Library interior layout and design: Proceedings of the seminar, held in Frederiksdal, Denmark, June 16–20, 1980 [Reprint 2017 ed.] 9783111357904, 9783598203862

Table of contents :
Contents
Introduction
Public planning in Denmark
Local planning and the Danish public library
Library buildings in Denmark
The planning of public libraries in Denmark
Library security
Protecting the library against fire: some considerations affecting interior layout and design
Energy saving in the planning of library buildings
Physical conditions and their influence on library layout and design
Graphic design in libraries
On library lighting
Some Danish public library buildings
The new building of the National Library in Warsaw
Bibliography
Appendices

Citation preview

International Fédération of Library Associations and Institutions Fédération Internationale des Associations de Bibliothécaires et des Bibliothèques Internationaler Verband der bibliothekarischen Vereine und Institutionen MEACAYHAPOAHA« O E A E P A M U BN6JINOTCHHHIX Accomiamdi H YIPEXACHIITT

IFLA Publications 24

Library Interior Layout and Design Proceedings of the Seminar held in Frederiksdal, Denmark, June 16 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 0 Edited by Rolf Fuhlrott and Michael Dewe

KG Saur München New York- London Paris

IFLA Publications edited by Willem R.H. Koops Recommended catalog entry: Library Interior Layout and Design: Proceedings of the Seminar held in Frederiksdal, Denmark, June 16-20,1980; ed. by Rolf Fuhlrott and Michael Dewe. - München, New York etc.: K. G. Saur, 1982. - 145 p.; 21 cm - (IFLA Publications; 24) ISBN 3-598-20386-1

C IP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Library interior layout and design : proceedings of the seminar, held in Frederiksdal, Denmark, June 1 6 - 20,1980 / [Internat. Fed. of Library Assoc. and Inst.]. Ed. by Rolf Fuhlrott and Michael Dewe. - München ; New York ; London ; Paris : Saur, 1982. (IFLA publications; 24) ISBN 3-598-20386-1 NE: Fuhlrott, Rolf [Hrsg.]; International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions: IFLA publications ISSN 0344-6891 (IFLA publications) © 1982 by International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions The Hague, The Netherlands Printed and bound in the Federal Republic of Germany for K. G. Saur Verlag KG, Mönchen by Hain Druck GmbH, Meisenheim/Glan

Contents

Michael Dewe and Rolf Fuhlrott Introduction

7

Frits Larsen Public planning in Denmark

9

Jes Petersen Local planning and the Danish public library

14

Sven Plovgaard Library buildings in Denmark

24

Elisabeth Lylloff The planning of public libraries in Denmark

42

Godfrey Thompson Library security

51

Harry Faulkner-Brown Protecting the library against fire: some considerations affecting interior layout and design

57

Franz KroUer Energy saving in the planning of library buildings

70

J . Boot Physical conditions and their influence on library layout and design . . . .

83

Povl Abraham Graphic designsen in libraries

94

Rolf Fuhlrott On library lighting

106

Michael Dewe Some Danish library buildings

119

Jerzy Maj The new building of the National Library in Warsaw

134 5

Bibliography

138

Appendices 1. Programme of the seminar 2. Participants at the seminar

141 141 143

6

Introduction

The Seminar on Library Interior Layout and Design organised by IFLA's Section on Library Buildings and Equipment was held at Frederiksdal near Copenhagen in June 1980. This was the fourth in a series of IFLA Building Seminars. The 1st Seminar, held at Lausanne in 1971, concerned itself with University Library Buildings; the 2nd (Rome, 1973) and the 3rd (Bremen, 1977) dealt with National Library Buildings and Public Library Buildings respectively. A fifth seminar was held in Toronto in August 1982 when its theme was Canadian Library Buildings in the Network Context. The 4th Seminar in Copenhagen was attended by 60 participants from 22 countries including Mexico, Gambia, Lesotho, Israel and Thailand. Fourteen papers were given at the Seminar but regrettably not all were available for inclusion here. Those that are included are published as they were given at the Seminar but substantially revised and corrected by the editors. The papers cover a large number of topics, such as Danish public library buildings, library security, and library lighting, related to Seminar theme. Because of the location emphasis is given to Danish libraries, but papers were also given by participants from the UK, the Netherlands, Poland, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria. All of the lectures were given in English. The first day of the Seminar was given over to setting the Danish scene, with lectures on planning at the national and local levels and the implications of the Danish Library Act, and the recent Library Commission, for public library buildings in that country. The lecturers were Fritz Larsen, Physical Planning Officer, National Agency for Physical Planning, and Jes Petersen, Library Consultant at the State Inspection of Public Libraries. These papers were followed by two from other members of the State Inspection of Public Libraries, Sven Plovgaard, a Library Inspector and his colleague, Elisabeth Lyttoff, a Library Consultant. Their papers gave participants insight into the principles, practices, standards and methods that go into the planning and design of Danish public library buildings. The last lecture of the day was by an architect, HansDall who relied heavily, and quite properly, on slides to illustrate the design of public buildings, including libraries. The next batch of papers concerned themselves with the influence and constraint on library design and layout imposed by such matters as fire precautions, security systems, energy saving, heating, humidity and acoustics. Two papers were given by librarians, Godfrey Thompson, City Librarian, City of London, and Franz Kroner, Director, University of Graz, and two by archi7

tects, H. Faulkner-Brown (architect of a number of British university library buildings) and/. Boot (architect of Rotterdam Central Library). A further three papers were given by architects. Two dealt with visual communication in libraries (Povl Abrahamsen) and library lighting (Sophus Frandsen) while a third queried whether there was anything special about the designing of library buildings (Bo E. Jonassen). Library lighting was also the topic of a paper given by Rolf Fuhbott, Deputy Librarian, Karlsruhe University Library. An extra paper about the design of the National Library in Warsaw was given by Jerzy Maj and is included here as part of the proceedings. During the course of the seminar visits were made to five public library buildings in the Copenhagen area and these are briefly described later in this publication by one of the editors. Participants were also given the opportunity to visit the Danish Library Design Bureau and inspect the range of furniture exhibited there. The Bureau is responsible for supplying much of the furniture in Danish libraries, as well as assisting with layout planning and design. Their work is distinguished by a willingness to experiment and the development of new markets outside Denmark. Thanks are due to Bent Nikson of the Danish Library Design Bureau who was responsible for much of the success of the Seminar. Thanks are due to IFLA for agreeing to make these proceeding available as one of their publications and to the publishers. The editors also thank Tony Hillier, the translator at the College of Iibrarianship Wales, for his help with certain sections of the text. Michael Dewe Rolf Fuhlrott

8

Frits Larsen Public planning in Denmark

1. The country Denmark is one of Europe's smaller states, its southern boundary shared with the Federal Republic of Germany. Its capital, Copenhagen, is situated on an island at the entrance to the Baltic. Denmark has an area of approximately 43.000 km2 and a population of about 5 million. The Faroes and Greenland are part of the kingdom of Denmark and are self-governing. Over one fifth of the population are children between the ages of 0 and 13, and one eighth are persons over 65. Current population growth is 2lA% per year. The density of population is 116 persons per sq.km., which is slightly higher than in France. The population is unevenly divided over the country and 1.5 million of the 5 million population live in Greater Copenhagen. The total urban population is about 4 million, and only about 1 million live in the rural districts. Denmark is often thought of abroad as an agricultural country, however, its industrial exports have now overtaken agricultural exports. Only about 10% of the gainfully employed population are employed in agriculture, while manufacturing employs some 40%, commerce and transport about 20%, and administration and the service sector the remaining 30%. Denmark is divided into 14 counties and 275 municipalities. The former 23 counties and approximately 1,200 municipalities were reduced to their present number in 1970. The object of this reform was to create larger and more efficient units, which would permit the delegation of duties from central government to the counties and municipalities. The 14 counties are regional areas with populations of between 250,000 and 300,000. The 275 municipalities differ enormously in size. The majority (about 125 authorities) have populations of between 5,000 and 10,000, about 30 have less than 5,000, and only 15 municipalities have populations in excess of 50,000. Both the counties and municipalities are governed by elected councils, each under a mayor. Denmark's place in history began most conspicuously with the Vikings, but the country has been inhabited since the Ice Age. The populated areas of Denmark reflect developments since medieval days. Large sections of the present housing stock date from the end of the nineteenth century and the 9

early twentieth, but the bulk of housing has been built since the Second World War. There are relatively many single family houses.

