Lexical Tools to the Syriac New Testament: With a Skeleton Grammar by Sebastian P. Brock 9781463207939

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GORGIAS REPRINT SERIES Volume 26

Lexical Tools to the

Syriac New Testament

LexícaL TooLs the Syrnac Neto

Geoßge Anton

to

Testament

KÎRQZ

•À Ä GORGIAS PRESS 2002

First Edition by Sheffield Academic Press, 1994. Second Edition by Gorgias Press LLC, 2002

Copyright © 2002 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, N e w Jersey.

I S B N 1-931956-10-3

B r i t i s h L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u i n g in P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a Kiraz, George A n t o n Lexical Tools to the Syriac N e w Testament I. Title 255.43

GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress. com

Printed in the United States of America

Preface Most students of Syriac are introduced to the text of the Syriac New Testament in their first year of studies. The main task facing the student is studying the meanings of the words which constitute the text. Learning the most frequent words, moving to the less frequent ones, the student's understanding of the text expands rapidly. Lexical Tools to the Syriac New Testament aims to provide the student, among other aids, with such a tool. This work is divided into ten sections, each providing the student with a different tool. Sections 1,2 and 3 provide three frequency lists: word list, proper noun list, and a list of Syriac words derived from Greek. Section 4 consists of a list of consonantal homographs which is aimed at helping the student clarify lexical ambiguities. E a c h of the four sections give full morphological analysis and English meanings. Sections 5 and 6 are devoted to the verb. The former divides the most frequent verbs into their morphological categories. T h e latter gives the paradigms of the most frequent verb in each category of the former section. Sections 7 and 8 are indices: The former provides an index to all the English words which appear in this work (a more detailed English-Syriac index is given in my Concordance to the Syriac New Testament, vol. 6, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993), and the latter provides an alphabetical index of the Syriac words. Section 9, Skeleton Syriac Grammar, is a reference grammar written by Dr Sebastian P. Brock. Finally, Section 10 provides an annotated bibliography of works which can be of use to the student. Only frequent words which occur ten times or more in the text of the Syriac New Testament (Peshitta version) are included in this work. The text used here is based on the Syriac New Testament edition of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), now reprinted by the United Bible Society. (The original Peshitta New Testament canon does not include 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, and Revelation; the text of these in the BFBS edition is taken from a sixth-century translation which some identify as the Philoxenian.) T h e lists in this work were generated from the Syriac Electronic Data Retrieval Archive ( S E D R A ) , a database management system for literary and linguistic computing in Syriac. I would like to take the opportunity to thank my Malphono D r Sebastian P. Brock (Oriental Institute, University of Oxford), who suggested compiling this work, for his numerous valuable discussions, and for the use of his computer system to print this document. His Eminence M o r Clemis Augen Kaplan, Metropolitan Patriarchal Assistant, kindly reviewed Section 6; D r Andrew Criddle (Cambridge) and Ms Amanda Bowen (Peterhouse, Cambridge) kindly checked the cross references in Section 8 and Section 7, respectively. To Dr Philip Davies of Sheffield Academic Press, I give my gratitude for accepting this work for publication. I have completed this book while doing research on Semitic computational morphology at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, under the direction of Dr Stephen G. Pulman (SRI International and Computer Laboratory), which was made possible by a Benefactor Studentship from St John's College.

St John's College, Cambridge Commemoration of St. Severios the Great February 11, 1993.

ofAntioch,

George Anton Kiraz

iii

Table of Contents Preface

iii

Table of Contents

iv

Abbreviations

v

Section 1

1

Word Frequency List Section 2

35

Proper Nouns Frequency List Section 3

41

Greek Frequency List Section 4

45

Consonantal Homographs Section 5

51

Verbal Forms Section 6

57

Verbal Paradigms Section 7

87

English Index Section 8

105

Alphabetical Syriac Index Section 9

117

Skeleton Syriac Grammar (by S. B. Brock) Section 10 Bibliography Colophon

iv

131

Abbreviations act. part adj adv c cf constr .... cont denom emph enci f impf impt inf intr Lat m n num part pass. part. . . perf pi pr. n prep pron rad rt s subs tr v w/ w/o

active participle adjective adverb common compare construct continue denominative emphatic enclitic feminine imperfect imperative infinitive intransitive Latin masculine noun numeral participle . passive participle perfect plural proper noun preposition pronoun radical root singular substantive transitive verb with without

Section 1: Word Frequency List Sequence. This list is arranged according to the frequency of occurrence of words.

Format. The list consists of four columns: •

Column 1: Reference No. Gives each word a reference number. This number is used as cross reference in other sections where the meanings of words are not given.

•

Column 2: Syriac Lexical Entry. Gives the Syriac form of the word in vocalized Serto (Western) script.

•

Column 3: Category. Gives the grammatical (i.e. morphological) category of the lexical entry.

•

Column 4: English Meanings. Gives the English meanings of the lexical entry. Main English key words are given in italic. Morphological information which changes the meaning is given in bold. Greek forms of Syriac words derived from Greek are given preceding the meanings. At the right side of this column, the frequency of the lexical entry is given in italic between square brackets, [ ].

The list is divided into frequency-range groups to help the student plan study sessions. For example, the first group lists words of frequency higher than 1000.

How to Use the Frequency List. It is important to review each group few times before going to the next one. It is quite difficult to establish associations between the Syriac words and their English meanings, since the Semitic language and the Indo-European one belong to two different families. In order to remember the meanings, therefore, it is crucial to understand the usage of the words. If the student has access to a copy of my Concordance to the Syriac New Testament (1993), the concordance can be consulted to learn the different forms of each word, and the usage of each form, as they appear in the New Testament.

1

Word Frequency List: 1 - 2 8

Ref.

Syriac

- 3 -

Meaning

Cat.

Words occurring 1085 - 4234 times:

1 2

jr

3

Jóoi

4

«

e

5

5 6 7

*

tr? 4

OCX

particle

for, to

[4234]

particle

no, not

[3140]

v.

be, (as enclitic) was, turn out

[3041]

particle

from

[2966]

v.

say, speak

[2551]

particle

but, yet

[1828]

pron.

he, (as enclitic) is, it

[1792]

8

u

pron.

I

[1728]

9

u ;

pron.

this

[1578]

particle

about, concerning, on

[1549]

11

pron.

thou

t1401]

12

particle

all, entirely, every, whole

[1400]

n. m.

a god, God

[1389]

pron.

that, those, w / » he who

[1256]

particle

when, while, after

[1214]

16

subs.

are, is

[1100]

17

particle

G r . YCtp

10

^

13 14

r

0 Of r

15

for

[1085]

Words occurring 602 - 966 timer.

18 19

Jtr n r

20

v.

come; Af c el bring

[966]

pron.

what, which, who

[858]

particle

in, among, with, by, at

[824]

21

HT

particle

but, but rather

[799]

22

JU

n. m.

son

[786]

particle

also, even

[765]

particle

according to, as

[759]

n. m.

lord, master

[755]

particle

because

[740]

num.

JL JL each one, one, (as adj) certain one

[739]

v.

see, behold

[734]

23 24 25

r f

lluo

26 27 28

r

- 4 -

Ref.

W o r d F r e q u e n c y List: 2 9 - 53

Syriac

Cat.

V

29 30

UV

31

Meaning

particle

with

n. c.

person,

v.

make, do, perform,

[723] mankind,

people

S a f c e l subdue, r-

32 33

1.

Pa c c el make abound;

exceedingly w/

[78] fool

[77] [77]

gladden Af c el lead

[76] astray,

deceive, delude

[76]

n. f.

council,

[76]

n. m.

lawyer,

adj.

part, it proper, it is right

[75]

num.

twelve

[75]

v.

Pa c c el heal

[74]

n. f.

family, generation, line, stock, tribe

[74]

synagogue scribe

[76]

Words occurring 70 - 74 times:

227

IW

228 229

Jjcio

particle

how many?, how much?

[73]

230

It

particle

under

[73]

*

cc

v.

buy; Pa el sell

[72]

n. f.

year

[72]

233

v.

resemble; Pa c c el compare, liken to

[70]

234

v.

Pa c c el make ready

[70]

231 232

jiU

- 12 -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 235 - 262

Meaning

Cat.

Syriac

Words occurring 66 - 69 times:

235

JJs^SoV

n. f.

place

[69]

236

U15

n. f.

rock, stone

[69]

237

adj.

light, little,

238

n. f.

Sabbath

239

v.

Paccel

cleanse

[6S]

pron.

= jjoi + oc» this is he

[65]

n. m.

night

[6S]

n. m.

light

[6S]

n. f.

animal, living creature

[67]

r 9

240

QJo*

241 242

f J\ -t o i C U*

243

[69]

swift

[69]

)Ul5

n. f.

uprightness,

245

}io»CHXO

n. f.

testimony

[67]

n. f.

field,

[67]

adj.

little, least

v.

think, reckon,

n. m.

hill,

n. m.

teaching, instruction,

246 247 248 249 250

llS'^o l!

' r

1'

*

j ' i ° i N cu

rectitude, righteousness,

[67]

244

justice

village

[66] [66]

deliberate

[66]

mountain

cc

doctrine

[66]

attain

[66]

251

v.

arrive, reach; P a e l

252

denom.

Gr. IICTOCU. Af c el convince,

253

v.

•work, cultivate, labour; Af c el make serve

[66]

v.

bind,

[65]

255

adj.

beloved

256

particle

against, near, opposite

adj.

steadfast,

true

[66]

persuade

Words occurring 60 - 65 times:

254

UD/

fasten

[65] [65]

to, w / "poo resist

[65]

257

JLH

258

lio^ot

n.

f.

exemplar,

form, image, pattern, similitude,

259

lio^

n. f.

gladness,

joy

260

)ti

v.

flow, journey, instruct,

V.

look, behold

[62]

pron.

why

[61]

261 262

)

type

[64] [64]

chastise

[63]

Word Frequency List: 263 - 288

Ref.

Syriac

Meaning

Cat.

i'

263

* n

264 265

- 13 -

particle

at once, immediately

[61]

v.

worship, pay homage

[61]

v.

Pa c c el minister, serve

160}

Words occurring 55 - 59 times:

267 268

i

affliction,

w

num.

four

[59]

ILL

adj.

new

[59]

n. m.

seat, throne

[59]

n. m.

hope

[59]

v.

kneel; Pa c c el bless

269 270 271 272

}; "Ì m M • >0>)

273 »

274 275

c^r

276 277 278 279 280

r

waX

J^ r

oti-S

oppression,

[59]

n. m.

266

tribulation

c

158} cc

v.

P al part, fitting, it is right; Pa el approve,

n. m.

tongue, language

justify

[58] [58]

c

v.

be high; Af el exalt

[58]

particle

if

[57]

particle

when?

[57]

pp.

bound, prisoner

[57]

v.

dwell

[57] cc

c

v.

return; Pa el answer, give back; Af el cause to turn

[57]

V.

separate,

[57]

appoint cc

281

V.

be idle; Pa el annul

[56]

282

particle

before,

[56]

n. m.

garment, receptacle, utensil, vessel

[56]

particle

henceforth,

now,

[56]

v.

do, effect,

visit

283 284 285

lili » 1»

V i » r

formerly

therefore

[55]

Words occurring 50 - 54 times:

286

r

287 288

c u

v.

deliver, save, depart; Pa c c el pursue, rescue; Af c el go away, abstain from

[54]

adj.

at hand, near, neighbour

[54]

adj.

last, extreme

[53]

- 14 -

Ref.

289

Word Frequency List: 289 - 315

Syriac

Meaning

Cat.

lis v i ^ "

290

[53]

n. f.

wisdom

adj.

lawful, permitted, (pi) magistrates,

v.

Ethpa c c al marvel, be amazed

[52} [52]

(pi) rulers

[53]

291

UOf

292

l^ao-»-«.

adj.

dark, darkness

293

l.uyi.

n. f.

right

[52]

294

^iX-D

idiom

always

[52]

295

U i x

pron.

why

[52]

296

v.

go before

[52]

297

n. f.

ministration,

particle

hence, here

[51]

299

v.

crucify, elevate, erect, lift up

[50]

300

v.

sow

[50]

n. m.

seed

298

301

la»«

li»»

(dark place)

service,

[52]

attendance

[50] c

put on, be clothed; Af el clothe

[50]

particle

between

[49]

adj.

sinner

[49]

305

num.

five

[49]

306

n. f.

knowledge

[49]

307

n. m.

adversary, as prop. n. Satan

[49]

v.

Pa c c el make understand;

n. f.

prayer

[49]

num.

thousand

[48]

particle

alas for!, woe!

[48]

v.

owe, be condemned; Pa c c el condemn

[48]

n. f.

message, good tidings,

[48]

n. m.

demon, evil spirit

[48]

build

[47]

v.

302

Words occurring 48 and 49 times:

303 304

308 309 310 311 312 313 314

J

v.

stir, be shaken, be confused;

334

V tsp

v.

deny,

n. m.

teacher

335 336

denom.

[44] [44]

c

Af el trouble, stir up

refuse

[44] [44] [44]

cc

Ethpa al think

[43]

Words occurring 40 - 42 times:

337 338

Jj^lCL.

339 340

r

341 342

1 4 *

n. m.

beatitude, blessedness,

n. m.

to-day

[42]

v.

counsel, promise; Ethpa c c al deliberate; Af c el reign

[42]

v.

flee

[42]

v.

constrain,

v.

weep

urge

happiness

[42]

[41] [41]

- 16 -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 343 - 370

Syriac

n. f.

J U

344

iot)

345

) U rUU

346

v.

daughter, COnstr. w / i t c utterance, word c

Ethp el w /

1y laYlC« "

[41]

beware o f , w / oi take care o f ,

take heed; Pa c c el warn

[41]

n. f.

end

[41]

v.

be heavy, be precious; Pa c c el honour; Af c el make heavy

r

-

Meaning

Cat.

343

-

[41]

n. m.

attendant, minister,

v.

adhere, cleave to, follow

[41]

adj.

blind

[41]

v.

hate

[41]

351

v.

accomplish,

352

n. m.

gold

n. f.

justness,

347

.g* p 1

348 349

t .vim

350

).IIT>

354

jidiJu.») t u

355

JjnJ

353

servant

fulfil, mature,

[41]

perfect

[40] [40]

righteousness,

uprightness

c

[40]

v.

cease, rest; Af el put o f f , refresh, give rest

[40]

v.

