The constructed form of this term is nephr/o/lysis. 11.67 The suffix that means “surgical fixation, suspension” is

nephropexy NEFF roh pek see

-pexy. Surgical fixation of a kidney is sometimes necessary if the kidney is abnormally loose within the abdominal cavity, such as in the condition nephroptosis or floating kidney (Frame 11.39). The procedure is called ____________________, and the constructed form of this term is nephr/o/pexy. 11.68 Remember that the suffix -scopy means “process of

nephroscopy neh FROSS koh pee

viewing.” Therefore, visual examination of a kidney’s interior may be performed in the procedure known as ____________________, during which a modified fiber-optic endoscope called a nephroscope (NEFF roh skope) is used. 11.69 An ultrasound procedure that provides an image of a

nephrosonography neff roh son OG rah fee

kidney for diagnostic analysis is known as nephrosonography. ____________________ is a constructed term that contains five word parts, nephr/o/son/o/graphy. 11.70 A procedure that surgically creates an opening through the

nephrostomy neff ROSS toh mee

nephr/o/stomy

body wall and into a kidney is called a ____________________. It is usually established to allow a catheter to be inserted from the exterior to the renal pelvis for urine drainage and is also called a pyelostomy (PYE ell OSS toh mee). The constructed form of nephrostomy is ______/__/______, and the term pyelostomy is pyel/o/stomy.

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Chapter 11

11.71 A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional

nephrotomogram NEH froh toh moh gram

x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure is known as nephrotomography (NEH froh toh MOG rah fee). The suffix that means “a record or image” is -gram, so the image obtained from this procedure is a ___________________. Nephrotomography is a constructed term with five word parts: nephr/o/tom/o/graphy, which literally means “recording process of cut kidney.” 11.72 You learned about hemodialysis in Frame 11.61. A similar

peritoneal dialysis pair ih TOH nee al * dye AL ih siss

procedure is peritoneal dialysis, which also processes fluids and electrolytes by artificial filtration as a cleansing treatment to compensate for kidney failure. Thus, ____________________ ____________________ removes toxins and other wastes as a replacement for kidney function. In contrast to hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis processes fluids from the peritoneal cavity rather than directly from the bloodstream. The constructed form of this term is peritone/al dia/lysis. 11.73 A pyelogram is an x-ray image of the renal pelvis. It is

pyelogram PYE ell oh gram

■■Figure 11.16

Retrograde pyelogram. A contrast medium is injected into the ureter using a cystoscope, and the x-ray moves in a direction opposite from the norm, producing the image that is shown. It serves to highlight the internal features of the renal pelvis and ureters. Source: CNRI/Science Source.

a useful diagnostic tool that is often used to examine kidneyrelated disorders. In obtaining an image called a retrograde ____________________, the procedure involves injection of contrast medium into the ureter using a cystoscope. As the x-ray is taken, it moves in a direction opposite from the norm (retrograde means “opposite of normal”). Retrograde pyelogram is abbreviated RP, and an example is shown in ■ Figure 11.16. In an intravenous pyelogram, iodine is used as the contrast medium and is injected into the bloodstream. It is abbreviated IVP.

The Urinary System

351

11.74 A kidney stone may sometimes form within the renal pelvis.

pyelolithotomy pye ell oh lith OTT oh mee

A surgery performed to remove the stone from the renal pelvis involves an incision into the kidney and is called a pyelolithotomy. The constructed form of the term ____________________ is pyel/o/ lith/o/tomy, which literally means “to cut stone from renal pelvis.” 11.75 The suffix that means “surgical repair” is -plasty. Surgical

pyeloplasty PYE ell oh PLASS tee

repair of the renal pelvis is a procedure called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is pyel/o/plasty. 11.76 The replacement of a dysfunctional kidney with a donor kidney

renal transplant

is a surgery called ____________________ ____________________ (■ Figure 11.17). The donated kidney is often provided by a close relative with a similar genetic makeup to reduce the risk of organ rejection. Unless the failed kidney is a source of infection or is cancerous, the surgical team may leave it in the body (the illustration shows it removed, indicating that the failed kidney was a potential source of disease in this case).

Transplanted kidney Donor renal artery and vein Grafted ureter

■■Figure 11.17

Renal transplant. A transplanted kidney is placed within the pelvic cavity below the location of the kidney requiring replacement.

External iliac artery and vein

11.77 An examination that uses nuclear medicine by IV (intravenous)

renography ree NOG rah fee

injection of radioactive material into the patient’s kidneys is called renography. The radioactive materials highlight internal details of the kidney during the ____________________. The constructed form of this term is ren/o/graphy. The record is called a renogram (REE noh gram).

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Chapter 11

11.78 The measurement of the density of substances in a

liquid compared to water is called specific gravity (SG). The ____________________ ____________________ of a urine sample helps to reveal the efficiency of renal filtration and the reabsorption of water.

specific gravity

11.79 The suffix that means “surgical excision, removal” is -ectomy.

ureterectomy yoo REE ter EK toh mee

The surgical removal of a ureter is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is ureter/ectomy. 11.80 The surgical creation of an external opening from the ureter

ureterostomy yoo REE ter OSS toh mee ureterotomy yoo ree ter OTT oh mee

to the body surface is called ____________________. It is performed to provide an alternate exit route for urine that bypasses the urethra. The procedure includes an incision into the wall of the ureter, called __________________. Both terms are constructed of three word parts: ureter/o/stomy, and ureter/o/tomy.

-stomy or -tomy? WORDS TO Watch Out For

The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening,” whereas -tomy means “incision, to cut.” The two suffixes represent two different surgical techniques. In general, an incision is a cut through tissue, whereas the surgical creation of an opening establishes an artificial window into the body, usually for the drainage of fluids or waste. Can you see how the small addition of an s makes a big difference in meaning?

11.81 Surgical fixation of the urethra is a procedure called

urethropexy yoo REE throh pek see

urethropexy. A ____________________ is often performed to correct stress incontinence (Frame 11.32). It is a constructed term, as shown when it is written urethr/o/pexy. 11.82 Surgical repair of the urethra is a procedure called

urethroplasty yoo REE throh plass tee

_______________. This constructed term is urethr/o/plasty.

11.83 The surgical creation of an opening through the urethra is

urethrostomy yoo REE THROSS toh mee urethrotomy yoo ree THROTT oh mee

called ____________________. It is performed to provide an alternate exit route for urine. The procedure includes an incision into the wall of the urethra, called ____________________. Both terms are constructed of three word parts: urethr/o/stomy, and urethr/o/tomy.

The Urinary System

353

11.84 A combination of clinical lab tests that are performed on

urinalysis YOO rin AL ih siss

a urine specimen is called urinalysis (■ Figure 11.18). The term ____________________ is a constructed term with two word parts, shown as urin/alysis, in which alysis is a shortened form of the word analysis to make the term easier to pronounce. Urinalysis literally means “analysis of urine.” Abbreviated UA, it provides information for diagnostic purposes on the quality and composition of urine, including specific gravity; creatinine, glucose, and protein levels; and the abnormal presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, and pus.

■■Figure 11.18

Urinalysis. During a simple urinalysis, a stick with colored blocks is dipped into a urine specimen. Color changes in the blocks are noted and compared to a known standard. Source: Alexander Raths/ Shutterstock.

11.85 A catheter is a flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of

urinary catheterization YOO rih nair ee * KATH eh ter ih ZAY shun

the body to transport fluids in or out. A urinary catheter is usually inserted through the urethra to enter the urinary bladder and is often used to drain urine from a patient who is immobile. The process of inserting the urinary catheter is called ____________________ ____________________. It is illustrated in ■ Figure 11.19.

(a)

■■Figure 11.19

Urinary catheterization. The procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube, or catheter, through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. Voiding occurs through the catheter and is collected in a plastic bag adjacent to the patient. (a) Catheterization of a female patient. (b) Catheterization of a male patient.

(b)

354

Chapter 11

Did You KNOW

CATHETER The term catheter is from the Greek word katheter, which means “to send down,” so named because it is a flexible tube that lets urine down from the urinary bladder.

11.86 The procedural use of an endoscope to observe

urinary endoscopy YOO rih nair ee * ehn DOSS koh pee

internal structures of the urinary system is generally known as ____________________ ____________________. A specialized endoscope is associated with each urinary organ, including a meatoscope (mee AT oh skope) for inserting into the urinary meatus, a nephroscope (NEFF roh skope) for viewing a kidney, and a cystoscope (SISS toh skope) for observing the interior of the urinary bladder. 11.87 The medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary

urologist yoo RAHL oh jist

system is called urology (yoo RAHL oh jee). A physician who treats patients in this discipline is called a ____________________.

11.88 A surgery that is performed to stabilize the position of the

vesicourethral vess ih koh yoo REE thral

urinary bladder is called vesicourethral suspension. The term ____________________ contains four word parts: vesic/o/urethr/al. It is performed to treat stress incontinence (Frame 11.32).

The Urinary System

355

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) cystography

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 2. a) cystolithotomy

________/___/________/___/________ cf      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) lithotripsy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 4. a) hemodialysis

________/___/________/________ cf    p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) cystorrhaphy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: Does this term contain a prefix? ________________________________________________ 6. a) nephrolysis

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 7. a) nephrogram

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? ______________________________________________ 8. a) nephrotomography

________/___/________/___/________ cf      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first combining form? ________________________________ 9. a) ureterostomy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

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Chapter 11

The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. a. removal of a kidney

______

1. urinalysis

______

2. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy b. creates a new opening through the renal pelvis to the outside

______

3. nephrectomy

c. stabilizes the position of the urinary bladder

______

4. nephrostomy

d. evaluates urine composition

______

5. vesicourethral suspension

e. technique that uses ultrasonic energy to crush stones

______

6. fulguration

f. test for protein levels in a urine sample

______

7. renal transplant

g. test for water concentration in urine

______

8. blood urea nitrogen

h. electric current that kills unwanted tissue

______

9. peritoneal dialysis

i. test for urea in the blood

______ 10. creatinine

j. insertion of a tube to drain urine

______ 11. specific gravity

k. surgical procedure replacing a diseased kidney

______ 12. urinary catheter

l. blood filtration using the peritoneal cavity

Abbreviations of the Urinary System The abbreviations that are associated with the urinary system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation Definition

Abbreviation Definition

AKI BUN cath ESKD ESWL HD

IVP RP SG UA UTI VCUG

acute kidney injury blood urea nitrogen catheter, catheterization end-stage kidney disease extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy hemodialysis

intravenous pyelogram retrograde pyelogram specific gravity urinalysis urinary tract infection voiding cystourethrogram

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1. UA   2. ____________________   3. cath   4. ____________________   5. IVP   6. ____________________   7. HD   8. ____________________   9. SG 10. ____________________ 11. ESWL 12. ____________________

______________________________________________ retrograde pyelogram ______________________________________________ voiding cystourethrogram ______________________________________________ urinary tract infection ______________________________________________ end-stage kidney disease ______________________________________________ acute kidney injury ______________________________________________ blood urea nitrogen

The Urinary System

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example. anuria

1. inability to pass urine 2. presence of bacteria in the urine

bacteri ____________________

3. presence of a stone in the bladder

____________________lith

4. inflammation of a kidney

nephr ____________________

5. presence of blood in the urine

____________________uria

6. protrusion of a ureter

uretero ____________________

7. involuntary release of urine

____________________uresis

8. presence of stones in the kidney

nephro ____________________

9. fixation of an abnormally mobile kidney

nephro ____________________

10. surgical creation of an opening into the renal pelvis

____________________stomy

11. surgical repair of the urethra

urethro ____________________

12. incision into the ureter wall

uretero ____________________

13. x-ray image of the urinary bladder

cysto ____________________

14. x-ray technique imaging a kidney

nephro ____________________

15. x-ray image of the renal pelvis with iodine

intravenous ______________gram

16. an endoscope modified to view a kidney

____________________scope

17. lab test measuring urea in the blood

blood urea ____________(BUN)

18. urine test that includes multiple parameters

urin ____________________

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 11.

Definition               Use in a Term 1. ur/o 2. pyr/o 3. ren/o 4. pyel/o 5. cyst/o 6. nephr/o 7. sten/o 8. ureter/o

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

357

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Chapter 11

Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 11.20 and ■ 11.21 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.

Diaphragm Adrenal gland 1. 2. 3. Aorta

Rectum (cut)

4. Urinary 5.

■■Figure 11.20

Organs of the urinary system.

6. ___________________ cortex Renal medulla

Calyx

Renal papilla Hilum Renal pyramid

7. Renal ____________________ 8. _____________________

■■Figure 11.21

The kidney.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

The Urinary System

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Sylvia Hernandez-Brown Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Urology

Date: 08/12/2017

Patient: Sylvia Hernandez-Brown

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 5/20/1954   Age: 63   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Joshua Ryan, MD Subjective: “I have pain in my lower back on both sides all of the time for the past 3 months and getting worse lately. I also tire more easily than in the past. I feel achy, like I have the flu, and don’t feel much like eating.” 63 y/o female, is 40 lbs overweight and has had type 2 DM for 10 years, using oral glucophage (metformin) 1,000 mg/day. She has visited the clinic four times during the past 5 years with mild UTIs, successfully treated with antibiotics. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 100.2°F; P: 81; R: 22; BP: 145/105 Ht: 5'4" Wt: 165 lb General Appearance: Skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Mild edema of the face around the eyes and neck. Heart: Rate at 81 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Lab: Blood positive for urea. Urinalysis with albumin high, mild hematuria. Assessment: Uremia, albuminuria, hematuria. Nephrotomography and nephroscopy confirm bilateral polycystic kidney disease resulting in ESKD. Plan: Admit STAT for hemodialysis; repeat twice weekly. Place on waiting list for renal transplant. Photo Source: Gravicapa/Shutterstock.

359

360

Chapter 11

Comprehension Questions 1. What patient complaints point to the kidneys as the source of the disease? 







2. Describe the meaning of the term nephrotomography. 







3. Why would a urologist order dialysis for a patient prior to renal transplant surgery? 







Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) albuminuria

nephromegaly

polycystic kidney

renal transplant

hematuria

nephroscopy

disease

urinalysis

hemodialysis

nephrotomography

pyelonephritis

A 63-year-old female, Sylvia Hernandez-Brown, was admitted to urology by her general practitioner following a physical exam that included blood tests revealing abnormally high levels of urea in the blood. A generalized test of urine composition, or (a) ____________________, revealed elevated levels of albumin, a symptom known as (b) ____________________, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine, or (c) ____________________. Following diagnostic exams that included an x-ray technique imaging the kidney by sections called (d) ____________________, and an endoscopic evaluation of the kidney known as (e) ____________________, the attending physician concluded a diagnosis of enlargement of both kidneys, or (f) ____________________, caused by multiple cysts, or (g) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, which had resulted in inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons, or (h) ____________________, and renal failure. Artificial filtration of the blood, or (i) ____________________, was ordered, due to a growing insufficiency to reduce blood metabolites (metabolic wastes). The patient was placed on a waiting list for a replacement kidney or a (j) ____________________ ____________________.

The Urinary System

Del Hamilton For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that ­follow from the information in the chapter.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Urology

Date: 10/19/2017

Patient: Del Hamilton

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 3/10/1972   Age: 45   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Karl Moss, MD Subjective: “I feel pain in the lower back that radiates to the left side, which comes and goes. It’s been bothering me for about 2 months. I’m also experiencing pain when I urinate, with a reduced urine flow, which has been making me get up several times a night to go.” 45 y/o male with complaints of dysuria, oliguria, and nocturia for the past 2 months. History shows type 2 DM for 2 years when obese at 270 lbs, but says he has recently lost 80 lbs on a high-protein diet. He is on oral metformin 1,500 mg/day. Father was diagnosed at 62 y/o with renal calculi and treated successfully with lithotripsy. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 80; R: 21; BP: 132/90 Ht: 5'10" Wt: 190 lb General Appearance: Skin color healthy with no masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 80 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. Lab: Retrograde pyelogram positive for pelvic calculi, confirmed by nephrosonography. Assessment: Renal calculi in right renal pelvis; mild pyelonephritis Plan: Oral antibiotic therapy 2 weeks. Schedule for ESWL in 2 weeks. Referral to Nutrition for weight loss education. Photo Source: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

361

362

Chapter 11

Comprehension Questions 1. What conditions other than the one diagnosed might have caused the reported symptoms? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Do you think the prediagnosed condition of type 2 DM contributed to the condition of renal calculi? ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the meaning of the terms renal calculi and pyelonephritis. ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms, using information in this chapter. Del Hamilton, a 45-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital after presenting himself to the emergency department in acute distress. He complained of intermittent pain in the left lumbar region, radiating to the left flank. He also complained of pain and difficulty voiding, a symptom called (k) ____________________, with the sensation of the need to void at night, known as (l) ____________________, which interrupted his sleep. A generalized lab test of his urine sample, called a (m) ____________________, revealed no abnormalities. A review of his family history revealed stones in the renal pelvis, called (n) ____________________. The attending physician referred the patient to a (o) ____________________. The specialist in treating urinary disorders, called a (p) ____________________, immediately prepared the patient for diagnostics that included an x-ray technique that images the renal pelvis with an injected contrast medium, known as a (q) ____________________ ____________________, followed with an endoscopic evaluation of the kidney called a (r) ____________________. Both exams revealed the presence of stones in the renal pelvis, or renal calculi. The stones were pulverized successfully using the (s) ____________________ procedure and passed the next day.

The Urinary System

363

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Chapter 12

Reproductive System and Obstetrics Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 12.1 Define

and spell the word parts used to create terms for the reproductive system and obstetrics.

12.3 Build

12.2 Break

12.4 Pronounce

down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the reproductive system and obstetrics.

medical terms from the word parts associated with the reproductive system and obstetrics. and spell common medical terms associated with the reproductive system and obstetrics.

Reproductive System and Obstetrics

365

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that specifically apply to the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system and obstetrics. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

andr/o balan/o cervic/o cyes/o, cyesi/o embry/o epididym/o episi/o fet/o gravid/o, gravidar/o mamm/o

male glans penis neck, cervix pregnancy embryo epididymis vulva fetus pregnancy breast

men/o, menstru/o orchi/o, orchid/o pen/o semin/o sperm/o, spermat/o test/o testicul/o urethr/o vas/o

month, menstruation testis penis seed, sperm seed, sperm testis, testicle little testis, testicle urethra vessel

12.1 The reproductive systems are separated in this chapter to

reproductive

testes

ovaries

reflect the differences between the male and female. In both sexes, the ____________________ system performs the role of producing sex cells, or gametes (GAMM eets), in preparation for fertilization and the development of new offspring. The male gametes are called spermatozoa, or sperm cells, and are produced by the male gonads, the testes. Other male organs include the scrotum that houses the testes, the penis, the tubes that convey sperm (epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra), and the glands that contribute to semen (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands). In addition to sperm cells, the male sex hormone, testosterone, is also produced by the ____________________. The female gametes are called ova (singular form, ovum) and are produced by the female gonads, the ovaries. Other female organs include the fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. The female hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are produced by cells within the ____________________.

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12.2 The general function of the reproductive system is the creation

of offspring, which occurs when the male gamete (sperm) unites successfully with a female ____________________ (ovum). The resulting fertilized egg is the origin of a new human life. Once a new life has been conceived, the developing embryo enters into the segment of life called prenatal (pree NAY tal) development, which includes the changes in body form that occur throughout the mother’s pregnancy until birth. The clinical field of obstetrics is focused on this period of life. ____________________ is often referred to by its abbreviation, OB. An obstetrician supports the mother during pregnancy, childbirth, and during the first month or so after childbirth.

gamete GAMM eet

obstetrics ob STET riks

12.3 Review the anatomy of the male and female reproductive

systems by studying ■ Figure 12.1 and ■ Figure 12.2. Also, notice the anatomical changes that occur within a woman’s body with a full-term pregnancy, shown in ■ Figure 12.3.

Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle

Symphysis pubis Vas deferens

Rectum

Urethra

Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Epididymis

Glans penis Testis ■■Figure 12.1

The male reproductive system.

Reproductive System and Obstetrics

Fallopian tube Ovary Rectouterine pouch Uterus Cervix Urinary bladder Vagina

Urethra

Clitoris Labia minora (a)

Vaginal orifice

Fundus of uterus

Fallopian tube

Infundibulum Ovary Body of uterus

Endometrium

Uterine cavity Cervical canal

Fornix External os of cervix Vaginal canal

(b)

■■Figure 12.2

The female reproductive system. (a) Sagittal section through the pelvis. (b) Top view of pelvic organs.

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Chapter 12 Uterus Placenta Fundus of uterus

Umbilical cord

Amniotic fluid

Cervix of uterus Symphysis pubis

Rectum

Urinary bladder Vagina (birth canal)

■■Figure 12.3

Perineum

A normal full-term pregnancy.

Medical Terms for the Reproductive System and Obstetrics 12.4 The medical field of reproductive medicine manages the

reproductive

urologist yoo RAHL oh jist gynecology GYE neh KALL oh jee

health care of both the male and female ____________________ systems. Because the male urethra is responsible for transporting both urine and semen, diseases of the male reproductive system are usually treated within the field of urology (yoo RAHL oh jee) by a ____________________. Diseases of the female reproductive system are generally treated by a physician called a gynecologist (gye neh KAHL oh jist), who specializes in the field of ____________________. In both sexes, reproductive diseases are often diagnosed initially during a physical examination. The diseases that require confirmation or an internal evaluation may be further analyzed using the noninvasive procedures of MRI, CT scan, or ultrasound imaging.

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12.5 The reproductive systems of the male and female are subject

pathogens

sexually transmitted

to infections, tumors, injury, endocrine disorders, and inherited diseases. For many people, the most common threat to health is the exposure to ____________________ during sexual contact. Although the reproductive tract is lined with a protective mucous membrane, certain bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can gain entry into the bloodstream directly or by way of breaks in the mucosal lining. Once established, these pathogens may spread throughout the body. Most _______________ _______________ infections (STIs), formerly called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases, infect the body in this manner. Thus, STIs are infections acquired during intimate physical contact that occurs during sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. The most common forms of STIs are described in this chapter. 12.6 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the reproductive system and obstetrics.

Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the male reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

a-

without, absence of

balan/o olig/o orchi/o, orchid/o prostat/o sperm/o test/o urethr/o zo/o

glans penis few in number testis prostate gland seed, sperm testis urethra animal, living

-algia -ia -itis -rrhea

condition of pain condition of inflammation discharge

KEY TERMS A–Z

12.7 Normally, male semen is a mixture of sperm cells and

aspermia ah SPER mee ah

glandular secretions (from the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands) released during ejaculation. In some cases, the fluid released during an ejaculation is a watery fluid that lacks sperm. This abnormality establishes a sign of male infertility and is known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term is a/sperm/ia, which literally means “condition of without seed.”

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12.8 The absence of living sperm in semen is called azoospermia

azoospermia AY zoh oh SPER mee ah a/zo/o/sperm/ia

and is another sign of infertility. The term ____________________ literally means “condition of without living seed.” This constructed term has five word parts and is shown as __/____/__/________/_____. 12.9 The combining form for the distal end of the penis, known

balanorrhea BAL ah noh REE ah

as the glans penis, is balan/o. Recall that the suffix -rrhea means “discharge.” Therefore, an abnormal condition of discharge from the glans is called ____________________, which is a symptom of the sexually transmitted infection called gonorrhea (Frame 12.133). Balanorrhea is a constructed term, balan/o/rrhea. 12.10 The sexually transmitted infection syphilis (Frame 12.136)

chancres SHANG kerz

may be diagnosed by the presence of small ulcers on the skin or mucous membranes, which are called chancres. The term ____________________ is a French word meaning “cancer,” although syphilitic chancres are not a form of cancer. 12.11 An abnormally low sperm count is the most common sign

oligospermia all ih goh SPER mee ah

of male infertility. Combining the word part that means “few in number,” olig/o, with the word parts meaning “condition of sperm,” the term that results is the condition ____________________. It is a constructed term that can be represented as olig/o/sperm/ia. 12.12 Papillomas are wartlike lesions on the skin and mucous

papilloma pap ih LOH mah

membranes. A ____________________ is a sign of infection by the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (Frame 12.135), abbreviated HPV, and the lesions are commonly called genital warts. HPV infection is preventable with vaccination and the use of condoms in protected sex.

prostatitis pross tah TYE tiss

12.13 Inflammation of the prostate gland is called ____________________.

It is usually a sign of either BPH (Frame 12.20) or prostate cancer (Frame 12.28). This constructed term is prostat/itis. 12.14 An abnormal discharge from the prostate gland is known as

prostatorrhea PROSS tah toh REE ah

____________________. This is a constructed term, prostat/o/rrhea.

12.15 A suffix that means “condition of pain” is -algia. The condition

testalgia test ALL jee ah

of testicular pain is known as ____________________, which is written test/algia. It is also known as orchialgia (OR kee ALL jee ah) and orchidalgia (OR kid ALL jee ah) because test/o, orchi/o, and orchid/o are each combining forms that mean “testis.”

Reproductive System and Obstetrics

urethritis yoo ree THRYE tiss

371

12.16 Inflammation of the urethra is called ____________________.

It is a symptom of an irritation of the urethra, usually resulting from a sexually transmitted infection or a urinary tract infection (UTI). The constructed form of this term reveals two word parts: urethr/itis.

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. chancres

a. discharge from the glans penis

______ 2. balanorrhea

b. inflammation of the prostate gland

______ 3. prostatitis

c. absence of living sperm in semen

______ 4. papillomas

d. small ulcers as a sign of syphilis

______ 5. azoospermia

e. wartlike lesions

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed as an example. 1. a) prostatorrhea

prostat/o/rrhea cf   s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? discharge 2. a) oligospermia

________/___/________/________ cf    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 3. a) testalgia

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 4. a) urethritis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) aspermia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________

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Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

anhyper-

without, absence of excessive, abnormally high, above alongside, abnormal

andr/o balan/o crypt/o epididym/o hydr/o orchi/o, orchid/o prostat/o varic/o

male glans penis hidden epididymis water testis prostate gland dilated vein

-cele

hernia, swelling, or protrusion condition or disease inflammation disease formation, growth

para-

-ism -itis -pathy -plasia

KEY TERMS A–Z

12.17 A combining form that means “male” and the suffix meaning

andropathy an DROPP ah thee

“disease” may be combined to form a general term for a disease afflicting only males, ____________________. This constructed term includes three word parts, which can be represented as andr/o/pathy. 12.18 A word root that means “testis” is orchi or orchid. When

anorchism an OR kizm an/orch/ism

the prefix meaning “without, absence of” is added along with the suffix -ism, the constructed term ____________________ is created. It means “condition of without testis” and refers to the absence of one or both testes. The constructed form of the term is written ____/__________/____. The term anorchidism may also be used with the same meaning. 12.19 Inflammation of the glans penis is a disorder called

balanitis bal ah NYE tiss

____________________. It is a constructed term with two word parts, as you can see in balan/itis. 12.20 Among many men older than age 50, the prostate gland

benign prostatic hyperplasia bee NINE * pross TAT ik * HIGH per PLAY zee ah

enlarges to constrict the urethra passing through it. Known as benign prostatic hyperplasia, symptoms include nocturia (nighttime urination) and a frequent need to void (■ Figure 12.4). It is not a form of cancer and does not spread to other tissues, but its symptoms are uncomfortable. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is also called benign prostatic hypertrophy; both are abbreviated BPH.

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Urinary bladder Hypertrophied tissue Narrowed urethra

■■Figure 12.4

True prostate tissue

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The condition results when an inner capsule of nonfunctional prostate tissue swells, pushing against the walls of the urethra to cause a restriction of urine flow.

12.21 The condition of an undescended testis is called

cryptorchidism kript OR kid izm

cryptorchidism. Note that the combining form crypt/o means “hidden” and is used in this term to describe the hidden location of an undescended testis within the pelvic cavity (■ Figure 12.5), where the testes develop during fetal development. Normally, their descent into the scrotal cavity is complete by birth. The constructed form of ____________________ is crypt/orchid/ism. An alternate name for this condition is cryptorchism (KRIPT or kizm).

Undescended testes

■■Figure 12.5

Cryptorchidism. (a) In complete cryptorchidism, the testes of a newborn have failed to descend into the scrotum and remain within the pelvic cavity where they originally developed. (b) A partial cryptorchidism of the left testis.

Did You KNOW

Partially descended testis

(a)

(b)

CRYPTORCHIDISM Cryptorchidism is derived from the Greek word kruptorkhos, which literally means “a condition of a hidden testis.” It is named this way because an undescended testis is in a location (within the pelvic cavity) that is hidden from view without the use of diagnostic imaging.

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12.22 Inflammation of the epididymis is a condition called

epididymitis ep ih did ih MY tiss

____________________. The constructed form of this term is written epididym/itis. Recall that orchi means “testis.” Therefore, when the epididymis and one or both testes are inflamed, the condition is known as orchiepididymitis (OR kee ep ih did ih MY tiss), which contains three word parts: orchi/epididym/itis. If the inflammation is limited to one or more testes, the term becomes orchitis (or KYE tiss). To observe its word part construction, it can be shown as orch/itis, and if the epididymis is included, orch/i/epididym/itis. 12.23 Many men experience erectile dysfunction at some time

erectile dysfunction ee REK tile * diss FUNK shun

in their life, which is the inability to achieve an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse. The term ____________________ ____________________ is abbreviated ED and is also known as impotence (IM poh tens). The word impotent is a Latin word that means “powerless.” Failing health, certain drugs, fatigue, circulatory disorders, and diabetes mellitus can cause ED. 12.24 Injury is the most frequent cause of hydrocele, which

hydrocele HIGH droh seel

is a swelling of the scrotum caused by fluid accumulation. ____________________ is a constructed term containing three word parts, which are revealed when it is shown as hydr/o/cele. 12.25 A hardness, or induration, of the erectile tissue

Peyronie disease pay ROHN ee

within the penis is a condition known as Peyronie disease. ____________________ ____________________ can cause erectile dysfunction (Frame 12.23), especially if the induration is greater on one side to cause a curvature of the penis. 12.26 A narrowing of the urethral opening sometimes occurs when

phimosis figh MOH siss

the prepuce (foreskin) covers the distal end of the glans penis. It is a congenital condition known as phimosis, which is a Greek word that means “muzzling.” When it interferes with urination, ____________________ is surgically corrected by removal of the prepuce in a circumcision (Frame 12.34). If the glans penis becomes strangulated, the condition is called paraphimosis (PAIR ah figh MOH siss) and must be surgically corrected immediately to avoid complications. 12.27 Priapism is an abnormally persistent erection of the penis,

priapism PRY ah pizm

often accompanied by pain and tenderness. The most common cause of ____________________ is a drug overdose. The term is derived from the Latin word priapus, which is a Roman scarecrow figure with an erect penis.

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12.28 The prostate gland is subject to a form of cancer commonly

prostate cancer PROSS tayt * KANN ser

known as ____________________ ____________________. Also called prostatic carcinoma (pro STAT ik * kar sih NOH mah), it increases the size of the prostate before it spreads into the pelvic region and beyond. Prostate cancer can often be felt as a hard nodule on the prostate during a digital rectal exam (Frame 12.35). The American Cancer Society predicts about 26,730 deaths from prostate cancer in 2017, and the average age at the time of diagnosis is roughly 66 years. Prostate cancer is illustrated in ■ Figure 12.6.

■■Figure 12.6

Prostate cancer. In this example, a large mass has grown into the urinary bladder. Most forms of prostate cancer are highly metastatic, sending tumor cells to the pelvic area and beyond, where they may form secondary tumor sites.

Prostate tumor

12.29 A cancer originating from the testis is known as

testicular carcinoma tess TIK yoo ler * kar sih NOH mah

____________________ ____________________. Its occurrence and mortality rate is highest among the 20- to 40-year-old age group. The most common form is called seminoma (sem ih NOH mah), which arises from sperm-forming cells and metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes. Although it strikes only 1 in 263 males, testicular carcinoma is the most common cancer diagnosis among young American men, with 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths expected in 2017, according to the American Cancer Society.

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12.30 A testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord

testicular torsion tess TIK yoo ler * TOR shun

becomes twisted, causing a backup of fluids and reduced blood flow to the epididymis and testis (■ Figure 12.7). If ____________________ ____________________ is not corrected within a few hours by surgery, the affected testicular tissue can die.

Normal testis and epididymis

■■Figure 12.7

Testis and epididymis with torsion

Testicular torsion. Twisting of the spermatic cord causes a backup of fluids and cuts off blood flow to the epididymis and testis.

12.31 Herniation of the veins within the spermatic cord is a condition

varic/o/cele varicocele VAIR ih koh seel

known as varicocele. It is a constructed term that uses the combining form for dilated vein, varic/o, and can be shown with its word parts as _____/__/______. A ____________________ is caused by failure of the valves within the veins, allowing blood to pool and dilate the veins.

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 2. erectile dysfunction

a. the inability to achieve an erection sufficient to perform ­sexual intercourse

______ 3. Peyronie disease

b. an abnormally persistent erection of the penis

______ 4. priapism

c. reduced blood flow to the testis due to a twisted ­spermatic cord

______ 1. benign prostatic hyperplasia

______ 5. phimosis ______ 6. testicular torsion

d. enlargement of the prostate gland that constricts the urethra e. a hardness of the erectile tissue within the penis f. a congenital narrowing of the prepuce

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Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Combining Form

Suffix

andr/o balan/o epididym/o hydr/o varic/o

-pathy -itis -cele

Definition

Term

1.  2.  3.  4.  5. 

andropathy ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

a disease that afflicts only males inflammation of the glans penis inflammation of the epididymis fluid accumulation in the scrotum herniation of the veins within the spermatic cord

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the male reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

antitrans-

against, opposite of through, across, beyond

Combining Form balan/o hydr/o orchi/o, orchid/o prostat/o urethr/o ur/o vas/o vesicul/o

Definition glans penis water testis prostate gland urethra urine vessel small bag

Suffix

Definition

-al -cele -ectomy -logy -pexy -plasty -stomy -tomy

pertaining to hernia, swelling, protrusion surgical excision, removal study or science of surgical fixation, suspension surgical repair surgical creation of an opening incision, to cut

KEY TERMS A–Z

12.32 A collection of therapies that address erectile dysfunction

anti-impotence therapy an tye IM poh tens * THAIR ah pee

(Frame 12.23) is called anti-impotence therapy. The most popular form of ____________________ ____________________ is the prescription drug sildenafil (Viagra), whereas a much more costly and less popular therapy is the surgical insertion of a penile implant (Frame 12.40).

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12.33 The suffix that means “surgical repair” is -plasty. The surgical

balanoplasty BAL ah noh plass tee

repair of the glans penis is therefore called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is balan/o/plasty. 12.34 A common, routine procedure in many parts of the world

circumcision ser kum SIH zhun

is the removal of the prepuce. Known as circumcision after the circular cut that is made around the base of the glans penis, it is usually performed within hours after birth. Studies indicate the procedure reduces the risk of penile infections and sexually transmitted infections, which led the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) to release their official position in 2012, in which they state “ . . . the health benefits of newborn circumcision outweigh the risks.” Alternate procedures of ____________________ are illustrated in ■ Figure 12.8.

Slit here

(a)

(b)

■■Figure 12.8

Circumcision. Alternate procedures may be used with the common goal of removing the prepuce from the penis. (a) Use of the Yellen clamp, in which a cone is inserted over the glans and clamped in place, followed by the excision of the prepuce. (b) Use of the PlastiBell, which is inserted over the glans and the prepuce cut away. The plastic rim remains in place for 3–4 days until healing occurs, then falls away.

12.35 A digital rectal examination is a physical exam that involves

digital rectal examination

the insertion of a finger into the rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate gland through the wall of the rectum (■ Figure 12.9). A ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is used to screen the patient for BPH (Frame 12.20) and prostate cancer (Frame 12.28), and is abbreviated DRE.

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Urinary bladder

Prostate gland with irregular formation

Rectum

Penis

■■Figure 12.9

Digital rectal exam (DRE). The physician’s index finger is inserted into the rectum and pressed against the prostate gland as a test for BPH and prostate cancer.

12.36 Recall that the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision,

hydrocelectomy HIGH droh see LEK toh mee orchiectomy OR kee EK toh mee

removal.” The surgical removal of a hydrocele (Frame 12.24) is a procedure called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written hydr/o/cel/ectomy. 12.37 The surgical removal of a testis is called ____________________

or, less commonly, orchidectomy. It may be required as treatment for testicular carcinoma (Frame 12.29). A bilateral orchidectomy is commonly called castration (kass TRAY shun). The term castration is derived from the Latin castratio, which means “a knife, instrument that cuts.” 12.38 Surgical fixation of a testis is sometimes required to draw

orchidopexy OR kid oh PEK see

an undescended testis into the scrotum. The procedure is called ____________________, or orchiopexy, because the suffix -pexy means “surgical fixation, suspension.” The constructed form of orchidopexy reveals three word parts: orchid/o/pexy. 12.39 A general term for a surgical repair of a testis is

orchidoplasty OR kid oh PLASS tee orchid/o/tomy

____________________, or orchioplasty. An incision into the testis is a form of orchidoplasty and is called orchidotomy (OR kid OTT oh mee). The constructed form of the term orchidotomy reveals three word parts: ______/__/______. Similar to other terms of the testis, an alternate term for orchidotomy is orchiotomy (OR kee OTT oh mee).

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12.40 A penile implant is the surgical insertion of a prosthesis,

penile implants PEE nile * IM plants

or artificial device, to correct erectile dysfunction. Optional ____________________ ____________________ include semirigid rods and inflatable balloonlike cylinders (■ Figure 12.10).

Reservoir

Cylinder

Reservoir Cylinder Pump

Pump (a) Semirigid

(b) Self-contained

(c) Inflatable

■■Figure 12.10

Penile implants. (a) Semirigid rods may be surgically implanted into the penis, which provides a partial erection that is persistent. (b) Inflatable cylinders implanted into the penis may be self-contained, producing an erection when the pump is activated by physical contact. (c) Inflatable cylinders may alternatively include a pump that requires a more directed hand-pumping action to activate.

12.41 The surgical removal of the prostate gland is a procedure

prostatectomy pross tah TEK toh mee

called ____________________. This constructed term is written prostat/ectomy. It is a treatment for BPH (Frame 12.20) and prostate cancer (Frame 12.28). During an invasive surgery known as suprapubic prostatectomy, the prostate gland is removed through an abdominal incision made above the pubic bone and a second incision through the urinary bladder wall. 12.42 A prostate-specific antigen is a clinical test that measures

prostate-specific antigen PROSS tayt * speh SIH fik * AN tih jenn

levels of the protein prostate-specific antigen in the blood. ____________________-____________________ ____________________ is commonly called PSA. Elevated levels suggest a possible presence of prostate cancer and indicate a need for additional tests before a diagnosis can be made.

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12.43 Transurethral resection of the prostate gland is a

transurethral resection of the prostate gland trans yoo REE thrall

procedure that treats BPH (Frame 12.20) through a minimally invasive removal of prostate tissue (■ Figure 12.11). It involves the scraping of the urethral section of prostate tissue using a specialized endoscope, called a resectoscope. The resectoscope is inserted through the urethra to the prostate wall, where it scrapes the capsule (outer covering) of the prostate while as much inner tissue is left intact as possible. ____________________ ____________________ ___________ __________ ____________________ ____________________ is abbreviated TURP. Transurethral is a constructed term with three word parts: trans/urethr/al.

Prostate

Bladder

Prostate tissue removed

Resectoscope

■■Figure 12.11

Urethra

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). As a treatment for BPH, part of the prostate gland is removed in this procedure to reduce the pressure against the urethra, allowing for a less restricted flow of urine.

12.44 The department within a hospital or clinic that treats urinary

urology yoo RAHL oh jee

tract problems (in both sexes) is called urology. The constructed form of ____________________ is ur/o/logy. A specialist in this field is a urologist (yoo RAHL oh jist). Male reproductive conditions are also treated by a urologist.

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12.45 A male can elect to become sterile, or unable to produce

and ejaculate sperm, by undergoing a vasectomy. This constructed term literally means “surgical removal of vessel,” where the “vessel” is the vas deferens. It is a simple, quick procedure in which the vas deferens is severed to block the flow of sperm during ejaculation (■ Figure 12.12). A ____________________ does not affect a man’s ability to ejaculate (the ejaculated fluid is spermless semen) or his experience of sexual pleasure. Vasectomy is a constructed term with two word parts: vas/ectomy.

vasectomy vas EK toh mee

Vas deferens

Scrotum (a)

Testes (b)

(c)

(d)

■■Figure 12.12

Vasectomy. (a) Vas deferens is located within the spermatic cord on both sides. (b) A small incision is made through the scrotum, and an instrument is inserted that gently separates the vas deferens from other tissues of the spermatic cord. Once separated, the vas deferens is pulled out gently. (c) The vas deferens is cut and the exposed ends cauterized to close them. (d) The vas deferens is returned to the spermatic cord, tucked back into the scrotum, and a single suture closes the incision. The vas deferens on the other side is then cut in a duplicate procedure.

12.46 A surgery to reverse a vasectomy is known as a vasovasostomy.

vasovasostomy VAS oh vah SOSS toh mee

This constructed term uses the combining form for “vessel” twice and contains five word parts, as shown in vas/o/vas/o/stomy. A ____________________ involves the temporary creation of artificial openings and reconnection of the severed ends of the vas deferens to restore fertility. 12.47 A procedure to remove the seminal vesicles, which are

vesiculectomy veh SIK yoo LEK toh mee

male glands that contribute to the formation of semen, is called a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is vesicul/ectomy.

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PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. anti-impotence therapy

a. the removal of the prepuce

______ 2. circumcision

b. blood protein that is measured in the PSA test

______ 3. penile implant

c. a collection of therapies that address erectile dysfunction

______ 4. prostate-specific antigen

d. department that treats urinary tract problems

______ 5. urology

e. surgical insertion of a prosthesis to correct erectile dysfunction

______ 6. vasectomy

f. surgical repair of the prepuce

______ 7. prostatectomy

g. elective form of male sterilization

______ 8. TURP

h. surgical removal of the prostate gland

______ 9. balanoplasty

i. minimally invasive treatment of BPH

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) vasectomy

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: Which vessel does the word root refer to in this procedural term? __________________ 2. a) hydrocelectomy

________/___/________/________ cf   s    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first suffix? _________________________________________ 3. a) orchidopexy

________/___/________ cf   s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 4. a) prostatectomy

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) vasovasostomy

________/___/________/___/________ cf      cf   s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? ______________________________________________

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Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the female reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

a-

without, absence of bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

colp/o hemat/o hydr/o leuk/o mamm/o mast/o men/o metr/o olig/o py/o salping/o

vagina blood water white breast breast month, menstruation uterus few in number pus trumpet, fallopian tube

-algia -dynia -rrhagia

condition of pain condition of pain abnormal discharge discharge trumpet, fallopian tube

dys-

KEY TERMS A–Z

amenorrhea ay MEN oh REE ah

-rrhea -salpinx

12.48 The absence of a menstrual discharge in a woman of

childbearing age may be a symptom of reproductive disease. It is called amenorrhea. It has four word parts, as you can see in a/men/ o/rrhea. ____________________ literally means “without menstrual discharge.” The term menorrhea (MEN oh REE ah) is used to describe a normal discharge. 12.49 The combining form colp/o means “vagina.” Attaching

colpodynia KOL poh DIN ee ah

the suffix meaning “condition of pain” creates the term ____________________, which is the symptom of vaginal pain. When vaginal pain is associated with sexual intercourse, it is called dyspareunia (DIS pah ROO nee ah). The term is derived from Greek word parts that mean “pain when in bed.” 12.50 Dysmenorrhea is the symptom of abnormal pain during

dysmenorrhea DISS men oh REE ah

menstruation. The constructed form of this term is dys/men/o/rrhea. Because the prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful, difficult,” the term ____________________ literally means “bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult menstrual discharge.” 12.51 The Greek word salpinx means “trumpet” and is used to form

hematosalpinx HEE mah toh SAL pinks

terms associated with the fallopian tubes due to their trumpetlike appearance. In the term ____________________, the combining form for blood, hemat/o, is added for the condition of retained menstrual blood in a fallopian tube. The constructed form reveals three word parts: hemat/o/salpinx.

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12.52 Fluid accumulation is another symptom of a disease

hydrosalpinx HIGH droh SAL pinks hydr/o/salpinx

associated with a fallopian tube. Called ____________________, it is usually a sign of an inflammation within the fallopian tube, called salpingitis (Frame 12.80). Write the constructed form of this term: ______/__/_______.

salping or -salpinx? WORDS TO Watch Out For

The term for fallopian tube is the word root salping, which is derived from the Greek word that means “trumpet” (salpinx) because of the resemblance of its shape to that of the musical instrument. The combining form of the term is salping/o. When it is used as a suffix, the ending is changed to form -salpinx.

12.53 The term leukorrhea literally means “white discharge.”

leukorrhea LOO koh REE ah

It is a white or yellow discharge from the vagina, which is a sign of infection. The constructed form of ____________________ reveals the presence of three word parts, as leuk/o/rrhea. 12.54 A combining form for breast is mast/o, which is derived from

mastalgia mass TAL jee ah mast/algia

the Greek word for breast, mastos. A condition of pain in the breast is called ____________________. Write the constructed form of this term: ______/_______.

12.55 Recall that the suffix -rrhagia means “abnormal discharge.”

menorrhagia men oh RAY jee ah

metrorrhagia METT-roh-RAY-jee-ah

The sign of profuse bleeding during menstruation (commonly known as heavy periods) is called ____________________. The constructed form is men/o/rrhagia, which uses the combining form that means “month, menstruation,” men/o. If the combining form for uterus is used instead, the meaning changes. Thus, metrorrhagia (METT roh RAY jee ah) is “abnormal discharge from the uterus.” In common language, ____________________ is abnormal bleeding from the uterus between periods. The bleeding in metrorrhagia is usually limited to spotting and is not associated with menstruation. 12.56 The term for the symptom of abdominal pain occurring during

mittelschmerz MIT ehl shmerts

ovulation is a German word, mittelschmerz, which means “middle pain.” ____________________ occurs when bleeding from ovulation irritates the peritoneum. Ovulation usually occurs in the middle of the monthly menstrual cycle, about 14 days from the next menstrual period.

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12.57 An abnormally reduced discharge during menstruation

oligomenorrhea ALL ih goh men oh REE ah

may also be a sign of reproductive disease. It is called ____________________. The constructed form reveals two combining forms, as you can see in olig/o/men/o/rrhea. 12.58 The combining form that means “pus” is py/o, and the

combining form for fallopian tube is salping/o. As you read in the Words to Watch Out For box, when salping/o is used as a suffix, it is changed to -salpinx. Therefore, the discharge of pus from a fallopian tube is called ____________________. It is a sign of an infection. The constructed form is py/o/salpinx.

pyosalpinx pye oh SAL pinks

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

a-

colp/o hemat/o hydr/o leuk/o mast/o men/o metr/o salping/o

-algia -dynia -rrhagia -rrhea -salpinx

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

absence of menstrual discharge in a woman of childbearing age vaginal pain condition of pain in the breast profuse discharge during menstruation blood in a fallopian tube abnormally reduced menstrual discharge abnormal bleeding between periods white or yellow vaginal discharge abnormal pain during menstruation fluid accumulation within a fallopian tube

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Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Review some of the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

a-

cervic/o colp/o cyst/o fibr/o hyster/o lei/o mast/o metr/i, metr/o my/o oophor/o ovar/o rect/o salping/o

neck, cervix vagina bladder, sac fiber uterus smooth breast uterus muscle ovary ovary rectum trumpet, fallopian tube sheath, vagina bladder vulva

-al -atresia

pertaining to closure or absence of a normal body opening hernia, swelling, protrusion condition of pertaining to inflammation tumor condition of disease drooping plural

polypre-

without, absence of excessive, over, many to come before

vagin/o vesic/o vulv/o

KEY TERMS A–Z amastia ay MASS tee ah

poly/mast/ia

-cele -ia -ic -itis -oma -osis -pathy -ptosis -s

12.59 Recall that a combining form for breast is mast/o. The term

that means “condition of without breast” is ____________________. Although the areola and nipple are present, the lack of breast tissue (mainly adipose tissue) results in this condition. In the condition polymastia (pahl ee MASS tee ah), the individual has more than two elevated areas on the chest or abdomen with areola and nipple. The constructed form of this term is ______/________/___.

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12.60 A malignant tumor arising from breast tissue is known as

breast cancer

____________________ ____________________. The most common form is called infiltrating ductal carcinoma, abbreviated IDC (■ Figure 12.13). According to the National Cancer Institute (a branch of the National Institutes of Health), with 252,710 new cases of breast cancer and 40,610 deaths expected in 2017, breast cancer is the second leading mortal cancer among women (lung cancer is first).

■■Figure 12.13

Breast cancer. Notice the tumor growing within a lactiferous gland (in red), a form of breast cancer called infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Source: Alexilusmedical/ Shutterstock.

12.61 In some women, cells of the cervix may undergo an abnormal

carcinoma in situ kar sih NOH mah * in * SIGH tyoo

■■Figure 12.14

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix. Photograph of the cervix as seen during a gynecological exam. The reddish tissue is inflamed and indicative of carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Source: Courtesy of the ­Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

change in a process called dysplasia, in which the cells begin to divide more rapidly to produce oddly shaped cells. The changing cells increase the risk of developing into a noninvasive form of precancer called carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix (■ Figure 12.14). Although ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ of the cervix is not cervical cancer, it poses an elevated risk of developing into cancer.

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IN SITU Did You KNOW

The term in situ (pronounced in * SIGH tyoo) is a Latin phrase that literally means “in site.” Its use in modern medicine refers to confinement to a site of origin. Carcinoma in situ describes a tumor that is confined to its organ of origin, rather than a metastatic tumor in a secondary site. For example, a tumor that originates and remains in the cervix is in situ, while a tumor that originates from the cervix but sheds cells to other organs such as the lungs or stomach is metastatic (or malignant).

12.62 A malignant tumor of the cervix is known as ____________________

cervical cancer SER vih kal * KANN ser

____________________ (■ Figure 12.15). The most common form is a squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the epithelial cells lining the opening into the uterus. It is called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (SER vih kal * in trah ep ih THEE lee al * nee oh PLAY zee ah), or CIN. A smaller percentage, about 20%, are adenocarcinomas, arising from the underlying glandular tissue. According to the National Cancer Institute, in 2016 an estimated 12,990 women were diagnosed and 4,120 deaths were reported. Because human papillomavirus (HPV; Frame 12.136) has been found to be the primary cause of CIN, it is hoped that the vaccines against HPV, Gardasil and Cervarix, will reduce the incidences of cervical cancer in the future.

Schiller’s test demonstrating area of cells containing no glycogen

Early carcinoma

■■Figure 12.15

Cervical cancer (a) Top view of the uterus showing the presence of a tumor in the wall of the cervix. (b) Three successive stages in the development of cervical cancer, as seen through a gynecological exam. The inset shows a histological exam revealing the tumor and how it differs from normal tissue that borders it.

Tumor in wall of cervix Advanced carcinoma (a)

(b)

Cancer in situ showing oblique line of transition

12.63 Inflammation of the cervix is a condition known as

cervicitis SER vih SIGH tiss

endo/cervic/itis

____________________. The constructed form of this term is written cervic/itis. The most common form of cervicitis occurs when the inner lining of the cervix becomes inflamed. It is called endocervicitis (EHN doh ser vih SIGH tiss) because the prefix endo- means “within.” Write the constructed form of this term here: ________/________/________.

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12.64 A protrusion of the urinary bladder against the wall of the

cystocele SISS toh seel

vagina may occur if the attachments between the two organs weaken. It is called a cystocele, which is a constructed term with two word parts: cyst/o/cele. A large ____________________ may affect urinary bladder function. Similarly, a rectocele (REK toh seel) is a protrusion of the rectum against the wall of the vagina. The constructed form of this term is rect/o/cele. 12.65 A malignant tumor arising from the endometrial tissue lining the

endometrial cancer ehn doh MEE tree al * KANN ser

uterus is called ____________________ ____________________. The four stages of endometrial cancer are illustrated in ■ Figure 12.16. Most endometrial cancers arise from the glandular cells of the endometrium and are therefore called adenocarcinomas (you might recall from Chapter 5 that aden/o means “gland”). According to the National Cancer Institute, 60,050 new cases and 10,470 deaths from endometrial cancer were reported in 2016.

Stage I

Stage II

Stage III

Stage IV

■■Figure 12.16

Stages of endometrial cancer. Stage I: Mutated cells arise from glandular epithelium of the endometrium to form a tumor. Stage II: Tumor expands within the uterine cavity. Stage III: Tumor metastasizes to nearby organs. Stage IV: Metastasis progresses to form secondary tumors throughout the body.

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12.66 The abnormal growth of endometrial tissue may occur

endometriosis EHN doh mee tree OH siss

throughout areas of the pelvic cavity, including the external walls of the uterus, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, and even on the peritoneum. The condition is called endometriosis. This constructed term has four word parts: endo/metr/i/osis. It literally means “condition of within the uterus.” Because endometrial tissue responds to hormonal changes by undergoing the cyclic bleeding and proliferation of menstruation, the unwanted tissue located outside the uterus that forms in ____________________ performs in the same manner, resulting in scarring, adhesions, and pelvic pain. 12.67 Inflammation of the endometrium is a condition called

endometritis EHN doh meh TRY tiss

____________________. It is usually caused by bacterial infection. The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts: endo/metr/itis. 12.68 In the condition fibrocystic breast disease (FBD), one or more

fibrocystic breast disease figh broh SISS tik

benign, fibrous cysts develop within the breast. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is an inherited condition that has no known association with breast cancer. The term fibrocystic is a constructed term with four word parts: fibr/o/cyst/ic. 12.69 In Latin, fistula means “pipe or flute.” In medicine, a fistula is

fistulas FISS tyoo lahs

an abnormal tube-like passage from one organ or cavity to another (■ Figure 12.17). Two major types of vaginal ____________________ may occur. A rectovaginal (rek toh VAJ ih nal) fistula occurs between the vagina and rectum, and a vesicovaginal (vess ih koh VAJ ih nal) fistula is located between the urinary bladder and the vagina.

Rectovaginal fitstula

■■Figure 12.17

Rectovaginal fistula; an abnormal passageway between the rectum and vagina.

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12.70 The suffix -atresia means “closure or absence of a normal

hysteratresia hiss ter ah TREE zee ah

body opening.” Adding this suffix to the word root for uterus forms the term ____________________, which means a closure of the uterus. The closure results in an abnormal obstruction within the uterine canal that may interfere with childbirth. The constructed form of this term is hyster/atresia. 12.71 The muscular wall of the uterus is the origin of benign

leiomyoma lye oh my OH mah

tumors known as leiomyomas. Also known as fibroid tumors or fibroids because of their tough, fibrous structure, their presence can produce abnormal pain during menstruation (■ Figure 12.18). ____________________ is a constructed term with four word parts: lei/o/my/oma, which literally means “tumor of smooth muscle.”

Fibroid tumors

■■Figure 12.18

Fibroid tumors, or leiomyomas. Fibroids develop from the muscular wall of the uterus to form a variety of hard, round benign structures.

Uterus

12.72 Inflammation of the breast is a condition known as

mastitis mass TYE tiss

______________. It is often caused by bacterial infection of the lactiferous ducts within breast tissue. The constructed form of this term is mast/itis. 12.73 The suffix -ptosis means “drooping.” A breast that is abnormally

mastoptosis mass top TOH siss

pendulous or drooping is the condition known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term is mast/o/ptosis. 12.74 A combining form that means “ovary” is oophor/o. Any

oophoropathy oh OF or OPP ah thee oophoritis oh OF or EYE tiss

disease of an ovary is known as ____________________. An example of an oophoropathy is inflammation of an ovary, which is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is oophor/itis. Inflammation of an ovary and fallopian tube is called oophorosalpingitis (oh OF or sal pin JYE tiss). This term is also constructed and can be shown as oophor/o/salping/itis to reveal its four word parts.