2. Town planning Town planning in Denmark was conducted systematically as a public activity after the Second World War, larger local government units being obligated to prepare and administer plans in accordance with a master plan for each area. Regional planning was largely carried out on a voluntary basis, primarily in the Copenhagen area. The process of town planning ensured a certain minimum standard in the quality of building, and a comprehensive state subsidy scheme directed at housing also helped improve the quality of building and the external environment. Government subsidies were granted particularly for multi-storey projects, and experiments and new methods were also encouraged by government administration of housing, phis applied research and development.

3. The planning system An integrated planning system for land use and siting was implemented in Denmark in the 1970's. As a basis for this and other reforms, local government re-organisation in 1970 reduced the number of municipalities in Denmark to 275, and strengthened the 14 county councils as an intermediary level between Parliament and the municipal councils. Primary elements in this planning reform may be summarised as follows: Decentralisation As few permits and decisions are to be referred to central government as possible; in the main planning and decisions on land use are carried out at regional and local level. Local authority powers Under the decentralisation of planning legislation, powers are delegated to duly elected local government bodies at regional (county) and local (munici10

pal) level. The government's regional representatives do not participate in land planning. A number of joint committees, consisting of representatives of central and local government with planning and administrative powers in the field of land planning, were abolished. Guidelines The general planning principle is that at each level the superior authority should lay down certain guidelines in the form of plans for land use and siting and that within these guidelines (and without the approval of a higher authority) county and municipal authorities have independent powers to implement their plans. They are required only to respect the broad outline and general principles of central government plans. As a consequence of decentralisation, the exercise of local authority powers, and the existence of guidelines, the private citizen has a very limited opportunity to appeal or object to central government. Citizen participation The public has access to planning procedures at all levels. The private citizen receives information frequently on the content and aims of draft plans, and he/she can submit objections and amendments. But objections are considered by the authority concerned, and it is this authority that decides whether it should adjust its draft plan to accommodate such objections.

4. Forms of plans Rules and general guidelines for planning are contained in a number of different pieces of legislation. In their hieraichal order, forms of plans are as follows: National planning National planning for the whole of Denmark is a statutory duty of central government, with the Minister of the Environment as the executive and responsible minister. 11

The government is not expected to draft and announce one overall plan for the country, stating how land is to be used, factories and towns sited, etc. Instead national planning tackles general problems facing the country as a whole, with directions or recommendations for solutions relating to such things as urban development, conservation of beach areas, development of recreational/holiday areas, etc. The government can issue national planning directives with binding instructions to the effect that certain considerations must be taken into account in regional and local planning.

Regional planning Regional planning has also become obligatory in all regions in the country, i.e. all 14 counties. In 10 counties planning is the work of the elected county councils; in the metropolitan area, with its three counties and two large municipal authorities, regional planning is the responsibility of a joint body; the Greater Copenhagen Council. Regional plans are drafted by county councils on the basis of recommendations from local authorities in their respective counties, who stipulate the principles that their locally elected councils believe should be taken into consideration in the regional plan. These recommendations are then considered by the county council when the latter drafts a regional plan for the county. One of the major features of regional planning is the collection and co-ordination by central and local authorities of information on land planning and siting. This is important, because legislation aims at concentrating as much land planning as possible at regional level, in order that the regional plan can serve as far as possible as an outline for land use and siting at county level, thus encouraging any aspect of development that may be desirable. As Denmark's planning system is based on decentralisation and guidelines, only the draft regional plans are subject to Ministry of Environment approval. The Ministry negotiates with other government ministries, and in approving the final draft plan for a given region may amend the draft in the interests of national planning. Once the regional plan has been approved, it must be followed by local authorities in their planning work. The county council must also comply with the plan, and in principle all central government authorities are bound to abide by the approved regional plan.

12

Local planning However, draft local plans are not subject to the approval of a higher authority. Local councils must, however, respect the framework of the regional plan, general regulations, and national planning directives. When a draft local authority (municipal) plan has been thoroughly debated under public scrutiny (commencing with an examination of main issues and planning alternatives and progressing to the actual draft plan), the local authority has the power to approve the draft. The county council does, however, exercise a degree of control in that it can halt approval of a local authority draft plan on the grounds that if'is at variance with the regional plan. The Ministry of the Environment has similar powers of intervention. District planning A local authority plan empowers the local council to go ahead - independently and without the necessity of external approval — and implement more detailed plans which are binding upon property owners: these are known as districts plans. It is in the presentation and adoption of local plans that the effects of decentralisation and guidelines are most noticeable. But local plans also offer the private citizen the greatest opportunity for participation.

13

Jes Petersen

Local planning and the Danish public library

Public libraries are local institutions and there is a total of 251 library systems in Denmark's 275 municipalities. There are fewer systems than municipalities because the smaller ones often collaborate for library purposes in order to create larger and more efficient units. All municipalities thus provide a library service although of varying quality and scope.

1. Types of library The majority of Danish public libraries are so-called "full-time libraries", which means that most library work is performed by trained staff. Such libraries constitute 181 library systems serving by far the greater part of the population, or about 4,6 million persons. These libraries cover all urban districts and certain rural districts. However, considerable qualitative differences exist in respect of the services provided. The number of full-time libraries is steadily increasing. About 70 of the smallest library systems in the country have not yet appointed a professional librarian and operate their library services at a lower qualitative and quantitative level than other authorities. Work at these "part-time libraries" is performed by part-time staff who have undergone a short course in librarianship. The 70 municipalities serve about 500.000 persons, or 10% of the total population. The majority of them are in the western part of the country, which makes for a definite geographical imbalance in the quality of services. However, the number of part-time libraries is steadily decreasing. There is a central library for each of the 14 counties. The central library is a local authority institution which serves its own municipality at the same time as it assists other libraries in the county. Such assistance consists partly of book loans from the county library's own collections, as well as from the collections of research and special libraries all over the country, to those libraries whose stocks are inadequate to meet local demands, and partly of expert advice on budgeting, selection of books, and technical services. In addition to the usual state grant to municipalities the central libraries receive a special state and county grant.

14

There are libraries in all Danish primary schools. Co-operation between children's departments in the public libraries and school libraries is obligatory under to the Library Act. Such co-operation covers budgeting, choice of books and technical services.

2. Legislation The first Danish Public Libraries Act came into force in 1920, the present Act in 196S, and has been amended several times, mainly in respect of the rules governing state grants. The current Public Libraries Act establishes a number of basic principles: 1. Each municipality must have a public library, which it may run either alone or jointly with one or more other authorities. 2. The public library and all the services it offers (its books, audiovisual aids, etc.) shall be at the free disposal of the population. 3. The right to loan is general and free, i.e. any person enrolled on a Danish population register can borrow material from any public library in the country. 4. The public library and all its departments and branches shall serve both adults and children. 5. Public libraries serving more than 5.000 inhabitants shall employ a professional, full-time librarian, i.e. be a "full-time library". 6. The state makes an annual grant to the municipalities for their library operations comprising approximately 20% of their total costs for public and school libraries. 7. State grants are made to school libraries in the primary schools provided that they cooperate with the local public library in accordance with the rules of the Act. 8. Books are obligatory library materials. In addition the Act mentions audiovisual materials as being part of a public library service, i.e. libraries may purchase and supply these materials with reimbursement from the state on expenditure for this purpose. 9. Implementation of the libraries Act is handled by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs through the State Inspection of Public Libraries, whose main function is to provide public libraries with advice and guidance. At the latest amendment to the Act it was decided to postpone a real revision of the Public Libraries Act until 1980/81 when, among many other things, a 15

decision will be taken on the form of grants to public libraries. For the purpose of revising the Act a Commission appointed by the Minister for Cultural Affairs has investigated various urgent library problems in Denmark, including the question of public libraries and research libraries, and cooperation between the two types of library, and their administrative structure. The Commission, consisting of 20 members, was appointed in 1976 by the Minister of Cultural Affairs and eight sub-committees were assigned to special subjects. Their reports were published in May 1978. If passed the new Public Libraries Act will come into force in January 1982. The task of the Commission was not an easy one. Not only had it to consider all Danish libraries (public, research and special) but the economic and political situation was far from being as favourable as in 1964. The Commission has recommended that direct state grants for public libraries should continue for 5 years. After 5 years the library grants should be included in the ordinary state block grant to the local authorities which is not given for specific purposes, e.g. public libraries. This decisive break with the important principles of the existing legislation will give the individual local authorities a greater direct responsibility for library operations, and means that the state's involvement (in the form of inspection and the establishment of central standards) will gradually be wound down. The unintentional long life of the present Act has naturally resulted in it being obsolete in certain respects. However, on the whole it proved to be so farsighted and so comprehensive that it has been able to keep step with and to further the development which has characterized Danish public libraries in the period since 1965. It has been possible for local authorities, if they so wished, to realize within the framework of the Act the modern concept of the public library as an active centre of information and cultural activity. During the same period collections of audio-visual materials for lending have also been built up and an extensive outreach service to hospitals, the handicapped, the housebound etc. has been instituted. It is difficult, however, to define exactly the part that the Act has played in the development of public libraries. It has, no doubt, as has its predecessors, been of great importance. Trends and developments in various aspects of society, especially in education, have also created new and increased needs for an extended library service. The optimistic and economically favourable climate of the sixties and early seventies, which for the time being has come to an end, was also important.

