Market-Driven Plant Breeding for Practicing Breeders: Plant Breeding for Practicing Breeders 9789811954337, 9789811954344, 981195433X

Table of contents :
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1: Plant Breeding: Its Evolution and Recent Trends
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History and Evolution of Plant Breeding
1.3 Market Drivers for Plant Breeding Products
1.3.1 Advanced Technologies
1.3.2 Hybrid Seed Production
1.3.3 Decreasing Arable Land
1.3.4 Increasing Population
1.3.5 Globalization
1.3.6 Legal Framework
1.4 The Global Perspective on Plant Breeding Research in the Seed Business
1.5 The Indian Perspective on Plant Breeding Research in the Seed Business
1.5.1 Increasing Participation of the Private Sector in Plant Breeding
1.5.2 Trends in Plant Breeding Research in the Private Sector in India
1.5.2.1 Yield and Quality Parameters
1.5.2.2 Adaptability to Climatic Conditions
1.5.2.3 Commodity Specificity
1.5.2.4 Location
1.5.2.5 Postharvest Qualities
1.5.2.6 New Breeding Technologies (NBT)
1.5.2.7 Trait Novelty
1.6 Summing Up: The Need for this Book
References
2: Germplasm Management in Commercial Plant Breeding Programs
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Germplasm: Definition, and Scope in Breeding
2.3 Accessing Germplasm
2.3.1 Domestic and International Sources for Germplasm
2.3.1.1 GRIN and Germplasm Repositories, USA
2.3.1.2 Germplasm Bank at World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan
2.3.1.3 Germplasm Information, India
2.3.1.4 Other Sources of Germplasm
2.3.2 Accessibility and Quarantine
2.3.2.1 Accessibility
2.3.2.2 Quarantine
2.4 The National Biodiversity Act (NBA): Its Implications
2.5 Role of Consortiums in Providing Germplasm Access
2.5.1 Public/Private
2.5.2 Public/Public
2.5.3 Private/Private
2.6 Germplasm Collection and Curation Practices
2.6.1 Collection
2.6.2 Record Keeping
2.6.3 Curation
2.7 Germplasm Conservation, Evaluation, and Data Management
2.7.1 Stage 1: Seed Increase and Maintenance of Original Collections
2.7.2 Stage 2: Evaluation
2.7.3 Stage 3: Data Management
2.7.3.1 Manual Data Input and Analysis
2.7.3.2 Software-Based Data Input and Analysis
2.8 Germplasm Seed Inventory and Management
2.9 Legal Issues in Exploitation of Local/Indigenous Variety
2.9.1 Accessing Genetic Materials from the Public or Private Sector
2.9.1.1 Open Pollinated Varieties (OPVs)
2.9.1.2 Hybrids
2.10 Germplasm Improvement Projects: Case Studies of Impact
2.10.1 Self-pollinated Crops: Varietal Development
2.10.2 Self-pollinating Crops: Heterosis and Impact (as in Tomato)
2.10.3 Cross-Pollinated Crops
2.10.3.1 Seedless Watermelon
2.10.3.2 Improvement of Maize Germplasm
2.11 Pre-breeding
2.11.1 MLN Virus Resistance in Maize for Africa
2.11.2 Technology-Driven Breeding
2.12 Conclusions
References
3: Designing Plant Breeding Programs for Targeted Deliveries
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plant Breeding in History
3.3 Designing Plant Breeding Programs Aligned with Organizational Objectives
3.3.1 Aligning Plant Breeding Programs with Commercial Strategies
3.3.2 Market Analysis to Predict Future Product Design Requirements
3.3.2.1 STEEP Analysis and Future Market Prediction
3.3.3 Designing a New Plant Variety Based on Predicted Market Needs
3.4 The Planning Process: Breeding Objectives and Processes
3.4.1 The New Variety Design
3.4.1.1 Planning a New Variety Design
3.4.1.2 Trait Profiling in New Variety Designing
3.4.2 Plant Breeding Process Mapping
3.4.2.1 Developing Progress Indicators
3.4.2.2 Focusing on Key Success Factors
3.4.3 Role of a Breeder in the Plant Breeding Process
3.5 Execution of a Planned Plant Breeding Program
3.5.1 Creating New Variability
3.5.1.1 Selection of Parental Lines
3.5.1.2 Choice of Mating Designs
3.5.1.3 Selection Methods
3.5.1.4 Selection Criteria
3.5.1.5 Selection Environment and Screening Methodology
3.5.2 Stabilizing the New Variation: Recombinant Plant to Recombinant Inbred Line
3.5.2.1 Nursery Management
3.5.2.2 Improving Breeding Process Efficiencies; Speed Breeding and Dihaploidy
3.5.2.3 Maintaining the New Recombinant Line
3.6 Hybrid Seed Production for Testing and Trialing
3.6.1 Hybrid Breeding
3.6.2 Crossing Block Management
3.6.3 Hybrid Testing
3.6.3.1 Stages of Testing-Initial, Advanced, and Multilocation
3.6.3.2 Data Generation and Management
3.6.3.3 Selection Environments
3.6.3.4 Hybrid Advancement Decisions
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: Inbred Line Development and Hybrid Breeding
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why Hybrids?
