Look and Learn [1988 ed] 0716601885, 9780716601883

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Look and Learn

Childcraft The How and

Why

Volume 12

Look and Learn World Book, a Scott Fetzer

Inc.

company

Chicago London Sydney Toronto

Library

1988 Edition Childcraft The

—

(Reg U.S. Pat Copyright

©

How and Why

1987,

USA.

by World Book,

Merchandise Marl Plaza, Chicago, All rights

may

any form without Copyright

Illinois

Inc.

60654

reserved

This volume

Copyright

Library

Off.)

© ©

not

be reproduced

in

whole or

in

part

in

written permission from the publishers.

1986. 1985 by World Book, 1982, 1981, 1980. 1979.

Inc.

USA

Book-Childcraft International. Inc. Copyright

1973. 1971. 1970. 1969. 1968, 1965, 1964.

by World

©

1976. 1974.

USA.

by

Field

Enterprises Educational Corporation International Copyright Inc.

©

1987, 1986. 1985 by World Book,

International Copyright

World Book-Childcraft

©

right

©

1982, 1981, 1980, 1979, by

International, Inc

;

International

Copy-

1976. 1974, 1973, 1971, 1970, 1969, 1968, 1965,

1964. by Field Enterprises Educational Corporation in the United States of America ISBN 0-7166-0188-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card No 87-50086

Printed

Acknowledgments

—

The publishers of Childcraft The How and Why Library gratefully acknowledge the courtesy of the following publishers, agencies, and corporations. Full illustration acknowledgments for this volume appear on pages 312 and 313.

CPN

Inc.: photography, page 143, courtesy Bride's Magazine, copyright by CPN Inc.

The Frick Collection, New York: Self-Portrait, 1658, by Rembrandt van Rijn, page 107 (bottom), copyright by The Frick Collection, New York. The

Pillsbury

Company: Green Giant figure, page 267, is a The Pillsbury Company, and used with

registered trademark of their permission.

National

Periodical

155, copyright

Publications,

Inc.:

illustration,

by National Periodical Publications,

page Inc.,

1966.

Time Inc.: photography, pages 306-307, by Ralph Crane, courtesy Life magazine, copyright by Time Inc. United Feature Syndicate, Inc.: page 309, copyright 1967 by United Feature Syndicate, Inc.

Wrather Corporation: Lone Ranger photo, page 155, reproduced by permission, copyright 1966 by Wrather Corporation.

Volume 12

Look and Learn Contents Colors

Can

"Talk"

5

Nothing Can

Mean Something

31

Shapes From

A

57

to

Z

Hands and Faces Things That

Go Together

81

109

Clothes and Trimmings

133

What Models Stand For

165

Can

189

Materials

"Talk"

The Proper Place Special

Marks

211

235

Trademarks and People Marks

263

Seeing

283

Is

Believing?

Illustration

Acknowledgments

Volume Index

312 314

Look and Learn

Look around you. Look at people's faces and learn how they feel or what they're thinking about. Look at models and learn about things that are too big or too small to see.

Look

at clothes

and learn something about the people who are wearing them. Look at special marks and symbols and learn what they stand for and how they're used.

Look

at pictures

and learn how people lived and looked a long time ago.

Keep your eyes open, because you're surrounded by people and pictures,

and clothes, shapes and marks, materials and more things that you can look at and learn from, without even reading or hearing a word. colors

Keep your eyes open — look and

learn.

COLORS CAN Can

color

mean

hot or cold

without any words?

Can

color

mean

I love

you

"TALK"

—

—

without any words? Or can it mean I'm the king without any words?

—

In the next few pages you'll find the

and

you'll find

answers to these questions

much

You'll find that color

more than you think

more.

may mean it

does.

The Lark by Hans Hofmann

Colors That Sing The

artist

called

it

Do you

who

painted this picture

"The Lark." suppose the beautiful colors

in the picture

stand for the song of the lark

on a bright summer morning?

JaCJu.

Red

Hot,

*f]

•

a /

c

••'

.••

•

..**

.•

i

...-

,.v;..

::•

Moving Box of Space Did you know it flies

It's

that

when an

airplane

inside a box?

not a

wooden box

or a metal box.

In fact, you can't even see this box. It's

44

a box of space.

flies,

—

•

*.

>•••••••*••••••••.

•

:

'.V.*. '•

;:•.-.»•

••

v.ww

-.w.v.v.


Z

_

.

.

*"

-

:'^S^r%x,

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-

7 f-'-'"

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bain

-_

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2

Walter Netsch, architect, looks at a model that he designed for the University of Illinois Chicago Circle Campus.