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12.75 Aside from breast cancer (Frame 12.60), the most lethal

ovarian cancer oh VAIR ee an * KANN ser

form of reproductive cancer in women is ovarian cancer. Older women and women who have not given birth are at higher risk, and there is some evidence for a genetic link. The incidences of ____________________ ____________________ in 2016 included 22,280 new cases and 14,240 deaths, according to the National Cancer Institute. 12.76 A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms within the body from

ovarian cyst oh VAIR ee an * sist

polycystic ovary syndrome PALL ee SISS tik *OH var ee*SIN drohm

■■Figure 12.19

Polycystic ovary syndrome. Surgical removal of an ovary afflicted with polycystic ovary syndrome. The ovary is visible as the fist-sized mass during its removal from the pelvic cavity. Its size is abnormally enlarged, about 10 times the size of a normal ovary, and it has numerous cysts protruding from its outer wall. Source: Chaikom/Shutterstock.

mutated cells. An ____________________ ____________________ is a cyst on an ovary that is usually benign and asymptomatic, although in some cases it may cause pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea (Frame 12.50). A related and more serious disease of the ovaries is called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Numerous ovarian cysts often develop in this condition, sometimes increasing the size of the ovary dramatically (see ■ Figure 12.19). __________________ __________________ __________________ is a hormonal disturbance resulting from the excessive production of androgens, which are masculinizing hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The disorder is characterized by lack of ovulation (called anovulation), amenorrhea (Frame 12.48), infertility, and hirsutism (masculine hair growth). PCOS is extremely common, affecting roughly 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. If cyst development spreads into the fallopian tube, the condition is called parovarian cyst (par oh VAIR ee an * sist).

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12.77 An inflammation involving some or all of the female organs

pelvic inflammatory disease

within the pelvic cavity is called pelvic inflammatory disease, abbreviated PID. It is often accompanied by pelvic pain and is usually caused by a bacterial infection originating from an STI that spreads from other organs. Complications of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ include obstruction of the fallopian tubes and infertility. 12.78 Premenstrual syndrome is a collection of symptoms—

premenstrual syndrome pre MEN stroo al * SIN drohm

including nervous tension, irritability, breast pain (mastalgia; Frame 12.54), edema, and headache—which usually occur during the 10 days preceding menstruation. ____________________ ____________________ is abbreviated PMS. 12.79 The uterus is suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments.

prolapsed uterus

If these ligaments weaken, often due to a congenital deformity or trauma, the uterus may become displaced to droop downward into the vagina. The condition is called prolapsed uterus, and in some cases it may even fall completely within the vagina (■ Figure 12.20). Another term for __________________ __________________ is hysteroptosis (HISS ter op TOH siss), which is a constructed term with three word parts: hyster/o/ptosis.

■■Figure 12.20

Prolapsed uterus. (a) A prolapse is the abnormal drop of the uterus into the vagina, representing the most common type of uterine displacement. It is usually caused by weakened uterine ligaments. (b) A severely prolapsed uterus may extend through the vaginal orifice, as shown.

salpingitis sal pin JYE tiss

Severely prolapsed uterus

Prolapsed uterus

(a)

(b)

12.80 Inflammation of a fallopian tube is called ____________________.

The constructed form of this term is salping/itis. It is usually caused by bacterial infection and is often associated with PID (Frame 12.77).

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12.81 A protrusion, or herniation, of a fallopian tube wall is known

salpingocele sal PING goh seel

as ____________________. The constructed form is salping/o/cele, revealing its three word parts.

vaginitis vaj ih NYE tiss

12.82 Inflammation of the vagina is known as ____________________.

Because colp/o is an alternate combining form for vagina, it is also called colpitis (kol PYE tiss). In a common form known as atrophic vaginitis (ay TROH fik * vaj ih NYE tiss), the usual symptoms of redness and swelling are accompanied by thinning of the vaginal wall and loss of moisture, usually due to a depletion of estrogen, and is common among postmenopausal women. 12.83 Inflammation of the external genitals, or vulva, is called

vulvitis vul VYE tiss vulv/o/vagin/itis

____________________. When the vagina is also inflamed, the condition is known as vulvovaginitis (VUL voh vaj ih NYE tiss). The constructed form of this term reveals four word parts and is written ______/__/_______/_____.

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. breast cancer

a. a malignant tumor of the cervix

______

2. carcinoma in situ

b. the most common form is infiltrating ductal carcinoma

______

3. cervical cancer

c. cancer in site

______

4. fibrocystic breast disease

d. a common form of reproductive cancer in women

______

5. fistula

______

6. ovarian cancer

e. a condition in which one or more benign, fibrous cysts develop within the breast

______

7. ovarian cyst

______

8. pelvic inflammatory disease

______

9. premenstrual syndrome

______ 10. prolapsed uterus

f. an abnormal passage from one hollow organ to another g. inflammation that involves some or all of the female organs within the pelvic cavity h. displacement of the uterus into the vagina i. a fluid-filled sac on an ovary j. collection of symptoms that occur during the 10 days ­preceding menstruation

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Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested words or definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) vulvitis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 2. a) salpingocele

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What anatomical part does the combining form refer to? ___________________________ 3. a) amastia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________ 4. a) endometriosis

________/________/___/________ p        cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) leiomyoma

________/___/________/________ cf    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the female reproductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

endotrans-

within through, across, beyond

cervic/o colp/o episi/o gyn/o, gynec/o hyster/o lapar/o mamm/o mast/o metr/i oophor/o path/o salping/o

neck, cervix vagina vulva woman uterus abdomen breast breast uterus ovary disease trumpet, fallopian tube sound sheath, vagina vulva

-al -ectomy

pertaining to surgical excision, removal a record or image recording process pertaining to one who studies study or science of surgical fixation, suspension surgical repair suturing process of viewing surgical creation of an opening

son/o vagin/o vulv/o

KEY TERMS A–Z biopsy BYE op see

-gram -graphy -ic -logist -logy -pexy -plasty -rrhaphy -scopy -stomy

12.84 A minor surgical procedure that involves the surgical

extraction of tissue for microscopic analysis is called a ____________________. Abbreviated bx or Bx, the sample may be removed from any tissue including the cervix, endometrium, or breast. Any one of several procedures may be used to extract a tissue sample, including scraping (curettage), aspiration, or excision. (■ Figure 12.21).

■■Figure 12.21

Biopsy. Various forms of gynecological biopsy are shown.

Endometrial curretage

Pap smear

Cervical punch biopsy

Cervical cone biopsy

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12.85 To remove precancerous or cancerous tissue from the

cervical conization

cervicectomy SER vih SEK toh mee

cervix, the anterior part of the cervix can be removed in a cervical conization (SER vih kal * koh nih ZAY shun). In this procedure, a cone-shaped section of the cervix is removed as a common treatment for precancerous conditions. A ____________________ ____________________ is often performed with an electrical wire loop, called a LEEP, which is an acronym for “loop electrosurgical excision procedure.” If the cancer is developed, the cervix may be removed in a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is cervic/ectomy. 12.86 Recall that a word root for vagina is colp. Removal of the

colpectomy kol PEK toh mee

vagina is a surgery called a ____________________, or alternatively called vaginectomy (VAJ ih NEK toh mee). 12.87 Surgical repair of the vagina is a procedure called

colpoplasty KOL poh plass tee colporrhaphy kol POR ah fee

colp/o/scopy

____________________. This constructed term includes three word parts: colp/o/plasty. A colpoplasty often includes suturing the wall of the vagina in a procedure called ____________________. Also a constructed term, it may be shown with its three word parts as colp/o/rrhaphy. Both procedures often follow an endoscopic evaluation of the vagina, called a colposcopy. Write the constructed form of this term here: _________/__/________. 12.88 A common procedure that is used for both diagnostic

dilation and curettage dye LAY shun * and * koo reh TAZH

and treatment purposes is called dilation and curettage, abbreviated D&C. During a ___________________ ____________ ____________________, the cervix is dilated to permit the insertion of a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette, which is used to scrape the lining of the endometrium (see Figure 12.21). It is often performed to control bleeding, obtain a tissue sample for biopsy, or remove polyps. 12.89 If the endometrium requires more treatment than can be

endometrial ablation ehn doh MEE tree al * ahb LAY shun

provided by a D&C, an endometrial ablation may be applied. The term ablation means “surgical removal of tissue.” In an ____________________ ____________________, lasers, electricity, or heat may be used to destroy the endometrium, followed by suction to remove the dead tissue.

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12.90 Two combining forms that mean “woman” are gynec/o and

gynecology GYE neh KOL oh jee

gynopathology GYE no path ALL oh jee

gyn/o/path/o/logist

gyn/o. The branch of medicine focusing on women is known as ___________________, abbreviated GYN. The constructed form of this term is gynec/o/logy. Frequently, a physician known as an obstetrician-gynecologist combines these two areas of expertise; this is abbreviated OB/GYN. Also, the study of diseases that afflict women is known as ____________________. As a constructed term, it includes two combining forms: gyn/o/path/o/logy. A physician specializing in this field of medicine is called a gynopathologist (GYE no path ALL oh jist). Show the five word parts of this term: ___/__/____/__/______. 12.91 As a common therapy for hormonal management,

hormone replacement therapy

hormone replacement therapy, abbreviated HRT, can be very effective in correcting disrupted menstrual and ovarian cycles. In ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, the hormones estrogen and progesterone are frequently prescribed in pill form. It is also the most effective means of female contraception for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy. 12.92 The surgical removal of the uterus is commonly called

hysterectomy HISS teh REK toh mee

____________________. The surgery may include surrounding structures with their corresponding terminology, as shown in ■ Figure 12.22. This constructed term includes two word parts: hyster/ectomy.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

■■Figure 12.22

Alternative forms of surgeries involving the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The solid lines indicate excision. (a) Hysterectomy. (b) Right salpingo-oophorectomy. (c) Bilateral salpingooophorectomy. (d) Bilateral hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy, or panhysterectomy.

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12.93 The surgical procedure that may be used to correct the

position of prolapsed uterus (Frame 12.79) by strengthening its connections to the abdominal wall is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is hyster/o/pexy and means “surgical fixation of the uterus.”

hysteropexy HISS ter oh PEK see

-pexy or -plasty? WORDS TO Watch Out For

The meanings of these two suffixes both relate to surgery—but they are very different forms of surgery. Remember that -pexy means “surgical fixation, suspension,” and -plasty means “surgical repair.” One way to remember the meaning of -pexy is that it uses an x, as does the word fixation in its definition. Similarly, a way to remember the meaning of -plasty is that it uses a p, as does the word repair in its definition.

12.94 A noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses a modified

hysteroscopy HISS ter OSS koh pee

laparoscopy lap ahr OSS koh pee

endoscope, called a hysteroscope (HISS ter oh skope), to evaluate the uterine cavity is called ____________________. It contains three word parts, as you can see in hyster/o/scopy. To evaluate the external appearance of the uterus and other organs of the pelvic cavity, a laparoscope (LAP ahr oh skope) is inserted through a small incision in the lower abdominal wall during a ____________________. The procedure is shown in ■ Figure 12.23. This is also a constructed term, shown as lapar/o/scopy (the word root lapar means “abdomen”).

Laparoscope

Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus

■■Figure 12.23

Laparoscopy. A lighted endoscope specialized for insertion into the abdomen, called a laparoscope, is used to view reproductive organs. The laparoscope may also be outfitted with surgical devices for excision of structures.

Light source

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12.95 An x-ray procedure that produces an x-ray image of a

breast, called a mammogram, is called ____________________. The procedure and a mammogram are shown in ■ Figure 12.24. The procedure is an early screening for breast cancer. The term mammography is a constructed word: mamm/o/graphy.

mammography mam OG rah fee

■■Figure 12.24

Mammography. (a) A healthcare professional assists the patient to ensure the breast is placed ideally for the x-ray. Source: Keith Brofsky/Photodisc/Getty Images. (b) A mammogram. A tumor is visible in this mammogram, indicated by the arrow in the lower right corner. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Dwight Kaufman, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute Visuals Online, Bethesda, MD.

(a)

(b)

-graph, -graphy, or -gram? WORDS TO Watch Out For

Remember that the suffix -y means “process of.” Thus, because the suffix -graph means “instrument for recording,” the suffix -graphy means “recording process.” In a slightly different twist, the suffix -gram means “a record or image.” In each of these suffixes, switching the ending creates the term used for recording information.

12.96 The surgical repair of one or both breasts is called a

mammoplasty MAM moh PLASS tee

____________________. It involves either the enlargement or reduction of breast size or, in some cases, removal of a tumor. Mammoplasty is also an important reconstructive procedure for women who have had a mastectomy (Frame 12.97).

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12.97 In addition to the combining form mamm/o, the combining

mastectomy mass TEK toh mee

form mast/o also means “breast.” Thus, a procedure involving the removal of breast tissue is a ____________________ (■ Figure 12.25). In a simple mastectomy, one entire breast is removed while leaving underlying muscles and lymph nodes intact. In a radical mastectomy (or Halsted mastectomy), the entire affected breast is removed along with muscles and lymph nodes of the chest. In a modified radical mastectomy, the affected breast and lymph nodes are removed but the muscles are left intact. Finally, a lumpectomy is the removal of the cancerous lesions only, which conserves the breast.

■■Figure 12.25

Breast surgery. Surgical removal of all or part of the breast is a treatment against the spread of breast cancer.

oophorectomy oh OF oh REK toh mee

(a)

Lumpectomy

(b)

Modified radical mastectomy

12.98 Surgical removal of an ovary is performed in an

____________________. Its two word parts are shown in oophor/ectomy. 12.99 A common diagnostic procedure that screens for

Pap smear

precancerous cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer is known as the Papanicolaou smear (pap an IK oh lau * smeer), commonly called a ____________________ ____________________. It involves the gentle scraping of cells from the cervix and vagina followed by their microscopic examination (■ Figure 12.26).

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Y OR AT M M LA

NO RM AL

IN F

N CA

Pap smear. Cells of the cervix (shown in the center) change in appearance as they progress through the stages of cervical cancer, as shown in this diagram. During the Pap smear, cells are obtained from the cervix in a cervical biopsy and studied under a microscope for changes. Based on the appearance of cells, a diagnosis can be made.

CE R

C ER

■■Figure 12.26

AN EC PR

PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR Did You KNOW

Named after Dr. George Papanicolaou, an anatomist and cytologist, the Pap smear is a screening test for cervical cancer that has made early detection possible. The American Cancer Society recommends annual tests at ages 20 and 21, followed by tests at 3-year intervals throughout later years.

12.100 The surgical removal of a fallopian tube is performed in a

salpingectomy SAL pin JEK toh mee

salping/o/oophor/ectomy

procedure called a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is salping/ectomy. If an ovary is also removed, the procedure is called a salpingo-oophorectomy (sal ping goh oh OF oh REK toh mee). Also a constructed term, it includes four word parts: _________/__-________/_________.

The O’s in Salpingo-oophorectomy WORDS TO Watch Out For

When two combining forms are joined together to form a term, the first combining form keeps its combining vowel, even if the second begins with a vowel. Thus, in the term salpingo-oophorectomy, the combining form salping/o retains its combining vowel. In this long term, the hyphen is included to distinguish between the two adjacent combining forms and to make pronunciation easier. This makes for a lot of o’s, so be careful when you spell this term.

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12.101 Surgical fixation of a fallopian tube may become necessary

salpingopexy sal PING oh PEK see

salping/o/stomy

if the ligaments that support the tube within the pelvic cavity weaken. The procedure is called ____________________. This constructed term includes three word parts, as you can see in salping/o/pexy. Often, a salpingopexy is accompanied by a procedure to open a blocked fallopian tube or to drain fluid from an inflamed tube. This procedure is called a salpingostomy (SAL ping GOSS toh mee), which can be shown with its word parts separated as ________/__/________. 12.102 A noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound

sonohysterography son oh HIST er OG rah fee

waves to visualize the uterus within the pelvic cavity is called sonohysterography. The constructed term ____________________ contains five word parts, represented as son/o/hyster/o/graphy. In the diagnostic procedure known as transvaginal sonography (trans VAJ ih nal * son OG rah fee) (TVS), an ultrasound probe is inserted through the vagina to record images of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. The constructed form of these terms is trans/vagin/al son/o/graphy. In addition to its use for observing tumors or cysts, it is used to monitor pregnancy. 12.103 The most common form of female sterilization as a

tubal ligation TOO bal * lye GAY shun

contraceptive measure is called tubal ligation, during which the fallopian tubes are severed and closed to prevent the migration of sperm upward into the tubes (■ Figure 12.27). The term ____________________ ____________________ includes the word that means “to tie up,” ligate. Recently, in an effort to minimize the invasiveness of surgery, ligation is sometimes replaced by the use of clamps to close the fallopian tubes during endoscopic surgery. Operating laparoscope

Forceps

■■Figure 12.27

Tubal ligation. To minimize the size of the incisions necessary, laparoscopic surgery may be used to enter the abdominal cavity through a small incision, cut the fallopian tubes, and ligate (tie off) or clamp.

Sterilization

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12.104 A vaginal speculum is an instrument used during a

vaginal speculum VAJ ih nal * SPEK yoo lum

gynecological exam. A ____________________ ____________________ is used to open the vaginal orifice wide enough to permit visual examination of the vagina and cervix. 12.105 The surgical removal of the vulva is called a

vulvectomy vuhl VEK toh mee

____________________. The constructed form of this term is vulv/ectomy.

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1.  biopsy

a.  removal of the anterior part of the cervix

______ 2.  dilation and curettage ______ 3.  cervical conization

b.  s evers and closes the fallopian tubes to prevent migration of sperm

______ 4.  Papanicolaou smear

c.  common therapy for hormone imbalances

______ 5.  hormone replacement therapy

d.  destroys the endometrium with a laser

______ 6.  transvaginal sonography ______ 7.  endometrial ablation ______ 8.  tubal ligation ______ 9.  vaginal speculum

e.  a  procedure in which the cervix is dilated and a curette is inserted to scrape the endometrium f.  instrument that opens the vaginal orifice to permit visual examination g.  records images of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes h.  m  icroscopic examination of cells scraped from the cervix and vagina i.  surgical extraction of tissue for microscopic analysis

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Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Combining Form

Suffix

colp/o gynec/o hyster/o mamm/o oophor/o salping/o vulv/o

-ectomy -gram -logy -pexy -plasty -rrhaphy

Definition

Term

1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9. 

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

surgical removal of the vulva surgical repair of the vagina branch of medicine that focuses on women surgical removal of the uterus suturing the wall of the vagina surgical fixation of the uterus x-ray image of a breast surgical removal of an ovary surgical removal of a fallopian tube

Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of obstetrics and are covered in the ­following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, ­combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

dys-

bad, abnormal, ­painful, difficult excessive, a ­ bnormally high, above excessive, over, many

amni/o cyes/o gravid/o hydr/o lact/o pseud/o toc/o

amnion pregnancy pregnancy water milk false birth

-cyesis -emesis -ia -rrhea -s

pregnancy vomiting condition of discharge plural

hyperpoly-

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KEY TERMS A–Z

12.106 Recall that the suffix -rrhea means “discharge.” The abnormal

amniorrhea AM nee oh REE ah

discharge of amniotic fluid is a sign of a ruptured amniotic sac. The sign is called ____________________. This constructed term includes three word parts: amni/o/rrhea. 12.107 The combining form for birth is toc/o. When the prefix dys-

dystocia diss TOH see ah

and the suffix -ia are added, the new term is ____________________ and means “condition of difficult labor.” The constructed form is shown as dys/toc/ia. 12.108 The symptom of severe nausea and emesis (vomiting) during

hyperemesis gravidarum HIGH per EM eh siss * grav ih DAR um

pregnancy is called hyperemesis gravidarum. The term literally means “excessive vomiting when pregnant.” ____________________ ____________________ can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus if left untreated. 12.109 An abnormal, spontaneous discharge of milk usually between

lactorrhea LAK toh REE ah

nursings or after weaning is known as ____________________. This constructed term contains three word parts, shown as lact/o/rrhea. 12.110 An excessive production of amniotic fluid during fetal

polyhydramnios PALL ee high DRAM nee ohs

development is called polyhydramnios. If left untreated, ____________________ can cause unwanted pressure on the fetus that can disturb development. The term is constructed of 5 word parts, shown as poly/hydr/amni/o/s. 12.111 A sensation of being pregnant when a true pregnancy

pseudocyesis SOO doh sigh EE siss

does not exist is called pseudocyesis, which literally means “false pregnancy.” The constructed form of ____________________ is pseud/o/cyesis.

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PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) dystocia

________/________/________ p    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 2. a) hyperemesis

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) pseudocyesis

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 4. a) polyhydramnios

________/________/________/___/________ p    r      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 5. a) lactorrhea

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 6. a) amniorrhea

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of obstetrics and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, ­combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

blast/o

germ, bud, ­developing cell

erythr/o

red

fet/o plasm/o tox/o

fetus form poison

-al -osis -sis

pertaining to condition of state of

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KEY TERMS A–Z

12.112 The premature separation of the placenta from the uterine

abruptio placentae ah BRUP shee oh * plah SEN tee

wall is called abruptio placentae. This Latin word means “abrupt (loss) of placenta.” ____________________ ____________________ results in either a miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature birth and is illustrated in ■ Figure 12.28.

409

■■Figure 12.28

Abruptio placentae. The placenta becomes prematurely detached from the uterine wall.

12.113 An abnormal childbirth in which the buttocks, feet, or knees

breech presentation

appear through the birth canal first is commonly called a breech presentation. A ____________________ ____________________ is relatively common and places the child at risk due to an increased risk of complications during birth. 12.114 A congenital anomaly is an abnormality present at birth.

congenital anomaly kon JENN ih tal * ah NOM ah lee

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As an example, cleft palate is a failure of the roof of the mouth to close during prenatal development. Another ____________________ ____________________ is esophageal atresia (eh sof ah JEE al * ah TREE zhe ah), in which the child is born with an absence of part of the esophagus. This constructed term literally means “closure of the esophagus.” A severe, relatively common congenital anomaly is Down syndrome. Also called trisomy 21 to identify the chromosome number that contains the defective genes, it is an abnormality present at birth and characterized by cognitive disabilities, glossomegaly (enlarged tongue), stubby fingers, and a fold over the eyelids.

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12.115 A circulatory disorder that places a pregnant woman and

eclampsia eh KLAMP see ah

her child at risk is called pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), or preeclampsia (pree eh KLAMP see ah). It is characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria (protein in the urine), and edema, all due to toxemia (toxins in the bloodstream) during pregnancy. In some women, it may progress to the more dangerous condition known as ____________________, in which the high blood pressure worsens to cause convulsions and possibly coma and death.

ECLAMPSIA Did You KNOW

The term eclampsia is derived from the Greek word eclampsis, which means “to shine forth rapidly or flash.” It refers to a sudden development and was chosen to be used for this ­condition in modern times because of the sudden onset of convulsions that often marks the disease.

12.116 Normally, about 8 days after fertilization the zygote will

ectopic pregnancy ek TOP ik * PREG nan see

implant into the inner lining of the uterus. However, in some cases the zygote may implant in other tissues, such as the fallopian tube lining or even the peritoneum, and from there proceed through embryonic and fetal development (■ Figure 12.29). The term ectopic means “out of place.” Therefore, a pregnancy occurring outside the uterus is called ____________________ ____________________.

Placenta on the body wall, liver, stomach, and intestines

■■Figure 12.29

Ectopic pregnancies. (a) An ectopic pregnancy may occur in any of the locations shown. Interstitial pregnancy is the most common, with implantation occurring near the union of a fallopian tube and uterus. If the pregnancy is not terminated, it will destroy the fallopian tube and cause blood loss. An ovarian pregnancy has the unfortunate result of destroying the ovary. (b) An abdominal pregnancy is shown at full term. Note that the fetus is surrounded by the amniotic sac, but outside the uterus.

Interstitial pregnancy Abdominal pregnancy

Pubic symphysis Urinary bladder Uterus Vagina Rectum (a)

Ovarian pregnancy

(b)

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12.117 A condition of neonates, or newborns, in which red blood

erythroblastosis fetalis eh RITH roh blass TOH siss * fee TAL iss

(a)

cells are destroyed due to an incompatibility between the mother’s blood and baby’s blood is called erythroblastosis fetalis. It occurs when the mother has RH- blood and has previously had an RH+ child (■ Figure 12.30). The term ____________________ ____________________ is constructed as erythr/o/blast/osis fetalis and means “condition of fetal development of red (cells).” It is also called hemolytic disease of the newborn.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

RH+ father

RH– mother

■■Figure 12.30

Erythroblastosis fetalis. (a) The condition occurs with an RH+ father and RHmother. (b) First pregnancy with an RH+ fetus stimulates the mother’s blood to form antibodies against the fetal blood. (c) As the placenta separates during birth, the mother is further exposed to the RH+ blood, increasing her blood’s reaction against it. (d) The mother carries antibodies against the RH+ blood. (e) In a subsequent pregnancy with an RH+ fetus, the mother’s antibodies attack the RH+ blood of the fetus, causing hemolysis of the fetal red blood cells, resulting in the disease that can kill the child.

12.118 A neonatal condition caused by excessive alcohol

fetal alcohol syndrome

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consumption by the mother during pregnancy is known as fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ often causes brain dysfunction and growth abnormalities that usually afflict the child throughout life. Because it causes a range of physical and cognitive disabilities, it is also called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).

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12.119 A lung disorder of neonates, particularly premature infants,

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

in which certain cells of the lungs fail to mature at birth to cause lung collapse that can result in suffocation is called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Abbreviated NRDS, it is also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. The condition of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ may be managed by placing monitors around the baby that trigger when breathing has stopped during the sleep cycle. 12.120 A condition in which the placenta is abnormally attached to the

placenta previa plah SEN tah * PREE vee ah

uterine wall in the lower portion of the uterus is called placenta previa. ■ Figure 12.31 illustrates the condition of ____________________ ____________________.

Placenta previa

■■Figure 12.31

Placenta previa. The condition is caused by the development of the placenta over the cervical canal, creating an occlusion of the birth canal.

12.121 Caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, the disease

toxoplasmosis TAHK soh plaz MOH siss

____________________ may be contracted by exposure to animal feces, most commonly from household cats. This constructed term is written tox/o/plasm/osis and means “condition of toxic form.” It is a danger to pregnant women because the protozoa are capable of crossing the placental barrier to infect the fetus and cause birth defects.

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PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1.  congenital anomaly

a.  severely high blood pressure in the pregnant woman

______ 2.  breech presentation ______ 3.  eclampsia

b.  b  rain dysfunction and growth abnormalities caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy

______ 4.  abruptio placentae

c.  abnormality present at birth

______ 5.  ectopic pregnancy

d.  placenta is abnormally located

______ 6.  fetal alcohol syndrome  eonatal respiratory distress ______ 7.  n syndrome ______ 8.  placenta previa

e.  lung disorder of neonates  bnormal birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees f.  a appear through the birth canal first g.  pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus h.  premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of obstetrics and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

epi-

upon, over, above, on top

KEY TERMS A–Z

abortion ah BOR shun

Combining Form

Definition

abort/o amni/o dur/o episi/o fet/o obstetr/o

miscarry amnion hard vulva fetus midwife

Suffix

Definition

-al -centesis -ic -ician -metry

pertaining to surgical puncture pertaining to one who practices measurement, process of measuring incision, to cut

-tomy

12.122 A term derived from the Latin word aborto, which means

“miscarry,” is abortion. It is the termination of pregnancy by expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus. A natural expulsion is called a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion (SAB). An ____________________ induced by surgery or drugs is called a therapeutic abortion (TAB). A drug that induces TAB is called an abortifacient (ah BOR tih FAY shent). 12.123 A procedure that involves penetration of the amnion with

amniocentesis AM nee oh sehn TEE siss

a syringe and aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis is known as amniocentesis. The constructed form of this term is amni/o/centesis. ____________________ literally means “surgical puncture of amnion.” It is shown in ■ Figure 12.32.

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90°

Skin Fascia Uterine wall

Amniotic cavity

Empty bladder

■■Figure 12.32

Amniocentesis. In this procedure, amniotic fluid is aspirated with a syringe that is inserted through the abdominal wall, uterine wall, and amnion.

12.124 As an alternative to the nonsurgical birth of a child through

cesarean section seh ZAIR ee an * SEK shun

the birth canal, birthing can be accomplished surgically by making an incision through the abdomen and uterus. This procedure is called ____________________ ____________________; it is abbreviated C-section.

CESAREAN SECTION Did You KNOW

The Latin word caesar literally means “to cut.” Because of the Latin meaning of the word, it is believed that the term cesarean section was first used to describe this surgical a ­ lternative to vaginal birth during ancient Roman times. At one time it was thought that Julius Caesar was given the name “Caesar” because his origin was from such a birth, but that is now known to be false. During Roman times, physicians lacked the skills and knowledge to ­perform the operation without killing the mother; it was performed only if the mother had died while pregnant in an effort to save the child. His mother survived his birth, so the origin of the Caesar name remains a mystery.

12.125 The term contraception literally means “against conception,”

contraception kon trah SEP shun

or prevention of birth. It is the use of devices and drugs to prevent fertilization, implantation of a fertilized egg, or both. The most effective ____________________ is surgical sterilization, including the vasectomy in males (Frame 12.45) and tubal ligation in females (Frame 12.103). The most popular method is the birth control pill, taken orally by females to block ovulation. Other methods include condoms, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).

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12.126 To reduce pain during childbirth, a patient may request an

epidural

episiotomy eh peez ee OTT oh mee

____________________ block, during which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space of the vertebral column to block sensation from the pelvic region. Epidural is a constructed term, shown as epi/dur/al. Another elective treatment may be made in an effort to prevent tearing of the vulva and perineum during childbirth. This procedure involves an incision through these tissues to widen the vaginal opening and is called episiotomy. ____________________ is a constructed term, episi/o/tomy. 12.127 A procedure that measures the size of a fetus is called

fetometry fee TOM eh tree

____________________. This constructed term is fet/o/metry and means “fetal measurement.” It is performed using ultrasound technology on the pregnant mother in a technique known as obstetrical sonography (ob STET rih kal * son OG rah fee), which is shown in ■ Figure 12.33.

(a)

■■Figure 12.33

Obstetrical sonography and fetometry. (a) The procedure is performed in a clinical setting. The instrumentation includes a monitor, control panel, and ultrasound probe. Source: Monkey Business Images/ Shutterstock. (b) The fetometry is obtained by measuring the size of the fetal head and other parts of the fetal body from the image on the monitor. Source: GagliardiImages/Shutterstock.

(b)

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12.128 The combining form obstetr/o is derived from the Latin

obstetrics ob STET riks obstetrician

word obstetrix, which means “midwife.” The medical field of __________________ is a discipline concerned with prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It is abbreviated OB. A physician practicing in this field is called an ____________________ (OB steh TRISH an).

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1.  cesarean section ______ 2.  miscarriage ______ 3.  abortifacient ______ 4.  therapeutic abortion ______ 5.  contraception ______ 6.  obstetrics

a.  t ermination of pregnancy by a natural expulsion of the embryo or fetus; also called spontaneous abortion b.  t he use of devices and drugs to prevent fertilization, implantation of a fertilized egg, or both c.  an abortion induced by surgery or drugs d.  a  n assisted birth procedure using a surgical incision through the ­abdomen and uterus e.  m  edical field concerned with fetal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period f.  a drug that induces therapeutic abortion

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Combining Form

Suffix

amni/o episi/o fet/o

-centesis -metry -tomy

Definition

Term

1. aspiration of amniotic fluid for analysis 2. an incision made through the vulva and perineum during childbirth 3. procedure that measures the size of a fetus

____________________ ____________________ ____________________

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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 12.129 The disease that results from infection with the

HIV/AIDS

human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, abbreviated AIDS. Both acronyms are usually combined to term the disease HIV/AIDS. It is acquired mainly through the exchange of body fluids during sex, such as semen, blood, and vaginal secretions. It can also be acquired by the use of contaminated instruments, such as intravenous needles. The onset of ____________________ is characterized by the development of opportunistic infections, which arise as the white blood cell count (mainly helper T cells) declines. 12.130 Infection by the yeastlike fungus Candida albicans is

candidiasis KAN dih DYE ah siss

often sexually transmitted to cause the infection known as ____________________. It is characterized by skin and mucuous membrane irritation and can lead to fatal systemic disease such as endocarditis and septicemia. Candidiasis may also be caused by an interference with normal flora, such as antibiotic therapy, and occurs most frequently in women. 12.131 The most common bacterial STI in North America is

chlamydia klah MID ee ah

chlamydia. Its symptoms include urethral or vaginal discharge and pelvic pain among women, urethritis and proctitis in men, and inflammation of the eye’s conjunctiva in newborns that can lead to blindness. The term ____________________ is derived from the Greek word chlamydos, which means “cloak.” 12.132 Genital herpes is the most common viral STI in North

genital herpes JENN ih tal * HER peez

America. ____________________ ____________________ is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2, or HSV-2. It is characterized by periodic outbreaks of small, painful blister-like sores on the genital and anorectal skin and mucous membranes. 12.133 An STI that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gonorrhea gahn oh REE ah

is called ____________________. Among most infected men, it produces ulcerlike lesions on the mucous membranes and skin of the genital region and is characterized by urethral discharge, although in women it is usually without symptoms. Gonorrhea means “a flow of seed.”

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12.134 Hepatitis is an inflammatory disease of the liver that has

hepatitis B

many different forms that are categorized as types A through E. In ____________________, commonly called hep B, the cause is a virus (known as HBV) that is primarily transmitted via blood exchange, often through blood transfusions or sharing IV needles. It may also be acquired through sexual exchange of body fluids. Hep B causes liver damage that can lead to liver failure and death. (Recall from Chapter 10 that hepatitis is a constructed term, hepat/itis: hepat/o means “liver” and -itis means “inflammation.”) 12.135 The human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a virus that is

human papillomavirus

extremely common in the human population and is transmitted during intercourse. In some people, ____________________ ____________________ forms the symptom of papillomas or genital warts, which are transient vesicles on the penis or within the vagina. It is well established that HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer (Frame 12.62) and elevates the risk of several other types of cancers. 12.136 An STI that is caused by a bacterium called a spirochete

syphilis SIFF ih liss

(Treponema pallidum) is known as syphilis. It is transmitted by sexual contact and usually first appears as red, painless pustules on the skin that erode to form small ulcers known as chancres (SHANG kerz) (Frame 12.10). If left untreated, ____________________ can result in mental confusion, organ destruction, and death. The term syphilis is named after the main character in a poem written in 1530 about a shepherd afflicted with this dreaded disease. 12.137 An STI caused by the protozoan Trichomonas, which is an

trichomoniasis TRIK oh moh NYE ah siss

amoeba-like single-celled organism, is called ____________________. It is spread by sexual contact and infects both women and men. In women, the sexually transmitted form is called Trichomonas vaginalis and causes vaginal swelling and pain. In men, the urethra and prostate gland become infected, causing inflammation and pelvic pain.

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PRACTICE: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1.  chlamydia ______ 2.  genital herpes ______ 3.  acquired immuno deficiency syndrome ______ 4.  hepatitis B ______ 5.  human papillomavirus ______ 6.  syphilis ______ 7.  gonorrhea ______ 8.  trichomoniasis ______ 9.  candidiasis

a.  extremely common STI that causes genital warts in some people and may also increase risk of cervical cancer b.  caused by a bacterium called a spirochete c.  t he most common bacterial STI in North America; symptoms include urethritis and inflammation of the conjunctiva d.  characterized by skin and mucous membrane irritation; can lead to endocarditis and septicemia  bacterial infection that produces ulcerlike lesions on the mucous e.  a membranes and skin of the genital region and urethral discharge f.  results from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) g.  infection caused by a protozoan that causes inflammation of the urethra and prostate and pelvic pain h.  a form of an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a virus that is sexually transmitted  haracterized by periodic outbreaks of ulcerlike sores on the i.  c ­genital and anorectal skin and mucous membranes

Abbreviations of the Reproductive System and Obstetrics The abbreviations associated with the reproductive system and obstetrics are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome benign prostatic hyperplasia biopsy cervical intraepithelial neoplasia carcinoma in situ cesarean section dilation and curettage digital rectal exam erectile dysfunction fetal alcohol syndrome fetal alcohol spectrum disorder fibrocystic breast disease gynecology hepatitis B virus human immunodeficiency virus human papillomavirus hormone replacement therapy herpes simplex virus type 2

IDC LEEP

infiltrating ductal carcinoma loop electrosurgical excision procedure neonatal respiratory distress syndrome obstetrics obstetrics/gynecology Papanicolaou smear (or test) pelvic inflammatory disease pregnancy-induced hypertension premenstrual syndrome polycystic ovary syndrome prostate-specific antigen spontaneous abortion sexually transmitted infection therapeutic abortion transurethral resection of the prostate transvaginal sonography

BPH Bx, bx CIN CIS C-section D&C DRE ED FAS FASD FBD GYN HBV HIV HPV HRT HSV-2

NRDS OB OB/GYN Pap smear (test) PID PIH PMS PCOS PSA SAB STI TAB TURP TVS

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PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1.  PSA

__________________________________________

  2.  ____________________

sexually transmitted infection

  3.  HIV

__________________________________________

  4.  ____________________

transurethral resection of the prostate

  5.  BPH

__________________________________________

  6.  ____________________

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

  7.  ____________________

hepatitis B virus

  8.  HSV-2

__________________________________________

  9.  ____________________

digital rectal exam

10.  HPV

__________________________________________

11.  ____________________

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

12.  D&C

__________________________________________

13.  ____________________

carcinoma in situ

14.  HRT

__________________________________________

15.  ____________________

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

16.  PMS

__________________________________________

17.  ____________________

therapeutic abortion

18.  PCOS

__________________________________________

19.  ____________________

pelvic inflammatory disease

20.  TVS

__________________________________________

21.  ____________________

gynecology

22.  Bx

__________________________________________

23.  ____________________

Papanicolaou smear

24.  ED

__________________________________________

25.  ____________________

fibrocystic breast disease

26.  OB

__________________________________________

27.  ____________________

cesarean section

28.  OB/GYN

__________________________________________

29.  ____________________

spontaneous abortion

30.  PIH

__________________________________________

31.  ____________________

fetal alcohol syndrome

32.  IDC

__________________________________________

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CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The first question has been completed as an example.   1.  absence of one or both testes

anorchism

  2.  cancer originating from a testis

testicular carcin____________________

  3.  abnormally persistent erection

____________________ism

  4.  constriction of the prepuce

____________________mosis

  5.  excision of the prepuce

circum____________________

  6.  an STI that causes liver inflammation

____________________B

  7.  incision into a testis

____________________tomy

  8.  condition of an undescended testis

____________________orchidism

  9.  condition of abnormally few sperm

____________________spermia

10.  inflammation of a testis

orch____________________

11.  herniation of veins in the spermatic cord

____________________cele

12.  absence of menstrual discharge

____________________menorrhea

13.  white or yellow discharge from the uterus

____________________rrhea

14.  condition of pain in the breast

____________________algia

15.  profuse bleeding during menstruation

meno____________________

16.  abnormally reduced bleeding during menstruation

___________________menorrhea

17.  spread of endometrial tissue into the pelvic organs

endometri____________________

18.  inflammation of the cervix

____________________itis

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 12.

Definition              1.  balan/o   2.  orchi/o   3.  test/o   4.  sperm/o   5.  colp/o   6.  mamm/o   7.  metr/o   8.  salping/o   9.  cyes/o 10.  toc/o

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

  Use in a Term _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 12.34 and 12.35 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.

Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle

Symphysis pubis

2.

deferens

1.

Rectum

Urethra

gland Bulbourethral gland 4.

Glans penis 3.

■■Figure 12.34

The male reproductive system.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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Fallopian tube 6. __________________ Rectouterine pouch Uterus Cervix Urinary bladder 5.

Urethra

Clitoris 7. Labia __________________ Vaginal orifice (a)

Fundus of uterus

Fallopian tube

Infundibulum Ovary Body of uterus

Endometrium

Uterine cavity Cervical canal

Fornix 8. __________________ 9. __________________

(b)

■■Figure 12.35

The female reproductive system. (a) Sagittal section through the pelvis. (b) Top view of the pelvic organs.

5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Marsha Williams Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Gynecology

Date: 04/15/2017

Patient: Marsha Williams

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 3/10/1972   Age: 45   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Jennifer Holland, MD Subjective: “I experience very painful, heavy periods, especially in the past 5 years. Recently, for the past 2 weeks between my last two periods, I have noticed spotty discharge.” 45 y/o female is nulligravida with a history of dysmenorrhea since puberty, but she explains has increased in intensity during the past 5 years and presently complains of menorrhagia between the past two periods. A D&C was performed on 07/08/2016 but failed to correct symptoms. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.5°F; P: 74; R: 19; BP: 122/80 Ht: 5¿8– Wt: 145 lb General Appearance: Skin with mild pallor, possible diaphoresis. No apparent masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 74 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. GYN: Erythema, mild edema present at cervical face. Lab: Pap smear positive for anaplasia, HPV positive. Colposcopy positive for CIS. Assessment: CIS at anterior face of cervix Plan: Schedule cervical conization within 2 weeks. Biopsy, and consult with Pathology. If recommended, schedule for cervicectomy. Photo Source: Peter Baxter/Shutterstock.

M12_WING1226_04_SE_C12.indd 424

15/03/18 1:04 PM

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Comprehension Questions 1. Which patient complaints are consistent with the evidence? _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why was a Pap smear performed? _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the meaning of the terms dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia? ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) carcinoma in situ of the cervix

dilation and curettage

leukorrhea

cervical conization

dysmenorrhea

menorrhagia

colposcopy

HPV (human papillomavirus)

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

A 45-year-old woman, Marsha Williams, was admitted after complaining of excessive pain during menstruation, or (a) ____________________, that was often accompanied by profuse bleeding, or (b) ____________________. A white discharge, or (c) ____________________, was also mentioned by the patient, usually between periods. A prior treatment in which the cervix was dilated and the endometrium scraped, called a (d) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, did not eliminate the symptoms. The woman had no prior history of reproductive disease, STI, or cancer. A scraping of the vagina and cervix for microscopic evaluation of cells, or (e) ____________________ ___________________, showed abnormalities of cells. Culturing the cells indicated a type of virus that produces vaginal warts, called (f) ____________________, was present and may have been the source of the abnormalities. Further evaluation of the cervix, in which a tissue sample is removed with the aid of endoscopy and known as (g) ____________________, indicated a premetastatic population of mutated cells that were cancerous, a condition called (h) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. This finding was confirmed by a negative blood test for ovarian cancer cells. To eliminate the possibility of metastasis, the location of the anaplastic cell population, at the end of the cervix, was confirmed by (i) ____________________ before it was surgically removed in a cervicectomy procedure.

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Chapter 12

Richard Miller For a greater challenge, read the following medical report, then answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Urology

Date: 06/03/2017

Patient: Richard Miller

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 1/15/1995   Age: 22   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Samantha M. Ramapurthy, MD Subjective: “For the past month I have been feeling pain deep in my groin area. I also experience pain during urination, and have noticed leakage from my penis.” 22 y/o male has no prior history of health concerns. He reported that he has been sexually active with f­ requent unprotected sex in the past year. The pain he describes is scrotal and at the urinary meatus, ­combined with balanorrhea. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.8°F; P: 73; R: 20; BP: 119/75 Ht: 5¿11– Wt: 165 lb General Appearance: Skin with mild pallor and diaphoresis. Palpable lump on lateral aspect of right testis, accompanied by tenderness. Heart: Rate at 73 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. bx: Positive for nonseminoma testicular cancer. Lab: Blood test positive for N. gonorrhoeae. MRI: Tumor present on lateral aspect of r. testis, with some swelling of l. testis. Assessment: Nonseminoma testicular cancer of right testis with mets to left testis; gonorrhea Plan: Antibiotic therapy to defeat STI. Consult Oncology; if approved, schedule bilateral orchiectomy to remove testicular cancer with inguinal lymph node dissection and exploratory into pelvic region. Follow with 6 months chemotherapy and radiation. Photo Source: Vgstudio/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What evidence supports the diagnosis of testicular cancer? _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How was the gonorrhea infection obtained? _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is a bilateral orchiectomy? _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. A 22-year-old male presented with symptoms that included abnormally few sperm in a semen sample, called (j) ____________________, pain in the scrotal and perineal regions, inflammation of the right testis and epididymis, known as (k) ____________________, and a palpable lump on his right testis. An evaluation of his medical history revealed excessive discharge from the glans, called (l) ____________________, caused by a concurrent infection resulting in the STI known as (m) ____________________. The STI was treated with antibiotics and reported cleared. A biopsy taken from the right testis was positive for (n) ____________________ cancer. The left testis also showed evidence of early metastasis, so both testes were removed during a bilateral (o) ____________________ that included lymph node dissection from the pelvic region, followed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Intervention proved successful: the patient survived and is recovering from the treatment with no late-stage metastasis evident. However, the patient is now (p) ____________________, or incapable of producing viable gametes.

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Chapter 13

The Nervous System and Mental Health Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 13.1 Define

and spell the word parts used to create terms for the nervous system.

13.2 Identify

system.

13.3 Break

the major organs of the nervous

down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the nervous system and mental health.

13.4 Build

medical terms from the word parts associated with the nervous system and mental health.

13.5 Pronounce

and spell common medical terms associated with the nervous system and mental health.

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Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

cephal/o cerebell/o cerebr/o crani/o encephal/o gangli/o mening/i, mening/o

head little brain, cerebellum brain, cerebrum skull, cranium brain swelling, knot membrane

myel/o neur/o phren/o psych/o radic/o, radicul/o vag/o ventricul/o

spinal cord, medulla, myelin nerve mind mind nerve root vagus nerve little belly, ventricle

nervous NURR vuss

13.1 The ____________________ system is a complex part of the

body that has been studied extensively, yet there is still much more to learn. It is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Together, these important organs enable you to sense the world around you, integrate this information to form thoughts and memories, and control your body movements and many internal functions. The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, or CNS, and the nerves and ganglia form the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. 13.2 The nervous system maintains body stability, or

homeostasis

neuron

__________________, by monitoring changes in the body and initiating responses to those changes. It is able to perform this important function by its ability to perceive changes, or stimuli, and convert this information into nerve impulses. A nerve impulse begins when a nerve cell, or neuron, opens its membrane channels to sodium and potassium ions, resulting in a flow of these ions across the cell membrane. The flow causes a sudden change in electrical current, which flows along the ____________________ and is transmitted to other adjacent neurons. The result is an impulse that can travel very quickly along the nerves in your skin and elsewhere and throughout the spinal cord and brain. Neurons are supported by other cells of nervous tissue, known as neuroglia, which make up most of the brain and spinal cord.

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Chapter 13

13.3 Review the anatomy of the nervous system by studying ■ Figure

13.1 and ■ Figure 13.2.

Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord

Gray matter (neuron cell bodies)

White matter (axons)

Ganglion Neuron cell bodies

Peripheral nervous system

Nerve

Peripheral nerves

Blood vessels Axon

■■Figure 13.1

Organization of the nervous system.

Connective tissue

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431

Postcentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus

Right cerebral hemisphere

Longitudinal fissure ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

Left cerebral hemisphere (a) Superior view Fornix Corpus callosum

Cerebum (parietal lobe)

Frontal lobe Thalamus Diencephalon

Pineal gland

Occipital lobe

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum Arbor vitae (tree of life)

Frontal sinus Pituitary gland

■■Figure 13.2

The brain. (a) Superior (top) view. (b) Sagittal view of a sectioned brain to reveal internal features.

Sphenoid sinus

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Brainstem

(b) Sagittal view

Medical Terms for the Nervous System and Mental Health 13.4 The nervous system can experience many challenges

nervous

blood–brain barrier

to health. The tissue making up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, called ____________________ tissue, is quite delicate and easily damaged. Therefore, it requires special protective features, such as bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Protection from pathogens circulating in the bloodstream is further assisted by a barrier between brain fluids and the blood, known as the ____________________–____________________ ____________________, which keeps most bacteria, harmful cells, and many toxins from entering the nervous system. Usually, the unwanted substances that successfully penetrate the blood–brain barrier are eliminated by special neuroglial cells in the brain, called microglia.

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Chapter 13

13.5 Despite the measures protecting the brain and spinal cord,

the nervous system may still experience infectious diseases, exposure to toxic substances, injury, and inherited conditions, any of which may lead to functional losses. For example, the most common affliction of the nervous system is stroke. Also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), it is a disruption of the normal flow of blood to the brain, resulting in the loss of ____________________ function that often proves fatal. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 140,000 lives were lost in the United States from ____________________ in 2016, making it the fifth most common cause of death.

brain

stroke

13.6 The treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system is

study of

mind

a relatively young branch of medicine known as neurology (noo RAHL oh jee), which is a subspecialty of internal medicine. The combining form neur/o means “nerve,” and the suffix -logy means “____________________” or “science of.” Specialists within the broad field of neurology include neurologists, whose medical practice focuses on brain or spinal cord treatments; psychiatrists (sye KYE ah trists), whose medical practice addresses mental illness; and clinical psychologists (sye KOL oh jists), who are mental health professionals trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders. The combining form psych/o means “____________________.” 13.7 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the nervous system.

Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the nervous system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

ahyper-

without, absence of excessive, abnormally high, above deficient, abnormally low, below alongside, abnormal excessive, over, many

cephal/o esthes/o neur/o phas/o

head sensation nerve to speak

-algesia -algia -asthenia -ia

pain condition of pain weakness condition of

hypoparpoly-

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KEY TERMS A–Z aphasia ah FAY zee ah a/phas/ia

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13.8 The combining form phas/o means “to speak,” and the

prefix a- means “without or absence of.” Therefore, the inability to speak is known as ____________________. It is a clinical sign of a disease process causing the disability. The term is constructed of word parts. To highlight the word parts, aphasia can be written as ___/_________/_____. It literally means “condition of without speaking.” A similar word with a different meaning is dysphasia, which means “speech difficulty.” Rather than a complete inability to speak, dysphasia is a speech or comprehension disorder resulting from a brain injury or disease. It is also a constructed term, dys/phas/ia. 13.9 The clinical term for a headache, or a generalized pain in

cephalalgia seff al ALL jee ah

the region of the head, includes the combining form for head, cephal/o, and the suffix that means “condition of pain.” The term is ____________________. It includes two word parts, cephal/algia and literally means “condition of head pain.”

CEPHALALGIA Did You KNOW

There are several forms of cephalalgia, including muscle contraction (tension) headaches resulting from sustained muscle contractions often caused by tension; cluster headaches, in which the pain is felt on one side of the head around one eye; and migraine headaches, believed to be caused by changes in the brainstem and its effects on a nerve of the face known as the ­trigeminal nerve (CN V). Migraine pain is often accompanied by extreme sensitivity to light and sound (hyperesthesia; Frame 13.12), nausea, and sometimes vomiting. Migraines were first written about in the 12th century ad, using the old French word migraigne that described “a blinding pain in the head.”

13.10 A convulsion is a series of involuntary muscular spasms

convulsion kon VUHL shun

caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor neurons that triggers muscle contraction. A ____________________ is a sign of a neurological disorder and is also called seizure (SEE zhur). 13.11 The symptom hyperalgesia is an excessive sensitivity

hyperalgesia HIGH per al JEE zee ah

to painful stimuli. The symptom hypoalgesia is a deficient sensitivity to normally painful stimuli. The constructed form of ____________________ is hyper/algesia, and the constructed form of hypoalgesia is hypo/algesia.

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Chapter 13

13.12 The combining form esthes/o means “sensation.” When

hyperesthesia HIGH per ess THEE zee ah

the prefix hyper- and the suffix -ia are included, the term ____________________ is created, which means an excessive sensitivity to a stimulus, such as touch, sound, or pain. This constructed term has three word parts: hyper/esthes/ia. 13.13 The suffix -algia means “condition of pain.” A condition of

neuralgia noo RAL jee ah

pain in a nerve is a symptom known as ____________________ and its constructed form is neur/algia. 13.14 The suffix -asthenia means “weakness.” When the word root

neurasthenia noo ras THEE nee ah

neur is included, the clinical term is spelled ____________________. The symptom of neurasthenia is a generalized experience of body fatigue, which is often associated with mental depression. The constructed form of neurasthenia is neur/asthenia. 13.15 The prefix par- means “alongside or abnormal.” Combining

paresthesia par ess THEE zee ah

neuralgia noo RAL jee ah polyneuralgia pall ee noo RAL jee ah

it with the combining form for “sensation” forms the term ____________________. The symptom of paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling caused by an injury to one or more nerves. Its constructed form is par/esthes/ia to identify its three word parts. 13.16 In Frame 13.13, you learned that ________________ is a

condition of pain in a nerve. A condition of pain in many nerves can be termed by adding the prefix that means “many,” as in the clinical term ____________________. The term polyneuralgia is constructed of three word parts: poly/neur/algia. 13.17 Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness due to a

syncope SIN ko pee

sudden reduction of blood flow to the brain. ____________________ is often called “fainting.” The term is a Greek word that means “a sudden loss of strength.”

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PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

ahyperparpoly-

asthen/o esthes/o neur/o phas/o

-algia -algesia -ia

Definition

Term

1. the inability to speak 2. an extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli 3. pain in many nerves 4. an excessive sensitivity to a stimulus 5. generalized body fatigue and weakness 6. pain in a nerve 7. abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling caused by nerve injury

aphasia    ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. aphasia

a. a series of involuntary muscle spasms

______ 2. cephalalgia

b. a vague condition of fatigue

______ 3. paresthesia

c. excessive sensitivity to a stimulus

______ 4. neuralgia

d. a headache

______ 5. hyperesthesia

e. inability to speak

______ 6. neurasthenia

f. a sudden loss of consciousness

______ 7. convulsion

g. abnormal sensation of numbness

______ 8. syncope

h. pain in a nerve

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Chapter 13

Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

a-

without, absence of epiupon, over, above, on top hemihalf intrawithin mono- one paraalongside or abnormal polyexcessive, over, many quadri- four

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

ather/o aut/o cephal/o cerebell/o cerebr/o crani/o embol/o encephal/o gli/o gnos/o hem/o hydr/o later/o mening/i, mening/o my/o myel/o

fatty plaque self head little brain, cerebellum brain, cerebrum skull, cranium plug brain glue knowledge blood water side membrane muscle spinal cord, medulla, myelin numbness nerve gray hard clot little vessel little belly, ventricle

-al -ar -cele

pertaining to pertaining to hernia, swelling, protrusion condition of pertaining to condition or disease inflammation seizure softening tumor condition of disease paralysis abnormal discharge development pertaining to

narc/o neur/o poli/o scler/o thromb/o vascul/o ventricul/o

-ia -ic -ism -itis -lepsy -malacia -oma -osis -pathy -plegia -rrhage -troph -us

KEY TERMS A–Z

13.18 The combining form that means “knowledge” is gnos/o.

agnosia ahg NOH see ah

The loss of the ability to interpret sensory information is a disorder known as ____________________, which is a constructed term that literally means “a condition without knowledge.” Its constructed form is a/gnos/ia. 13.19 Among some individuals over the age of 40 years, the brain

Alzheimer’s disease ALTS high merz

undergoes gradual deterioration resulting in confusion, short-term memory loss, restlessness, and cognitive losses. The disease is called ____________________ ____________________ and is abbreviated AD. It is a progressive terminal disease with over 5 million sufferers in the United States.

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ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Did You KNOW

This disease is named after German physician Alois Alzheimer, who, in 1906, was the first to draw the connection between the symptoms and the presence of abnormal clumps of ­protein that form in the brains of patients who died of the disease. The clumps are now called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebrum and are irreversible changes without a known cause or cure. Even with today’s technology, these troublesome clumps of proteins are observable only at postmortem, so a diagnosis of AD is given when the behavioral deficiencies of short-term memory loss, confusion, restlessness, and cognitive losses become apparent after other conditions have been ruled out.

13.20 A disease characterized by the progressive atrophy (loss)

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ah my oh TROF ik * LAT er al * skleh ROH siss

of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord is called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease after the professional baseball player whose experience with this disease brought it to national attention in 1939, ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is abbreviated ALS. The constructed form of the term amyotrophic is a/my/o/troph/ic and literally means “pertaining to without muscle development.” ALS is a progressive, terminal disease with no known cause. 13.21 The Greek word autos means “self” or “same” and is the

autism AHW tizm

source of the combining form aut/o. The disease autism literally means “disease of self.” ____________________ is a developmental disorder that varies in its severity with the patient, characterized by withdrawal from outward reality and impaired development in social conduct and communication. Children with autism often avoid eye contact with others and have perseverative behaviors such as rocking back and forth for long periods of time, banging the head, and scratching the skin. 13.22 In general, a palsy is a condition of muscular paralysis. In

Bell’s palsy behlz * PAHL zee

____________________ ____________________, the patient suffers from paralysis of the face muscles on one side due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII).

cerebellitis ser eh bell EYE tiss

13.23 An inflammation of the cerebellum is called ____________________.

Symptoms of this disease include a loss of muscle coordination and equilibrium. This constructed term can be written as cerebell/itis.