Pa c c el prove, tempt, try

[40]

c

c

356

V.

Af el arouse, wake up; Ettaf al watch, be awake

[40]

357

n. m.

remainder, residue, rest

[40]

n. m.

honour, glory,

[39]

359

n. m.

lamb, young sheep

139]

360

v.

err, sin

[39]

n. m.

money, silver

[J9]

v.

wrap; Ethp c el go around; Af c el lead about

[39]

n. f.

boat, ship, sailing

vessel

[39]

unrighteousness

[39]

Words occurring 38 and 39 times:

358

361 362 363

h l

r

I ». ). "imi r 1'

majesty

364

foL

n. m.

iniquity,

365

t'y»«.»

n. m.

bowels, mercy

[39]

366

adj.

high, w / illo loud voice

[39]

367

adj.

enemy

[38]

368

adj.

false, liar

138)

369

Uoioi

n. m.

limb, member

[38]

370

jiiXoa

n. m.

promise

[«]

- u -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 371 - 397

Syriac

Meaning

Cat.

371

). I l m v

312

ll^ot

373

u

- 17 -

[3S]

adj.

poor

n. m.

anger, indignation,

v.

cast, throw

[38]

wrath

138] c

repent, return; Af el answer, vomit

[38]

v.

be ashamed; Af c el shame

[37]

n. m.

wine

[37]

adj.

wise, prudent, cunning (words)

[36]

v.

recompense

I36]

379

n. f.

resurrection

136}

380

adv.

truly

[36]

381

v.

Pa c c el destroy, corrupt, alter

[35]

v.

suffer,

[35]

v.

remember; Af c el cause to remember

[35]

adj.

rich, wealthy

[35]

n. m.

Gr. npooconov aspect, countenance, face,

person

[35]

v.

grow up, increase; Pa c c el cause increase, nourish

[55]

374

v.

4

Words occurring 35 - 37 times:

i ^

375 376 377 378

1'

"

r

r Vk^Si

383

r UUl r * JoCw

384

jLfcl

382

385

iI s o *j i s

386

u»

387 388

r •J*

feel

cc

v.

be mad; Pa el depart, remove

v.

be strong; Pa c c el establish; Af c el believe,

[35] strengthen

[35]

Words occurring 33 and 34 times:

389

particle

yea, so, truly

[34]

390

v.

Pa c c el

[34]

391

v.

sleep

392

v.

take an oath, swear; Af c el make swear

[34]

pron.

= H + o« no, not

[34]

v.

cut down, cut o f f ; Pa c c el break

[34]

v.

follow,

[34]

n. f.

circumcision

393 394 395

oi r m Ck r

396 397

r 13»

v.

blaspheme

[34]

„» < c

persecute

[33] c

Ethp el remember; Af el remind, make mention of

[33]

- 18 -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 398 - 424

Meaning

Cat.

Syriac

n. m.

cup

[33]

n. f.

cause, occasion

[33]

400

n. f.

affair,

[33]

401

n. c.

sun

[33]

particle

even if

[32]

particle

but, nevertheless,

particle

quickly

n. m.

sepulchre,

n. m.

pay, recompense,

n. m.

demon, devil

n. f.

Gr. StaeflKD covenant,

v.

overcome

[31]

adj.

defiled, filthy, impure, unclean

[31]

v.

conceal, cover, hide

[31]

n. f.

endurance,

[31]

n. f.

baptism,

n. m.

gift,

n. m.

truth, verity

[31]

v.

please

[31]

n. m.

Gr. ruaYYCAlOV Gospel

[30]

n. m.

daytime

[30]

particle

in, within

[30]

n. m.

desolation,

V.

be anxious, be careful, be solicitous

[30]

v.

burn; Af c el set (on fire)

[30]

v.

be sick, be weak

[30]

398

JuCOS

399

JihJL

matter, thing

Words occurring 31 and 32 times:

402 403

& V

404 405

*

406 407

Jo»»

408 409

u.

410 411 412 413 414

l-co-b T

if *' -». • )IQJ; mvi

,» - < »• ' yI "1. --»»da

415 416

y

[32]

yet

[32] [32]

tomb

[37]

reward

[31] testament

patience

[31]

[31]

washing

[31]

offering

Words occurring 30 times:

417 418 419

r

420 421 422 423 424

y. V

» to

v.

c

[30]

wilderness

Ethp el be offended;

c

Af el make stumble

[30]

-

-

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 425 - 452

Syriac

Meaning

Cat.

v.

increase,

be great;

n. m.

martyr,

witness

427

particle

still, yet

428

v.

Ethp c el play; Ethpa c c al

425 426

- 19 -

t'-OTXD ' I*

Af c el multiply

[JO] [JO] [JO]

narrate

[JO]

Words occurring 28 and 29 times:

429

JUL

430

)U

n. m.

associate,

v.

rebuke,

431

pp.

infirm, sick, weak (in faith)

[29]

432

n. f.

middle,

[29]

v.

Ethpa c c al

v.

drag, draw, lead, withdraw;

433 r

434

companion,

friend,

neighbour

[29] [29]

reprove

midst

[29]

prophesy

Ethpa c c al be V

comrade,

Pa c c ei beat,

scourge; [29]

beaten

V.

shine; Pa c c el explain,

n. m.

fish

[29]

particle

until, while

[29]

438

n. m.

friend

[29]

439

n. f.

epistle,

440

n. m.

mystery

441

v.

Pa c c el comfort,

442

i' •* joU

n. m.

appearance,

443

t'L'iai

n. m.

star,

444

luaos

n. m.

priest

445

)U

v.

sorrow;

v.

eat

[28]

n. f.

food

[28]

v.

Pa c c el expect,

n. f.

cloud

435

>OIJ

436

)JOJ V

437

446 447 448

A

— JlsXcoj^i JWOCO

449

bring to light; Af c el

illumine

[29]

[28]

letter

[28] encourage

aspect,

apparition

planet

[28] [28] [28] [28]

Pa c c el shorten;

look

Af c el make sorry

for

[28]

[28] [28]

450

JJB^.

n. f.

bed, bier,

pallet

[28]

451

CjS

n. m.

Feast of

Passover

[28]

n. f.

beginning,

(pi) first

452

fruits

[28]

- 20 -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 453 - 480

Syriac

Meaning

Cat.

Words occurring 26 and 27 times:

[27]

453

n. f.

widow

454

n. m.

assurance,

455

n. m.

judge

revelation,

the

Apocalypse

[27] [27] [27]

456

J-mvo

n. f.

belly,

457

] U>

n. m.

garment

[27]

JUi

n. m.

crossing

[27]

i'

num.

ten

[27]

n. m.

word

[27]

n. m.

bazaar,

v.

be

n. f.

conscience

[27]

464

n. m.

tree

[26]

465

particle

whence?

[26]

466

n. m.

cross,

467

n. m.

vineyard

[26]

468

v.

labour, toil; Af c el tire

[26]

n. m.

publican,

[26]

v.

advantage,

471

v.

Af c el allow,

472

n. m.

idol,

473

n. m.

grave, sepulchre,

474

v.

Pa c c el consecrate,

475

n. f.

lust

[26]

476

num.

six

[26]

v.

be astonished;

458 459

*"

460 461

Uo*.

462

«StciA.

463

Jbtf

469 470

477

J.ca.1-0 r

ooot

womb

marketplace,

square,

street

[27]

partaker

the

[27]

[26]

Cross

tax

collector

help, be of

profit

[26] [26]

permit

[26]

image

[26]

tomb

Af c el

sanctify

astonish

[26]

[26]

Words occurring 25 times:

[25]

478

particle

as one,

479

num.

forty

[25]

v.

pour out

[25]

480

¿r

together

- u> -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 481 - 506

Cat.

Syriac

- 21 -

Meaning

n. m.

sacrifice,

W

adj.

clean, pure

483

J toll)

n. f.

adultery, fornication,

484

m-

V.

Af c el add, increase

[25]

485

&

V.

hinder, restrain,

[25]

486

JU»

num.

one hundred

[25]

487

jis-xw»

n. f.

treasure, store

[25]

488

j ..ti 3 * * po^iD

adj.

better, expedient,

n. m.

Gr. KEVTUptCOV centurion

481

J—••-=;»'

482

489

t >

victim

[25] [25] harlotry

[25]

forbid

profitable

[25] [25]

Words occurring 24 times:

490

pp. V.

491

492 493

.»

-r

1 " . *. Moi » i tt *

n. f.

plague, stroke, wound

[24]

n. m.

moment, opportunity, season, time

[24]

n. m.

feast,

[24]

V.

fast

[24]

V.

covet, desire, lust

[24]

497 498 499 500

l' "

'

n r

501 502 503

|! ' * ¡tcnstojt.

lû^A.

festival

c

V.

Af el wash

n. m.

glorying, vainglory, vaunting

V.

[24]

cc

[24]

keep silent, be still; Pa el silence

[24]

n. m.

comfort,

[23]

505

adj.

just, righteous, upright

[23 3

506

n. f.

thought, reasoning, counsel

[23]

Words occurring 22 and 23 times:

504

iCoi

encouragement

- 22 -

Ref.

507

Word Frequency List: 507 - 536

Syriac

Cat.

y

508

Meaning

v.

suffice,

n. m.

sheep

be able, be

). 1 CI>CL3

n. m.

deliverance,

510

I'

n. m.

daybreak,

511

-I in.«.»

adj.

distant,

512

Jlo^t

n. f.

repentance

v.

Ethp c el be

particle

among,

513 514

r r

[23] [23]

509

r

sufficient

redemption,

salvation

[23]

morning far,

[23]

remote

[23] [23]

confident

[23]

between

[22]

515

J¿-Is

n. f.

creation

[22]

516

U 4

n. m.

side, party, sect, part (of a ship),

[22]

517

Loaot

particle

likewise,

[22]

518

n. m.

circle,

519

n. m.

altercation,

n. f.

sister

521

v.

partake

522

V.

hide oneself,

V.

need

n. m.

servant,

v.

P a c c e l expound,

n. f.

horn,

n. f.

foundation

v.

be restored;

520

523 524

HU

•fiim i l ^ k r

525 526 527

J j Ja iL^lhS.

528

so surroundings,

vagrancy

contention,

[22]

contradiction,

dispute,

strife

[22] [22]

(of), taste;

Ethp c el be grafted;

be hidden;

Af c el

graft

P a c c e l hide

[22] [22] [22]

worshipper,

soldier

[22]

interpret

[22]

corner

[22] [22] P a c c e l prepare,

restore;

Af c el

establish

[22]

Words occurring 21 times:

529

n. m.

loss,

530

n. m.

Gr. Otpattcbtnc;

531

n. m.

ointment,

532

U *

v.

examine,

533

1?' J»acof

551 552


-

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 653 - 680

Syriac

- 27 -

Meaning

Cat.

Words occurring 15 times:

653 654

JU

655 r

656 657

jb;

adj.

Gr. £.EVOot

I' * kootC^

662 663 664

if « Jl « 1.-ÌV-. r

f1 "

665

J»oU

s

666 667 668 669

I I^OCLLO

672

Uooai

673

U.m

n. f.

food,

sustenance

n. f.

left

n. f.

bondage,

n. m.

colt, young

Jill

Pa el

earthquake,

n. f.

743

[13]

n. m.

question;

J-DOXD

742

cc

argue, debate, dispute,

" * 1Jj^XOoD

H VMT>

pleasantness

v.

738

741

[13]

neglect

matter,

visitation

[13] [13] [13]

service animal

[13] [13]

- 30 -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 744 - 773

[13]

744

Jl^i

n. m.

labour,

745

ll^Js

n. m.

labourer,

746

tvi.n

adj.

abiding,

V.

murmur

n. m.

blame, accusation,

n. m.

commotion,

n. m.

promise

[13]

n. m.

cock

[13]

747 748

be patient, be

782

n. f.

leisure, recreation, repose,

783

particle

before

n. m.

custom,

785

adj.

ancient, old

[12]

786

v.

grow rich; Af c el make rich

[12]

787

n. f.

division, portion,

[12]

788

n. m.

force, necessity,

n. m.

cane, pen, reed

[12]

pp.

called, being by vocation

U2]

n. f.

myriad, ten

[12]

792

n. m.

thunder

[12]

793

n. m.

beginning

[12]

794

n. f.

chain

[12]

779 780 781

784

789

r

fI ' mm r

J'A

Lufl

790 791

j U *

taking, constr. w / i Z s /

rest

hypocrisy prolonged

[12] [12] [12] [12]

manner

[12]

separation violence

[12]

thousand

795

H i t

num.

eight

[12]

796

tflt

n. m.

smoke

[12]

pp.

holder, closed

[11]

Words occurring 11 times:

797

juir

c

798

v.

Af el delay, tarry

[11]

799

v.

encounter,

[11]

n. f.

shame

n. f.

Gr. PnUCl judgement-seat,

n.

hell, Gehenna

800

jiui

801 802

.»r -

meet

[11] tribunal

[11] [U]

- 32 -

Ref.

Word Frequency List: 803 - 835

Syriac

Cat.

803 804

JJ>—»

Meaning

pp.

mature, perfect

n. m.

attendant, guard, officer,

[77] servant

[77]

805

iu;

adj.

male

[77]

806

) ¿sAaa»'

n. f.

tear

[77]

807

jJiiioot i ifrtiw

n. m.

behaviour, conduct, manner of life, ways

[77]

v.

pity, spare

[77]

n. m.

compassion,

808 809

ill— 4»

810

«

811

m:

812

JU:

813 814

ji

815

ja^tcri

816 817

»¿^

818

jl'i^iO

819 i'

820

•

r

821 822 823 824 825

yo^oo r .on I ll'

* * ). n»; m

826

isIl'Uvl

827

i? * ' )»Q2QX

828 829 830

i ' **. MJO^S »J

831 832

«mni..ln

833 834 835

OOI) *

favour, mercy

[77]

c

c

v.

grow dark; Af el darken; Ettaf al be darkened

[11]

adj.

impure, unclean

[77]

adj.

becoming, congruous, decorous, due, seemly

[77]

n. f.

lake

[11]

particle

here

[77]

n. f.

coat, linen garment, tunic

[11]

n. m.

linen sheet

[77]

v.