16

3. The Library Commission The Commission proposes no fundamental changes in the position of public libraries. It wants to maintain the status of public libraries as institutions governed by the local authorities, with support provided by central government and supervision by a government institution. It also wants to preserve the present structure of each local district having its own library system with a central library for each county. The proposals of the Commission for public libraries therefore advocate the strengthening, improvement and expansion of the current situation, but contain no new proposals for reorganisation, nor any new formulation of objectives, and this was to be expected. Among the principal points which deserve special mention is that within two years of the new Act coming into force each public library should be headed by a professional librarian. Regarding state grants for the county libraries, the majority of the Commission wished to maintain the present system of government grants for local authority library costs for a transitional period, which they recommend should be 5 years from the implementation of the Act. A minority thought that the system of grants has lost its importance and felt that the local authorities ought to take over the full financial responsibility for their public libraries. The Commission agreed that after a transitional period of 3 years public libraries should be required to place gramophone records and music tapes at the disposal of the public for use in the library and for loan. After a further three-year transitional period gramophone records and tapes should be included in the free borrowing right - which means that they would not be restricted to local residents — and would be available for interlibrary loan. The Commission has made many other important proposals but I have confined myself to those mentioned and below to the suggestions of the Commission as regards library planning.

4. The Library Act and library planning In the present Danish Library Act there are no statutory requirements regarding library planning except a recommendation (section 2.3) which says, "that when the size and nature of the area served make it necessary, libraries should endeavour to establish branches". Libraries may, moreover, establish and run departments in commercial, industrial and other establishments and institutions in their areas or make arrangements for library provision in cooperation 17

with them. Furthermore, the wording of section 3.1 says that, "where there is a joint school authority for two or more municipalities they should aim at establishing a joint library service". And in section 9 it states that county libraries must assist local libraries by giving advice in connection with planning; and this has taken place to a very great extent. The county library's other advisory services to the part-time libraries include advice on budgeting, buildings and library layout, training new personnel and possible proposals for inter-library co-operation. The statutory responsibilities as regards the advisory function of the State Inspection of Public Libraries are very significant in the context of library buildings. The work of my own section in the State Inspection is concerned with giving advice regarding the structure of the library system, which of course implies a close cooperation between the Building Section and the section where I work. However, as planning is not obligatory we mostly give advice when asked for it and mostly in connection with the transition from part-time status to fulltime status. This means that you cannot speak of planning on a nationwide scale, as there is still a considerable number of local authorities in which little long-range planning has taken place. However, some county libraries have taken the initiative in drawing up plans for an appropriate local library structure for all the local authorities in their district. Very often these plans have aimed at the creation of blocks of local authorities with a central library and a network of appropriately located branches and bookmobiles. In theory then, as well as in practice, library planning has taken place to some extent. But it is also true that although the local government reform of 1970 brought about an immense need for the creation of a properly organized library system in each of the casually structured local authorities the situation up till now is still incomplete as regards planning. The basic philosophy of library planning is, as already mentioned, realization of the equality idea. We try to promote this aim, among other things, through decentralization of our library service. The object of this decentralization is that everybody in this country, regardless of place of residence, age, health and place of work, should have equal opportunities regarding access to a library service. However, the character and theory of planning which has taken place up till now has been concerned with the question of the distance for the users to the nearest library service point, combined with the nature and scope of the service given at that service point and in the local authority as a whole. In other words, where must libraries be located in order that there is the shortest distance to the library for the greatest possible number of people and at the same time an economic use of investments is secured? When I say "people" in this context I am thinking of adults or young adults who are not suffering 18

from such handicaps as might prevent them from getting to the library in a "normal" way. I am not speaking of children and handicapped people and of people suffering from ill-health. For these groups the distance question is of decisive importance, but for people in general the distance is important, as investigations made in this country demonstrate unambiguously the causal relationship between use and distance. Of course other factors than the distance factor are important, such as the geography of communications, shopping habits, traffic patterns, etc. Our theory is that the distance question is a very important one and our philosophy is that if optimum library use is to be obtained the distance between a user and his library must not exceed 1.5 km for adults and 0.5 km for children. This theory's critics maintain that the quality of the supply is of much greater significance than the distance factor and that a high standard of library service encourages people to overcome even long distances. I do not think that anybody is able to give a proper answer to the question about the importance of distance. However, the answer is very important as regards the choice of library policy. In theory if you wish to comply with the "serious" library requirements, centralized and efficient service points is the right way to take. If you choose to try to cover a more unspecified need the supply must be dispersed or scattered, because users without a distinctly defined need obviously do not travel distances of over 1.5 km. In the real world one should not uncritically apply one or the other of these philosophies. Who dares describe in detail the meaning of "unspecified needs" and "serious requirements"? Moreover there is a limit to the attraction of even the biggest and best equipped library. One must look at each case individually and try to establish a balance between investment and utilization, or maybe I had better say benefits people get from using the library. Such a balance must be reached, so that on the one hand the distance to the library is as short as possible and on the other hand the service level of the library is of such a quality that visiting it becomes worthwhile. The Sub-committee on Public Library Planning (one of the eight sub-committees mentioned) suggested employing a grouping of three different service levels or branches, over and above the administrative centre, the main library, which constitutes the heart of each individual library system. The biggest of these branches - let us call it an "A-branch" - comprises all essential activities and constitutes a central library "en miniature". This kind of branch may, as a rule of thumb, be justifiably utilized in built-up areas with 7-8.000 inhabitants. 19

A smaller type of branch, which we might term a "B-branch," could be used in areas with from 2—3.000 inhabitants up to 7—8.000 inhabitants within a radius of 1.5 to 2 km. In this branch the amount and variety of the service offered may be reduced. For instance, some of the information and reference service, as well as different kinds of exhibitions and the like, may be omitted and taken care of by the central library. Whereas staffing, opening hours, and collections must not be reduced below a certain minimum. The third kind of branch is a book-mobile — we might call it the "C-branch". In our opinion a stop is justified if 50 people have their place of residence within a radius of 0.5 km from the stop. In a "B-branch" an adequate book stock should normally comprise no less than 5-6.000 volumes and in an "A-branch" about 17-20.000 volumes for children and adults. The opening hours must be not less than 15 hours a week and considerably more than that in large branches. Furthermore a prerequisite is that guidance and service should be given by professional librarians. It should be added that the above numbers of inhabitants in an area, as basis for a certain service level, should only be applied as a rule of thumb. Many local factors may necessitate going below the suggested limits. For instance one might lay stress on establishing a branch library instead of providing an mobile library in a far off small village or sparsely built-up area in order to contribute to its survival from a cultural point of view. So within the boundaries of a given area the political decision-makers must make their decisions as regards the structure and the decentralization of the library network from an economical point of view, leading to a sound utilization of investments. But at the same time they will have to consider cultural and social aspects leading to a balance which makes allowances for the smaller and smallest built-up areas. An investigation of the existing use of the libraries may, in many cases, lead to a reasonable decision but at the same time one must consider the local forecast regarding the increase or decrease of population, as well as local development plans and plans within other sectors of the local authority. The next step is to consider where in a given area the branch must be placed and to decide what the service should comprise as regards books, other materials, opening hours and staff. As a basic principle the branch should be placed in a densely built-up area preferably one that functions as a centre. In town areas this is not a great problem and consists of placing the branch at the right place in the town, which in many cases means near or within the shopping centre or other kinds of public services.

