Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 16 9781463237325

A refereed journal published annually by the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. This volume includes articles by Sidne

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Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 16
 9781463237325

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
From the Editor
Syriac into Arabic: A New Chapter in the History of Syriac Christianity
The Earliest Dated Christian Arabic Translation (772 AD): Ammomus' Report on the Martyrdom of the Monks of Sinai and Raithu
The Christian Arabic Transmission of Jacob of Serugh (d. 521): The Sammlungen
What it Means to be a Son: Adam, Language, and Theodicy in a Ninth-Century Dispute
The Inscriptions of the Old Armenian Church of Our Lady in Baghdad
Members of the CSSS for 2015-2016

Citation preview

JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES

Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies/ de la Société Canadienne des Etudes Syriaques The JCSSS is a refereed journal published annually, and it contains the transcripts of public lectures presented at the Society and possibly other articles and book reviews

Editorial Board  General Editor Amir Harrak, University of Toronto Editors Sebastian Brock, Oxford University Sidney Griffith, Catholic University of America Craig E. Morrison, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome Lucas van Rompay, Duke University Kyle Smith, University of Toronto Alexander Treiger, Dalhousie University Copy Editing

Antoine Hirsch, Colin S. Clarke

Publisher Gorgias Press 180 Centennial Avenue, Suite 3 Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA

The Canadian Society for Syriac Studies La Société Canadienne des Etudes Syriaques  Society Officers 2015-2016 President: Amir Harrak Vice-President : Khalid Dinno Treasurer: Arlette Londes Members of the Board of Directors: Marica Cassis, Khalid Dinno, Geoffrey Greatrex, Amir Harrak, Robert Kitchen, Kyle Smith, Ashoor Yousif The aim of the CSSS is to promote the study of the Syriac culture which is rooted in the same soil from which the ancient Mesopotamian and biblical literatures sprung. The CSSS is purely academic, and its activities include a series of public lectures, one yearly symposium, and the publication of its Journal. The Journal is distributed free of charge to the members of the CSSS who have paid their dues, but it can be ordered by other individuals and institutions through Gorgias Press (www.gorgiaspress.com). Cover Relics of the Forty Martyrs of Sebasteia in the Armenian Church of our Lady, Baghdad Photo Vincent van Vossel

JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR SYRIAC STUDIES

Volume 1

Copyright © 201 by The Canadian Society for Syriac Studies.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey ISBN 978-1-4632-0 ISSN: 1499-6367

1 GORGIAS PRESS 954 River Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards. Printed in the United States of America

The Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies

Table of Contents

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