4.3 Specifics of Commercial Plant Breeding
4.4 Inbred Line Development (ILD)
4.4.1 Doubled Haploidy (DH)
4.4.1.1 DH in Commercial Plant Breeding
4.4.1.2 Economic Impact of DH
4.4.1.3 Haploid Inducer Lines
4.4.1.4 Doubled-Haploid Breeding and In Vitro Mutagenesis in Brassicas
4.4.1.5 In vitro Androgenesis
4.4.1.6 DH in Cucurbits
4.4.1.7 DH Production Services
4.4.2 Fast Generation Cycling System (FGCS) Technology
4.4.2.1 Advantages of FGCS
4.5 Inbred Line Evaluation
4.6 Combining Ability (CA)
4.6.1 Relative Importance of Combining Ability
4.6.1.1 Early Generation Testing
4.6.2 Combining Ability Estimation Techniques
4.6.2.1 Diallel Mating Design
4.6.2.2 Line x Tester Design
4.6.2.3 North Carolina Design
4.7 Applications of the Concept of CA in Commercial Plant Breeding
4.7.1 CA for Yield
4.7.2 CA for Disease, Insect Pest, and Weed Resistance
4.7.3 CA and Germplasm Classification
4.7.4 CA and QTL Mapping
4.8 Breeding for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Resistances
4.8.1 Breeding for Abiotic Stress Resistances
4.8.1.1 Breeding for Drought Resistance
4.8.1.2 Breeding for Salinity Tolerance
4.8.1.3 Screening Techniques for Abiotic Stresses
4.8.2 Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance
4.8.2.1 Disease Resistance Breeding
4.8.2.2 Breeding of ``Single Gene´´ Resistant Varieties
4.8.2.3 Alternative Strategies for Breeding Resistant Varieties
4.8.2.4 Challenges in the Breeding of Resistant Crops
4.8.2.5 Crop-specific Examples of Successes in Resistance Breeding
4.8.2.6 The Way Ahead
4.9 Pollination Control Mechanisms
4.9.1 Self-incompatibility (SI)
4.9.1.1 Applications of SI to Crop Production and Breeding
4.9.1.2 SI versus SC in Crop Production, Yield, and Quality
4.9.1.3 SI as an Alternative to Male Sterility for Developing Hybrids
4.9.1.4 SI in Hybrid Breeding Schemes
4.9.1.5 Achieving SC and Its Role in Hybrid Breeding
4.9.1.6 SI in Overcoming Interspecific Reproductive Barriers (IRBs)
4.9.1.7 Patented Applications of Plant SI Systems
4.9.1.8 Future Prospects of SI in Crop Breeding
4.10 Male Sterility
4.10.1 Male Sterility in Alliums
4.10.2 Male Sterility in Brassicas
4.10.3 Male Sterility in Carrot
4.10.4 Male Sterility in Maize
4.10.5 Male Sterility in Pearl Millet
4.10.6 Male Sterility in Peppers
4.10.7 Male Sterility in Sorghums
4.10.8 Male Sterility in Sunflower
4.10.9 Male Sterility in Rice
4.10.10 Future Prospects of Male Sterility
4.11 Breeding of Vegetable Crops: Success Stories
References
5: Use of Molecular Technologies in Plant Breeding
5.1 Overview of Marker-Assisted Breeding
5.1.1 Development of Markers
5.1.2 Molecular Marker Lab Resources
5.1.3 Plant Tissue Sampling Activity
5.1.4 Data Generation, Handling, and Interpretation
5.1.5 Marker Methodologies for Quantitative Traits
5.1.5.1 Linkage and Association Mapping Methods
5.1.6 Application of Markers in Plant Breeding
5.1.6.1 Diversity Analysis and Parent Selection
5.1.6.2 Heterotic Grouping
5.1.6.3 F1 or Hybridity Verification Tests
5.1.6.4 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)
5.1.6.5 Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABB)
5.1.6.6 Genomic Selection (GS)
5.1.6.7 Seed Purity Testing
5.1.6.8 DNA Fingerprinting for Varietal Identification
5.2 Transgenic Breeding