Pa c c el abide, continue, remain, wait

[77]

n. f.

long suffering

[77]

n. m.

counsel

[77]

n. m.

answer, COnstr. w /

pp.

different,

particle

always, ever

[77]

v.

knock

[77]

adj.

adverse, contrary

[77]

pp.

empty, vacant, vain, void

[11]

adv.

in Aramaic, only in Rev. in Hebrew

[77]

n. m.

dweller, inhabitant

[77]

num.

twenty

[77]

n. m.

deliverer. Saviour

[77]

v.

burst, rend; Ethpa cc al w / ^JL

n. m.

murder, slaughter

[77]

n. f.

Gr. KIVSUVO*>

4

r

ft

-

4»

*

22

«a>0( j s K i . J

pr. n.

Timotheus

[24]

23

)> o o u

pr. n.

Judas

[24]

24

pr. n.

Saul

[23]

25

pr. n.

Isaiah

[22]

(Iscariot)

- 38 -

No.

Proper Nouns List: 26 - 52

Syriac * r '

27

r

»

35


^Xoi

148 82

er

r

r

Initial ç j . perf. 2nd rad.

[120]

= Pa el .

r

A

r f>

r

m

1

m >

[130]

r .a

°i 1

Initial ç. . perf. 2nd rad.

See Section 6, Table 15.

[229]

- impf. 2nd rad. * :

*

Initial ç. . perf. 2nd rad.

[235]

:

y •*>

121

161

Used only as pass. part, in pc a l .

^

Initial çj . p e r f . 2nd rad.

49

[110]

cc

- impf. 2nd rad.

136 85

= Paccel .

*

See Section 6, Table 16.

[157]

- impf. 2nd rad. ' :

•on

4. *

)

See Section 6, Tables 17-18.

[405]

- impf. 2nd rad. * :

See Section 6, Table 19.

[108]

55

See Section 6, Tables 20-21.

[350]

73

See Section 6, Tables 22-23.

[264]

ÎS . .

1

1

* "

Double:

Initial ] . perf. 2nd rad.

43 5

Vr

- impf. 2nd rad. " :

VC wojj

[447] See Section 6, Table 24.

[2551]

-

-ou -

Ref.

- 55 -

Verbal Forms

Perfect

Notes

Imperfect

Initial ] . perf. 2nd rad.

- impf. 2nd rad.

*

112

[168]

106

See Section 6, Table 25.

[178]

See Section 6, Tables 26-28.

[243]

Middle ) :

79

Final 1 :

59

[313]

îuZ

28 116

See Section 6, Tables 29-30.

[734] [166]

JÊ»

120

[158]

69

[273]

175 56 76

h u )U

[100] JrU X J'

[330]

JLJ

[249]

Initial and Final j :

18

See Section 6, Tables 31-32.

ilr

Initial ». . perf. 2nd rad.

- impf. 2nd rad. ' :

See Section 6, Tables 33-36.

32

Initial » . perf. 2nd rad.

- impf. 2nd rad

[704]

r

147 129

[966]

[120] •OI\ .

See Section 6, Tables 37-38.

[147]

Verbal Forms

- 56 -

Ref.

Notes

Imperfect

Perfect

Initial w . perf. 2nd rad.

126

- cu -

- impf. 2nd rad.

OÌS-J

See Section 6, Table 39.

[148]

See Section 6, Tables 40-41.

[165]

See Section 6, Tables 42-43.

[207]

Middle « :

117 9 yLco

94

Middle

.m1

> :

110

[171]

IOÏÎ 1 *

36

*

* *

sing. 1 com.

Act.

, *

*

sing. 3 fem.

Imperative

y . ~>\Vl

r

SNVI * y.SNvi *

oj^r * *

* —

* n ,

Infinitive:

**

r

'

TABLE 4. Form: Saf c el

Imperfect

Perfect

sing. 3 mase,

Imperative

SN a > - J- *

sing. 3 fern, sing. 2 masc.

Act. Part.

. SN avi

Pass.

Part.

r r , SN a V* I' T

t *

sing. 2 fern,

Ili*

sing. 1 com.

r * ' o, s \ « i *i

pi. 3 masc.

\

r

pi. 3 fem. 4.

_

pi. 2 masc.

oLii

pi. 2 fem.

"t-iv!

pi. 1 com.

v • SN » t OLsxLL * H

V

*

. r; N«.) .....

Infinitive:

«fr

*

.. SS A V> f

. SN

r _

t

r _

V SN AV>

Verbal Paradigms

- 63 -

TABLE 5.

Form: Estaf c al

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fern. sing. 2 masc. sing. 2 fern. sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.

Perfect

Imperfect

i'^Uf l

*

I

•

r t*

Imperative

Act.

Part.

,£

-

*

—

«lijí^iL«.r *

* Li=^ur j^ur*
, N o . 85

Imperative

y nr. I

K- -.ml

r

- impf. 2nd rad.

Imperfect

sing. 2 masc.

sing. 1 com.

r

*

r

*

—

———

*

(impf. s. 3 m .) and . - » m i l t (impf. s. 3 f.), see Table 2.

Initial ^J. perf. 2nd rad. ' - impf. 2nd rad. ' : the verb ^vSu , N o . 121

Perfect

Im perfect

Act.

Imperative

Part.

Pass.

Part.

*

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 f e m . sing. 2 masc. sing. 2 f e m .

Ü.N

i *

„ F S ^ .

*

^ . N

°IL

*

sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 f e m . pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 f e m . pi. 1 com.

WJVPI

*

—

y Ql

*

*

i

^JLl *

*

VI

*

^N °¡i

Infinitive:

—

—

—

• ^ . N

—

f

*

OIL

*

—

OI

^Jit *

—

—

—

« T

y °¡ i

)f.V, *

tsL

^ S I T

—

*

—

—

- ^ J K I

*

-

TABLE 17. Initial

Form: P c al

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.

perf. 2nd rad.

Perfect

r

- impf. 2nd rad. o* : the verb

Imperfect

»Is n ) *

^Q-Sl.

sing. 1 com.

is^BJ

yOQ-S(r 4 -ft ^ ^ ^ o! I

pi. 2 fem.

r a, 1 V

. • r> Q \ * ^ n fi n *ei I r^¡s^J *

No. 49

Pass.

Part.

•

r

>n»°i)

4

ȣ>0-9 *

—

t

-

I i -f Q1

—

^o Q 1 * ^cuicjt t

—

^o.Ol * —

^ • nfi o* T

*

r

pi. 1 com.

Part.

Kf uxSJ

JDQ-Sl.

sing. 2 fem.

pi. 2 masc.

•

jaoBi.

V " °; '

pi. 3 masc.

Act.

Imperative

* i> .nrs Oi 1

r .f\ Q. )

sing. 2 masc.

pi. 3 fem.

- 69 -

Verbal Paradigms

-

—

< *

rs O' I

*

Infinitive:

*

Other Forms. Ethpa c c al occurs in on ¿ ' i f (perf. pi. 3 m.), see Table 12. TABLE 18.

Form: Af c el

Perfect

Imperfect

.n

uxSLi

sing. 3 fem.

ijLsir

uaJil

sing. 2 masc.

is-o-ir

jxsl.

sing. 2 fem.

iuxkr

pi. 3 masc.

Act.

*r

sing. 3 masc.

sing. 1 com.

Imperative

*

t i e r 1'

pi. 3 fem.

*

pi. 2 masc.

^oj^xsir *

pi. 2 fem.

^iisaiiT *

T

* ¿ s i *

r

*

*

*

-

*

y

^«fl^YI

* t ...T

—

on °i( *

• ^ o! 1

""

^

—

r

Infinitive:

*

—

^O cv | *

pi. 1 com.

*

Part.

r y

* T

on

»

Pass.

*

^JlssI: * •*•

Part.

- 70 -

TABLE 19.

Verbal Paradigms

- ^

Initial ^J. perf. 2nd rad. * - impf. 2nd rad. o* : the verb ls-Li , N o . 161

, * * LCWJ

*

« . S N vi *

sing. 1 com.

pi. 3 fem. oí,\\i ..m

*

*

* r ^ *

Infinitive:

y

—

—

*

pi. 1 com.

r

^ W V1W

* v

—

-

w

nWv.v. *

* *

—

- v ü r < r

3 masc.

^ . s ^

—

*

sing. 2 fem.

Pass. Part.

It' * J] \ VIVI

* r

sing. 2 masc.

pi. 2 fem.

—

*

ther Forms. A f c e l = IsJl 1', same as

pi. 2 masc.

—

—

oLcw *

^ is • »« 1

—

Infinitive:

Form: P a c c e l

—

—

^ÍN-LJ

pi. 1 com.

—

—

—

¡s^ * *

Pass. Part.

JS—J

-IJUJ *

sing. 1 com.

pi

-

—

-JA. -

Verbal Paradigms

- 71 -

TABLE 21.

Form: Ethpa c c al

Perfect

Imperfect

Imperative

Act.

Part.

Pass.

Part.

sing. 3 mase.

*

sing. 3 fem.

k-NN-ur

^ Ü L Í *

sing. 2 mase.

ísN^ir *

^ L i ù *

sing. 2 fem.

..JsNN-^í.r *

^ÑN-UÍ; *

sing. 1 com.

V-NN^l.r *

pl. 3 mase.

*

*

yONN Ylfcô *

pl. 3 fem.

r

it' N Vlfcoo ** J] —

*

„NÑ-^i.r *

—

—

—

—

9 ~9

—

pl. 2 mase.

vn\s^!.î:

*

OSÑÍ,I r

f

pl. 2 fem. pl. 1 com.

* *

—

*

* t y

«

oW-^K-^ *

Infinitive:

TABLE 22. Double: the verb " V l , No. 73

Form: P c al

Perfect

Imperfect

Imperative

Act.

Part.

sing. 3 mase.

*

sing. 2 fem.

pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem.

m

*

A. *

sing. 2 mase.

pl. 3 mase.

Part.

^.ÑV *

sing. 3 fem.

sing. 1 com.

Pass.

*

^ÑNI

-^.oi *

îs^x aN\ _ •« r r ^ * y ^OÎS^i. r ¿¡¡^vl *

—

i

i vir *

pl. 1 com.

OÜO *

UO^J

Infinitive:

—

—

—

—

—

—

*

Other Forms. E t h p c e l occurs in i i / I / * ( p e r f . s. 3 m.), i L j i f (pass. part. s. m.), and J l ^ k i

—

(perf. pi. 3 f.), i i l l

(pass. part. s. f.).

( i m p f . s. 3 f.),

-

-

T A B L E 25.

Verbal Paradigms

- 73 -

Initial ). perf. 2nd rad. ' - impf. 2nd rad. o ' : the verb

Form: P c a l

Perfect

Imperfect

Imperative

, No. 106

Act. Part.

Pass. Part.

ur

tir*

—

—

—

—

—

—

sing. 3 mase.

?s^r

sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase.

ft

r* -s-^r *

sing. 2 fem.

Acií F

sing. 1 com.

«¿¿r

pl. 3 mase.

*

pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase.

^.r

^oíLaJj

v

o h¿>r

*

pl. 2 fem.

ÍT

¿¿ir* OXcld/

—

¿iti*

pl. 1 com.

*

—

—

—

—

—

—

Infinitive:

her Forms. E t h p c e l occurs in c i J j j ' l ? * ( p e r f . pl. 3 m.). A f c e l occurs in " V b o / ' (impf. s. 1 c., and impt. s. m.), see Table 3. TABLE 26.

Form: P c a l

Perfect

Middle ) : the verb ^ J l « , , No. 79

Imperfect

Imperative

sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem.

fciU

^JJLi ^.JJLI

sing. 2 mase. sing. 2 fem.

-s^U *

sing. 1 com. pl. 3 mase.

*

QX)JL

pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem.

Mir* yQ^mi

*

^lur; *

yoisXlJL

¿i^U *

^.JJL All —

pl. 1 com.

^CJL JJ'U —

—

—

^Ui *

^U * JL\1 * —

—

—

—

* —

—

—

I nfinitive:

Pass. Part.

—

aXU

¿Í^LÍ *

Act. Part.

—

—

—

- 74 -

Verbal Paradigms

- ^

-

T A B L E 27.

Form: E t h p c e l

Perfect

Imperfect

Imperative

sing. 3 mase.

*

sing. 3 fem.

*

sing. 2 mase.

*

*

*

¡JLlL-l *

sing. 2 fem.

- s ^ / L » /

sing. 1 com.

^ i u r

Act. Part.

*

*

—

—

—

—

pl. 3 fem.

—

pl. 2 mase.

«JL/L^

pl. 1 com.

* r^iur

*

*

—

*

¿lili

*

—

pl. 3 mase.

pl. 2 fem.

Part.

^WiUi

*

^¡>¿ur

Pass.

*

—

—

—

Infinitive:

T A B L E 28.

Form: P a c c e l

sing. 3 mase.

Perfect

Imperfect

Imperative

M ^ L t *

^CJL

Act. Part.

Pass.

Part.

^.CJL

sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase. sing. 2 fem.

- Í ^ C I

*

*

sing. 1 com.

ÍS^U *

^ c i r *

pl. 3 mase.

oXCl

v

pl. 3 fem.

^ C i

oXlJo *

*

*

*

^ U i

—

Infinitive:

*

—

—

—

—

—

* , tr

QXJJ^ *

Other Forms. E t h p a c c a l occurs in ^ ¡ " L ^ F occurs in ^ J J L i 1 * (impt. s. m.).

—

—

¿ m i *

pl. 1 com.

—

—

—

qxCJL ^ i x C L

—

—

*

—

pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem.

—

( p e r f . s. 3 m.) and ^ ' j L o

( i m p f . s. 3 m.). A f c e l

-

- 75 -

Verbal Paradigms

-

TABLE 29.

Form: P c a l

Perfect

Final ) : the verb f t - , No. 28

Im perfect

sing. 3 masc.

JI-

JI—J

sing. 3 fem.

LL

fi-t

sing. 2 masc.

isJL.

fi-í

sing. 2 fem.

-SJL *

sing. 1 com.

»

-Í- *

pi. 2 masc. ü—* Lfc» *

pi. 2 fem.

r

pi. 1 com.

-

lilí*

—

•* t

liM

—

T

t.. 9

^UMJ

—

* T-

y

L**

oL—

—

—

¿Ü.Í *

»1—

—

—

H—J

Infinitive:

fi-

—

f

yOUJ 9

Part.

—

*

*

r

pi. 3 fem.

ILIL *

*

—

oU* r-

Pass.

fu.

M -

pi. 3 masc.

Act. Part.

Imperative

U* *

—

—

Ji-i *

TABLE 30.