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Chapter 13

13.24 An aneurysm is a circulatory problem caused by the

cerebral aneurysm seh REE bral * AN yoo rizm

weakened wall of a blood vessel, resulting in a bulge in the wall that is in danger of bursting. Aneurysm is derived from the Greek word aneurysmos, which means “dilation.” A ____________________ ____________________ affects arteries channeling blood to the brain, placing the brain at great risk of the damage that would result from a burst aneurysm (■ Figure 13.3). A burst cerebral aneurysm is one major cause of hemorrhagic stroke (Frame 13.28).

Aneurysms

■■Figure 13.3

Cerebral aneurysm. A cerebral aneurysm is the abnormal dilation of arteries supplying the brain, which is caused by a weakening of the arterial walls. In this illustration of the ventral side of the brain, three “berry” aneurysms are revealed as the ball-like swellings of the arteries in red.

Aneurysm

13.25 The disease cerebral atherosclerosis affects arteries

cerebral atherosclerosis seh REE bral * ath er oh skleh ROH siss

cerebral embolism seh REE bral * EM bol izm

supplying the brain. The term contains six word parts, which are revealed by writing the term as cerebr/al ather/o/scler/osis. In ____________________ ____________________, the vessels gradually close due to the accumulation of fatty plaques, reducing the flow of blood to the brain. This disease also increases the risk of stroke (Frame 13.28), as atherosclerotic plaques tend to break away and float downstream, causing plugs that lodge in blood vessels to cut off the blood supply completely during acute events. A moving blood clot in an artery of the brain is called a ____________________ ____________________ (seh REE bral * EM boh lizm). The condition of a stationary blood clot in an artery of the brain is known as cerebral thrombosis.

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13.26 Recall that the term hemorrhage means the loss of blood,

cerebral hemorrhage seh REE bral * HEM ohr ahj

or bleeding. A ____________________ ____________________ is the condition of bleeding from blood vessels associated with the cerebrum. The constructed form of this term is cerebr/al hem/o/rrhage. 13.27 A condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a

cerebral palsy seh REE bral * PAWL zee

partial muscle paralysis is called cerebral palsy (CP). The paralysis of ____________________ ____________________ persists throughout life and is caused by a brain lesion present at birth (known as congenital CP) or a brain malfunction that arises during early childhood (known as acquired CP). Presently, there is no treatment or cure. 13.28 The clinical term for a stroke is cerebrovascular accident

cerebrovascular accident seh REE broh VASS kyoo lar * AKS ih dent

and is abbreviated CVA (■ Figure 13.4). A ____________________ ____________________ occurs when the blood supply to the brain is reduced or cut off, resulting in the irreversible death of brain cells followed by losses of mental function or death. The two major forms of CVA include ischemic stroke, which may be caused by emboli (moving blood clots) or a thrombus (a lodged, stationary blood clot), and hemorrhagic stroke, in which bleeding within the cranial cavity follows an injury to blood vessels or a burst aneurysm. In some cases, a blood clot may form temporarily before it breaks apart and dissolves, resulting in a brief minor episode of ischemia to an area of the brain that is usually without permanent injury. Popularly known as a “mini stroke,” it is medically called a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and usually lasts less than 5 minutes.

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Chapter 13 Diagnosis of Stroke Stroke

Ischemic

Thrombosis Clot in carotid artery extends directly to middle cerebral artery

Hemorrhagic

Infarct Subarachnoid hemorrhage (ruptured aneurysm)

Embolism Clot fragment carried from heart or more proximal artery

Infarct

Intracerebral hemorrhage (hypertensive)

Hypoxia Hypotension and poor cerebral perfusion; border zone infarcts, no vascular occlusion

Infarcts

■■Figure 13.4

Causes of cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke.

WARNING SIGNS OF A STROKE Did You KNOW

Although it may not be possible to completely prevent a stroke, there are warning signs that, if followed, can minimize the neural damage that might otherwise result. The popular acronym FAST includes three signs and a response: Face: Ask the subject to smile to see if one side of the face droops. Arms: Ask the subject to raise both arms and observe if one arm drifts downward or is immoveable. Speech: Ask the subject to say something and listen for slurred or strange speech. Time: If any of the signs is present, call 911 immediately. The sooner a medical response is made, the greater the chance of a full recovery.

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13.29 A coma is a general term describing several levels of abnormally

coma KOH mah

decreased consciousness. The term ____________________ is derived from koma, the Greek word that means “deep sleep.” 13.30 The Latin word that means “shaking” is concussio. This word

concussion kon KUH shun

has been used to create the medical term ____________________, which is an injury to soft tissue resulting from a blow or violent shaking. In a cerebral concussion, the cerebrum undergoes physical damage when it strikes against the inside wall of the cranium. A concussion is considered a minor injury, resulting in head pain, dizziness, and sometimes nausea. A more severe brain injury is called a traumatic brain injury (TBI), which often involves bleeding that can result in functional losses and death. Half of all TBIs in the United States are caused by motorcycle accidents. 13.31 A Greek word for brain is encephalos, providing us with the

encephalitis en seff ah LYE tiss

combining form encephal/o, which is used in many medical terms associated with the brain. For example, the term for an inflammation of the brain is ____________________. The condition of encephalitis is usually caused by bacterial or viral infection and is a life-threatening condition, especially among young children. The constructed form of this term is encephal/itis. 13.32 The suffix -malacia means “softening.” When the combining

encephalomalacia en seff ah loh mah LAY she ah encephal/o/malacia

form for brain is included, the resulting term ____________________ is created, which refers to a softening of brain tissue. Write the constructed form of this term: __________/___/__________. Encephalomalacia is usually caused by deficient blood flow to the brain, resulting in a large-scale loss of neurons. 13.33 A chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures,

epilepsy EP ih lep see

including convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness, is the disease epilepsy. Each episode results from a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures are classified as focal (partial) seizures, which are usually limited to a small area of the brain and may include unexplainable sensations and feelings, and generalized seizures, which strike both hemispheres of the brain and often involve muscle convulsions (in the severest form known as tonic-clonic or grand mal) and brief losses of consciousness. The term ____________________ literally means “seized upon.”

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EPILEPSY Did You KNOW

glioma glee OH mah

Epileptic seizures have been written about since 400 bc, when they were first described by Hippocrates in his book Sacred Disease. His Greek culture believed it was a punishment for offending the gods. The original meaning of the Greek word epileptikos is “seized upon by the gods.” The misconception that epilepsy is divine punishment or a form of evil persisted until the late 19th century.

13.34 A neoplasm (tumor) of glial cells is called a ____________________.

The term includes two word parts: gli/oma. A glioma becomes lifethreatening when it crowds out functional neurons (see ■ Figure 13.5).

Glioma

■■Figure 13.5

Glioma. (a) Illustration of a large glioma (colored area) within the left cerebral hemisphere in a sectioned brain. Notice how the tumor crowds out normal brain tissue. (b) A glioma may also press against the cerebellum and brainstem, causing a loss of motor function and reflexes. (c) PET scan of a glioma (yellow mass). The red and yellow colors indicate that metabolic activity is very high, compared to normal nervous tissue in green and purple. This type of glioma is called a glioblastoma multiforme, which is a fastgrowing tumor. Photo Source: Dr. Giovanni DiChiro, Neuroimaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

(a)

(c)

(b)

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13.35 The term hydrocephalus literally means “head water.” This

hydrocephalus HIGH droh SEFF ah luss

constructed term includes four word parts: hydr/o/cephal/us. It is usually caused by a blockage or narrowing of one or more channels inside the brain that transport cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between brain ventricles. Because CSF is continually produced, the result of a blockage or narrowing is a backup of watery CSF, causing the brain ventricles to fill beyond their normal capacity to damage surrounding brain tissue. When it strikes a child before the cranial sutures have sealed, it results in enlargement of the cranium. If it strikes after the cranial sutures have closed, it leads to permanent brain damage. But if diagnosed early, ____________________ can be surgically corrected by placement of a CSF shunt that drains the excess fluid. 13.36 The meninges are several layers of membranes surrounding

meningioma meh nin jee OH mah

the brain and spinal cord, which include the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. The combining form mening/i means “membrane.” Adding the suffix -oma forms the term ____________________, which is a benign tumor of the meninges usually arising from the arachnoid mater and occurring within the superior sagittal sinus on top of the brain. The constructed form of this term is mening/i/oma. 13.37 Adding the suffix -itis to the word root that means

meningitis men in JYE tiss

“membrane” forms the term ____________________, which is an inflammation of the meninges. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that begins at the meninges surrounding the spinal cord to form spinal meningitis. If left untreated, it poses a risk of spreading along the meninges to the brain to cause the more serious condition, encephalitis (see Frame 13.31). The constructed form of meningitis is written mening/itis.

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13.38 The suffix -cele means “hernia, swelling, or protrusion.”

meningocele men IN goh seel

meningomyelocele men IN goh MYE eh loh seel

A ____________________ is a protrusion of the meninges, usually caused by a birth defect in the skull or spinal column (see ■ Figure 13.6). A term associated with a protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defective opening in the spinal column is ____________________. Both conditions are congenital defects that are part of the congenital disease called spina bifida (SPYE nah * BIF ih dah). The term meningomyelocele contains five word parts: mening/o/myel/o/cele.

Meningocele

■■Figure 13.6

Meningocele. (a) A meningocele is a herniation of the meninges, usually associated with the spinal cord. It is illustrated in this cross-sectional view of a portion of the vertebral column as the large swelling. When it occurs in a newborn, it is a congenital defect known as spina bifida. (b) Illustration of a child born with spina bifida, with a large meningocele.

(a)

(b)

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13.39 A disease characterized by the deterioration of the

multiple sclerosis MULL tih pull * skleh ROH siss

myelin sheath covering axons within the brain is known as ____________________ ____________________, abbreviated MS (■ Figure 13.7). It is a progressive disease without a known cause, diagnosed by episodes of localized functional losses that eventually lead to paralysis and death. It is believed to be an autoimmune disease, due to evidence showing the destruction of the myelin is caused by the body’s immune response. Notice the term sclerosis contains two word parts, scler/osis, and means “condition of hard.” Myelin sheath

Normal neuron

Damaged neuron

■■Figure 13.7

Multiple sclerosis (MS). (a) A disease characterized by the gradual development of small areas of hardened (sclerotic) tissue in the cerebrum, it results in a gradual loss of brain function. The inset compares a normal neuron with a damaged neuron in the brain. (b) MRI of the brain showing MS lesions in blue. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Leon Kaufman, University of ­California, San Francisco, and the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.

Exposed axon Damaged myelin (a)

(b)

13.40 The combining form that means “spinal cord” is myel/o,

myelitis mye eh LYE tiss

which is derived from the Greek word meaning “marrow,” myelos. Inflammation of the spinal cord is called ____________________, which can be shown with its word parts as myel/itis. It is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection spreading from the meninges to the spinal cord and, if not treated, it can result in muscle paralysis or sensory loss.

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MYEL/O Did You KNOW

The combining form myel/o has four different meanings: “bone marrow,” “spinal cord,” “medulla,” and “myelin.” The combining form is derived from the Greek word myelos, which means “middle.” This derivative was used to describe a “middle” structure: the medulla of the brain is in the middle between the higher brain and spinal cord, marrow lies in the middle of a bone, and myelin is in the middle of a neuron. Over time, myel/o was assigned separate meanings whenever its use became accepted.

13.41 A sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable

narcolepsy NAR koh lep see

neuritis noo RYE tiss polyneuritis PALL ee noo RYE tiss

episodes of sleep, attacks of paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations (dreams intruding into the wakeful state) is called narcolepsy. Because narc/o means “numbness” and -lepsy means “seizure,” ____________________ literally means “seizure of numbness.” According to the National Institutes of Health, narcolepsy is a widely underdiagnosed condition that may affect approximately 1 in 3,000 Americans. 13.42 Inflammation of a nerve is called ____________________. It

is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the connective tissue coverings surrounding a nerve, although it may also result from physical injury to the nerve. In the condition ____________________, many nerves at once are inflamed. The term polyneuritis includes three word parts: poly/neur/itis. Polyneuritis may be an early sign of increased pressure within the cranium, called intracranial (intra- = “within”; crani/al = “pertaining to the cranium”) pressure. 13.43 A tumor originating from a neuron is generally called a

neuroma noo ROH mah

■■Figure 13.8

Neuroma. Surgical removal of a large neuroma from the hand of a patient in a procedure known as a neurectomy. Source: Medicimage/Universal Images Group North America LLC/Alamy Stock Photo.

____________________. It is a benign tumor that may form on a nerve or within the brain and is shown in ■ Figure 13.8. Neuroma is a constructed term that may be written as neur/oma to reveal its two word parts.

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13.44 Damage to peripheral nerves due to any cause is called

neuropathy noo ROH path ee

polyneuropathy pall ee noo ROH path ee

neuropathy, which means “disease of nerves.” This constructed term may be written as neur/o/pathy. The most common form of ____________________ results from a reduction of blood flow to the limbs, such as occurs in diabetic neuropathy, and includes symptoms of pain, tingling, and numbness and can lead to limb amputation. If multiple areas of the body are affected, the prefix poly- is added to change the term to ____________________. The four word parts of the term polyneuropathy can be shown as poly/neur/o/pathy. 13.45 The suffix -plegia means “paralysis,” or the inability to

paraplegia pair ah PLEE jee ah

quadriplegia qwad rih PLEE jee ah

contract muscles. In ____________________, muscles of the legs and lower body are paralyzed. Other forms of paralysis include monoplegia (mon oh PLEE jee ah), in which one limb is paralyzed; hemiplegia (hem ee PLEE jee ah), paralysis of one arm and leg on one side of the body; and ____________________ (qwad rih PLEE jee ah), paralysis from the neck down including all four limbs. Note how the prefixes alter the meaning of the term: para- for “alongside,” monofor “one,” hemi- for “half,” and quadri- for “four.” 13.46 A chronic, progressive degenerative disease of the brain

Parkinson’s disease PARK ihn sonz

characterized by tremors, rigidity, and shuffling gait is called Parkinson’s disease. The cause of ____________________ ____________________ is not yet known, although it is diagnosed in over 50,000 Americans each year. It is also called parkinsonism and is abbreviated PD.

PARKINSON’S DISEASE Did You KNOW

This tremor-producing disease was first described by English physician James Parkinson in 1817. In his publication he called it “shaking palsy” and, in Latin, paralysis agitans. Later, in 1877, it was referenced in French medical texts as “maladie de Parkinson,” and by 1890 it was commonly called in English, “Parkinson’s disease.”

13.47 Caused by one of several viruses belonging to the family

poliomyelitis poh lee oh my eh LYE tiss

poliovirus, the disease poliomyelitis is characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, sometimes resulting in paralysis or death. __________________ is commonly referred to as polio. A vaccine for this disease has been available since 1955; soon after its discovery by Dr. Jonas Salk it was widely distributed, ending a pandemic that was destroying many lives prior to that year.

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13.48 The condition of inflammation of the ventricles of the brain

ventriculitis vehn TRIK yoo LYE tiss

is known as ____________________. Its most common cause is a blockage of one of the channels that carry cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The constructed form of this term is ventricul/itis. Untreated ventriculitis results in hydrocephalus (Frame 13.35).

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) agnosia

a/gnos/ia p   r   s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? condition of 2. a) cerebellitis



________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the word root? __________________________________________ 3. a) encephalitis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the word root? __________________________________________ 4. a) epilepsy

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? ______________________________________________ 5. a) meningitis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? ______________________________________________ 6. a) paraplegia

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? ______________________________________________ 7. a) neuroma

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? ______________________________________________ 8. a) neuritis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________

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The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. encephalitis

a. a disease resulting in recurrent seizures

______

2. coma

b. partial muscle paralysis caused by a brain defect

______

3. Alzheimer’s disease

c. a disease characterized by paralysis of face muscles on one side

______

4. epilepsy

d. an injury to the brain resulting from a blow or violent shaking

______

5. Parkinson’s disease

e. decreased consciousness

______

6. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

f. a developmental disorder that varies in severity

______

7. Bell’s palsy

______

8. autism

______

9. concussion

g. a disease characterized by brain deterioration h. a disease characterized by tremors and rigidity i. a cerebrovascular accident j. a disease characterized by progressive atrophy of muscle

______ 10. stroke

k. inflammation of the brain

______ 11. cerebral palsy

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the nervous system, which are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

an-

without, absence of upon, over, above, on top

angi/o cerebr/o crani/o dur/o ech/o electr/o encephal/o esthes/o gangli/o, ganglion/o myel/o

blood vessel brain, cerebrum skull, cranium hard sound electricity brain sensation swelling, knot spinal cord, medulla, myelin nerve mind nerve root nerve root to cut vagus nerve

-al -algesia -ectomy

pertaining to pain surgical excision, removal a record or image recording process condition of treatment, specialty pertaining to one who specializes study or science of loosen, dissolve surgical repair suturing cutting instrument incision, to cut

epi-

neur/o psych/o radic/o rhiz/o tom/o vag/o

-gram -graphy -ia -iatry -ic -ist -logy -lysis -plasty -rrhaphy -tome -tomy

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KEY TERMS A–Z

13.49 Pain management is an important part of treating many forms

analgesic anne ahl JEE sik

of disease. The most common form of pain management is the use of analgesics, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. The term ____________________ means “pertaining to without pain.” Analgesics commonly used for severe pain include codeine and morphine. Because they are classified as opioid compounds, they are called opioid (OH pee oyd) analgesics. 13.50 The primary type of pain management that is used during

anesthesia anne ehs THEE zee ah

anesthetist anne EHS the tist

surgical procedures is ____________________. The constructed form of the term is an/esthes/ia and means “without the condition of sensation.” The anesthetic is usually a blend of narcotics designed to drop the patient into unconsciousness quickly and as risk-free as possible. It may be administered by inhalation, injection, or drip through a catheter. Anesthesia is managed by a physician called an anesthesiologist (anne ehs THEE zee AHL oh jist) and is often administered by a trained specialist called an ___________________. A nerve block anesthesia is an injection made into a nerve to block the conduction of impulses between the nerve and the CNS. 13.51 A diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain

cerebral angiography seh REE bral * anj ee OHG rah fee

■■Figure 13.9

Cerebral angiography. The cerebral angiogram shown here reveals the arteries supplying the brain and branching throughout the brain. The largest white vessels are the right and left internal carotid arteries, which carry blood to the brain from the heart. The arrow points to a cerebral aneurysm. Source: hasa/Shutterstock.

by x-ray photography is known as cerebral angiography. An example of a cerebral angiogram is provided in ■ Figure 13.9. The ____________________ ____________________ procedure can identify cerebral aneurysm (Frame 13.24) and cerebral thrombosis (Frame 13.25) and track the damage that might occur following a cerebral hemorrhage (Frame 13.26). This term may be separated into its word parts by writing it as cerebr/al angi/o/graphy.

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13.52 A procedure involving the use of a computer to interpret a series

computed tomography kom PYOO ted * toh MOG rah fee

of x-ray images and construct from them a three-dimensional view of the brain is known as computed tomography. Commonly called a CT scan, ____________________ ____________________ is particularly useful in diagnosing tumors, including gliomas (Frame 13.34).

13.53 The surgical removal of part of the bony cranium is called

craniectomy kray nee EK toh mee

____________________. The term includes two word parts, which can be shown as crani/ectomy. A craniectomy is usually performed to remove a fractured cranial bone. 13.54 In the slightly less major surgery called a craniotomy, an

craniotomy kray nee OTT oh mee

incision is made through the cranium to provide surgical access to the brain. The term ____________________ can be written as crani/o/tomy to reveal its three word parts. The surgical knife used to perform this operation is called a craniotome (crani/o/tome). A craniotomy is shown in ■ Figure 13.10.

■■Figure 13.10

Craniotomy. An area of the brain’s surface is made accessible for additional procedures by cutting through the cranial wall in a craniotomy. In this photograph, a craniotomy has been performed, setting the stage for the removal of injured or diseased parts of the brain. Here, the surgeon is preparing for the removal of the tumor (the dark mass to the left of normal brain tissue). Source: ChaNaWiT/Shutterstock.

13.55 In the procedure echoencephalography, ultrasound

echoencephalography ek oh en SEFF ah LOG rah fee ech/o/encephal/o/graphy

(sound wave) technology is used to record brain structures in the search for abnormalities. ___________________ is abbreviated EchoEG. Write the term with its division into five word parts here: ____/__/________/__/______.

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13.56 A general type of treatment to manage neurological

effectual drug therapy

antidepressants

disorders is known as effectual drug therapy. Examples of ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ include antianxiety medication that reduces patient anxiety levels, anticonvulsants that control convulsions occurring in diseases such as epilepsy, antipyretics that are effective against fever, ____________________ that combat depression, and antipsychotics that reduce hallucinations and confusion. Also, tranquilizers and sedatives are often used to calm agitated and anxious patients, whereas stronger narcotics produce stupor or induce sleep. 13.57 A diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the

electroencephalography ee LEK troh en SEFF ah LOG rah fee electr/o/ encephal/o/graphy

brain to measure brain activity is called ____________________ and is abbreviated EEG (■ Figure 13.11). Write the word part construction of this term: ______/__/__________/__/_________.

■■Figure 13.11

Electroencephalography (EEG). To perform the EEG, electrodes attached to the patient’s head by way of a rubber helmet pick up electrical signals and convey them to a computer for analysis and printing. Source: Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock.

13.58 An epidural is the injection of a spinal block anesthetic into the

epidural ep ih DUHR ahl

epidural space external to the spinal cord. It is a common procedure to manage pain during painful childbirth labor or as an emergency procedure following severe trauma to the pelvic region. The term _________________ is a constructed term that can be written as epi/dur/al and literally means “pertaining to on top of the dura (mater).” 13.59 A group of diagnostic tests that measures changes in brain

evoked potential studies

waves during particular stimuli to determine brain function is known as evoked potential studies, or EP studies. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ evaluate sight, hearing, and other senses.

The Nervous System and Mental Health

ganglionectomy GANG lee on EK toh mee

13.60 Surgical removal of a ganglion is known as ____________________,

or gangliectomy. Both terms have only two word parts (ganglion/ectomy, gangli/ectomy). 13.61 A lumbar puncture is the withdrawal (aspiration) of

CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the vertebral column, where the spinal cord is absent (■ Figure 13.12). Abbreviated LP, a ____________________ ____________________ is performed to evaluate the composition of CSF. A lumbar puncture is commonly called a spinal tap.

lumbar puncture LUM bar * PUNK shur

Cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

1 2 Lumbar vertebrae

3 4

(b)

Injection site

5

Sacral vertebrae

Coccygeal vertebrae (a)

■■Figure 13.12

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Lumbar puncture. Abbreviated LP, the lumbar puncture is a common procedure that withdraws cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar region of the spinal canal for examination. Between vertebrae L4 and L5, the needle is pushed through the dura mater to enter the subarachnoid space and CSF circulation. (a) Diagram of the vertebral column to illustrate the location where the needle is inserted for the LP procedure. (b) Supporting the patient for a lumbar puncture.

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13.62 In the frequently used diagnostic procedure magnetic resonance

magnetic resonance imaging

imaging, powerful magnets are used to observe soft tissues in the body, including the brain. Abbreviated MRI, ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ is used to target brain tumors, brain trauma, MS, and other conditions (■ Figure 13.13).

■■Figure 13.13

MRI of the brain. In an effort to precisely locate areas of brain injury and disease, multiple images are often recorded at different depths. In this MRI series of the head, transverse section slices through the head have been obtained to observe the precise location of a brain tumor (in pink) within the right parietal lobe. Source: Puwadol Jaturawutthichai/Alamy Stock Photo.

13.63 Using the combining form for spinal cord, myel/o, with the suffix

myelogram MY eh loh gram myel/o/graphy

for a record or image, -gram, forms the term ____________________. It is an x-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye. The procedure is called myelography, which can be separated into its word parts by writing it as ________/__/________. 13.64 The surgical removal of a nerve is a procedure known as

neurectomy noo REK toh mee

____________________. Its word part construction is neur/ectomy.

13.65 The study and medical practice of the nervous system is

neurology noo RAHL oh jee

neurologist noo RAHL oh jist

known as ____________________. It is also the department of a hospital or clinic where medical procedures on the brain, spinal cord, and nerves are performed. The related term neurologic is an adjective associated with the general field of neurology, and a neuroscientist is one who participates in neurological research. A _________________ is a physician who specializes in neurology, and a neurosurgeon is a physician who performs surgery of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The constructed term neurology may be shown as neur/o/logy to reveal its three word parts.

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13.66 The procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted

neurolysis noo RAHL ih siss

adhesions is known as neurolysis. ____________________ can be written as neur/o/lysis. The suffix -lysis means “loosen or dissolve.” 13.67 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” When adding the

neuroplasty NOO roh plass tee

combining form for nerve, the term becomes ____________________. Thus, neuroplasty is the surgical repair of a nerve. Its three word parts may be shown as neur/o/plasty. 13.68 The suffix -rrhaphy refers to a procedure involving sutures.

neurorrhaphy noo ROR ah fee

When adding the combining form for nerve, the term becomes ____________________, or neur/o/rrhaphy. It means “suture of a nerve.” 13.69 Recall that the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.”

neurotomy noo ROT oh mee neur/o/tomy

Adding the combining form for nerve creates the term ____________________, which means “incision into a nerve.” Write the word part construction of this term: ________/__/_________.

13.70 A scan using a radioactive chemical to provide a map

positron emission tomography PAHZ ih tron * ee MISH un * toh MOG rah fee

of metabolically active cells within the brain is a common procedure known as ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. It is often called a PET scan and is a useful diagnostic procedure to evaluate brain function.

13.71 The branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain

psychiatry sigh KIGH ah tree

psychology sigh KALL oh jee

psychotherapy SIGH koh THAIR ah pee

resulting in mental, emotional, and behavioral disturbances is known as _________________. The constructed form of this term is psych/iatry, which means “treatment of the mind.” A physician practicing in this field is a psychiatrist, who often uses psychopharmacology, or drug therapy targeting the brain, and psychoanalysis, or psychiatric therapy, to improve a patient’s quality of life. 13.72 In contrast to psychiatry, the field of ____________________ is

not a medical specialty. It is the study of human behavior. The term psychology contains three word parts, psych/o/logy, which means “study or science of the mind.” However, a subdiscipline within this field, known as clinical psychology, uses applied psychology to treat patients suffering from behavioral disorders and emotional trauma. The technique used in treating behavioral and emotional issues is called ____________________.

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13.73 Recall that the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.” A surgical

incision into a nerve root is called ____________________. It is also called rhizotomy because a nerve root has two combining forms, radic/o and rhiz/o.

radicotomy ray dih KOT oh mee

13.74 Reflex testing is a series of diagnostic tests performed to

reflex testing

observe the body’s response to touch stimuli. ____________________ ____________________ is useful in assessing stroke, head trauma, birth defects, and other neurological challenges. The tests include deep tendon reflexes (DTR) involving percussion at the patellar tendon and elsewhere and Babinski reflex involving stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot. 13.75 As a treatment for stroke (Frame 13.28), a powerful chemical

that dissolves blood clots in vessels supplying the brain is known as tissue plasminogen activator, abbreviated tPA (or IV tPA because it is given through an IV into the arm). If it is administered within 3 hours of a stroke, ____________ may reopen blood flow to the brain in time to reduce brain injury and make a full recovery possible.

tPA

13.76 The vagus nerve (CN X) is a large cranial nerve passing from

the brainstem into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. During a ____________________, several branches of the vagus nerve are severed to reduce acid secretion into the stomach to help prevent the reoccurrence of peptic ulcer or reduce pain from the digestive organs. The constructed form of this term is vag/o/tomy.

vagotomy vay GOT oh mee

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

an-

crani/o esthes/o neur/o psych/o vag/o

-ectomy -ia -iatry -logy -rrhaphy -tomy

The Nervous System and Mental Health

Definition

Term

1. the primary type of pain management that is used during surgical procedures 2. surgical removal of part of the cranium 3. the study and medical practice of the nervous system 4. a procedure in which an incision is made through the cranium to provide surgical access to the brain 5. suture of a nerve 6. branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain that result in mental and emotional disturbances 7. surgical severing of several branches of the vagus nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach 8. the study of human behavior

______________________

457

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. computed tomography

a. the withdrawal of CSF from the spinal cord

______ 2. effectual drug therapy

b. agent with a calming effect

______ 3. reflex testing

c. treatment with medications to manage neurological disorders

______ 4. sedative

d. cutting the vagus nerve to reduce peptic ulcers and pain

______ 5. analgesic

e. a procedure that constructs a three-dimensional view of the brain

______ 6. lumbar puncture

f. series of tests that observe responses to touch stimuli

______ 7. vagotomy

g. agent that relieves pain

Mental Health Diseases and Disorders Here are the word parts that commonly apply to mental health diseases and disorders and are covered in the f­ollowing section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, ­combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

bidys-

two bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

ment/o neur/o phren/o psych/o schiz/o somat/o

mind nerve mind mind to divide, split body

-ia -ic -lexia

condition of pertaining to pertaining to a word or phrase madness, frenzy condition of disease fear

-mania -osis -pathy -phobia

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Chapter 13

KEY TERMS A–Z anxiety disorder ang ZIGH eh tee * dihs OR der

13.77 Anxiety is the apprehension of danger, filling a person with

fear over the future. An ____________________ ____________________ occurs when this mental state dominates behavior. It is usually an acute response that includes restlessness, psychological tension, tachycardia, and shortness of breath. 13.78 A neurological disorder characterized by short attention

attention-deficit disorder

span and poor concentration is called attention-deficit disorder. Abbreviated ADD, __________________ __________________ __________________ is usually associated with school-age children but can also affect adults and makes learning very difficult. A similar disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, abbreviated ADHD, which has the added symptom of hyperactivity, or hyperkinesia. 13.79 Bipolar literally means “pertaining to two poles.” The mental

bipolar disorder bye POHL ar

disorder called ____________________ ____________________ affects the cognitive functions of the cerebrum, causing alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion (known as mania, discussed in Frame 13.82) with low energy and mental depression (■ Figure 13.14).

BIPOLAR DISEASE

■■Figure 13.14

Bipolar disorder. The term bipolar means “pertaining to two poles.” The individual with this form of mental disease cycles between the two extreme behaviors of high-energy mania and low-energy depression, each often lasting for days.

MANIC

DEPRESSIVE

• Begins suddenly and escalates over several days

• Despairing

• Elevated mood • Loud, rapid speech • Grandiose statements • Delusional thoughts • Hyperactive

• Reduced, slow speech • Reduced interest in pleasure • Negative views • Fatigue • Loss of appetite • Insomnia • Suicidal thoughts

13.80 The Latin word that means “not in the mind,” dementia, is

dementia de MEN she ah

an impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion. ____________________ is usually associated with old age and sometimes accompanies Alzheimer’s disease (Frame 13.19) and Parkinson’s disease (Frame 13.46).

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13.81 Some individuals have a reading handicap that has a

dyslexia dihs LEKS ee ah

neurological cause, in which some letters and numbers are reversed in order by the brain. The condition is called dyslexia. ____________________ literally means “condition of difficult reading.” 13.82 The Greek word for madness or frenzy is mania. The clinical

mania MAE nee ah

condition of ____________________ is an emotional disorder of abnormally high psychomotor activity, which includes excitement, a rapid movement of ideas, unstable attention, sleeplessness, and confusion between reality and imagination. Different forms of mania include the -mania suffix, such as megalomania (MEHG ah lo MAE nee ah), in which an individual believes oneself to be a person of great fame or wealth (megalon means “great” in Greek), and pyromania (PIE roh MAE nee ah), which is an obsessive fascination with fire (pyro in Latin means “fire”). 13.83 A neurosis is an emotional disorder involving a counterproductive

neurosis noo ROH siss

way of dealing with mental stress. ____________________ is a constructed term with two word parts, shown as neur/osis. 13.84 A person experiencing persistent delusions of persecution

paranoia pahr ah NOY ah

resulting in mistrust and combativeness suffers from paranoia. The term ____________________ is derived from a Greek word meaning “abnormal mind, madness.” 13.85 A phobia is an irrational, obsessive fear. Derived from the

phobia FOE bee ah

Greek word for fear, phobos, ____________________ is often used as a suffix (-phobia) when describing a particular fear. For example, fear of spiders is called arachnophobia because the root is from the Greek word arachne, which means “spider.” Similarly, agoraphobia is the abnormal fear of public places (agora means “meeting place” in Greek), acrophobia is the abnormal fear of heights (acro means “peak” in Greek), and phobophobia is the fear of developing a phobia.

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Chapter 13

13.86 Many individuals who have experienced a severe mental

posttraumatic stress disorder

strain, physical threat or injury such as military combat or a physical assault, or emotional trauma suffer from an acute condition that includes sleeplessness, anxiety, and paranoia. The condition is called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________. It is abbreviated PTSD. 13.87 Psychopathy is a general term for a mental or emotional

psychopathy sy KOH path ee

disorder. ____________________ literally means “disease of the mind.” Its word parts may be shown as psych/o/pathy. 13.88 An individual suffering from a gross distortion or

psychosis sy KO siss

disorganization of their mental capacity, emotional response, and capacity to recognize reality and relate to others may be diagnosed with the disease known as psychosis. The most common form of ____________________ is schizophrenia (Frame 13.90). The constructed form of the term is psych/osis and literally means “condition of the mind.” 13.89 The term psychosomatic literally means “pertaining to mind

psychosomatic SY koh soh MAT ik schizophrenia SKIZ oh FREHN ee ah

schiz/o/phren/ia

and body.” Its word parts can be shown as psych/o/somat/ic. It refers to the influence of the mind over bodily functions, especially disease. Among some people, their mind creates symptoms that suggest an illness when physical signs are absent. In others, a ____________________ illness can be a real physical illness resulting from mental anxiety, such as peptic ulcer and hypertension. 13.90 The most common form of psychosis is ____________________,

which literally means “condition of split mind.” It is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and extensive withdrawal from other people and the outside world. There are many forms of schizophrenia, each type classified according to the experiences of the patient. Its constructed form is ________/__/________/_____.

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461

PRACTICE: Mental Health Diseases and Disorders The Right Match Match the vocabulary term on the left with the correct definition on the right. a. a neurological disorder characterized by short attention span and poor concentration

______ 1. anxiety disorder ______ 2. bipolar disorder ______ 3. dementia ______ 4. posttraumatic stress disorder ______ 5. paranoia ______ 6. attention-deficit disorder

b. a disorder that results from severe mental strain or emotional trauma c. alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion (mania) with low energy and mental depression d. persistent delusions of persecution that result in mistrust and combativeness e. impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion f. a disorder in which the mental state of apprehension and fear dominates behavior

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) dyslexia

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________ 2. a) neurosis

________/________ r    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________

3. a) psychopathy

________/___/________ cf   s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

4. a) psychosis

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________

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Chapter 13

Abbreviations of the Nervous System and Mental Health The abbreviations that are associated with the nervous system and mental health are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

AD ADD ADHD

Alzheimer’s disease attention-deficit disorder attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis central nervous system cerebral palsy cerebrospinal fluid computed (axial) tomography scan cerebrovascular accident (stroke) deep tendon reflexes echoencephalography

EEG EP studies LP MRI MS PD PET PNS PTSD TBI TIA tPA

electroencephalography evoked potential studies lumbar puncture magnetic resonance imaging multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease positron emission tomography peripheral nervous system posttraumatic stress disorder traumatic brain injury transient ischemic attack tissue plasminogen activator

ALS CNS CP CSF CT (CAT) scan CVA DTR EchoEG

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1.  ____________________

evoked potential studies

  2.  PET

______________________________________________

  3.  EEG

______________________________________________

  4.  ____________________

computed tomography scan

  5.  MRI

______________________________________________

  6.  ____________________

Parkinson’s disease

  7.  CP

______________________________________________

  8.  ____________________

echoencephalography

  9.  DTR

______________________________________________

10.  ____________________

multiple sclerosis

11.  CVA

______________________________________________

12.  ____________________

Alzheimer’s disease

13.  ALS

______________________________________________

14.  ____________________

attention-deficit disorder

15.  ADHD

______________________________________________

16.  ____________________

traumatic brain injury

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463

CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example. 1. excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli

  hyperalgesia

2. a pain in the head (headache)

________________algia

3. inflammation of the cerebellum

cerebell________________

4. a disease of blood vessels in the cerebrum

________________vascular disease

5. a tumor of neuroglial cells

gli________________

6. softening of brain tissue

encephalo________________

7. nervous system disease

neuro________________

8. excessive sensitivity to a stimulus

________________esthesia

9. inflammation of the brain

________________itis

10. protrusion of the meninges

meningo________________

11. literally a “condition of many hard” areas

________________sclerosis

12. inflammation of the spinal cord

________________itis

13. literally “nerve weakness”

neur________________

14. a tumor arising from nervous tissue

neur________________

15. pain in a nerve

neur________________

16. abnormal sensation of numbness

par________________

17. paralysis on one side of the body

________________plegia

18. inflammation of many nerves

poly________________

19. a disease of the mind

________________pathy

20. paralysis of all four limbs

________________plegia

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 13.

Definition             Use in a Term   1.  mening/o   2.  cerebr/o   3.  encephal/o   4.  myel/o   5.  neur/o   6.  esthesi/o   7.  crani/o   8.  gangli/o   9.  psych/o 10.  phasi/o

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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Chapter 13

Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 13.15 and 13.16 by writing the labels in the spaces provided. Central nervous system 1._________________ Spinal cord

2.______________________ matter (neuron cell bodies)

White matter (axons)

3._______________________ Neuron cell bodies

Peripheral nervous system

4._______________________

Peripheral nerves

Blood vessels

Connective tissue

Axon

■■Figure 13.15

Organization of the nervous system.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

The Nervous System and Mental Health Central sulcus

465

Postcentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus

5. Right ______________________ hemisphere

Longitudinal fissure ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

6. ________ cerebral hemisphere (a) Superior view Fornix Corpus callosum

7.______________________ (parietal lobe)

Frontal lobe Thalamus Diencephalon

Pineal gland

Occipital lobe

Hypothalamus

8.____________________ Arbor vitae (tree of life)

Frontal sinus Pituitary gland

■■Figure 13.16

The brain. (a) Superior (top) view. (b) Sagittal section of a sectioned brain to reveal internal features.

Sphenoid sinus

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

9. Brain ________________

(b) Sagittal view

5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 13

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Melissa Tampico Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Neurology

Date: 11/05/2017

Patient: Melissa Tampico

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 2/11/1998   Age: 19   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Mark P. Simmons, MD Subjective: “Since a car crash I was in several weeks ago, I’ve been dealing with severe headaches. I also feel intermittent sharp pains running from the top of the left shoulder down the arm, with tingling sensations.” ­ istory. 19 y/o female recently immigrated from the Philippines, without a forwarding medical h She explains that her complaints of cephalalgia, neuralgia, and polyneuritis have appeared since an ­automobile accident 3 weeks ago. She was not examined at the time because of health insurance concerns. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 77; R: 20; BP: 137/90 Ht: 5¿4– Wt: 115 lb General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Bruising present at top of left shoulder. Heart: Rate at 77 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear with no sign of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: No swelling, masses, or deformity. ROM limited 30 degrees at right shoulder. CT: Subdural hemorrhage 1.5 mm inferior to right of squamosal suture. Confirmed by MRI without a­ dditional complications known. No internal damage to r. shoulder. Assessment: Traumatic brain injury with active subdural hemorrhage of right temporal lobe. Intracranial pressure is ­rising. Mild polyneuritis of left shoulder and arm. Plan: STAT craniotomy to treat subdural hemorrhage and drain fluid to reduce intracranial pressure. Treat ­polyneuritis with anti-inflammatory. Photo Source: Creativa Images/Shutterstock.

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467

Comprehension Questions 1. What patient complaint is an early indication of increasing intracranial pressure on the right side of the brain?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. If the intracranial pressure is not relieved in time, what do you suppose might be the consequences to the patient? _______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain the meanings of the terms neuralgia and cephalalgia. ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) analgesics

craniotomy

neuralgia

cephalalgia

intracranial

paresthesia

computed tomography

magnetic resonance imaging

polyneuritis

The patient, Melissa Tampico, was examined following an automobile collision. At the time of admittance she reported symptoms of headache, or (a) ____________________, generalized pain in the nerves, or (b) ____________________, of the right shoulder and upper arm. Physical examination showed an inflammation of multiple nerves, or (c) ____________________, of the shoulder and upper arm. Anti-inflammatory medication and pain relievers, or (d) ____________________, were prescribed for treatment. Two weeks after the first exam, the patient returned with reported abnormal sensations along the left side of the body, or (e) ____________________. Following a preliminary CT, or (f) ____________________ ____________________ scan, an MRI, or (g) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, was ordered for a more complete evaluation. The MRI revealed bleeding below the dura mater (subdural hemorrhage), which was increasing the (h) ____________________ (within the cranium) pressure. An incision into the cranium, or (i) ____________________, was performed to stop the hemorrhage and reduce the intracranial pressure. The patient made a complete recovery.

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Chapter 13

Jackson Parker For a greater challenge, read the following medical report provided and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Neurology

Date: 10/05/2017

Patient: Jackson Parker

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 2/11/1944   Age: 73   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Juan Menendez, MD Subjective: “I’ve been in a state of depression for many years. It is like living under a dark shroud that I am unable to peer through. I wanted to end the suffering, but even failed at that. Since I was hit, I have been ­having s­ eizures, during which I black out for a while. I’ve tried drugs, but they only made things worse. I get c­ onfused easily and feel numb because I lose contact with feelings and sensations. Especially in the mornings when I get out of bed, I am unable to speak if someone calls on the phone.” 73 y/o male with a history of mental confusion since 1973 upon his return from Vietnam after serving in active duty for 3 years. Present complaints include depression, which has led to an attempted suicide 2 weeks ago, aphasia mainly in the mornings (however, during his clinical visit in the p.m. he had difficulty s­ peaking clearly), agnosia, mental confusion with time and place. His reports of seizures suggest trauma-induced epilepsy. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.4°F; P: 81; R: 22; BP: 135/95 Ht: 6¿1– Wt: 215 lb General Appearance: Skin appears healthy w/r to age with no masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 81 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation reveal mild murmur on left side. Lungs: Clear with no sign of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. EEG: Evidence of epilepsy with generalized seizures. CT/MRI: Evidence of recent CVA with subdural hematoma in right temporal lobe; softening of frontal lobe apparent. Psych: Chronic depression, failure to distinguish reality and sensory, short-term memory loss. Assessment: Long-term PTSD, originating in 1973. CVA resulting in damage to r. temporal lobe. Psychosis. Dementia. Trauma-induced epilepsy. Encephalomalacia. Plan: Treat pharmacologically with anticonvulsives to manage epileptic seizures, anti-depressants, blood-thinning agents. Refer to full-time psychiatric care facility. Photo Source: Carme Balcells/Shutterstock.

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469

Comprehension Questions 1. What information provided by the history of the patient supports a preliminary diagnosis of PTSD?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What information did the MRI provide? ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the meaning of the terms aphasia and agnosia? _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Jackson Parker, a 73-year-old patient, was admitted following an apparent attempted suicide, in which he walked in front of a city bus on a busy street. The trauma of the accident triggered seizures, suggesting a condition of (j) ________________. Other symptoms included difficulty speaking, or (k) _______________, mental confusion, loss of short-term memory, and an abnormal sensation of numbness to many nerves, called (l) _______________ _______________. It was determined that the patient suffered from AD, or (m) _______________ _______________, in addition to the trauma injuries. Due to the accident trauma, the patient was evaluated further with CT scans and MRI. The MRI identified a slow leakage of blood within the brain, or a (n) _______________ _______________. A (o) _______________ _______________ was scheduled to confirm the finding, which would reveal the status of blood vessels supplying the brain. However, before the test could be made, a stroke, or (p) _______________ _______________, occurred. Psychological testing soon determined that the patient had suffered a severe impairment of mental function, or (q) _______________. The mental condition was diagnosed as a (r) _______________, due to the incapacitating nature of the mental state. MRIs later showed a softening of brain tissue, known as (s) _______________, had resulted.

MyLab Medical Terminology™ MyLab Medical Terminology is a premium online homework management system that includes a host of features to help you study. Registered users will find:

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Chapter 14

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 14.1 Define

and spell the word parts used to create terms for the special senses of sight and hearing.

14.4 Build

14.2 Identify

14.5 Pronounce

the major structures of sight and hearing.

14.3 Break

down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the special senses of sight and hearing.

medical terms from the word parts associated with the special senses of sight and hearing. and spell common medical terms associated with the special senses of sight and hearing.

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

471

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the eyes and ears. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

blephar/o conjunctiv/o cor/o dacry/o ir/o kerat/o myring/o

eyelid to bind together, conjunctiva pupil tear iris hard, cornea membrane, eardrum

ocul/o ophthalm/o opt/o ot/o retin/o rhin/o scler/o

eye eye eye ear retina nose hard, sclera

14.1 The special senses are a part of the nervous system that

sight

include sensory receptors, which are specialized neurons that respond to a change in the environment, called a stimulus. There are four special senses, each of which contains sensory receptors and supportive tissues. They are smell, or olfaction; taste, or gustation; ____________________, or vision; and hearing, or audition. In this chapter, you learn the medical terms of the two most important special senses, sight and hearing. 14.2 The special sense of sight, or vision, is performed by the

sensory receptors ears

eyes, organs located in the orbits of the skull. Each eye contains ____________________ ____________________ sensitive to light, called photoreceptors, and supportive structures. The special sense of hearing, or audition, is centered within the ____________________, which contain sensory receptors that respond to mechanical vibrations. Also within the ears are receptors providing you with the sense of equilibrium. 14.3 To review the anatomy of the eye and ear, study the labeled

diagrams in ■ Figure 14.1 and ■ Figure 14.2.

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Chapter 14

Vitreous humor (liquid filling)

Conjunctiva Upper lid Anterior chamber

Choroid layer

Aqueous humor (liquid filling)

Retina Sclera

Conjunctiva

Fovea centralis

Pupil Lens

Optic nerve

Iris Eyelash

Lower lid

■■Figure 14.1

The eye. Lateral view of a sectioned eyeball in its socket.

Posterior chamber Suspensory ligament

Central retinal artery and vein

Ciliary body

Auricle Semicircular canals (equilibrium) Malleus (hammer) Stapes Incus

Vestibule Base of stapes in oval window Cochlear nerve

Cochlea (hearing)

Round window Eustachian tube

External auditory canal

■■Figure 14.2

The ear. Lateral view of the ear region on one side of the head.

Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Tympanic cavity

Pharynx

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473

Medical Terms for the Special Senses of Sight and Hearing 14.4 Because the eyes are partially exposed to the outside

environment, they are subject to many forms of disease that can affect the sense of ____________________. Some diseases of the eye are inherited, whereas others may result from injury, infection, or old age. Diseases affecting other parts of the nervous system can also influence sight. For example, the optic nerve, the thalamus, and part of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex that interprets sight (called the visual cortex) all play important roles in the transmission and interpretation of impulses sent from the thin membrane of the eye containing photoreceptors, called the ____________________. Consequently, a developmental defect, a lesion, or an injury affecting any of these parts can wreak havoc on the sense of sight.

sight

retina

14.5 Diseases of the ear may affect the functions of

hearing

equilibrium

____________________ or equilibrium or, in some cases, both. They include developmental defects, damage caused by infection and inflammation, and damage from injury. Hearing and equilibrium may also be challenged by tumors that block nerve impulse transmission to the brain and by diseases of the brain that affect the interpretation of sound or ____________________. 14.6 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of sight and hearing.

Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the eyes that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: combining forms are red and suffixes are blue.

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

asthen/o blephar/o cor/o leuk/o ophthalm/o

weakness eyelid pupil white eye

-algia -ia -itis -opia -ptosis -rrhagia

condition of pain condition of inflammation condition of vision drooping abnormal discharge

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Chapter 14

KEY TERMS A–Z

asthenopia AHS then OH pee ah

14.7 The combining form asthen/o means “weakness,” and the

suffix -opia means “condition of vision.” Therefore, a symptom of eye weakness, commonly referred to as “eyestrain,” is known as ______________________. It is a short-term, or acute, symptom usually resulting from reading a computer screen or book without frequent breaks. The constructed form is asthen/opia. 14.8 The combining form for eyelid is blephar/o. In some older

blepharoptosis BLEF ah ropp TOH sis

adults, the eyelid droops over the eye abnormally. Because the suffix -ptosis means “drooping,” when it is added to the combining form for “eyelid” it forms the sign ______________________. The word parts forming blepharoptosis can be shown as blephar/o/ptosis. 14.9 A common sign of an inflammation of an eyelid is called

blepharitis BLEF ah RYE tiss

______________________. If the inflammation or trauma damages the eyelid, it may be repaired in a procedure known as blepharoplasty (BLEF ah roh plass tee). 14.10 The pupil is the black opening through the iris that allows

leukocoria loo koh KOR ee ah

light to enter the posterior cavity of the eyeball. The abnormal appearance of a white film in the pupil is a sign of disease. It is called ______________________, which literally means “white in the pupil.” The four word parts forming this term can be shown as leuk/o/cor/ia. 14.11 One combining form for eye is ophthalm/o. It is used to

ophthalmalgia off thal MAL jee ah

form many medical terms of the eye, which you are about to discover. In one of these, the suffix -algia is included and means “condition of pain.” The symptom of eye pain is therefore called ______________________. It is a constructed term: ophthalm/algia.

14.12 A second medical term that includes the combining form

ophthalmorrhagia off thal moh RAHJ ee ah

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ophthalm/o means “abnormal discharge of the eye.” To build this term, the suffix for abnormal discharge, -rrhagia, is added. This term, meaning bleeding of the eye, is ______________________. The constructed form is ophthalm/o/rrhagia.

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The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. asthenopia

a. white in the pupil

______

2. blepharoptosis

b. abnormal discharge of the eye

______

3. leukocoria

c. inflammation of an eyelid

______

4. ophthalmalgia

d. drooping of an eyelid

______

5. ophthalmorrhagia

e. pain associated with an eye

______

6. blepharitis

f. eyestrain

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Combining Form

Suffix

asthen/o blephar/o cor/o leuk/o ophthalm/o

-algia -ia -itis -opia -ptosis -rrhagia

Definition

Term

1. white in the pupil 2. eyestrain 3. pain associated with an eye 4. abnormal discharge of an eye 5. drooping of an eyelid 6. inflammation of an eyelid

leukocoria ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

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Chapter 14

Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the eyes, which are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

a-

without, absence of double excessive, ­abnormally high, above

conjunctiv/o

to bind together, conjunctiva bladder, sac tear iris hard, cornea stone eye old age retina cavity point

-iasis -ism

condition of condition or disease inflammation softening condition of vision disease paralysis

diplhyper-

KEY TERMS A–Z

amblyopia am blee OH pee ah strabismus strah BIS muss

cyst/o dacry/o ir/o kerat/o lith/o ophthalm/o presby/o retin/o sinus/o stigmat/o

-itis -malacia -opia -pathy -plegia

14.13 Commonly known as “lazy eye,” the condition amblyopia is a

common cause of vision loss in children. Amblyopia occurs when the nerve pathway from one eye fails to develop, sending a blurred image to the brain. This “mixed message” confuses the brain, leading to vision loss if not treated. ____________________ is a constructed term that means “dim vision.” Many children with amblyopia are also diagnosed with strabismus, in which one or both eyes are crossed. The term ____________________ is derived from the Greek word strabismos, which means “squinting.” In this condition, one or both eyes may be turned inward, called esotropia, or one eye may turn outward, called exotropia. 14.14 The lens of the eye is normally transparent. In the condition

cataract KAT ah rakt ■■Figure 14.3

Cataract. When the pupil is dilated, an abnormal opacity or whiteness of the lens can be observed in this eye disorder. Because the infant in this photograph was born with the condition, the child has congenital cataract. Like all forms of cataract, it requires surgery to correct. Source: Courtesy of the ­Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

known as cataract, transparency of the lens is reduced (■ Figure 14.3). ______________________ formation may occur as a birth defect in a newborn, although it is usually a normal part of the aging process.

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

Did You KNOW

477

CATARACT The term cataract is from the Latin word that means “waterfall.” It was an ancient belief that the gradual loss of vision was due to a veil that fell between the lens and the cornea, spilling over vision like a waterfall.

14.15 The conjunctiva is a thin membrane covering the anterior,

conjunctivitis kon JUNK tih VYE tiss

exposed part of the eye and the inner eyelid. Although it serves as a protective film, it may become inflamed when exposed to bacteria, viruses, or injury. Commonly called “pinkeye” because of the pink color of the eye during inflammation, ______________________ may also produce symptoms of itchiness, pain, tearing, and a yellow crusty exudate (■ Figure 14.4). The word part construction for this term is shown as conjunctiv/itis.

■■Figure 14.4

Conjunctivitis, with the characteristic “pinkeye” appearance. A yellow crusty exudate is also common. The smaller inset image is a healthy eye, shown for comparison.

14.16 The lacrimal apparatus is a tear-forming gland with

dacryolithiasis DAK ree oh lith EYE ah siss dacryocystitis DAK ree oh sist EYE tiss

associated tubes and chambers, mainly located near the medial side of each eyeball. The combining form of lacrimal is dacry/o. The presence of rocky particles in the apparatus is a condition known as ______________________. It is a painful condition that often leads to inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus, known as ______________________. The word part construction of the term dacryocystitis can be shown as dacry/o/cyst/itis. If the inflammation should pass into the adjacent sinuses, the condition becomes dacryosinusitis (DAK ree oh SYE nus EYE tiss). 14.17 A common cause of blindness is detached retina. It occurs

detached retina

when the retina tears away from the choroid layer of the eye. A ______________________ ______________________ can be caused by a severe blow to the head, high blood pressure, or old age.

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14.18 Because a prefix that means “double” is dipl-, the condition of

diplopia dih PLOH pee ah

double vision is called ____________________. It may result from weakened extrinsic eye muscles, defects in the lens, or a condition of the brain. 14.19 In the disease of the eye known as glaucoma, a loss of

glaucoma glaw KOH mah

vision occurs when the fluid pressure within the anterior chamber of the eyeball (called intraocular pressure) rises above normal and spreads to the posterior chamber, thereby pushing against the delicate retina and optic nerve. The rise of fluid pressure in ______________________ is often caused by a blockage in a small opening that normally drains the fluid (■ Figure 14.5).

PR

Glaucoma. (a) A buildup of pressure within the eye cavities, often caused by a blockage of vessels that drain fluid, may damage the optic nerve at the back of the eyeball to result in a gradual loss of sight and blindness. (b) Glaucoma often causes reduced sight, such as the loss of the perimeter of a visual field as shown here. Photo Source: B. Boissonnet/ BSIP SA/Alamy Stock Photo.

ESSURE

■■Figure 14.5

(a)

Damage to optic nerve

(b)

14.20 A meibomian gland is a small gland in the eyelid that secretes

hordeolum hor DEE oh lum

■■Figure 14.6

Hordeolum (or sty).

lubricating fluid onto the conjunctiva. An infection of this gland produces a local swelling of the eyelid, known as a hordeolum. Also called a sty, the term ______________________ is derived from the Latin word hordeum, which means “barley” (■ Figure 14.6). A chronic form of this infection is often called a chalazion (kah LAY zee on), which is derived from chalaza, the Greek word that means “sty.”

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14.21 During a bacterial infection of the eye, parts of the eye

iritis eye RYE tiss keratitis kair aht EYE tiss

may become inflamed. When the iris is affected, the condition is known as ______________________, and when the cornea becomes inflamed, it is called ______________________. A common cause of both conditions is wearing contact lenses without careful cleaning. The word part construction of the term iritis is ir/itis and keratitis is kerat/itis. In addition to being caused by bacterial infections, both iritis and keratitis may also be caused by the herpes type I virus. 14.22 The macula lutea is a small area of the retina that contains a

macular degeneration

high density of photoreceptors, known as cone cells. Because of the high concentration of cone cells, it is the area of sharpest vision. Progressive deterioration of the macula lutea leads to a loss of visual focus and is called macular degeneration (■ Figure 14.7). The abbreviated version of _________________ ___________________ is AMD (age-related macular degeneration) because its most common cause is older age.

■■Figure 14.7

Vision with macular degeneration is experienced with an inability to focus in the center of the visual field, as shown here. Source: B. Boissonnet/BSIP SA/Alamy Stock Photo.