5.2.1 Creation of Transgenic Lines
5.2.1.1 Choosing the Gene of Interest
5.2.1.2 Gene Cloning
5.2.1.3 Plasmid Cassette Designing
5.2.1.4 Plant Cell Transformation
5.2.2 Event Selection
5.2.2.1 Criteria for Event Selection
5.2.2.2 Event Testing
5.2.2.3 Elite Line Development
5.2.2.4 Multi-stack of Events
5.2.2.5 Confined Field Trial (CFT) for Event Selection
5.2.3 Quality Control of GM Seed
5.2.4 GM Trait Regulations and the Registration Process
5.3 Genome Editing
5.3.1 CRISPR-Cas9 Method for Creating GE Plants
5.3.1.1 Applications
5.3.2 Regulations for Gene-Edited (GEd) Crop Varieties
5.4 Licensing of Traits
5.5 Introgression into Licensee Germplasm
5.6 Summary and Future Perspective
References
6: Product Development in Market-Driven Plant Breeding
6.1 Definition of Product Development
6.2 Key Elements of PD
6.2.1 PD Activities in the Seed Business
6.2.2 The Steps Involved in PD Activities
6.2.3 Seed and Logistics Requirements for Wide-Area Testing
6.2.4 Wide-Area Testing, Based on Mapping of Market Segments
6.2.5 Trial Calendar for Various Crops
6.2.6 Trait Dictionaries for Each Crop
6.2.7 Data Management and Conclusions
6.2.8 Operational Plan for Testing
6.2.9 Skills Development Plan for the Organization
6.2.10 Product Advancement Meetings
6.2.11 Registration of New Products: How and When
6.3 Preparing Operational Budgets for PD
6.4 Handover to Marketing and Sales
6.4.1 Role of PD
6.4.2 Role of Breeder
6.4.3 Role of Marketing
6.4.4 Role of Supply Chain
6.4.5 Role of Sales
6.5 Product Stewardship: GMO and Non-GMO
6.5.1 GMO Products
6.5.2 Non-GMO Products
6.6 Innovation in Product Development
6.7 Conclusion
References
7: Maintenance Breeding
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Monitoring of Hybrid/Product Performance
7.3 Maintenance Breeding of Parental Lines
7.3.1 Pollination Mechanisms
Box 7.1 Glossary of Abbreviated Terms Used in MB (Maintenance Breeding)
7.3.2 Timelines for Completion of the Maintenance Breeding Cycle
7.3.3 General Procedures of Maintenance Breeding in Annual Crops
7.3.4 Specific Deviations from General Practices in the Different Hybrid Systems of Annual Crops
7.3.5 Features of MB in Annual Crops Requiring Special Breeding Systems
7.3.5.1 Special Features of MB in Castor
7.3.5.2 Precautions in MB for Crops Requiring the CMS System
7.3.5.3 Special Features of MB in Crops Requiring the GMS System
7.3.5.4 Special Features of MB in Crops Requiring the TGMS System
7.3.6 General Procedure for MB in Biennial Crops
7.3.7 Specific Deviations from General Practice in Different Hybrid Systems of Biennial Crops
7.3.8 Special Features of MB in Some Breeding Systems of Biennial Crops
7.3.8.1 Precautions in MB in Brussels Sprout, Radish, and Cauliflower
7.3.8.2 Precautions in MB of Biennial Crops with the CMS System
7.3.8.3 Precautions in MB of Biennial Crops with the GMS System
7.3.8.4 Precaution in MB of Biennial Crops with the TGMS System
7.4 Conclusion
References
8: Seed Production Research
8.1 Introduction
8.2 SPR in Conventional Production Areas
8.2.1 Characteristics of Parents Determining Seed Production Potential
8.2.1.1 Seed Yield of the Female Parent
8.2.1.2 Agronomic and Seed Characteristics of the Female Parent