Form: Ethp c el

Perfect

sing. 3 masc.

Imperfect

- l u r

r

sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 masc.

s j u r

*

sing. 2 fem.

-sJLir *

sing. 1 com.

is-i-i, r

pi. 3 masc.

cuL-i f

pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.

*

r

¿iu.ir *

Pass.

Part.

Ji—fcsJ

fi— l ^ i

H-U

lioo

H-U

-1-1/ *

"i-U *

- u r

ft-if

-•¿.ir

pi. 3 fem.

r

Act. Part.

Imperative

*

* t" ^oL-fto »-r •» ^.l— SO 1 M*

-ir *

ft-iJ *

I nfinitive:

*' t * * a.1—coo

*

—

ioD

—

—

oí—l r ^i-Lf —

*

- 76 -

Verbal Paradigms

Initial and Final } : the verb

TABLE 31.

Form: P c a l

sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase. sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com.

Perfect

r úr *4 r -s4 r *

r

pl. 2 mase.

v

=\r

'

)i

ii'i: * )ir

o\r

Pass.

a r —

—

—

oí

pl. 2 fem.

¿T Infinitive:

l i l i

t i r

*

—

—

—

—

—

*

¿ar

—

¿.A

*

*

—

v

r,.

Part.

—

¿r

oíj:

~

4r

—

V o í / i :

pl. 1 com.

Part.

)! r mr

JUL'

OX

No. 18

Act.

lie;

u r

pl. 3 fem.

jlT

Imperative

Imperfect

Ji

pl. 3 mase.

-

—

*

ther Forms. P a c c e l occurs in „ t / ' (perf. s. 3 m.). TABLE 32.

Form: A f c e l

Perfect

Imperfect

sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase.

iJLr *

sing. 2 fem.

pl. 3 mase. pl. 3 fem.

)U> )Ll ) U *

\Lr

¡S-.

pl. 1 com.

r

SsJ! í' U

*

Infinitive:

-

*

*

—

—

—

—

^¡^i

\ 1

sing. 3

masc.

sing. 3

fem.

v

*

.all

*

sing. 2

masc.

Js-aX/'

.all

*

sing. 2

fem.

sing. 1

com.

pi. 3

masc.

pi. 3

fem.

pi. 2

masc.

2

fem.

pi. 1

com.

pi.

Act. Part.

W

Part.

*

r

J

^r

Pass.

«'

J

*

—

¿Lr * vo Ls&r * ¿u&r* ^r* Infinitive:

Other Forms. E t h p a c c a l occurs in .

*

—

y o l X j

—

^Nvi —

¿s&r* .aCi

* t

r

*

—

*

(pass. part. pi. m . ) .

—

- 80 -

T A B L E 39.

Form: P c a l

Verbal Paradigms

Initial « . perf. 2nd rad. * - impf. 2nd rad. * : the verb «=>iì~ , No. 126

Imperative

Imperfect

Perfect

*

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.

- «s -

Act. Part.

9 q try

«

OKJ T 1>

sing. 2 masc.

otl; * *

oit

ft

*

sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc.

o C

*

*

m

ther Forms. A f c e l = o l o r , same as TABLE 40.

Perfect

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.

Is**«

W^UIM ^

sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc.

r y ..

pi. 1 com.

—

—

—

—

—

c^l *

*

—

ofcj *

p ^ i

*

of 1 ' with " on the second radical instead of

Imperative

Imperfect

Act.

Part.

u ;

CL

ill

m

" Ti *

".. *

—

^ ** __ *

—

cr *

-

Pass.

Part.

* *

*

' - -' * t—

*

r

"'1 *

—

—

—

Note. In late Western Syriac, the impf. forms are

(Table 35).

—

^(Wl

H i

r

, No. 117

Middle - : the verb

r

Infinitive:

—

-

yO^yUX

pi. 2 fem.

cvV- *

—

*

A *

sing. 2 masc. sing. 2 fem.

Part.

^-iîs-

*

I nfinicive:

Form: P c a l

*

^GpisJ

^ols-si*-»

pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.

otr

*m

Pass.

*

, JJL^t , etc.; inf.

—

- J^s -

Verbal Paradigms

- 81 -

T A B L E 41.

Form: A f c e l

Perfect

sing. 3 mase.

" (7 UM

sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pl. 3 mase. pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase.

*

SJ:r

*

pl. 1 com.

M it

r

* i yo««

*

—

*

'

AIR

O '

Perfect

Imperfect

is *in m *

p . ml; *

sing. 2 masc.

Jocu¡0

yi. nrilj

sing. 2 fem.

wls^Om *

^•vi.ir.1' *

sing. 1 com.

¡svim 9 026XB>

pl. 2 masc.

y •

y O Y i . M )

^olsvim *

^vi.m 1 yCivi.nnli

pl. 2 fem.

«* t ^ • ^ -srs rr, *

^ vi." m t *

pl. 1 com.

^Yim

yi. in I

*

I nfinitive:

*

, etc.; part, m á s , etc.; inf. o l L l i .

Act.

Imperative

i

fu«/ 4 *

*

Middle - : the verb ym> , No. 94

sing. 3 fem.

jJo

*

*

i yi m

pl. 3 fem.

r

—

sing. 3 masc.

pl. 3 masc.

r

-

*

*

*

ote. In late Western Syriac, the impf, forms are )J1Jj , T A B L E 42.

r

*

—

—

' '

—

—

*

Infinitive:

Form: P c a l

Hi *

*

-•")"•

"7

Part.

—

^L7

" 7 *

pl. 2 fem.

Pass.

iLr

Ml

fci-r * ur ^oK*"/

Part.

Hi

*

vJLT

Act.

|.

sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 mase.

Imperative

Imperfect

y ri^Vi *

Part.

yjjlm

Pass.

Part.

yi.rm

jcá^m *

|vi • m

^ fo

—

> ^ . Y i . m

—

'

—

ci.vi« m ^.V|"|TI

*

-

'

*

^vi. m

- 82 -

Verbal Paradigms

- ols -

TABLE 43.

Form: Ethp c el

Perfect

sing. 3 mase. sing. 3 fem.

Imperfect

^Lnr

sing. 2 mase.

Part.

p^LÍ *

*

fJott K.ñ.mÜ

jjsm.foli/*

pl. 3 mase.

nvi.mLr * f J o l f *

^ o ism .roll1

*

*

*

..vi.ml;);/' *

juZtitr *

sing. 1 com.

Part.

—

^ciw. ml!K-l

^. v i . m l;!s-¿ *

—

(-¿IOOI'KJ *

—

*

yCiVi.ml;I' *

^oyi.mL/

*

pl. 2 fem.

^.SOCLLCDLV *

^Tml;): *

^TmlX

*

pl. 1 com.

Lf *

^ml'isJ *

Infinitive:

Pass.

^wotkoo

*

sing. 2 fem.

pl. 2 mase.

Act.

y • mliS-J

Y^cotíf

pl. 3 fem.

Imperative

oaajoLK^J *

>te. The Ethp c el forms may have one or two L as in y . m l f or y.rol;l;r , etc. TABLE 44.

Form: P c a l

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem. sing. 2 masc.

Perfect

r

sing. 1 com. pl. 3 masc.

Imperfect

t

Imperative

*

yool;

Is^oo *

isvin

t

n

^oooli *

...voo

^lüoß-o *

pl. 1 com.

^oa *

Infinitive:

W

—

«

—

—

^vi.n

pl. m.),

*

*

< CÜOCLO

' - * l- ** ^aoojol. *

yon)

*

^..viagi

*

T*

t

y nv> *

(act. part. s. m.). Ethpa c c al occurs in

c.), q j o ( i m p t .

t

* .. t

Other Forms. P a c c e l occurs in yO! (perf. s. 3 m.), aaaü, (perf. pl. 3 m.), y l L y H «

*

*

* * yCCOCLQJ

pl. 2 masc. pl. 2 fem.

Part.

*

^Tn.o

y&fl

y

Pass.

*

*

foil

Part.

y Co

r3

pl. 3 fem.

Act.

y cm >

is^xo

sing. 2 fem.

Middle o : the verb jú> , N o . 36

( i m p f . s. 3 m.) and

( i m p f . pl. 2 m.), y l L f c J (impf. pl. 1

(pass. part, sing m.), and

(pass. part. pl. m.).

Verbal Paradigms

- 83 -

TABLE 45.

Form: A f c e l

sing. 3 mase.

Perfect

Imperfect

sing. 3 fem.

v^ir *

sing. 2 mase.

¡Scair *

sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pl. 3 mase.

wíoo^o/

*

^ir

^ . ñ t

*

e-r *

TABLE 46.

—

*

—

*

^ClVI.flli

9

yi.n i

< ' OYinm

Perfect

—

» *

Imperfect

(imperfect), No. 37

Act.

Imperative

pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase. pl. 2 fem. pl. 1 com.

Part.

Pass.

Part.

* i o o u

r OOb

i-iou ÍS-3 0U

sing. 2 fem.

pl. 3 mase.

*

*

sing. 3 fem.

sing. 1 com.

~ —

—

(1YI.fi/'

The verb o o ^ (perfect),

sing. 3 mase.

sing. 2 mase.

*

*

Infinitive:

Form: P c a l

*

.,.vunr *

pl. 2 fem. pl. 1 com.

Part.

oL

^Yi.nl *

Pass.

l-íi.nvi *

*

^civi.n»

^ O Ü - Y l . f l 1'

Part.

yi.nvi

*

pl. 3 fem. pl. 2 mase.

yi.n >

*

ovuo/

Act.

Imperative

* »

n

is-iev. r O i c u

; - ?

oo¿ *

Vil^JLíI * Vtr

r O OI *

—

^ L t

*

r

Infinitive:

—

t

—

r Q-Scx r

—

I _»

^LKIJ **

—

—

-

—

»

*

—

«

*

—

„^ k a' o« *

r ot

—

—

IOU

(Alow. * —

—

- 84 -

Verbal Paradigms

- •s -

TABLE 47.

Form: Ethp c el

Perfect

sing. 3 masc.

oowi r

Act. Part.

Imperative

Imperfect

Pass. Part.

Od-boo

sing. 3 fern. sing. 2 masc.

«=>¿4 r *

Mi-l r *

sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com.

M¿L r *

pi. 3 masc.

Q-3 0W.1./

pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem.

*

*

oS4 r *

* ** 7 V * yOis^OuLi * ^ i u ^ i r

*

pi. 1 com.

o Li r *

—

* 'i * * ^CLOC^iO

—

' " ' i " ** ^-So^Ss-l

—

yOLÍotIl.1 *

^ir

é ^ u * * r * ** OCvfisJ

' -'l * *

r*

—

*

—

—

Infinitive:

TABLE 48.

The verb .oS.ro, No. 134

Form: P c a l

Perfect

Imperfect

sing. 3 masc.

•nS m

•n m)

V

sing. 3 fem.

Imperative

*

r

UNm*

' VJ. »fije

sing. 2 fem.

wlsnN m *

^.nmj" * r

sing. 1 com. m

pi. 2 masc.

^

m *

pi. 1 com.

m

In finitive:

*

*

r

*

«

'

rrs t

•

t

C\ey

H *

^timll * r-

.

*

i

co m

*

* T- * yfinml

pi. 2 fem.

Other Forms. Ethpa c c al occurs in

rr\

^fifiw 1

Wl

pi. 3 fem.

*

J.n\ ro

oxeo I

pi. 3 masc.

Pass. Part.

r

sing. 2 masc.

4

Act. Part.

*

*

(perf. s. 3 mase).

*

r

m

* —

- ota -

Verbal Paradigms

- 85 -

TABLE 49.

Form: Af c el

sing. 3 masc.

Perfect

Imperfect

Y, •SSJX>\

ifiXQj

sing. 2 fern.

s^zr * i^r

sing. 1 com.

a»?' *

sing. 2 masc.

*

pi. 3 masc.

QJZJX>1

*

yokiniel' *

pi. 2 masc.

•* T- * * T-

^ «mr ( »n

*

*

* T «.nrof

*

Part.

r . ft

1 ' ' ** Jnmvi

*

^ . n RR. V

M

*

*

Inmvi *

* ^ C L* d _ m'J r

-

'

I

^ r v n' m J

pi. 2 fem.

^ n rr.

* )' *

pi. 1 com.

Pass.

• ft m V )

.N m )

* )' * JUX>(

pi. 3 fem.

Part.

* y

l±n>r *

sing. 3 fern.

i4cf.

Imperative

'

'

*

^ n' m~ Y 'i

1' *

" 1 •ftRR*

Infinitive:

^.nmvi

T*

"

c

u

u

r

V

"

*

^.fimm ** '

*

*

^ajcoi

-

»

*

—

*

—

*

*

TABLE 50. The verb ^»L«, No. 62

Form: Pai c el

Perfect

*

sing. 3 masc. sing. 3 fem.

sing. 2 fem. sing. 1 com. pi. 3 masc. pi. 3 fem. pi. 2 masc. pi. 2 fem. pi. 1 com.

r

Imperative

Act.

Part.

1»

*> r

Pass.

V

r

^CL-OCO

Is I T U

sing. 2 masc.

Imperfect

* ' 1- ** « V

2s i T l .Ql

wSa^uót * js

^-oiT

ivuoi V

*

OIVt.Q) ^ x* u o 'i

y^ois

*

•»

^IVUOlJ

^IVt.Oii. «

V

*

r

* '

"

lyi.coo

—

^ 't w . o' c o"

—

» IYI.QPP **

t

r

*

..

^ IYI.QCO

—

* —

—

*

Other Forms. Ethpai c al occurs in ^ vi . I t l f (perf. s. 3 mase), islvi . L l f (impf. s. 3 f.).

—

v

—

•> * IVl.Ot

—

—

n r OIVl.CH *

IVI.OCO

—

—

^IVI.OI

Infinitive:

*

—

* " V ^oivi.oti. *

'

r

yfllVI.OJ

IVI.OI

* » „ r ^-.is IVI.OI

*

. . IVI .Ol

^..I.VUOtfc

t

—

^CUCH

^iCUOlt

r

^Q-OOO

). I V I . O C I O

^-iC^Oll.

OI

Part.

(perf. s. 1 c.), and

Section 7: English Index Sequence. T h e list is arranged in English alphabetical order.

Format. E a c h entry gives an English word followed by reference number(s) which corresponds to the Syriac reference number(s) in Section 1.