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14.23 A frequently used combining form that means “eye” is

ophthalmomalacia off THAL moh mah LAY shee ah ophthalmoplegia off THAL moh PLEE jee ah

ophthalm/o. In the term ____________________, the suffix -malacia is included to establish the meaning “softening of the eye.” The word part construction of this term is written as ophthalm/o/malacia. Similarly, paralysis of the eye is termed ___________________ and is formed by adding the suffix that means “paralysis,” which is -plegia. In this eye disease, the extrinsic eye muscles are unable to move the eyeball. Each of these eye conditions are forms of eye disease, or ophthalmopathy (OFF thalm MOH path ee). 14.24 A general term for a disease of the retina is the term

retinopathy ret in AH path ee

______________________. The three word parts that form the term retinopathy can be written as retin/o/pathy. A common form of retinopathy occurs among people with unmanaged diabetes mellitus and is called diabetic retinopathy (■ Figure 14.8). The high levels of blood sugar that characterize many with diabetes injure the retinal blood vessels, causing blockages, ruptures, swelling, and abnormal branching. These abnormalities gradually reduce blood flow to the light-sensitive cells of the retina, causing irreversible damage. According to the National Eye Institute, diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision impairment and blindness among working-age adults in the United States.

Newly formed retinal arteries

Hemorrhage

Retinal arteries

■■Figure 14.8

Retinopathy. Illustration of a normal retina (left) and a diseased retina (right). The diseased retina exhibits changes common among people suffering from diabetes mellitus and is called diabetic retinopathy.

Macula

Macula

Microaneurysm NORMAL

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

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14.25 Conditions of the eye that result in a reduction of vision, or

“low vision,” resulting from an error in the refraction (bending) of light as it travels through the eye are known as refractive errors. Often caused by defects in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball, ______________________ ______________________ include four types (■ Figure 14.9):

refractive errors

■■ Myopia

(mye OH pee ah), or nearsightedness, occurs when a person can see near objects but cannot see distant objects clearly.

■■ Hyperopia

(HYE per oh pee ah), or farsightedness, occurs when a person can see distant objects but cannot see near objects clearly.

■■ Presbyopia

(PREZ bee oh pee ah) is an age-related form of refractive error beginning soon after the age of 40 years, often in the form of hyperopia that worsens with time.

■■ Astigmatism

(ah STIG mah tizm) occurs when the curvature of the eye is defective, resulting in blurred near and far vision. It is abbreviated Ast. Astigmatism literally means “condition of without a point” and can be shown as a/stigmat/ism.

Emmetropia (EM eh troh pee ah) is the normal condition of the eye, abbreviated Em. Note that each of these terms (except astigmatism) includes the suffix -opia, which means “condition of vision.”

Myopia WORDS TO Watch Out For

You may recall from Chapter 6 that my/o is the combining form for muscle. It is derived from the Greek word for muscle, myos. However, in the word myopia, my is derived from the Greek word myein, which means “to shut.” When followed by the suffix -opia, the term myopia translates into “condition of shut vision.”

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Emmetropia and Refractive Errors Normally, elasticity of the cornea, lens, and eyeball allows them to change shape in order to focus rays of light onto the macula lutea of the retina.

Normal Eye (Emmetropia)

Macula

Distant target

Near target

Cornea Lens

Myopia: If corneal curvature is too steep or axial length of eye too long, light is focused short of retina (nearsighted)

Astigmatism: Irregular corneal curvature results in light from different axes being brought to focus at different points

Hyperopia: If corneal curvature is too flat or axial length of eye too short, image is focused behind retina (farsighted)

Treatment Options Spectacle lens

Contact lens

Spectacle lens bends (refract) light rays to focus image on retina

■■Figure 14.9

Contact lens performs as a “corrected” corneal surface, focusing image on retina

Surgically altered cornea

Surgical alteration of abnormal corneal curvature allows clear focusing of image on retina

Vision. Normal vision (top), compared to common refractive errors and their treatment options.

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483

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight The Right Match Match the vocabulary term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. glaucoma

a. occurs when the retina tears away from the choroid layer

______ 2. cataract

b. progressive deterioration of the macula lutea

______ 3. macular degeneration

c. softening of the eye

______ 4. hordeolum

d. loss of vision resulting from increased intraocular pressure

______ 5. detached retina

e. a condition in which the transparency of the lens is reduced

______ 6. ophthalmomalacia

  f. infection of the meibomian gland; also called a sty

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

adipl-

conjunctiv/o ir/o ophthalm/o retin/o stigmat/o

-ism -itis -opia -pathy

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

bacterial infection of the conjunctiva double vision defective curvature of the eye that causes blurred vision inflammation of the iris disease of the retina eye disease

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight Here are the word parts that commonly apply to eye treatments, procedures, and devices and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

intra-

within

cyst/o dacry/o kerat/o ocul/o opt/o radi/o rhin/o

bladder, sac tear hard, cornea eye eye radius nose

-ar -logist -metrist -stomy -tomy

pertaining to one who studies one who measures surgical creation of an opening incision, to cut

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KEY TERMS A–Z

cataract extraction

14.26 During cataract extraction, a lens damaged by a

cataract is surgically removed and replaced with an artificial lens called an intraocular lens (IOL). The most common technique in use for ____________________ ____________________ is phacoemulsification (FAY koh ee muhl sih fih KAY shun), or phaco (FAY koh). Illustrated in ■ Figure 14.10, phaco is the use of sound waves to break up the lens so that it can be removed by suction.

Cataract extraction Iris Phacoemulsification of lens

Corneal incision

Posterior lens capsule Intraocular lens transplant Intraocular lens implanted into lens capsule

Intraocular lens in place

■■Figure 14.10

Cataract extraction and the artificial intraocular lens. The procedure involves a surgical removal of a cataract lens and its replacement with an artificial lens. The artificial lens is made of silicone and acrylic. Artificial lenses are called intraocular lenses (IOLs).

14.27 The cornea is normally transparent, but may lose its

corneal grafting

transparency from exposure to ultraviolet light or become damaged from an injury. The most common treatment of corneal damage is corneal grafting. During ____________________ ____________________, the injured cornea is removed and replaced by implantation of a donor or synthetic cornea.

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14.28 There are two primary treatments for the medical emergency

cryopexy KRYE oh pek see

of a detached retina (Frame 14.17), which are often needed to prevent blindness. In cryopexy, tiny holes are created through the retina by laser treatment, which “welds” the retina back into place. Freeze treatment may also be used, which is the origin of the term ____________________ and means “surgical fixation by freezing.” The other technique to treat a detached retina is scleral buckling, in which a tiny synthetic band is attached to the white outside layer of the eyeball (called the sclera) to push the wall of the eye against the detached retina. 14.29 To treat dacryocystitis, described in Frame 14.16, antibiotic

dacryocystorhinostomy DAK ree oh SIS toh rye NOS toh mee

eyedrops are often used to defeat the bacterial infection. In some cases, a dacryocystorhinostomy may be needed. During a ____________________________, a channel is surgically created between the nasal cavity and lacrimal sac to promote drainage. This term includes three combining forms: dacry/o/cyst/o/rhin/o/stomy. 14.30 The acronym for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis is

LASIK LAY sik

______________________. It is the use of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct refractive errors, such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism (■ Figure 14.11).

Laser Eye Surgery Procedure 1

2

4

5

■■Figure 14.11

LASIK. The five steps in LASIK include (1) prepare patient; (2) expose the underside of the cornea by making an incision and folding it outward; (3) remove excess material with a programmable laser; (4) replace cornea; (5) close the incision. Source: BlueRingMedia/ Shutterstock.

3

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14.31 Correcting refractive errors (Frame 14.25) is usually attempted

optometrist ahp TOM eh trist

with corrective lenses or contact lenses following a vision examination by an optometrist. An ____________________ is a health professional (not a physician) trained to examine eyes to correct vision problems and eye disorders. 14.32 As an alternative to using contact lenses for myopia, an

ophthalmologist off thal MAH loh jist radial keratotomy RAY dee ahl * kair ah TOT oh mee

ophthalmologist may perform a radial keratotomy, during which spokelike incisions are made into the cornea, which effectively flattens the cornea to correct for myopia. An ____________________ is a physician who specializes in the study and treatment of diseases associated with the eyes. A ____________________ ____________________ is a form of refractive surgery because it corrects the refractive error of myopia.

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight The Right Match Match the vocabulary term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. cataract extraction

a. removal and replacement of an injured cornea

______ 2. LASIK

b. surgical correction for myopia in which incisions flatten the cornea

______ 3. radial keratotomy

c. surgical removal and replacement of a lens damaged by a cataract

______ 4. corneal grafting

d. use of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue to correct vision

______ 5. optometrist

e. a physician specializing in the study and treatment of eye diseases

______ 6. ophthalmologist

f. a health professional trained to examine eyes to correct vision problems

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed for you as an example. 1. a) optometrist

opt/o/metrist cf   s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? eye 2. a) dacryocystorhinostomy

________/___/________/___/________/___/________ cf       cf        cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) ophthalmologist

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

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Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the ears and hearing and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix

Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

anhyper-

without, absence of excessive, abnormally high, above alongside, abnormal

ot/o

-acusis -algia -rrhagia -rrhea

condition of hearing condition of pain abnormal discharge discharge

para-

ear

KEY WORDS A–Z

14.33 The suffix that means “condition of hearing” is -acusis.

anacusis AN ah KYOO siss

When the prefix an- is included, the constructed term ______________________ is created, which literally means “condition of absence of hearing” and refers to a total loss of hearing. It can be written as an/acusis. 14.34 When the same suffix, -acusis, is used with the prefix

hyperacusis HIGH per ah KYOO siss

that means “excessive, abnormally high, above,” the term ______________________ is created, which literally means “condition of excessive hearing.” It refers to a symptom of abnormally sensitive hearing. Replacing this prefix with another, para-, changes the meaning once again. The term paracusis (PAIR ah kyoo siss) is a symptom of partial loss of hearing. 14.35 The combining form that means “ear” is ot/o. When

otalgia oh TAHL jee ah

the suffix for a condition of pain, -algia, is included, the term ______________________ is created, which means “pain in the ear,” or earache. 14.36 Another symptom of the ear using the combining form ot/o is

otorrhagia oh toh RAJ ee ah

otorrhagia. Because the meaning of the suffix -rrhagia is “abnormal discharge,” the constructed term ______________________ means “abnormal ear discharge.” The clinical meaning of the term is “bleeding from the external ear canal.” The word parts are shown when the constructed form is written ot/o/rrhagia. 14.37 When the suffix -rrhea, which means “discharge,” is added

otorrhea oh toh REE ah

to the combining form for ear, the term ______________________ is created. This is a symptom of abnormal drainage (of pus) from the ear. The constructed form of this term is ot/o/rrhea.

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14.38 Two common symptoms of the ears and hearing are not

constructed of word parts. They are tinnitus, which is a ringing or buzzing sensation in the ears, and vertigo, which is a sensation of spinning or whirling motion. ______________________ is from the Latin word tinnio, which means “jingling sound,” and ______________________ is derived from the Latin word vertere, which means “to turn.”

tinnitus tinn EYE tuss vertigo VER tih go

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. anacusis

a. partial hearing loss

______ 2. otalgia

b. total hearing loss

______ 3. hyperacusis

c. abnormal discharge from the ear

______ 4. paracusis

d. pain in the ear, or earache

______ 5. otorrhagia

e. a ringing in the ears

______ 6. tinnitus

f. overly sensitive hearing

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

anhyperpara-

ot/o

-acusis -algia -rrhagia -rrhea

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

partial loss of hearing abnormal drainage of pus from the ear pain in the ear bleeding from an ear total hearing loss overly sensitive hearing

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Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing Here are the word parts that commonly apply to diseases and disorders of the ears and hearing and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: combining forms are red and suffixes are blue.

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

extern/o mastoid/o med/o ot/o presby/o scler/o

exterior resembling a breast middle ear old age hard, sclera

-acusis -itis -osis -pathy

condition of hearing inflammation condition of disease

KEY WORDS A–Z

14.39 A relatively common source of partial hearing loss

cholesteatoma koh LES tee ah TOH mah

(paracusis; Frame 14.34) and ear drainage (otorrhea; Frame 14.37) is called cholesteatoma. It is the formation of a cyst-like ball of epithelial cells in the middle ear. Although not a form of cancer, a ____________________ can enlarge to cause a complete loss of hearing (anacusis; Frame 14.33) in the affected ear and neurological complications. The term literally means “tumor of cholesterol” because it was once believed to be a benign tumor composed primarily of cholesterol. 14.40 The term that literally means “inflammation of the part

mastoiditis mas toyd EYE tiss

resembling a breast” is ____________________. The word part construction of this term is mastoid/itis. The mastoid process is an area of the temporal bone of the skull housing the middle and internal ear. Bacterial infections of the middle ear can travel into the mastoid area to produce mastoiditis, causing serious complications that can lead to impaired hearing or deafness. 14.41 A chronic disease of the inner ear is known as Ménière’s

Ménière’s disease MEN yerz

disease. ____________________ ____________________ includes symptoms of vertigo, or a spinning motion, and tinnitus, or ringing in the ears (Frame 14.38).

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14.42 The general term for inflammation of the ear is

otitis oh TYE tiss

otitis media

ot/o/pathy

____________________. In one form of this disease, the external auditory canal is involved, causing local sensations of pain, and is called otitis externa (oh TYE tiss * eks TER nah). In another form, the middle ear is involved to cause local pain and a temporary loss of hearing. Known as ____________________ ____________________ (oh TYE tiss * MEE dee ah), it is relatively common among children, is caused by bacterial infection, and often requires antibiotic therapy (see ■ Figure 14.12). It is abbreviated OM. It has been estimated that 80% of all children will have contracted otitis media by their third birthday, and it is the most common cause of partial hearing loss. Both otitis externa and otitis media are otopathies (OH toh path eez), which literally means “diseases of the ear.” The word part construction of the term otitis is ot/itis and that of the term otopathy is _____/___/_________.

Section through middle ear in otitis media

Purulent fluid in middle ear

External auditory canal Bulging tympanic membrane

Ossicles

■■Figure 14.12

Otitis media. This illustration shows an inflamed tympanic cavity, which is the most common source of ear pain in this infection. The eardrum may also become inflamed or bulge outward due to an accumulation of purulent fluid within the tympanic cavity.

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

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14.43 An abnormal formation of bone within the ear, usually

otosclerosis oh toh skler OH siss

between the stapes and the oval window of the middle ear, is known as otosclerosis. The disease causes a progressive loss of hearing. Recall that the suffix -osis with the word root scler means “condition of hard.” The term ____________________ includes four word parts, which can be shown by writing the word part construction as ot/o/scler/osis. 14.44 A gradual loss of hearing with advancing age is a very

presbyacusis pres bee ah KYOO siss

common condition. The term for this disease combines the word root that means “old age,” presby, with the suffix that means “condition of hearing,” which you learned is -acusis. The resulting term is ____________________.

PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing The Right Match Match the vocabulary term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. Ménière’s disease

a. any disease of the ear

______ 2. presbyacusis

b. inflammation of the middle ear

______ 3. otitis media

c. a chronic disease of the inner ear

______ 4. otitis externa

d. inflammation of the mastoid area

______ 5. mastoiditis

e. inflammation of the external auditory canal

______ 6. otopathy

f. loss of hearing due to old age

Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel.

Combining Form

Suffix

mastoid/o ot/o scler/o

-itis -osis -pathy

Definition

Term

1. 2. 3. 4.

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

inflammation of the ear an abnormal formation of bone within the ear any disease of the ear inflammation of the mastoid

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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing Here are the word parts that commonly apply to ear treatments, procedures, and devices that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: combining forms are red and suffixes are blue.

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

audi/o labyrinth/o mastoid/o myring/o ot/o tympan/o

hearing maze, inner ear resembling a breast membrane, eardrum ear eardrum

-ectomy -logist -logy -metry -plasty -scope -scopy -tomy

surgical excision, removal one who studies study or science of measurement, process of measuring surgical repair instrument used for viewing process of viewing incision, to cut

KEY WORDS A–Z

audiologist aw dee AHL oh jist audiometry aw dee AH meh tree

■■Figure 14.13

Audiometry. The child in this photograph is undergoing a hearing test with an audiologist. Source: Capifrutta/Shutterstock.

14.45 The combining form audi/o means “hearing.” The study

of hearing disorders is a field of practice called audiology. One who specializes in hearing disorders and treatment is called an ____________________. The procedure involving the measurement of hearing is usually performed by an audiologist and is called ____________________ (■ Figure 14.13). The constructed form of the term audiology is audi/o/logy, audiologist is audi/o/logist, and audiometry is audi/o/metry.

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14.46 A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that helps

cochlear implant

to provide a sensation of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or very hard of hearing. The ____________________ ____________________ contains an external part that is placed behind the outer ear and an internal part that is surgically implanted beneath the skin. The implant includes an array of electrodes placed within the cochlea that sends electrical signals to the auditory nerve when mechanical vibrations are amplified and received (■ Figure 14.14).

Transmitter Receiver/ stimulator Microphone Speech processor

Electrode array (a)

■■Figure 14.14

Cochlear implant. (a) Illustration of a cochlear implant. (b) Photograph of the external part of a cochlear implant. Source: Kathy deWitt/Alamy Stock Photo.

(b)

14.47 In some severe cases of permanent hearing loss, the inner

labyrinthectomy lab ee rin THEK toh mee

ear, or labyrinth, is surgically removed and replaced with a synthetic hearing device. The surgical removal of the inner ear is called ____________________. Its constructed form is labyrinth/ectomy.

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LABYRINTH Did You KNOW

The combining form labyrinth/o is derived from the Greek word labyrinth, which means “a maze.” It is believed to have originated from the ancient Lydian language that preceded the golden age of Greece. The term was used as the label for the house of the double axe, which was a maze designed to protect the inner sanctum of the throne room for Minos, the King of Crete. Over the years, the labyrinth became synonymous with the word maze. When early scientists first observed the twisting chambers of the inner ear, they were struck by its resemblance to a twisting maze, leading them to apply the term labyrinth.

14.48 In some patients, it may become necessary to surgically

mastoidectomy mas toyd EK toh mee mastoidotomy mas toyd AHT oh mee

remove part of the mastoid process of the temporal bone to treat severe mastoiditis (Frame 14.40). This procedure is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is mastoid/ectomy. The procedure is preceded by making an incision into the mastoid process in a procedure called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is mastoid/o/tomy. 14.49 The combining form myring/o means “membrane.” Because

myringoplasty mih RING oh plas tee myringotomy mih ring AH toh mee

the eardum is a membrane, this combining form may be used in terms in which the eardrum is described. Therefore, a surgical repair of the eardum is called ____________________. Similarly, an incision into the eardrum is called ____________________. Both are constructed terms, shown as myring/o/plasty and myring/o/tomy.

14.50 The medical field of ear disorders and their treatment is called

ot/o/logy

otoscope OH toh skope

■■Figure 14.15

An ear exam, or otoscopy, using an otoscope.

otology. Write the constructed form of this term here: ___/__/_____. The instrument that is used in a physical exam to view the ear canal and eardrum uses the same combining form and is called an ____________________. The exam procedure is called otoscopy (oh TOH skoh pee; ■ Figure 14.15).

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

495

14.51 You may recall that the eardrum is also called the tympanic

tympanometry tim pan AH meh tree tympanoplasty TIM pan oh plass tee

membrane. This alternate term uses the combining form tympan/o, which means “eardrum.” A procedure that evaluates the elasticity of the eardrum by measuring its movement includes this combining form in the word ___________________. Another term that uses this combining form describes the surgical repair of the eardrum and is known as ___________________.

PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing The Right Match Match the vocabulary term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. mastoidectomy

a. physical examination of the ear canal and eardrum

______ 2. otoscopy

b. the study of hearing disorders

______ 3. tympanoplasty

c. surgical removal of part of the mastoid process

______ 4. labyrinthectomy

d. the medical field of ear disorders and treatment

______ 5. audiology

e. surgical repair of the eardrum

______ 6. otology

f. surgical removal of the inner ear

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) otologist

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 2. a) tympanometry

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 3. a) myringoplasty

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

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Abbreviations of the Eyes and Ears The abbreviations that are associated with the eyes and ears are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

AD AMD AS Ast AU EENT Em ENT HEENT

right ear; in Latin, auris dexter age-related macular degeneration left ear; in Latin, auris sinister astigmatism both ears; in Latin, aures unitas eye, ear, nose, and throat emmetropia ear, nose, and throat head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat

IOL LASIK OD OM OS Oto OU Phaco TM

intraocular lens laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis right eye; in Latin, oculus dexter otitis media left eye; in Latin, oculus sinister otology each eye; in Latin, oculus uterque phacoemulsification tympanic membrane

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1. ____________________

otitis media

  2. ENT

______________________________________________

  3. ____________________

otology

  4. AU

______________________________________________

  5. ____________________

left ear

  6. Em

______________________________________________

  7. ____________________

age-related macular degeneration

  8. AD

______________________________________________

  9. ____________________

eye, ear, nose, and throat

10. TM

______________________________________________

11. ____________________

short for phacoemulsification

12. HEENT

______________________________________________

13. ____________________

astigmatism

14. LASIK

______________________________________________

15. ____________________

intraocular lens

16. OD____________________

______________________________________________

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CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example.   1. inflammation of the cornea

keratitis

  2. a drooping eyelid

blepharo____________________

  3. a stone in the lacrimal apparatus

____________________lithiasis

  4. inflammation of the conjunctiva

conjunctiv____________________

  5. softening of the eye

____________________malacia

  6. paralysis of the eye

ophthalmo____________________

  7. a generalized disease of the retina

retino____________________

  8. a specialist who corrects vision disorders

____________________metrist

  9. inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus

____________________itis

10. bleeding of the eye

ophthalmo____________________

11. symptom of a white film in the pupil

____________________coria

12. inflammation of the middle ear

____________________itis media

13. condition of pain in the ear

ot____________________

14. abnormal formation of bone in the ear

oto____________________

15. pus discharge from the external ear canal

oto____________________

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 14.

Definition              1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.   7.   8.   9. 10.

blephar/o cor/o ophthalm/o conjunctiv/o dacry/o kerat/o retin/o ot/o audi/o labyrinth/o

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

  Use in a Term _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 14.16 and 14.17 by writing the labels in the spaces provided. 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________ 4. ________________________

Vitreous humor (liquid filling)

Conjunctiva Upper lid Anterior chamber

Choroid layer

Aqueous humor (liquid filling)

3.______________ 4.______________

1.____________

Fovea centralis

Pupil 2.____________

Optic nerve

Iris Eyelash

Lower lid

■■Figure 14.16

Anatomy of the eye. Lateral view of a sectioned eyeball in its socket.

Posterior chamber Suspensory ligament

Central retinal artery and vein

Ciliary body

Auricle 6. __________________ __________________ 5. __________________ Stapes Incus

Vestibule Base of stapes in oval window Cochlear nerve

7. __________________

Round window

■■Figure 14.17

The ear. Lateral view of the ear region on one side of the head.

External auditory canal 9. __________________ __________________

Eustachian tube Pharynx

8. __________________ __________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Salima Aziz Read the following medical report, then answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Ophthalmology

Date: 08/22/2017

Patient: Salima Aziz

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 2/19/1999   Age: 18   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Jana Abashiri, MD Subjective: “My right eye has been hurting for the past week, especially when I rub it because it itches a lot. There is crustiness in the mornings when I wake up.” 18 y/o female with ophthalmalgia, pruritis, swelling, and erythema in right eye for the past week. She also complains that, more recently, her left eye is beginning to redden and swell. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 77; R: 21; BP: 120/75 Ht: 5¿7– Wt: 122 lb General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 77 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. ROM normal. HEENT: Erythema of sclera, inflammation of conjunctiva in OD, spreading to OS and eyelids. Assessment: OU conjunctivitis with keratitis and blepharitis Plan: Antibiotic eyedrops with oral systemic antibiotic therapy. Follow-up visit in 2 weeks. Photo Source: Michaeljung/Shutterstock.

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Chapter 14

Comprehension Questions 1. What patient complaints and evidence support the diagnosis of conjunctivitis? 







2. Why would a treatment including antibiotics be prescribed for this ophthalmopathy? 







3. What is the meaning of OU ophthalmalgia? 







Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) conjunctivitis

keratitis

ophthalmologist

blepharitis

ophthalmalgia

OS

Salima Aziz, an 18-year-old female with no prior history of ophthalmic disease, complained to her parents of eye pain or (a) ____________________ originating from the right eye and spreading to the left eye, or (b) ____________________ (abbreviation), within a few days. She also noticed swelling of the eyelids, or (c) ____________________, with a crusty exudate, and her parents became worried when they saw redness of the eye, suggesting the condition of (d) ____________________. Her parents brought her to a physician specializing in eye care, called an (e) ____________________, immediately. During the eye exam, the physician diagnosed inflammation of the right eyelid, inflammation of the conjunctiva, or (f) ____________________, and inflammation of the cornea, or (g) ____________________, and identified the probable cause to be bacterial. As a result, antibiotic eyedrops and systemic antibiotics were prescribed with follow-up visits scheduled.

The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing

501

Reggie Fletcher For a greater challenge, read the following medical report provided and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Pediatrics

Date: 11/22/2017

Patient: Reggie Fletcher

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 3/14/2015   Age: 2   Sex: Male

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Judith N. VonTripp, MD Subjective: Relayed by mother at visit: “Reggie has been whining and pulling at his right ear for the past week, with more crying and fussiness than usual. He’s been having trouble sleeping too. I took his temperature this morning and it was 101°F, so I decided to bring him in to be seen.” 2 y/o male brought in by his mother who complains that he is unusually distressed with pulling of the right ear. His records show he is current with vaccinations and has no abnormalities. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 101.6°F; P: 92; R: 28; BP: 118/70 Ht: 2¿7– Wt: 35 lb General Appearance: Mild diaphoresis. Skin is otherwise healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 92 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. HEENT: Eyes clear, throat with mild erythema and swelling. Right TM with mild erythema and swelling, left ear normal. Assessment: AD myringitis with possible otitis media Plan: Antibiotic eardrops into right ear three times a day. Follow with return visit in 2 weeks. If not cleared, consult with EENT for possible myringotomy with tympanic cavity drainage. Photo Source: Ami Parikh/Shutterstock.

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Chapter 14

Comprehension Questions 1. What evidence supports a diagnosis of AD myringitis with possible otitis media? ______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think a myringotomy may need to be performed if the child does not improve within 2 weeks? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Reggie Fletcher, a 2-year-old male, was brought to the medical clinic after his behavior during the preceding several weeks indicated to his mother that he was experiencing ear pain, known as (h) ____________________, of the right ear, abbreviated (i) ____________________. His behavior included pulling or tugging at his right ear, an inability to sleep through the night, mild fever, and frequent fussiness. The general physician examined his ears using an (j) ____________________ and observed inflammation of the tympanic membrane, called (k) ____________________. Because this condition is often indicative of a potential infection within the middle ear, called (l) ____________________ ____________________, the physician referred the patient to (m) ____________________. Following an exam, the ear specialist, or (n) ____________________, determined a course of treatment to include antibiotic eardrops with follow-up exams to ensure the infection is defeated. Unfortunately, 2 weeks later the infection had spread into the tympanic cavity to produce the disease (o) ____________________ ____________________. The tympanic membrane was then surgically incised in a (p) ____________________ procedure and drainage tubes inserted into the tympanic cavity to drain the purulent fluids. One month after the patient had recovered, a hearing test, or (q) ____________________, was performed and found a 20% loss of hearing from the right ear.

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Chapter 15

The Endocrine System Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 15.1 Define

and spell the word parts used to create terms for the endocrine system.

15.4 Build

15.2 Identify

15.5 Pronounce

the major organs of the endocrine system and describe their structure and function.

15.3 Break

down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the endocrine system.

medical terms from the word parts associated with the endocrine system. and spell common medical terms associated with the endocrine system.

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Chapter 15

Anatomy and Physiology Terms The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later in the chapter.

Combining Form

Definition

Combining Form

Definition

aden/o adren/o crin/o gonad/o hormon/o

gland adrenal gland to secrete sex gland to set in motion

pancreat/o ren/o thyr/o thyroid/o

sweetbread, pancreas kidney shield, thyroid resembling a shield, thyroid

15.1 The endocrine system works hand in hand with the nervous

endocrine EN doh krin gland

gonads

system to regulate body functions. The primary organs of the ____________________ system include the pituitary gland, which is attached to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, the thyroid ____________________ in the neck, the parathyroid glands embedded within the thyroid gland, the two adrenal glands located above each kidney, the pancreatic islets within the pancreas, and the ____________________, which include the ovaries of the female and testes of the male. 15.2 Like the nervous system, the endocrine system provides a

homeostasis

hormone

method of control to keep the body functioning despite changing conditions in the environment. Thus, the primary role of the endocrine system is to manage ____________________, a state in which the body’s equilibrium is maintained. Instead of regulating body activities with rapid nerve impulses, the endocrine organs secrete chemicals called hormones that are carried by the bloodstream. The result of ____________________ secretion is a change in cell functions, which alters body activities. When the endocrine system becomes deficient due to disease, the result is a homeostatic imbalance that often affects overall health. 15.3 As a brief review of endocrine anatomy, study the illustration

of the endocrine system in ■ Figure 15.1. From this figure, note its major organs include the pituitary gland and pineal gland in the cranial cavity, the thymus gland in the thoracic cavity, the thyroid gland in the neck (and the smaller parathyroid glands embedded within the thyroid gland, so are not shown), the adrenal glands and pancreas in the abdominal cavity, and the testes in the scrotum of the male and ovaries in the pelvic cavity of the female.

The Endocrine System

THYROID AND PARATHYROID Did You Know

The shape of the thyroid gland must have reminded the Greeks of a shield because the term is derived from the Greek word for this defensive warrior gear, thyreos. Thus, the term thyroid literally means “resembling a shield.” Although the four pea-sized parathyroid glands are not shaped like a Greek shield, their location within the much larger thyroid gland earns them their name because one meaning of the prefix para- is “alongside.”

Pineal gland Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland with embedded parathyroid glands

Thymus gland

Adrenal gland

Ovary (female)

Pancreas

Testis (male)

■■Figure 15.1

The endocrine glands of the endocrine system are distributed throughout the body.

505

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Chapter 15

Medical Terms for the Endocrine System 15.4 An array of disorders can occur when an endocrine gland

hyposecretion

fails to deliver the quantity of hormones needed to regulate body functions. In general, endocrine disease results from either abnormally high hormone production, called hypersecretion, or abnormally low hormone production, called ____________________. Either condition upsets the homeostatic balance of the body. Hypersecretion may arise due to an inherited disease or a tumor. Often, hyposecretion occurs if an endocrine gland suffers trauma due to an injury or infection, although it also may be caused by an inherited disorder or a tumor. Sometimes, an endocrine disorder includes an array of symptoms and involves multiple organs. This type of disease is generally known as a syndrome. 15.5 The treatment of endocrine diseases is a focused discipline

within study science of

within medicine, called endocrinology (EN doh krin ALL oh jee). This is a constructed term that is written endo/crin/o/logy and includes the prefix endo- that means “____________________,” the combining form crin/o that means “to secrete,” and the suffix -logy that means “____________________ or ____________________ _____.”

15.6 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the endocrine system.

Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the endocrine system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

expoly-

acid/o

-ia -ism -megaly -osis -s -uria

condition of condition or disease abnormally large condition of plural pertaining to urine, urination

outside, away from excessive, over, many

acr/o dips/o hirsut/o ket/o ophthalm/o

a solution or substance with a pH less than 7 extremity thirst hairy ketone eye

The Endocrine System

KEY TERMS A–Z acidosis ass ih DOH siss

507

15.7 Recall that the suffix -osis means “condition of.” The sign of

excess acid in the body is therefore known as ____________________, and the constructed form of the term is acid/osis. It occurs when carbon dioxide, the primary waste product from cellular metabolism, accumulates in tissues (including blood) to form carbonic acid. Acidosis is a symptom of diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20) and may also be caused by respiratory or kidney disorders. 15.8 A sign of bone structure enlargement in an adult without

acromegaly ak roh MEG ah lee

a gain in height is known as acromegaly. The enlargement causes disfigurement, especially in the hands and face, and is a sign of hypersecretion of growth hormone (abbreviated GH) from the pituitary gland during adulthood (■ Figure 15.2). ____________________ literally means “abnormally large extremity.” It is a constructed term that is written acr/o/megaly.

■■Figure 15.2

Acromegaly. Acromegaly is a metabolic disorder in which excessive amounts of growth hormone are secreted during adulthood, resulting in enlarged bones without increased height. The changes occur gradually and are often apparent mainly in the face and hands. In this photograph, a normal hand (left) is compared with the hand of a person of the same height, but with acromegaly (right). Source: Biophoto Associate/Science Source.

exophthalmos eks off THAL mos

■■Figure 15.3

Exophthalmos. The protrusion of the eyes is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism.

15.9 The abnormal protrusion of the eyes is known as exophthalmos. It is a classic sign of excessive activity of the thyroid gland and literally means “outside eyes” (■ Figure 15.3). ____________________ is a constructed term: ex/ophthalm/o/s.

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Chapter 15

15.10 A common sign of thyroid gland disease is a swelling on the

goiter GOY ter

■■Figure 15.4

anterior side of the neck in the location of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter (■ Figure 15.4). A ____________________ is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or an infection. The term goiter is derived from the Latin word for throat, guttur.

Goiter

Goiter. A goiter appears as a swelling in the anterior neck region, at the location of the thyroid gland. Source: Karan Bunjean/ Shutterstock.

15.11 A symptom of excessive body hair in a masculine pattern

hirsutism HER soot izm

is known as hirsutism. The term is derived from the Latin word hirsutus, which means “hairy.” When ____________________ occurs in women, it is caused by the hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex. Excessive production of androgens in women may also lead to muscle and bone growth. The resulting pattern of masculinization is known as adrenal virilism (add REE nal * VIHR ill izm). 15.12 A ketone body is a waste substance produced when cells

ketosis kee TOH siss

ketoacidosis KEE toh ah sih DOH siss

are unable to metabolize carbohydrates. The condition called ____________________ is an excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine and is a sign of unmanaged diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20) and starvation. Because ketosis produces an acidic condition of the body, it is also known as ketoacidosis. ____________________ contains four word parts and is shown as ket/o/acid/osis. 15.13 The prefix poly- means “excessive, over, many.” It is sometimes

polydipsia PALL ee DIP see ah

used to indicate an abnormally excessive amount. The combining form dips/o means “thirst.” Thus, the symptom called ____________________ literally means “condition of excessive thirst.” An abnormal state of excessive thirst occurs during certain disorders of the pituitary gland or the pancreas, including diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20).

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509

15.14 As you learned in Chapter 11, the term polyuria includes the

polyuria PALL ee YOO ree ah

prefix poly- and means “excessive urination”. It is a symptom of pituitary gland disease that arises when the hormone ADH is not produced normally. It is also a symptom of unmanaged diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20). ____________________ is the production of abnormally large volumes of urine.

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______ 1. acidosis

a. enlargement at the throat

______ 2. ketosis

b. a pattern of masculinization and hair distribution in women

______ 3. goiter

c. excessive body hair

______ 4. adrenal virilism

d. abnormal accumulation of waste materials that are acidic

______ 5. hirsutism

e. excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix). b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. The first set has been completed as an example. 1. a) polydipsia

poly/dips/ia p  r  s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of 2. a) exophthalmos



________/________/___/________ p      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 3. a) polyuria

________/________ p    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 4. a) acromegaly

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 5. a) ketoacidosis

________/___/________/________ cf    r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________

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Chapter 15

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form Definition

Suffix

Definition

endo- within hyper- excessive, ­abnormally high, above hypo- deficient, abnormally low, below para- alongside, abnormal

aden/o adren/o calc/i, calc/o carcin/o crin/o glyc/o gonad/o myx/o pancreat/o

-al -emia -ism -itis -megaly -oma -osis -pathy -penia

pertaining to condition of blood condition or disease inflammation abnormally large tumor condition of disease abnormal r­ eduction in number, deficiency

thyr/o thyroid/o

KEY TERMS A–Z adenocarcinoma ADD eh noh kar sih NOH mah adenoma ADD eh NOH mah

gland adrenal gland calcium cancer to secrete sweet, sugar sex gland mucus sweetbread, pancreas shield, thyroid resembling a shield, thyroid

15.15 A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue

to form a glandular or glandlike pattern of cells is called an ____________________. As a constructed term with four word parts, it is written aden/o/carcin/oma. An adenocarcinoma is a lifethreatening form of cancer. It often develops from a benign tumor of glandular cells, known as an ____________________. An adenoma may cause excess secretion by the affected gland. 15.16 Adrenal gland failure leads to several disorders, some of

adrenalitis add REE nah LYE tiss adrenal insufficiency add REE nal in suh FISH en see

adrenal hyperplasia add REE nal high per PLAY zee a

which are due to genetic errors. For example, an inflammation of the adrenal gland is called ____________________. Clinically, it is known as adrenal insufficiency, in which one form is believed to be the result of a genetically based autoimmunity (the body’s own white blood cells attack the organ). ____________________ ____________________ reduces the body’s ability to manage stress and infection. Another dysfunction of the adrenal gland is adrenal hyperplasia, which means “excessive growth of the adrenal gland.” It is caused by a genetic error resulting in a missing enzyme, and in women, it may cause virilism (Frame 15.11). ____________________ ____________________ may also be called adrenomegaly, which has three word parts: adren/o/megaly.

The Endocrine System

511

15.17 A child suffering from the thyroid gland’s inability to produce

congenital hypothyroidism kon JEN ih tal *high poh THIGH royd izm

normal levels of growth hormone at birth may develop the condition called congenital hypothyroidism. Formerly known as cretinism, the condition ____________________ ____________________ results in developmental delays and reduced physical growth.

15.18 A syndrome is a disease involving multiple organs that

Cushing syndrome KUSH ing * SIN drohm

causes an array of symptoms. A syndrome caused by excessive secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal cortex and affecting many organs is called Cushing syndrome. It is characterized by obesity, moon (round) face, hyperglycemia (Frame 15.24), and muscle weakness (■ Figure 15.5). A common cause of ____________________ ____________________ is an adenoma (Frame 15.15) of the adrenal cortex.

Moon face

Red cheeks Fat pads (buffalo hump)

High blood pressure Bruising Thin skin Red striae

Pendulous abdomen Thin arms and legs Poor wound healing

■■Figure 15.5

Cushing syndrome. Caused by excessive cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex, this syndrome includes the symptoms of obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, and other symptoms shown here.

M15_WING1226_04_SE_C15.indd 511

15/03/18 7:38 PM

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Chapter 15

15.19 Diabetes insipidus (DI) is caused by hyposecretion of

diabetes insipidus DYE ah BEE teez * in SIP ih duss

ADH by the pituitary gland. The disease ____________________ ____________________ is characterized by the symptoms of polydipsia (Frame 15.13) and polyuria (Frame 15.14). 15.20 Although the term diabetes is shared by two diseases,

diabetes mellitus DYE ah BEE teez * MELL ih tuss

diabetic retinopathy DYE ah BET ik * ret in NOP ah thee

the chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism known as diabetes mellitus (DM) has very little in common with diabetes insipidus (Frame 15.19; see the Did You Know? box to read why). Diabetes mellitus is a result of resistance of body cells to insulin, or a deficiency or complete lack of insulin production by cells of the pancreas. Two major forms of ____________________ ____________________ strike human health. Type 1, which is less common, usually requires hormone replacement therapy with insulin and appears during childhood or adolescence. Because of the dependency of a type 1 diabetic to insulin therapy, it may also be referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. The more common type 2 diabetes, sometimes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes, usually appears during adulthood and is often associated with obesity (■ Figure 15.6). Unlike type 1, type 2 can usually be managed with dietary restrictions and regular exercise, and usually with some assistance from oral antidiabetic drugs. Common symptoms of both types include polydipsia (Frame 15.13), polyuria (Frame 15.14), and the abnormal presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria). If unmanaged, diabetes mellitus causes large fluctuations in blood sugar levels, resulting in circulatory deficiencies that result in cerebrovascular disease leading to heart failure or stroke, kidney damage called diabetic nephropathy (DYE ah BET ik * nef ROHP ah thee) leading to kidney failure, and damage to the eyes called ____________________ ____________________ that leads to blindness (see Figure 14.8 on page 485).

DIABETES Did You Know

The term diabetes is a Greek word that means “to pass through” or “to pass over.” Another meaning is “siphon.” The term was first used during the Middle Ages when a siphon was used by physicians to withdraw a sample of urine from a patient to test for an excess of sugar, which was often done by taste. The siphon “passed urine through” to a collection device. A sweet taste indicated sugar excess and a crude diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The term mellitus is a Latin word that means “sweetened with honey.” If the “taste test” did not indicate sweetness, but the patient still complained of excessive urination, the diagnosis was diabetes insipidus. As you might guess, the term insipidus is a Latin word that means “lacking flavor.”

The Endocrine System

513

Cerebrovascular disease

Diabetic retinopathy

Nonproliferative retinopathy (early stage)

Microaneurysms Cotton-wool spots Hemorrhages Narrowed arterioles

Proliferative retinopathy (late stage)

Massive hemorrhage

Stroke due to a ruptured plaque in an artery supplying the brain

Retinitis proliferans

Diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis

Myocardial infarction

Heart disease including heart attack, which accounts for 70% of the mortality in people with diabetes

Atheromatous aorta and branches

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the Western world

■■Figure 15.6

Diabetes mellitus. The metabolic disease diabetes mellitus, with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and widely ranging blood sugar levels, produces many chronic complications if not managed carefully. They include an increased risk of blindness (diabetic retinopathy), kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), and heart attack or stroke (cerebrovascular disease).

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Chapter 15

15.21 The general term for a disease of the endocrine system is

endocrinopathy en doh krin OPP ah thee

____________________. It is a constructed term with four word parts, endo/crin/o/pathy. In most cases, endocrinopathy is the result of either an excessive production of one or more hormones by an endocrine gland or deficient production of one or more hormones. To identify which, the prefixes hyper- (“excessive, abnormally high, above”) and hypo- (“deficient, abnormally low, below”) are frequently used with the endocrine gland that is diseased. 15.22 Excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands is the

hyperadrenalism HIGH per add REN al izm

hypoadrenalism HIGH poh add REN al izm

Did You Know

disease called ____________________. It is a constructed term written hyper/adren/al/ism. In time, hyperadrenalism produces the symptoms that characterize Cushing syndrome (Frame 15.18). The opposite disorder occurs when the adrenal gland activity becomes abnormally reduced, resulting in the early symptoms of fatigue and darkening of the skin. Called ____________________, it may lead to a chronic form called Addison’s disease if left untreated. The constructed form of this term is hypo/adren/al/ism.

ADDISON’S DISEASE In 1855, a series of signs and symptoms were connected for the first time into a disease. They included “feeble heart action, anemia, irritability of the stomach, and a peculiar change in the color of the skin.” The syndrome was named to recognize its discoverer, English physician Thomas Addison, who correlated the symptoms and signs to a failure of the adrenal cortex.

15.23 The suffix -emia means “condition of blood.” When calcium

hypercalcemia HIGH per kal SEE mee ah

hypocalcemia HIGH poh kal SEE mee ah

levels in the blood become abnormally high, the disease is known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term is hyper/calc/emia. The disease is a result of the abnormal release of calcium from bones, which leads to softening of the bones if left untreated. It is caused by excessive activity of the parathyroid glands, in which too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted. The condition of abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood is called ____________________ and is also called calcipenia (KAL sih PEE nee ah). It is caused by the abnormally low activity of the parathyroid glands, which produce insufficient PTH. The constructed form of calcipenia is, calc/i/penia.

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15.24 Another use of the suffix -emia is in the term hyperglycemia,

hypoglycemia HIGH poh glye SEE mee ah

which literally means “condition of blood excessive sugar.” The constructed form of this term is hyper/glyc/emia. The chronic form of the disease often indicates the body may not be producing enough insulin or insulin receptor sites are resistant, resulting in the buildup of glucose in the blood as a characteristic of diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20). In the opposite condition, ____________________, blood sugar levels fall to abnormally low levels. It is caused by excessive insulin administration or excessive production by the pancreas and is often accompanied by headache, malaise (weakness), tremors, hunger, and anxiety. If left untreated, it can lead to coma and death. 15.25 The excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands

hypoparathyroidism HIGH poh pair ah THIGH royd izm hypo/para/thyroid/ism

is a disorder known as hyperparathyroidism. This lengthy term contains four word parts: hyper/para/thyroid/ism. Usually caused by a tumor, it results in excessive calcium levels in the blood, or hypercalcemia (Frame 15.23). In the opposite condition called ____________________, PTH levels are reduced and the condition of hypocalcemia (Frame 15.23) occurs. The constructed form of this term is ___/_____/_________/_____.

paraWORDS TO Watch Out For

Note that the prefix para- doesn’t always appear at the beginning of a term. In the term h ­ ypoparathyroid, it appears in the middle of the term. But don’t let that confuse you: it is still a prefix and it still means “alongside or abnormal.”

15.26 Excessive activity of the thyroid gland produces abnormally

hyperthyroidism HIGH per THIGH royd izm

high levels of thyroid hormone in the disease ____________________, which accelerates metabolism. The constructed form of this term is hyper/thyroid/ism. Symptoms include exophthalmos (Frame 15.9), goiter (Frame 15.10), rapid heart rate, and weight loss. One form of chronic hyperthyroidism, called Graves’ disease, is believed to be an autoimmune disease. Another form, known as thyrotoxicosis (THIGH roh toks ih KOH siss), is an acute event that is triggered by infection or trauma and can become life-threatening.

hyper- or hypo-? WORDS TO Watch Out For

The spelling of these two prefixes is very similar, but the difference in meaning is great. Hypermeans “excessive, abnormally high, above”; whereas hypo- means “deficient, abnormally low, below.” An easy way to remember the difference is to think of the long o sound of the word “low,” which matches the sound of the vowel in hypo-.

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15.27 When thyroid gland activity becomes deficient, thyroid

hypothyroidism HIGH poh THIGH royd izm

hormone blood levels drop below normal in the disease called ____________________ (■ Figure 15.7). The constructed form is hypo/thyroid/ism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland comes under attack by the body’s own immune response, called Hashimoto’s disease. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include a slow heart rate, dry skin, low energy, and weight gain. In the chronic form of hypothyroidism known as myxedema (miks eh DEE mah), the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin becomes thick and hard, and the body retains water, aging the skin prematurely while puffing the face and thickening the tongue and hands. Myxedema literally means “swollen mucus.”

Lethargy, memory impairment, slow cerebration (psychoses may occur)

Hair dry, brittle Edema of face and eyelids

Thick tongue, slow speech Deep coarse voice

Sensation of coldness Diminished perspiration

Heart enlarged, poor heart sounds, precordial pain (occasional) Hypertension (frequently)

Coarse, dry, scaly skin

Ascites Menorrhagia (amenorrhea may occur late in disease)

Pulse slow

Weakness

■■Figure 15.7

Hypothyroidism. Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland produces the symptoms that are illustrated.

Reflexes slowed

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15.28 In the disease hypogonadism, abnormally low amounts of

hypogonadism HIGH poh GOH nad izm

hypo/gonad/ism

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced by the pituitary gland, which reduces the production of the sex hormones testosterone (produced by the male testes) and estrogen/progesterone (produced by the female ovaries). Also known as pituitary ____________________, it results in reduced sexual interest and reproductive capacity. If it occurs before puberty, the gonads (male testes and female ovaries) fail to develop, resulting in the failure of secondary sexual characteristics to form during adolescence such as body hair, muscle and bone growth (if male), or breasts (if female). Hypogonadism is a constructed term, which is written as _____/_________/_____. 15.29 Inflammation of the pancreas is a disorder known as

pancreatitis PAN kree ah TYE tiss

____________________ (■ Figure 15.8). It often results in a deficient production of insulin, which leads to hyperglycemia (Frame 15.24). Pancreatitis may be an acute reaction to infection or trauma or a chronic condition resulting in progressive pancreatic failure, both of which can become life-threatening. The term includes only two word parts: pancreat/itis.

Duodenum

Inflammatory lesion

■■Figure 15.8

Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the pancreas may be the result of a bacterial infection, trauma, or chronic disease such as cancer.

Pancreas

Duodenal ampulla

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15.30 Because the pituitary gland produces numerous hormones,

pituitary gigantism pih TOO ih tair ee * JYE gant izm

a tumor or congenital defect of the pituitary can affect many body functions. In pituitary dwarfism (pih TOO ih tair ee * DWARF izm), the pituitary growth hormone is deficient at birth, resulting in short stature. An abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone before adulthood results in ____________________ ____________________, and if it occurs after adulthood has begun, it results in acromegaly (Frame 15.8). A photograph comparing dwarfism and gigantism is provided in ■ Figure 15.9.

■■Figure 15.9

Growth hormone disorders. Illustration of a pituitary giant and a pituitary dwarf, both adults of about the same age. This illustration was rendered from an actual photograph.

thyroiditis THYE royd EYE tiss

15.31 Inflammation of the thyroid gland is called ____________________.

The constructed form is thyroid/itis. Acute thyroiditis is usually caused by a local infection, whereas there are many forms of chronic thyroiditis that often lead to hyperthyroidism (Frame 15.26).

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PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Linkup Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any ­combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

Prefix

Combining Form

Suffix

hyperhypopara-

aden/o adren/o calc/o carcin/o glyc/o pancreat/o thyroid/o

-al -emia -ism -itis -oma -pathy

Definition

Term

  1. inflammation of a gland   2. glandular disease   3. m  alignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue to form a glandular or glandlike pattern of cells   4. excessive activity of one or both adrenal glands   5. a disease that results from abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood   6. abnormally low blood sugar levels   7. excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands   8. a disease that results from abnormally low blood levels of thyroid hormone   9. inflammation of the pancreas 10. inflammation of the thyroid

adenitis   ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

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The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. ______

1. Addison’s disease

a. caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal cortex

______

2. diabetic nephropathy

b. a form of chronic hyperthyroidism; may be an autoimmune disease

______

3. diabetes insipidus

c. chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

______

4. pituitary gigantism

d. kidney damage caused by diabetes mellitus

______

5. Cushing syndrome

e. potentially vision-threatening damage to the eye in diabetics

______

6. Graves’ disease

f. caused by hyposecretion of adrenal cortex

______

7. diabetic retinopathy

______

8. diabetes mellitus

g. short stature resulting from a deficiency in pituitary growth hormone

______

9. pituitary dwarfism

h. caused by hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary

______ 10. congenital hypothyroidism

i. developmental delays and reduced physical growth that results from a lack of thyroid hormone at birth j. results from an abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone before adolescence

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the endocrine system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

Prefix Definition

Combining Form

Definition

Suffix

Definition

endopara-

adren/o crin/o thyr/o thyroid/o

adrenal gland to secrete shield, thyroid resembling a shield, thyroid

-al -ectomy -logist -logy -oma -tomy

pertaining to surgical excision, removal one who studies study or science of tumor incision, to cut

within alongside, abnormal

KEY TERMS A–Z

15.32 A procedure involving the surgical excision, or removal, of

adrenalectomy add REE nal EK toh mee

one or both of the adrenal glands is known as adrenalectomy. The constructed form of this term is adren/al/ectomy. An ____________________ may become necessary if hormone therapy fails to correct hyperadrenalism (Frame 15.22). 15.33 You learned at the beginning of this chapter that the term

endocrinologist en doh krin ALL oh jist

M15_WING1226_04_SE_C15.indd 520

endocrine literally means “to secrete within,” and the field of medicine focusing on the study and treatment of endocrine disorders is called endocrinology. A physician specializing in this field is known as an ____________________. It is a constructed term: endo/crin/o/logist.

15/03/18 8:00 PM

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15.34 Measuring blood sugar levels provides information about

fasting blood sugar

(a)

how well the body manages carbohydrate metabolism. In a procedure called ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ (FBS), blood sugar levels are measured after a 12-hour fast. In a postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) exam, blood sugar levels are measured about 2 hours after a meal (postprandial means “after a meal”). In both tests, extreme variations in blood sugar or abnormally high glucose levels (hyperglycemia) are an indication of diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20). A common method of testing blood sugar levels is shown in ■ Figure 15.10.

(b)

(c)

■■Figure 15.10

Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar test may be self-administered. (a) A lance pierces the skin of a finger. (b) A small blood sample is gently squeezed onto a reagent strip. (c) The glucose meter will display the glucose concentration in the blood sample. A reading of 80–100 mg/dL is a normal range. Note that the reading of 107 exceeds the normal values, suggesting the sample is from a diabetic patient.

15.35 A test that may be used to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes

glucose tolerance test

mellitus examines a patient’s tolerance of glucose. Known as a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ (GTT), the patient is given glucose either orally or intravenously, then at timed intervals blood samples are taken and glucose levels measured and recorded. Large fluctuations of blood sugar confirm the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

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15.36 A failure of an endocrine gland to produce sufficient levels

hormone replacement therapy

of a hormone, or hyposecretion, can have a serious impact on health. A common therapy to counteract hyposecretion is called hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Synthetic hormones or extracted hormones may be used in HRT. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ may also be used following the surgical removal of an endocrine gland to restore homeostasis. It is an optional therapy for the treatment of symptoms associated with menopausal changes, although evidence suggests a slight risk of breast cancer with its use. 15.37 The surgical removal, or excision, of a parathyroid gland may

parathyroidectomy PAIR ah THIGH royd EK toh mee

be a treatment for parathyroid cancer, called parathyroidoma, or for hyperparathyroidism (Frame 15.25). The procedure is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is para/thyroid/ectomy. 15.38 The producing cells of the thyroid gland use the element

radioactive iodine

iodine as a necessary ingredient in forming thyroid hormones. One way in which thyroid function may be measured is to determine the amount of iodine taken into thyroid cells. In the diagnostic procedure known as radioactive iodine uptake (RAY dee oh AK tihv * EYE oh dyne * UP tayk), ____________________ ____________________ is used to track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells with a scanning instrument. Abbreviated RAIU, a reduction of iodine uptake is an indication of deficient thyroid function. 15.39 Because the thyroid gland is the only organ of the body that

radioiodine therapy RAY dee oh EYE oh dyne * THAIR ah pee

uptakes iodine, an effective treatment against a thyroid tumor, or thyroidoma (Frame 15.40), is the use of radioactive iodine. Called ____________________ ____________________, the radioactive iodine targets cells within the thyroid gland and destroys them.

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15.40 A procedure measuring thyroid function is called a thyroid

thyroid scan THIGH royd * skan thyroidoma THIGH royd OH mah

scan, during which an image of the thyroid gland is obtained. The ____________________ ____________________ image is recorded with a scanning instrument following oral administration of a labeled substance, usually iodine (■ Figure 15.11). Thyroid scans are usually employed to detect a thyroid tumor, known as a ____________________.

Goiter

■■Figure 15.11

Thyroid scan. The right image is a colorized image from an abnormal thyroid scan, such as would occur in a patient with a goiter (illustrated on the left). Source: Stefania Arca/Shutterstock.

15.41 Recall the meaning of the suffix -ectomy is “surgical

thyroidectomy THIGH royd EK toh mee thyroidotomy THIGH royd OTT oh mee

excision or removal.” The surgical removal of the thyroid gland is therefore called ____________________. The constructed form is thyroid/ectomy. Because the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut,” a ____________________ is a procedure in which the thyroid gland is surgically entered. This constructed term is thyroid/o/tomy.

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15.42 In addition to RAIU (Frame 15.38) and thyroid scan

thyroid ultrasonography THIGH royd* ul trah soh NAW grah fee

(Frame 15.40), the thyroid gland may also be evaluated for disease using ultrasound. The procedure is called ____________________ ____________________ and is shown in ■ Figure 15.12. The procedure can identify abnormalities of thyroid gland tissue, such as the presence of tumors or inflammation, and is often performed as a first step in running diagnostics of the thyroid gland. The words that build the term can be shown as thyroid ultra/son/o/graphy.

■■Figure 15.12

Thyroid ultrasonography. This diagnostic procedure sends sound waves generated by a transducer through a probe pressing on the anterior neck. The reflected sound waves are picked up and converted by a computer to a monitor to reveal thyroid gland abnormalities. Source: Alexander Raths/ Shutterstock.

thyroparathyroidectomy THIGH roh pair ah THIGH royd EK toh mee thyr/o/para/thyroid/ectomy

15.43 In some cases, the parathyroid glands must be surgically

removed with the thyroid gland. This procedure is called ____________________. Write the constructed form of this term: _____/___/_____/_________/_________. 15.44 Thyroxine is one of several hormones produced by the

thyroxine test THIGH rox een

thyroid gland. It regulates glucose metabolism and cell division in most cells of the body. A diagnostic test measuring thyroxine levels in the blood is simply called a ____________________ ____________________. It is often used as a diagnostic test for hyperthyroidism (Frame 15.26) or hypothyroidism (Frame 15.27).