8.2.1.3 Agronomic Characteristics of the Male Line
8.2.1.4 Nicking
8.2.1.5 Seed Quality Features
8.2.2 Seed Production Research Strategy
8.2.2.1 Information on Seed Producibility of Hybrids
8.2.2.2 Data Generation and Recommendations
8.2.3 Practices at Sowing/Transplanting to Achieve Good Nicking at Flowering
8.2.3.1 Aged Seedling Transplanting
8.2.3.2 Seed Priming
8.2.3.3 Prediction and Adjustment of Synchronization
8.3 SPR in a New Area and/or New Season
8.3.1 Selection of New Area
8.3.2 Effect of Climatic Factors in Seed Production
8.3.2.1 Temperature
Box 8.1 Effect of High Temperature on Rice Seed Production
Box 8.2 Effect of High Temperature on Wheat Seed Production
Box 8.3 Effect of High Temperature on Maize Seed Production
Box 8.4 Effect of High Temperature on Cotton Seed Production
Box 8.5 Effect of High Temperature on Sorghum Seed Production
Box 8.6 Effect of High Temperature on Canola Seed Production
Box 8.7 Effect of High Temperature on Vegetable Seed Production
8.3.2.2 Precipitation
8.3.2.3 Photoperiod
8.3.2.4 Wind Velocity
8.3.2.5 Altitude
8.3.2.6 Seed Production Environment and Seed Quality
8.4 Sex Modifications Through Hormones and Chemicals in Vegetables
8.5 Breakdown of Incompatibility
8.6 Swapping of Parents
8.7 Pollen Preservation
8.7.1 Pollen Preservation Method
8.8 Agronomic Research in Seed Production Crops
8.9 Summing Up
References
9: Breeders´ Role in Supporting Allied Functions in the Seed Business
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Quality Seed Production
9.2.1 Parent Seed Production
9.2.2 Hybrid Seed/Certified Seed
9.2.3 New Product Development
9.2.4 Seed Quality Assurance
9.3 Stewardship
9.3.1 Assurance of Product Performance
9.4 Sales and Marketing
9.4.1 Competition Scanning
9.4.2 Third-Party Hybrid Evaluations
9.4.3 Product Registration
9.4.4 Market Development
9.4.5 Export of Seed
9.4.6 Consumer Complaint Redressal
9.5 Management
9.5.1 Germplasm Acquisition and Use
9.5.1.1 Germplasm Acquisition Under ITPGRFA and CBD
9.5.1.2 Germplasm Access Under the PBR/PVP System
9.5.1.3 Accessing Off-PVP Germplasm
9.5.1.4 Accessing Germplasm from the Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI)
9.5.1.5 Accessing Germplasm from Research Collaborations
9.5.1.6 Accessing Germplasm via Licensing Agreements
9.5.1.7 Sharing Germplasm for Developing Joint Hybrids for Marketing
Box 9.1 SOP for Tracking the Existing Germplasm Presently Used in the Breeding Program
Box 9.2 SOP for Acquiring New Germplasm
9.5.2 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for the Hybrids/Parental Lines
9.5.2.1 Applying for PBR
9.5.3 Licensing
9.5.4 Business Planning
9.5.5 Mergers and Acquisitions
9.6 Summing Up
References
10: Regulatory Aspects of the Seed Business in Relation to Plant Breeding
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Regulations on the Seed Industry
10.2.1 Regulation of the Seed Industry in India
10.2.2 Some Important Laws Related to the Seed Business/Crop Breeding in India
10.2.3 Recognition of R&D Units
10.3 Regulations on Germplasm
10.3.1 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)
Box 10.1 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)
Box 10.2 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and Consultative Group for Int...
Box 10.3 The ITPGRFA in India, with Reference to Agricultural Crops
Box 10.4 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol
Box 10.5 The ITPGRFA and the Nagoya Protocol in India, with Reference to Agricultural Crops
Box 10.6 Benefit Sharing Under the Nagoya Protocol in India
10.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
10.3.3 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Protection for Germplasm
10.3.3.1 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Protection for Germplasms in the USA
10.3.3.2 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Protection for Germplasm in India
10.3.4 Plant Breeder Rights (PBR)/Plant Variety Protection (PVP) System
10.3.5 Plant Breeders´ Rights (PBR) System in India
10.3.5.1 PBR for the Hybrids/Parental Lines
10.3.5.2 PBR for Essentially Derived Varieties (EDVs)
Box 10.7 Financial and Legal Implications of PVP in India
10.3.5.3 Applying for PBR in India
Box 10.8 Filing Process for PVP Registration in India
Box 10.9 The Data Compilation Process for PVP Registration in India
Box 10.10 Actions to be Taken for Filing and After Filing the PVP Application
Box 10.11 Vigilance on Violation of Rights and Defending Counterclaims
10.3.6 Registration of Germplasm in India
10.4 Germplasm Access
10.4.1 Germplasm Access Under the PBR/PVP System
10.4.2 Accessing Off-PVP Germplasm
10.4.3 Accessing Germplasm from the Open Source Seed Initiative (OSSI)
10.4.4 Accessing Germplasm from Research Collaborations
10.5 Crop Variety Registration
10.5.1 Crop Variety Registration in India
Box 10.12 Varietal Registration Regulation in Gujarat State, India
10.5.2 Release and Notification of Crop Cultivars in India
10.5.2.1 Evaluation
10.5.2.2 Identification
10.5.2.3 Release and Notification
10.5.3 OECD Scheme for the Varietal Certification of Seed
10.6 Import and Exports of Seed and Germplasm
10.6.1 Import/Export of Seed and Germplasm in/from India
Box 10.13 Regulations on Import of Seed/Germplasm in India
10.7 Regulations and the Registration Process for Genetically Modified (GM) Plants
10.7.1 GM Trait Regulations in India
10.7.1.1 Regulations on Initiating Research/Experimental Work on GM Crops
10.7.1.2 Safety Assessment Guidelines
10.7.1.3 GM Crops´ Release Procedures
10.7.1.4 Current Regulatory Scenario in India
10.7.2 GM Trait Regulations in the USA
10.7.3 GM Trait Regulations in European Union (EU) Countries
10.7.4 GM Trait Regulation in China and in Some Asian Countries
10.7.4.1 GM Trait Regulations in Bangladesh
10.7.4.2 GM Trait Regulations in Pakistan
10.7.4.3 GM Trait Regulations in Vietnam
10.7.4.4 GM Trait Regulations in the Philippines
10.7.4.5 GM Trait Regulation in Japan
10.7.4.6 GM Trait Regulation in Indonesia
10.7.5 GM Trait Regulation in Other Countries
10.7.5.1 GM Trait Regulation in Australia
10.7.5.2 GM Trait Regulation in New Zealand
10.7.5.3 GM Trait Regulation in Ethiopia
10.7.5.4 GM Trait Regulation in Brazil
10.7.5.5 GM Trait Regulation in Canada
10.8 Regulation of Genome Edited Crops
10.9 Licensing of Traits
10.10 Summing Up
References

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