87

- ^-s -

English Index: A - atrium

- 89 -

A

against 34, 256

apparel 538

abide 183, 817

age 47

apparent

abiding 746

agitation 726

apparition

able, be

agree 201

appeal to 56, 98, 212

ailmeht 493

appearance

alas for! 311

apply 732

about 10

alien 540

appoint 280

abstain from 286

alive 194

apprehend

abundance 543, 769

all 12

approve 272

abundantly

218

allow 92, 471

approved 490

acceptance

780

alms 687

Aramaean (Syrian) 551

accomplish

351

almsgiving

according to 24

alone 139

are 16

accusation 748

also 23

argue 725, 730

accuse 98, 106, 670, 882

altar 495

arouse 356

accuser 574

alter 381, 559

arrive 251

act 31

altercation 519

as 24, 61

adapt 732

always 294, 564, 822

as one 478

add 484

amazed, be

ascend 134

adhere 348

Amen 128

ascend, make

admonish 773

among 20, 514

ashamed, be

adulterer 852

ancient 785

ask 79

angel 104

aspect 385, 442

adultery 483

anger 372, 560

assemble

advantage 470, 769

angry, be

assembly 107, 157

advent 494

animal 243

adversary 307

animal, young

adverse 824

annul 281

assurance 454

anoint 553, 701

astonish 477

Anointed One 35

astonished, be

another 64

astray, go

answer 120, 279, 374, 820

astray, lead

after 15, 74

anxious, be

421

at 20, 608

afterwards

Apocalypse,

the

42, 507, 700

abode 45 abound, make

217

adultery, commit

afar, from affair

577

673

400, 739

affirm

730

affliction

again 101

266

111, 655

apostle

687

442

442

112

Aramaic, in

291

624

202

768

454

134 375

166

assiduously 743

826

844

associate 429

at once 263 atrium 657

477

222 222

- 90 -

English Index: attain - called

attain 251 attendance

297

beget 147

body 109

begin 76

bond 550 142

347, 804

beginning

authority

216

behaviour 807

book 170, 708

avenge 626

behind 74, 629

border 678

avowal 627

behold 28, 261

bound

behold! 71

boundary

awe 203

being by vocation 790

bowels 365

B

belief

72

bowl 685

babe 695

believe 62, 388

boy 214

believer 319

branch 738

back (of the b o d y ) 597

believing

bread 181

backwards

belly 456

break 394

beloved 255

¿reai out against 830

awake, be

356

back, the

629

629

badly 753 bag, leather baptism baptize

759

319

111 678

break (bread) 609 breath 40

217

betrayer

215

593

benediction benefit

413

105, 452, 793

bondage

attendant

breath of life 46

870

¿e/ier 174, 488

bridegroom

between 303, 318, 514

bright 642

bare 878

beware of 344

bring 18

battle 588

bier 450

bring in 73

bazaar 461

bind 254

bring near 11

be 3

bird 645

brother 54

bear 766

birth 661, 770

build 315

bear (a child) 147

blame 748

building 552

bear 119, 156

blameless

beat 434

blaspheme

390

burst 830

blasphemy

576

bury 646

baptized, be baptizer

215

664

beaten, be

434, 754

748

beatitude

337

blemish

beautiful

164

Mew 271 blessedness

becoming

blessing

812

burn 422

but 6, 21, 403

699

because 26

but rather 21 337

593

buy 231 ¿>y 20

bed 450

blind 349

C

before

blood 184

call 56

boat 325, 363

called 790

65, 282, 329, 783

beg 688

660

11 -

English Index: calling - corrupt

- 91

calling 884

clean 482

condemn 312

calm 650

cleanse 239

condemned, be

cleave to 348

condescension

close (a door) 112

conduct 191, 491, 807

cane 789

closed 797

conduct oneself 193

captain 680

clothe 302, 621

confess

clothed, be

confession

627

clothing 538

confidence

889

cloud 449

confident, be

coat 815

confine 678

cock 751

confirm

596

collect (tribute or tax) 331

conflict

838

colt 743

confused, be

cause 399

come 18, 77

congregation

cease 354, 572

comfort 441, 504

congruous 812

celebrate (a feast) 31

coming 494

conscience 463

centurion 489

command 137

consecrate 474

certain (one) 768

commandment

cessation

commend 186, 848

constant 843

chain 550, 794

commit 848

constantly

change 559, 559

commotion 726, 749

constrain 341

charity 687

communion 649

constructed, be

chastise 260

companion 429, 860

consume 106

chief 50

company at a meal 707

consummation

chiefs

compare 233

contempt, treat w /

child 695

comparison

710

contend 730

choke 762

compassion

809

contention 519

choose 331

compassion,

have

chosen 490

complete 99, 116

continue 817

Christ 35

completed, be

contradiction

church 157

comprehend

circle 518

comrade 429

convict 773

circumcise 554

conceal 411

convince 252

circumcision

conception

219

corner 526

concerning

10

corrupt 381

calumniator candlestick

574 779

captain of a thousand care o f , take careful, be

344

421

carry 766 carry, make

766

cast 133, 373 cast out, make

city 90

650

105

396

49

563

302

192

99

594

312 663

208

513

333 157

consider 162, 532, 674

149

844

835

648

contest 838

contrary 824

519

888

- 92 -

English Index: corruption - do

~ o ^~

danger 832

defiled 410

council 223

dare 602

delay 798

counsel 339, 506, 819

dark 292

deliberate 248, 339

countenance

385

dark, grow

country 70, 154

darken 810

court 657

darkened, be

cousin 841

darkness (dark place) 292

delivered up, be

covenant

daughter 343

deliverer 829

cover 411

dawn 757

delude 222

covet 500

day 51

¿¿mo* 314, 407

craft

daybreak 510

denarius 555

create 654

daytime 418

deny 334, 662

creation 515

dead, be

depart 43, 286, 387

corruption

579

408

603

creature, living

243

deliver up 99 deliverance 509

810

110

99

depth 877

dead 140

cross 466

dead, place of the

cross over 163

deaf 633

crossing

death, put to

458

deliver 286, 547

810

675

deride 628 descend 161

110

desert 583

crowd 107

death 144

desire 69, 173, 500, 611

crown 582

debate 725

desolation 420

crucify

debtor 327

despise 566, 622, 723, 888

cry aloud 212

decay 579

destroy 196, 381

cry out 727

deceit 603

devil 407

cultivate 253

deceive 222

die 110

cultivator 606

deception

different

cunning (words) 377

declare 156

diligence 855

cup 398

decorous 812

disciple 68

cure 690

decrease 614

disease 493, 696

decree 192

disperse

curse 600

deed 102, 739

dispute 519, 725

custom 784

deep 877

distant 511

cut 554

defect

729

distribute 317

cut down 394

defend

49

cut o f f 394

defense

D

deficient

dance 887

defile

299

cured, be

690

857

820 534

544

821

575

diverse 821 divide 317, 317 division 787 do 285

English Index: doctrine

250

doctrine

216

dominion door

220

-

favour

else 63

everything

empty 825

evil 103

empty, make

567

exalt 274

doubt 317

emulation

dove 859

encampment

drag 434

encounter

799

excelling

174

encourage

441, 580, 863

excessive

174

504

exemplar

258

exercised,

be

719

dragon

draw 434 dress

632

206

872

encouragement

538

345, 648

drink, give to

716

774

endeavor

drink 213

endurance

drown 762

endure

drunk, become

412

156

exhort

580

expect

448

dry up 767

enter 73

explain

due 812

entirely

dumb 633

entrusted,

dwell 278

envy 632

extinguish

e/?isf/e 439

extreme

12 be

848

201

634

435

exposed

878

expound

525 851 288

eye 122

E

equal, be

each one 27

erecf 299

F

err 222, 360

face

130, 385

error 545, 857

faith

72

eager,

be

764

ear 324 earnestness

855

earth 70, 858 earthquake

726

escort

864

establish

36, 126, 388, 528

fall

121 368

false

ear 106, 446

eternity 47

falsely,

gar a meal 76

eunuch 865

family

e ^ e 200

even 23

famine

even if 402

far

edict

192

edification

552

589

speak

698

511 673

far place fashion

eight 795

ever 564, 822

fast

e/rfer 205

every 12

fasten

254

elect 331, 490

every one 185

father

41

favour

123

elevate

299

everyday

536

849

228, 661

event 739

effect

285

evening

865

faithful 218

especially

49

488

expedient experience

827

218

exceedingly

enemy 367

dweller

885

532, 846

examine

752

499

- 94 -

English Index: fear

fear

155

fear,

cause to

fear

203

fool

498, 7 0 7

feast,

wedding

704

659

fed,

/oo/ii/i 605

foot

156

be

- », -

full, be

219

604

fulness

648

furthermore

545

foolishness

feast

feasts

155

- go out

176

fury

101

560

/or 1, 17, 153

G

forbid

gain 217, 7 6 9

485

force

125, 7 8 8

Galilean

847

feed

106, 590, 8 9 1

/ore 169

garment,

linen

feel

382

foreign

garment

283, 457

feeling

634

fellow

foreigner

servant 860

fellowship

540

649

761

forget

222

forgive

92

festival

498

forgiveness

festivity

704

form

fetter

550

field fig

246

548

77, 11A 588

fighting

667, 752

figure fill

116

filthy

Gentile

483

Gentiles

410

852

free

551, 7 6 1

gentle

521

267 883

57 539

gift

320, 4 1 4

gird

328

give 37

595

give back

279 221

find

42

free, set

731

glad, be

fire

210

freedman

595

gladden

first

169

fish

436

fitting five

272

freedom friend

853

221

gladness

429, 4 3 8

frightened,

724

girl 2 1 4

861

frailty

228

gentleness

foundation

fragment

802

generation

/ori>> 479

four

( o f p e r s o n s ) 107

Gehenna

282, 3 2 9

fornicator

fig tree

166, 331

gathering

fornication

548

fight

gather

258, 7 5 2

formerly

220

gate

592

be

259, 7 2 4

834

glorify

186, 326

from

4

//ee 340

from

this time

//ej/i 138

fruit

( o f the v i n e ) 7 7 0

go 43

flock

fruit

211

go around

/tow 260

fruits,

first

follow

fulfil

351

food

348, 3 9 5 447, 7 4 0

fulfilment

glory 778

452

179, 195, 3 5 8

glorying

go away go before

648

195

glorification

305

644

815

502

362 286 296

go out (fire) 851

- et. -

English Index: go out - hypocrisy

- 95 -

go out 49

happening

739

here and there 778

go up 134

happiness

337

hidden, be

God 13

hard 671

hide 411, 522

har/oi 758

hide oneself

harlotry 483

high, be

god, a

13

God forbid godless

631

761

harm, suffer

658

522

522

274

high 366

gold 352

harm 658

highway 165

good 93, 164

harvest 763

hill 249

goodness

/¡are 350

hinder 485, 890

goods 587

he 7

hold 112

Gospe/ 313, 417

he who 52

hold on to 730

governor

head 105, 833

holder 797

hea/ 227

holiness 178, 711

healthy 558

holy 127

heap up 646

homage, pay

hear 38

honour 346, 358

123

556

grace 123 graciousess graft

123

521

grafted,

be

521

264

grave 473

hear, cause to

greaf 50

hearing 871

horn 526

heart 113

horse 886

heathen 761

hour 131

heaven 60

house 45

ground 70

heavy 492

housetop

grow up 386

heavy, be

guard 136, 804

heavy, m a k e

guest 653

Hebrew, in

guile 603

hedge 688

guilt 603

heed, t a k e

H

heed 175

humble 539, 584

heir 635

humility 663

/jair 643

hell 802

hunger 537, 698

half 880

help 470, 868

hurry 834

hand 53

helper 868

hurt 658

great, be greater

425

174

greatness

647

habitation

620

38

346

hope 162, 270

839

how 61 346

826

how many? 229 how much? 229 human 83

344

humble, be

584

hand, at

287

hence 75, 298

husband 58, 330

handmaid

845

henceforth

husbandman

happen

42

284

here 298, 720, 814

hypocrisy

606

780

- 96 -

English Index: hypocrite • lead away

hypocrite

130

- o.