20

In rural areas which are sparsely populated or characterized by few densely built-up districts the placing and size of the branch library presents greater difficulties. Also from old-established village communities of up to 800 inhabitants the planner may be met with special wishes regarding establishing local community centres or meeting places. I have had to confine myself to speaking about what might be termed "ordinary" branches. Space does not allow for saying something about branches in institutions, firms, factories etc, although this kind of decentralization is a most important one which deserves close consideration when writing about public library planning. The placing of the central library may pose difficulties and the structure of the community does not always immediately suggest an easy choice. For instance, two or more built-up areas may be of the same standing. In any case the central library will always be inconveniently placed for many people who will strive to have as many central library facilities as possible available in their local library. However the Library Act does not say that the central library must be the biggest service point. It should be the centre of administration and of coordination between the service points of the library system. In most cases however the central library is the biggest library, housing all functions, having the biggest stock of materials, the longest opening hours and the biggest staff. Of course, certain individual elements within a community may bring about variations on this general pattern. I also believe that this pattern is going to be the cornerstone of future planning in this country. Finally, some words about the future. I am not able to go into detail and as a matter of fact we do not know the details but only the outline. Underlining our plans for the future is the fact that there is a great need for methods which can contribute to better planning than has taken place up till now. Methods which may enable our politicians to evaluate the developments within library work and which may constitute a better basis for long-term planning (one of the key-words of today) and also for administration. As already mentioned the present Act does not use .the word planning, but the Library Commission does and so do several of its sub-committees. Directly in line with what is already in operation in the social and education sectors, the Commission recommended that the forthcoming Library Act makes it obligatory for each local authority to submit an annual plan for the development and expansion of its public libraries. The Commission said that "the aim of planning should be to provide the required level of local public library service, either through the library system of the individual library authority or in cooperation with other library authorities."

21

Furthermore the Commission suggested that the plan should be sent to the county authorities who, in cooperation with the local county library, must draw up a joint plan for all public libraries within the county. Generally the Commission emphasized that the role of the county libraries should be strengthened. The most important activity of the county libraries should be their advisory and co-ordinating services towards the individual public libraries of the county, towards other libraries in their district and similar institutions, and towards the county council and the Library Bureau. The county authorities should each submit their joint plan to the central State Library authority (the Library Commission suggested the creation of a central governing body for public libraries as well as the research libraries called "The Library State Directorate"). In this way the state will be ensured of a general overall view of the planning in all local authorities and regions. For its part the State Directorate would not be given any special power or authority of approval, but as an improved basis for future planning in all the local authorities in the country the State Directorate would issue what might be termed a "survey feedback". In this "feedback" discrepancies between the plans and the legislation can be pointed out and the Directorate give its opinion on the plans and advice of a professional and technical nature when appropriate. This "feedback" must be published in a way that makes it applicable by the local authorities in their long term planning, as well as for a long range evaluation of the total need for resources within their library sector, and finally for the current up-dating of local library plans. The "feedback" must sum up trends and developments. It must be made in a way which allows comparisons between the local authorities as regards developments on a nationwide scale. It should take up different subjects for closer examination, instigate research and publish its results. I would have liked to be able to say something more about future planning, but the work needed in this respect has not been finished yet. No doubt the elements which I have already tried to describe will be incorporated in future planning and gone carefully into. The framework will be organized along the lines described by Mr. Frits Larsen, i.e. the plans will constitute a programme of action based upon a long range analysis of goals, needs, structure, premises, and finance, with these based upon an objective description of the present situation. It should be borne in mind that the plans will constitute a basis for decisionmaking and not a pattern or shape which the libraries must adapt their life to. I add this because we all know that very often the future turns out very different from what we have hoped for or planned and this is even more the case when speaking about activities ruled by political decisions. 22

You may ask why planning should be included in the Act as an obligatory task for the local authorities. I think the answer is that without it being obligatory good planning would only take place in a number of the bigger local authorities on a par with the planning within other sectors. But as regards planning on a regional level and in the small local authorities libraries would have difficulty in obtaining sufficient attention within the general planning activity and it is the small local authorities which need planning most urgently of all. And then planning being obligatory has much to do with the goal to create a national library system, which may consist of single units, but which at the same time forms a whole, and thus contributes to approaching the aim of giving each person equal opportunities regarding access to an adequate library service.

23

Sven Plovgaard Library buildings in Denmark

1. Preamble Denmark is a small country that has had public libraries for almost 100 years. In that period, both Denmark and the other Scandinavian countries have differentiated between research libraries (which have a much longer history) and public libraries. The two types of libraries enjoy excellent co-operation but they are administered separately. The research libraries are normally owned by the State or by quasi-official institutions, while all public libraries are run by the municipalities. Public library buildings are therefore built and paid for by the municipalities and it is only this type of library buildings I am going to write about. Above Jes Petersen outlined Denmark's public library legislation. He also mentioned The State Inspection of Public Libraries, which is the institution responsible for administering the Danish Library Act. Another of its main tasks is to act in a consultative capacity both on questions relating to the legislation and in a number of practical spheres, including library premises and their planning. Both Elisabeth Lylloff and I work in the department of the State Inspection that advises local authorities on library building. We have decided that she in her paper will deal with planning methods and pinpoint some of the problems that Danish librarians find important when planning a new library, while I, in my contribution, will try to give a brief account of the development of library construction in our neck of the woods, stressing what may be seen as distinctive features at the present time. We are well aware that our standards and models for library premises cannot be directly transferred to other countries. They are distinctly Scandinavian and therefore have deep roots in the Anglo-American library tradition. We realize that needs and patterns may be completely different in countries whose cultural life takes other forms and has a different content. 2.

Development characteristics

The history of public library buildings in Denmark is a veiy short one. We got our first real public library buildings in about 1920 which was later than the 24

other Nordic countries. We turned for our prototypes to bigger countries that had already gained experience in this field, such as Great Britain and the United States. However, a small country with no big cities needed small libraries — with an area of just a few hundred square metres - not leviathans like Birmingham, Baltimore or New York Public Library. The basic types that were suitable for importation into Denmark were found, for instance, in the small libraries established by the Carnegie Foundation in the first two decades of this century. A couple of examples of Carnegie's model plans, (given in figure 1), show how the public library's three principal functions, lending, reference and children's work, set their distinct stamp on the layout, even at that early stage. Under Nordic conditions, the public library building developed into a departmentalized library, the layout of which clearly reflected its three main functions. In Scandinavia, this type of library is known as the "butterfly" or "Tshaped" library (figures 2 and 3). This wing-system is an expression of a type of library architecture in which each function has its own section of the building. It can rightly be said that such a building is designed as a complete and finished unit and that it clearly reflects the aims and activities of the public library in that period. However, the type is not suitable for expansion (figure 4). The design assumes that the library will not grow, nor take on new activities and is therefore inflexible. This can best be seen in a case in which the system was taken to extremes — the Birmingham Branch Library, Yardley Wood, of 1936 (figure 5). After the Second World War, new building methods were developed, and with the introduction of structural systems based on columns and prefabricated girders — space-frame structures — it became possible to create big rooms, well illuminated with top-lighting, at reasonable cost. In the Scandinavian countries, this became the technical and architectural basis for a radical change in the layout of public libraries. When, after a very long post-war period with various kinds of building restrictions, the Danish municipalities were able to build libraries again, the openplan principle had long been discussed between librarians, who concluded that this was - at any rate for small libraries - a spatial form that corresponded beautifully to the openness embodied in the objectives of the public library service.

25

I

I

OO P°jim

•

A O•

D a

Library in Jefferson, built 1911 (pop. around 2.5oo). Area of ground floor: 190 m '

-

Carnegie-type plan from 1915. Area in ground floor: 220 m 2

• • •

• A • •

D• •

G=Œ O O I] •

V ÈL

Library in Clear Lake, built 1917 (pop. around 2.700). Area of ground floor: 300 m 1

c

Figure 1 : Early Carnegie-type libraries in the USA Legend (figure 1 to 6): A: adult lending; C: children; R: reference books; X: service counter; 0 : office

26

1 o

r-

CD

ci

o 1— . rn

en

o G

X

o

J—

m.-

o

o > w

Figure 5: Birmingham Branch Library Yardley Wood, 1936.