168

m

»

•»

^

"^^w #3^ ~^>^^^~

City

on a Table

Where should the new highway be built? The people who run the city couldn't decide. Then one of them said, and fly over the city. see the whole city at once,

"Let's take a helicopter

We'll be able to

and we can plan a route for the new highway." But the mayor said, "No. We need someone who knows the city and how to improve it. I'm going to call in a city planner.

He

can plan a good route for the highway and maybe come up with some other improvements, What's more, he'll show us what these look like

too.

on a model of the city. That way, we'll be able to see the highway and the improvements before they are built."

When

a city planner suggests changes, he wants to

what a

city will look like

if

show

the changes are made.

he prepares a small model that shows the city and the changes. So,

—

The model may show a new highway or

new

or a

new park

buildings before they are built.

approve the changes in the model then work can begin on the changes in the real city. If

the city

A photograph

officials

of the real Circle

city,

Campus.

169

Bringing

Back a Dinosaur

You

real dinosaurs today.

can't see

any

But many museums have

of dinosaurs that look real. are

made by

artists

models The models

life-sized

and sculptors who

The pictures on these pages show how a model of the meat-eating dinosaur Allosaurus was made. work

closely with scientists.

1. First,

artists

made drawings

of all

the parts of the Allosaurus skeleton.

n

2. A small model was made. The model and drawings were used as guides when making the life-sized "skeleton" out of metal beams and wire.

3.

The "skeleton" was then covered

with a "skin" of fine wire screen.

170

4.

The completed

looking very

"skeleton,"

much

like

now

the small

model, was ready for a coat of plaster.

6.

The

model was then It is on display the University of Nebraska at life-sized

painted to look at

Lincoln.

lifelike.

The wire mesh was covered with and skin folds were then worked into the plaster. 5.

plaster. Scales

Almost Like Being There Deep

we

in the cave,

see

by the dim

cavemen chipping

light of the fire,

tools

from a large

stone.

But how can this be? There aren't any cavemen today. We're looking at a diorama in a history museum. This diorama was made by museum workers who gathered all the facts they could find about cavemen. Then, they built models of trees, bushes, rocks, and of people long ago, and blended them with a carefully painted background. The diorama is the most realistic picture of cavemen we can Dioramas can show scenes about many times in history, or scenes about many ways people live.

172

get.

•-

**

A model

174

of an

.

atom

is

billions of

times larger than a

real

atom.

A model of the solar system is billions of times smaller than the solar system.

Too Tiny and Too Big No

matter

how hard you

tried,

you would never be able to find a photograph showing all the parts of an atom. Atoms are too tiny. And you would never be able to find a photograph showing all the parts of the solar system, either. The solar system is too big. From studying and experimenting, scientists have a good idea of what the atom and the solar system look like. So to

and science teachers can use models show what an atom or the solar system looks like. scientists

model

an atom and the model of the solar system look something alike. It's

interesting that the

of

175

•

\&&'* v-.'*

'**«m&

An army engineer uses Arkansas

176

a

River, Arkansas.

model

to explain the Dardanelle

Lock and

Dam

for the

A Model You

No

Making Sure

for

be too careful when you're going

just can't

one knows

this better

They may plan

to build a

than the engineers

dam

millions

And

it

The engineers

to

tall as

ten houses,

material alone will cost

and millions

will take

who have

that will

span a wide river valley, stand as and hold back a large lake.

The equipment and

to build a

of dollars.

many

years to finish the job.

just can't afford to

make any

mistakes.

But how can the engineers be sure that everything will be as right as is possible before they start to work?

Thev can build a model

of the

dam

that looks

dam they want to build. The model dam is much smaller and it costs

and works

just like the real

If

a lot

less.

the model works, the engineers can be pretty sure

that the real one will work, too.

This

is

how the

real

Dardanelle Lock and

Dam

looks.

dam. do

it.

Nowhere

Flying The

big 747 jet liner rises up off the airport

runway. Suddenly, the number three engine catches fire! The pilot must do something, fast! Luckily, this isn't happening on a real airplane full

of people.

It's

happening inside a model of

an airplane's cockpit. The model, called a flight simulator, never leaves the ground. A flight simulator

is

a

machine that imitates exactly what

an airplane. It can also imitate anything that might go wrong while an airplane it's

is

like to fly

flying.

Airline pilots have to practice in a flight

simulator about twice a year. controls, just as

if

They work the

they were taking

off,

flying,

and landing an airplane. The simulator can make all kinds of terrible problems seem to happen. In this way, the pilots can show how they would handle such problems during a real flight.