inquire 79

kindled, be

inquire into 59

kindliness

I

instead 153

kindness

I 8

instruct 260

king 135

i.e., that is to say 332

instruction

kingdom 114

idea 219

interpret

hypocrite, be a

idle, be

85

281

250 525

167 724

123

kinsman 841

into 20

kinswoman

is 7, 16

kiss 737

it 33, 275

is not 89

knee 681

illumine 435

island 683

kneel 271

illumined 642

it 1

knock 823

image 258, 472, 667

it suffices

imagination

721

ivory 715

knowledge 306, 599

immediately

263

J

known 768

idol

All

562

impious 836

jealous, be

impress

jealousy

856

know 32

764

known, make

632

jealousy, provoke

impurity

jealousy

765

764

labour 253, 468, 744 labourer 745

in 20, 419

Jew 96

lack 692

incense (censings) 531

journey 260

lacking 534

incite 580

journeying

lake 813

incline toward

175

165

joy 259

lamb 359

increase 386, 425, 484

joyfully,

increase, cause

judge 150, 455

lamp-stand

judgement

land 70

386

indeed 636 indignation

372

live

553

172

judgement-seat

801

lamp 652

land, dry

779

858

individual (self) 669

just 316, 505

language 273

infant

justice 244

last 288

justify

lasting 746

695

inferior, be infirm

614

431

infirmity

justness

493, 861

inhabitant

272

827

inherit 598 inheritance iniquity 364

617

353

32

L

impure 410, 811 694

841

law 87

K

lawful 290

keep 136

lawyer 224

kill 145

lead 191, 434

kin 661

lead about 362

kindle 112

lead away 491

- i -

English Index: learn - money

781

- 97 -

manner of life 807

learn 129

long, make

least 247

long ago 618

leave 92

long suffering

leaven 691

look 261

martyr 426

left 741

look for 448

marvel 291, 676

leisure 782

loosen 76

master 25, 50, 330, 610

lend 79

loosened, be

many 44 818

76

marketplace

461

matter 400, 739

lord 25, 330

mature 351, 803

lesson 884

lose 196, 692

measure 735

lest 197

loss 529

meditate 674

let out 112

loud voice 366

meekness 663

let it not be 631

love 143, 149, 167

mee; 799

letter 439

loving kindness

member 369

liar 368

lowliness 663

mention of, make

liberty 853

lowly 539

mercy 809

lie 849

/nere 769

mercy, have

life 108

lull 650

mercy 365

luminaries 642

merrily, live

lift up 299

/u5t 475, 500, 611, 634

merry, be

light 642

M

message 313

less, be

614

life-giving

638

light, bring to

435

Macedonian

143

869

messenger

397

149, 149

553

553

104

Messiah 35

light 237, 242, 652

mad, be

like as 549

Magdelene

775

middle 432, 880

liken to 233

magistrate

680

midst 432

likewise 517

magistrates

limb 369

maiW 214

mighty work 125

line 228

maintain 112

mina (monetary unit) 866

linen sheet 816

majesty

mind 219, 599, 721

little 237, 247

maie 31, 654

minister 265, 347

live 117

male 805

ministration

man 58

miraculous token 207

live, make

117

387

290, 591

358

mistake 857

living 194

man, young

lo! 71

manifest

lodge 76

mankind 30

moment 497

loins 597

manner 784

money 361

180

585

mighty 557, 854

mock 628

297

- 98 -

monster

English Index: monster - pass over

719

nevertheless

403

Olives, Mount of

month 535

new 268

on 10

moon 874

next 111

one 27

more 174

night 241

one, certain

morning 510

nine 679

one another 630

mother 190

no 2, 393

one hundred 486

mount 835

noble 595

on/y 139

mountain 249

noi 2, 393

open 204

mourn 887

nor even 199

opportunity

mouth 200

notable 768

oppose 98

much 44, 93

nouns/i 386, 891

opposite to 256

multiply

now 100, 284, 636

oppression

multitude 107, 543

number 601

or 63

murder 831

O

o«fer 756

murmur 747

O! 613

outside 209

mute 633

oath, take an

myriad 791

oath 600

overtake 594

mystery

obedience 871

owe 312

N

obey 38

own 88

naked 878

observe 136

ox 718

name 78

obtain 623

P

narrate 428

occasion 399

pain 696

nafion 57, 840

occupation

pa//ef 450

nationality

offend

425

440

661

offended,

Nazarene

offense offer

near, draw

77

offering

near, bring

77

officer

necessity

be

788

424

77

497

266

overcome 409

paralytic 703 pari (of a ship) 516 part 640

414 804

offspring

27

parable 321, 710

717

near 53, 256, 608

near 287

879

706

nature 619 542

392

578

770

partake ( o f ) 521 partaker, be

462

partaker 713

CW 613

participation

need 523, 729

oil 702

partner 713

ne^/ecf 723, 734

ointment 531, 702

partnership

neighbour 287, 429

oW 785

parry 516

nef 641

olive 578

pass over 163

649

649

-

-

English Index: passion - read

passion 634

pleasantness

Passover, Feast of

451

724

- 99 -

profitable

please 416

488

prolonged, be

pastor 571

ploughshare

patience 412

poor 371

proper, it

patient, be

portion 640, 787

property

pattern 258

portrait 667

prophecy 565

pay 406

possession

prophesy

peace 118, 714

potentate

pen 789

pour our 480

prophetess

115

people 30, 57, 840

power 125, 216

proportion

735

perdition 529

praise 179, 186, 195

prostitute

perfect

pray 175

prove 355, 532

prayer 309, 755

proverb 321

perhaps 618, 636

preach 156, 187

provoke 624

peril 832

preached, be

prudent 377

period 86

precept

perish 196

precious 492

permit 471

precious, be

permitted

prefect

781

351, 803

perform

31

290

persecute 395 perseverance

prefer 855

693

781

promise 208, 339, 370, 750

587 557

prophet

187

192

225 587

433 115

758

publican 469 pure 482 346

pursue 286

556

put 94, 133

217

put off

354

prepare 148, 528

put on 302

person 30, 83, 385, 669

presence-bread

Q

persuade 252

present, be

petition 755

preserver 638

quench 851

Pharisee 171

price 684

question 59, 725

pity 808

pride oneself 326

quickly 404

place 94, 154, 235

priest 146, 444

quiet, be

place, far

priesthood, high

673

130

98

queen 135

647

572

quiet 572

place 133

prisoner 277

plague 496

proclaimed, be

plan 674

prodigy 676

rabbi 610

planet 443

profane

761

rain 111

plant 736

profess

208

rather than 63

platter 685

profit

play 428

profit, be Of

quietness 650 187

769

R

reach 251 470

read 56

- 100 -

English Index: reading - satisfied

reading 884 ready, make

234

rend 830

righteous 316, 505

repent 374

righteousness

realm 114

repentance

reap 561

repose 782

rise 757

reprove 430

rise, make

reasoning

506

512

244, 353

riot 749

757

rebuke 430, 581, 773

reproved, be

receive 85, 98

repudiation

592

river 665

receptacle

require 59, 626

road 165

reckon 248

rescue 286

robust 557

recline to eat 322

resemble 233

rock 236, 712

reserve 136

rod 591

residue 357

roll 708

resist 256

Roman 672

respite

roof 839

283

recline, cause to recognize

322

32

recompense

378, 406

recreation

782

154

rectitude 244

rest 354

redemption

rest, give

509

773

rise 36

root 569 354

rough 671

reed 789

rest 357, 782

ruler 680

refresh

restore 528

rulers 290

refuse

354 334

restored, be

528

run 323

region 154

restrain 485

reign 114, 339

resurrection

reject 566, 662

return 193, 279, 374

sacrifice

rejoice 221

reveal 180

Sadducee 686

revelation 454

sadness

release 592

revile 881

saint 127

remain 183, 817

reward 406

salutation

remain over 217

rich 384

salute 79, 118

remainder

357

rich, grow

786

salvation 108, 509

remaining

746

rich, make

786

Samaritan

rejoice, be

553

remember 383, 397 remember, cause to

383

S 379

Sabbath 238 481

862

118

573

riches 546

sanctification

ride 835

sanctify

711

414

remind 397

ride, make

835

sanctuary 152, 178

remission

right, it is

225

sandal 867

592

remote 511

right 293

remove 387

right, it is

Satan 307 272

satisfied,

be

604

- JJJ -

English Index: satisfy

- steer

~ 101 -

serve 265

sleep 391

save 117, 286

service 297, 742

smitten, be

Saviour 638, 829

set (on fire) 422

smoke 796

say 5

seven 177

smooth 201

scare away 575

shaken, be

scatter 575

shaking 726

so 389, 517

sceptre 591

shame 375, 800

soil 70

scourge 434

sheep, young

soldier 524, 530

scribe 224

sheep 508

solicitous, be

Scripture

Sheol 675

something 39

scroll 708

shepherd 571

son 22

sea 160

shewbread 181

sorely 753

seal 733, 856

shine 435, 757

sorrow 445

search 846

ship 325, 363

sorrowfulness

862

season 86, 497

shoe 867

sorry, make

445

seat 126, 269

shorten 445

soul 46

seat at a meal 707

show 182

sound 558

sect 516

sick, be

see 28

sick 431

space or room, available

seed 301

sickness 493, 861

spare 808

seek for 59

side 516

speak 5, 55

seemly 812

sign 207

spend 575

seize 616

silence 503, 650

spirit 40

self 46

silent, keep

spirit, evil

sell 231

silver 361, 873

spot 699

send 82, 612

similitude 258, 321

spread 201

sent one 202

sin 168, 198, 360

square 461

sentence (of judge) 172

sink 215

staff

separate

sinner 304

stamp 733, 856

sister 520

stand 36

sepulchre 405, 473

sit 126

stand, cause to

serpent 728

six 476

star 443

skull 833

steadfast

servant 132, 347, 524, 804

sky 60

steal 656

serve, make

slaughter 693, 831

steer 718

satisfy

604

separation

170

280 787

servant, female bond-

253

845

333

359

754

snatch 616

421

sow 300

423

503

314

591

257

36

154

- 102 -

still

English Index: still - tire

iend 590

sun 401

All

still, be

supper

503

~ «=>-0 -

fenf 620

659

408

support

stir 333

suppose

162

testify

stir up 625

surround

688

testimony

stock 228

surroundings

stone 236, 570

sustenance

stop

swallow up 754

that 14

swear 392

the Cross 466

572

store 487 straight, be strange

322, 891

testament

stir up 333

518

swift

540

thanks, give

392

237

there 95

653

swine 689

therefore

strangle

762

sword 693, 705, 875

thief

symposium

704

thing 400

synagogue

223

461

strength

125

strengthen

388, 596

208

T

627

then 111, 637

stranger

street

245

thanksgiving

740

swear, make

607

151

75, 284, 637

615

think 162, 248, 336, 674 third 677 666

tabernacle

strife

table 586

thirty 837

strike 328, 774

take 85, 98, 112, 191, 491

rtos 9

strive 730, 774

take up 119

f/i r

8 3 9

i

V

r

U

^

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6 3

¿

r

)

U

o f

4 1 7

U i o ? *

^

r

^

i

r

U

V

r

r

n

i 9

J l L f

3 5 8

/

5 0 4

5 9 3

6 2 8

2 8 1

U = >

4 4 1

p J i

8 0 1

J

L

i

^

W

8

5

^ 2 7 7

r

U

5 5 0

V

7 5 2

3

0

U

^

» o . ' . N s

1 3 9

7 5 4

1 9 9

J i *

4 0 2

r

3 1 8

3 4 2

2 6 7

»

7 2 2

4 5

1 3 0

t ^ r

7 5 3

) Ì < i U i

2 3

j £ s /

1 0 3

ì s I U U

2 5 4

r

5 1 4

3 0 3

2 2 7

i i s r

^

i

j i U i c i

s o

1 6

5 4 9

o

8 0 0

6 8 1

H

J i ^ T m r

«

C

3 0

4 6 4

3 8 9

r

J l t o ¿

s

) L ¿ r

4 1 8

3 2 6

3 7 5

2 7 6

6 i

¿

> o o

3 3

e

4 6 5

2 0

8 4 5

I

r

1 5 4

8 4 4

r

r

v

r

5 7 5

3 5 9

8 4 2

^

c i

r

a

U

1 9 0

w i s . i f

U

r

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5

) í o ¿ r

m

j i r

8 4 3

1 5 9

r

3 2 5

1 2 8

j i . r

L

2 0 7

f

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4 8 0

J l r

m

j l s ^ r

2 4

7 9 9

f

3 4 1

s o r

5 3

4 5 3

3 1 0

^ I l L i f

ì

2 8 8

r

i

1 1 2

6 4

r

L

U

7 9 8

U

i

l

8 4 1

J I L . ?

r

5 4

7 9 7

u . ?

¿

r

f

r

^

¿

4 3

i L r

J

1 6 5

¿

2 7 5

u > r

8 4 0

f

7 0

w

6 1 3

2 6 6

i

o

o f

W ^ o l *

^

¿ i l '

2 i

i

3 2 4

Jh

6 5 3

C ± f

4 3 9

5 5 1

5 7 4

W

4 0 6

I

6 8 0

1 0 6

^

) U J '

j L - ^ r

4 4 0

4 7 8

r

5 2 9 8 3 8

- 107 -

~

4 7 9

3 1 5

5 5 2

7 2 3

- 108 -

Syriac Index: )ic

)ifi"0«mS yim S

724

553 s

llUi,

180

138

Jloli

jLi^ ^

330

UÓ4

l U ^ i *

367

846

iL»?

614

4 j

ji^i

22

m i

r

U>c ?

756

JLLs yLi

Vl.

403

Jib^ iLSi;

343

JL»'

lïJxolU» »U

Jbj-

657 71

jjQidJs^ol

849

liv;

368

Oot

369 7 i4

loo.

3

cuoa

155 203 804 407

556

332

oi«

240

j L s o«

807

^•ÜOI

111

jk.«

152 62

lioivi.ot

72

172

U ^

517 75

Uli

455

^J»«

516

Jä/f

555

Up«

67

f^o,

158

390

ULÎLT» b» JL>'»

408

239

419 J-sio^ 577 396

U^S

197

298

JJL«

100

184

Jo

¿¿f

233

f'o

258 Hi»'

684

658

JJ>>i

iL»

554 683

805

9 193

»o« JU;

576

Iii

482

802

jbot^

j;

331

58

J ^

848

6

490

1U4

725

88

655

IU4

Jii

235

682

74

U 4

615

352

211

llJi

594

850

83

757

656

J ¿ J o?-

515

150

851

191

il^'j

654

V»'

351

481

532

806

291

803

755

Jki

jfco^j-

454

59

Jbi4

391

847

629

)U

17

531

jUi

jU

^

)'»j

143

Hal

728

565

V

1» - r )i.txi. m

y

568 546

621

J'A mi

643 363

784 743 122 73

- 113

Syriac Index: ^iL - l i o

^JL

10

JÍ ^

Jiio'Js

508 878 450 340

»„ÍU

148

«Id

879 liais

192

710

^ L á

317 Si

880

J¡U.c¿

415

^^

145

« l ä

525

iCfcl

831

788

882

460

J'iolU

586 204 472

746 iSoala

668 124

Jlaij

400

jr.Ñ'o

JAL»]

173

yio

666 ri

237 36

Uà

623

>flpni.;jn

499 881

Jfj

379

[im.n

69

252

JljCS

414

607

509 .m,. 3

J j l Í >CXO

frlss

200

lirais

178

280

^

109

183

¿ l à

l U L s

na 211 JU^Js

385 286

384 786

474

U*

J-L"»

J A / «

2 8 7

J A 1 «

J l L l o

1 0 5

3 6 6

s s î o l

)'¿ú>

6 7 0

C »

1 3 3

l á L a l

6 7 1

J « . . l n

l i »

2 0 5

5 8 9

l i b i c i

6 7 5

3 3 6

] ¿ N « . : .

JJ>»

3 8 6

i V i

7 9 1

U V »

2 1 9

w

) i o ! ¿

6 4 7

j A v í

7 9 2

o S ^

8 8 7

5 0 0

f

^

i

5 7 0

1 8 6

I n c o e n »

)Z->

6 7 2

2 0 2

l i - S J L

2 9 0 9 9

N^-^jk.

6 7 3

»¡-Ä.

5 0 1

d o n « .

3 8

5 7 3 2 6 5

J J ^ J l

J l .n 1 ».

8 2

} ¿ a l

2 0 1

J 5 0 2

4 0 1

7 1 5

3 7 3

) > o o c u b

7 8

l l L a J L

625

4 0

2 7 4

.