29

, ndi

• • 1 1

• •1 ••

R

i

I 1 • •

•

nr

•

n[

II

JJ

n

~T~ It i •

° LÌ

L

•n 1

•

A

MssftH

11 0

I • " •

O

X l

-M-

f i

[=• cA

1

J

ni

0

[ J1

ii

-

E?E

a

D

.

>

/

f

W L 1 • VoL

I

J •

l

P 0 • • j - J -

Ly

° i BUB.

inn. 0 •

if r

n

5

n

r

p

—E 3— nrh

Figure 6: First Danish open-plan, modular Public Library in H^rsholm, 1956.

3. The new era The first really clear example of this type of library in this country is the library in Ht/trsholm, a municipality on the extreme outskirts of Copenhagen. This library (figure 6) was built in 1956, at which time the municipality had about 11,000 inhabitants. The building has a total area of about 1,000 m 2 , and its ground floor plan has an area of about 600 m 2 . This library represented for Denmark a complete break with the earlier library layout, which had developed in the direction of a multi-room system that separated and locked the library's functions within immovable walls, as in the famous library building of 1935, Frederiksberg Central Library (figure 4). 30

ftyrsholm Library represented new thinking, as regards both the function of a library and building design and technology and has influenced our library construction ever since. Even though this example is 25 years old, it contains many features that have become characteristic of present-day public libraries in Denmark. The one-room concept, which we recognize from the small Carnegie libraries, was used here for the first time in what is — by Danish standards — a mediumsized library. Today, we plan both big and small libraries on the basis of this principle. The traditional, enclosed reading room has gone - replaced by an open reference area. The sections for children and adults are to be found within the same four walls. In some libraries, although usually only small ones, this principle has been extended to bring together all non-fiction for children and adults in a single classified sequence. According to the Library Act, all Danish public libraries (both central and branch libraries) must have children's departments, and that means children of all ages, from birth to adolescence. It must be noted that, in general, Denmark has an extremely weak reading room tradition. It is not that people do not make use of the libraries' reference materials — they do, but mostly for quick reference. They prefer to do their heavier reading at home. In the last few years libraries have learnt their lesson from this, and many of our more recent library buildings have no real reading rooms, but a number of small (sometimes bookless) reading rooms, possibly supplemented by individual study-cells. From this period, too, comes the system of concentrating all loan control activities at a single counter and with one exception this applies to all the libraries visited during the seminar. It will be seen from the layout (figure 6) that the building for H^rsholm Library was designed on the modular principle — a new method in Danish library building at that time. The library room itself has no partition walls, and the structural columns are placed in the modular grid in such a way as to fit in naturally with the furnishing plan. All these factors help to achieve a high degree of interior flexibility that allows gradually changing functions and permits rearrangement of furniture. We all know that interior flexibility is an important factor when a library is to be enlarged. With its modularly placed columns, a building like this is particularly suitable for enlargement, since it can be extended on three sides. In this country we have examples of even well-planned libraries needing enlargement after a period of 18 to 20 years. In calculating future space requirements we ought to allow for the generally used planning period of 12 to 15 years.

31

4. Building standards In the 1960s, a national committee, composed of architects and librarians, worked on model plans and standards for library buildings. After thorough examination, the committee adopted the modular principle and found that the most appropriate planning module for public libraries should correspond to the necessary centre-to-centre distance between shelves in areas with freestanding shelves. On this basis, it was found that a module of 3 metres would afford extraordinarily good conditions for furnishing eveiy part of the library - first and foremost in areas with different forms of shelving (figure 7). In figure 8 we find a diagram that explains some of our arguments for the choice of 3 metres as planning module — including arguments from the users' point of view. Besides space for day to day library functions we must allow passage for wheelchairs, shopping trolley and prams — even with twins. Furthermore, in the Scandinavian countries, this module is highly suitable for the planning of buildings since 3 metres gives a practical and economical structural module of 6,9 or 12 metres between structural members. On the basis of the 3-metre module and by combining a number of basic dimensions (expressing the space requirements for books, reading-seats, catalogue cabinets, desks, etc.), we can calculate the areas needed for the various functions of the library quite accurately. Figure 9 shows an example of the standards issued by the committee in the middle of the 'sixties. Although numerically obsolete today, the principle is still valid. Elisabeth Lylloff describes in her contribution how such standards are used in the practical planning of a library.

5. Model plans I mentioned that a number of model plans were issued at the same time as these standards. The model plans cover only small and medium-sized libraries (to a maximum of 25,000 inhabitants). Figure 10 shows the model plan for a library then regarded as suitable for a population of about 15,000. Today, it would probably be too small! I will not go through the plan in detail, but simply point out the clear division of the building into, library core, conference unit and administration unit.

32

Lending area . (axis 3 m )

Near-stack - ( a x i s 2 m) 8

10

12

14

16

=

1.5

3

4,5

6

7,5

9

10,5

12

13,5

15

16,5

Ordinary s t a c k ( a x i s 1,5 m)

18

Figure 7: Shelving capacity using modular planning. Planning module: 3 m, structural modul: 6 m

Lending

1

44

90

J 1

va

J

qn

44

.

infi

,

44

1 T

-ISOFigure 8: Distances between shelves, and passage spaces

33

§s

o co

O O O » o o — O O. O. •O f> > O PI IH H «

vi

3 >

o §© o o o o v> v> o n oo es

èS

3 C u O ft.

ss

o o e •O V) J2 O o o "/> o > H

o o o r^

M O O

•O •O

o o o ^H

o o o o o o o w « rn

*Ö u C •= a •a g c e e M 2 I I 3 3 • O •< -O < S ë

E a S

I

1 « c < U U

i 34

s

N O «O

< N m

o

V eO n

o

a\

o

0T0t

Tf

VO

00

o

vo

v•to

o

V0

a

c

8 I 8 g '2 I3 t/u5 OU

8

o, ^ 3 S a a os £ .a SIA a z ê

•2 S §s •soB cd •O H

02

c

S 2 i M

so > . e . 2 C ,£3 O C aï

r ^ x a ^ o - H N

e o e e « —— e l VI • S s S 3 • E -O CJ rt u I I S ~ -H. O ca> a>e : Xg s

e - c

c £ D o , e O.O.Ì2O cj a i im o -a -a V í S ¡ i S ' g ' S ' 1 e . ä .-H Cíj 1 C - 5 - C 0 - 0G ° ^ H CN

s M

.0 og z

3 E

132

0

3

3 »O

g

Special mention should be made of the range of library materials provided for children, including comics, and, in the larger libraries a children's audio section complete with listening facilities; the provisiorl of audio-visual materials for adults; the high level of newspaper and periodical provision in contrast to the dwindling provision in the UK; and the range of meeting room facilities provided for local groups. All the libraries that were visited were recent buildings in the vicinity of Copenhagen but they appear to be representative of the Danish scene; clearly they are buildings of a high quality. A quality that evidenced a commitment to public libraries, even in times of economic difficulty, and a belief in the role the library can play in the community. From papers presented at the Seminar by Sven Plovgaard and Elisabeth Lyllof, members of the State Inspection of Public Libraries, it was clear that there are well recognised standards and principles underlying the planning and design of Danish public library buildings. Leaving aside the question of standards, the principles are concerned with providing libraries — small and medium-sized — as single storey, open plan libraries, with all the public areas on one floor. Concentration of all loan control activities at a single counter in a central position is another "principle". The size of the counter enclosure and adjoining workspace, e.g. at Gladsaxe, was unbelievably large, and in complete contrast to the tiny counter and cramped work space often accorded public library staff. Current thinking about the position of the counter as indicated by Sven Plovgaard requires that the "library's users, regardless of age, can move freely from one department to another, behind — and unhindered by the service counter". A major principle in the planning of Danish public libraries has been that of modular planning. A 3 metre module (in appropriate multiples) is considered to give an economical and practical module of space between structural columns. Certainly this principle has contributed significantly to the requirement for flexibility and because of the relationship between the three metre modular grid and the placement of furniture, to the appearance of the interior layout of Danish libraries. The library visits were an important contribution to the success and the theme of the Seminar. Participants were received very hospitably, informed how the planning was approached and given every opportunity to inspect the buildings to see for themselves the style, imagination and originality of the Danish approach to the interior layout and design of their public libraries.