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PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System The Right Match Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right. a. synthetic or extracted hormones used to counteract hyposecretion

______ 1. fasting blood sugar ______ 2. glucose tolerance test ______ 3. hormone replacement therapy ______ 4. radioactive iodine uptake ______ 5. thyroid scan ______ 6. thyroxine test ______ 7. radioiodine therapy

b. a procedure used to determine amount of iodine taken into thyroid cells c. a test that examines a patient’s tolerance of glucose d. a procedure in which blood sugar levels are measured after a 12-hour fast e. a diagnostic test that measures thyroxine levels in the blood f. treatment for a thyroid tumor that targets cells within the thyroid gland and destroys them g. a procedure that obtains an image of the thyroid to ­measure thyroid function

Break the Chain Analyze these medical terms: a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root, cf = combining form, and s = suffix) b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows. 1. a) adrenalectomy

________/________/________ r    s    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first suffix? _________________________________________ 2. a) endocrinology

________/________/___/________ p      cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________ 3. a) thyroidoma

________/________ r    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 4. a) thyroidotomy

________/___/________ cf    s

b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________ 5. a) thyroparathyroidectomy ________/___/________/________/________ cf    p    r    s b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________

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Abbreviations of the Endocrine System The abbreviations that are associated with the endocrine system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

Abbreviation

Definition

ACTH ADH DI DM FBS FSH GH GTT HRT LH PPBS PTH RAIU TSH

adrenocorticotropic hormone antidiuretic hormone diabetes insipidus diabetes mellitus fasting blood sugar follicle-stimulating hormone growth hormone glucose tolerance test hormone replacement therapy luteinizing hormone postprandial blood sugar parathyroid hormone radioactive iodine uptake thyroid-stimulating hormone

PRACTICE: Abbreviations Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.

Abbreviation

Medical Term

  1. GTT

______________________________________________

  2. ____________________

radioactive iodine uptake

  3. PPBS

______________________________________________

  4. ____________________

diabetes insipidus

  5. FBS

______________________________________________

  6. ____________________

hormone replacement therapy

  7. DM

______________________________________________

  8. ____________________

parathyroid hormone

  9. ADH

______________________________________________

10. ____________________

follicle-stimulating hormone

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CHAPTER REVIEW Word Building Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed as an example. 1. tumor of a gland

adenoma

2. excessive production of thyroid hormones

____________________thyroidism

3. peripheral nerve damage during diabetes mellitus

diabetic neuro____________________

4. inflammation of the adrenal gland

adrenal____________________

5. disease of the endocrine system

____________________pathy

6. excessive calcium levels in the blood

hyper____________________

7. a tumor of the parathyroid gland

parathyroid____________________

8. caused by too much GH prior to adulthood

pituitary gigant____________________

9. abnormally reduced adrenal activity

____________________adrenalism

10. excessive body hair

____________________ism

11. deficient production of PTH

hypo____________________

12. abnormally low blood sugar levels

hypo____________________

13. acute form of hyperthyroidism triggered by infection or trauma

thyro____________________

14. major cause of hypothyroidism

____________________disease

15. caused by deficient FSH and LH that results in reduced r­ eproductive capacity

____________________gonadism

Define the Combining Form In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining form used to build a medical term in Chapter 15.

Definition            1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8. 

aden/o adren/o crin/o thyroid/o glyc/o pancreat/o calc/o acid/o

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

  Use in a Term _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

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Complete the Labels Complete the blank labels in Figure 15.13 by writing the labels in the spaces provided. Hypothalamus Pineal gland 1. Pituitary ____________________

2. ____________________ gland Parathyroid gland

Thymus

3. ____________________ gland 4. ____________________

Ovary (female)

5. ____________________ (male)

■■Figure 15.13

Organs of the endocrine system.

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

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The Endocrine System

MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES Anita Del Rio Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Pediatrics

Date: 09/07/2017

Patient: Anita Del Rio

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 1/15/2004   Age: 13  Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Jonathon McClary, MD Subjective: “I’m really tired most of the day, mostly between meals, and getting behind in school. I get real thirsty a lot, and it seems like I need to use the bathroom 20 times a day! Lately, I’ve also been getting headaches a lot and have trouble falling asleep at night.” 13 y/o female complains of malaise, polydipsia, polyuria, cephalalgia, and insomnia. Although full of pep in the clinic during her visit, her mother supports her complaints and is very concerned with her lack of energy. No medical history available. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 80; R: 22; BP: 120/75 Ht: 5¿1– Wt: 90 lb General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 80 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. HEENT: No abnormalities present. Lab: Ketone bodies elevated, mild acidosis pH 7.3; FBS 220 confirmed with GTT Assessment: Diabetes mellitus type 1 Plan: Treat as type 1 DM with regular insulin injection regimen and enroll with parent in diabetes management class. Photo Source: Scott Griessel/Fotolia.

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Comprehension Questions 1. What patient complaints are consistent with the signs? _____________________________________________







2. Is the diagnosis temporary and capable of a cure with the prescribed treatment? ______________________







3. What are the meanings of the abbreviations FBS and GTT? _________________________________________







Case Study Questions The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms may be used more than once.) acidosis

glucose

ketosis

endocrinology

hyperglycemia

polydipsia

fasting blood sugar

insulin

type 1 diabetes

A 13-year-old patient, Anita Del Rio, was referred by her personal physician for an endocrinological evaluation in the (a) ____________________ department, following a 4-week history of symptoms of energy loss between meals, excessive thirst, or (b) ____________________, headache, polyuria (excessive urination), and sleeplessness. A routine blood test had also been recorded by the physician and had shown ketone bodies in the blood, or (c) ____________________, combined with a lowered blood pH, or (d) ____________________. Endocrinological evaluation included an FBS, or (e) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ test, followed by a (f) ____________________ tolerance test, and a urinalysis. The tests indicated the patient suffered from excessive sugar levels in the blood, or (g) ____________________, that was due to a failure of islet beta cells to produce proper levels of the hormone (h) ____________________. A diagnosis of (i) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ was recorded. The patient was treated with regular insulin, trained in self-glucose testing and insulin administration, and referred to a local educational program in diabetes management to include her parents’ participation.

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531

Denaya Bellafonte For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL 5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001 Medical Consultation: Endocrinology

Date: 04/22/2017

Patient: Denaya Bellafonte

Patient ID: 123456

Dob: 10/23/1987   Age: 29   Sex: Female

Allergies: NKDA

Provider: Joseph Ryan, MD Subjective: “I’m having headaches nearly every day and feel tired all the time. I’m gaining weight even though I’m not eating much. I’m also experiencing pain in my lower back and a strange growth of body hair on my face.” 29 y/o female with no prior medical concerns. Her mother was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis, treated with thyroidectomy at age 45 years. The patient complaints include lethargy, cephalalgia, unwanted weight gain, lower back pain, and hirsutism. All changes began at about the same time, approximately 3 months ago. Objective: Vital Signs: T: 98.8°F; P: 79; R: 22; BP: 122/80 Ht: 5¿8– Wt: 182 lb General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Heart: Rate at 79 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal. Lungs: Clear without signs of disease. AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. HEENT: No abnormalities present. Lab: Blood glucose elevated, at 165 mg/dL. MRI: Tumor present at superior aspect of left adrenal gland, 1.2 cm × 2.0 cm, with damage to gland. bx: Tumor is benign. Assessment: Adrenal hyperplasia, caused by left adrenal adenoma Plan: Schedule left adrenalectomy within 2 weeks. Photo Source: Stockyimages/Shutterstock.

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Comprehension Questions 1. Why would a tumor of the adrenal gland lead to hirsutism in the patient? _____________________________







2. What is the correlation between the patient’s hyperglycemia and weight gain? ________________________







3. What is adrenal hyperplasia? ____________________________________________________________________







Case Study Questions The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms. A 29-year-old patient, Denaya Bellafonte, was admitted for hospitalization following reports of symptoms that included frequent headaches, loss of energy, unexplained weight gain, and tenderness in the left lumbar region. More recently, increased body hair, or (j) ____________________, was an additional cause for concern. An early diagnosis was made of (k) ____________________, or an inflammation of the adrenals. Also, the attending physician believed that the lumbar pain could be explained by an abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands, a condition known as (l) ____________________. In addition, the weight gain in the patient had produced a round “moon face” appearance that characterizes (m) ____________________ syndrome. This diagnosis also explained the elevated blood sugar levels, or (n) ____________________, combined with energy loss and muscle weakness. However, the actual cause remained a mystery until the patient’s tender lumbar region was examined with MRI. This diagnostic tool revealed a tumor of the left adrenal gland. Apparently, the tumor had caused the adrenal cortex to hypersecrete male sex hormones known as (o) ____________________, which had caused the body hair, a sign of endocrine disease known as (p) ____________________. The tumor had also caused the hypersecretion of other adrenal cortex hormones, which led to the metabolic disturbance. A laparoscopic biopsy was performed, and the accompanying histology test confirmed the tumor was benign, and thereby called an (q) ____________________. Surgery was performed to remove the left adrenal gland, called a left (r) ____________________. Following the surgery the patient made a complete recovery with all symptoms abating within several weeks.

Appendices Appendix A Word Parts Glossary The word parts that have been presented in this textbook are summarized with their definitions for quick reference. The chapter numbers correspond to the first chapter in which the word part is described. Prefixes are listed first, followed by combining forms and suffixes.

Prefix

Definition

aabadambiananaanteantibibradycircumconcontradidiadipldisdysecectoenendoepepiesoeuexexoextrahemiheterheterohyperhypoinferinter-

without, absence of away from toward both without, absence of up, toward before against, opposite of two slow around with, together, jointly counter, against double through double apart, away bad, abnormal, painful, difficult outside, out outside, out within, upon, on, over within upon, over, above, on top upon, over, above, on top inward normal, good outside, away from outside, away from outside half different different excessive, abnormally high, above deficient, abnormally low, below below between

Chapter

Prefix

Definition

Chapter

1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 11 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

intraisomacromalmegamegalometamicro-

within equal large bad large, great large, great after, change small

3 7 3 3 3 3 3 1

monomultineonullipanparparaperipolypostpreprimipropseudoquadriresemisubsupersuprasymsyntachytetratranstriultrauni-

one many, more than once, numerous new none all alongside, abnormal alongside, abnormal around excessive, over, many to follow after to come before first before false four back half, partial under, beneath, below above above together, joined together, joined rapid, fast four through, across, beyond three beyond normal one

3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 3 2 10 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

A-1

A-2

Appendix A

Combining Form abdomin/o abort/o abras/o acid/o acr/o actin/o aden/o adren/o albin/o albumin/o alveol/o amni/o an/o andr/o angi/o ankyl/o anter/o aort/o append/o appendic/o arter/o arteri/o arthr/o articul/o asthen/o atel/o ather/o atri/o audi/o aut/o azot/o bacteri/o balan/o bi/o bil/i blast/o blephar/o botul/o brachi/o bronch/i bronch/o burs/o calc/i calc/o carcin/o cardi/o carp/o caud/o cec/o cellul/o cephal/o cerebell/o

Definition abdomen miscarry to rub away a solution or substance with a pH less than 7 extremity radiation gland adrenal gland white albumin (a protein) air sac, alveolus amnion anus male blood vessel crooked front aorta appendix appendix artery artery joint joint weakness incomplete fatty plaque atrium hearing self urea, nitrogen bacteria glans penis life bile germ, bud, developing cell eyelid sausage arm airway, bronchus airway, bronchus purse or sac, bursa calcium calcium cancer heart wrist tail blind intestine, cecum little cell head little brain, cerebellum

Chapter 4 12 5 10 15 5 5 15 5 11 9 12 10 12 8 6 4 8 1 1 8 8 6 6 14 9 8 8 14 5 11 7 12 1 10 7 14 7 4 9 9 6 15 15 5 1 6 4 10 5 4 13

Combining Form

Definition

cerebr/o cervic/o cheil/o chol/e cholecyst/o choledoch/o chondr/i chondr/o chori/o chron/o chym/o cirrh/o coccidioid/o col/o colon/o colp/o coni/o condyl/o conjunctiv/o cor/o coron/o cost/o cran/o crani/o crin/o crypt/o cutane/o cyan/o cyes/o cyesi/o cyst/o cyt/o dacry/o dent/o derm/o dermat/o dilat/o dips/o dist/o diverticul/o dors/o duoden/o dur/o ech/o electr/o embol/o embry/o encephal/o enter/o epididym/o episi/o erythr/o

brain, cerebrum neck, cervix lip bile, gall gallbladder common bile duct gristle, cartilage gristle, cartilage membrane, chorion time juice orange Coccidioides immitis (a fungus) colon colon vagina dust knuckle of a joint to bind together, conjunctiva pupil crown or circle, heart rib skull, cranium skull, cranium to secrete hidden skin blue pregnancy pregnancy bladder, sac cell tear teeth skin skin to widen thirst distant diverticulum back twelve, duodenum hard sound electricity plug embryo brain small intestine epididymis vulva red

Chapter 1 4 10 10 10 10 4 6 12 4 5 10 9 10 10 12 9 6 14 14 8 6 4 4 15 5 5 5 12 12 9 2 14 10 1 1 9 15 4 10 4 10 12 8 1 8 12 1 1 12 12 7

Appendix A

Combining Form esophag/e esophag/o esthesi/o extern/o fasci/o fec/o femor/o fet/o fibr/o fibul/o flux/o follicul/o fung/o gangli/o ganglion/o gastr/o gingiv/o gli/o globin/o glomerul/o gloss/o glott/o gluc/o glute/o glyc/o glycos/o gnos/o gonad/o gravid/o gravidar/o gyn/o gynec/o halit/o hem/o hemat/o hepat/o hidr/o hirsut/o hom/o home/o hormon/o hydr/o hyster/o iatr/o idi/o ile/o ili/o immun/o infer/o inguin/o ir/o isch/o

Definition gullet, esophagus gullet, esophagus sensation exterior fascia feces thigh, femur fetus fiber fibula flow little follicle fungus swelling, knot swelling, knot stomach gums glue protein little ball, glomerulus tongue opening into the windpipe sweet, sugar buttock sweet, sugar sweet, sugar knowledge sex gland pregnancy pregnancy woman woman breath blood blood liver sweat hairy same sameness, unchanging to set in motion water uterus physician individual to roll, ileum flank, hip, groin, ilium of the pelvis exempt, immunity below groin iris hold back

Chapter 10 10 13 14 6 10 4 12 6 6 10 5 7 13 13 1 10 13 7 11 10 9 11 4 11 11 13 15 12 12 12 12 10 1 7 1 5 15 4 4 15 7 1 7 7 10 4 7 4 4 14 8

Combining Form ischi/o jejun/o kerat/o ket/o keton/o kinesi/o kyph/o labyrinth/o lact/o lamin/o lapar/o laryng/o later/o lei/o leuk/o lingu/o lip/o lith/o lob/o lord/o lumb/o lymph/o mamm/o man/o mast/o mastoid/o maxim/o meat/o med/o medi/o melan/o men/o mening/i mening/o menisc/o menstru/o ment/o metr/i metr/o muc/o muscul/o my/o myc/o myel/o myos/o myring/o myx/o narc/o nas/o nat/o necr/o nephr/o

Definition haunch, hip joint, ischium empty, jejunum hard, cornea ketone ketone motion hump maze, inner ear milk thin, lamina abdomen voice box, larynx side smooth white tongue fat stone a rounded part, lobe bent forward loin, lower back clear water or fluid breast thin, scanty breast resembling a breast biggest, highest opening, passage middle middle black month, menstruation membrane membrane meniscus month, menstruation mind uterus uterus mucus muscle muscle fungus bone marrow; spinal cord, medulla, myelin muscle membrane, eardrum mucus numbness nose birth death kidney

A-3

Chapter 6 10 5 11 11 6 6 14 12 6 10 1 4 12 1 10 2 1 9 6 4 7 1 8 1 14 1 11 14 4 5 12 13 13 6 12 1 12 12 9 1 6 5 6 6 14 15 13 9 1 7 11

A-4

Appendix A

Combining Form

Definition

neur/o noct/o nosocom/o nucle/o obstetr/o ocul/o olig/o onych/o oophor/o ophthalm/o opt/o or/o orchi/o orchid/o orex/o organ/o orth/o ost/o oste/o ot/o ovar/o ox/i pancreat/o pariet/o parot/o patell/o path/o pect/o pector/o ped/o pedicul/o pelv/o pen/o peps/o pept/o peritone/o petr/o phag/o phalang/o pharyng/o phasi/o phleb/o phragm/o phragmat/o phren/o phys/o physi/o plasm/o pleur/o pneum/o pneumon/o poikil/o

nerve night hospital kernel, nucleus midwife eye few in number nail ovary eye eye mouth testis testis appetite tool straight bone bone ear ovary oxygen sweetbread, pancreas wall parotid gland patella disease chest chest child body louse bowl, basin penis digestion digestion to stretch over, peritoneum stone eat, swallow phalanges throat, pharynx to speak vein partition partition mind growth nature form pleura, rib air, lung air, lung irregular

Chapter

Combining Form

Definition

1 11 7 7 12 14 11 5 12 14 14 10 12 12 10 4 6 6 6 9 12 9 10 6 10 6 1 8 8 6 5 4 12 10 10 10 6 10 6 9 13 8 9 9 13 6 4 12 4 9 9 7

poli/o polyp/o por/o poster/o presby/o proct/o prostat/o protein/o proxim/o pseud/o psych/o pub/o pulmon/o py/o pyel/o pylor/o radi/o radic/o radicul/o rect/o ren/o retin/o rhin/o rhiz/o rhythm/o rhytid/o rrhythm/o sacr/o salping/o sarc/o schiz/o scler/o scoli/o scop/o seb/o semin/o sept/o sial/o sigm/o sinus/o skelet/o somat/o son/o spadias/o sperm/o spermat/o sphygm/o sphyx/o spir/o splen/o spondyl/o staphylococc/o

gray small growth hole back old age rectum or anus prostate gland protein near false mind pubis lung pus renal pelvis pylorus radius nerve root nerve root rectum kidney retina nose nerve root rhythm wrinkle rhythm sacred, sacrum trumpet, fallopian tube flesh, meat to divide, split hard, sclera curved viewing instrument sebum, oil seed, sperm putrefying; wall, partition saliva the letter s, sigmoid colon cavity skeleton body sound rip, tear seed, sperm seed, sperm pulse pulse breathe spleen vertebra Staphylococcus (a bacterium)

Chapter 13 10 6 4 14 1 12 11 4 12 1 6 1 9 11 10 6 13 13 10 11 14 1 13 8 5 8 6 12 6 13 5 6 1 5 12 7 10 10 9 1 13 8 11 12 12 8 9 9 7 6 7

A-5

Appendix A

Combining Form

Definition

steat/o sten/o stern/o stigmat/o stomat/o streptococc/o super/o syn/o synov/o synovi/o tampon/o tars/o tax/o ten/o tendon/o tens/o test/o testicul/o thorac/o thromb/o thym/o thyr/o thyroid/o toc/o tom/o tonsill/o tox/o

fat narrow chest, sternum point mouth Streptococcus (a bacterium) above connect synovial synovial plug tarsal bone reaction to a stimulus stretch, tendon stretch, tendon pressure testis, testicle little testis, testicle chest, thorax clot wartlike, thymus gland shield, thyroid resembling a shield, thyroid birth to cut almond, tonsil poison

Suffix

Definition

Chapter 10 8 6 14 10 7 4 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 8 12 12 4 7 7 15 15 12 4 1 7

Chapter

Combining Form

Definition

trache/o trich/o troph/o tubercul/o tympan/o umbilic/o ur/o ureter/o urethr/o urin/o vag/o vagin/o valvul/o varic/o vas/o vascul/o ven/o ventr/o ventricul/o vertebr/o vesic/o vesicul/o volv/o vulv/o xer/o zo/o

windpipe, trachea hair development little swelling eardrum navel, umbilicus urine ureter urethra urine vagus nerve sheath, vagina little valve dilated vein vessel little vessel vein belly little belly, ventricle vertebra bladder small bag to roll vulva dry animal, living

Suffix

Definition

Chapter 9 5 6 9 14 4 11 11 11 11 10 12 8 8 1 8 8 4 8 6 11 12 10 12 5 12

Chapter

-a

singular

2

-clast

break apart

2

-ac

pertaining to

2

-crit

to separate

7

-acusis

condition of hearing

-cyesis

pregnancy

12

14

-ad

toward

2

-desis

surgical fixation, fusion

2

-ade

process

8

-drome

run, running

2

-ae

plural

2

-dynia

condition of pain

2

-al

pertaining to

1

-ectasis

expansion, dilation

9

-algesia

pain

13

-ectomy

surgical excision, removal

1

-algia

condition of pain

2

-emesis

vomiting

-ar

pertaining to

2

-emetic

pertaining to vomiting

2 10

-ary

pertaining to

1

-emia

condition of blood

1

-asthenia

weakness

2

-genesis

origin, cause

6

-atresia

closure or absence of a n ­ ormal body opening

2

-genic

pertaining to producing, forming

7

-capnia

condition of carbon dioxide

9

-gnosis

knowledge

4

-cele

hernia, swelling, protrusion

2

-gram

a record or image

1

-centesis

surgical puncture

2

-graph

instrument for recording

2

-clasia

break apart

2

-graphy

recording process

2

-clasis

break apart

2

-hemia

condition of blood

2

A-6

Appendix A

Suffix

Definition

Chapter

Suffix

Definition

Chapter

-ia

condition of

1

-phobia

fear

2

-ial

pertaining to

7

-phonia

condition of sound or voice

9

-iasis

condition of

10

-phylaxis

protection

2

-iatry

treatment, specialty

-physis

growth

2

-ic

pertaining to

-ician

one who practices

-ion

process

1 1

-plasia

formation, growth

2

12

-plasty

surgical repair

1

1

-plegia

paralysis

2

-pnea

breath

9

-ior

pertaining to

4

-ism

condition or disease

2

-practic

practice

2

-ist

one who specializes

6

-ptosis

drooping

6

-itis

inflammation

1

-ptysis

to cough up

9

-rrhage

abnormal discharge

7

-lepsy

seizure

13

-lexia

pertaining to a word or phrase

13

-rrhagia

abnormal discharge

2

-logist

one who studies

1

-rrhagic

pertaining to abnormal discharge

7

-logous

pertaining to study

7

-logy

study or science of

1

-rrhaphy

suturing

2

-lysis

loosen, dissolve

3

-rrhea

discharge

2

-lytic

pertaining to loosen, dissolve

8

-rrhexis

rupture

2

-malacia

softening

2

-s

plural

12

-salpinx

trumpet, fallopian tube

12

-mania

madness, frenzy

13

-megaly

abnormally large

7

-sclerosis

condition of hardening

2

-meter

measure, measuring instrument

2

-scope

instrument used for viewing

1

-metrist

one who measures

14

-metry

measurement, process of measuring

2

-oid

resembling

9

-oma

tumor

2

-opia

condition of vision

-opsy

view of

14 2

-osis

condition of

2

-ous

pertaining to

2

-oxia

condition of oxygen

2

-partum

birth

3

-pathy

disease

1

-penia

abnormal reduction in ­number, deficiency

2

-scopy

process of viewing

2

-sis

state of

8

-spasm

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

2

-spasmodic

pertaining to a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

10

-stasis

standing still

2

-staxis

dripping

9

-stomy

surgical creation of an opening

2

-therapy

treatment

7

-tic

pertaining to

1

-tome

cutting instrument

2

-tomy

incision, to cut

2

-tripsy

surgical crushing development

14

2

-pexy

surgical fixation, suspension

2

-troph

-phagia

eating or swallowing

2

-uresis

urination

11

-phasia

speaking

1

-uria

pertaining to urine, urination

11

-phil

loving, affinity for

2

-us

pertaining to

14

1

-y

process of

-philia

loving, affinity for

3

Appendix B

A-7

Appendix B Abbreviations The abbreviations from Chapters 1–15 are presented in alphabetical order. Additional abbreviations are also included to establish a complete listing of medical abbreviations. In each case, the abbreviations are presented in the form in which they are most common within the healthcare environment.

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

A A&P A&P repair A&P resection A&W AA ab abd ABE ABGs ac ACE ACL ACTH AD AD ad lib ADD Adeno-Ca ADH ADHD

anterior auscultation and percussion anterior and posterior colporrhaphy abdominoperineal resection alive and well Alcoholics Anonymous abortion abdomen acute bacterial endocarditis arterial blood gases before meals angiotensin-converting enzyme anterior cruciate ligament adrenocorticotropic hormone right ear (in Latin, auris dexter) Alzheimer’s disease as desired attention-deficit disorder adenocarcinoma antidiuretic hormone attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder activities of daily living automated external defibrillator acid-fast bacilli smear atrial fibrillation aortic insufficiency acquired immunodeficiency syndrome above-knee amputation acute kidney injury albumin acute lymphocytic leukemia amyotrophic lateral sclerosis alternate days alternate hours alternate nights against medical advice American Medical Association ambulatory American Medical Board of Specialists age-related macular degeneration

AMI AML amt ant AODM

acute myocardial infarction acute myelocytic leukemia amount anterior adult-onset (type 2) diabetes mellitus anteroposterior angina pectoris adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome artificial rupture of membranes left ear (in Latin, auris sinister) aortic stenosis ankylosing spondylitis as tolerated aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease atrial septal defect arteriosclerotic heart disease astigmatism both ears (in Latin, aures unitas) acute undifferentiated leukemia atrioventricular aortic valve replacement axillary (armpit region) bronchial asthma bundle branch block Bowman’s capsule basal cell carcinoma barium enema twice a day below knee below-knee amputation bowel movement bilateral otitis media blood pressure benign prostatic hyperplasia bedrest bathroom privileges blood sugar bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy blood urea nitrogen

ADL AED AFB Afib AI AIDS AKA AKI alb ALL ALS alt diem alt hor alt noct AMA AMA amb AMBS AMD

AP AP ARDS ARM AS AS AS as tol ASA ASCVD ASD ASHD Ast AU AUL AV AVR ax BA BBB BC BCC BE bid BK BKA BM BOM BP BPH BR BRP BS BSO BUN

A-8

Appendix B

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

Bx bx C C1–C7 C&S c/o Ca CA CA-125 CABG CAD cal cap CAPD

biopsy biopsy Celsius seven cervical vertebrae stool culture and sensitivity complains of calcium cancer cancer antigen-125 tumor marker coronary artery bypass graft coronary artery disease calorie capsule continuous ambulatory p ­ eritoneal dialysis computed (axial) tomography catheter, catheterization complete blood count complete bedrest chronic brain syndrome cubic centimeter colony count coronary care unit congenital dislocation of the hip carcinoma embryonic antigen cystic fibrosis complete heart block coronary heart disease chemotherapy congestive heart failure carbohydrate cholesterol coronary insufficiency cervical intraepithelial neoplasia circumcision carcinoma in situ clinic chloride clear liquid chronic liver disease chronic lymphocytic leukemia centimeter chronic myelogenous leukemia central nervous system carbon monoxide carbon dioxide chronic obstructive lung disease condition chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CP CP CPAP CPK CPN CPR CRD creat CRF CRNA

chest pain cerebral palsy continuous positive airway pressure creatine phosphokinase chronic pyelonephritis cardiopulmonary resuscitation chronic respiratory disease creatinine chronic renal failure certified registered nurse-anesthetist cesarean section cerebrospinal fluid calcitonin computed (axial) tomography scan carpal tunnel syndrome copper cerebrovascular accident (stroke) central venous pressure chest x-ray dilation and curettage dextrose in saline dextrose in water diet as tolerated discontinued delivery diabetes insipidus diffuse intravascular coagulation differential (blood count) degenerative joint disease discoid lupus erythematosus diabetes mellitus Duchenne muscular dystrophy deoxyribonucleic acid physician specializing in osteopathy dead on arrival date of birth dram digital rectal exam diagnosis-related group delirium tremens deep tendon reflexes deep vein thrombosis diagnosis enema estimated blood loss electrocardiogram echocardiogram echoencephalography electroconvulsive therapy

CAT cath CBC CBR CBS cc CC CCU CDH CEA CF CHB CHD chemo CHF CHO chol CI CIN circ CIS cl Cl cl liq CLD CLL cm CML CNS CO CO2 COLD cond COPD

C-section CSF CT CT (CAT) scan CTS Cu CVA CVP CXR D&C D/S D/W DAT DC del DI DIC diff DJD DLE DM DMD DNA DO DOA DOB Dr DRE DRG DT DTR DVT Dx E EBL ECG ECHO EchoEG ECT

Appendix B

A-9

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

ED EDD EEG EENT EGD EKG Em EMG ENT EP studies EP studies ERCP

erectile dysfunction expected date of delivery electroencephalography eye, ear, nose, and throat esophagogastroduodenoscopy electrocardiogram emmetropia electromyography ear, nose, and throat ectopic pregnancy studies evoked potential studies endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography estrogen replacement therapy end-stage kidney disease erythrocyte sedimentation rate extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy etiology ethanol endoscopic ultrasound external Fahrenheit Fellow of the American College of Physicians Fellow of the American College of Surgeons fetal alcohol syndrome fetal alcohol spectrum disorder fibrocystic breast disease fasting blood sugar iron fetal heart tones influenza fetal occult blood test follicle-stimulating hormone failure to thrive fever of undetermined origin fracture gram gallbladder series gonorrhea gerontology gastroesophageal reflux disease growth hormone gastrointestinal gunshot wound glucose tolerance test genitourinary gynecology hour

H H&H H&P H2O H2O2 HB HBV HCl

hypodermic hemoglobin and hematocrit history and physical examination water hydrogen peroxide heart block hepatitis B virus hydrochloric acid bicarbonate hematocrit hypertensive cardiovascular disease hemodialysis head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat mercury hemoglobin hypertensive heart disease human immunodeficiency virus herniated nucleus pulposus; a herniated intervertebral disk head of bed history of present illness human papillomavirus hormone replacement therapy hour of sleep hysterosalpingogram herpes simplex virus herpes simplex virus type 2 height hypertension history hypodermic incision and drainage intake and output inflammatory bowel disease irritable bowel syndrome implantable cardioverter defibrillator intensive care unit infiltrating ductal carcinoma insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ischemic heart disease intramuscular inferior international normalized ratio intraocular lens intermittent positive pressure breathing irrigation isolation intrauterine device intravenous

ERT ESKD ESR ESWL etio EtOH EUS ex F FACP FACS FAS FASD FBD FBS Fe FHT flu FOBT FSH FTT FUO Fx g GB series GC GER GERD GH GI GSW GTT GU GYN h

HCO3HCT, Hct HCVD HD HEENT Hg HGB, Hgb HHD HIV HNP HOB HPI HPV HRT hs HSG HSV HSV-2 ht HTN Hx hypo I&D I&O IBD IBS ICD ICU IDC IDDM IHD IM inf INR IOL IPPR irrig isol IUD IV

A-10 Appendix B

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

IVC IVP K KCl kg KUB KVO L L&D L1–L5 LA lac LAP LAS LASIK lat LE LEEP

intravenous cholangiogram intravenous pyelogram potassium potassium chloride kilogram kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray keep vein open liter labor and delivery five lumbar vertebrae left atrium laceration laparotomy lymphadenopathy syndrome laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis lateral lupus erythematosus loop electrosurgical excision procedure lower GI series luteinizing hormone lactose intolerance left lower lobe (of lung) left lower quadrant last menstrual period loss of consciousness lumbar puncture licensed practical nurse lactated Ringer’s laryngotracheobronchitis left upper lobe left upper quadrant left ventricle licensed vocational nurse microgram mean corpuscular hemoglobin mean corpuscular volume medical doctor muscular dystrophy milliequivalent metastasis myasthenia gravis milligram myocardial infarction milliliter millimeter multiple myeloma milk of magnesia may repeat magnetic resonance angiography

MRCP

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography magnetic resonance imaging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus multiple sclerosis melanocyte-stimulating hormone mitral valve prolapse nausea and vomiting sodium nursing assistant sodium chloride (salt) newborn neurology nasogastric non-Hodgkin lymphoma neonatal intensive care unit neurology intensive care unit non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus noninvasive vascular assessment no known drug allergies night night nothing by mouth neonatal respiratory distress syndrome normal saline nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs normal sinus rhythm neurovital signs objective oxygen osteoarthritis obstetrics obstetrics/gynecology right eye (in Latin, oculus dexter) otitis media outpatient ophthalmic operating room orthopedics left eye (in Latin, oculus sinister) obstructive sleep apnea occupational therapy oxytocin otology each eye (in Latin, oculus uterque) ounce phosphorus

LGI LH LI LLL LLQ LMP LOC LP LPN LR LTB LUL LUQ LV LVN mcg MCH MCV MD MD mEq Mets MG mg MI Ml mm MM MOM MR MRA

MRI MRSA MS MSH MVP N&V Na NA NaCl NB neuro NG NHL NICU NICU NIDDM NIVA NKDA noc noct NPO NRDS NS NSAIDs NSR NVS O O2 OA OB OB/GYN OD OM OP Ophth OR ortho OS OSA OT OT Oto OU oz P

Appendix B A-11

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

PA PA PAC Pap smear (test) PAT pc PCOS PCU PCV PD PDA PDR PE PE PED PEG

physician’s assistant posteroanterior premature atrial contractions Papanicolaou smear (or test) paroxysmal atrial tachycardia after meals polycystic ovary syndrome progressive care unit packed cell volume Parkinson’s disease patent ductus arteriosus Physician’s Desk Reference pulmonary embolism physical examination pediatrics percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy by pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation positron emission tomography pulmonary function test peripherally inserted central catheter pediatric intensive care unit pelvic inflammatory disease pregnancy-induced hypertension phenylketonuria platelet count premenstrual syndrome peripheral nervous system postoperation orally postoperatively postpartum postprandial blood sugar purified protein derivative per rectum packed red blood cells preoperation photorefractive keratotomy prolactin as needed prostate-specific antigen patient prothrombin time physical therapy percutaneous transluminal ­coronary angioplasty parathyroid hormone

PTSD PTT PUL PVC PVD Px q qd qid qn qod qt R R RA RA RAIU RBC RDS reg REM resp RHD RICE RK RLL RLQ RN ROM RP RR rt rt RT RUL RUQ RV Rx SA SAB SARS SBE

posttraumatic stress disorder partial thromboplastin time percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy premature ventricular contractions peripheral vascular disease prognosis every every day four times a day every night every other day quart rectal right right atrium rheumatoid arthritis radioactive iodine uptake red blood cell or red blood count respiratory distress syndrome regular rapid eye movement respiration rheumatic heart disease rest, ice, compression, elevation radial keratotomy right lower lobe right lower quadrant registered nurse range of motion retrograde pyelogram recovery room right routine respiratory therapy right upper lobe right upper quadrant right ventricle prescription sinoatrial spontaneous abortion severe acute respiratory syndrome subacute bacterial endocarditis self breast examination sudden cardiac arrest spinal cord injury specific gravity sonohistogram surgical intensive care unit sudden infant death syndrome

per PERRLA PET PFT PICC PICU PID PIH PKU PLT PMS PNS po po post-op PP PPBS PPD pr PRBC pre-op PRK PRL prn PSA pt PT PT PTCA PTH

SBE SCA SCI SG SHG SICU SIDS

A-12 Appendix B

Abbreviation

Definition

Abbreviation

Definition

SL

semilunar (pertaining to the heart valve) systemic lupus erythematosus submucous resection salpingo-oophorectomy subjective, objective, assessment, and plan shortness of breath single-photon emission computed tomography squamous cell carcinoma one-half soapsuds enema stage (of cancer development) Staphylococcus immediately sexually transmitted infection Streptococcus subcutaneous superior suppository surgery spontaneous vaginal delivery tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy 12 thoracic vertebrae triiodothyronine thyroxine therapeutic abortion tablet total abdominal hysterectomy total abdominal hysterectomy/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy tetanus antitoxin tuberculosis traumatic brain injury total body surface area turn, cough, deep breathe thrombin clotting time transesophageal echocardiogram temperature total hip arthroplasty total hip replacement transient ischemic attack three times a day total knee arthroplasty total knee replacement tympanic membrane temporomandibular joint disease

TNM TPN tr trach TSH TSS TUIP TULIP

tumor, node, metastasis total parenteral nutrition tincture tracheostomy thyroid-stimulating hormone toxic shock syndrome transurethral incision of the prostate transurethral laser incision of the prostate transurethral microwave thermotherapy transurethral resection of the prostate tidal volume total vaginal hysterectomy transvaginal sonography tapwater enema treatment unit urinalysis upper GI series ointment uvulopalatopharyngoplasty upper respiratory infection ultrasound urinary tract infection ultraviolet ultraviolet radiation visual acuity vaginal vaginal birth after cesarean section vital capacity voiding cystourethrogram

SLE SMR SO SOAP SOB SPECT SqCCa ss SSE St staph stat STI strep subq sup supp surg SVD T&A T1–T12 T3 T4 TAB tab TAH TAH/BSO TAT TB TBI TBSA TCDB TCT TEE temp THA THR TIA tid TKA TKR TM TMJ

TUMT TURP TV TVH TVS TWE Tx U UA UGI UNG UPPP URI US UTI UV UVR VA vag VBAC VC VCUG Vertebrae C1 through C7 T1 through T12 L1 through L5 VLAP V/Q scan VS VSD W/C WA WBC WNL Wt XRT

seven cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae five lumbar vertebrae visual ablation of the prostate ventilation-perfusion scanning vital signs ventricular septal defect wheelchair while awake white blood cell or white blood count within normal limits weight radiation therapy

Appendix C A-13

Appendix C Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals Combining Forms for Terms Describing Color

Combining Form

Meaning

albin/o

white

chlor/o

green

chrom/o

color

cirrh/o

orange

cyan/o

blue

erythr/o

red

jaund/o

yellow

leuk/o

white

melan/o

black

xanth/o

yellow

Prefixes for Terms Describing Numbers

Prefix

Meaning

mono-

one

uni-

one

bi-

two

di-

two

tri-

three

quadri-

four

tetra-

four

Singular versus Plural Endings

Singular Endings

Plural Endings

Example: Singular

Example: Plural

-a

-ae

fistula

fistulae

-ax

-aces

hemothorax

hemothoraces

-ex

-ices

cortex

cortices

-is

-es

diagnosis

diagnoses

-ix

-ices

cicatrix

cicatrices

-ma

-mata

fibroma

fibromata

-on

-a

ganglion

ganglia

-um

-a

bacterium

bacteria

-us

-i

fungus

fungi

-y

-ies

episiotomy

episiotomies

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A01_THOM6233_05_SE_WALK.indd 9

1/13/17 6:50 PM

Appendix D Pharmacology Terms The major terms that are in common use in the field of pharmacology (preparation and dispensation of medications) are provided. The pronunciation guide and definition of each term is included. absorption (ab SORP shun): the process of taking in, in which a drug moves into the body toward the target organ or tissue. ACE inhibitor (AYSS * in HIB ih tor): angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a category of antihypertensive drugs that suppress the renin pathway to reduce blood pressure.

antihistamine (an tih HISS tah meen): a class of drugs that suppress the action of histamines to counter the effects of inflammation. antihormones (an tee HOR mohnz): substances that inhibit or otherwise prevent the normal effects of certain hormones.

administration (ad min ih STRAY shun): providing a drug treatment to a patient.

antihypertensive (an tee high per TEN sihv): a drug or treatment that reduces high blood pressure.

adverse reaction (ad VERS * re AK shun): a harmful reaction to a drug that was administered at the proper dosage.

anti-inflammatory (an tee in FLAM a tor ee): a drug or treatment that reduces inflammation by acting on body function.

ampule (AM pyool): a sealed container containing a sterile solution to be used for injection.

antimutagenic (an tee myoo tah JEN ik): a drug or treatment that reduces a substance’s ability to form mutations in cells.

analgesic (an al JEE zik): a compound that produces a reduced response to painful stimuli.

antineoplastic (an tee nee oh PLASS tik): a drug that is used to destroy or inhibit cancer cells, usually by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA.

anesthetic (an ess THET ik): a compound that depresses neuronal function, resulting in a loss of the ability to perceive pain and other sensations. antacid (ant ASS id): a substance that neutralizes or buffers an acid, usually taken orally to reduce hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

antipsychotic (an tee sigh KOH tik): a drug that counteracts the symptoms of psychosis, such as schizophrenia and major behavioral disorders. antiseptic (an tih SEP tik): a substance that prevents infection by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

antianemic (an tee a NEE mik) agent: a drug that is used to treat or prevent anemia.

antispasmodic (an tee spaz MOD ik): a drug or treatment that inhibits muscle contractions to relieve convulsions or spasms.

antianxiety (an tee ang ZI eh tee) agent: a drug that is used to treat anxiety such as fear, worry, or apprehension; usually a sedative or minor tranquilizer.

antitoxin (an tee TAHKS inn): an antibody that forms in response to antigenic poisonous substances. The antibody is often collected from its biological origin and concentrated for use in treatment against the antigenic toxin.

antiarrhythmic (an tee a RITH mik): a drug that is used to treat cardiac arrhythmia. antibiotic (AN tee BYE ott ik): a chemical substance derived from a biological source (a mold or bacteria) that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. anticoagulant (AN tye koh AG yoo LANT): a drug that prevents or delays blood coagulation. anticonvulsant (an tee kon VUL sant): a drug that reduces or prevents convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy. antidepressant (an tee dee PRESS ant): a drug that counteracts depression. antidiabetic (an tee DYE ah BET ik): a drug that reduces the amount of glucose in the blood; also called hypoglycemic. antidiarrheal (an tee dye ah REE al): a drug that relieves the symptoms of diarrhea, usually by absorbing water from the large intestine and altering intestinal motility. antidiuretic (an tee dye yoor EH tik): a drug that reduces the formation and excretion of urine. antiemetic (an tee ee MET ik): a drug that is used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting.

antitussive (an tee TUSS iv): a drug or treatment that relieves coughing. bactericidal (bak teer ee SIGH dal): a drug or treatment that destroys bacteria. barbiturate (barr BIHCH yoor aht): a derivative of barbituric acid, which acts as a depressant on the central nervous system. They are usually used as tranquilizers and hypnotics. beta-blocker (BAY ta * block er): an agent that suppresses the rate and force of heart contractions by inhibition of beta-­ adrenergic receptors. bioavailability (bye oh ah vayl ah BILL ih tee): the percentage of a drug that is available to the target organ or tissue. biotoxin (bye oh TAHKS inn): any toxic substance formed in a living organism. biotransformation (bye oh trans for MAY shun): the changes that occur to a chemical due to biological action within the body. calcium channel blockers: a class of drugs that inhibit the movement of calcium ions into muscle cells, which thereby inhibit muscle contraction. They are useful in the treatment of heart disease that involves coronary spasms.

capsule (KAP suhl): a small container that is soluble in water, which is used for the oral administration of a dose of medication. It is abbreviated cap. carcinogen (kar SIN oh jenn): any substance that causes cancer. cardiotonic (kar dee oh TOHN ik): a substance that exerts a favorable effect on the action of the heart by increasing the force and efficiency of its contractions. catabolic (kat ah BOHL ik): relating to catabolism, which is the metabolic breakdown of chemicals to produce energy in the form of ATP. chemotherapy (KEE moh THAIR ah pee): treatment of disease by the use of chemical agents. The term is usually used to describe agents used in the treatment of cancer. contraindication (kon trah in dih KAY shun): a symptom or circumstance that renders the administration of a drug to be inadvisable. detoxify (dee TAHK sih fye): to diminish or remove the poisonous quality of a substance or pathogen. disinfectant (diss in FEK tant): a chemical that destroys microorganisms and is thereby often used to sanitize objects and surfaces. distribution (diss trih BYOO shun): the pattern of absorption of drug molecules by the body once the drug has been administered. diuretic (dye yoor EH tik): a drug that increases the production of urine by decreasing water reabsorption within the kidneys. It is often prescribed to reduce water retention by the body, which reduces blood pressure, edema, and congestive heart failure. dose: the quantity of a drug that is to be administered at one time. drug: a therapeutic agent; any substance (other than food) that is used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a disease. drug clearance: the elimination of a drug from the body, usually through excretion by the kidneys, lungs, liver, or intestinal tract. drug fast: microorganisms that become tolerant or resistant to an antimicrobial drug treatment. drug interactions: the modification of a drug that results from the drug interacting with itself or with other drugs, components of the diet, or other chemicals that are administered. The modification can be either desirable or undesirable. effect: the biological effect of the administration of a particular drug. The effect may be local if it is confined to the site of administration or systemic if the effect is more widespread. enteral (ENT er ahl): administration of a drug by the oral route (by way of the intestines), as distinguished from parenteral. Enteral administration is the most common route. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): the federal agency responsible for evaluation and regulation of pharmaceuticals in the United States. The FDA also enforces regulations dealing with the manufacture and distribution of food and cosmetics. The mission of the FDA is the protection of American citizens from the sale of impure or unhealthy substances.

formula (FOR myoo lah): a prescription that includes directions for the compounding of a medical preparation. formulary (FOR myoo lahr ree): a compilation of drugs and other relevant information that is used as a reference library by health professionals to prescribe treatment. genotoxic (jee noh TAHK sik): a substance that is capable of damaging DNA and therefore may cause mutation or cancer. grain: a minute hard particle of any substance or a unit of weight equivalent to 1/60 of a dram (1/437.5 ounce). gram: a unit of mass in the metric system, equivalent to 15.432 grains. granule (GRAHN yool): a very small pill that is usually gelatin coated or sugar coated. homeopathy (hoh mee OPP ah thee): a system of medical t­ reatment centered on the theory that large doses of a certain drug given to a healthy person will produce conditions that are ­relieved by the same drug in small doses during a diseased state. hormone (HOR mohn): a chemical substance, usually a protein or steroid, that is secreted by an endocrine gland and transported by the circulatory system throughout the body. Upon making physical contact with a target cell, the hormone enters the cell and induces changes in metabolism, growth rate, protein synthesis, or synthesis of other compounds. The changes the hormone induces can have profound effects on body function. hypnotics (hip NOTT iks): drugs that depress central nervous system function, resulting in drowsiness. They are used as sedatives and to induce sleep. immunodeficiency (IM yoo noh dee FISH ehn see): a condition resulting from defective immune mechanisms, characterized by a frequent and rapid onset of infectious diseases. infusion (inn FYOO zhun): the introduction of a fluid (other than blood) directly into a vein. inhalation (inn hah LAY shun): a treatment that involves ­ reathing-in of a spray or vapor. The medication, known as b the inhalant, is absorbed through capillaries in the mucous ­membranes of the upper respiratory tract. injection (inn JEHK shun): introduction of a substance into the body with the use of a hollow needle. The injection may be beneath the skin (subcutaneous or hypodermic), into muscular tissue (intramuscular, or IM), into a vein (intravenous, or IV), or into the rectum (rectal). laxative (LAHKS ah tihv): a substance that promotes bowel movement without pain or violent action. Laxatives work by softening the stool (decreasing water reabsorption), increasing the bulk of the feces, or lubricating the intestinal wall. muscle relaxant: a drug that reduces muscle contraction. nonprescription drugs: drugs that are not required (by the FDA) to be sold with a medical prescription. They are also called overthe-counter (OTC) drugs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a class of drugs that reduce the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, and pain) and are not steroidal compounds. It is abbreviated NSAID. The most common NSAID is aspirin (salicylic acid).

ointment (OYNT ment): a semisolid, medicated mixture that is topically (externally) applied.

superscription (SOO per skrip shun): the beginning of a prescription, consisting of the command recipe “take.”

oral (OR ahl): by mouth, the most common route of drug administration.

suppository (suh POZ ih tor ee): a medication that is introduced into one of the body orifices (other than the mouth), such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra. It is usually a solid mass that melts at body temperature.

parenteral (pah RENT er ahl): introduction of medication through a route other than the oral (intestinal) or inhalation (lungs) routes. It involves injection that may be subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal. pharmacist (FARM ah sist): a health professional formally trained to formulate and dispense prescription drugs and other medications. pharmacodynamic (farm ah koh dye NAM ik): relating to drug action. pharmacology (farm ah KALL oh jee): the science of drugs and their sources, chemistry, action within the body, and uses. pharmacotherapy (farm ah koh THAIR ah pee): the treatment of disease by means of drugs. pharmacy (FARM ah see): the practice of preparing and dispensing drugs; also, a place where drugs are prepared and dispensed. placebo (plah SEE boh): a neutral, ineffective substance that is otherwise identical to a known drug, which is administered to a patient for the suggestive effect or during blind testing. potency (POH ten see): the pharmacological activity of a drug. It is used to determine the amount of a drug to be administered to cause the desired effect. prescription (pree SKRIP shun): a written order for pharmacotherapy, provided by an authorized health professional. routes of administration: the various ways in which a drug may be administered; the options include subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, rectal injection, oral, vaginal, rectal, or topical. sedative (SED ah tiv): an agent that reduces central nervous system activity, producing a calming, quieting effect that is usually used to treat anxiety. side effects: a reaction by the body resulting from a treatment program that is a diversion from the desired effects. The reaction can be beyond the desired effect and is usually undesirable. solution (suh LYOO shun): a chemical mixture that includes a dissolved substance (solute) in a liquid medium (solvent). stimulant (STIHM yool ant): an agent that increases the rate of activity of a body function.

suspension (suh SPEN shun): a mixture of solid particles in a liquid medium that do not dissolve. The solid particles are usually dispersed through the liquid by blending. tablet (TAB let): a small solid that contains medication for oral administration. Tablets may be designed to be swallowed whole, chewed, or dissolved prior to administration. topical (TAHP ih kuhl): administration of a drug onto the surface of the skin. toxicity (tahk SISS ih tee): the state of being poisonous. It is the level at which a drug’s concentration in the body produces serious adverse effects. toxicology (TAHK sih KALL oh jee): the science of poisons, in which the source, chemical properties, and body responses to poisonous substances are studied. trade name: the name provided to a drug by its manufacturer and commonly used by the health community to identify the drug. tranquilizer (TRAN kwill eye zer): a drug that brings tranquility, or a calming effect, to the mind without depression. It is abbreviated trank. transdermal (trans DERM al): administration of a drug topically to unbroken skin for its absorption into deeper tissues. United States Pharmacopeia (FARM ah KOP ee ah): a reference text approved by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act containing specifications for drugs, such as chemical properties, uses, recommended dosage levels, contraindications, adverse side effects, and so forth. It is abbreviated USP. vasoconstrictor (vaz oh kon STRIK tor): a chemical that causes blood vessels to constrict, which reduces blood flow and elevates blood pressure. Also called vasopressors. vasodilator (vaz oh DYE lay tor): a chemical that causes blood vessels to relax, resulting in dilation that increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure. Due to their effect, they are in common use for acute heart failure. vitamin (VYE tah min): an organic compound that is required for normal function of cells. Most vitamins are produced by the body, but those that are not are known as essential vitamins and must be included in the diet.