7 4 9

3 7 2

6 5 0

6 0

2 3 8

8 8 5

J ^ w o »

/ »

1 7 7

3 2 3

J t ^ o í C o ' »

I L ^ J L

^

i

J A -

5 9 1

J l U i

5 7 2

1 1 8

9 2

8 3 4

6 1 2

^

^

3 9 5

o c »

¿2.»

3 1 4 7 9

2 6 0

¿>»>

J » U

^

x

7 9 4 4 2

1 .'•

8 3 6

1 7 6

6 1 1

J'»»

C

7 4 8 J U L ' »

7 1 4

o J l ^

5 7 1

J Í o í > ;

« »

6 4 9

6 7 4

J U L

t i »

4 7 5

7 1 3

5 9 0

5 0

6 2 4

4 6 2

ìli

U Î

6 1 0

4 6 1

7 9 3

C »

H ^ »

7 1 2

8 8 6

U í d Í

2 1 6

6 4 8

JJicJL

5 2 6

8 3 3

7 5 0

U c J L

I i «

J î U ^ «

5 9 2

J ü c J L

4 5 2

J~&¿>»

l

8 8 8

8 3 5

2 4 6

o

j l ^ x o J L

J i L i / »

8 8 4

^

1 9 5

j^.»'ocLA.

7 4 7

7 9 0

JfcoJL

U

4 3 8

5 8 8

-

C ^ c J L

1 4 9

5 6

J J . U

J'-o

^

J f c ^ i

3 8 7 6 5 1

2 3 2 4 2 8

1 3 1

- o -

Syriac Index: jUkJL - v J L t

JUsI

164

J U

416

U*

716

388

jU

76

548

oí:

380

JlSJL

357

jíU

189

jL».

476

Uoll:

scíU.

503

)Í»/Í

463

717

718

jioAli:

527

^al: Jl-^NÍ

r*Ȕ:

890 528 97

jC^iií

678 230

213 jiWiU.

j'»oí

720 796

Ui^ol

ÇH11

719

627

228

257

795

UJÌ

101

)Uoí

Util-

J

JUI

477

626

119 il

jfcí

- 115 -

512

751

.J»»!'

891

Jl»l

220

iiS.il

721

513 68 142 837

•JzXil 226 iL-o^LJ: J¡ U i - J i Nit

679

179 297

Section 9: Skeleton Syriac Grammar

SKELETON SYRIAC GRAMMAR By Sebastian P. Brock Oriental

Institute,

University

of

Oxford

T h e following s k e l e t o n g r a m m a r is i n t e n d e d s o l e l y f o r r e f e r e n c e . It a b s t r a c t s t h e main f e a t u r e s of S y r i a c morphology in tabular form. T r a n s c r i p t i o n Notes. 1. V o w e l s accompanied by matres lectionis (i.e. Alaph, W a w , and Y o d h ) a r e m a r k e d with c i r c u m f l e x (i.e. the sign "); thus, e = e + alaph; = e + yodh; 0 = 0 + waw; 1 = i + yodh; a = a + alaph. 2. L e t t e r s b e t w e e n parenthesis are not pronounced, but appear in the written form. 3. T h e transcriptions throughout this section follow East S y r i a c pronunciation, which is older than W e s t S y r i a c pronunciation; thus, E. Syr. a = W. Syr. o; E. Syr. -hon, -Icon, and -ton = W. Syr. -hun, -kun, and -tun, respectively.

1. Nominal Endings. T h e following t a b l e provides nominal endings. Notice that the emph. s. m. ending is the same as the abs. s. f. ending. Num.

Gend. State

Suffix

Num. Gend.

State

Suffix

sing.

masc.

absolute

nil

pi.

absolute

-in

construct

nil

construct

-ay

emphatic

-a

Jl

emphatic

-ê

absolute

-a

U

absolute

-an

construct

-at

construct

-át

emphatic

-ta

)tl t JL

r Kl

emphatic

-âtâ

) il

fem.

masc.

fem.

C t

2. Verbal System. T h e most f r e q u e n t v e r b a l forms (also c a l l e d conjugations

in s o m e g r a m m a t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e ) a r e t h r e e

pairs (i.e. a total of six forms); each pair consists of two f o r m s , t h e first being a c t i v e and the s e c o n d passive. T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e gives the three active forms, f o l l o w e d by their passive counterparts. In the table, 1, 2 and 3 i n d i c a t e the first, second and third radicals, respectively. G e n e r a l meaning

Form

Pattern

I

base form

pcal

12a3 or 12e3

II

intensive

paccel

Ia22e3

OÍS-3

extensive, causative

afcel

'al2e3

o ¿J?

base form

'etpcel

'etl2e3

oiol/

intensive

'etpaccal

'etla22a3

o

extensive, causative

'ettafcal

'etta!2a3

Voice

No.

active

III passive

I II III

119

Example

)Uìl

*>L>lû

3. Verbal Inflexional Markers. Each of the forms cited in section 2 above occurs in all of the following: perfect (denoting past tense), imperfect (denoting future), imperative, participles (active and passive; denoting present tense), and infinitive. In order to indicate the number, person and gender of a verb, Syriac uses verbal inflexional markers. These may take the form of prefixes, suffixes or both. The following table provides all the verbal inflexional markers. A slash, /, indicates an a l t e r n a t i v e form. Examples can be found in the verbal paradigms on p. 57 ff. Perfect Suff.

Imperfect Pref. S u f f . ne-

nil

i

te-

nil

_ i

-t

te-

nil

-1

f.

-t(y)

te-

-in

_ i

c.

-et

'e-

nil

-I

m.

nil -at

f. m.

m. f.

P

-M nil/-(y)* 2

m.

-tön

f.

-ten*

c.

-nl-nan

y o Is—

e - '

= strong

= strong

yun >

K V IL=u

= strong

= strong

yi.nv>

iLLxi

mla22âyû

= strong

= strong

* 99

*IV nvn-nvi

*t f oil n t i

•»r

- strong V

The /'/ is pronounced as lyl in W. Syr., hence Iqoyeml. W. Syr. pronunciation /boyez/.

121

f9 = strong

mla22ê

.Y) infin.

**>

= strong

A-1 = strong

nello2

5

yus>

X ^

la2 r

la'e3

>

perf.

Double 2 = 3

perf.

'al2e3

'aw/y2e3

m

Ao) impf.

nal2e3

'a 121

naw/y2e3

T

nal2e

x^ part.

mal2e3

maw/y2e3

mal2e

r infin.

mal2ä3ü

*t V

maw/y2a3u V

mal2äyü

*alle2

nli3

nalle2

yi.n i

UiJ

mlI3

malle3

p.nvi

r 1 -vV>

mla3u

*t V

r

'a 113 _y

*

*

O

perf.

'etl2e3

'etl2f

'etI2e3

= III pass.

u>(

malla3u

*9r

oL^o

= strong

y^llti impf.

netl2e3

neti2e3

netl2e

= III pass.

= strong

y^-olis-J

part.

1213

metl2e3

metI2e3 *

infin.

metl2ä3ü

s.*' O

perf.

impf.

part.

"

12e

1213

.*

'etla22a3

netla22a3

mla22a3

*

metl2e

*

meti2a3u

infin.

metla22a3Q

*tr

-

flN Vcftoo

= strong

ip^O

L.L=.

= 111 pass.

= strong

*

metl2äyü

yinv)

JLsis^o

= III pass

= strong

o.\ .Ka

= strong

= strong

= strong

oJLsfcoo

'etla22i

netla22e

mla22ay rr

metla22a3

113

= strong

= strong

f^oii

JUL?

= strong

= strong

yi^clS-j

JLois-i

= strong

= strong

yi.nyi

fr

= strong

metla22e

= strong

. koo

LsUs»!^

yi.nt-oo

metla22äyü

= strong

= strong

« .r . Qilfcfl^J

OJL=>feoO

= strong

< tr -

O.N . g o o

122

* tr

«

o.-n^&oo

= strong

r *

perf.

'ettaw2a3

'ettal2a3

'ettal2î

¿LL/ impf.

nettal2a3

nettaw2a3

nettal2ê

^oLkJ part.

mal2a3

'ettalla2

j u l l l }

¿ i l !

nettlî3

nettalla2

^DIÎSJ

maw/y2a3 r

mettaw/y2a3

mlä3

mal2ay r

v * •JXC^Ö mettal2a3

'ettl!3

r

malla3 * V

t

mettal2ê

yinvi

i -.y

mettlî3

mettalla3 Us L i s i

U ^ L k i infin.

mettal2â3û * >

?

«

mettaw/y2â3û *


-LL

(an asterisk,

*, denotes

forms

where there will also be a

prefix).

Suffix

Denotes

-'

1. -a

nominal ending for: a. emph. s. m. b. abs. s. f.

Cl

2.

nominal ending f o r emph. pi. m. (with Seyame

kljj.

1.

a d v e r b i a l suffix.

1. -eh

s. 3 m. s u f f i x to: a. nouns: s. m. & f.; pi. f. b. verbs: perf. s. 3 m. & f.; s. 1 c.; impf.* (rare).

2. -ah

s. 3 f. s u f f i x to: a. nouns. b. verbs: perf. and impf.*.

3. -u/i

s. 3 f. s u f f i x to verbs p e r f . pi. 3 m.

1. -hon

pi. 3 m. s u f f i x to nouns.

1. -u(h)y

s. 3 m. s u f f i x to verbs p e r f . pi. 3 m.

1. -hen

pi. 3 f. s u f f i x to nouns.

1. 2.

v e r b a l ending p e r f . pi. 3 m. with p r e f i x m- or mt-, infinitive* p a c c e l and a f c e l .

1. -aw(h)y

s. 3 m. s u f f i x to pi. m. nouns.

1. -ut2. -ut-

a b s t r a c t noun ending with suffixes. with p r e f i x m- or mt-, infinitive* ending of p a c c e l and a f c e l with suffixes.

1. -(y)

s. 1 s u f f i x to s. nouns.

2. 3. 4. 5.

s. 1 s u f f i x to pi. nouns. construct, pi. m. nouns. verbal ending for third r a d i c a l Alaph verbs perf. pi. 3 f. v e r b a l ending for perf. pi. 3 f. (all other verbs; late, W. Syr. orthography).

-'yt -h

oZ

.

9

ot-

-hwn -hy

«ok.

•hyn -w

o_

-why -wt-

_La_

-y -J

-ay -ay -ay -y

").

-y'

1. -ayya 2. -aya

e m p h a t i c pi. m. nouns with 3rd radical Alaph (with a d j e c t i v a l suffix; pi. aye (with Seyame).

-yh

1. Ih

s. 3 f. s u f f i x to verbs:

2. -eh

a. p e r f . s. 2 f. b. impf.* s. 3 m.; s. 2 m.; s. & pi. 1 c. c. impt. s. 2 f. s. 3 f. s u f f i x to: 126

Seyame).

a. nouns: pi. m. b. verbs: impt. s. 2 m. -yhwn

yOow»—

1. -ayhon

UMA.

1. -ay(h)y

-yhy

-yhyn

1. -ayhen

-ywhy

1. -lw(h)y

pi. 3 m. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. s. 3 m. s u f f i x to verbs: a. p e r f . pi. 3 f.; s. 2 m.; pi. 2 m. & f.; pi. 1 c.; a n d s. 3 m. of 3 r d rad. A l a p h verbs. b. impf.* s. 2 f.; pi. 3 m. & f.; pi. 2 m. & f. c. impt. s. 2 m.; pi. 2 m. pi. 3 f. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. s. 3 m. s u f f i x to verbs: a. p e r f . s. 2 f. b. i m p f * s. 3 m.; s. 2 m.; pi. 1 s. c. impt. s. 2 f.

-yk

1. -ayk

-ylcy

1.

-ykwn

yCll.

-ayk(y)

1. -aykon

-ykyn

1.

-yn

1. -In

-ayken

2. -en 3. -ayn

-yny

a

s. 2 m. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. s. 2 f. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. pi. 2 m. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. pi. 2 f. s u f f i x to nouns pi. m. a. nominal e n d i n g of abs. pi. m. b. part, endings of pi. m. c. impf. e n d i n g f o r s. 2 f. d. pi. 1 s u f f i x to verbs: p e r f . s. 2 f.; impt. s. 2 f. a. part. pi. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph. b. impt. pi. 2 f. pi. 1 s u f f i x to: a. nouns pi. m. b. v e r b s impt. s. 2 m.

1. -ayn(y) 2. -ln(y)

s. 1 s u f f i x to impt. s. 2 m. s. 1 s u f f i x to impt. s. 2 f.

-ynn

1. -inan 2. -enan

part. pi. m. + pi. 1 c. p r o n o u n . part. pi. m. v e r b s 3rd rad. A l a p h + pi. 1 c. p r o n o u n .

-ytwn

1. -iton 2. -¿ton

part. pi. m. + pi. 2 m. pronoun. part. pi. m. v e r b s 3rd rad. A l a p h + pi. 2 m. p r o n o u n .

1. -ak

s. 2 m. s u f f i x to: a. nouns: s. m. & f.; pi. f. b. v e r b s p e r f . (see section 7 above). c. v e r b s i m p f * s. 2 m. s u f f i x to v e r b s p e r f . pi. 3 m.

-k

r

2. -uk -kwn

1. -kon

2. -akon -ky

1. -ek(y)

2. -uk(y) -kyn

1. -ken

pi. 2 m. s u f f i x to: a. nouns s. m. & f.; pi. f. b. v e r b s p e r f . (all persons). c. v e r b s impf.* s. 3 m. & f.; s. & pi. 1. pi. 2 m. s u f f i x to v e r b s impf.* pi. 3 m. & f. s. 2 f. s u f f i x a. nouns b. v e r b s s. 2 f. s u f f i x

to: s. m. &. f.; pi. f. p e r f . and impf.* to verbs p e r f . pi. 3 m.

pi. 2 f. s u f f i x to: a. nouns s. m. & f.; pi. f.

127

2. -n

-aken

1. -n 2. -an

b. verbs perf. c. verbs impf.* s. 3 m. & f.; s. & pi. 1. pi. 2 f. suffix to verbs i m p f * pi. 3 m. & f. verbal ending perf. pi. 1. pi. 1 suffix to: a. nouns: s. m. & f.; and pi. f. b. verbs perf. s. 3 m. & f. c. verbs i m p f * s. 3 m. & f.; s. 2 m.