133

Jerzy Maj

The new building of the National Library in Warsaw

The first version of a design for the new building of the National Library in Warsaw was created in 1963, as an entry in a competition. The winning design (figure) - drawn up by the group of young (at that time) architects directed by Mr. Stanislav Fijalkovsky — was based on the classic principle of three divisions. The whole building was divided into three separate parts, marked " A " , " B " and " C " in the diagram. Part " A " was a reading-room complex for about 700 readers, and a meetingroom for 4 0 0 persons. Part " B " was a narrow and long (135 m) building, having three storeys. This building was intended for the cataloguing department, bibliographical section, administration and recreation areas for staff, with canteens, smoking-rooms and so on. The building " B " is called colloquially "the rod". The building marked " C " was designed for book-stacks. In the first version there were nine floors; now there are eleven. Previously the whole capacity was planned for about 3,5 million volumes but now the first and second floors are planned to take compact storage and the whole capacity is about 5 million volumes. In addition, the architect had provided for a fourth building (not shown on the diagram) for technical installations, air conditioning, technical workshops and garages. All the buildings have been connected by corridors, which were conceived as narrow, long glass-covered areas. About 80 per cent of the architects' conception shown in the first version is still valid and has been retained but the number of cubic meters rose and rose and our building's "alphabet" became longer and longer. In 1963 the total capacity was to be about 139,000 m 3 ; in 1966 167,000 m 3 ; in 1971 as much as 175,000 m 3 , and now, in the version which is being built, the total capacity is about 228,000 m 3 with 60,840 sq. m. The final version of the project consists of buildings: " A " , " A - l " , "A-2", " B " , " B - l " , " C " , " D " , " D - l " and " E " . Buildings " A - l " , " A - 2 " and " B - l " are the results of the transformation of the long glass covered pavillions. Building " E " is actually a small hotel for 12 persons; some of its space is destined for the offices o f the Polish Librarians Association. The book storage building " C " has changed too; one new storey was added and one underground floor. The main book transport lift system was removed 134

00

o*

I J •a e o

V CM CQ

I

135

to the centre of the building and two staircases were added, making four staircases instead of only two in the first version. Nevertheless the architectural form and functional concept of the building remains the same. Building "B" was also enlarged: it gained the third floor and the constructional module was changed. Instead of 6 x 6 m we have now a module of 6 x 9 m. All the rooms in the building are longer by about 3 meters. The centrally placed corridor has the same width, about 2 meters. An additional level is designated for the Centre of Electronic Data Processing with — probably — an IBM computer. At the west side of the building stands the low annex called "B-l". Its space is allocated to the Central Catalogue of Foreign Books and Periodicals, for the development of information services and for the increase in the administration, which has not yet been accurately estimated. The biggest changes concern the building "A", where the full complex of functions dealing with service to readers are located. The building consists of: — the main reading room (1500 sq. m.) — the periodicals reading room (580 sq. m.) — the science reading room (also 580 sq. m.) Those three reading rooms are located on the first floor and contain 700 seats for readers. On the second floor is a complex of reading rooms for special collections, namely: — reading room for manuscripts — reading room for bibliography and librarianship — reading room for incunabula and early printed books — cartography room — graphic art collection division — music department, including music scores, records and tapes. Each of these has 30 to 50 places for users. The total area of all the reading rooms is almost 3000 sq. m. and together they are designed for about one thousand users. Since the beginning of the project the greatest problem for the architects and their advisers has been the contradictory requirements for natural light and the very long distance between the storage building, the reading room complex, and "the rod", which contains the cataloguing department. The division of the whole building into several separate buildings has provided a sufficient quantity of natural light, but traffic and book transportation became too long. i36

The situation needed a solution in terms of special mechanical provision. We have decided to buy a modern conveyor belt made in Western Europe (in all probability it will be that made by "Schindler" in West Berlin), which will be connected to the pater-noster system of vertical transportation probably supplied by the same firm. The system makes it possible to install five book supply terminals. Three of them will be located in building "A", close the complex of reading rooms, the next will be situated in the lending department (the low building between "A" and "B"), and the last one will be placed in the cataloguing division. In future we are going to provide a method of synchronization between the system of books transportation and the system of data processing. We hope to find in that concept the best solution to the controversy over the requirement for good natural light in each area, without affecting economical book transportation. This is only one of the many interesting problems concerned with the project for the new building of the National Library in Warsaw. Finally I would like to list the complete space figures for our new building, which will be finished in 1983, twenty years after the start of the project.

Size in cubic meters: "A" complex "B" complex "C" building "D" complex "E" and "F" buildings together TOTAL

107 968 60 200 55 900 2 334 1 500 c. 228 000 m 3

137

Bibliography Bahr, Alice Hanison: Book theft and libiaiy security systems, 1981-82. New York, Knowledge Industry Publications, 1981. Basker, Jim: Library security systems. New Library World 81 (955) 1980, pp. 19-21. Birkertfd rädhus og bibliotek. [Bickered city hall and library], Arkitektur 24 (6) 1980, pp. 226-233. Blackwell, H. Richard: Lighting the library. The Library Environment Aspects for Interior Planning. Chicago, ALA, 1965, pp. 23-32. Bohmiiller, Lothar: Ordnung und Sicherheit in Bibliotheken. [Order and security in libraries] Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, 93(1) Jan 79, pp. 2-4. Boyce, P.R.: Human factors in lighting. London, Applied Science Publ., 1981. Brand, Marvine: Security of academic library buildings. Library and Archival Security, 3(1) Spring 80, pp. 39—47. Brandehoff, Susan £.: Libraries catch the sun. American Libraries 12 (9) 1981, pp. 5 6 2 563. Campbell, David E. and Shlechter, Theodore M.: Library design influences on user behaviour and satisfaction. Library Quarterly, 49(1) Jan 1979, pp. 26—41. Carey, R J.P.: Library guiding. London, Bingley, 1974. Cohen, Aaron and Cohen, Elaine: Designing and space planning for libraries. New York, Bowker, 1979. 250 p. Cohen, Elaine and Cohen, Aaron: Automation, space management, and productivity. New York, Bowker, 1981. 221 p. Cohen, Elaine: Designing libraries to sell services. Wilson Library Bulletin, 55(3) Nov. 80, pp. 190-195. Dewe, Michael: Interior landscape and the public library building. Library Review, vol. 30, Spring 81, pp. 4-12. Draper, James and Brooks, James: Interior design for libraries. Chicago, ALA, 1979. 152 p. Faulkner-Brown, Harry: The open plan and flexibility. IATUL-Proceedings 11,1979, pp. 3-18. Fuhlrott, Rolf: Inneneinrichtung und Innengestaltung von Bibliotheken [Library interior design and layout]. 4. IFLA-Bauseminar. Buch und Bibliothek 32 (9) 1980, pp. 811-815. Fuhlrott, Rolf: Probleme der Bibliotheksbeleuchtung [Problems of library lighting) ABITechnik, 1(1) 1981, pp. 27-29, 31, 33-34. Gellie, Bev. After the fire. School Library Bulletin, 12(1) Mar 80, pp. 3-21. Goessl, Nikolaus: Energieeinsatz und -einsparungsmöglichkeiten bei Bau und Betrieb von großen Hochschulbibliotheken [Use and saving of energy in building and running of large academic libraries]. Zentrale Hochschulbibliotheken München, Saur, 1980, pp. 69-78. Gosnell, Charles F.: Lighting of library buildings. Encyclopedia of library and information science. New York, Dekker, vol. 16,1975, pp. 170-184. Graff, Wolfgang: Der Beitrag des Bibliothekars zur wirtschaftlichen Energieverwendung [The librarian's contribution to an economic use of energy]. Zentrale Hochschulbibliotheken München, Säur, 1980, pp. 79-82. Hall, Richard B.: The library space utilization methodology. Library Journal, vol. 103, No. 21, Dec 1 1978, pp. 2379-2383. Hall, Richard B.: LSU: the library space utilization methodology. Champaign, Illinois, Graduate School of Library Science, 1979, 32 p. Hartman, GJ.: Automatische brandmelden blus-installaties. Open 11 (11) 1979, pp. 547-553. 138

Hilter, John: Theft detection systems revisited, Library Technology Reports, 15, (1979, May-June) - a comment. LA SIE, 10(2) Sept/Oct 79, pp. 10-16. Hudson, Margery E.: Barrier-free construction in libraries. Current Studies in Librarianship, 2(1/2) Spring/Fall 78, pp. 46-52. I Biiker^d deltager borgeme i planlaegningen af et nyt bibliotek [In Birker^d the citizens take part in the planning of a new library]. Bogens Verden 60 (5/6) 1978, pp. 181 185. Jackson, Patricia Ann: Interior design factors in library facilities. 1979. 76 p. [MLS, Texas Woman's University] Johnson, Edward M.: Protecting the library and its resources. Chicago, ALA, 1963. Kalt, Kathelee L.: Color coding the firm's library for fast, simple retrieval. Architectural Record 167 (1) 1980, pp. 66-67. Knight, Nancy H.: Theft detection systems for libraries revisited; an updated survey. Library Technology Reports 15 (3) 1979, pp. 221-409. Lam, William M.C.: Perception and lighting as formgivers for architecture, New York, McGraw Hill, 1977, 310 p. Library space planning. New York, Library Journal (R.R. Bowker Co.), 1976. Library Technology Reports, 14(4) July/Aug 78, pp. 305-437 [Issue devoted to energy conservation in libraries]. Lighting of libraries. London, Illuminating Engineering Society, 1976 (Technical Report 8).