This pilot

is

practicing flying

in

a flight simulator.

179

Hf/

Looking Through a Machine how that car engine works!" Johnny wants to see how the gasoline gets to the carburetor and how the pistons move up and down in the cylinders. He wants to see through all the parts of the engine. "If I could just see

But the engine is covered with He can't see through metal. So, he needs a cutaway model.

180

solid metal.

Cutaway models

of engines are like real engines.

But the models are uncovered so that you can see all the parts.

Some

parts are

made

of clear plastic or glass

you can see what happens inside the tubes and chambers of the engines. so that

You can

see

all

kinds of machines in cutaway models,

from automobile engines and farm machines, to watches, telephones, and telescopes.

in the picture at the left look at a model engine of a truck. picture below shows children looking at the same model

Children

The with

its

outer covering removed.



;.i

'-v.i.'i

in

so you think the space under die table

Tii

in

i ill

.:.-

::i:n::

table,

nil

i:

is

emp"

iiii

iim :=-

V

H

% 288

The Magic Why

does

this

of

Makeup

man have makeup on

his face?

What

is

Why,

he's turning himself into a clown!

he doing?

he smears white makeup all over his face and draws lines around his eyes and mouth. Then, he puts on his funny nose. Finally, he puts on a wig and a funny-looking suit. First,

When

he's

you see

all

done,

he'll

in the circus.

look like the clowns

But have you ever

wondered what a clown all that makeup?

really looks like

under 289

How To

Hide

Soldiers fighting in a

One

of their

in

Your Clothes

war have many problems.

problems

is

to

move from

place to place

and, at the same time, keep hidden from the enemy.

You

can't hide in a hole

same time that you move from one battle position to another. So you have to use a trick to hide while you move. ith snow Soldiers fighting in countries where the ground is covered witn wear white clothes. The enemv has a hard time J at the

seeing a white-clothed soldier

move

290

in

white snow.

— «

-;>,

; 11 1

s£$9K

V a*

""***

-

^B^^—~

A

SA

-

:

•

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wear greenish spotted with yellow and brown. Also, they wear branches and leaves on top of their helmets. Soldiers fighting in jungles

When

the

enemy

clothes,

looks around,

he can see is a green jungle with small trees and bushes, spotted with sunlight and dirt even though he may be looking right all

at a soldier.

Coverings that hide anything

by making

it

look as

if it is

part of the scenery,

are called "camouflage."

"Camouflage" comes from a French word that means disguise. A camouflage is an optical illusion, which means things are not always what they seem to be.

291

A Funny Way

of Seeing Things

used to looking at things one way, and then suddenly you see them another way, you can be fooled. If you're

The artist who made these pictures drew them in a way that would fool you and make you laugh, too .

because this

who

.

.

ever thought of looking at things

way?

Giraffe with dandruff walking by

open window

292

-^

—

Fat

man

smoking

a pipe in a soft bed

Skin diver hitch-hiking

Clumsy tightrope walker

Santa Claus seen through a keyhole

Man on

stilts

talking to short

Woman

cowboy

in

In a

way

The

artist tricked

in

big hat

a sports car

these pictures are optical illusions.

you into believing

that the pictures don't

make much

sense

by using his imagination to draw thing's in a way that you wouldn't expect to see them.

just

Stork

wearing argyle socks

293

)

—

More— or Less Look and

at the cans, boxes,

bottles in the picture.

Some

Some

are big.

And some

are medium-sized.

are small.

Different-sized containers usually

hold different amounts of a product. This is true whether it's a can of tomatoes, a box of cookies, or a bottle of pop.

The different-sized containers make it possible for shoppers to buy only as

much

as they need.

For example, look

at the cans of tomatoes.

You

see three different-sized cans

big,

medium, and

The

big cans hold more tomatoes

small.

than the medium-sized cans.

And

the medium-sized cans

hold more than the small cans.

So

if

a can

(

or a box or a bottle

looks bigger than another can, it

must hold more,

right?

That's not necessarily so!

Sometimes, cans, boxes, and bottles are made to look as though they hold more than they really do.

But careful shoppers aren't fooled! They don't go by the size of a container.

They check to see how much The amount in a can, box, or is

it

really holds.

bottle

printed on the container or on a label.

By comparing the amounts shown, shoppers know which containers hold more

—or

less.