3. -an

-n'

-nn -ny

4. -en 5. -un

a. nominal ending for abs. pi. f. b. verbal ending for impf.* pi. 3 f.; pi. 2 f. c. pi. 1 suffix to verbs perf. s. 2 m.; pi. 3 f.; pi. 2 m. & f. d. pi. 1 suffix to verbs i m p f * s. 2 f.; pi. 3 m. & f.; pi. 2 m. & f. e. pi. 1 suffix to verbs impt. pi. 2 m. f. part. s. f. + s. 1 c. pronoun. part. s. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph + s. 1 c. pronoun (rare), pi. 1 suffix to verbs perf. pi. 3 m.

u.

1. -na. 2. -ana 3. -end

part. s. m. + s. 1 c. pronoun. part. s. f. + s. 1 c. pronoun. part. s. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph + s. 1 c. pronoun.

e-

1. -anan

part. pi. f. + pi. 1 c. pronoun.

1. -an(y)

s. 1 suffix to verbs: a. perf. s. 3 m. & f. b. i m p f * s. 3 m. & f.; s. 2 m. s. 1 suffix to verbs: a. perf. s. 2 m.; pi. 3 f.; pi. 2 m. & f. b. i m p f * s. 2 f.; pi. 3 m. & f.; pi. 2 m. & f. c. impt. pi. 2 m. d. part. s. f. + s. 1 c. pronoun. s. 1 suffix to verbs perf. pi. 3 m.

• •

1

2. -an(y)

3. -un(y) -t

1. -at

2. 3. 4. 5. -t'

-twn -ty

yOlS—

-at -t -et -et

ending for: a. nouns const, s. f. b. verbs perf. s. 3 f. c. part. s. m. + s. 2 m. pronoun. nominal ending for const, pi. f. verbal ending for perf. s. 2 m. verbal ending for s. 1. c. part. s. m. verbs 3rd rad. Alaph + s. 2 m. pronoun.

1. -ta

nominal emph. s. f. ending.

2. -ata

nominal emph. pi. f. ending (with

1. -ton

verbal ending for perf. pi. 2 m.

1. -t(y) a. s. 1 suffix to f. nouns. b. verbal ending: perf. s. 2 f. c. part. s. f. + s. 2 f. pronoun.

-tyn

1. -ten

verbal ending: perf. pi. 2 f.

2. -aten

part. pi. f. + pi. 2 f. pronoun.

128

Seyame).

9. Some Frequent Particles. 'aykannä

d-

+ noun

dlä M

+ v e r b (impf.)

it

+ verb (perf.)

d-

mettol

d-

"

10. Syntax of kull -

"without"

h

+ v e r b (perf.)

+ participle

"

"so that"

it

+ verb (perf.)

kad

ma

+ impf.

"who h a s / h a v e not" "lest" r

"when"

y-D

1»

"while" (or English participle)

9 Jjtì

"when"

+ v e r b (perf.)

"because"

+ verb (impf.)

"so that"

.

kul + abs. = "each..., every ..."

e.g. kul (')nas, "every one"

kull- + anticipatory s u f f i x + emphatic = "all t h e ..."

e.g. kulleh

kul + d- = "everyone w h o ...."

e.g. kul d-qare, "everyone who calls"

129

'alma,

"all t h e w o r l d "

Section 10: Bibliography General Information. T h e following bibliography is selective: it is aimed at providing a list of works which can be of use to the student of New Testament Syriac. Works out of print are indicated by 'op'; these are included only in cases when no later work is a substitute for them. New Testament versions other than the Peshitta are also included for the convenience of the student. Early editions are excluded.

Addresses. Addresses of publishing houses holding works in print or reprinted works are also provided. Note that these addresses were p r o d u c e d at the time of publishing this book (1993).

131

New Testament Editions T h e standard edition of the Syriac New Testament is that of the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), now reprinted by the U n i t e d Bible Society (UBS) in the 1988 and subsequent editions; prior editions of the UBS were based on Lee's edition. For a detailed account on the contents of this edition, see G. Kiraz's Concordance to the Syriac New Testament, p. xiv-xv. •

Old Syriac. -

A. Lewis, The Old Syriac Gospels or Evangellon Da-Mepharreshe. Curt Daniel.) [Based on the Sinai palimpsest (S).]

(London: 1910; reprinted by

-

F. C. Burkitt, Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe: The Curetonian Version of the Four Gospels, vol. 1. (Cambridge University Press: 1904; reprinted by Curt Daniel.) [Based on the Curetonian (C) MS.]

T h e texts of S and C are reprinted in G. Kiraz's 'A Comparative Edition', see under 'Tools' below.

•

Peshitta. -

British and Foreign Bible Society, The New Testament in Syriac. (London: 1920 and reprints.) [This is the standard text of the Syriac New Testament (Peshitta) in vocalized Serto (Western) script. T h e Gospels are taken from Pusey and Gwilliam's Tetraeiiangeliiim Sanctum-, the Acts, James, 1 Peter, 1 John, the Pauline Epistles and Hebrews from an edition prepared by Gwilliam and J. Pinkerton; the Minor Catholic Epistles from Gwynn's Remnants', and the Apocalypse from Gwynn's The Apocalypse. See below for details.]

-

United Bible Society, Syriac Bible. [New Testament prior to the 19S8 edition is from Lee's edition. The 19SS and subsequent editions are taken f r o m the BFBS edition reorganized in two columns.]

-

American Bible Society, Syriac Bible. (Urmia: 1852.) [In two columns, the first Peshitta and the second in the Urmia vernacular, op.]

-

Biblia Sacra juxta versionen simplicem [op.]

-

S. Lee, Novum Testamentum Syriace. (London: 1816.) [Reprinted by the UBS in editions prior to 19SS.]

-

Pusey and Gwilliam, Tetraeiiangeliiim Sanctum. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1901.) [In vocalized Serto (Western) script with critical apparatus; text reprinted by BFBS. op.]

Quae dicitur Pschitta, vol. III. (Mosul: 1S91.)

T h e Way International, The Aramaic New Testament. 1983.) [In Estrangela script.] •

•

(New Knoxville: American Christian Press,

Philoxenian (As identified by Gwynn). -

J. Gwynn, Remnants of the Later Syriac Versions of the Bible. (London: 1909; reprint by Academic Publishers Associated 1973.) [This work includes the Minor Catholic Epistles and John vii 53 - viii 12 (which are absent from the Peshitta).]

-

J. Gwynn, The Apocalypse of St. John in a Syriac Version hitherto Unknown. 1897; reprint by Academic Publishers Associated 1981.) [Includes an annotated reconstruction of the underlying Greek text.]

(Dublin, London:

Harklean. -

J. White, Sacrorum Evangeliorum Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana (sic). (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1778.) [Harklean Gospels wrongly called 'Philoxenian' with Latin translation, op.]

133

-

J. While, ActuumApostolorum et Epistolarum tam Catholicarum quam Paulinarum, Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1803.) [Harklean Acts and Epistles wrongly called 'Philoxenian' with Latin translation, op.]

-

G. Bernstein, Das Heilige Evangelium des Iohannes. (Leipzig: 1853.) [The Gospel of St John in vocalized Serto (Western) script. Better text than that of White, op.]

For a new text of the Harklean see Kiraz's 'A Comparative Edition' (Gospels), and B. Aland and A. Juckel's 'Das Neue Testament in Syrischer Überlieferung' (Epistles). See under 'Tools' for more detail.

•

Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA). -

A. Lewis and M. Gibson, The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels. (London: 1899.) [Note that CPA is called in earlier literature 'Palestinian Syriac'. It is a Western Aramaic dialect written in a script related to Syriac. op.]

Translations. •

English -

F. C. Burkitt, Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe, vol. 1. [Translation of the Old Syriac. See above under 'New Testament Editions'.]

-

R. Errico, The Message of Matthew. [From the Peshitta. See below under 'Tools'.]

-

G. M. Lamsa, The Holy Bible. (Philadelphia: 1968). [A translation of the Peshitta Bible. Not a very accurate translation.] J. Murdock, The New Testament Syriac Peshitto. (New York: 1851; reprinted Boston: 1892.) [Not a very good translation! op]

•

The Way International Research Team (ed.), Aramaic-English Interlinear New [See below under 'Tools'.]

Testament.

Latin -

Pusey and Gwilliam, Tetraeuangelium Sanctum. [Translation of the Peshitta. See above under 'New Testament Editions', op.]

-

B. Aland and A. Juckel, Das Neue Testament in Syrischer Überlieferung. In Arbeiten zur Neutestamentlichen Textforschung. (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1986-.) [Gives the texts from Peshitta and Harklean, including citations of the Church Fathers, aligned under each other. Recommended for comparing different versions. Vol. 1 (1986) Minor Catholic Epistles, vol. 2 (1991) Roman and 1 Corinthians, (forthcoming) other Epistles.]

-

R. Errico, The Message of Matthew: An Annotated Parallel Aramaic and English Gospel of Matthew. (Irvine, Ca: Noohra Foundation, 1991.) [Text in East Syriac characters with English translation and commentary.]

-

T. Falla, A Key to the Peshitta Gospels. In New Testament Tools and Studies. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991-.) [A very detailed lexicon, including the Greek behind the Syriac and a full reference list for each entry.]

-

G. Kiraz,^4 Computer-Generated Concordance to the Syriac New Testament according to the British and Foreign Bible Society's Edition. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993.) [A complete concordance with citations in six volumes.]

Tools.

134

-

G. Kiraz, Lexical Tools to the Syriac New Testament. (Sheffield Academic Press, 1993.) [Frequency lists and verbal paradigms. The present work]

-

G. Kiraz, A Comparative Edition of the Syriac Gospels: Sinaticus, Curetonianus, Peshitta, Harklean. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, forthcoming.) [Gives the texts of the various versions aligned under each other.]

-

G. Kiraz, Electronic Synopsis of the Four Gospels. (Los Angeles: Alaph Beth Computer Systems, 1990.) [Computer program running under DOS, based on K. Aland's Synopsis of the Four Gospels.]

-

The Way International Research Team (ed.), The Concordance to the Peshitta Version of the Aramaic New Testament. (New Knoxville: American Christian Press, 19S5.) [Gives a reference list, without citations, for each entry.]

-

The Way International Research Team (ed.), Aramaic-English Interlinear New Testament. Vol. 1 Matthew-John (19SS), Vol. 2 Acts-Philemon (198S), Vol. 3 Hebrews-Revelation (1989). (New Knoxville: American Christian Press, 1988-89.) [Gives a Syriac-English interlinear on the right page, and two columns of English translation on the left page (1st column is King James, 2nd column from the Syriac).]

Lexica. -

W. Jennings,Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1926; reprinted by the Way International 1979.) [Recommended for students. The Way International obtained permission from Oxford University Press to reprint this work for sale only in the U.S.A.]

-

G. Kiraz, Lexicon of New Testament Syriac. (forthcoming.)

-

J. Payne Smith, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1903; reprinted 1985.) [The standard general Syriac-English Lexicon, founded upon the Thesaurus Syriacus by R. Payne Smith.]

-

The Way International Research Team (ed.), English Dictionary Supplement to the Concordance to the Peshitta Version of the Aramaic New Testament. (New Knoxville: American Christian Press, 1985.) [English-Syriac Index to the Way's Concordance.]

F a l l a ' s ' K e / g i v e s an English index, and Kiraz's 'Concordance' gives an English-Syriac index. S e e u n d e r ' T o o l s ' for more detail.

Studies. -

M. Black, 'The Syriac Versional Tradition', in K. Aland (ed.) Die Alten Übersetzungen des Neuen Testaments, Die Kirchenväterzitate und Lektionare. In Arbeiten zur Neutestamentlichen Textforschung, vol. 5. (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1972.) [A detailed survey of the various versions.]

-

S. P. Brock, The Bible in the Syriac Tradition. In SEERI Correspondence Course on Syrian Christian Heritage, No. 1. (Kottayam: SEERI, 1989.) [A good introduction.]

-

S. P. Brock, 'Syriac Versions', in The Anchor Dictionary of the Bible, vol. 6 pp. 794-9. (New York: Doubleday, 1992.)

-

S. P. Brock, 'The Resolution of the Philoxenian/Harklean Problem', in E. J. Epp & G. D. Fee (eds), Essays in Honour ofB. M. Metzger. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1981, pp. 325-43.)

135

-

F. C. Burkitt, Early Eastern Christianity, Chapter 2: The Bible in Syriac. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1904). [op.]

-

B. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations, Chapter I: The Syriac Versions. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1977). [An excellent account of the various Syriac versions.]

-

A. Vööbus, Studies in the History of the Gospel Text in Syriac I-1I . In Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, vols. 12S/496, subsidia 3/79. (Louvain: Peeters, 1951/1987).

-

A. Vööbus, Early Versions of the New Testament. (Stockholm, 1954).

General Grammars. -

J. Healey, First Studies in Syriac. In University Semitic Study Aids 6. (University of Birmingham, 1980, 2nd ed. 19S6.) [Now available from Sheffield Academic Press.]

-

G. Kiraz, The Syriac Primer: Reading, Writing Vocabulary and Grammar with Exercises and Cassette Activities. In JSOT 5. (Sheffield Academic Press, 1985.) [Originally written for students of the Syriac Churches, its grammar is very limited but is recommended for oral reading using its cassette tape.]

-

T. Muraoka, Classical Syriac for Hebraists. (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1987.) [Recommended specially for students with background in Hebrew.]

-

T. Noldeke, Compendious Syriac Grammar, translated by J. Crichton. (London: 1904.) [The most detailed grammar; students may find it difficult to read!]

-

T. Robinson, Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 4th ed. reprinted 1978.) [Revised by L. Brockington.]

Publishing Houses UBS edition of the Syriac Bible can be found in most Bible bookstores. -

Academic Publishers Associated (APA) Postbus 122, NL-3600 AC Maarssen, The Netherlands

-

E. J. Brill Plantijnstraat 2, P. O. Box 9000, 2300 PA Leiden, The Netherlands

-

Curt Daniel 1209 N Hasvell Ave # L , Dallas Texas 75204

-

Noohra Foundation. Irvine, California, U.S.A. [Not a complete address; Irvine telephone directory is (714)555-1212.] Peeters. P. B. 41, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. SEERI: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute Baker Hill, Kottayam-686 001, Kerala, India.

136

-

Sheffield Academic Press 343 Fulwood Road, Sheffield S10 3BP, England.

-

The Way International P. O. Box 328, New Knoxville, O H 45871, U.S.A.

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