Luecker, E.: Diefstalbeveiling in de bibliothek [Security against theft from libraries] Open 13 (1) 1981, pp. 8 - 1 3 . Lushington, Nolan: Designed for users. Wilson Library Bulletin 55 (8) Apr 1981, pp. 606-607,637-638; 55 (9) May 1981, pp. 684-685,717. Mason, Ellsworth: Library lighting. Mason, E.: Mason on library buildings. Metuchen, The Scarecrow Press, 1980, pp. 25-38. Metealf, Keyes DeWitt: Library lighting. Washington, D.C., The Association of Research Libraries, 1970, 99 p. Miller, Havard E.: Jail library: media center closed by fire one week after opening. Library and Archival Security, 3 (2) Summer 1980, pp. 41-43. Miller, Henrik S.: Borgernes hus i Gladsaxe [City hall in Gladsaxe], Bogens Verden 62 (7) 1980, pp. 326-330. Morris, John: Managing the library fire risk. 2nd ed. Berkeley, University of California, 1979,147 p. Naumann, Ulrich: Ein Ariadnefaden durch das Labyrinth der Bücher. Überlegungen zum neuen Orientierungssystem der Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt [Ariadne's thread through the labyrinth of books. Some considerations of the. new orientation system of the Frankfort City and University Library]. ABI-Technik 1 (2) 1981, pp. 91-100. Pierce, William S.: Furnishing the library interior. New York, Dekker, 1980, 288 p. Pedersen, Peter G.: Blip-bät i Birkertfd. Bogens Verden 62 (3) 1980, pp. 102-105. Plovgaard, Sven (ed.): Public library buildings: standards and type plans for library premises in areas with population of between 5.000 and 24.000. Transl. by O. Stallybrass. London, The Library Association, 1971. Pollet, Dorothy and Haskell, Peter C.: Sign system for libraries. Solving the wayfinding problem. New York, Bowker, 1979, 271 p. Preparing for emergencies and disasters. Washington, D.C., OMS, Systems and Procedures Exchange Center, 1980,109 p. Protecting of library collections. National Fire Protection Association, No. 910,1970. Reynolds, Linda and Barrett, Stephen: Signs and guiding for libraries. London, Bingley, 1981,150 p.

139

Romeo, Louis J.: Electronir tupft detection systems: a survey conducted in 1976. Part II: University libraries. Library and Archival Security 3 (1) 1980, pp. 1-23. Schoots, P.J.Th.: Automatisierung in der Rotterdamer Stadtbibliothek [Automation in the Rotterdam City Library]. ABI-Technik 2 (2) 1982, pp. 83-91. Schuegraf, Wolf-Dieter: Überlegungen zur ergonomischen Gestaltung des Arbeitsplatzes in der Katalogisierung. [The ergonomic design of workplaces in the cataloguing department) Bibliothek, Forschung und Praxis 4 (1) 1980, pp. 43-51. Schweigier, Peter: Einrichtung und räumliche Gestaltung von Bibliotheken. [Library interior layout and design) 4th IFLA building seminar. ABI-Technik 1 (2) 1981, pp. 123-127. Schweigier, Peter: Inneneinrichtung und technische Ausstattung von Bibliotheken. [Interior layout and technical equipment of libraries] Wiesbaden, Reichert, 1977, 307 p. Shearer, Kenneth (comp.): Solar power in the public library. Public Libraries 20 (2) Summer 1981, pp. 35-36. A Solar assist in energy saving. American Libraries 11 (2) 1980, pp. 112-113. Spotoff, Tove: The new central library in Albertslund. Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly 8 (4) 1975, pp. 110-114. Strain, Paula: Efficiency and library space. Special Libraries 70 (12) Dec. 1979, pp. 542-548. Thorsen, Leif: Slfick Gladsaxe omsider et nyt hovedbibliotek. Bibliotek 70 (5) 1980, pp. 152-156. Vaughan, Anthony: The ideology of flexibility: a study of recent British academic library buildings. Journal of Librarianship 11 (4) Oct 1979, pp. 277-293. Way, Wendy and Store, Ron: Introduction to a book detection system at Townsville College of Advanced Education. Australian Academic and Research Libraries 10 (1) 1979, pp. 55-58. Wilska, Urzula: Der Bau der neuen Nationalbibliothek Warschau. [The building of the new National Library in Warsaw] Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel (Frankfurt) 36 (38) May 6,1980, p. 1128. Wright, Gordon H.: Fire! Anguish! Dumb luck! or contingency planning. Canadian Library Journal 36 (5) 1979, pp. 254-260.

140

Appendices

Appendix 1 Programme Official opening, June 16,1980 Franz Kroller, Chairman of the IFLA Section on Library Buildings and Equipment Ole Perch Nielsen, Undersecretary, Ministry of Cultural Affairs Kristian Lindbo Larsen, Director of the State Inspection of Public Libraries 1st Session, June 16 Chairman: Bent Nilsson, Interior Architect, The Danish Library Design Bureau Frits Larsen, Physical Planning Officer Public planning in Denmark Jes Petersen, Library Consultant The Danish Library Act. Planning on the local level and the library Sven Plovgaard, Library Inspector Library buildings in Denmark Elisabeth Lylloff, Library Consultant Planning and programming of public libraries in Denmark Hans Dall, Architect Design of buildings for public use with emphasis on libraries 2nd Session, June 17 Chairman: Franz Kroller, Library Director Visit to Gladsaxe main and branch libraries How the library became a reality and the part played by: - the politician: Mrs. Tove Smidth, Mayor of Gladsaxe - the librarian: Svend Stilling, City Librarian - the interior architect: Bent Nilsson

141

3rd Session, June 18 Chairman: P J.Th. Schoots, Library Director Godfrey Thompson, City Librarian and Harry Faulkner-Brown, Architect Security and protection and their influence on interior layout and design. Fire and other security systems. Franz Kroller, Library Director Energy saving aspects in relation to the planning of library buildings J. Boot, Architect The influence of physical conditions on interior layout and design. Heating and cooling, humidity and preservation, acoustics. Visit to Birker^d Library and Town Hall 4 th Session, June 19 Chairman: Harry Faulkner-Brown, Architect Povl Abrahamsen, Architect Visual communication. Signs and display in public buildings. Bo E. Jonassen, Architect What's so special about libraries? Visit to Karlebo and Albertslund libraries 5th Session, June 20 Chairman: Godfrey Thompson, City Librarian Jeizy Maj, Librarian The new building of the National Library in Warsaw Rolf Fuhlrott, Deputy Director Library lighting Sophus F randsen, Architect Lighting as a creative factor in architecture. Evaluation of lighting solutions in some Danish libraries Panel discussion on lighting Summary and final discussion

142

Appendix 2 Participants at the seminar Austria

Dr F Kroller, Director, University Library, Graz J Wawrosch, Library Director, Technical University, Vienna

Canada

D K Laflamme, Architect, Longueuil, Quebec Mrs A Rovira, Director, Lasalle Municipal Library, Lasalle, P Q

Denmark

Asger Hansen, Director, The Danish Library Design Bureau, Ballerup P J^rgensen, Director, Aalborg University Library, Aalborg Mrs E Lylloff, Library Consultant, State Inspection of Public Libraries, Copenhagen B Nüsson, Interior Architect, The Danish Library Design Bureau, Ballerup S Plovgaard, Library Inspector, State Inspection of Public Libraries, Copenhagen

Federal Republic of Germany

Dr R Fuhlrott, Deputy Director, Karlsruhe University Library, Karlsruhe Mrs G Harms, Librarian, Einkaufszentrale fur öffentliche Bibliotheken, Reutlingen Prof. Dr G Liebers, Director Emeritus, University Library, Münster Dr P Schweigier, Director, Technical University of Munich, University Library, Munich

Finland

Mrs Y Andersson-Hailing, Chief Librarian, Mariehamms City Library, Mariehamm Mrs E Halonen, Chief Librarian, Järvenpää City Library, Järvenpää Mrs S M Heinänen, Librarian, Library, Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki Mrs R E I Piispanen, Chief Librarian, Lahti City Library, Lahti

France

Mrs M F Bisbrouck, Head of Public Libraries, Ministry of Culture and Communication, Paris Mrs I h Bally, Head of Financial Affairs, Ministry for Universities, Library Department, Paris

143

Gambia

Mrs S P C N'Jie, Chief Librarian, National Library, Banjul

Great Britain

M D Dewe, Senior Lecturer, College of Librarianship Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed H Faulkner-Brown, Architect, Newcastle upon Tyne G Thompson, City Librarian, Guildhall Library, London W J H Watson, Deputy County Librarian, Bedfordfordshire County Library, Bedford

India

Dr R S P Singh, Librarian, Sinha Library, Bihar State Central Library, Patna

Israel

Mrs T Harari, Director, Library of Exact Sciences and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv

Lesotho

A T Elias, Deputy Director, Lesotho National Library Service, Maseru

Mexico

C H Brito, Architect, Mexico City Mrs C E de Garcia Moreno, Librarian, Mexico City Library, Mexico City Mrs M T Roman, Head of Planning Department, Ciudad University, Mexico City

Netherlands

J Boot, Architect, Rotterdam Mrs E Bosman, Deputy Director, Public Library, Tilburg P C Dekker, Architect, Middelburg Mrs S J van Dixhoorn, Librarian, Public Library, Middelburg Dr J de Groot, Director, University Library, Leiden A J Kamp, Deputy Director, City Library, Rotterdam Dr A J van Kraay, Deputy Director, County Library of Zeeland, Middelburg Mrs S Langendoen-van der Meer, Adviser, Library Building and Equipment, Dutch Centre for Libraries and Literature (NBLC), The Hague W M Renes, Lecturer in library planning and design, Frederik Muller Academy, Amsterdam Mrs H Roos, Head of branches, Public Library, Groningen P J Th Schoots, Director, City Library, Rotterdam Mrs M T M Suurmeijer, Inspector for public libraries, The Hague T Tas, Adviser, Layout and Equipment, Dutch Centre for Libraries and Literature (NBLC), The Hague

144

Nigeria

E N 0 Adimorah, Deputy Director, Imo State Library Board, Owerri

Norway

T Blekastad, Head of Planning Department, Royal University Library, Oslo K R Thalberg, Departmental Librarian, University Library, Div. A, University of Trondheim, Trondheim Mrs H Tender, Librarian, University Library, Oslo

Poland

Dr J Maj, Librarian, National Library, Warsaw

Spain

J R Alvarez Garcia, Architect, Madrid J-J Cuesta, Planning Manager, Central Library, Barcelona Mrs Maria Rossines, Chief Librarian, Central Library, Barcelona

Sweden

T P Jacobsen, County Library of Östergötland, Linköping J Wallinder, Professor, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg

Switzerland

R Mathys, Deputy Director, Central Library, Zürich L D Perret, Deputy Director, Library, University of Lausanne, Lausanne

Syria

J J Meissner, Architect, Ministry of Public Works and Hydraulic Resources, Damascus

Thailand

Mrs N Indageha, Executive Secretary, Thai Library Association, Bangkok

Uganda

IM N Kigongo-Bukeny a, Uganda Library Association, Kampala

145

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Series I F L A Publications Edited by Willem R. H. Koops

8 World Directory of Map Collection«. Compiled by the Geography and Map Libraries Sub-Sections. Ed. by Walter W. Ristow. 1976. 326 p. D M 48.00, I F L A members D M 36.00. I S B N 3-7940-4428-2 9 Standards for Public Libraries. 1977. 2nd corrected edition. 63 p. DM 16.80, I F L A members D M 12.60. I S B N 3-7940-4429-0 10 I F L A ' s First Fifty Years. Achievement and challenge in international librarianship. Ed. by Willem R.H. Koops and Joachim Wieder. 1977. 158 p. D M 36.00, I F L A members D M 27.00. ISBN 3-7940-4430-4 11 The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. A Selected List of References. 2nd edition, revised and expanded. Comp. by Edward P. Cambio. 1977. VI, 52 p. D M 16.80, I F L A members DM 12.60. ISBN 3-7940-4431-2 12 Library Service to Children: A n International Survey. Edited for the Section of Children's Libraries by Colin Ray. 1978.158 p. DM 36.00, I F L A members D M 27.00. I S B N 3-7940-4432-0 13 Allardyce, Alex: Letters for the International Sxchange of Publication*. A Guide to their Composition in English, French, German, Russian and Spanish. Ëd. by Peter Genzel. 1978.148 p. D M 36.00, I F L A members D M 27.00. I S B N 3-7940*433-9 14 Resource Sharing of Libraries in Developing Countries. Proceedings of the 1977 IFLA/Unesco Pre-Session Seminar for Libraries from Developing Countries. Antwerp University, August 30-September 4,1977. Ed. by H. D. L. Vervliet. 1979. 285 p. D M 36.00, I F L A members D M 27.00. I S B N 3-598-20375-6 15 Libraries for All / Bibliothèques pour tous. A World of Books and Their Readers / Le monde du livre et de ses lecteurs. Papers presented at the I F L A 50th Anniversary World Congress, Brussels 1977. Ed. by Robert Vosper and Willem R.H.Koops. 1980 163 p. D M 36.00, I F L A members D M 27.00. I S B N 3-598-20376-4 16 Library Service for the Blind end the Physically Handicapped: A n International Approach. Key Papers presented at the I F L A Conference 1978, Strbske Pleso, CSSR. Ed. by Frank Kurt Cylke. 1979.106 p. DM 30.00, I F L A members D M 22.50. ISBN 3-598-20377-2 17 Guide the Availability of Theses. Ed. by D.H. Borchardtand J. D.Thawley. 1981. 443 p. D M 68.00, I F L A members D M 51.00. I S B N 3-598-203784) 18 Studies in the International Exchange of Publication. Ed. by P. Genzel. 1981. 125 p. D M 3 2 . - , I F L A members D M 24.-. I S B N 3-598-20379-9 19 Public Library Policy. Proceedings of the IFLA/Unesco Pre-Session Seminar Lund, Sweden August 2 0 - 2 4 , 1 9 7 9 . Ed. by K.C. Harrison. 1981.152 p. D M 3 6 . - , I F L A members DM 2 7 . - . ISBN 3-598-20380-2. 20 Library Education Programmes in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Asia. Proceedings of the IFLA/Unesco Pre-Session Seminar on Library Education Programmes in Developing Countries. Manila, The Philippines, 15—19 August 1980. Ed. by Russell Bowden. 1982. 208 p. approx. D M 40.00 approx., I F L A members DM 30.00 approx. ISBN 3-598-20383-7. In Prep. 21 Copyright and Library Materials for the Handicapped. A Study prepared for the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Ed. by F. Hébert and Wanda Noel. 1982. 111 p. D M 3 6 . - , I F L A members DM 27.-. ISBN 3-598-20381-0 22 Education of School Librarians. Some Alternatives. Ed. by Sigrdn Klara Hannesdôttir. 1982. IV,120p. DM 36.00, I F L A members D M 27.00. I S B N 3-598-20384-5 23 Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. A n International Approach Vol. 2. Ed. by Bruce E. Massis. 1982. Vl,123p, D M 32.00, I F L A members D M 24.00. I S B N 3-598-20385-3 24 Library Interior Layout and Design. Proceedings of the Seminar held in Frederiksdal, Denmark, June 1 6 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 0 . Ed. by Rolf Fuhlrott and Michael Dewe. D M 64.00, I F L A members D M 48.00. ISBN 3-598-20386-1 K - G - S A U R Manchen • New York • London • Paris POB 71 10 09 - D - 8 0 0 0 München 71 - Tel. (089) 79 8 9 01 - Telex 5212067 saur d