So don't be fooled if one container looks bigger than another. It may only be an optical illusion. Things are not always what they seem to be. 295

L>

1

&

Seeing Into" Pictures The top picture shows everything flat. You can't "see into" it. The picture under it shows the same scene so that you can see into The

artist of

it.

the top picture

did not use perspective. "Perspective" comes from parts of the Latin

words

meaning through and specere, meaning per,

When it

or into, to see.

a picture has "perspective,"

means you can "see

Really, though,

when

into"

artists

they are using an optical

The

picture

is still

But by making

it.

on a

use perspective,

illusion.

flat

surface.

go to a point, called "the vanishing point," lines

make the picture seem deep, and make you feel that you can "see

artists

into"

it.

297

Do you see four boxes Either

answer

is

or seven boxes?

correct.

What Do You See? Just for fun,

some people make up

on the eyes, or "optical illusions," to show how our eyes can fool us sometimes. tricks

Here are some of these just-for-fun See if they work for you, and then try them on your friends.

298

optical illusions.

Can you

Which

girl

is

taller?

Measure and

Is

figure out

where the middle bar

starts?

see.

the top line as long as the bottom line?

/7yyyyyyyyyyyy Is

the hat as

tall

as

its

brim

is

wide?

299

Ping Pong by Daniel Davidson for the Field Enterprises Educational Corporation collection.

300

— It's

Done With Dots

In the picture on the opposite page

you see many big dots that look orange, brown, and green. Yet the picture was printed in just four colors yellow, blue, red, and black. Each big dot is really a bunch of tiny dots.

Some Some

of the tiny dots are close together.

overlap,

and some are on top

you look at a certain small part through a magnifying glass, If

it

looks as

Look in

it

of other tiny dots.

of this picture

does in the picture below.

two big dots the upper left and upper right hand

You

at the

corners.

see yellow dots, red dots,

and, where blue dots were printed on top of yellow dots,

you see dark green dots. But when you half-close your eyes and look again, these two big dots look pale pea green. That's because, while

you were looking

at

them,

your eyes were busy mixing the red, yellow, and dark green dots pale pea green. into just one color

—

Many

full-color pictures are printed in tiny dots

and black combined in different ways so your eyes can mix them into the many colors you see.

of red, blue, yellow,

301

Do Moving The You

Pictures

Move?

pictures in movies don't really move. just think

they do.

When

you watch a movie, you are really watching many, many still pictures. Each one is slightly different from the one before it. They flash before your eyes one right after the other so fast that you don't see them as still pictures. Instead, you see changes from picture to picture that seem to blend. And those changes seem like movement to you.

How fast do I,

In

these

pictures

still

move

vour eves? Twenty-four pictures hit your eyes every single second! That means that if you watch a movie for one hour, in front of

you have looked

When it's

pictures

an optical

at 86,400 pictures!

seem

to

move

in movies,

illusion.

Sometimes you think you see things happening that are not really happening.

The pictures on these pages give you an idea of what movie film looks like when it's standing

302

still.

/

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Hiiin

Hill

.,

:iin llll

ur.

How To Change

Color

Without Changing

It

Suppose you only have some red paint. You dip your brush in it, and paint a spot of red on a piece of yellow paper. Then you look at it and say to yourself, "That red is too dark. I want it to look lighter."

But what can you do? You don't have any other colors white or vellow J to mix with the red. like

You

can't

make

it

thinner.

How can you make

the red look lighter

without getting different paint?

304

Simple! All you do

is

find a blue piece of paper,

and paint a red spot on it. Now it looks as if it were a lighter red. You changed what the color looks like, but you didn't change the color. All you did was to put your color next to another

Look

at the red spots in

Believe

it

color.

each of the pictures above.

or not,

the red spots in each pair of rectangles are the same.

You can prove This It

is

it

by covering the

colors

around them.

a kind of optical illusion.

means only

that things are not always

what thev seem

to be.

305

Movie Tricks In some movies or

you see whole

TV shows,

cities

swallowed during earthquakes,

big battleships sunk by torpedoes, giant animals knocking

down

buildings

and monsters crushing automobiles

in their hands.

what you really see? No. You are probably seeing

Is

that

toy

cities

like the

You

made

of little buildings

ones used with model railroads.

are probably seeing toy battleships

being sunk in a pool.

306

You

are probably seeing close-up pictures

mechanical animals knocking clown toy buildings, or close-up pictures of a man's hand of tiny

crushing a toy automobile.

spend lots of money but they could never have enough money

Moviemakers have

to

to

make movies,

to ruin real cities, or sink real battleships,

or break

up

real buildings, or crush real cars.

With the help of a camera, thev show optical illusions instead. Sometimes you think you see things happening that aren't really happening.