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Appendix E Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews Chapter 1 Practice: The Programmed Learning Approach The Right Match 1. e 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a Talking Shop 1. (provided in chapter) 2. c 3. j 4. e 5. l 6. b 7. d 8. g 9. k 10. h 11. a 12. i Practice: Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms The Right Match 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a Practice: The Word Parts The Right Match 1. c 2. e 3. f 4. a 5. b 6. d Practice: Forming Words from Word Parts The Right Match 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. appendic/itis r    / s 2b. inflammation 3a. hepat/itis r   / s 3b. liver 4a. neo/nat/o/logy p / r  /cv/ s 4b. yes, nat

5a. mamm/o/plasty r  /cv/  s 5b.  surgical repair 6a. electr/o/cardi/o/gram r  /cv/  r  /cv/ s 6b.  two combining forms 7a. pre/nat/al p  /  r  / s 7b. before Fill It In 1. (provided in chapter) 2. mammoplasties 3. pericardia 4. sarcomas 5. cardiopathies Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. neonatology 3. neuropathy 4. mastectomy 5. rhinoplasty 6. endoscope 7. mammogram 8. pathologist 9. hysterectomy Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. tonsillectomy 3. salpingoplasty 4. dermatitis 5. rhinology 6. mental 7. neuropathy 8. hemophilia 9. laryngitis 10. dermatology 11. laryngoscope 12. biology Define the Combining Form 1. heart 2. blood 3. nerve 4. stomach 5. disease 6. brain, cerebrum 7. liver 8. mind 9. skin 10. nose

Chapter 2 Practice: Suffix Introduction The Right Match 1. g 2. b, d, h

3. e 4. c 5. f 6. b, d, h 7. a 8. i 9. b, d, h Suffix Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. thermometer 3. laparoscopy 4. gastritis Practice: Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State The Right Match 1. e 2. a 3. h 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. f 8. g Suffix Linkup 1. syndrome 2. biopsy 3. hemophilia 4. dysphagia 5. homeostasis Practice: Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease Suffix Linkup 1. rhinorrhagia 2. tenodynia 3. amniorrhexis 4. lipoma 5. leukopenia 6. anorexia 7. neoplasia 8. myasthenia 9. rhinorrhea 10. meningocele 11. gastritis The Right Match 1. c 2. e, k 3. a 4. h 5. j 6. g 7. b 8. e, k 9. d 10. i 11. f

Practice: Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality The Right Match 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. b Suffix Linkup 1. cardiac 2. cervical 3. ocular 4. pulmonary 5. bacterial 6. cephalic 7. nervous 8. cephalad 9. polycythemia Practice: Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty The Right Match 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a Suffix Linkup 1. audiologist 2. pathology 3. chiropractic 4. podiatry Practice: Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment The Right Match 1. i 2. f 3. g 4. h 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. d 9. l 10. e 11. j 12. k Suffix Linkup 1. thoracocentesis 2. osteoclasis 3. lithotripsy 4. craniotome 5. arthrodesis 6. electrocardiogram

7. electrocardiography 8. thermometer 9. ovulation 10. mastopexy 11. prophylaxis 12. gastroplasty 13. gastroscope 14. craniotomy Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. nervous 3. syndrome 4. osteoclasis 5. lipoma 6. hemophilia 7. audiologist 8. pathology 9. hematemesis 10. dysphagia 11. prophylaxis 12. thoracocentesis 13. podiatry 14. cardiomalacia 15. lithotripsy 16. tenodynia 17. gastroplasty 18. anorexia 19. meningocele 20. hypoxia 21. gastroscope 22. cervical 23. chiropractic 24. arthrodesis 25. biopsy 26. myasthenia 27. thermometer 28. esophagitis 29. laparoscopy 30. aphasia Practice with Suffixes   1. -scopy process of viewing   2. -meter measure, ­measuring instrument   3. -ac pertaining to   4. -logy study or science of   5. -pathy disease   6. -itis inflammation   7. -oma tumor   8. -philia loving, affinity for   9. -plegia paralysis 10. -rrhagia abnormal discharge 11. -al pertaining to 12. -plasty surgical repair 13. -stomy surgical creation of an opening 14. -logist one who studies

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Chapter 3 Prefix Introduction The Right Match 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. e 5. a Prefix Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. metabolism 3. conjoined 4. aphasia Practice: Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity The Right Match 1. f 2. g 3. h 4. b 5. e 6. c 7. n 8. l 9. d 10. i or j 11. m 12. a 13. i or j 14. k Prefix Linkup 1. monoplegia 2. nulligravida 3. ambidextrous 4. polyphagia 5. tricuspid 6. quadriplegia Practice: Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing The Right Match 1. e 2. j 3. g 4. h 5. a or r 6. d 7. k 8. b 9. o 10. q 11. n 12. c 13. p 14. f 15. m 16. i 17. t 18. l 19. a or r 20. u 21. s

Prefix Linkup 1. anatomy 2. abduction 3. ectopic 4. dialysis 5. exotropia 6. inferior 7. paracusis 8. subcutaneous 9. syndrome 10. antenatal or prenatal Practice: Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term Prefix Linkup 1. pseudocyesis 2. aseptic 3. neonate 4. bradycardia 5. circumcision 6. dyslexia 7. hyperthyroidism 8. malabsorption 9. megalocyte 10. ultrasound The Right Match 1. h 2. g 3. o 4. j 5. n 6. k 7. m 8. p 9. e 10. b 11. c 12. f 13. a 14. d 15. i 16. l Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. anticonvulsive 3. metabolism 4. diplopia 5. hemiplegia 6. multipara 7. nullipara 8. pandemic 9. diplegia 10. polyarteritis 11. primipara 12. adduction 13. dialysis 14. dislocated 15. ectopic 16. intradermal

17. pericardium 18. syndrome 19. asymptomatic 20. asepsis 21. bradykinesia 22. circumcision 23. euthyroid 24. hypocalcemia 25. pseudocyesis 26. tachycardia 27. conjoined 28. contraception 29. ambidextrous 30. bifocal 31. monoplegia 32. quadriplegia 33. semiconscious 34. tripara 35. unipara 36. abduction Practice with Prefixes   1. intrawithin   2. antiagainst, opposite of   3. hyper- excessive, ­abnormally high, above   4. bitwo   5. hemihalf   6. panall   7. polyextensive, over, many   8. trithree   9. disapart, away 10. epiupon, over, above, on top 11. intrawithin 12. hypodeficient, ­abnormally low, below 13. neonew 14. tachy- rapid, fast

Chapter 4 Practice: Anatomy and Physiology Word Root Introduction The Right Match 1. g 2. f 3. h 4. c 5. j 6. b 7. a 8. i 9. e 10. d 11. s 12. o 13. r 14. t

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15. q 16. k 17. l 18. m 19. p 20. n Correct the Spelling 1. abdominal 2. thoracic 3. pericardial 4. physiology 5. sagittal 6. superficial 7. homeostasis 8. diaphragm Word Root Linkup 1. physiology 2. abdominal 3. hypochondriac 4. pericardial 5. pelvic Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. home/o/stasis 3. CT scan 4. chron/ic 5. path/o/logy 6. acute 7. transverse plane 8. abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity 9. endo/scopy 10. sign 11. tissues 12. thorac/ic region 13. magnetic resonance imaging 14. epi/gastr/ic 15. pleur/al 16. sagittal plane 17. umbilic/al 18. eti/o/logy 19. ana/tom/y 20. physi/o/logy Define the Combining Form 1. abdomen; abdominal ­cavity, abdominal region 2. skull; cranial cavity 3. below; inferior 4. back; posterior 5. near; proximal 6. above; superior 7. chest, thorax; thoracic 8. to cut; anatomy, anatomical 9. pleura, rib; pleural cavity 10. bowl, basin; pelvic ­cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

Chapter 5 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System The Right Match 1. c 2. a 3. f 4. h 5. b 6. g 7. e 8. d 9. n 10. l 11. m 12. j 13. i 14. k 15. u Correct the Spelling 1. erythema 2. pruritus 3. abscess 4. urticaria 5. pallor 6. keloid Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System The Right Match 1. h 2. a 3. e 4. g 5. c 6. d 7. f 8. b Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. melan/oma 2b. tumor 3a. onych/o/myc/osis 3b. fungus 4a. pedicul/osis 4b.  condition of 5a. scler/o/derm/a 5b. hard 6a. trich/o/myc/osis 6b. hair 7a. cellul/itis 7b. inflammation 8a. leuk/o/derm/a 8b. skin Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System The Right Match 1. e 2. a

3. b 4. c 5. d Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. rhytidectomy 3. dermatoplasty 4. dermatoautoplasty 5. dermatome Practice: Abbreviations 1. bx or Bx 2. basal cell carcinoma 3. SLE 4. squamous cell carcinoma 5. TBSA 6. herpes simplex virus Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. cellulitis 3. onychopathy 4. onychomycosis 5. xeroderma 6. abrasion 7. folliculitis 8. trichopathy 9. impetigo 10. nevus 11. macule 12. emollient Define the Combining Form 1. skin; dermatology, dermatologist, dermatitis, dermabrasion, dermatoautoplasty, dermatome, dermatoplasty 2. follicle; folliculitis 3. radiation; actinic keratosis 4. hard; actinic keratosis 5. black; melanoma 6. hair; trichomycosis 7. nail; onychocryptosis, onychomalacia, onychomycosis Complete the Labels 1. epidermis 2. sebaceous gland 3. hair follicle 4. hair root 5. sweat gland Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. The cicatrices on the skin are the result of scar tissue accumulation as the skin attempts to heal the vesicles and the damage caused by itching. 2. New scar tissue can be prevented or at least

minimized by providing relief from the pruritus (itching sensation) and with anti-inflammatory medications such as topical ointments. 3. Antibiotic therapy is ­included to combat bacterial infection that may arise with rupturing of vesicles. Case Study Questions a. dermatology; b. dermatitis; c.  actinic keratosis; d.  vesicles; e. pruritus; f. ulcers; g. cicatrices; h. keloids; i. emollients Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Prolonged activity in outdoor sports, during which exposure to the sun was common, supports the initial diagnosis. 2. A common word for nevus is mole. 3. No, antibiotic therapy should be unnecessary. Antibiotics will not attack cancer cells, and the incision to remove the tumor is minor. Case Study Questions j. emollient; k. nevus; l. dermatologist; m.  melanoma; n.  bx or Bx; o. dermatoautoplasty; p. cicatrix

Chapter 6 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. a/tax/ia 2b.  a reaction to a stimulus 3a. a/troph/y 3b. development 4a. brady/kines/ia 4b. slow 5a. dys/kines/ia 5b. motion 6a. dys/troph/y 6b.  process of 7a. hyper/troph/y 7b. excessive, abnormally high, above 8a. my/algia 8b. muscle 9a. ten/o/dynia 9b.  condition of pain

Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems The Right Match 1. i 2. e 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. h 7. j 8. f 9. g 10. d Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. polymyositis 3. lordosis 4. epicondylitis 5. arthritis 6. osteomalacia 7. bursitis 8. osteitis 9. bursolith 10. meniscitis 11. tenosynovitis Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems The Right Match 1. e 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. h 7. i 8. j 9. g 10. f Break the Chain 1a. arthr/o/desis 1b.  surgical fixation 2a. chondr/ectomy 2b. cartilage 3a. crani/o/tomy 3b. no 4a. lamin/ectomy 4b. excision 5a. electr/o/my/o/graphy 5b. muscle 6a. orth/o/tics 6b. straight 7a. oste/o/clasis 7b.  break apart 8a. ten/o/my/o/plasty 8b.  surgical repair 9a. oste/o/plasty 9b. bone

Practice: Abbreviations 1. SCI 2. total knee arthroplasty 3. RA 4. Duchenne muscular dystrophy 5. HNP 6. electromyography 7. ACL 8. total hip replacement 9. L1 through L5 10. carpal tunnel syndrome 11. ROM 12. osteoarthritis 13. TKR 14. the 12 thoracic vertebrae 15. DJD 16. temporomandibular joint disease 17. MG 18. ankylosing spondylitis Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. osteoporosis 3. paraplegia 4. scoliosis 5. tenosynovitis 6. arthrogram 7. meniscitis 8. arthrotomy 9. myasthenia 10. myocele 11. carpal tunnel syndrome 12. arthrolysis 13. Paget’s disease 14. herniated disk 15. arthroplasty 16. tenodynia 17. bursolith 18. ankylosis Define the Combining Form 1. crooked; ankylosis, spondylosing ankylosis 2. joint; arthrology, arthrologist, arthritis, arthralgia, spondylarthritis, arthrocentesis, arthroclasia, arthrodesis, arthrogram, arthrolysis, arthroplasty, arthroscopy, arthrotomy 3. purse or sac, bursa; bursitis, bursolith, bursectomy 4. vertebra; spondylarthritis 5. bone marrow; myeloma, osteomyelitis 6. bone; osteitis, osteitis deformans, osteosarcoma, osteogenesis imperfect, osteomalacia, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis,

ostectomy, osteoclasis, osteopathy, osteoplasty 7. cartilage; chondroplasty, chondrectomy 8. synovial; tenosynovitis Complete the Labels 1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. diaphysis 4. epiphysis 5. cranium (or frontal bone) 6. clavicle 7. humerus 8. sacrum 9. phalanges 10. femur 11. deltoid 12. gastrocnemius 13. sternocleidomastoid 14. biceps brachii 15. rectus femoris Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Broken skin at right ankle and x-rays 2. To confirm the diagnosis 3. The ankle Case Study Questions a. compound; b. tendonitis; c. myalgia; d. myositis; e. polymyositis; f.  Pott’s; g.  tendonitis Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis 2. Osteoarthritis 3. Osteoporosis is a condition of abnormal loss of bone density that is a common result of aging, especially among women. The term literally means “condition of holes in bone.” Case Study Questions h. dyskinesia; i. arthralgia; j. orthopedics; k. kyphosis; l. kyphosis; m. osteoporosis; n. osteoarthritis

Chapter 7 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Blood and the Lymphatic System The Right Match 1. d 2. a 3. i 4. g 5. b

6. c 7. f 8. e 9. h Break the Chain 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 2a. thromb/o/penia 2b. clot 3a. leuk/o/penia 3b. abnormal reduction in number 4a. hem/o/lysis 4b.  loosen, dissolve 5a. leuk/o/cyt/o/penia 5b. white Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Blood and the Lymphatic System The Right Match 1. b 2. c 3. h 4. g 5. a 6. d 7. f 8. e 9. j 10. i Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. thymoma 3. anemia 4. botulism 5. hematoma 6. iatrogenic 7. hemophilia 8. hemoglobinopathy 9. lymphadenitis 10. mononucleosis 11. hydrophobia Practice: Treatments and Procedures of the Blood and the Lymphatic System The Right Match 1. c 2. f 3. j 4. b 5. a 6. e 7. d 8. g 9. h 10. i Break the Chain 1a. immun/o/therapy 1b. treatment 2a. splen/ectomy 2b. spleen

 3a. lymph/aden/ectomy  3b. gland  4a. immun/o/logy  4b. exempt, immunity  5a. hom/o/logous  5b. same  6a. hemat/o/logy  6b. study of  7a. aut/o/logous  7b. self  8a. anti/bi/o/tic  8b. against  9a. hem/o/stasis  9b. standing still 10a. thromb/o/lysis 10b.  loosen, dissolve Practice: Abbreviations 1. AIDS 2. complete blood count 3. PLT 4. red blood cell or red blood count 5. HGB, Hgb 6. prothrombin time 7. PTT 8. white blood cell or white blood count 9. HCT, Hct 10. human immunodeficiency virus 11. MRSA 12. non-Hodgkin lymphoma Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. anisocytosis 3. dyscrasia 4. malaria 5. erythropenia 6. hemophilia 7. leukemia 8. macrocytosis 9. staphylococcemia 10. autoimmune disease 11. polycythemia 12. poikilocytosis 13. septicemia 14. lymphadenitis Define the Combining Form 1. bacteria; bacteremia 2. exempt, immunity; immunology, immunologist, immunodeficiency, immunosppression 3. blood; hematology, hematologist, hematopathologist, hemolysis, hemorrhage, hematoma, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, hemorrhage,

hemorrhagic fever, hematocrit, hematology, hemoglobin, hemostasis 4. red; erythropenia 5. gland; lymphadenitis 6. clear water or fluid; lymphatic system, lymphoma, lymphadenitis 7. spleen; splenomegaly, splenectomy 8. poison; toxemia 9. putrefying, wall or partition; septicemia, sepsis, septic, septic shock 10. white; leukemia Complete the Labels 1. neutrophil 2. platelets 3. red blood cells 4. lymphatic vessel 5. thymus gland 6. spleen 7. lymph nodes Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Persistent mild fever and body aches, tenderness of the armpit and groin lymph nodes. 2. Antibiotics may fail if the bacterial strain is resistant to its effects. 3. Staphylococcemia means “condition of Staphylococcus aureus in the blood” and is commonly called a staph infection.

primary evidence for a ­ iagnosis of anemia. d Case Study Questions l. dyscrasia; m. complete blood count; n.  hematocrit; o. hemoglobin; p. anemia

Chapter 8 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System Break the Chain 1a.  & 1b. (provided in chapter) 2a. brady/card/ia 2b. heart 3a. cardi/o/dynia 3b.  condition of pain 4a. cardi/o/genic 4b.  pertaining to producing 5a. cyan/osis 5b. blue 6a. angi/o/spasm 6b. sudden, involuntary ­muscle spasm The Right Match 1. f 2. e 3. g 4. a 5. d 6. h 7. c 8. b

Case Study Questions a. lymphadenitis; b. lymphoma; c. Hodgkin disease; d.  splenomegaly; e.  differential count; f. infection; g. septicemia; h. staphylococcemia; i. antibiotic; j. immunodeficiency; k. immunotherapy

Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. cardiomyopathy 3. atherosclerosis 4. angioma 5. pericarditis 6. angiocarditis 7. varicosis 8. thrombosis 9. hypertension

Medical Report ­Comprehension Questions 1. Dietary supplements were administered to see if the cause of the ­symptoms is pernicious anemia. 2. The reduced ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. 3. The patient’s complaint of lack of energy is the

The Right Match 1. e 2. k 3. i 4. f 5. g 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. j 10. c 11. h

Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System The Right Match 1. d 2. g 3. e 4. f 5. a 6. h 7. c 8. b 9. j 10. i Break the Chain 1a. arteri/o/gram 1b.  a record or image 2a. ech/o/cardi/o/graphy 2b. sound 3a. embol/ectomy 3b.  a plug 4a. sphygm/o/man/o/metry 4b.  process of measuring 5a. phleb/o/tom/ist 5b. vein 6a. electr/o/cardi/o/graphy 6b.  recording process 7a. cardi/o/pulmon/ary 7b. lung 8a. end/arter/ectomy 8b. within 9a. valvul/o/plasty 9b.  surgical repair Practice: Abbreviations 1. CHF 2. atrial septal defect 3. CABG 4. myocardial infarction 5. PET 6. cardiopulmonary resuscitation 7. ASHD 8. atrioventricular 9. ECG, EKG 10. coronary artery disease 11. AED 12. right ventricle 13. VSD 14. mitral valve prolapse Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. angiocarditis 3. angiostenosis 4. angioma 5. arteriosclerosis 6. bradycardia 7. cardiodynia 8. endarterectomy 9. cardiomegaly

10. endocarditis 11. arrhythmia 12. hypertension 13. myocardial infarction 14. myocarditis 15. electrocardiography Define the Combining Form 1. blood vessel; angina pectoris, angiospasm, angiostenosis, angiocarditis, angioma, angiography, angiogram, angioplasty, angioscopy, angiostomy, angiotomy 2. heart; angiocarditis, cardiac arrest, cardiac tamponade, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy, cardiovalvulitis, endocarditis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis, ­ atheterization, cardiac c cardiac pacemaker, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, echocardiography, echocardiogram, electrocardiography 3. blood; hemorrhoids 4. vein; phlebectomy, phlebotomy, phlebotomist 5. narrow; angiostenosis, aortic stenosis 6. hard; arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis 7. clot; thrombus, thrombosis, thrombolytic therapy 8. sound; echocardiography, echocardiogram Complete the Labels 1. Lung (or pulmonary) capillaries 2. Left pulmonary veins 3. Artery 4. Heart 5. Aorta 6. Right ventricle 7. Mitral (or bicuspid) valve 8. Left ventricle Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Mild chest pain that is not characteristic of angina pectoris. 2. The mild chest pain ­combined with the ­dental extractions suggests a bacterial infection that originated from the mouth. 3. Congestive heart failure

Case Study Questions a.  angina pectoris; b. ­cardiology; c. cardiologist; d.  electrocardiography; e.  stress ECHO; f.  block; g.  myocardial infarction; h. angiostenosis; i. atherosclerosis; j.  cardiovalvulitis; k. valvuloplasty Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. The cause of the abdominal pain is angiospasm from the aortic aneurysm. 2. The aortogram provided the evidence for the ­diagnosis of aortic aneurysm. 3. An angioplasty is a surgical repair of a blood vessel. In this case, it is performed to repair the aortic aneurysm, probably by the insertion of a stent to reinforce the weakened blood vessel wall. Case Study Questions l. hypertension; m. aortogram; n. angiospasm; o. aneurysm; p. angioplasty; q. arteriotomy

Chapter 9 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System The Right Match 1. i 2. f 3. d 4. e 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. j 9. g 10. h 11. k Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. dys/phonia 2b. condition of sound or voice 3a. dys/pnea 3b. difficult 4a. epi/staxis 4b. dripping 5a. hyper/pnea 5b. breath 6a. laryng/o/spasm 6b. larynx

Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. sinusitis 3. bronchiectasis 4. tracheostenosis 5. asphyxia 6. tonsillitis 7. bronchogenic carcinoma 8. pneumoconiosis 9. tuberculosis 10. legionellosis 11. pulmonary embolism The Right Match 1. h 2. e 3. g 4. a 5. i 6. d 7. c 8. j 9. f 10. b Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System The Right Match 1. j 2. f 3. g 4. c 5. b 6. e 7. i 8. d 9. h 10. a Break the Chain 1a. trache/o/tomy 1b.  incision or to cut 2a. thora/centesis 2b.  chest, thorax 3a. pneumon/ectomy 3b.  lung, air 4a. bronch/o/scopy 4b.  process of viewing 5a. aden/oid/ectomy 5b. resembling 6a. bronch/o/dilat/ion 6b. process 7a. lob/ectomy 7b.  round part, lobe 8a. rhin/o/plasty 8b. nose 9a. sept/o/plasty 9b.  surgical repair

Practice: Abbreviations 1. CPAP 2. TB 3. adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome 4. CXR 5. cardiopulmonary resuscitation 6. CF 7. upper respiratory infection 8. SCLC 9. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 10. PE 11. acid-fast bacilli smear 12. NRDS 13. shortness of breath 14. PFTs 15. purified protein derivative Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. anoxia 3. bronchitis 4. respiratory distress ­syndrome (or ARDS, or NRDS) 5. auscultation 6. hypoxia 7. dyspnea 8. hypercapnia 9. bronchiectasis 10. pneumoconiosis 11. bronchogenic carcinoma 12. cystic fibrosis 13. tracheitis 14. asphyxia 15. bronchogram 16. thoracentesis (or pleurocentesis) 17. oximetry Define The Combining Form 1. airway, bronchus; bronchiectasis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchopneumonia 2. voice box, larynx; laryngitis, laryngospasm, laryngectomy, laryngoscopy, laryngotracheotomy 3. oxygen; hypoxia, oximetry 4. nose; rhinorrhagia, rhinitis, rhinoplasty 5. incomplete; atelectasis 6. pleura, rib; pleuritis, ­pleural effusion, pleurocentesis 7. air, lung; bronchopneumonia, pneumoconiosis,

pneumonia, pneumonitis, pneumonectomy 8. lung; pulmonary, pulmonologist Complete the Labels 1. hard palate 2. pharyngeal tonsil 3. epiglottis 4. thyroid cartilage 5. pharynx 6. trachea 7. right lung 8. right main (or primary) bronchus Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Dyspnea, thoracalgia, and malaise support the ­diagnosis of TB infection. 2. It is likely that the TB infection originated from exposure brought home by either of his parents. 3. TB is an abbreviation for tuberculosis, a bacterial infection of the lungs and other organs that often becomes chronic and severe if not managed aggressively with antibiotic therapy. Case Study Questions a.  coryza (or acute rhinitis); b.  bronchitis; c. bronchodilating; d.  tuberculosis (TB); e.  acidfast; f.  tuberculosis; g.  chest x-rays Medical Report C ­ omprehension Questions 1. Pneumonia causes the symptoms of dyspnea and thoracalgia. 2. It is important to locate the source of the infection, such as the home or school, to prevent the further spread of the disease. 3. The source of the infection causing pneumonia is the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci Case Study Questions h. dyspnea; i. thoracalgia; j. auscultation; k. pulse oximeter; l.  spirometer; m. hypoxemia; n. pneumonia;

o.  acid-fast; p.  Pneumocystis jiroveci; q.  pneumonia

Chapter 10 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System The Right Match 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. f 5. i 6. e 7. h 8. d 9. g Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. dys/peps/ia 2b. digestion 3a. gastr/o/dynia 3b. stomach 4a. hemat/emesis 4b. vomiting 5a. steat/o/rrhea 5b. fat 6a. hepat/o/megal/y 6b. liver Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System The Right Match 1. i 2. j 3. n 4. c 5. k 6. l 7. e 8. a 9. h 10. b 11. g 12. f 13. o 14. r 15. p 16. m 17. d 18. q Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. glossitis 3. cholelithiasis 4. proctoptosis 5. hepatoma 6. gastromalacia 7. esophagitis 8. gastroenteritis

9. pancreatitis 10. dysentery 11. anorexia nervosa 12. polyposis Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System The Right Match 1. f 2. c 3. h 4. g 5. e 6. d 7. i 8. a 9. j 10. b Break the Chain 1a. anti/emetic 1b. vomiting 2a. gloss/o/rrhaphy 2b. tongue 3a. sigmoid/o/scopy 3b.  the letter S (sigmoid) 4a. hemorrhoid/ectomy 4b.  surgical removal 5a. lapar/o/tomy 5b. abdomen 6a. pylor/o/plasty 6b.  surgical repair 7a. anti/spasmodic 7b. against 8a. gingiv/ectomy 8b. gums 9a. vag/o/tomy 9b. incision Practice: Abbreviations 1. barium enema 2. IBD 3. upper GI series 4. GERD 5. nausea and vomiting 6. UGI 7. irritable bowel syndrome 8. LGI 9. stool culture and sensitivity 10. GI 11. fecal occult blood test 12. EGD 13. lactose intolerance Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. hepatomegaly 3. dysphagia 4. cheilitis 5. cholecystitis 6. cholelithiasis 7. colitis 8. colorectal cancer

9. enteritis 10. gastromalacia 11. diverticulosis 12. hepatoma 13. sialoadenitis 14. hemorrhoidectomy 15. colostomy 16. proctoscopy 17. laparoscopy 18. glossorrhaphy 19. polypectomy Define the Combining Form 1. stomach; gastrodynia, gastrectasis, gastric cancer, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastroduodenitis, gastroenterocolitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastromalacia, gastrectomy, gastric lavage 2. gallbladder; chole­ cystitis, cholecystogram, cholecystectomy 3. common bile duct; chole­ dochitis, choledocholithiasis, choledocholithotomy 4. small intestine; gastroenteritis, gastroenterocolitis 5. duodenum; duodenal ulcer 6. gums; gingivitis 7. colon; colitis, colorectal cancer, colon cancer 8. digestion; peptic ulcer, dyspepsia Complete the Labels 1. pharynx 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. pancreas 5. small intestine 6. large intestine 7. gallbladder 8. liver 9. teeth (incisor) 10. soft palate 11. uvula 12. pharynx 13. tongue Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Crohn’s disease 2. A laparoscopy confirmed the initial diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Also, a colonoscopy revealed inflamed diverticula of the colon, and a barium enema revealed inflammation of the ileum.

3. A laparoscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which a modified endoscope, called a laparoscope, is inserted into the abdomen to observe and surgically correct a condition. Case Study Questions a. diarrhea; b. flatus; c. constipation; d.  lactose intolerance; e.  irritable bowel syndrome; f.  Crohn’s disease; g.  inflammatory bowel; h.  barium enema; i.  laparoscopy Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. The father is the more likely source of an inherited condition. 2. The complaints of diarrhea or constipation are common after eating and support IBS as a diagnosis. 3. IBS is an abbreviation for irritable bowel syndrome. Case Study Questions m.  anorexia nervosa; n.  colonoscopy; o.  C&S; p.  hemorrhoids; q.  lactose intolerance; r.  irritable bowel syndrome

Chapter 11 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System The Right Match 1. g 2. c 3. i 4. f 5. b 6. e 7. a 8. h 9. d Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. azot/emia 2b.  urea, nitrogen 3a. dys/uria 3b. pertaining to urine or urination 4a. an/uria 4b.  without or absence of 5a. py/uria 5b. pus 6a. glycos/uria 6b.  sweet, sugar 7a. bacteri/uria 7b.  pertaining to urine, urination

8a. keton/uria 8b. ketone Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System The Right Match 1. b 2. c 3. e 4. f 5. a 6. d 7. i 8. g 9. h 10. j 11. l 12. k Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. glomerulonephritis 3. pyelonephritis 4. nephrolithiasis 5. hydronephrosis 6. nephroma 7. pyelitis Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System Break the Chain 1a. cyst/o/graphy 1b.  recording process 2a. cyst/o/lith/o/tomy 2b.  incision or to cut 3a. lith/o/tripsy 3b. stone 4a. hem/o/dia/lysis 4b. through 5a. cyst/o/rrhaphy 5b. no 6a. nephr/o/lysis 6b.  loosen or dissolve 7a. nephr/o/gram 7b.  a record or image 8a. nephr/o/tom/o/graphy 8b. kidney 9a. ureter/o/stomy 9b. surgical creation of an opening The Right Match 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. h 7. k 8. i 9. l 10. f

11. g 12. j Practice: Abbreviations 1. urinalysis 2. RP 3. catheter, catheterization 4. VCUG 5. intravenous pyelogram 6. UTI 7. hemodialysis 8. ESKD 9. specific gravity 10. AKI 11. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 12. BUN Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. bacteriuria 3. cystolith 4. nephritis 5. hematuria 6. ureterocele 7. enuresis 8. nephrolithiasis 9. nephropexy 10. pyelostomy 11. urethroplasty 12. ureterotomy 13. cystogram 14. nephrography 15. intravenous pyelogram 16. nephroscope 17. blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 18. urinalysis Define the Combining Form 1. urine; urology, urologist, uremia, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urinalysis, urinary endoscopy 2. pus; pyuria 3. kidney; renal transplant, renography 4. renal pelvis; pyelitis, pyelonephritis, pyelogram, pyelolithotomy, pyeloplasty 5. bladder, sac; cystitis, cystolith, cystocele, cystectomy, cystogram, cystography, cystoureterography, cystourethrography, cystolithotomy, cystoplasty, cystorrhaphy, cystoscopy, cystoscope, cystostomy, cystotomy, polycystic kidney disease 6. kidney; nephritis, nephroblastoma, nephrolithiasis, nephroma,

nephromegaly, nephroplasty, nephroptosis, nephrectomy, nephrogram, nephrology, nephrography, nephrologist, nephrolysis, nephropexy, nephroscopy, nephrosonography, ­nephrostomy, ­nephrotomogram, nephrotomography 7. narrow; ureterostenosis, urethrostenosis 8. ureter; ureterocele, ­ureterolithiasis, ureterectomy, ­ureterostomy, ureterotomy Complete the Labels 1. kidney 2. renal artery and vein 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra 6. renal cortex 7. renal pelvis 8. ureter Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Lumbar pain, malaise, hematuria, loss of appetite, generalized body aches 2. Nephrotomography literally means a “recording process of a cut kidney” and refers to a diagnostic procedure of observing the internal structure of a kidney using a series of x-rays. The term nephrectomy is the surgical procedure involving the removal of a kidney. 3. Dialysis is ordered prior to surgery to stabilize the patient’s condition, which will reduce the surgical risk of death. Case Study Questions a. urinalysis; b. albuminuria; c. hematuria; d. nephrotomography; e.  nephroscopy; f. nephromegaly; g. polycystic kidney disease; h.  pyelonephritis; i.  hemodialysis; j.  renal transplant Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Any condition associated with the left kidney could cause the symptoms of lumbar pain, dysuria, and

nocturia, such as polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, etc. 2. It is unlikely that Type 2 DM contributed to the renal calculi because DM ­usually causes high urine flow rather than low flow. 3. Renal calculi is the presence of mineral deposits, or stones, within the renal pelvis that interfere with the flow of urine, and ­pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney nephrons. Medical Report Case Study k. dysuria; l. nocturia; m. urinalysis; n.  nephrolithiasis; o. urology; p. urologist; q. pyelogram; r. nephroscopy; s. lithotripsy

Chapter 12 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System The Right Match 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. e 5. c Break the Chain 1a.  & 1b. (provided in chapter) 2a. olig/o/sperm/ia 2b.  few in number 3a. test/algia 3b. testis 4a. urethr/itis 4b. inflammation 5a. a/sperm/ia 5b.  without or absence of Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System The Right Match 1. d 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. f 6. c Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. balanitis 3. epididymitis 4. hydrocele 5. varicocele

Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System The Right Match 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. b 5. d 6. g 7. h 8. i 9. f Break the Chain 1a. vas/ectomy 1b.  vas deferens 2a. hydr/o/cel/ectomy 2b. hernia, swelling, or protrusion 3a. orchid/o/pexy 3b. testis 4a. prostat/ectomy 4b.  surgical removal 5a. vas/o/vas/o/stomy 5b. surgical creation of an opening Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System Linkup 1. amenorrhea 2. colpodynia 3. mastalgia 4. menorrhagia 5. hematosalpinx 6. oligomenorrhea 7. metrorrhagia 8. leukorrhea 9. dysmenorrhea 10. hydrosalpinx Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System The Right Match 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. e 5. f 6. d 7. i 8. g 9. j 10. h Break the Chain 1a. vulv/itis 1b. vulva 2a. salping/o/cele 2b.  fallopian tube 3a. a/mast/ia 3b. breast

4a. endo/metr/i/osis 4b. within 5a. lei/o/my/oma 5b. smooth Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System The Right Match 1. i 2. e 3. a 4. h 5. c 6. g 7. d 8. b 9. f Linkup 1. vulvectomy 2. colpoplasty 3. gynecology 4. hysterectomy 5. colporrhaphy 6. hysteropexy 7. mammogram 8. oophorectomy 9. salpingectomy Practice: Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics Break the Chain 1a. dys/toc/ia 1b.  condition of 2a. hyper/emesis 2b. excessive 3a. pseud/o/cyesis 3b. false 4a. poly/hydr/amni/o/s 4b. amnion 5a. lact/o/rrhea 5b. discharge 6a. amni/o/rrhea 6b. discharge Practice: Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics The Right Match 1. c 2. f 3. a 4. h 5. g 6. b 7. e 8. d Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics The Right Match 1. d 2. a

3. f 4. c 5. b 6. e Linkup 1. amniocentesis 2. episiotomy 3. fetometry Practice: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) The Right Match 1. c 2. i 3. f 4. h 5. a 6. b 7. e 8. g 9. d Practice: Abbreviations 1. prostate-specific antigen 2. STI 3. human immunodeficiency virus 4. TURP 5. benign prostatic hyperplasia 6. AIDS 7. HBV 8. herpes simplex virus type 2 9. DRE 10. human papillomavirus 11. CIN 12. dilation and curettage 13. CIS 14. hormone replacement therapy 15. NRDS 16. premenstrual syndrome 17. TAB 18. polycystic ovary syndrome 19. PID 20. transvaginal sonography 21. GYN 22. biopsy 23. Pap smear 24. erectile dysfunction 25. FBD 26. obstetrics 27. C-section 28. obstetrics/gynecology 29. SAB 30. pregnancy-induced hypertension 31. FAS 32. infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. testicular carcinoma 3. priapism 4. phimosis 5. circumcision 6. hep 7. orchidotomy (or orchiotomy) 8. cryptorchidism 9. oligospermia 10. orchitis 11. varicocele 12. amenorrhea 13. leukorrhea 14. mastalgia 15. menorrhagia 16. oligomenorrhea 17. endometriosis 18. cervicitis Define the Combining Form 1. glans penis; balanorrhea, balanitis, balanoplasty 2. testis; anorchism, cryptorchism, orchidopexy, orchidoplasty 3. testis; testalgia, testicular torsion, testicular carcinoma 4. seed, sperm; aspermia,  azoospermia, oligospermia 5. vagina; colpodynia, colpectomy, colpoplasty, colporrhaphy 6. breast; mammoplasty, mammography, mammogram 7. uterus; metrorrhagia 8. fallopian tube; pyosalpinx, salpingitis, salpingocele, salpingectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, ­salpingopexy, salpingostomy 9. pregnancy; pseudocyesis 10. birth; dystocia Complete the Labels 1. vas deferens 2. prostate gland 3. testis 4. epididymis 5. vagina 6. ovary 7. labia minora 8. cervix 9. vagina Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia are both consistent

with evidences that point to CIS. 2. A Pap smear was performed to evaluate stages of cervical cell changes as an examination for CIS, which is characterized by cell changes. 3. Dysmenorrhea is abnormal pain during menstruation and menorrhagia is an abnormally heavy menstrual flow. Case Study Questions a. dysmenorrhea; b. menorrhagia; c.  leukorrhea; d.  dilation and curettage; e.  Papanicolaou (Pap) smear; f.  HPV (human papillomavirus); g. colposcopy; h. carcinoma in situ of the cervix; i.  cervical conization Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Testicular cancer is supported by sensitivity in the scrotal and genital region, palpable lump on lateral aspect of right testis, and positive biopsy for nonseminoma testicular cancer in both testes. 2. The gonorrhea infection was obtained through unprotected sex. 3. A bilateral orchiectomy is surgical excision of both testes, also called castration. Case Study Questions j. oligospermia; k. orchiepididymitis; l. balanorrhea; m. gonorrhea; n. testicular; o. orchiectomy; p. infertile

Chapter 13 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. hyperalgesia 3. polyneuralgia 4. hyperesthesia 5. neurasthenia 6. neuralgia 7. paresthesia The Right Match 1. e 2. d

3. g 4. h 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. f Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Break the Chain 1a.  & 1b. (provided in chapter) 2a. cerebell/itis 2b.  little brain or cerebellum 3a. encephal/itis 3b. brain 4a. epi/lepsy 4b. seizure 5a. mening/itis 5b. inflammation 6a. para/plegia 6b. paralysis 7a. neur/oma 7b. tumor 8a. neur/itis 8b. nerve The Right Match 1. k 2. e 3. g 4. a 5. h 6. j 7. c 8. f 9. d 10. i 11. b Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System Linkup 1. anesthesia 2. craniectomy 3. neurology 4. craniotomy 5. neurorrhaphy 6. psychiatry 7. vagotomy 8. psychology The Right Match 1. e 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. g 6. a 7. f Practice: Mental Health Diseases and Disorders The Right Match 1. f

2. c 3. e 4. b 5. d 6. a Break the Chain 1a. dys/lexia 1b. bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult 2a. neur/osis 2b. nerve 3a. psych/o/pathy 3b. disease 4a. psych/osis 4b. mind Practice: Abbreviations 1. EP studies 2. positron emission tomography 3. electroencephalography 4. CT scan 5. magnetic resonance imaging 6. PD 7. cerebral palsy 8. echoEG 9. deep tendon reflexes 10. MS 11. cerebrovascular accident 12. AD 13. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 14. ADD 15. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 16. TBI Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. cephalalgia 3. cerebellitis 4. cerebral vascular disease 5. glioma 6. encephalomalacia 7. neuropathy 8. hyperesthesia 9. encephalitis 10. meningocele 11. multiple sclerosis 12. myelitis 13. neurasthenia 14. neuroma 15. neuralgia 16. paresthesia 17. hemiplegia 18. polyneuritis 19. psychopathy 20. quadriplegia Define the Combining Form 1. membrane; meningitis, meningioma, meningocele, meningomyelocele

2. brain; cerebral aneurysm, cerebral atherosclerosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident 3. brain; encephalitis, encephalomalacia, electroencephaly 4. spinal cord, medulla, myelin; myelitis, poliomyelitis 5. nerve; neurology, neurologist, neuritis, polyneuritis, neuroma, neuropathy, polyneuropathy, neurectomy, neurolysis, neuroplasty, neurorrhaphy, neurotomy, neurectomy 6. sensation; paresthesia. anesthesia, anesthetist 7. skull, cranium; craniectomy, craniotomy 8. knot, ganglion; ganglionectomy 9. mind; psychology, psychologist, psychiatry, psychiatrist, psychotherapy, psychopathy, psychosis, psychosomatic 10. to speak; aphasia Complete the Labels 1. brain 2. gray 3. ganglion 4. nerve 5. cerebral 6. left 7. cerebrum 8. cerebellum 9. stem Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. The early sign is the ­polyneuritis reported on the left limb and shoulder, which indicates possible brain damage to the right side. 2. The primary possible consequence to the patient is brain damage to the right temporal lobe. 3. The term neuralgia means a “pain in a nerve,” and cephalalgia means a “pain in the head,” or headache. Case Study Questions a. cephalalgia; b. neuralgia; c. polyneuritis; d. analgesics;

e. paresthesia; f. computed tomography; g.  magnetic resonance imaging; h.  intracranial; i. craniotomy Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Veteran of Vietnam War with a history of drug use and chronic depression are indicators of PTSD. 2. The MRI revealed a slow leakage of blood within the brain. 3. The term aphasia means a “condition of without speech,” and agnosia means a “condition of without knowledge.” Case Study Questions j. epilepsy; k. aphasia; l. paresthesia; m.  Alzheimer disease; n.  cerebral hemorrhage; o.  cerebral angiography; p.  cerebrovascular accident; q. psychopathy; r. psychosis; s. encephalomalacia

Chapter 14 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight The Right Match 1. f 2. d 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. c Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. asthenopia 3. ophthalmalgia 4. ophthalmorrhagia 5. blepharoptosis 6. blepharitis Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight The Right Match 1. d 2. e 3. b 4. f 5. a 6. c Linkup 1. conjunctivitis 2. diplopia 3. astigmatism 4. iritis

5. retinopathy 6. ophthalmopathy Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight The Right Match 1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. f 6. e Break the Chain 1a.  & 1b. (provided in chapter) 2a. dacry/o/cyst/o/rhin/o/ stomy 2b. surgical creation of an opening 3a. ophthalm/o/logist 3b. eye Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing The Right Match 1. b 2. d 3. f 4. a 5. c 6. e Linkup 1. paracusis 2. otorrhea 3. otalgia 4. otorrhagia 5. anacusis 6. hyperacusis Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing The Right Match 1. c 2. f 3. b 4. e 5. d 6. a Linkup 1. otitis 2. otosclerosis 3. otopathy 4. mastoiditis Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing The Right Match 1. c 2. a 3. e 4. f

5. b 6. d Break the Chain 1. a)  ot/o/logist 1. b)  ear 2. a)  tympan/o/metry 2. b)  measurement 3. a)  myring/o/plasty 3. b)  membrane, eardrum Practice: Abbreviations 1. OM 2. ear, nose, and throat 3. Oto 4. both ears 5. AS 6. emmetropia 7. ARMD 8. right ear 9. EENT 10. tympanic membrane 11. phaco 12. head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat 13. Ast 14. laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis 15. IOL 16. right eye; in Latin oculus dexter Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. blepharoptosis 3. dacryolithiasis 4. conjunctivitis 5. ophthalmomalacia 6. ophthalmoplegia 7. retinopathy 8. optometrist 9. dacryocystitis 10. ophthalmorrhagia 11. leukocoria 12. otitis media 13. otalgia 14. otosclerosis 15. otorrhea Define the Combining Form 1. eyelid; blepharoptosis 2. pupil; leukocoria 3. eye; ophthalmalgia, ophthalmoplegia, ophthalmology, ophthalmologist 4. to bind together, conjunctiva; conjunctivitis 5. tear; dacryolithiasis, dacryocystitis 6. hard, cornea; keratitis 7. retina; retinopathy 8. ear; otorrhea, otorrhagia, otalgia 9. hearing; audiologist, audiometry, audiology

10. maze, inner ear; labyrinthectomy Complete the Labels 1. cornea 2. lens 3. retina 4. sclera 5. malleus 6. semicircular canals 7. cochlea 8. tympanic cavity 9. tympanic membrane Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. The diagnosis of conjunctivitis is supported by ophthalmalgia, inflammation, and exudates. 2. Antibiotics is the common form of treatment because conjunctivitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection. 3. The meaning of OU ophthalmalgia is “pain in each eye.” Case Study Questions a. ophthalmalgia; b. OS; c. blepharitis; d. conjunctivitis; e. ophthalmologist; f. conjunctivitis; g.  keratitis Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. In an infant, the evidence includes pulling at the ear, crying and fussiness, possible fever, and difficulty sleeping. 2. The myringotomy is performed to drain fluids from the tympanic cavity to ­relieve the pressure caused by the infection. Case Study Questions h. otalgia; i. AD; j. otoscope; k.  myringitis; l.  otitis media; m.  eye, ear, nose, & throat; n. otologist;  o. otitis media;   p.  myringotomy;  q. audiometry

Chapter 15 Practice: Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System The Right Match 1. d

2. e 3. a 4. b 5. c Break the Chain 1a. & 1b.  (provided in chapter) 2a. ex/ophthalm/o/s 2b. eye 3a. poly/uria 3b. pertaining to urine or urination 4a. acr/o/megaly 4b. extremity 5a. ket/o/acid/osis 5b. ketone Practice: Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 2. adenopathy 3. adenocarcinoma 4. hyperadrenalism 5. hypercalcemia 6. hypoglycemia 7. hyperparathyroidism 8. hypothyroidism 9. pancreatitis 10. thyroiditis The Right Match 1. f 2. d 3. h 4. j 5. a 6. b 7. e 8. c 9. g 10. i Practice: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System The Right Match 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. g 6. e 7. f Break the Chain 1a. adren/al/ectomy 1b.  pertaining to 2a. endo/crin/o/logy 2b.  to secrete 3a. thyroid/oma

3b. tumor 4a. thyroid/o/tomy 4b.  incision or to cut 5a. thyr/o/para/thyroid/ectomy 5b. surgical excision or removal

Complete the Labels 1. gland 2. thyroid 3. adrenal 4. pancreas 5. testis

Practice: Abbreviations 1. glucose tolerance test 2. RAIU 3. postprandial blood sugar 4. DI 5. fasting blood sugar 6. HRT 7. diabetes mellitus 8. PTH 9. adrenocorticotrophic hormone 10. FSH

Medical Report Exercises Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. Malaise between meals, polydipsia, polyuria, cephalalgia 2. No, the diagnosis is lifelong and not presently curable. 3. FBS is fasting blood sugar, which refers to a blood test for glucose following an overnight fast (i.e., before breakfast). GTT is a glucose tolerance test, in which a patient is given a known amount of glucose and the blood is tested for it at timed intervals.

Chapter Review Word Building 1. (provided in chapter) 2. hyperthyroidism 3. diabetic neuropathy 4. adrenalitis 5. endocrinopathy 6. hypercalcemia 7. parathyroidoma 8. pituitary gigantism 9. hypoadrenalism 10. hirsutism 11. hypoparathyroidism 12. hypoglycemia 13. thyrotoxicosis 14. Hashimoto’s disease 15. hypogonadism Define the Combining Form 1. gland; adenoma, adenocarcinoma 2. adrenal gland; adrenalitis, adrenomegaly, hyperadrenalism, hypoadrenalism, adrenalectomy 3. to secrete; endocrine, endocrinology, endocrinologist, endocrinopathy 4. thyroid gland; parathyroid, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroidectomy, thyroidoma, thyroidotomy 5. sugar; hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia 6. pancreas; pancreatitis 7. calcium; hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia 8. acid/o; acidosis

Case Study Questions a. endocrinology; b. polydipsia; c. ketosis; d. acidosis; e. fasting blood sugar; f.  glucose; g. hyperglycemia; h. insulin; i.  type 1 diabetes Medical Report Comprehension Questions 1. A tumor of the adrenal gland often causes hypersecretion of androgens, which leads to excess body hair or hirsutism. 2. Hyperglycemia is related to weight gain because it is an excessive amount of sugar in the blood, which encourages the deposition of fat into tissues. 3. Adrenal hyperplasia is the excessive growth of an adrenal gland caused by a genetic error. Case Study Questions j. hirsutism; k. adrenalitis; l.  adrenal hyperplasia; m. Cushing; n. hyperglycemia; o.  androgens; p. hirsutism; q. adenoma; r. adrenalectomy

Glossary-Index Note: Terms that appear in boldface are Key Terms from the chapters. Definitions are provided here for these terms. Page numbers with f indicate figures; those with t indicate tables.

A Abbreviations of blood, 185 of cardiovascular system, 226 of digestive system, 319 of endocrine system, 525 of integumentary system, 104 of lymphatic system, 185 of nervous system, mental health, 463 of reproductive system and obstetrics, 420 of respiratory system, 273 of skeletal and muscular systems, 144 of special senses of sight and hearing, 496 of urinary system, 356 Abdomen, 66f, 67 Abdominal cavity, the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, 66, 67 Abdominal pain, primary terms in present use to identify the symptom of stomach pain, 285 Abdominal region, the area of the body trunk located below the diaphragm, 66, 67f Abdominocentesis, surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid; also known as paracentesis, 307 Abdominopelvic cavity, the inferior part of the ventral cavity located beneath the diaphragm, 67, 68f Abduction, 45 ABGs. See Arterial blood gases Abortifacient, a drug that induces a therapeutic abortion (TAB), 413 Abortion, termination of pregnancy by expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus, 413 Abrasion, a superficial scraping injury to the skin, 82 Abruptio placentae, premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, 409, 409f Abscess, a localized elevation of the skin containing a cavity filled with bacteria, white blood cells, damaged tissue, and pus, 82 Acetaminophen, 450 Achondroplasia, literally “without cartilage formation”; causes dwarfism, 120, 120f

Acid-fast bacilli smear (AFB), clinical test performed on sputum to identify presence of bacteria that react to acid; used to confirm tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, 257 Acidosis, the condition of acid in the body, 506 Acne, bacterial infection of sebaceous glands and ducts resulting in numerous comedones, 89, 89f Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease that results from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, acquired mainly through the exchange of body fluids during sex, such as semen, blood, and vaginal secretions, and also by the use of contaminated instruments, 161, 178, 417 Acromegaly, enlargement of bone structure, 507, 507f Acrophobia, fear of heights, 439 ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone Actinic dermatitis, a type of skin inflammation caused by sunlight exposure, 92 Actinic keratosis, precancerous condition of the skin caused by exposure to sunlight, 90 Acute, a disease of short duration, usually with a sharp or severe effect, 72, 247 Acute kidney injury (AKI), a rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce urine; also called acute renal failure, 333 Acute renal failure, a condition in which kidney function ceases, 327 AD. See Alzheimer’s disease ADD. See Attention-deficit disorder Addison’s disease, a chronic form of hypoadrenalism, 514 Adduction, 45 Adenocarcinoma of the lung, lung cancer arising from the cells lining the bronchi or from the soft tissues of the lung; the three primary types are bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, and non–small cell lung carcinoma, 245 Adenoid, pharyngeal tonsil, 256 Adenoidectomy, surgical removal of a chronically inflamed adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil), 256 I-1

I-2

Glossary-Index

Adenoma, a benign tumor of glandular cells, 510 Adenosis, any disease of a gland, 26, 510 ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Adrenal gland, 504 Adrenal hyperplasia, excessive growth of the adrenal gland caused by a genetic error that results in a missing enzyme, 510 Adrenal insufficiency, adrenal gland failure, 510 Adrenal virilism, the pattern of masculinization resulting from excessive production of androgens in women, which may also lead to muscle and bone growth, 508 Adrenalectomy, the surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands, 109 Adrenalitis, inflammation of the adrenal gland, 510 Adrenomegaly, 510 Adrenopathy, disease of the adrenal glands, 510 Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a respiratory disease caused by severe lung infections or injury, often involving pneumonia and pulmonary edema, 253 AED. See Automated external defibrillator AFB. See Acid-fast bacilli smear A-fib, abbreviation for atrial fibrillation Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 479 Agnosia, the inability to interpret sensory information, 437 Agoraphobia, fear of public places, 460 AI. See Aortic insufficiency AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Albinism, genetic condition characterized by reduction of the skin pigment melanin, 90 Albino, a person affected with albinism, or the absence of pigment, 90 Albuminuria, the condition of albumin in the urine, 330 Allergic dermatitis, an immune response to allergens that inflames the skin where it has made physical contact with the allergen, 162 Allergic rhinitis, an immune response to allergens that affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat; also called hay fever, 162 Allergy, the body’s immune response to allergens, 162 skin test, 160f Allograft, a procedure in which skin from another person is grafted onto a person’s existing skin; also called dermatoheteroplasty, 101 Alopecia, baldness; may be a sign of an infection of the scalp, high fevers, drug reactions, or emotional stress, 90 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Alveoli, 234 Alzheimer’s disease, a disease characterized by gradual deterioration in brain function, 437–39 Amastia, lack of breast tissue, although areola and nipple are present, 387

Amblyopia, a common cause of vision loss in children that occurs when the nerve pathway from one eye fails to develop, sending a blurred image to the brain, 476 AMD. See Macular degeneration Amenorrhea, absence of a menstrual discharge in a woman of childbearing age, 384 Amniocentesis, a procedure that involves penetration of the amnion with a syringe and aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis, 413, 414f Amniorrhea, abnormal discharge of amniotic fluid that is a sign of a ruptured amniotic sac, 407 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease characterized by progressive atrophy of muscle, also known as Lou Gehrig disease, 437 Anacusis, a total loss of hearing, 487 Analgesics, a common form of pain management; includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, 450 Anaphylaxis, a reaction to an antigen that spreads quickly to cause bodywide inflammation, which can become life-threatening, 162 Anatomical planes, 65 frontal (coronal), 65, 63f sagittal, 65, 63f transverse, 65, 63f Anatomical position, erect posture of a subject, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and legs together with the feet pointing forward, 63 Anatomy, literally “the process of cutting up”; the study of body structure, 58 Andropathy, a general term for a disease afflicting only males, 372 Anemia, reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues, 163 Anesthesia, the primary type of pain management that is used during surgical procedures, 450 Anesthesiologist, a physician who specializes in anesthesia and the management of pain, 450 Anesthetist, a specialist trained in the administration of anesthetics, 450 Aneurysm, an abnormal bulging of an arterial wall; the bursting of a large aneurysm is usually lifethreatening, resulting in massive hemorrhage, 196, 196f, 438 Angina pectoris, chest pain that is a primary symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart, 196 Angiocarditis, inflammation of the heart and blood vessels, 201 Angiogram, image resulting from an angiography, 213 Angiography, a diagnostic procedure that includes x-ray photography, MRI, or CT scan images

Glossary-Index

of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium, 213 Angioma, a tumor arising from a blood vessel, also known as a hemangioma, 201 Angioplasty, surgical repair of a blood vessel, including balloon angioplasty and laser angioplasty, 213, 213f Angioscope, a modified endoscope that has a camera at one end and video monitor at the opposite end; used to observe a diseased blood vessel, 213 Angioscopy, the use of a flexible, fiber-optic instrument, or endoscope, to observe a diseased blood vessel in order to assess any lesions, 213 Angiospasm, abnormal muscular contractions, or spasms, of the smooth muscles forming the vessel walls, 196 Angiostenosis, narrowing of a blood vessel causing the reduction of blood flow to a part of the body, 197 Angiostomy, creation of an opening into a blood vessel, usually for the insertion of a catheter, 213 Angiotomy, surgical incision into a blood vessel, 213 Anisocytosis, presence of red blood cells of unequal size, 157 Ankylosis, abnormal condition of joint stiffness, 120 Anorchism, absence of one or both testes, 372 Anorexia nervosa, emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food due to a compulsion to become thin in appearance, 289 Anoxia, the absence of oxygen, 50, 230 Antacid, an agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity, 307 Anterior, 64, 64t Anterior plane, 63f Anthrax, a bacterially caused disease that has been threatened for use in bioterrorism, 163 Antianxiety medication, 462 Antibiotic therapy, a therapy against bacterial infections, 177 Antibiotics, substances with known toxicity to bacteria used as a therapy against bacterial infections, 104, 177 discovery of, 177 Anticoagulant, a chemical agent that reduces the clotting process in blood, 177 Anticonvulsants, 452 Antidepressants, 452 Antidiarrheal, 307 Antiemetic, a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex, 307 Antihistamine, a therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of histamines, 257 Anti-impotence therapy, a collection of therapies that address erectile dysfunction, or ED, 336

I-3

Antipsychotics, 452 Antipyretics, 452 Antiretroviral therapy, use of drugs to battle viruses, 178 Antispasmodic, a drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract, 307 Anuria, the production of less than 100 mL of urine per day; a sign of kidney disease, 331 Anxiety disorder, a mental disorder in which anxiety dominates a person’s behavior, 458 Aorta, 193, 193f, 200f Aortic insufficiency (AI), a condition in which the semilunar valve fails to close completely during ventricular diastole causing blood to return to the left ventricle, which makes the left ventricle work harder; also called aortic regurgitation, 201 Aortic regurgitation, a condition in which the semilunar valve fails to close completely during ventricular diastole; also called aortic insufficiency (AI), 201 Aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and aorta, 201 Aortitis, inflammation of the aorta often caused by a bacterial infection, 201 Aortogram, the image resulting from aortography, a procedure that obtains an x-ray photograph, MRI, or CT scan image of the aorta, 214 Aortography, a procedure that obtains an x-ray photograph, MRI, or CT scan image of the aorta; image is called an aortogram, 214 Aphagia, inability to swallow, literally “without eating,” 284 Aphasia, the inability to speak, 8, 24 Aphonia, the absence of voice, 238 Aplastic anemia, a type of anemia in which the red bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of normal blood cells, 163 Apnea, a longer-than-normal pause between breaths, 238 Appendages, the limbs, which are attached to the trunk, and include the head, arms, and legs, 68 Appendectomy, surgical removal of the appendix, 307 Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, 289, 289f Arachnophobia, fear of spiders, 459 ARDS. See Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome Arrhythmia, loss of the normal rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia, 197 Arterial blood gases, clinical test to identify levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood, 258 Arteriogram, the image resulting from arteriography, a procedure that obtains an image of an artery, 214 Arteriography, a procedure that obtains an image of an artery that is called an arteriogram, 214

I-4

Glossary-Index

Arteriopathy, the general term for a disease of an artery, 210 Arterioplasty, a procedure performed to repair an injured artery, 214 Arteriorrhaphy, suturing the opening in an artery after surgical repair, 214 Arteriosclerosis, a disease in which an artery wall becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, resulting in a reduced flow of blood to tissues, 27, 202 Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD), a condition in which the coronary arteries supplying the heart are damaged by arteriosclerosis, 202 Arteriotomy, an incision into an artery, 214 Artery, 193 Arthralgia, joint pain, 25, 115 Arthritis, inflammation and degeneration of a joint, 121, 121f Arthrocentesis, a procedure in which excess fluids are aspirated through a surgical puncture in the joint, 134, 134f Arthrochondritis, inflammation of articular cartilage within synovial joints, 122 Arthroclasia, procedure in which an abnormally stiff joint is broken during surgery to increase range of motion, 135 Arthrodesis, surgical fixation (stabilization) of a joint, 135 Arthrogram, an x-ray image of a joint that is printed on a film, 135 Arthrolysis, a therapy in which a joint is loosened of its restrictions, 135 Arthroplasty, surgical repair of a joint, 135 Arthroscopic surgery, a surgery that involves a visual examination of a joint cavity and integrates fiber optics, live action photography, and computer enhancement, 136, 136f Arthroscopy, an endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity, 136 Arthrotomy, surgical incision into a joint, 136 AS. See Aortic stenosis Asbestosis, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, 250 Ascites, an accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen, 284 ASHD. See Arteriosclerotic heart disease Aspermia, the inability to produce or ejaculate sperm, 370 Asphyxia, absence of respiratory ventilation, or suffocation, 244 Aspiration, a procedure that removes fluid, air, or foreign bodies with suction, 137, 258 Ast. See Astigmatism Asthenopia, eye weakness or eyestrain, 474

Asthma, condition characterized by widespread narrowing of the bronchioles and formation of mucous plugs, 245, 245f Asthmatic bronchitis, a condition of asthma complicated with bronchitis, 245 Astigmatism (Ast), a condition in which the curvature of the eye is defective, producing blurred vision, 480, 481f Ataxia, the inability to coordinate muscles during a voluntary activity or movement, 119 Atelectasis, condition in which trauma or disease causes the alveoli to collapse and prevents air from entering, commonly called collapsed lung, 245 ather/o, fatty plaque, 202 Atherosclerosis, a form of arteriosclerosis in which one or more fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries, 202, 202f Atom, the simplest organized substance of matter, 59, 60f Atrial fibrillation, a condition of uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle forming the atria, involving a reduction of blood expelled from the atria; usually not fatal, 206 Atrial septal defect, a form of congenital heart disease in which the infant’s heart allows blood to move between the two atria because of a small opening in the wall separating them, 203 Atriomegaly, abnormally enlarged or dilated atria with reduced ability to push blood into the ventricles, 203 Atrioventricular block, also known as AV block, an injury to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which normally receives impulses from the sinoatrial node (SA node) and transmits them to the ventricles to stimulate ventricular contraction, 203 Atrophic vaginitis, a form of colpitis including symptoms of thinning of the vaginal wall and loss of moisture, usually due to a depletion of estrogen, 395 Atrophy, lacking development, or wasting, 116 Attention-deficit disorder (ADD), a neurological disorder characterized by short attention span and poor concentration, 459 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurological disorder characterized by short attention span, poor concentration, and hyperactivity; usually associated with schoolage children but can also affect adults and makes learning very difficult, 459 Attenuation, process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent prior to incorporation into a vaccine, 178 Audiologist, specialist in hearing disorders and treatment, 31, 492

Glossary-Index

Audiology, field concerned with hearing disorders, 492 Audiometry, measurement of hearing function, 492, 492f Auscultation, the procedure of listening to internal sounds using a stethoscope, 214, 214f, 249 Autism, developmental disorder that varies in severity, 437 Autograft, a skin graft using one’s own skin; also called dermatoautoplasty, 101 Autoimmune disease, a disease caused by a person’s own immune response attacking otherwise healthy tissues, 164 Autologous transfusion, transfusion of blood donated by a patient for his or her personal use, 178, 178f Automated external defibrillator (AED), a device used to stop the heart from defibrillation and return it to the normal cardiac cycle by applying a surge of electricity, 218, 218f AV block. See Atrioventricular block Azoospermia, absence of living sperm in semen, 371 Azotemia, abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood, 331

B Bacteremia, presence of bacteria in the blood, 158, 158f Bacteria, 158 Bacteriology, the study of bacteria, a subspecialty of immunology, or infectious disease, 157 Bacteriuria, abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine, 317, 331 Balanitis, inflammation of the glans penis, 372 Balanoplasty, surgical repair of the glans penis, 378 Balanorrhea, an abnormal condition of discharge from the glans penis, a symptom of gonorrhea, 370 Balloon angioplasty, 213, 213f Bariatric surgery a surgical procedure for treating obesity in which the body contains an abnormally high amount of fat that threatens the health of the patient, 308, 308f Barium enema (BE), 313 Barium meal, 313 Barium shake, 313 Barium swallow, 313 Basal cell carcinoma, skin tumor that arises from the epidermis, 92, 92f Bell palsy, condition characterized by paralysis of the face muscle on one side, 437 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition of enlarged prostate gland in males older than 50 years; also called benign prostatic hypertrophy, 372, 373f Biceps, 114f

I-5

Biopsy (Bx or bx), a minor surgical procedure that involves the surgical extraction of tissue for microscopic analysis, 23, 100, 397, 397f Bioterrorism, the application of disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) to cause harm to a population, 163 Bipolar disorder, a mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion with low energy and mental depression, 458, 458f Blepharitis, inflammation of the eyelid, 474 Blepharoplasty, a procedure to repair damage to the eyelid, 474 Blood, 60, 153–91, 154, 155f abbreviations for, 185 anatomy and physiology terms, 154–55 diseases and disorders of, 161–74 medical report exercises for, 156–91 medical terms for, 156–59 signs and symptoms of, 157–59 treatments and procedures of, 176–82 Blood–brain barrier, 431 Blood chemistry, tests on a sample of plasma to measure levels of its composition, 178 Blood culture, clinical test to determine infection in the blood, 178 Blood smear, 155f for leukemia, 169f Blood transfusion, addition of blood to restore blood volume to normal levels, 179, 178f Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), a lab test that measures urea concentration in blood as an indicator of kidney function, 344 Body building blocks of, 60f cavities, 69f medical terms, introduction for, 71–76 organization of, 57–76 planes, 64f regions of, 66–67, 67t systems in, 61–62 Bone grafting, a procedure that stimulates the healing process of a fracture, 139 Bone marrow transplant, a procedure that involves the removal of a sample from a compatible donor, usually from red marrow in the pelvis, and its inoculation into the recipient’s red marrow, 180, 180f Bones, 111 parts of, 112f of skeleton, 113f Botulism, life-threatening food-borne illness caused by Clostridium botulinum, 164 BPH. See Benign prostatic hyperplasia Bradycardia, an abnormally slow heart rate, 50, 197

I-6

Glossary-Index

Bradykinesia, abnormally slow movements, 50, 116 Bradypnea, abnormal slowing of the breathing rhythm, 239 Brain, 429, 431f Breast cancer, a malignant tumor arising from breast tissue, 409 Breech presentation, abnormal childbirth presentation in which the buttocks, feet, or knees appear through the birth canal first, 409 Bronchiectasis, chronic abnormal dilation of the bronchi, 245 Bronchiole, 246 Bronchiolitis, inflammation of the small tubes in the lungs, 246 Bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchi, 246 Bronchodilation, procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent to relax the smooth muscles of the airways in an effort to stop bronchial constriction, 258 Bronchogenic carcinoma, aggressive form of cancer in cells of the bronchi; it is the most common form of any type of cancer, 246, 246f Bronchogram, x-ray image of the bronchi, 259 Bronchography, the x-ray imaging of the bronchi using a contrast medium to highlight the bronchial tree, 259 Bronchopneumonia, acute inflammatory disease that involves the bronchioles and alveoli; also called lobar pneumonia, 247 Bronchoscope, a modified endoscope that is a flexible fiber-optic tube with a small lens and eyepiece for viewing the bronchi on a computer monitor, 259, 259f Bronchoscopy, evaluation of the trachea and bronchi using a bronchoscope, which is inserted through the nose, 259, 259f Bronchospasm, a narrowing of the airway caused by contraction of smooth muscles in the bronchioles, 27, 239 Bulimia, eating disorder involving repeated gorging with food followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse, 289 BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen Bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe, 122 Burn, caused by excessive exposure to fire, chemicals, or sunlight and measured by total body surface area (TBSA) and depth of the damage, 90 classification, 90f Bursectomy, a surgery involving the removal of a bursa from a joint, 136 Bursitis, inflammation of a bursa, 122

Bursolith, a calcium deposit or stone within a bursa, 122 Bx, bx. See Biopsy

C C&S. See Stool culture and sensitivity CABG. See Coronary artery bypass graft CAD. See Coronary artery disease Calcipenia. See Hypocalcemia Candida albicans, 417 Candidiasis, infection by the yeastlike fungi, Candida albicans, often sexually transmitted, 417 Carbon dioxide, 234 Carbuncle, a skin infection composed of a cluster of boils, 91, 91f Carcinoma, cancer arising from the epidermis of the skin and other epithelial tissues, 91 Carcinoma in situ (CIS of the cervix), literally “cancer in site,” referring to the presence of cancer in an organ before it spreads through metastasis. When occurring in the cervix, it arises from cells of the cervix, 389 Cardiac arrest, the cessation of heart activity, 199 Cardiac catheterization, insertion of a narrow flexible tube, called a catheter, through a blood vessel leading into the heart, 215, 215f Cardiac or coronary angiography, a diagnostic procedure that includes x-ray photography, MRI, or CT scan images of the heart after injection of a contrast medium; a form of angiography, 213 Cardiac pacemaker, a battery-powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired to the inner wall of the heart to help control abnormal heart rhythms, 215, 215f Cardiac tamponade, acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity, 204 Cardiac ultrasonography, another term for echocardiography, an ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through the heart to evaluate heart function; recorded data is typically called an echocardiogram, 219 Cardiodynia, heart pain, 197 Cardiogenic, a symptom or sign that originates from a condition of the heart, 198 Cardiologist, physician specializing in the branch of medicine known as cardiology, 195 Cardiology, the study or science of the heart; branch of medicine that provides clinical treatment for heart disease, 10, 13, 195 Cardiomegaly, an enlarged heart, which occurs when the heart must work harder than normal to meet the oxygen demands of body cells, 204

Glossary-Index

Cardiomyopathy, a general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart, 204 Cardiopathy, disease of the heart, 13 Cardiopulmonary, pertaining to the heart and lungs, 14 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, an emergency procedure that is used to maintain some blood flow to vital organs until the heart can be restarted; commonly abbreviated CPR, 216, 267 Cardiovalvulitis, inflammation of the valves of the heart that is usually diagnosed from the presence of a heart murmur, which is a gurgling sound detected during auscultation, 204 Cardiovascular, 193 Cardiovascular system, 61, 192–227, 194f abbreviations of, 225 anatomy and physiology, 193–94 diseases and disorders of, 200–211 medical report exercises for, 229–33 medical terms for, 195–96 signs and symptoms of, 196–98 treatments, procedures, devices of, 212–23 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), a repetitive stress injury of the wrist, 122, 134f Carpoptosis, weakness of the wrist that results in difficulty supporting the hand, 123 CAT scan, acronym for computed axial tomography scanning, it is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses x-ray technology with computer enhancement and analysis to observe internal body structures, also called CT scan, 73, 75f Cataract, a condition in which the eye lens transparency is reduced, 476 Cataract extraction, procedure to remove a lens damaged by a cataract and replace with an artificial lens called an intraocular lens, 484, 484f Cathartic, an agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the colon, 308 Catheter, 215, 339 Cavities, internal spaces of the body that are lined with a membrane and house one or more organs, 67, 68f CBC. See Complete blood count Cecum, 280 Celiac disease, an immune response triggered by gluten ingestion that results in damage to the villi lining the small intestine, causing a failure to absorb nutrients, 301 Cell, the most basic unit of life, 59 Cellulite, a local uneven surface of the skin caused by fat deposition, 83 Cellulitis, inflammation of the connective tissue in the dermis caused by an infection, 92, 92f Central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord, abbreviated CNS, 429

I-7

Cephalalgia, the clinical term for a headache, or a generalized pain in the region of the head, 433 Cerebellitis, inflammation of the cerebellum, 437 Cerebellum, 429, 438f Cerebral aneurysm, a bulging wall of a blood vessel in the brain, 449, 449f Cerebral angiography, a diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain by x-ray photography, 449, 449f Cerebral atherosclerosis, accumulation of fatty plaques that cause arteries supplying the brain to gradually close, 438 Cerebral concussion, physical damage to the cerebrum that results in head pain, dizziness, and sometimes nausea; a more severe brain injury, called traumatic brain injury, often involves bleeding that can result in functional losses and death, 441 Cerebral embolism, a moving blood clot in an artery of the brain, 438 Cerebral hemorrhage, bleeding from cerebral blood vessels, 439 Cerebral palsy, a condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a partial muscle paralysis, 439 Cerebral thrombosis, condition of a stationary blood clot in an artery of the brain, 442 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear fluid produced within the ventricles of the brain that provides a protective liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord, 443 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), an acute event that is an irreversible death of brain cells caused by inadequate blood supply to the brain, 432, 439 causes of, 440f warning signs, 440 Cervical cancer, a malignant tumor of the cervix; the most common form of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the epithelial cells lining the opening into the uterus, 389 Cervical conization, procedure in which a coneshaped section of precancerous or cancerous tissue of the cervix is removed, 399 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the abnormal development of cells within the cervix resulting in tumor formation, which has the potential of becoming cancerous, 389 Cervicectomy, surgical removal of the cervix, 398 Cervicitis, inflammation of the cervix, 389 Cervix, 367 Cesarean section, an alternative to the nonsurgical birth of a child through the birth canal, birthing can be accomplished surgically by making

I-8

Glossary-Index

an incision through the abdomen and uterus, abbreviated C-section, 414 CF. See Cystic fibrosis Chalazion, an infection of an eyelid, 478 Chancres, small ulcers on the skin, a symptom of syphilis, 317 Cheilitis, inflammation of the lip, 289 Cheilorrhaphy, procedure of suturing a lip, 309 Cheilosis, condition of the lip, including splitting of the lips and angles of the mouth, 289 Chemical peel, a procedure in which a chemical agent is used to remove the outer epidermal layers to treat acne, wrinkles, and sun-damaged skin, 101 Chest CT scan, diagnostic imaging of the chest by computed tomography (CT), 260, 260f Chest radiograph, another term for chest x-ray, an x-ray image of the thoracic cavity used to diagnose TB, tumors, and other lung conditions, 260 Chest x-ray, x-ray image of the thoracic cavity used to diagnose TB, tumors, and other lung conditions; also called chest radiograph, 225, 225f Cheyne-Stokes respiration, a sign of brain dysfunction or congestive heart failure characterized by a repeated pattern of distressed breathing with a gradual increase of deep breathing, then shallow breathing, and apnea, 239 CHF. See Congestive heart failure Chiropractic, the field of therapy that is centered on manipulation of bones and joints, most commonly the vertebral column, 31, 136 Chiropractor, a practitioner of the field of therapy centered on manipulation of bones and joints, most commonly the vertebral column, 136 Chlamydia, the most common bacterial STI in North America, 417 Cholecystectomy, surgical removal of the gallbladder, 308 Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by gallstones lodged within it, 291, 291f Cholecystogram, x-ray image of the gallbladder, 309 Cholecystography, procedure of producing an x-ray image, or cholecystogram, of the gallbladder, 309 Choledochitis, inflammation of the common bile duct, 290 Choledocholithiasis, presence of stones within the common bile duct, 290 Choledocholithotomy, surgery that involves the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common bile duct, 309

Cholelithiasis, generalized condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts, 12, 290 Cholesteatoma, formation of a cyst-like ball of epithelial cells in the middle ear; the term literally means “tumor of cholesterol,” 489 Chondrectomy, surgical removal, or excision, of the cartilage associated with a joint, 32, 137 Chondroplasty, surgical repair of cartilage, 137 Chronic, a disease of long duration, 72 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reduced flow of air to and from the alveoli in the lungs that may result from chronic bronchitis or emphysema; a progressive disease that makes breathing very difficult, 247 Cicatrices, 83 Cicatrix, clinical term for scar tissue, 83 CIN. See Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Circumcision, removal of the prepuce, or foreskin, of the penis, 50, 378, 378f Cirrhosis, chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other forms of connective tissue, 291, 291f Clavicle, 113 Cleft palate, a congenital defect in which the bones supporting the roof of the mouth, or hard palate, fail to fuse during fetal development, leaving a space between the oral cavity and nasal cavity, 291, 291f Clinical psychologists, mental health professionals trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders, 432, 444 Clinical psychology, a subdiscipline of psychology that treats patients suffering from behavioral disorders and emotional trauma, 455 Closed fracture, 139 Clostridium botulinum, 164, 294 Clostridium tetani, 174 CNS. See Central nervous system Coagulation time, blood test that determines the time required for a blood clot to form, 180 Coarctation of the aorta, a congenital heart disease affecting the infant’s aorta that causes reduced systemic circulation of blood and accumulation of fluid in the lungs; requires surgical repair, 201 Coccidioidomycosis, fungal infection of the upper respiratory tract; caused by Coccidioides immitis organism, also called valley fever due to its place of origin in the San Joaquin Valley of California, 247 Cochlea, 447f Cochlear implant, a small electronic device that helps to provide a sensation of sound to a

Glossary-Index

person who is profoundly deaf or very hard of hearing, 493, 493f Colectomy, surgical removal of a segment of the colon, 310 Colitis, inflammation of the colon; if chronic bleeding of the colon wall produces bloody diarrhea, the condition is called ulcerative colitis, 292 Collapsed lung, common term for atelectasis, a condition in which trauma or disease causes the alveoli to collapse and prevents air from entering, 252 Colon, 280, 281f Colonic irrigation, 312 Colonoscopy, a visual inspection of the colon’s interior using a specialized endoscope, 303, 309, 312, 313f Colorectal cancer, cancer of the colon and the rectum that often arises as a polyp to become an aggressive, metastatic tumor, 293, 292f Colostomy, surgical creation of an opening in the colon to serve as an artificial anus, 310, 310f Colpectomy, surgical removal of the vagina, also called vaginectomy, 398 Colpodynia, a symptom of vaginal pain, 384 Colpoplasty, surgical repair of the vagina, 398 Colporrhaphy, a procedure involving suturing the wall of the vagina, 398 Colposcopy, 398 Coma, abnormally decreased consciousness, 441 Combining form, a word part that includes the word root and a combining vowel, which carries the primary meaning of the word, 9, 10 Combining vowel, 9, 10 Comedo, skin blemish that is caused by a buildup of sebaceous oils; pimple, 83 Comedones, 83 Communicable disease, disease capable of transmission from one person to another, 164 Complete blood count, common laboratory blood test that provides diagnostic information about a patient’s general health, 180 Computed axial tomography scanning. See CAT scan Computed tomography, a procedure that involves the use of a computer to interpret a series of images and construct from them a threedimensional view of the brain, also called CT scan, 75, 75f, 452 Concussion, an injury to the brain that results from a blow or violent shaking, 441 Congenital anomaly, an abnormality present at birth, 409 Congenital heart disease, a general condition present at birth that centers on a malfunction of the heart, 209

I-9

Congenital hypothyroidism, formerly known as cretinism; a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce normal levels of growth hormone at birth, 515 Congestive heart failure (CHF), a chronic form of heart disease characterized by the failure of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic tissues and lungs, also known as leftventricular failure, 205 Conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva, 476, 476f Constipation, infrequent or incomplete bowel movements, 284 Constructed terms, 5 Contact dermatitis, a type of skin inflammation caused by physical contact with a triggering substance, such as poison ivy, 92 Contact lenses, 480 Contagious disease, another term for communicable disease, a disease capable of transmission from one person to another, 164, 165f Continuous positive airway pressure, a device that is commonly used to regulate breathing during sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea, abbreviated CPAP, 261, 261f Contraception, the use of devices and drugs to prevent fertilization, implantation of a fertilized egg, or both, 40, 415 Contusion, commonly known as a bruise, 83 Convulsion, a series of involuntary muscular spasms, 41, 440 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cor pulmonale, the chronic enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from congestion of the pulmonary circulation, also known as rightventricular failure, 205 Cornea, 471 Corneal grafting, the surgical removal of an injured cornea and replacement with a donor cornea, 483 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), a surgical procedure that involves removing a blood vessel from another part of the body and inserting it into the coronary circulation, 217, 217f Coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease that afflicts the coronary arteries supplying the heart, 205 Coronary occlusion, a blockage within a coronary artery, resulting in a reduced blood flow to an area of the heart muscle, 206 Coronary stent, an artificial, metallic scaffold that is used to support an injured blood vessel, compress an atherosclerotic plaque, or anchor a surgical implant or graft, 217, 217f Corrective lenses, 480, 481 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 165f

I-10 Glossary-Index

Coryza, an infection of the upper respiratory tract that causes local inflammation and a runny nose; also called rhinitis, 73, 247 Cosmetic surgery, a procedure in which the skin is surgically changed to enhance appearance, 102 Costectomy, a surgery involving the removal of a rib, 137 Coumadin. See Warfarin Cowpox, 180 CP. See Cardiodynia (chest pain); Cerebral palsy CPAP. See Continuous positive airway pressure CPR. See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Cramps, prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions, 123 Cranial cavity, the dorsal body cavity that houses the brain, 68 Craniectomy, surgical removal of part of the bony cranium, 451 Cranioplasty, a surgery that involves repair of one or more bones of the cranium, 137 Craniotome, 451 Craniotomy, a surgical incision through the cranium to provide access to the brain, 35, 137, 451 Creatinine, a protein that is a normal component of urine in small amounts and is measured in urine samples, 329 Crohn’s disease, chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall, also known as regional ileitis and regional enteritis, 294 Crossmatching, blood type work to prevent blood incompatibility, the dangerous combination of two blood types, 181 Croup, viral infectious disease common among infants and young children that produces a characteristic hoarse cough that sounds like the bark of a dog due to swelling of the larynx, also known by the clinical term laryngotracheobronchitis or LTB, 247 Cryopexy, treatment for detached retina in which tiny holes are created through the retina by laser treatment, which “welds” the retina back into place, 484 Cryptorchidism, condition of an undescended testis, also called cryptorchism, 372, 372f Cryptorchism, a condition of an undescended testis, also called cryptorchidism, 372, 372f CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid CT scan. See Computed tomography CTS. See Carpal tunnel syndrome Cushing syndrome, an endocrine disease characterized by excessive secretion of cortisol that affects many organs, 511, 511f CVA. See Cerebrovascular accident

CXR. See Chest x-ray Cyanosis, a blue tinge seen in the skin and mucous membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in tissues, 85, 198 Cyst, a closed sac or pouch filled with fluid, 84 Cystectomy, surgical removal of the urinary bladder, 344 Cystic fibrosis, a severe hereditary disease characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory and digestive tracts and elsewhere in the body, 248 Cystitis, inflammation of the urinary bladder, 335 Cystocele, a protrusion of the urinary bladder against the wall of the vagina, 335, 390 Cystogram, the x-ray image of the urinary bladder that results from a procedure called cystography that involves the injection of a contrast medium or dye, 345 Cystography, an x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder with injection of a contrast medium or dye, 346 Cystolith, a stone in the urinary bladder, 336 Cystolithotomy, the removal of a stone through an incision in the urinary bladder wall, 346 Cystoplasty, surgical repair of the urinary bladder, 345 Cystorrhaphy, suturing of the urinary bladder wall, 345 Cystoscope, specialized endoscope associated with observing the interior of the urinary bladder, 345f, 346, 355 Cystoscopy, a diagnostic procedure that uses a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder, 346, 346f, 355 Cystostomy, the surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder, 346, 346f Cystotomy, an incision through the urinary bladder wall, also called vesicotomy, 347 Cystoureterogram, the image obtained from a cystoureterography, 345 Cystoureterography, a cystography that includes the ureters, 345 Cystourethrogram, the image formed during a cystourethrography, 345 Cystourethrography, a cystography that includes the urethra, 345

D D&C. See Dilation and curettage Dacryocystitis, inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus, 476 Dacryocystorhinostomy, a procedure in which a channel is surgically created between the nasal (or nose) cavity and lacrimal sac to promote drainage, 485

Glossary-Index I-11

Dacryolithiasis, the presence of rocky (or rocklike) particles in the lacrimal apparatus, 477 Dacryosinusitis, inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus and the adjacent sinuses, 477 Debridement, excision of foreign matter and unwanted tissue with irrigation, 100, 100f Decalcification, an abnormal reduction of calcium in bone, 116 Decubitus ulcer, a common form of ulcer that arises from lack of movement when lying supine for an extended period of time, 87 Deep, 64t Deep burn, 90 Deep tendon reflexes (DTR), reflex tests that involve percussion, 456 Defibrillation, an electric charge applied to the chest wall to stop the heart conduction system momentarily, then restart it with a more normal heart rhythm, 218, 218f Degenerative joint disease (DJD), a progressive disease of the joints in which the cartilage degenerates, 123 Dementia, an impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion; usually associated with old age and sometimes accompanies Alzheimer’s disease, 459 Depth, of burn, 90 Dermabrasion, form of cosmetic surgery in which the skin is surgically changed to improve appearance, 101 Dermatitis, a generalized inflammation of the skin involving edema, 92, 92f Dermatoautoplasty, surgery in which the patient’s own skin is used as a graft, also called an autograft, 101 Dermatoheteroplasty, a procedure in which skin from another person is grafted onto a person’s existing skin; also called allograft, 101 Dermatologist, a physician who specializes in the field of dermatology, 10, 83 Dermatology, the medical field that specializes in the health and disease of the integumentary system, 83 Dermatome, an instrument that cuts thin slices of skin for grafting or removes small skin lesions, 101 Dermatoplasty, surgical repair of the skin, 101 Dermis, the inner, deep layer of the skin composed of connective tissue, 48, 48f, 80 Detached retina, tearing-away of the retina from the choroid layer of the eye, a common cause of blindness, 477 Diabetes insipidus (DI), a disease characterized by polydipsia and polyuria, 512 Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, 512, 513f

Diabetic nephropathy, kidney damage from unmanaged diabetes resulting in large fluctuations in blood sugar levels, leading to circulatory deficiencies, 512 Diabetic neuropathy, peripheral nerve damage resulting from unmanaged diabetes, 512 Diabetic retinopathy, a form of blindness that is associated with diabetes mellitus, 512 Diagnosis, following an examination, an identification of a disease, 14, 71 Diagnostic imaging, a noninvasive procedure using instrumentation that seeks to establish a diagnosis by observing body structure and/or function, 73 Diaphragm, the skeletal muscle separating the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; functions in respiratory movements, 67 Diaphysis, 284 Diarrhea, frequent discharge of watery fecal material, 284 Differential count, a blood test in which the number of each type of white blood cell is determined, 180 Digestion, 280, 281 Digestive, 280, 281 Digestive flora. See Intestinal flora Digestive system, 62, 279–325 abbreviations of, 318 anatomy and physiology terms, 280–81 diseases and disorders of, 288–303 medical report exercises, 322–26 medical terms for, 282–83 organs of, 281f signs and symptoms of, 284–88 treatments, procedures, devices of, 306–315 Digital rectal examination (DRE), a physical exam that involves the insertion of a finger into the rectum to feel the size and shape of the prostate gland through the wall of the rectum, 378, 379f Dilation and curettage (D&C), a common procedure that is used for both diagnostic and treatment purposes involving the widening of the cervical canal and scraping of the uterus lining, 398 Diphtheria, infectious disease resulting in acute inflammation with formation of a leathery membrane in the throat, 165, 166f Diplopia, a condition of double vision, 42, 477 Direct inguinal hernia, type of hernia that is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity in males, 299 Directional terms, words used to describe the relative location of the body or its parts, 63–64, 64t

I-12 Glossary-Index

Disease, a failure of homeostasis resulting in instability of health, 71 of blood and lymphatic system, 161–75 of cardiovascular system, 200–211 of digestive system, 288–303 of ear, 488–90 of endocrine system, 509–17 of eye, 475–81 of female reproductive system, 387–95 of integumentary system, 89–98 of male reproductive system, 372–77 mental health, 457–60 of nervous system, 437–47 of obstetrics, 413–16 of respiratory system, 244–55 of skeletal and muscular systems, 119–32 suffixes indicating, 25–27 of urinary system, 335–42 Diskectomy, a surgery that involves the removal of the intervertebral disk, 138 Disorders of blood and lymphatic system, 161–75 of cardiovascular system, 200–211 of digestive system, 288–303 of ear, 488–90 of endocrine system, 509–517 of eye, 475–81 of female reproductive system, 387–95 of integumentary system, 89–99 of male reproductive system, 372–77 mental health, 457–60 of nervous system, 436–47 of obstetrics, 413–18 of respiratory system, 244–55 of skeletal and muscular systems, 119–32 suffixes indicating, 25–27 of urinary system, 335–42 Distal, 64t Diuresis, the temporary, excessive discharge of urine, 331 Diverticula, small pouches that form on the wall of the colon, often present without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort known as diverticulosis, 293 Diverticulitis, condition of inflammation of diverticula, or small pouches on the wall of the colon, 293 Diverticulosis, presence of small pouches called diverticula on the wall of the colon, often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort, 293, 293f DJD. See Degenerative joint disease See Duchenne muscular dystrophy DO. See Osteopath Doppler sonography, an ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow through a blood vessel, 218

Dorsal, 64 Dorsal cavity, the body cavity on the posterior side of the body that includes the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity, 67 Down syndrome, 409 DRE. See Digital rectal examination DTR. See Deep tendon reflexes Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a condition that causes skeletal muscle degeneration with progressive muscle weakness and deterioration, 123 Duodenal ulcer, ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine, 294 Duodenum (of small intestine), 280 Dwarf, an individual with abnormally short limbs and stature, 120, 120f Dwarfism, condition characterized by abnormally short limbs and stature, 120, 120f Dyscrasia, any abnormal condition of the blood, 165 Dysentery, acute inflammation of the GI tract that is caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants, 294 Dyskinesia, difficulty in movement, 117 Dyslexia, a reading handicap in which the brain reverses the order of some letters and numbers, 50, 459 Dysmenorrhea, abnormal pain during menstruation, 384 Dyspepsia, commonly called indigestion, it is accompanied by stomach or esophageal pain or discomfort, 285 Dysphagia, difficulty in swallowing, 24, 285 Dysphonia, hoarse voice, 239 Dyspnea, difficult breathing, 239 Dysrhythmia, another term for arrhythmia, an abnormal heart rhythm, 197 Dystocia, difficult labor, 407 Dystrophy, a deformity that arises during development, 117 Dysuria, difficulty or pain during urination, 331

E E. coli, 282 Ear, 486–494 abbreviations of, 495 anatomy and physiology terms, 470–71 diseases and disorders of, 488–90 lateral view of, 471f medical report exercises, 500–501 medical terms of, 472 signs and symptoms of, 486 treatments, procedures, and devices of, 491–94 Ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT), physician who specializes in treatment of upper

Glossary-Index I-13

respiratory tract disease; also called an otolaryngologist, 237 Ecchymosis, condition caused by leaking blood vessels in the dermis, producing purplish patches of purpura, 93 ECG. See Electrocardiogram Echocardiogram, recorded data resulting from echocardiography, an ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through the heart to evaluate heart function, 219 Echocardiography, an ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through the heart to evaluate heart function; recorded data is typically called an echocardiogram, 219 EchoEG. See Echoencephalography Echoencephalography, a procedure that uses ultrasound technology to record brain structures, 451 Eclampsia, a condition of high blood pressure associated with a pregnancy that may worsen to cause convulsions and possibly coma and death, 410 Ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy occurring outside the uterus, 46, 410, 410f Eczema, a skin disease marked by severe chronic pruritus and deep scaliness; also called atopic dermatitis, 92 ED. See Erectile dysfunction Edema, swelling due to leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the interstitial space between body cells, 84, 163, 163f, 252 EEG. See Electroencephalography Effectual drug therapy, a general type of treatment to manage neurological disorders, 452 EKG. See Electrocardiogram Electrical bone stimulation, a procedure that applies electricity to stimulate the healing process of a fracture, 139 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), recorded data resulting from electrocardiography, a procedure in which electrodes are pasted to the skin of the chest to detect and measure the electrical events of the heart conduction system, 220, 220f Electrocardiography, a procedure in which electrodes are pasted to the skin of the chest to detect and measure the electrical events of the heart conduction system and used to evaluate heart function; the record or image of the data is called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), 220, 220f Electroencephalography (EEG), a diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the brain to measure brain activity, 452, 452f

Electromyography, a procedure that provides electrical stimulation of a muscle and records and analyzes the contractions, 139 Em. See Emmetropia Embolectomy, the surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus, 221 Embolism, a blockage or occlusion caused by a blood clot or foreign particle (including air or fat), an embolus, that moves through the circulation, 26, 206, 252 Embolus, an abnormal particle or blood clot that moves along with the bloodstream, 206, 252 Emmetropia (Em), the normal condition of the eye, 480, 481f Emollient, a chemical agent that softens or smoothes the skin, 101 Emphysema, chronic lung disease characterized by dyspnea, chronic cough, barrel chest, and chronic hypoxemia and hypercapnia, 248, 248f Empyema, another term for pyothorax, or the presence of pus in the pleural cavity, 253 Encephalitis, inflammation of the brain, 441 Encephalomalacia, an abnormal softening of brain tissue, 441 End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), life-threatening condition in which both kidneys fail to form urine; also called renal failure, 336 Endarterectomy, the surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery to remove a fatty plaque, 221 Endocarditis, inflammation of the endocardium, 20, 206 Endocervicitis, a form of cervicitis that occurs when the inner lining of the cervix becomes inflamed, 389 Endocrine system, 63, 503–525 abbreviations of, 525 anatomy and physiology terms, 503–504 diseases and disorders of, 509–17 medical report exercises, 505–8 medical terms for, 506 signs and symptoms of, 506–518 treatments, procedure, devices of, 520–524 Endocrinologist, a physician specializing in endocrinology, 520 Endocrinology, the field of medicine that focuses on the study and treatment of endocrine disorders, 506, 520 Endocrinopathy, a general term for disease of the endocrine system, 514 Endometrial ablation, a procedure in which lasers, electricity, or heat is used to destroy the endometrium, 308 Endometrial cancer, a malignant tumor arising from the endometrial tissue lining the uterus, 300 stages of, 300f

I-14 Glossary-Index

Endometriosis, a condition of abnormal growth of endometrial tissue throughout areas of the pelvic cavity, including the external walls of the uterus, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, and even on the peritoneum, 301 Endometritis, inflammation of the endometrium usually caused by bacterial infection, 301 Endoscope, a flexible fiber-optic instrument that provides a visual examination of various parts of the body, 73f, 73f Endoscopy, a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a device that can be inserted into body orifices; a camera at one end enables a health professional to observe interior body spaces, 73, 73f Endotracheal, 261 Endotracheal intubation, insertion of a noncollapsible breathing tube into the trachea by way of the nose or mouth, 261 Enema, 313 ENT. See Ears, nose, and throat specialist Enteritis, inflammation of the small or large intestine, 294 Enuresis, the involuntary release of urine, 336 EP studies. See Evoked potential studies Epicondylitis, inflammation of bony elevations (epicondyles) near the elbow joint, 123 Epidermis, the superficial layer of the skin, composed of epithelium, 14, 45, 45f, 79, 79f Epididymis, 366f Epididymitis, inflammation of the epididymis, 374 Epidural block, the injection of a spinal block anesthetic into the epidural space, 415 Epigastric, the upper central abdominal region, 66 Epiglottis, 236f Epiglottitis, inflammation of the epiglottis, 249 Epilepsy, a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, including convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness that results from sudden, uncontrolled bursts of electrical activity in the brain, 441 Episiotomy, an incision through the vulva and perineum to widen the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing during childbirth, 340 Epispadias, a congenital defect that results in the abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus, 336 Epistaxis, nosebleed, 240 Epstein-Barr virus, 171, 171f Erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to achieve an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse, also known as impotence, 374 Erythema, any redness of the skin, 84 Erythroblastosis fetalis, a condition of neonates in which red blood cells are destroyed due to an incompatibility between the mother’s blood and

baby’s blood, also called hemolytic disease of the newborn, 411, 411f Erythrocytopenia, an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells; also called erythropenia, 158 Erythrocytosis, an abnormal increase in number of red blood cells; also called polycythemia, 158 Erythropenia, abnormally reduced number of red blood cells; also called erythrocytopenia, 158 Esophageal atresia, 409 Esophageal cancer, 294 Esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus often caused by acid reflux, 21, 294 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 312 Esophagomalacia, morbid softening of the esophageal wall caused by chronic esophagitis, 294 Esophagoscopy, 312 Esophagus, 280, 281f Essential hypertension, 207 ESWL. See Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Etiology, the study or science of cause, 72 Eupnea, normal breathing rhythm, 238 Evoked potential studies (EP studies), a group of diagnostic tests that measure changes in brain waves during particular stimuli to determine brain function, 452 Exophthalmos, the condition of abnormal protrusion of the eyes, 507, 507f Expectorant, a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes the coughing reflex to expel the mucus, 261 External fixation, a procedure done during fracture reduction in which metal rods and pins are attached from outside the skin surface to stabilize the alignment, 139 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a lithotripsy procedure in which ultrasonic energy from a source outside of the body is used on stones that are too large to pass through the urethra, 348 Eye, 473–495 abbreviations of, 495 anatomy and physiology terms, 470–71 diseases and disorders, 498–499 lateral view of, 471f medical report exercises, 498–499 medical terms of, 472 signs and symptoms of, 472–73 treatments, procedures, devices of, 482–84

F FAS. See Fetal alcohol syndrome Fascia, layer of tough connective tissue surrounding muscle, 138

Glossary-Index I-15

Fasciotomy, a surgical incision into the fascia, the connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle, 138 Fasting blood sugar (FBS), a procedure that measures blood sugar levels after a 12-hour fast, 521 FBS. See Fasting blood sugar Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces, 311 Female contraception, 414 Female reproductive system, 62, 367f diseases and disorders of, 387–95 signs and symptoms of, 384–86 treatments, procedures, devices of, 397–407 Femur, 112 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a neonatal condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy, 411 Fetometry, a procedure that measures the size of a fetus using ultrasound technology on the pregnant mother in the technique known as obstetrical sonography, 415 Fever, 72 Fibrillation, a condition of uncoordinated rapid contractions of the ventricles or atria, 206 Fibrocystic breast disease, inherited condition of one or more benign, fibrous cysts that develop within the breast, 391 Fibroid tumors, 391, 391f. See also Leiomyomas Fibromyalgia, a disease of unknown origin that produces widespread pain of musculoskeletal structures of the limbs, face, and trunk (but not joints), 123, 391 Fibromyalgia syndrome, 123 Fissure, the clinical term for a narrow break or slit in the skin, 84, 84f Fistula, an abnormal passage from one organ or cavity to another: a rectovaginal fistula occurs between the vagina and rectum, and a vesicovaginal fistula occurs between the urinary bladder and the vagina, 29, 391 Flatulence, gas expelled through the anus, 274, 285 Flatus, presence of gas, or air, in the GI tract, 285 Floating kidney, another name for nephroptosis, which is the condition of a downward displacement of a kidney, 340 FOBT. See Fecal occult blood test Folliculitis, inflammation of the hair follicles, 92 Food-borne illness, ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria can cause symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting; Clostridium botulinum causes the food-borne illness known as botulism, 294 Fracture, clinical term for a break in the bone, 124 categories of, 124t

Fracture reduction, a procedure that involves aligning the broken bones to their normal positions, 139 Frontal (coronal) plane, a vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions, 65, 65f Fulguration, a surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with electric current, used to remove tumors and polyps from interior wall of the bladder, 347 Full-thickness burns, 89, 89f Fungal septicemia, a fungal infection that spreads throughout the body by way of the bloodstream; also called fungemia, 166 Fungemia, fungal infection that spreads throughout the body by way of the bloodstream; also called fungal septicemia, 166 Furuncle, abscess associated with a hair follicle, 85, 85f

G Gamete, 365 Ganglionectomy, the surgical removal of a ganglion, also called gangliectomy, 453 Gastralgia, another term for gastrodynia, or stomach pain, 294 Gastrectasis, abnormal stretching of the stomach, 294 Gastrectomy, surgical removal of part of the stomach or, in extreme cases, the entire organ, 311 Gastric cancer, an aggressive, metastatic cancer arising from cells lining the stomach, commonly known as stomach cancer, 295, 295f Gastric lavage, cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed solution, 311 Gastric ulcer, ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the stomach, 296, 302 Gastritis, inflammation of the stomach, 21, 26, 296 Gastrocnemius, 115 Gastroduodenitis, inflammation of the stomach and the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, 296 Gastrodynia, symptom of stomach pain, also known as gastralgia, 285 Gastroenteritis, inflammation of the stomach and small intestine, 8, 296 Gastroenterocolitis, inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon all at once, 296 Gastroenterologist, physician who treats disease of the stomach or intestines, 283 Gastroesophageal, 296 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), condition of recurring reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, 296

I-16 Glossary-Index

Gastromalacia, softening of the stomach wall, 297 Gastromegaly, abnormal enlargement of the stomach, 294 Gastroscopy, 312 Gavage, process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach, 311 Genital herpes, a type of herpes characterized by periodic outbreaks of ulcerlike sores on the external genitals; caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2, 417 GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease GI endoscopy, visual examination of the GI tract made possible by the use of an endoscope, 312, 313f GI series, diagnostic techniques that provide radiographic examination of the GI tract, usually by means of barium swallow, barium shake, or barium meal (upper GI) or barium enema (BE) (lower GI), 313, 313f Giardia intestinalis, 297 Giardia lamblia, 297 Giardiasis, infection by the intestinal protozoa Giardia intestinalis or Giardia lamblia produces symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, and nausea and vomiting, 297, 297f Gingivectomy, surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums, or gingiva, 313 Gingivitis, inflammation of the gums, or gingivae, 297 Glands, 81, 503 Glaucoma, a loss of vision caused by an increase in the fluid pressure within the anterior chamber of the eyeball, 477, 477f Glioma, a tumor of neuroglial cells, 442, 442f Glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the glomeruli, 337 Glomerulonephropathy, any disease of the glomeruli, 337 Glomerulus, a coiled capillary tucked within the space of a Bowman’s capsule through which blood passes, which permits the movement of fluids through openings in its wall during the process of filtration, 337, 330f Glossitis, inflammation of the tongue often caused by exposure to allergens, toxic substances, or extreme heat or cold, 297 Glossopathy, disease of the tongue, 297 Glossorrhaphy, surgical repair of the tongue, 314 Glucose tolerance test (GTT), a test in which glucose is given orally or intravenously and blood sugar levels are measured at timed intervals, 516 Gluten sensitivity enteropathy, 301 Glycosuria, the abnormal presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine, 331

Goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland on the anterior side of the neck, 507 Gonorrhea, an STI that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 417 Gout, caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints; usually affects the big toe joints, 125, 125f, Graves’ disease. See Hyperthyroidism Gray matter, 429 Growth hormone (GH), 517 GTT. See Glucose tolerance test GYN. See Gynecology Gynecologist, 399 Gynecology, branch of medicine focusing on women; a physician known as an obstetrician-gynecologist combines these two areas of expertise, abbreviated OB/GYN, 368, 399 Gynopathologist, 399 Gynopathology, the study of diseases that afflict women, 399

H Hair follicles, 80, 81f Hair (root), 81f Halitosis, condition of bad breath, 285 HCT, Hct. See Hematocrit HD. See Hemodialysis Head and neck specialist, physician who treats disease of the mouth or throat, 283 Headache. See Cephalalgia Hearing, medical terms of, 472 Heart, 193 internal anatomy of, 195f Heart attack, the common name for myocardial infarction, or MI, the death of a portion of the myocardium, 208 Heart block, an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart, 206 Heart murmur, an abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart, 207 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), 296, 302 Hemangioma, a tumor arising from a blood vessel; also called angioma, 201 Hematemesis, vomiting blood, a sign of a severe digestive disorder, 23, 277 Hematocrit (HCT and Hct), determination of the percentage of red blood cells relative to other blood components from centrifugation, 180 Hematologist, a physician specializing in the treatment of disease associated with blood; also known as a hematopathologist, 156 Hematology, medical field that focuses on bloodrelated disease, 156

Glossary-Index I-17

Hematoma, the condition of blood outside of the vessels and confined within an organ or space within the body, 166, 166f Hematopathologist, a physician specializing in the treatment of disease associated with blood; also known as a hematologist, 156 Hematosalpinx, a condition of retained menstrual blood in a fallopian tube, 384 Hemiplegia, a condition of paralysis on one side of the body, 42, 447 Hemodialysis (HD), a procedure that pushes a patient’s blood through permeable membranes within an instrument to artificially remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions, 347, 347f Hemoglobin (HGB and Hgb), the protein within red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; also a procedure included in a complete blood count that measures the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells, 181 Hemoglobinopathy, disease that affects hemoglobin within red blood cells, 167 Hemolysis, rupture of the red blood cell membrane, 158 Hemolytic disease of the newborn. See Erythroblastosis fetalis Hemophilia, an inherited bleeding disorder resulting in a failure of hemostasis, 24, 167 Hemoptysis, coughing up and spitting out blood, 240 Hemorrhage, abnormal loss of blood from the circulation, 158 Hemorrhagic fever, an infectious disease that causes internal bleeding, 167 Hemorrhoidectomy, surgical removal of hemorrhoids, 314 Hemorrhoids, varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus that produces painful swellings that may break open and bleed, 299 Hemostasis, the stoppage of bleeding, 181 Hemothorax, blood pooling within the pleural cavity, 240, 240f Hep B. See Hepatitis B Hepatitis, viral-induced inflammation of the liver; the five known forms are categorized with the letters A through E, 298 Hepatitis A, 298 Hepatitis B, an inflammatory disease of the liver that is caused by a virus and may spread through sexual contact, commonly called hep B, 299 Hepatitis C, 298 Hepatitis D, 299 Hepatitis E, 299 Hepatobiliary specialist, physician who treats diseases of the liver, 283 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tumor arising from cells within the liver; also called hepatoma, 298

Hepatoma, tumor arising from cells within the liver; also called hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC, 298 Hepatomegaly, abnormal enlargement of the liver, 285 Hernia, an abnormal protrusion through a body wall, 299 Herniated disk, a rupture of an intervertebral disk, 125, 125f Herniorrhaphy, suturing of a hernia; a common surgical procedure to repair an abnormal protrusion through a body wall, 314 Herpes, viral skin eruption that produces clusters of deep blisters; major types are oral, genital, and shingles, 93, 93f HGB, Hgb. See Hemoglobin Hiatal hernia, protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity, 299, 299f Hippocrates, 11f Hirsutism, excessive body hair in a masculine pattern, 507 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV/AIDS, a combined term to refer to human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 161, 417 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a type of cancer of the lymph nodes in which altered lymphocytes, called Reed-Sternberg cells, form, 170 Holter monitor, a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient to monitor electrical activity of the heart over 24-hour periods, 221, 221f Homeostasis, the process of maintaining internal stability, 24, 59, 76, 429 Homologous transfusion, transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another person, 181 Hordeolum, an infection of the meibomian gland that produces a local swelling of the eyelid; also called a sty, 478, 478f Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), a therapy for hormonal management, which can be very effective in correcting disrupted menstrual and ovarian cycles, 521 HPV. See Human papillomavirus HRT. See Hormone replacement therapy Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 161 Human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that is extremely common in the human population and is transmitted during sexual intercourse; characterized by the onset of genital warts, 389, 418 Hydrocele, a swelling of the scrotum caused by fluid accumulation, usually due to injury, 374 Hydrocelectomy, the surgical removal of a hydrocele, 379

I-18 Glossary-Index

Hydrocephalus, a congenital disease characterized by an abnormally increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, 443, 444 Hydronephrosis, distension of the renal pelvis due to a blockage of urine, 337, 337f Hydrophobia, a less-common synonym for rabies, a viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected animal, 173 Hydrosalpinx, a fluid accumulation within a fallopian tube, 385 Hyperacusis, abnormally sensitive hearing, 486 Hyperadrenalism, excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands, 450 Hyperalgesia, an extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli, 433 Hypercalcemia, a condition of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood, 513 Hypercapnia, excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, 240 Hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition of severe nausea and emesis (vomiting) during pregnancy, 407 Hyperesthesia, an abnormal increase in sensitivity to a stimulus, 434 Hyperglycemia, a condition of excessive sugar in the blood, 515 Hyperhidrosis, a condition of excessive sweat, 93 Hyperopia, farsightedness, 480, 480f Hyperparathyroidism, a disease characterized by the excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the thyroid glands, 515 Hyperpnea, abnormally deep breathing or an increased rate of breathing, 241 Hypersecretion, abnormally high hormone production, 505 Hypertension, abnormally high blood pressure; includes essential hypertension and secondary hypertension, 40, 207 Hyperthyroidism, a disease characterized by abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone, 50, 515 Hypertrophy, excessive muscle growth, 117 Hyperventilation, abnormally rapid breathing; opposite to a reduced breathing rhythm called hypoventilation, 241 Hypoadrenalism, a condition of abnormally low activity of the adrenal glands, 514 Hypoalgesia, an extreme lack of sensitivity to normally painful stimuli, 433 Hypocalcemia, a condition of abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood, 50, 514 Hypocapnia, abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, 240 Hypochondriac, the upper right and upper left abdominal regions, 66

Hypodermis, below the skin, 81f Hypogastric region, 66 Hypoglycemia, a condition of abnormally low levels of sugar in the blood, 515 Hypogonadism, a disease characterized by abnormally low amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), 517 Hypoparathyroidism, a disease characterized by abnormally low thyroid production of PTH by the parathyroid glands, 515 Hypopnea, abnormally shallow breathing, 241 Hyposecretion, abnormally low hormone production, 506 Hypospadias, a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is shifted ventrally, 337 Hypotension, abnormally low blood pressure, 207 Hypothyroidism, a disease characterized by abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone, 50, 515 Hypoventilation, reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body’s gas exchange demands; opposite to an accelerated breathing rhythm called hyperventilation, 241 Hypoxemia, abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood, 241 Hypoxia, abnormally low levels of oxygen throughout the body, 23, 241 Hysteratresia, a closure of the uterus resulting in an abnormal obstruction within the uterine canal that may interfere with childbirth, 392 Hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus and sometimes surrounding structures, 399, 399f Hysteropexy, the surgical procedure that may be used to correct a prolapsed uterus by strengthening its connections to the abdominal wall to correct its position, 400 Hysteroptosis, prolapsed uterus, 394 Hysteroscope, 400 Hysteroscopy, a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses a modified endoscope, called a hysteroscope, to evaluate the uterine cavity, 400

I Iatrogenic disease, a condition caused by a medical treatment, 168 IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome See Implantable cardioverter defibrillator See Infiltrating ductal carcinoma Idiopathic disease, disease that develops without a known or apparent cause, 167 Ileostomy, surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the

Glossary-Index I-19

small intestine to establish an alternative anus for the passage of feces, 314 Ileum, 280, 314 Iliac, the lower right and lower left abdominal regions, 65 Ilium, 114f Immunization, inoculation of a substance that establishes immunity against a particular antigen, 181, 181f Immunocompromised, an adjective used to describe a person suffering from an immunodeficiency, 167 Immunodeficiency, condition resulting from a defective immune response, 167 Immunology, the study of immunity and allergy, 156, 181 Immunosuppression, a reduction of the immune response, 167 Immunotherapy, treatment of infectious disease by the administration of pharmacological agents, 182 Impetigo, contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by small vesicles and a yellowish crust following the rupture of the vesicles, 94, 94f Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), a small device implanted under the skin with electrodes terminating direction on the heart; used to stop an arrhythmia, 218, 218f Incentive spirometry, a postoperative breathing therapy that uses a portable spirometer to improve lung expansion after an operation, 261, 261f Incompatibility, the destruction of red blood cells that results from the combination of two blood types, 167 Induration, local hard areas on the skin, 85 Infection, a disease caused by parasitic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, 73, 83, 156, 168, 168f reaction against, 168f Infectious disease, a disease resulting from invasion by a pathogen, or disease-causing microorganism; another term for immunology, the field of medicine that treats this form of disease, 73, 156, 168, 174 Infectious mononucleosis, a viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue, 171 Inferior, 64t Inferior plane, 65f Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), a malignant tumor arising from breast tissue, 388 Inflammation, the swelling of body tissue, 21, 85, 123–124, 169, 169f Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), general term that includes the conditions ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, 299

Influenza, viral disease characterized by fever and an acute inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes, 169 Inguinal hernia, type of hernia that is a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region, 299 Inhaler, a small handheld device containing a prescription medication, such as albuterol, that delivers a specific dosage of aerosolized medicine for inhalation to open (dilate) the bronchiolar airways, 262 Integumentary system, 63, 79–109 abbreviations of, 104 anatomy and physiology terms, 80–81 diseases and disorders of, 89–98 medical report exercises, 108–109 medical terms of, 82 signs and symptoms of, 82–88 treatments, procedures, devices of, 100–3 Internal fixation, a procedure done during fracture reduction in which pins, screws, rods, or plates may be used to stabilize the alignment, 139 Internal medicine, area of medicine that treats digestive disorders, 283 Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), a pyelogram of the renal pelvis that uses iodine as the contrast medium and is injected into the bloodstream, 350 Intussusception, condition of infolding of a segment of the small intestine within another segment, 300, 300f IOL. See Intraocular lens Iritis, inflammation of the iris, 479 Iron-deficiency anemia, a type of anemia caused by a lack of available iron, resulting in the body’s inability to make adequate amounts of hemoglobin, 163 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of large intestinal (bowel) function without clear physical damage, 300 Ischemia, abnormally low flow of blood to tissues, 207 IVP. See Intravenous pyelogram

J Jaundice, yellowish-orange coloration of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and deeper tissues that is a collective sign of liver disease, 86, 286 Jejunum, 280

K Kaposi sarcoma, a form of skin cancer arising from the connective tissue of the dermis; common among people with AIDS, 94, 94f Keloid, an overgrowth of elevated scar tissue that is often different from adjacent, normal skin, 85, 85f

I-20 Glossary-Index

Keratitis, inflammation of the corneum, 479 Ketoacidosis. See Ketosis Ketonuria, the abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine, 332 Ketosis, an excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine, a symptom of unmanaged diabetes mellitus, 509 Kidney, a pair of organs located against the posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column, which form urine through filtration of the blood and also help regulate blood pressure and maintain water and electrolyte balance, 327, 328f Kyphosis, a spine deformity with a posterior curve of the thoracic spine, 126, 126f

L Labyrinthectomy, surgical removal of the inner ear, 493 Laceration (lac), result of an injury caused by a tear, or perhaps a cut, 86 Lactorrhea, a normal, spontaneous discharge of milk, 407 Lactose intolerance (LI), lack of an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down lactose, the primary sugar in milk and milk products, 300 Laminectomy, surgical removal of the lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord, 137 LAP. See Laparotomy Laparoscope, 400, 400f Laparoscopy, a procedure in which a modified endoscope equipped with a camera and surgical instruments is inserted through the abdominal wall via one or more small incisions to allow surgical procedures to be performed or to help diagnose a problem, 22, 314, 315f, 339, 400f Laparotomy (LAP), surgical procedure that involves an incision through the abdominal wall, often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone, 314 Laryngectomy, surgical removal of the larynx, 262 Laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx, 249 Laryngoscope, a modified endoscope used to visually examine the larynx, 262 Laryngoscopy, diagnostic procedure that uses a laryngoscope to view the larynx, 262 Laryngospasm, closure of the glottis due to muscular contractions of the throat, 241 Laryngotracheobronchitis, viral infectious disease common among infants and young children that produces a characteristic hoarse cough that sounds like the bark of a dog due to swelling of the larynx, also known as croup, 247 Laryngotracheotomy, surgical incision into the larynx and trachea, 263

Laser angioplasty, a type of angioplasty that uses a laser beam to open a blocked artery, 213 Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), the use of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct vision disorders, 486, 486f LASIK. See Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis Lateral, 64t LEEP, loop electrosurgical excision procedure; used in cervical conization, 308 Left-ventricular failure, another term for congestive heart failure (CHF), a chronic form of heart disease characterized by the failure of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic tissues and lungs, 205 Legionella pneumophila, 249 Legionellosis, form of pneumonia caused by the Legionella pneumophila bacterium; also called Legionnaires’ disease, 249 Legionnaires’ disease, another term for legionellosis, a form of pneumonia caused by the Legionella pneumophila bacterium, 249 Leiomyomas, a condition of benign tumors in the muscular wall of the uterus, also known as fibroid tumors or fibroids, 392 Lens, 473 Leukemia, a form of cancer that originates from cells within the blood-forming tissue of the red marrow, 131, 169, 169f Leukocoria, abnormal presence of a white film in the pupil of the eye, 474 Leukocytopenia, an abnormally reduced number of white blood cells; also called leukopenia, 159 Leukoderma, condition in which skin becomes lighter in color due to reduced activity of the pigment-producing cells, 93 Leukopenia, an abnormally reduced number of white blood cells; also called leukocytopenia, 159 Leukorrhea, a white or yellow discharge from the vagina, literally “white discharge,” 385 LGI. See Lower GI series See Lactose intolerance Ligaments, bands of dense connective tissue that extend from bone to bone to stabilize and strengthen joints, 112 Lipopenia, type of life-threatening malabsorption syndrome that is the inability to absorb fat molecules, 301 Liposuction, the removal of subcutaneous fat by insertion of a device that applies a vacuum to pull the fat tissue out of the body, 102 Lithotripsy, a surgical technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize or crush (or dissolve) kidney stones, 35, 348, 348f

Glossary-Index I-21

Liver, 280, 281f Lobar pneumonia, another term for bronchopneumonia, an acute inflammatory disease that involves the bronchioles and alveoli, 251 Lobectomy, surgical removal of a single lobe of a lung, 263 Lordosis, a spine deformity with an anterior curve of the spine, 126, 126f Lou Gehrig disease. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lower GI series (LGI), 313 Lower respiratory tract, 235 LP. See Lumbar puncture LTB. See Laryngotracheobronchitis Lumbar, the middle right and left abdominal regions, 65 Lumbar puncture (LP), withdrawal (aspiration) of cerebral spinal fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the vertebral column below the spinal cord, 453, 453f Lumpectomy, 402 Lung, 235 Lung cancer, cancer that arises from the cells lining the bronchi or from the soft tissues of the lung; also called bronchogenic carcinoma, 246, 246f Lung scan, another term for ventilation-perfusion scanning, a diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine or radioactive material to evaluate pulmonary function; also called V/Q scan, 270 Lupus. See Systemic lupus erythematosus Lymph node, 156 Lymphadenectomy, the surgical removal of one or more lymph nodes, 182 Lymphadenitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes, 170 Lymphatic system, 61, 153–82, 155f abbreviations for, 185 anatomy and physiology terms, 155–63 diseases and disorders of, 161–74 medical report exercises for, 188–91 medical terms for, 156–57 signs and symptoms of, 157–60 treatments and procedures of, 175–83 Lymphatic vessel, 154 Lymphoma, a malignant tumor that originates in lymphatic tissue, 171

M Macrocytosis, abnormally large red blood cells, 160 Macular degeneration, a progressive deterioration of the macula lutea that leads to a loss of visual focus, 469 Macule, a discolored flat spot on the skin surface, such as a freckle, 84f, 86

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a diagnostic procedure in which powerful magnets are used to observe soft tissues in the body, 75, 75f Malabsorption syndrome, disorder that is characterized by difficulty in absorbing one or more nutrients, 301 Malaria, disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells and the liver, 170 Male-pattern baldness, the result of a genetically controlled factor that prevents the development of hair follicles in certain areas of the scalp in adult males, 90 Male reproductive system, 62, 366f diseases and disorders of, 372–77 signs and symptoms of, 369–71 treatments, procedures, devices of, 377–81 Malignant hepatoma, a tumor arising from cells within the liver, 297 Malignant melanoma, an aggressive skin cancer arising from melanocytes, which is the most life-threatening form of skin cancer, 95 Mammogram, 401 Mammography, an x-ray procedure that produces an x-ray image of a breast, called a mammogram, 401, 401f Mammoplasty, the surgical repair of one or both breasts, including enlargement or reduction of breast size, reconstruction, or tumor removal, 401 Mania, an emotional disorder of abnormally high psychomotor activity, 459 Mantoux skin test, another term for TB skin test, a simple skin test used to determine the presence of a tuberculosis infection; also called PPD skin test, 267 Marfan’s syndrome, congenital disease that results in excessive cartilage formation at the growth, or epiphyseal, plates, 126 Mastalgia, the symptom of pain in the breast, 385 Mastectomy, the surgical removal of breast tissue; types include simple mastectomy, radical mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, and lumpectomy, 402, 402f Mastitis, inflammation of the breast often caused by bacterial infection of the lactiferous ducts within breast tissue, 392 Mastoidectomy, surgical removal of the mastoid process in the skull, 493 Mastoiditis, inflammation of the mastoid (or part that resembles a breast), 488 Mastoidotomy, incision into the mastoid process of the skull, 493 Mastoptosis, a condition of a breast that is abnormally pendulous or sagging, 392

I-22 Glossary-Index

Measles, an acute viral disease that causes fever, a skin rash of numerous vesicles, and general inflammation of the respiratory tract, also called rubeola, 171, 171f Meatoscope, a specialized endoscope used to view the urinary meatus, 354 Mechanical ventilation, medical treatment that provides supplemental oxygen to patients in respiratory distress with a ventilator, 262, 262f Medial, 64t Mediastinum, a potential space in the center of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart and surrounding structures, 67 Medical report exercises for blood and lymphatic system, 188–90 for cardiovascular system, 229–33 for digestive system, 321–24 for ear, 500–501 for endocrine system, 528–31 for eye, 498–499 for integumentary system, 106–7 for muscular and skeletal system, 149–52 for nervous system and mental health, 466–69 for reproductive system and obstetrics, 424–27 for respiratory system, 274–77 for urinary system, 359–62 Medical reports, understanding, 76 Medical specialty, suffixes indicating, 31–35 Medical terms for blood and lymphatic system, 156–57 for cardiovascular system, 192–93 for digestive system, 281–83 for ear and hearing, 472 for endocrine system, 505 for eye and sight, 472 for integumentary system, 81 introduction of, 71–75 for nervous system, 430–32 origins of, 11–12 for reproductive system and obstetrics, 368–69 for respiratory system, 236 for skeletal and muscular system, 115–6 for urinary system, 329–30 Megalomania, a form of mania in which an individual believes oneself to be a person of great fame or wealth, 459 Melanin, the pigment in the skin, 95 Melanocytes, the cells in the skin that produce the pigment melanin, 95 Melanoma, dangerous skin cancer that literally means “black tumor,” 88, 95, 95f Ménière disease, a chronic disease of the inner ear that causes dizziness and ringing in the ears, 489 Meningioma, a benign tumor of the meninges, 443

Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, 443 Meningocele, a protrusion of the meninges, 444 Meningomyelocele, a protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord, 444, 444f Meniscitis, inflammation of a meniscus, 126 Menorrhagia, abnormal discharge (excessive bleeding) during menstruation, 395 Menorrhea, normal menstrual discharge, 384 Mental health, 458–61 abbreviations of, 462 diseases and disorders, 457–60 medical report exercises, 466–69 medical terms for, 413–32 Metrorrhagia, abnormal discharge from the uterus; commonly defined as abnormal bleeding from the uterus between periods, 385 See Myocardial infarction Microscopic, pertaining to an object of a size too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, 11 Midsagittal plane, 65, 66f Miscarriage, 396 Mitral, 192 Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), a leaky mitral valve (the atrioventricular valve on the left side); a common source of heart murmur, 206 Mittelschmerz, a symptom of abdominal pain occurring during ovulation, 385 Modified mastectomy, 403, 403f Molecules, nonliving particles composed of two or more atoms, 59 Mononucleosis, a viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue, 171, 171f Monoplegia, a condition of paralysis of a single limb, 43, 447 MRI, acronym for magnetic resonance imaging, a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses magnetics and computer enhancement to reveal details of internal structure and function, 75, 75f MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 174 MS. See Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease characterized by the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain, 445, 445f Mumps, common term for parotitis, or inflammation of one or both parotid glands, that is caused by a virus; may also be called sialoadenitis, 301 Muscles, major, 115f Muscular, 112 Muscular system, 64, 112–42 abbreviations of, 144 anatomy and physiology terms, 112–14

Glossary-Index I-23

diseases and disorders of, 118–32 medical report exercises for, 149–52 medical terms of, 115 signs and symptoms of, 116–18 treatments, procedures, devices of, 134–42 Musculoskeletal, 13, 111 Musculoskeletal system, 64, 111 MVP. See Mitral valve prolapse Myalgia, muscle pain, 117 Myasthenia gravis (MG), literally “serious muscle weakness”; a condition caused by a progressive failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation, 127 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 253 Myelitis, inflammation of the spinal cord, 445 Myelogram, an x-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye, 454 Myelography, a procedure of taking an x-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye, 454 Myeloma, a tumor that forms in the red bone marrow, 111 Myocardium, the muscle layer of the heart wall, 194 Myocardial infarction (MI), death of a portion of the myocardium, also called heart attack, 207, 207f Myocarditis, inflammation of the myocardium of the heart, 207 Myocele, protrusion of muscle through its fascia, 127 Myopia, nearsightedness, 480, 481f Myoplasty, surgical repair of a muscle, 139 Myorrhaphy, a surgical procedure that sutures the torn ends of a muscle, 139 Myositis, inflammation of a muscle, 127 Myringoplasty, surgical repair of the eardrum, 493 Myringotomy, incision into the eardrum, 483 Myxedema, advanced hypothyroidism in adults with the characteristics of low energy, swollen hands and face, and dry skin, 515

N N&V (nausea and vomiting), 285 Nails, 80 bed, 81f body, 81f root, 81f structure of, 81f Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable episodes of sleep, attacks of paralysis, and hallucinations, 446 Narcotics, 450 Nasogastric tube, 311 Nasopharyngitis, inflammation of the nasal membrane and pharynx, 248

Nausea, symptom of dizziness that includes an urge to vomit; when accompanied by vomiting, it is abbreviated N&V, 285 Nebulizer, a device that converts a liquid medication into a mist and delivers it to the lungs through deep inhalation, 263 Necrosis, the death of one or more cells or a portion of a tissue or organ, 172 Necrotic, an adjective used to describe a cell or cells, tissue, or organ that is dead, 172 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 417 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, a lung disorder of neonates, particularly premature infants, in which certain cells of the lungs fail to mature at birth to cause lung collapse that can result in suffocation; abbreviated NRDS; also called respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, 252 Nephrectomy, the surgical removal of a kidney, 348 Nephritis, inflammation of a kidney, 338 Nephroblastoma, a tumor that originates from kidney tissue and includes embryonic cells, 338, 338f Nephrogram, the x-ray image of the kidney from a nephrography, 347 Nephrography, an x-ray technique that produces an image of a kidney after injection of a contrast medium or dye, 347 Nephrolithiasis, the presence of one or more stones (or calculi) within a kidney; also called renal calculi, 339, 339f Nephrologist, a physician specializing in the field of nephrology, 330, 349 Nephrology, the medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys, 330, 349 Nephrolysis, surgical procedure in which abnormal adhesions are removed from a kidney, which loosens the organ, 349 Nephroma, a general term for a tumor that arises from kidney tissue, 339 Nephromegaly, abnormal enlargement of one or both kidneys, 339 Nephropathy, a severe condition of a kidney that leads to end-stage kidney disease, 339 Nephropexy, surgical fixation of a kidney, 349 Nephroptosis, a downward displacement of a kidney, commonly called floating kidney, 340 Nephroscope, a specialized endoscope used to view the kidneys, 349 Nephroscopy, visual examination of kidney nephrons using a nephroscope, 349 Nephrosonography, an ultrasound procedure that provides an image of a kidney for diagnostic analysis, 349

I-24 Glossary-Index

Nephrostomy, the surgical creation of an opening through the body wall and into a kidney, also called pyelostomy, 349 Nephrotomogram, the x-ray image obtained from a diagnostic procedure that images the kidney to observe internal details of kidney structure, 350 Nephrotomography, a diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure, 350 Nerve, 429 Nerve block anesthesia, an injection made into a nerve to block the conduction of impulses between the nerve and the CNS, 450 Nervous system, 62, 419–53 abbreviations of, 462 anatomy and physiology terms, 429–31 diseases and disorders of, 436–48 medical report exercises, 467–69 medical terms for, 431–32 organization of, 430f signs and symptoms of, 432–34 treatments, procedures, devices of, 449–56 Neuralgia, pain in a nerve, 434 Neurasthenia, generalized body fatigue, 434 Neurectomy, the surgical removal of a nerve, 454 Neuritis, inflammation of a nerve, 446 Neurologic, 432, 454 Neurologists, specialists in brain and spinal cord treatments, 432, 454 Neurology, the branch of medicine specializing in the treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system, 432, 454 Neurolysis, the procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions, 455 Neuroma, a tumor originating from nerve cells, 446, 446f Neuron, a nerve cell, 429 Neuropathy, damage to peripheral nerves due to any cause; literally means disease of nerves, 27, 447 Neuroplasty, the surgical repair of a nerve, 455 Neurorrhaphy, the suture of a nerve, 455 Neuroscientist, 454 Neurosis, an emotional disorder that involves a counterproductive way of dealing with mental stress, 459 Neurosurgeon, 454 Neurotomy, incision into a nerve, 455 Nevus, a pigmented spot on the skin; a mole, 86, 86f Nitroglycerin, a drug commonly used as an emergency vasodilator as a treatment for severe angina pectoris or myocardial infarction, 221 Nocturia, the need to urinate frequently at night, 332 Nocturnal enuresis, bedwetting, 336 Nonconstructed terms, 4–5

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue that results in a diffuse pattern, which differs from the nondiffuse pattern of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 170 Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 246 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the most common pharmacological treatment for inflammation or pain, 140 Nosocomial infection, an infectious disease that is contracted during a hospital stay, 172 NRDS. See Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer Number prefixes indicating, 42–44 suffixes indicating, 29–30

O OA. See Osteoarthritis OB. See Obstetrics OB/GYN, 366, 416 Obstetrical sonography, 415, 415f Obstetrician, a physician who practices obstetrics, 367, 416 Obstetrics, the medical field concerned with prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, abbreviated OB, 366, 406–416 abbreviations of, 419 diseases and disorders of, 313–16 medical report exercises for, 424–25 medical terms for, 368–69 signs and symptoms of, 406–408 treatments, procedures, devices of, 414–16 Oligomenorrhea, an abnormally reduced discharge during menstruation, 386 Oligospermia, an abnormally low sperm count, a sign of male infertility, 45, 370 Oliguria, reduced urination, 45, 333 OM. See Otitis media Oncologist, physician who specializes in cancer, 226 On-demand pacemaker, 215 Onychocryptosis, a nail buried in the skin due to abnormal growth, commonly called ingrown nail, 95 Onychomalacia, abnormally soft nails; often a sign of calcium or vitamin D deficiency, 95 Onychomycosis, fungal infection of one or more nails, 95, 95f Onychopathy, a disease of nails associated with either fingers or toes, 95

Glossary-Index I-25

Oophorectomy, the surgical removal of an ovary, 402 Oophoritis, 392 Oophoropathy, the general term for any disease of an ovary, 392 Oophorosalpingitis, inflammation of an ovary and fallopian tube, 392 Open fracture, 139 Open fracture reduction, 139 Ophthalmalgia, a symptom of eye pain, 474 Ophthalmologist, 485 Ophthalmomalacia, an abnormal softening of the eye, 480 Ophthalmopathy, any form of eye disease, 480 Ophthalmoplegia, the condition of paralysis of the eye, 480 Ophthalmorrhagia, a hemorrhage of the eye, 474 Opioid analgesics, 450 Optometrist, a health professional trained to examine eyes to correct vision problems and eye disorders, 486 Oral cavity, 281f Oral herpes, a type of herpes characterized by blisters that appear around and within the mouth that is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, 93 Orchialgia, another name for testalgia, 370 Orchidalgia, another name for testalgia, 370 Orchidopexy, surgical fixation of a testis, which is sometimes required to draw an undescended testis into the scrotum; also called orchiopexy, 379 Orchidoplasty, surgical repair of a testis; also called orchioplasty, 379 Orchidotomy, 379 Orchiectomy, surgical removal of a testis, 379 Orchiepididymitis, a condition in which both the epididymis and one or both testes are inflamed, 374 Orchitis, a condition in which one or both testes are inflamed, 374 Organ, a structure composed of two or more different types of tissues that forms a certain shape and performs a general function, 59 Organelles, 59 Orthopedics, the branch of medicine that focuses on diseases of the skeletal and muscular systems, 115 Orthopedist, a physician who specializes in orthopedics, 115 Orthopnea, limited ability to breathe when lying down, 240 Orthotics, the field of medical support involving the construction and fitting of orthopedic appliances, 140, 140f

Orthotist, a medical practitioner who specializes in orthotics, 140 Ostectomy, surgical removal (excision) of bone tissue, 140 Osteitis, inflammation of bone tissue, 127 Osteitis deformans, a disease that results in bone deformities due to acceleration of bone loss; Paget disease, 127 Osteoarthritis (OA), a common condition for older adults in which the joint structures become worn over time and are gradually replaced by bone, 121, 121f Osteocarcinoma, bone cancer arising from epithelial tissue that has invaded a bone, 128 Osteoclasis, a surgical procedure that involves breaking a bone in order to correct a defect or an improperly healed fracture, 32, 140 Osteogenesis imperfecta, an inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth and fragile bones, 128 Osteomalacia, a gradual and painful softening of bones, 128 Osteomyelitis, inflammation of the red bone marrow, 128 Osteopath (DO), a physician trained in osteopathy; also called an osteopathic surgeon, 141 Osteopathic surgeon, 141 Osteopathy, a medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on body alignment and nutrition, 141 Osteoplasty, the surgical repair of bone, 141 Osteoporosis, abnormal loss of bone density, 128, 129f Osteosarcoma, bone cancer arising from connective tissue, usually within the bone itself, 129 Otalgia, the symptom of pain in the ear, 486 Otitis, inflammation of the ear, 489 Otitis externa, a form of otitis, or inflammation of the ear, in which the external auditory canal is involved, causing sensations of pain, 489 Otitis media (OM), a form of otitis in which the middle ear is involved, causing pain and a temporary loss of hearing, 489, 489f Otolaryngologist (ENT), physician who specializes in disease of the ears, nose, and throat, 260 Otology, the medical field of ear disorders, 493 Otonasolaryngologist, another term for otolaryngologist, a physician who specializes in disease of the ears, nose, and throat; also called otorhinolaryngologist, 260 Otopathy, a general disease of the ear, 479 Otorhinolaryngologist, another term for otonasolaryngologist, a physician who

I-26 Glossary-Index

specializes in disease of the ears, nose, and throat, 260 Otorrhagia, abnormal ear discharge; the clinical meaning of the term is bleeding from the external ear canal, 487 Otorrhea, a discharge of pus into the external auditory canal, 487 Otosclerosis, an abnormal formation of bone within the ear, 491 Otoscope, 494 Otoscopy, a visual examination of the ear using a handheld instrument called an otoscope, 494, 494f Ovarian cancer, the most common form of reproductive cancer in women, 393 Ovarian cyst, a cyst on an ovary that is usually benign and asymptomatic, although in some cases it may cause pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea, 393 Ovary, 365, 367f Oximeter, an instrument that measures oxygen levels in the blood, 263 Oximetry, procedure that measures oxygen levels in the blood using an oximeter, 234 Oxygen, 234

P Paget disease, also known as osteitis deformans, results in bone deformities due to the acceleration of bone loss, 127 Paget’s disease. See Paget disease Palate, 281f Pallor, abnormal pale color of the skin, 86 Palpitation, the symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat, 198 Palsy, 437 Pancreas, 280, 503 Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, 300, 516 Pap smear. See Papanicolaou smear Papanicolaou smear, a common diagnostic procedure that screens for precancerous cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer; also known as Pap smear or Pap test, 401, 403f Papillomas, wartlike lesions on the skin and mucous membranes resulting from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), commonly called genital warts, 418 Papule, any small, solid elevation on the skin, such as a comedo, 84f, 86 Paracentesis, 487 Paracusis, a symptom of partial loss of hearing, 487 Paranoia, a mental disorder including persistent delusions of persecution that results in mistrust and combativeness; a mental experience of fear without substantive cause, 459

Paraplegia, a condition of paralysis of the lower body, including both legs, 129, 447 Parathyroidectomy, the surgical removal of a parathyroid gland, 522 Parathyroidoma, a tumor of the parathyroid gland, 522 Paresthesia, the abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling, 434 Parkinson’s disease, a chronic, degenerative disease of the brain characterized by tremors, rigidity, and shuffling gait, 447 Parkinsonism, 447 Paronychia, an infection alongside the nail, 96 Parotitis, inflammation of one or both parotid glands; if caused by a virus, it is usually referred to as mumps, 300 Parovarian cyst, an ovarian cyst that spreads into the fallopian tube, 393 Paroxysm, sudden onset of symptomatic sharp pain or a convulsion, 242 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), a type of coagulation time test that is used to evaluate clotting ability, 180 Partial-thickness burns, 90 Patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital condition characterized by an opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta due to a failure of the fetal vessel to close, 209 Pathologist, a physician specializing in the study of disease, 71 Pathology, the study of disease, 31, 71 PD. See Parkinson’s disease PE. See Pulmonary embolism Pediculosis, head lice; may also be found in the pubic region and other parts of the body, 96 Pelvic cavity, the bowl-shaped inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, 67 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), inflammation involving some or all of the female reproductive organs within the pelvic cavity, 394 Penicillium, 177 Penile implant, surgical insertion of a prosthesis, or artificial device, to correct for erectile dysfunction, 380, 380f Peptic ulcer, erosion into the inner wall of an organ along the GI tract, 48f, 301, 301f Pericardial cavity, the cavity surrounding the heart, 67 Pericarditis, inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, the pericardium, 209 Pericardium, 69 Periosteum, 112 Peripheral nervous system, the nerves and ganglia, abbreviated PNS, 429

Glossary-Index I-27

Peritoneal dialysis, the use of artificial filtration to cleanse (or filter) fluids from the peritoneal cavity, 347 Peritonitis, inflammation of the extensive membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs, 302 Pernicious anemia, a type of anemia caused by a failure to acquire vitamin B12 into the bloodstream for its delivery to red bone marrow, which requires it in order to produce new red blood cells, 163 Pertaining to, 29 Pertussis, acute infectious disease that causes inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with spasmodic coughing, commonly known as whooping cough because of the noise produced, 249 PET scan, acronym for positron emission tomography scanning, a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses radiology to detect areas that have absorbed tracer substances, revealing body functional activity, 75, 75f Petechiae, small red dots appearing on the skin surface as a sign of a potentially serious disorder involving rupture of blood vessels, 86 Peyronie disease, a hardness, or induration, of the erectile tissue within the penis, 374 PFTs, pulmonary function tests Phacoemulsification, use of sound waves to break up a lens damaged by a cataract so that it can be removed by suction; also called phaco, 484, 484f Phalanges, 114f Pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx, 250 Pharynx, 236, 237f, 280 Phimosis, a congenital narrowing of the prepuce opening, 374 Phlebectomy, the surgical removal of a vein, 222 Phlebitis, inflammation of a vein, 209 Phlebotomist, a healthcare professional who performs the phlebotomy procedure, 222 Phlebotomy, puncture into a vein to remove blood for sampling or donation by a phlebotomist, 222, 222f Phobia, an irrational, obsessive fear, 458 Phobophobia, fear of developing a fear, 458 Physiology, the study of nature; the study of the functional nature of living things, 59 PID. See Pelvic inflammatory disease PIH. See Preeclampsia Pituitary dwarfism, short stature due to a deficiency of pituitary growth hormone, 518, 518f Pituitary gigantism, an abnormally increased growth of bones that produces a very large stature, caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone that begins before puberty, 518, 518f

Placenta, 368f Placenta previa, a condition in which the placenta is abnormally attached to the uterine wall in the lower portion of the uterus, 412, 412f Plague, any infectious disease that is widespread and causes extensive mortality, 172 Plasmodium, 170 Plastic surgery, a popular form of skin treatment used for skin repair following a major injury, correction of a congenital defect, or cosmetic improvement, 101 Platelet count, a laboratory procedure that calculates the number of platelets in a known volume of blood, 172, Platelets 154 Pleural cavity, the cavity surrounding each lung between the parietal and visceral pleurae, 67, 240f Pleural effusion, a disease in which fluid leaks into the pleural cavity due to injury or infection of the pleural membranes, 250 Pleurisy, inflammation of the pleural membranes; also called pleuritis, 250 Pleuritis, inflammation of the pleural membranes; also called pleurisy, 250 Pleurocentesis, surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity, 265 Pleuropneumonia, inflammation of the pleural membranes (pleuritis) and the lungs, 251 PLT. See Platelet count PMS. See Premenstrual syndrome Pneumectomy, another term for pneumonectomy, the surgical removal of a lung, 265 Pneumoconiosis, inflammation of the lungs caused by chronic inhalation of fine particles (literally, dust), 250 Pneumocystis jiroveci, 251 Pneumonectomy, surgical removal of a lung; also called pneumectomy, 265 Pneumonia, inflammation of soft lung tissue caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens that results in the formation of an exudate within alveoli; it can also be caused by smoke inhalation, 251 Pneumonitis, inflammatory condition of the lungs that is independent of a particular cause, 251 Pneumothorax, abnormal presence of air or gas within the pleural cavity, 252, 252f PNS. See Peripheral nervous system Podiatrist, a healthcare professional trained in the field of foot health, 141 Podiatry, health care specialty that focuses on foot health, 31, 141 Poikilocytosis, large, irregularly shaped red blood cells, 159 Polio. See Poliomyelitis

I-28 Glossary-Index

Poliomyelitis, a disease characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord, 447 Polyarteritis, simultaneous inflammation of many arteries, 43, 200 Polycystic, 340 Polycystic kidney disease, a condition in which numerous (or many) cysts occupy much of the kidney tissue, 340, 340f Polycystic ovary syndrome, a hormonal disturbance characterized by lack of ovulation, amenorrhea, infertility, and ovarian cysts, 393 Polycythemia, abnormal increase in number of red blood cells, 159 Polydipsia, a condition of excessive thirst, 43, 509 Polyhydramnios, the excessive production of amniotic fluid during fetal development, 407 Polymastia, the presence of more than two breasts, 387 Polymyositis, inflammation of many muscles simultaneously, 130 Polyneuralgia, pain in many nerves, 434 Polyneuritis, inflammation of many nerves at once, 446 Polyneuropathy, a disease affecting many parts of the nervous system, 446 Polyp, abnormal mass of tissue that projects from the wall of the organ into the interior like a mushroom, 302, 302f Polypectomy, surgical removal of polyps, 315 Polyposis, condition of polyps, usually occurring in the colon or rectum of the large intestine, where it increases the risk for colorectal cancer, 303, 303f Polyuria, chronic excessive urination due to the production of abnormally large volumes of urine, 43, 333, 508, 508f Positron emission tomography (PET), a scan using a radioactive chemical to provide a map of metabolically active cells within the brain, 74, 74f, 222, 455 Posterior, 63, 63t Posterior plane, 62f Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), a procedure that measures blood sugar levels about 2 hours after a meal, 520 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder caused by a severe mental strain or emotional trauma that includes sleeplessness, anxiety, and paranoia, 460 PPBS. See Postprandial blood sugar PPD skin test, another term for TB skin test, a simple skin test used to determine the presence of a tuberculosis infection; also called Mantoux skin test, 268

Preeclampsia, a circulatory disorder that places a pregnant woman and her child at risk; also called pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), 410 Prefix, a word part that is placed before the word root to modify the meaning of the word, 40 common, 40 indicating location or timing, 45–48 indicating number or quality, 42–44 indicating quality about term, 50–53 introduction, 41–42 understanding, 39–57 Pregnancy, normal, 368f Pregnancy-induced hypertension. See Preeclampsia Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a collection of symptoms, including nervous tension, irritability, breast pain (mastalgia), edema, and headache, usually occurring during the days preceding menstruation, 394 Prenatal development, 366 Presbyacusis, progressive loss of hearing due to old age, 491 Presbyopia, a reduction in vision due to age, 491, 492f Priapism, an abnormally persistent erection of the penis, often accompanied by pain and tenderness, 374 Procedures of blood and lymphatic system, 176–83 of cardiovascular system, 211–22 of digestive system, 305–315 of ear, 491–94 of endocrine system, 519–523 of eye, 483–85 of female reproductive system, 397–404 of integumentary system, 100–55 of male reproductive system, 377–82 of nervous system, 449–82 of obstetrics, 349–55 of respiratory system, 305–14 of skeletal and muscular systems, 134–42 suffixes indicating, 32–35 of urinary system, 344–54 Proctitis, inflammation of the anus and usually the rectum as well, 303 Proctologist, physician who treats disease of the rectum, 282 Proctoptosis, prolapse of the rectum, 303 Proctoscopy, 311 Prognosis, a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease, 73 Programmed learning approach, 2–3 Prolapsed uterus, a condition in which the uterus may become displaced to shift downward into the vagina, 394, 394f

Glossary-Index I-29

Prophylaxis, a preventative treatment, 33, 178 Prostate, 366f Prostate cancer, an aggressive form of cancer of the prostate gland; also called prostatic carcinoma, 375, 375f Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a clinical test that measures levels of the protein, prostate-specific antigen, in the blood, 380 Prostatectomy, the surgical removal of the prostate gland, 380 Prostatic carcinoma, another name for prostate cancer, an aggressive form of cancer of the prostate gland, 375 Prostatitis, inflammation of the prostate gland, 370 Prostatorrhea, an abnormal discharge from the prostate gland, 370 Prosthesis, an artificial limb, 140 Proteinuria, the presence of any protein in the urine, 333 Prothrombin time (PT), a form of coagulation time test often used to monitor the effects of anticoagulants, 180 Proton pump inhibitors, medications that inhibit the amount of acid produced in stomach cavity, 307 Proximal, 64t Pruritus, symptom of itchy skin, 86 PSA. See Prostate-specific antigen Pseudocyesis, a sensation of being pregnant when a true pregnancy does not exist, 52, 407 Psoriasis, characterized by red lesions covered with silvery epidermal scales, 96, 96f Psychiatrist, physician who specializes in mental illness, 432, 455 Psychiatry, the branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain resulting in mental, emotional, and behavioral disturbances, 455 Psychoanalysis, 455 Psychology, the study of human (or mind, mental) behavior, 455 Psychopathy, a general term for a mental or emotional disorder, 460 Psychopharmacology, drug therapy targeting the brain, 455 Psychosis, a mental disease characterized by a gross distortion or disorganization of mental capacity, 460 Psychosomatic, the influence of the mind over bodily functions, especially disease, 460 Psychotherapy, the technique used in treating behavioral and emotional issues, 455 PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder Pulmonary angiography, diagnostic procedure that evaluates the blood circulation in the lungs, 264 Pulmonary edema, accumulation of fluid within the tiny air sacs within the lungs (the alveoli) as

a response to infection or injury or from adult respiratory distress syndrome, 252 Pulmonary embolism, a blockage in the pulmonary circulation due to a mobile blood clot, 252 Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), a series of diagnostic tests that determines the cause of lung disease by evaluating lung capacity through spirometry, 266 Pulmonary specialist, physician who specializes in treatment of diseases that affect the lower respiratory tract, 230, 267 Pulmonologist, physician with specialized training in lung disease; also called pulmonary specialist, 230, 267 Pulse oximeter, a small, handheld instrument that measures oxygen levels in the blood by noninvasive physical contact with a finger, 264, 264f Purpura, symptom of purple-red skin discoloration usually the result of a broken blood vessel, 87 Purulence, a collected mass of pus, 82 Pus, a mixture of bacteria, white blood cells, damaged tissue, and fluids, 82 Pustule, elevated area of the skin filled with pus, 84f, 86 Pyelitis, inflammation of the renal pelvis, 340 Pyelogram, a procedure that injects a contrast medium into the ureter using a cystoscope to examine kidney-related disorders, 350 Pyelolithotomy, surgical removal of a stone from the renal pelvis, 350 Pyelonephritis, inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons, 340 Pyeloplasty, surgical repair of the renal pelvis, 315 Pyelostomy, another name for nephrostomy, which is a procedure that surgically creates an opening through the body wall and into a kidney, 349 Pyloroplasty, surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach, which may include repair of the pyloric valve, 315 Pyogenesis, the production of pus, 82 Pyosalpinx, a discharge of pus from a fallopian tube that is a sign of infection, 337 Pyothorax, the presence of pus in the pleural cavity; also called empyema, 252 Pyromania, a form of mania in which an individual has an obsessive fascination with fire, 459 Pyuria, the presence of pus in the urine, 333

Q Quadriplegia, a condition of paralysis from the neck down including all four limbs, 24, 43, 129, 447

I-30 Glossary-Index

Quality prefixes indicating, 42–42 suffixes indicating, 29

R RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis Rabies, a viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected animal, usually by way of a bite, 173 Radial keratotomy, a procedure in which incisions are made into the cornea to flatten it to correct myopia, 486 Radical mastectomy, 402 Radicotomy, a surgical incision into a nerve root, also called rhizotomy, 456 Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), a diagnostic procedure in which radioactive iodine is used to track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells, 522 Radioiodine therapy, a treatment for a thyroid tumor that involves the use of radioactive iodine, 522 RAIU. See Radioactive iodine uptake Range of motion (ROM), refers to exercises that increase muscle strength and joint mobility, 135 RBC. See Red blood count RDS. See Respiratory distress syndrome; respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn Rectocele, a protrusion of the rectum against the wall of the vagina, 390 Rectovaginal fistula, a fistula occurring between the vagina and rectum, 391 Red blood cells, 154 Red blood count (RBC), a clinical lab test that measures the number of red blood cells, 179, 182 Reduction, a procedure in which orthopedic surgeons, or orthopedists, treat fractures by aligning the broken bones to their normal positions; types include closed and open, 139 Reflex testing, a series of diagnostic tests performed to observe the body’s response to touch stimuli, 456 Reflux, backward flow of material in the GI tract, or regurgitation, 285 Refractive error conditions of the eye that result in a reduction of vision, or “low vision,” resulting from an error in the refraction (bending) of light as it travels through the eye, 480, 481f Regional enteritis, another term for Crohn’s disease, a chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall; also known as regional ileitis, 292 Regional ileitis, another term for Crohn’s disease, a chronic inflammation of any part of the GI

tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall, 292 Regions, areas of the body, 65, 65t Renal, 314 Renal calculi, another name for nephrolithiasis, which is the presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a kidney, 339 Renal cortex, the outer portion of the interior of a kidney, 328f Renal failure. See End-stage kidney disease Renal pelvis, a membrane-enclosed basin that collects urine in the interior of a kidney, 328f Renal transplant, the replacement of a dysfunctional kidney with a donor kidney, 351, 351f Renogram, the recording of a renography, which is an examination that uses nuclear medicine by IV (intravenous) injection of radioactive material into the patient’s kidneys, 351 Renography, an examination that uses nuclear medicine by IV injection of radioactive material into the kidney, 351 Reproductive, 364 Reproductive medicine, 368 Reproductive system, 62–63, 364–405 abbreviations of, 419 anatomy and physiology terms, 365–68 diseases and disorders of female, 387–95 diseases and disorders of male, 372–77 medical report exercises for, 424–7 medical terms for, 368–69 signs and symptoms of female, 383–85 signs and symptoms of male, 369–71 treatments, procedures, devices of female, 397–405 treatments, procedures, devices of male, 377–82 Respiration, 234 Respiratory, 222 Respiratory distress syndrome, a severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid respiratory failure; one form affects newborns (neonatal respiratory distress syndrome [NRDS]), another affects adults (adult or acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]), 252 Respiratory system, 61, 234–69, 235f abbreviations of, 271 anatomy and physiology terms, 234–35 diseases and disorders of, 234–54 lower tract of, 235f medical report exercises, 274–77 medical terms for, 236 signs and symptoms, 237–42 treatments, procedures, devices of, 256–69 upper tract of, 235f

Glossary-Index I-31

Respiratory therapist, a medical assistant with special training in the operation of equipment used to diagnose or treat breathing problems, 236 Resuscitation, artificial respiration used to restore breathing, 266 Retina, 471 Retinoid, a type of medication that is used to manage certain forms of acne by causing the upper layers of the epidermis to slough away, 101 Retinopathy, a general disease of the retina; a common form is diabetic retinopathy, which occurs among people with diabetes mellitus, 480, 480f Retrograde pyelogram (RP), x-ray image produced by means of injecting a contrast medium into a ureter using a cystoscope, 350, 350f Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease in which joint structures become eroded by the action of the body’s own white blood cells, 121, 121f Rhinitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity, 252 Rhinoplasty, surgical repair of the nose, 266 Rhinorrhagia, another term for epistaxis, or nosebleed, 27, 239 Rhinorrhea, discharge from the nose (runny nose), 27 Rhizotomy. See Radicotomy Rhytidectomy, plastic surgery in which skin wrinkles are surgically removed, 102 Rhytidoplasty, the surgical repair of skin wrinkles, 102, 102f RICE, rest, ice compresses, compression of the injury site, and elevation of the injured limb, 141 Rickets, a disease in which the bones become softened due to the excessive removal of calcium for other body functions, 130 Right-ventricular failure, a condition of chronic enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from congestion of the pulmonary circulation; also called cor pulmonale, 205 Ringworm. See Tinea Rotator cuff injury, a trauma that causes tearing of tendons and/or muscles of the shoulder, 130 Rotator cuff tendonitis, a form of tendonitis resulting from injury to one or more muscles forming the rotator cuff of the shoulder, 132 RP. See Retrograde pyelogram Rubeola, an acute viral disease that causes fever, a skin rash of numerous vesicles, and general inflammation of the respiratory tract, also called measles, 171

S Sacrum, 114 Sagittal plane, a vertical plane passing through the body from front to back, dividing the body into right and left portions; a midsagittal plane divides into equal portions, and a parasagittal plane divides into unequal portions, 65, 63f Salmonella, 293 Salpingectomy, the surgical removal of a fallopian tube, 403 Salpingitis, inflammation of a fallopian tube, 394 Salpingocele, a protrusion, or herniation, of a fallopian tube wall, 395 Salpingo-oophorectomy, the surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary, 403f, 403 Salpingopexy, the surgical fixation of a fallopian tube, 404 Salpingostomy, a procedure to open a blocked fallopian tube or to drain fluid from an inflamed tube, 404 SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome SCA (sudden cardiac arrest). See Cardiac arrest Scabies, skin eruption caused by the female itch mite, 97, 97f Scar tissue, 83 Schizophrenia, a mental condition characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and extensive withdrawal, 459 SCLC, small cell lung cancer, 246 Sclera, 471 Scleroderma, abnormal thickening or hardness of the skin, caused by inflammation, 97 Scoliosis, abnormal lateral curve of the spine, 126, 126f Sebaceous glands, 79, 80f Seborrheic dermatitis, an inherited form of skin inflammation characterized by excessive sebum production, 92 Seizure, a series of involuntary muscular spasms caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor neurons that trigger muscle contraction, 432 Sensory receptors, 80 Sepsis, a systemwide disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood; also called septicemia, 173 Septic, an adjective describing a person having the condition of septicemia, or sepsis, 173 Septicemia, a systemwide disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the circulating blood; also known as sepsis, 173 Septoplasty, a type of rhinoplasty that involves surgical repair of a deviation of the nasal septum to improve breathing, 266

I-32 Glossary-Index

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a viral infection that causes lung inflammation, alveolar damage, and atelectasis, 252 Sexually transmitted infections (STI), infections acquired during intimate physical contact that occurs during sexual intercourse or other sexual activities, also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 369, 417–418 SG. See Specific gravity Shingles, a type of herpes virus infection characterized by rows of painful blisters that is caused by herpes zoster virus, 93 Sialoadenitis, another term for parotitis, or mumps, inflammation of one or both parotid glands, 300 Sickle cell anemia, a type of anemia in which the hemoglobin is defective within cells, resulting in misshaped red blood cells that cause obstructions in blood vessels, 163, 163f Sigmoidoscopy, 311 Sign, a finding that can be discovered through objective examination, 72 of blood and lymphatic system, 157–59 of cardiovascular system, 196–98 of digestive system, 283–85 of ear, 486–87 of endocrine system, 506–8 of eye, 473 of female reproductive system, 384–86 of integumentary system, 82–88 of male reproductive system, 369–71 of nervous system, 431–33 of obstetrics, 408 of respiratory system, 237–40 of skeletal and muscular systems, 115–17 of urinary system, 330–33 Silicosis, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of fine silicone dust, 249 Simple mastectomy, 402 Sinusitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, 253 Skeletal system, 64, 112–43 abbreviations of, 144 anatomy and physiology terms, 112–15 diseases and disorders of, 119–32 medical report exercises for, 149–51 medical terms of, 115 signs and symptoms of, 115–17 treatments, procedures, devices of, 134–43 Skeleton, bones of, 113f Skin, 80, 81 anatomy of, 81f layers, 80, 81f Sleep apnea, a common form of apnea in which one or more pauses in breathing or shallow

breaths occur while sleeping; pauses may last from a few seconds to several minutes, usually anywhere from 5 to 30 or more times per minute, 237 Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 245 Smallpox, a viral disease that was eradicated in 1975 due to an aggressive vaccine campaign, 173 SOAP, 76 Sob, shortness of breath, 244 Sonohysterography, a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound waves to visualize the uterus within the pelvic cavity, 404 Special senses, 469–94 Specific gravity, the measurement of the density of substances in a liquid compared to water, 352 Sphygmomanometer, 223, 223f Sphygmomanometry, the procedure that measures arterial blood pressure with a device called a sphygmomanometer, 223, 223f Spina bifida, a congenital defect in which a child is born with a protrusion of the meninges, usually caused by a defect in the skull or spinal column, 26f, 444, 444f Spinal cord injury, trauma to the vertebral column, 133 Spinal fusion, a surgical procedure in which the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of the disk; also called spondylosyndesis, 138 Spinal tap. See Lumbar puncture Spirometer, device used to improve lung expansion after an operation or during a hospital stay, 265 Spirometry, 265, 265f Spleen, 155 Splenectomy, the surgical removal of the spleen, 182 Splenomegaly, abnormal enlargement of the spleen, 159 Spondylarthritis, inflammation of intervertebral joints, 130 Spondylosyndesis, a surgical procedure in which the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of the disk, 138 Spontaneous abortion (SAB), 413 Sprain, a tear of collagen fibers within a ligament, 131, 131f degrees of, 131f Sputum, expectorated matter that is coughed out from the lungs, 241 Squamous cell carcinoma, skin tumor that arises from a superficial layer of the epidermis, 91 Staph infection, an infection caused by Staphylococcus, a frequent cause of infections in wounds, a complication of normal healing, 174

Glossary-Index I-33

Staphylococcemia, the presence of the Staphylococcus bacterium in the blood, 174 Staphylococcus, 174 STDs. See Sexually transmitted infections Steatorrhea, abnormal levels of fat in the feces, literally “discharge of fat,” 285 Stent, an artificial, metallic scaffold that is used to anchor a surgical implant or graft, 218 Sterile, the inability to produce offspring, 382 STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections Stoma, 309 Stomach, 279 Stool culture and sensitivity (C&S), test that includes obtaining stool (fecal) samples, using the samples to grow microorganisms in culture, and identification of the microorganisms, 315 Strain, an injury that results from stretching a muscle beyond its normal range, 131 Strangulated hernia, type of hernia that restricts blood flow to the protruding organ, requiring medical intervention to avoid the loss of the affected organ, 298 Strep infection, an infection caused by Streptococcus, 174 Strep throat, a form of pharyngitis caused by an infection by Streptococcus, 174 Streptococcemia, the presence of the Streptococcus bacterium in the blood, 174 Streptococcus, 174 Stress ECG, electrocardiography that is performed during physical activity using a treadmill or stationary bicycle, 220 Stress ECHO, echocardiography that is performed during and after exercise to reproduce a heart dysfunction, 219 Stress incontinence, an involuntary discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement, 338 Stricture, condition of abnormal narrowing, 341 Stroke. See Cerebrovascular accident Subcutaneous, below the skin, 48, 80 Suffix, a word part affixed to the end of a word that modifies the meaning, 6, 8, 10 common, 20–21 indicating action or state, 23–25 indicating condition or disease, 25–27 indicating location, number, or quality, 29–30 indicating medical specialty, 31–32 indicating procedure or treatment, 32–35 introduction, 21–22 understanding, 19–38 Superficial, 64t Superficial burn, 90 Superficial partial thickness burn, 90 Superior, 64, 64t

Superior plane, 63f Suppuration, the formation of pus, 82 Sweat glands, 80, 81f Symptoms, experiences of a patient resulting from a disease, 71 of blood and lymphatic system, 157–59 of cardiovascular system, 196–98 of digestive system, 283–85 of ear, 486, 87 of endocrine system, 506–8 of eye, 473 of female reproductive system, 384–85 of integumentary system, 82–88 of male reproductive system, 369–71 of nervous system, 431–33 of obstetrics, 408 of respiratory system, 237–41 of skeletal and muscular systems, 115–17 of urinary system, 330–33 Syncope, a temporary loss of consciousness and posture; commonly known as fainting, 434 Syndrome, a disease involving multiple organs and causing an array of symptoms, 23, 48, 506, 511 Syphilis, an STI caused by a bacterium called a spirochete (Treponema pallidum), 418 System, a group of organs sharing a common function, 59 Systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic, progressive disease of connective tissue affecting the skin and many other organs commonly known as lupus, 97

T Tachycardia, a rapid heart rate, 52, 198 Tachypnea, rapid breathing, 241 TB. See Tuberculosis TB skin test, simple skin test used to determine the presence of a tuberculosis infection; also called PPD skin test and Mantoux skin test, 267, 267f TBI. See Traumatic brain injury TBSA. See Total body surface area Teeth, 280 Temporomandibular joint disease (TMJ), inflammation of the temporomandibular joint that results in frequent, painful dislocations, 131 Tendonitis, inflammation of a tendon, 132 Tenodynia, pain in a tendon, 26, 117 Tenomyoplasty, a surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon, 141 Tenorrhaphy, a surgery that sutures a tear in a tendon, 142 Tenosynovitis, form of tendonitis that also involves inflammation of the synovial membrane, 132

I-34 Glossary-Index

Tenotomy, a procedure in which one or more incisions are made into a tendon, 142 Testalgia, the symptom of testicular pain, also known as orchialgia and orchidalgia, 370 Testicular carcinoma, a cancer originating from the testis, the most common form is called seminoma, 375 Testicular torsion, a condition in which the spermatic cord becomes twisted, causing a reduced blood flow to the testis, 376, 376f Testis, 365, 504 Tetanus, disease caused by a neurotoxin released by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, 174 Tetralogy of Fallot, a severe congenital disease in which four defects associated with the heart are present at birth, 209 Therapeutic abortion (TAB), 413 Thoracalgia, pain in the chest region, 241 Thoracentesis, surgical puncture using a needle and syringe into the thoracic cavity to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnosis or treatment; also called thoracocentesis or pleurocentesis, 264, 267 Thoracic cavity, the superior part of the ventral cavity; also called the chest cavity, 67 Thoracic region, the area of the body trunk located between the neck and the diaphragm, 65 Thoracocentesis, another term for thoracentesis, a surgical puncture using a needle and syringe into the thoracic cavity to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnosis or treatment; also called pleurocentesis, 32, 264, 267 Thoracodynia, another term for thoracalgia, or pain in the chest region, 241 Thoracostomy, surgical puncture into the chest cavity, usually for insertion of a drainage or air tube, 268 Thoracotomy, surgical incision into the chest wall, 268 Thrombocytopenia, 159 Thrombolysis, treatment that dissolves an unwanted blood clot, 182 Thrombolytic therapy, treatments to dissolve unwanted blood clots to prevent the development of emboli, 223 Thrombopenia, abnormally reduced number of platelets, 159 Thrombosis, the presence of stationary blood clots within one or more blood vessels, 210 Thrombus, an unwanted blood clot, 182 Thymoma, a tumor originating in the thymus gland, 174 Thymus gland, 505 Thyroid gland, 229, 503, 504

Thyroid scan, a radiological procedure in which an image of the thyroid gland is obtained, 523, 523f Thyroidectomy, the surgical removal of the thyroid gland, 522, 522f Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid gland, 517 Thyroidoma, the condition of a thyroid tumor, 523 Thyroidotomy, an incision into the thyroid gland, 523 Thyroparathyroidectomy, the surgical removal of the parathyroid glands as well as the thyroid gland, 524 Thyrotoxicosis, a chronic form of hyperthyroidism that is an acute event triggered by infection or trauma and that can become lifethreatening, 515 Thyroxine test, a diagnostic test that measures thyroxine levels in the blood, 524 Timing, prefixes indicating, 39–45 Tinea, fungal infection of the skin often called ringworm, 98, 98f Tinea capitis, a fungal infection that forms on the scalp and can lead to alopecia, 98 Tinea corporis, a fungal infection that occurs on the body surface, 98 Tinea pedis, a fungal infection that occurs on the foot; also known as athlete’s foot, 98 Tinnitus, ringing or buzzing in the ears, 488 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) a powerful chemical that dissolves blood clots in vessels supplying the brain, 456 Tissues, a combination of similar cells that combine to form a generalized function, 59 TMJ. See Temporomandibular joint disease Tongue, 282f Tonsil, 236 Tonsillectomy, surgical removal of tonsils, 10 Tonsillitis, inflammation of one or more tonsils, 254 Total body surface area (TBSA), the amount of body surface affected and the depth of injury caused by a burn, 90, 90f Toxemia, the presence of toxins in the bloodstream, 28, 159 Toxoplasma gondii, 412 Toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii that may be contracted by exposure to animal feces, most commonly from household cats, 412 TPA. See Tissue plasminogen activator Trachea, 234 Tracheitis, inflammation of the trachea, 253 Tracheoplasty, surgical repair of the trachea, 268 Tracheostenosis, narrowing of the trachea due to inflammation, 253

Glossary-Index I-35

Tracheostomy, surgical creation of an opening into the trachea, usually for insertion of a breathing tube, 268, 268f Tracheotomy, surgical incision into the trachea, 268 Tranquilizers, 451 Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP), a procedure involving removal of prostate tissue to treat BPH, 381 Transvaginal sonography, a diagnostic procedure in which an ultrasound probe is inserted through the vagina to record images of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes, 404 Transverse plane, a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions, 65, 64f Trauma, a physical injury, 73 Traumatic brain injury, a severe brain injury often involving bleeding that can result in functional losses and death, abbreviated TBI, 441 Traumatic disease, 73 Treadmill stress test, the use of exercise during echocardiography or electrocardiography (or both) to examine heart function under stress, 223 Treatments of blood and lymphatic system, 176–83 of cardiovascular system, 212–14 of digestive system, 306–15 of ear, 494 of endocrine system, 519–523 of eye, 482–85 of female reproductive system, 397–405 of integumentary system, 101–3 of male reproductive system, 377–82 of nervous system, 449–56 of obstetrics, 414–416 of respiratory system, 256–69 of skeletal and muscular systems, 134–42 suffixes indicating, 32–35 of urinary system, 344–54 Treponema pallidum, 418 Trichomonas vaginalis, 418 Trichomoniasis, an STI caused by the protozoan Trichomonas, which is an amoeba-like singlecelled organism, 418 Trichomycosis, fungal infection of hair, 98 Trichopathy, a disease that affects the hair, 98 Trunk, the torso of the body, 66 TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone, 515 TSS. See Toxic shock syndrome Tubal ligation, a common form of female sterilization as a contraceptive measure in which fallopian tubes are severed and closed to prevent the migration of sperm upward into the tubes, 404, 404f

Tuberculosis, infection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, 246 skin tests for, 254, 254f TURP. See Transurethral resection of the prostate gland Tylenol. See Acetaminophen Tympanic membrane, 471f Tympanometry, measurement of the elasticity of the eardrum, 494 Tympanoplasty, surgical repair of the eardrum, 494

U UA. See Urinalysis UGI. See Upper GI series Ulcer, an erosion through the skin or mucous membrane; a bed sore is a decubitus ulcer, 84f, 87 Ulcerative colitis, condition of chronic bleeding of the colon wall, forming bloody diarrhea, a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 291, 298 Ultrasound imaging (sonography), a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a receiver and computer enhancement to detect and enhance sound waves as they echo from body structures, 52f, 76, 76f Ultraviolet light therapy, a treatment for acne and other related skin disorders in which ultraviolet light is applied to the skin to slough away the upper layers of the epidermis, 101 Umbilical, the middle abdominal region, 66 Umbilical hernia, type of hernia that is a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through a tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical (navel) region, 298 Upper GI series, 312 Upper respiratory infection (URI), generalized infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, 254 Uremia, excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood, 341 Ureteral stricture, 341 Ureterectomy, the surgical removal of a ureter, 352 Ureteritis, inflammation of a ureter, 341 Ureterocele, herniated ureter, 341 Ureterolithiasis, one or more stones (or calculi) within a ureter, 341 Ureterostenosis, a ureteral stricture, or narrowing, 341 Ureterostomy, the surgical creation of an opening through a ureter, 352 Ureterotomy, an incision into the wall of the ureter, 352 Ureterovesical stricture, a stricture, or narrowing, of the junction of the ureter and bladder, 326

I-36 Glossary-Index

Ureters, paired, narrow tubes that conduct urine from each kidney to the posterior part of the urinary bladder, 341 Urethra, a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior, through the external urethral orifice (urinary meatus), 326, 327f Urethral stricture, a urethral stricture, or narrowing, 341 Urethritis, inflammation of the urethra, 370 Urethrocystitis, infection of the urethra and urinary bladder causing inflammation, 335 Urethropexy, surgical fixation of the urethra, 352 Urethroplasty, surgical repair of the urethra, 352 Urethroscope, specialized endoscope is associated with viewing the urethra, 352 Urethrostomy, surgical creation of an opening through the urethra, 352 Urethrotomy, an incision into the wall of the urethra, 352 URI. See Upper respiratory infection Urinalysis (UA), a collection of clinical lab tests that are performed on a urine specimen, 354, 354f Urinary bladder, a hollow, muscular organ located at the base of the pelvic cavity that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine, 327, 328f Urinary catheter, 353 Urinary catheterization, the process of inserting a urinary catheter into the urethra to drain urine from an immobile patient’s bladder, 353, 353f Urinary endoscopy, the use of an endoscope to observe (or view) internal structures of the urinary system, 354 Urinary incontinence, the inability to control urination, 338 Urinary retention, abnormal accumulation (or retention) of urine within the urinary bladder, 342 Urinary system, 62, 326–61 abbreviations of, 357 anatomy and physiology terms, 327–29 diseases and disorders of, 335–42 medical report exercises, 359–61 medical terms for, 329–30 organs of, 328f signs and symptoms of, 330–40 treatments, procedures, devices of, 344–54 Urinary tract infection (UTI), an infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder, 342, 342f Urine, 327 Urologist, physician who treats disorders of the urinary system, 330, 354, 368, 380 Urology, the medical discipline specializing in the clinical treatment of urinary disease, 330, 354, 368, 380

Urticaria, allergic skin reaction to foods, infection, or injury that produces small fluid-filled skin elevations; also known as hives, 87, 87f Uterus, 365, 367 UTI. See Urinary tract infection

V Vaccination, inoculation of a foreign substance to provide a cure, or prophylaxis, 183 Vaccine, a preparation used to activate an immune response, 181f, 183 Vagina, 365, 366f Vaginal speculum, an instrument used to open the vaginal orifice wide enough to permit visual examination of the vagina and cervix, 405 Vaginectomy, another name for colpectomy, surgical removal of the vagina, 398 Vaginitis, inflammation of the vagina; also called colpitis, 395 Vagotomy, a procedure in which several branches of the vagus nerve are severed (with an incision) to reduce acid secretion in the stomach, 314, 456 Valley fever, another term for coccidioidomycosis, a fungal infection of the upper respiratory tract; caused by Coccidioides immitis fungus, whose place of origin is in the San Joaquin Valley of California, 247 Valvuloplasty, surgical repair of a heart valve, 223 Varicocele, herniation of the veins within the spermatic cord caused by failure of the valves within the veins, 375 Varicosis, an abnormally dilated vein that results when valves within a superficial vein of the leg or elsewhere fail, allowing blood to pool, 210, 210f Vas, 365, 366f Vasectomy, an elective sterilization procedure in which the vas deferens is severed to block the flow of sperm during ejaculation, 382, 382f Vasovasostomy, a surgical procedure to reverse a vasectomy, 382 VCUG. See Voiding cystourethrogram Vein, 194, 195f Venipuncture, a procedure in which a small puncture is made in a vein to withdraw blood; also called phlebotomy, 222 Ventilation-perfusion scanning (V/Q scan or VPS), diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine or radioactive material to evaluate pulmonary function, 269 Ventilator, device that pushes air into the patient’s airway, often used by a respiratory therapist in a clinical setting or by an emergency medical technician at the site of injury and in transit to a hospital, 263, 263f

Glossary-Index I-37

Ventral, 64t Ventral cavity, the body cavity on the anterior side of the body that includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, 67, 68f Ventricular fibrillation, the condition of uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle forming the ventricles that results in circulatory collapse due to the failure of the ventricles to expel blood, 218 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), a congenital disease in which an opening in the septum separating the right and left ventricles of the heart is present at birth, 211 Ventriculitis, inflammation of the ventricles of the brain, 448 Verruca, a wart that is a sign of infection by a papillomavirus, 88 Vertebrae, the bones that form the spinal column, 14 Vertebral cavity, the dorsal body cavity that houses the spinal cord; also called spinal cavity, 67, 67f Vertebroplasty, a surgical procedure that repairs damaged or diseased vertebrae, 142 Vertigo, a sensation of dizziness, 488 Vesicle, small skin elevation filled with fluid; a blister, 84f, 88f, 88 Vesicotomy, another name for cystotomy, which is an incision through the urinary bladder wall, 347 Vesicourethral, 354 Vesicourethral suspension, a surgery that stabilizes the position of the urinary bladder, 354 Vesicovaginal fistula, a fistula occurring between the urinary bladder and the vagina, 391 Vesiculectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the seminal vesicles, 382 Viral hepatitis, a viral-induced inflammation of the liver, 298 Virology, the study of viruses, a subspecialty of immunology, or infectious disease, 157 Viscera, internal contents of body cavities, which include organs and supporting structures, 67 Vision disorders. See Refractive error Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), a cystourethrogram procedure that includes x-rays taken before, during, and after urination to observe bladder function, 345

Volvulus, severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction, 303, 303f VPS. See Ventilation-perfusion scanning V/Q scan, another term for ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS), a diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine or radioactive material to evaluate pulmonary function; also called lung scan, 269 VSD. See Ventricular septal defect Vulvectomy, the surgical removal of the vulva, 404 Vulvitis, inflammation of the external genitals, or vulva, 395 Vulvovaginitis, inflammation of the external genitals and vagina, 395

W Warfarin, the most common anticoagulant agent (Coumadin), 173 Wheal, a temporary, itchy elevation of the skin, 84f, 88 White blood count (WBC), 180 Whooping cough, common term for pertussis, an acute infectious disease that causes inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with spasmodic coughing that produces a distinct noise, 249 Wilms’ tumor, another name for nephroblastoma, which is a tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embryonic cells, 338 Word parts, 6–12 forming words from, 13–15 prefix, 6 suffix, 6, 8, 10 word root, 6, 8 Word root, 6, 8, 13 Words, forming from word parts, 11–14 World Health Organization, 170

X Xeroderma, condition characterized by abnormally dry skin, 98

Y Yersinia pestis, 172

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