Ships

in

battles at sea look real in movies. But

because the ships are

really

what you see

models, such as the one

in

is

an optical

illusion

the picture on the facing page.

307

Characters

Who Seem

When you see a cartoon

at the movies, or

to

Move

on TV,

the characters seem to move. But, like

all

movies, cartoons fool your eyes.

A cartoon is a comic strip on film. It

has thousands of pictures, called frames.

The

film

moves too

fast for

your eyes to see the separate frames,

but in each one the characters change position

slightly.

your eyes, the people and animals seem to move.

So, to

Cartoons of

and the

this

artists

kind are called animated cartoons,

who draw

the characters are

known

as animators.

Their drawings are traced onto clear celluloid sheets, called

Other

The

artists

paint the colors on the backs of these

settings are

group of

artists

Each

is

eel

drawn

known

as separate pictures as

background

eels.

eels.

by another

artists.

then placed over the right background and

the frames are photographed one at a time in the proper order. Finally, the

—voices and music—

sound track

is

An artist adds the colors to a transparent tracing of an animator's drawing. Charlie Brown hasn't suddenly become left-handed. It only looks that way because the colors are always painted on the backs of these tracings or eels.

added

to the film.

Here are some frames from an animated cartoon. If you look closely at the crack in the sidewalk, you will see that Snoopy's paw has "moved" a little bit in each frame.

Watch

out, Schroeder!

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r

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jc

i

\

(a < H

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N

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1

1

309

People? you see

If

like the

tall

skinny people

ones in the picture,

you might think that you are on another But the

tall

planet.

skinny people

aren't people at

all.

They are shadows of people. Turn the picture sideways and you will see.

A

photographer

He

is

trying to trick your eyes.

took this picture late in the day

when the sun was in the west. The sun made tall slim shadows of the people who were skating. After he printed the picture,

he turned to

make

it

sideways

the shadows look like people

and the people look

310

like

shadows.

V

J4 \

.1

Mi jJJi 1

Illustration

Acknowledgments The publishers

acknowledge

of Childcraft gratefully

the following artists, photographers, publishers,

agencies, and corporations for illustrations in this volume. Page numbers refer to two-page spreads.

The words "(left)," "(center)," "(top)," "(bottom)," and "(right)," indicate position on the spread. All illustrations are the exclusive property of the

publishers of Childcraft unless with an asterisk

names are marked

96-97: Suzi Hawes 98-99: (left) Suzi Hawes; (right)

(*).

100-101: 102-103: 104-105: 106-107: 1:

Robert Keys

6-7: Gift of the artist, University Art

Museum,

University of California, Berkeley * 8-9: Shelbee Matis 10-11: Herb Kane 12-13: Donald Charles 14-15: (left) Jim Jebavy; (right) Childcraft photo 16-17: (top) Childcraft photos; (bottom) Joe Rogers 18-19: (left) A detail from the mosaic Emperor Justinian and His Retinue, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy

(American Archives of World

Art,

The Lehman Collection,

Inc.) *; (right)

New York City 20-21 (left) Harley Shelton; (right) United Nations * 22-23 Childcraft photos 24-25 World Book Encyclopedia Science Service, Inc. 26-27 Childcraft photo 28-29 Childcraft photos by Lee Balterman 30-31 Tak Murakami 32-33 Childcraft photos by Igor Bakht courtesy *

Joseph Hirshhorn Collection, New York City 34-35 Childcraft photo 36-37 (top) Betty Fraser; (bottom) Dominique Roger,

UNESCO 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47

*

George Suyeoka Roswell Brown (left) Suzi Hawes; (top Black Star

Museum

*;

(bottom

of Art,

right) Herbert Lanks, right),

New York

The Metropolitan Rogers Fund,

City,

Brandt & Associates *; (right) Evans Wollen & Associates, photo from Hedrich-

(left)

Blessing * 52-53 Art Haas * 54-55 Joe Rogers 56-57 Childcraft photos 58-59 (left) Anderson from Art Reference Bureau (right) Alinari

60-63 64-65 66-67 68-69

gift of

Samuel

A. Berger

New York

City,

*

112-113: (left) Jerry Skolnick; (right) Helen Prickett 114-115: (top) Jerry Cooke, Photo Researchers; (bottom) United Press Int. * 116-117: (left) Childcraft photo by Derek Gilby; (right) Aerofilms * 118-119: Childcraft staff art 120-121: Ralph Creasman 122-123: Sogetsu Kai 124-125: George Suyeoka 126-127: