Journal of the Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland [18, 1 ed.]

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:

THE

JOURNAL OF THE

/

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

VOLUME THE EIGHTEENTH.

LONDON

BERNARD QUARITCH, M.DCCC.LXI.

15

PICCADILLY.

HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS,

ST.

MARTINS LANE,

W.C.

—

—

CONTENTS OF VOLUME

XVIII.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art.

I.

By Art.

PAGE

— On the Birs Nimrud, or the

II.

Henry

Sir

— Translation

Talbot, Esq.

Great Temple of Borsippa.

C.

Rawlinson, K.C.B

of

some Assyrian

1

By H. Fox

Inscriptions.

:

The Birs Nimrud Inscription Tbe Inscription of Michaux No. III. The Inscription of Bellino

Art.

III.

No.

I.

No.

II.

— Ptolemy’s ;

35

.

52

.

76

Chronology of Babylonian Reigns conclu-

sively vindicated

ascertained

.

;

and the Date of the Fall of Nineveh

with Elucidations of Connected Points

in

Assyrian, Scythian, Median, Lydian, and Israelite History.

By Art. IV.

the Rev. R. E.

— Comparative

Esq.,

Tyrwhitt, M.A. Translations,

Sir

On

I.

the Second Indian

By H.

.

Bart.,

Embassy

M.P. to

Notes

to Art.

Talbot, Esq.

.

Rome

By Osmond De Beauvoir

F.

.

.

150

Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone.

Edward Colebrooke,

— Additional

tions.

H. Fox Talbot,

C. Rawlinson, K.C.B., of the

Hist. VI, 24).

Art. VII.

.106

Henry

— Memoir of the

Art. VI.

.

Hincks, D.D., Dr. Oppert,

Inscription of Tiglath Pileser

By

W.

by

.

F.R.S., the Rev. E.

and Lieut.-Col. Sir

Art. V.

.

.

.

(Pliny, Nat.

Priaulx, Esq. 345

.....

II.

221

on Assyrian Inscrip-

362

CONTENTS.

IV

Art. VIII.

—Some

Opinions of the

Religious

Dr.

Art. IX.

Art. X.

William Dunbar,

— On

By

PAGE Observations on

Manners, Customs, and

tlie

Lurka

H.E.I.C.S.

..... Coles.

New

Manetho’s Chronology of the

the Rev.

— Notice

Edward

Hincks, D.D.

on Buddhist Symbols.

By

.

By

the

.378

.

H. Hodgson,

Esq Art. XI.

—A

370

Kingdom.

.

B.

late

393 Turkish Circle Ode, by Shaliin-Ghiray, Khan of

the Crimea.

With

Translation,

Memoir

of the Author,

and a brief Account of the Khanate of the Crimea, its Connexion with Turkey, and its Annexation by Catherine the Second of Russia. By J. W. Redhouse, Esq. 400 .

Art XII.

— On the Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial

Resources of India.

Index

.

By William B Alston,

Esq.

.

.416 439

JOURNAL or

THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY.

Art.

I.

— On

the

Birs Nimrucl, or the Great Temple of Borsippa.

By Sir Henry [Read

1

C.

Kawlinson,

3th January, 1855.]

CHAPTER I.

Iv.C.B.

— Personal

I.

Narrative.

After being encamped for ten days at the foot of the Babylonian Mound of the Kasr, employed in a careful examination of the great mass of the ruins and the surrounding topography, of the

first

break in the weather to pay a flying

I

took advantage

visit to the Birs-

Nimrud, where excavations had been carried on for above two months, under my directions and on account of the British Museum, by an intelligent young man, M. Joseph Tonietti by name, with a view of ascertaining the general features of the building, and thus finally disposing of the

remarkable ruin. of three hours

difficult

questions connected with this

and a quarter brought our small party, which con-

sisted of Dr. Hyslop, in question.

many

Crossing the river at the village of Anana, a ride

We

the Rev. Mr. Leacroft, and myself, to the spot

found our tents already pitched at the camp, or

which our labourers had formed a short distance to the north mound, but without alighting we proceeded on at once to inspect the excavations. That day was consumed in making a careful inspection of the various works in progress, and in endeavouring to realize and restore a general plan of the original building from a comvillage,

of the

parison of the various sections of exterior wall, and interior strata of

brickwork, which had been laid bare

now seaming the mound. Having satisfied myself from,

by

the vertical and horizontal

trenches

VOL. xvn.

this

examination

that at several

B

o

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

OR

;

points the outer walls of the primitive edifice had been reached, and

that the line of one face (the south-eastern) of the third stage

was

completely uncovered, so as to leave the angles exposed, I proceeded on the next morning with a couple of gangs of workmen to turn to account the experience obtained from the excavations of Kileh-Shergat

and Mugheir,

commemorative cylinders 1 On reaching the ruins I placed a gang at work upon each of the exposed angles of the third stage, directing them to remove the bricks forming in searching for

.

when they had reached

the corner, carefully, one after the other, and

a certain level to pause until of the wall.

I

In the meantime

and measuring

tape, to do

came

proceeded with

I

what

to inspect the further demolition

I

flag staffs,

compass,

could in taking sections and eleva-

tions. After half an hour I was summoned to the southern corner where the workmen had reached the tenth layer of brick above the plinth at the base, which was the limit I had marked ont for their preliminary work. The bricks had been easily displaced, being laid in a mere bed of red earth of no tenacity whatever. The workmen eyed my proceedings with some curiosity, but as they had been already digging for above two months at various points of the mound without finding any thing, and as the demolition of a solid wall seemed to the last degree unpromising, and had at its commencement yielded no results, they were evidently dispirited and incredulous.

On

reaching the spot

I

was

occupied for a few minutes in

first

adjusting a prismatic compass on the lowest brick the original angle, which fortunately projected a

now remaining

little,

so as

tft

of

afford

a good point for obtaining the exact magnetic bearing of the two sides,

and

I

No

then ordered the work to be resumed.

layer of bricks been removed than the Khctzeneh, or “ treasure hole

two bricks from the exterior

that

is,

surface,

half up with loose reddish sand.

“ and bring out the cylinder

workmen

sooner had the next

called out there

there

was a vacant space

“Clear away the sand,”

and as

was a

in the corner at the distance of

I

I

filled

said,

spoke the words, the Arab,

groping with his hand among the debris in the hole, seized and held

up

in

triumph a

when

fine cylinder of

baked

clay, in as perfect a condition

was deposited in the artificial cavity above twenty-four They could centuries ago. The workmen were perfectly bewildered. be heard whispering to each other that it was sikr, or “ magic,” while as

it

the grey-beard of the party significantly observed to his companion, 1

From

the ruins of a temple at the former place were obtained the cylinders

of Tiglath Pileser

The

I.

(about

n.c. 1120),

which are now

discovery of the cylinders of Nabonidus at Mugheir

in the last

number

of the Journal, vol. xv. part

ii.,

p.

is

in the British

Museum.

described by Mr. 1 aylor

263 and 204.

—

;

3

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA.

I have mentioned, I had just before been and had accidentally placed immediately above the cylinder,

that the compass, which, as using,

was certainly I sat

“ a wonderful instrument .”

down

for a

few minutes on the ruins of the wall to run over its contents with that deep

the inscription on the cylinder, devouring

and the

and

I

—such,

which antiquaries only know

delight

I

when a Palimpsest

scholars have sometimes felt

presume, as

German

yields up its treasures,

historic doubts of ages are resolved in each succeeding line

moved

then

to the eastern

my

station to the other angle of the stage, that

corner,

order

in

is,

direct the search for a second

to

Here the discovery was not accomplished with the same first instance ; the immediate angle of

cylinder.

certainty and celerity as in the

the wall

was gradually demolished

and although

to the very base,

I

was removed, that the cavity containing the cylinder would appear, I was doomed to disappointment. I then directed the bricks to be removed to a certain distance from the corner on each face, but the search was still unsuccessful and I had just observed to my fellow-travellers that I feared the fully expected, as each layer of bricks

masons had served Nebuchadnezzar as the Russian architects were

— that there had been orders — when a shout of joy

ing out His Majesty’s

in

foul play in carry-

the habit of serving Nicholas

arose from the

workmen and another fine cylinder came forth from its hiding place in the wall 1 As I knew the inscription would prove to be a mere .

duplicate of the other, I did not peruse

but

interest,

still

it

it

was very satisfactory

with the same absorbing to

have at

least a double

copy of the primitive autographic record. I

now moved

the

workmen

to the

stage

;

little

prospect of further success

that

is,

to the northern

two remaining angles of the

and western corners, but ;

for

it

Avith

very

was evident from a rough

estimate of the level that the greater portion of the wall at these

angles had been already broken away, and that,

if

any cylinders had

been deposited within, they must thus have rolled down with th other debris to the foot of the mound.

employed its

base,

for

two days

in clearing

and subsequently

in

on each side of the corner search, the rule

;

The workmen, however, were

away

the wall at these points to

removing the bricks

to

a certain distance

and although nothing resulted from the

was by no means impugned

that,

wherever the stage

The news of this discovery of the cylinders at the Birs seems to have flown and wide on the wings of fame, for since my return to Baghdad I have been besieged by applications to employ t£ the magic compass ” in extracting treasures which are believed to be buried in the court yards or concealed in the walls of the houses ; often in the very “ boudoirs ” of the ladies. 1

far

B

2

— ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

4

OR

;

of an Assyrian or Babylonian temple can be laid bare, historical or

commemorative cylinders

will be found deposited in a cavity of the

wall at the four corners, from one-third to one-half of the height of

At

the stage, and at one or two feet from the outside surface.

corners in question the angles were alone perfect near the base

the ;

at

the height where the cylinders should have been found the wall was

already ruined

to

a distance of six feet on each side from the

corners.

now only remained

It

for

me

to

my

complete

measurements and,

carrying off the cylinders as trophies, to return to the

had been

left

Account op the Excavations undertaken September, and October, 1854.

II.

The next point of interest works at Birs-N imrud.

My

original instructions

slope of the

camp which

standing at Babylon.

mound

will be to give a brief description of the

to

M.

Tonietti

(not the fissures

had been

to search

the

or ravines) narrowly for

any

trace of brickwork cropping through the soil to ascertain the line in

in August,

when

:

which the bricks were running

this ;

was found,

then to follow

the bricks outwards, at right angles of course to the line of the wall, until the exterior facing

was reached

;

from such a point to make an

opening to the foot of the wall, and subsequently to run a trench along the wdiole line of wall until the angles were turned at the two corners, so as to expose the complete face

which it

I

had no doubt the

original building

entirely to chance as to

attacked

;

but

I

the centre of the tion,

of one. of the stages of

had been formed.

I left

which of the four faces might be thus

suggested, in regard to height above the plain, that

mound

offered the

most favourable

locale for

excava-

inasmuch as the exterior surfaces of the upper stages might be

reasonably supposed to have been destroyed, or at any rate to have suffered extensive abrasion from their exposed

position,

accumulation of debris towards the base would render

it

while the a work of

immense labour to lay bare the face of the lower platforms. M. Tonietti carried out these instructions with care and judgment. About half way up the mound he came upon a line of wall almost immediately, and, by tracing it outwards, he soon arrived at the perpendicular face.

This face he opened to a depth of 26

feet,

when he

reached the platform at the base, and after a month’s labour he sue-

;

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA. ceeded in uncovering the wall from

Having obtained

this indication of level

presuming the platform

culty,

southern to

its

eastern angle. 1

its

and extent, he had no

be square,

to

5

and western angles at equidistant points,

northern

diffi-

discovering

in

although,

the as

several feet of debris were here accumulated on the surface, but for

by measurement, there would have been no more

the guide afforded

reason for sinking shafts at such points than in any other quarter of

immense mound.

this

was impossible to err as to the identity of the wall, discovered by digging at the northern and western angles of the mound, with that of which the south-eastern face had been already exposed, because, as I shall presently explain, it was composed of a peculiar material, not It

otherwise found in the ruin

;

but

I

did not think

it

worth while to

by excavating the three remaining sides, and thus connecting all the corners, as such an operation would have required a vast expenditure both of time and money. I thought it quite sufficient to have uncovered the south eastern face and to have exposed all the

verify this identity

corners,

thus obtaining,

either

dimensions of the platform

;

by measurement or

and

I

calculation, the

accordingly directed that the next

operation should be to run two trenches, from the

mound and

to its foot, crossing the line of the

at an angle of 135 degrees, which,

summit of the

exposed stage at

if

its

corners,

the original structure had

been formed of a series of platforms receding at equal distances on the four sides, stage,

would

of course have exposed the angles of each successive

and have thus led

Wherever a

to

an immediate recognition of the design.

was met

corner, or a single perpendicular wall

further directed the trench to be sunk to

the height of the platform.

its

with, I

base, so as to determine

Unfortunately as M. Touietti was with-

out instruments, these trenches were not run in the exact lines indi-

Even had they faced the south and

cated.

been nearly the supposed-

east,

line of the corners,

which would have

they would not have

quite answered the desired purpose, for I have since ascertained that

the stages were not erected with perfect equidistant regularity one

above the other.

From

general contour of the

1

I

indeed of Mugheir, and the

the example ruin at the

Birs-Nimrud

I

ought to have

must here observe that Rich and Porter have both been

guilty of a

most

singular error in describing the sides of the Birs, as facing the four cardinal points.

In the

reality it is the four corners, titles of

Ker

;

ii.

,

and and 70) must be thus altered

slight error face those points,

plates 69

“western face” being S. W. ; southern face, S.E. and northern face, N.W. The N.E. face is the front of the the S.W. the back, and the other two are the sides.

throughout the eastern face

temple

which with a

Porter’s Plates (vol. series, his

N.E.

;

;

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

6

;

OR

first instance that on the north-eastern face, which formed the grand entrance, the platforms receded considerably in

inferred in the

more imposing appearance

excess, in order to give a

to the fa 9ade

while on the south-western face which formed the back of the building, the gradines

which

is

were crowded together, the difference of inclination

thus observable on the two faces having been already re-

marked, and having even led sloping face of the

jrile

may

to the supposition that the abruptly

have been originally perpendicular. 1

In M. Tonietti’s operations the trenches were run too left so that the

much

to the

eastern trench probably passed beyond the angle of

the lower platform while the southern trench cut the wall at a dis-

tance of several yards inside the corner

,

they were

still,

however, of

great importance in laying bare the successive strata of which the pile

was composed and in fact first led me to suspect a peculiarit} of design which was completely verified by subsequent discoveries. 1-

now

will

I

explain the exact results which followed from the

excavation of these vertical trenches, an experimental operation which in its

nature was precisely similar to laying bare for inspection a fine

geological section.

From

the

summit of the mound, upon which stands the solitary by Porter and Rich at 35 or 37 feet in

pile of brickwork, estimated

height, the trenches could for a space of

to

me from

about 6 feet

make in

little

or no impression on the

perpendicular descent. 2

It

mound

was evident

an examination of the strata of bricks and from observing

the general character of the irregular surface of the platform, that all this portion of the building

of

construction,

its

to

artificially vitrified at the

the erection

this

vitrifaction,

which was caused no doubt by the action of

and continued heat, and which highest stage of the temple into a mass fierce

known cities,

time

of the culminating

of which the remains exist in the solid pile at the summit.

stage,

For

had been

and previous

3

to the Babylonians, I shall

in fact

converted the second

of blue slag, a substance well

and often used

in the construction of their

presently show a good and sufficient reason.

I

do not

See the proposed restoration in “ Nineveh and Babylon,” p. 497, and Mr. Layard’s ingenious suggestion that the perpendicular wall may have served the purpose of a gigantic gnomon. 4 It is very doubtful if Porter took any independent measurements of height; his numbers throughout appear to be a mere servile copy of those given by Rich. Compare “Porter’s Travels,” vol. ii., p. 310, with “Babylon and Persepolis,” pp. 75 and 167. 3 At Sekheriyeh, a Babylonian ruin, one hour south of Bogheileh, and near the 1

confluence of the ancient Zab, or Nil Canal, with the Tigris (thus nearly answering to the position of the

Apamaea Mesenes

of the Greeks), the only material which

;

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA. hesitate, moreover, to

say that

it

was owing

to the

7

accidental use of

an imperishable material like slag so near the summit of the Birs, that we are indebted for the solitary preservation of this one building

among

many hundreds

the

the surface of Babylouia. several

feet

masses of

of not inferior temples

The

which once studded

original slag stage reached,

I

think,

above the present level of the platform, and the huge matter, which

vitrified

have been so often described as

strewn about the surface of the mound,

and

in

some instances as

having rolled down into the plain, have almost certainly the lower portion of the pile

probably did not reach

now

The

standing.

— or at any rate

it

split off

from

action of the

reached but imperfectly

fire

— the

portion of the brickwork furthest removed from the exterior surface

and there are thus few marks of the vitrifaction base of the pile as

it

stands at present

;

difference of quality to be recognized

but there

indeed, that

mass which impaired

it

its

is

still,

I

think, a

between the upper and lower

divisions of the brickwork, the latter being the I suspect,

to be traced on ike

harder of the two.

was the imperfect vitrifaction of the whole cohesive power, and led to the upper exterior

angles of the platform which were thoroughly hardened and could not

crumble, splitting

off,

under the action of the elements, from the

brickwork of the centre which was not equally indurated

;

but

when

a broader base had been obtained, less susceptible of impression from the weather, the huge slag platform lay over the

mound

like the key-

stone of an arch, affording for the steeple-like fragment of the upper stages an immovable pedestal, and compressing and preserving the more perishable lower stages by which it was itself supported. All this will be

rendered clearer in the sequel, but

I

could not resist giving

a preliminary explanation of the vitrified masses at the summit of the Birs, as their nature and probable mode of formation have been generally misunderstood and have given rise to

hypothesis

much extravagant

1 .

Between the

vitrified brick- work,

which formed the second highest

seems to have heen employed in the construction of the city is a dark blue slag. The mortar and mud cement have everywhere crumbled, but the masses of slag, now lying in heaps on the desert, exhibit no sign of decomposition. The same I should peculiarity is also observable in the ruins of Roweijeh, near the Hye. now suspect that both these cities had been originally consecrated to the planet Mercury. 1

Thus Ker Porter supposes these

vitrified

masses “on the fire-blasted summit

of the pile ” to be fragments of the upper stage of the original tower of Babel,

erected by Xirnrud and destroyed by lightning from heaven. p. 319.

— Travels,

vol

ii.

ON THE BIRS N1MRUD

8 stage of the

Bit's,

OR

;

and the red stage exposed belowed, the trenches

passed through two distinct strata of materials for a space as near as I

could calculate of about 30 vertical

abraded

in the line of the trenches,

the entire slope of the mound,

ment

it

feet.

The

angles being entirely-

and generally, as

was impossible

I

think, around

to obtain

any measure-

of a perpendicular wall, or even to define from the exposed section

the precise limits of the different systems of brickwork.

As indeed

in

the upper standing pile, the grey weather-beaten bricks of the highest stage gradually vitrified strata

merge

into the vitrified stage below, so do

gradually merge into a mass of

the blue

fine light-yellow brick-

work lower down, the intermediate or conterminous layers being green, and what is still more remarkable, so does the third or yellow stage merge into a roseate, pink division which evidently formed the fourth The

or [centre stage of the building. 1

red stage upwards at one time

I

is

original brickwork from the

generally of one uniform character.

I

thought

could trace a gradual diminution in the dimensions of the

bricks, those of the pink stage being 14 inches square

grey at the summit 12 by 3 ; measurements differently, and

by

and 4 inches

12^ by 3^, of the but previous travellers have given these

deep, of the yellow 13^ inches

3|, of the blue

I could not obtain a sufficient number 2 Indeed I of detached specimens “ in situ ” to verify the distinction.

am

not sure but that the interior construction of the whole mass, from

the red stage (or even from the base) upwards,

may

have been abso-

and that-the distinctive characteristics of colouring which rendered this temple especially remarkable, and which were

lutely the

same

;

certainly in a great measure dependent on the materials employed,

may have

been exclusively considered near the exterior surface, where

of course they

would be alone

visible. 3

At any

rate the description of

was the and of the

brick, as exposed in the trenches, though differently coloured,

same throughout the four upper

stages, being kiln-baked

greatest hardness, while the lime

cement,

laid in

very thin layers

In following down the line of the trenches, it is to be observed that I number the stages from the summit, while in my subsequent attempt to restore the seven successive stages I commence the numerical series from the base. 2 This theory of progressive diminution must certainly be abandoned, as far as I have found indeed on working out all my regards the thickness of the bricks. measurements of series of layers, that no uniform scale can be adopted, the bricks varying in thickness throughout the upper stages from three to four inches. 1

3

It will subsequently appear

from the inscription found at the Birs that the

heart of the pile must have been constructed of libbin or crude brick, and that the walls accordingly through which the trenches penetrated could have only been the

exterior coating.

and could

The

not, I think,

interior core of crude brick at

have existed

any rate was never reached, from the base.

originally above the fifth stage

THE GREAT TEMPLE OP BOKSIPPA. (not more than one-fourth of an inch in depth, in

9

some places and

never perhaps exceeding three-fourths of an inch,) was of the finest I obtained possible quality, and was entirely unmixed with reeds.

my

measurements of distances throughout the four upper stages by

counting the layers of brick, but as I could not be sure of the uniform thickness of the bricks which varied from three inches to four, nor of the allowance to be

sider

made

for

the average layer of cement, varying

an inch, I do not pretend to conthem as any thing more than approximations. It will be seen,

from one-fourth however, when

to three-fourths of

proceed to restore the elevation of the temple, that

I

the measurements come out with sufficient accuracy.

From

the summit of the

mound

the

to

fifth

or red

stage, the

trenches were of no further use than in laying bare a double section of the brick-work factory.

The

from one trench

showing

its

:

from that point downwards they were more

horizontal opening along the S. E. face of the to the other,

height to be 26

exposed the entire wall of the red stage, feet,

and revealed some

building which require to be specially noticed. it

was composed were formed

of red clay

that species of building material which

is

is

The

peculiarities of

bricks of which

and but half burnt, being called by the Arabs of the

and which

present day libin (Heb.

Ajur or TabooJc , which

satis-

mound,

is

quite distinct from the

hard and kiln-baked, 1

These bricks, mea-

suring 14 inches square and 5 inches in thickness, were laid in crude

red clay, mixed up with chopped straw, the layer of this most indifferent

The bricks were so soft as to hammer, and the clay cement crumbled under

cement being 2 inches in depth.

yield to the blow of a

the touch.

They thus formed

the most unfavourable materials for

building that could possibly have been devised ceive

how they

;

and it

is difficult

to con-

could have supported, for any length of time, a mere

To

exposure to the atmosphere.

quacy of such a bulwark

obviate, in

some measure, the inade-

to resist the interior

pressure, the wall

slanted inwards at an angle of two or three degrees, and additional

strength was given to

1

Rich says that

— Bab.

and Pers.,

by a

it

slightly projecting plinth,

formed of the

rmb signifies “ brick, of course the burnt sort from the root ” The name was given p. 69 — but I question this very much.

from the white colour of the clay employed, and has nothing to do with burning. The distinction in all the inscriptions between libin and agur is precisely that now observed by the Arabs ; and in the famous passage of Genesis, chap. xi. v. 3, I understand the meaning to be, “ Let us make bricks of then burn them.”

If

nn

‘

libin (or white clay’), and “ burning the bricks,” what would have ?: implied

1

been the use of addiDg the verb

?

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

10

same red bricks laid on The most remarkable

their edges, feature,

that at several points along

and by an abutment at the base

however, in regard to

its face,

was found running up against

class

height.

OR

;

this wall,

brickwork of a totally

1 .

was

different

to at least two-thirds of its

it,

This brick-work, although formed of the very best materials,

was everywhere ruined mine whether

it

;

belonged

so

much

so,

indeed, that I could not deter-

to the walls of

form at the foot of the wall, or whether

it

chambers built on the platdid not rather represent the

debris of a series of lateral buttresses run up against the wall to sup-

port

it.

Of two things only could

I

be sure

Firstly, that

:

formed an exterior casing; and secondly, that

it

as the original structure, the bricks being usually

lower face with Nebuchadnezzar’s stamp (as

I

it

had not

was of the same date

marked on

their

should have observed

was uniformly the case, though at irregular intervals, throughout the upper stages), and the discovery of the cylinders in the inner wall proving that portion of the building to be of the same age. It was certainly most extraordinary to find this outwork of masonry of the best description completely ruined, while of the very inferior and yielding wall within there was not a brick displaced; nor can

I

now

(unless by supposing artificial mutilation in the one case, which did

not extend to the other ) 2 account for the condition of these two contiguous specimens of Babylonian

architecture being

inverse ratio to their capability of resistance. 1

The

* I

exactly in an

The bricks

of

he red

corner of the wall exhibited something of this appearance—

shall subsequently suggest

outwork on the platform by

a reason

for the intentional destruction of the

later explorers of the

mound.

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA. wall, I

11

must add, were in no case stamped, owing, I presume, to their any rate the want of the stamp could not indicate

inferior quality; at

their belonging to another age, against the evidence of the cylinders,

carefully

Below the

imbedded at the corners.

space of about 26 vertical

red stage, for a

fifth or

the trenches traversed a mass of crum-

feet,

bling brick- work, of the same character as the lateral walls abutting on the upper stage.

about half-way the

fifth

I

thought

could trace a wall in the southern trench,

I

in horizontal distance

between the perpendicular vail of

or red stage above, and the perpendicular wall of the seventh

or black stage below; but

I

could not be certain, as there had evidently

been a series of buildings on the lower platform abutting on the sixth stage,

and on the sixth platform abutting on the fifth stage; and now same materials as the

that these buildings, composed precisely of the

wall of the sixth stage, were

crumbling

all

defined

wall

in

this interval,

vertically, so as to

M.

have exposed

its

masonry

Tonietti facing.

was impossible

any wellwould have followed it At one point, and that there been

remarked a very suspicious-looking

precisely where I subsequently line of

in ruin, it

Had

to discriminate their respective sections.

in the side of the trench,

he did thus attemjjt to sink

a shaft perpendicularly along what seemed to be a line of wall, but he

was soon arrested by an aperture leading within which he penetrated, at imminent

twelve paces, observing by the

light

into a vaulted

chamber,

risk, for a distance of ten or

of a candle that all further

passage was choked up with rubbish, and that the interior of the

chamber had evidently

From

fallen in.

the open part he brought out

the trunk of a date-tree, hollowed out, as

is

the custom at the present

day, to serve as a channel for water, but otherwise in a very fair state of preservation, although the tree must have been cut down above twenty centuries ago; for the bricks of which the chamber was composed bore the Nebuchadnezzar stamp, and I should question if the

chamber could have been entered since the Greek occupation of Babylon. As there were above thirty feet of crumbling debris without the slightest tenacity whatever,

pressing perpendicularly on the sides of

the trench, and under which the chamber appeared to penetrate,

would have been a work

M.

of

extreme danger to have cleared

I

out,

it

and

arrival.

A

visited the spot, the trench itself

had

Tonietti therefore reserved its examination until

few hours, however, before

it

given way, bringing down with

it

my

a shower of rubbish from the sides;

and the chamber being thus again buried to a depth of fifteen or twenty feet, I did not think it worth while to re-excavate the entrance. From the position of this chamber I judged

it

to

have been a gallery

opening from the platform of the seventh stage into the wall of the

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

12 sixth stage,

and

I

think

was

it

OR

;

some way connected with the Although

in

hydraulic works which supplied the temple with water.

was thus accomplished

little

clearing out the sixth stage,

in

obtained some important measurements. the slope of the

mound beyond

lower or black wall which

I

which insured the

shall

a distance of 42

feet for the

here

presently describe, and by then to the nearest point of the red

being drawn at a right angle,

line

I

placing a flag-staff on

the trench, but in the exact line of the

measuring with the tape horizontally wall,

By

I

obtained

aggregate width of the seventh aud sixth

platforms on the S. E. face.

I

had already obtained a measurement

of 12 feet for the platform of the red stage at the back of the temple,

or on

its

N.

E. face; and supposing the construction and recession of

the gradines from the front to have been regular, these elements, with

the square of the red stage accurately fixed at 188 feet, are sufficient for the restoration of the design. It

remains for

me now

to notice the

wards the base of the mouud, M.

wall of the lower stage.

Tonietti’s southern

To-

trench struck

on the corner of a well-defined wall; and according to my instructions he immediately sunk a shaft in front of it, and subsequently opened the wall somewhat beyond the breadth of the trench, or for about 10

He had only reached to a depth of 17 feet when I came to examine the work, and 9 feet more of excavation would thus have feet.

been required to reach the base of the wall, it

was equal

in height to the walls of the

above; but being pressed for time, continue the shaft.

same

The wall was

size as those of the

4 inches deep, which

stages; but there

was

I

if,

did not think

necessary to

it

beautifully formed of bricks of the

next superior stage,

may

as appeared probable,

two platforms immediately

1

by

4 inches square

be taken as the normal type in the lower

this peculiarity in

the construction, that the

bricks were laid in bitumen, and that the face of the wall to a depth of half-au-incli was coated with the 1 jet-black appearance.

The

appeared from the direction

same material,

eastern trench, as to

I

so as to give

it

a

have before observed,

have run outside the eastern angle of

the lower stage, and not to have been sunk deep enough to cut

its

The line of the southern trench, on the other hand, must have run somewhat within the southern angle; and much as I should have wished to lay bare the corners, where there are almost certainly commemorative cylinders, I shrunk from the enormous labour of conN. E.

face.

tinuing lateral galleries from either trench along the face of the wall 1

Porter remarked fragments of bitumen towards the base of the mound, and

even brought away a specimen 10 inches long and 3 in thickness. p.

315.)

(

Travels , vo).

ii,

— This had probably been a part of the coating of one of the recesses of the

lower wall.

13

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA.

so as to reach the angles, there being at least 40 feet of perpendicular

where

debris above the spots 1

sited.

I

should expect the cylinders to be depo-

Another remarkable feature of

lower wall was, that in

this

the small portion laid bare there was one of those indented rectangular

which have been found at Khorsabad, Warka, and Mugbeir, and which may be now, therefore, regarded as the standard decoration recesses

of the external architecture of ancient Assyria and Babylonia.

The trenches, on approaching the level of the plain, traversed a mass of crude, sun-dried bricks, 2 which formed the foundation of the

we

temple, and which as

from the cylinder inscrip-

shall presently see

belonging to the primitive

tion,

was

edifice,

left

chadnezzar when he rebuilt the upper stages. of this difference of age

is

untouched by Nebu-

A

curious illustration

varying direction of

also to be found in the

the lines of brick-work, as occurring in the foundation and in the

temple which

it

supported

;

the corners in the upper building nearly

facing the four cardinal points, while the lines of the sun-dried bricks at the base are deflected 16 degrees to the east. course, that this great discrepancy

anything to do with astronomical variation

from the true bearing, amounting above, a natural explanation assign the error,

explaining

prefer

on

it

true,

is

to

to

may

but for the small error

;

4^ degrees, which

is

very well be sought. 3

imperfect instruments, but

by supposing

it

It is impossible, of

between the two designs can have

the

Hues

apparent

We may I

should

have been laid

to

day when the sun

a

Leaving

had 4^ degrees of eastern amplitude. however, for future discussion, I have here

this question,

only to add, in reference to the foundation platform of the temple, that in the eastern trench

it

was quite impossible

height above the plain, as the line of excavation skirts of the subsidiary 1

On

laying flown

tlie

mound on

to estimate its true fell

upon the out-

the N. E. face of the temple, which

ground-plan of the temple, I find that the right-hand

trench must have run very near the southern corner of the lower stage ; and I now, therefore, regret not having continued the gallery a

little

farther on.

To my

eye,

however, on the spot, the distance of the angle from the tfench appeared to be greater. 2

As

building

there is

is

a general impression that the ordinary character of Babylonian

a mass of crude sun-dried bricks

the employment of reeds was absolutely

laid in reeds, I

may

here observe that

unknown to the Babylonians, except to bitumen when that material was used as a

prevent soft bricks from sinking into the cement. All the ruins w here the reeds are observed are Parthian, such as the upper wall of Babel (Rich’s Mujellibeh) Akkerkuf, Al Hymar, Zibliyeh, and the walls of Seleucia.

The baked

bricks of Babylon often, however, bear the impression

of reeds, from having been laid on reed matting 3

M.

when

in a soft state.

Fresnel gives the error from the cardinal points at five or six degrees, and supposes this to be the magnetic variation of the spot (see Journ. Asiat. for

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

14

;

OR

no doubt formed the grand entrance, and was a part of the primaeval building; while in the southern trench, also, from the very gradual

where the true

slope of the base, and the difficulty of ascertaining

was reached,

level of the outside plain

thing more than an approximation.

To

I

could not venture on any-

my

eye, from the true base of

the black wall (supposing nine feet to have remained uncovered) to the level of the alluvial if

soil

was not more than

five vertical feet;

the calculations of Rich and Porter should be at

all

but

correct, in

assigning a height of 235 feet to the mound, inclusive of the pile at

made some grievous

the summit, I must have

ments which

error in

the measure-

have recorded, measurements which were partly ob-

I

tained by counting tbe layers of bricks, partly by the actual tape-line,

and partly by estimate, and which give elevation. cally, fifteen

at

most 156

feet for the entire

did take the altitude of the Birs-Nimrud, trigonometri-

I

years ago, and to the best of

was about 160

feet;

measurement.

On

but

I

my

recollection the result

have mislaid the memorandum of the

the present occasion

I

had no instrument with me

but a surveying compass, and could not therefore repeat the experi-

ment;

so that, as

I

cannot claim to place estimated or imperfectly

remembered numbers above that which appears to be a recorded observation on the part of Rich, and as the discrepancy between our aggregate results

is

measurements

mound

is

by any petty correction must leave the question of the detailed

too great to be adjusted

either on one side or the other, I in suspense

between

us, until the entire altitude of

the

determinately .fixed by some competent authority. 1

The

July, 1853, p. 59).

by a series of azimuths,

true magnetic variation, however, at Babylon, determined is

four degrees.

in itself of one negree the other

The compass which

I

used had an error

way; and as my magnetic bearing was 52 ) degrees

for the line of the S.E. face, I thus give the true error of the building at 4J degrees

Captain Jones, however, who

east.

is

now surveying

at Babylon, will be probably

able to take a direct azimuth with the line of the red wall, which will determine the error of the building astronomically,

and be independent of magnetic variation and

the difficulty of adjusting such rude instruments as prismatic compasses. 1

Captain Jones

of Babylon, and I lite, in

will certainly

may perhaps

determine this point during his present survey

receive his measurements, obtained by the theodo-

time to accompany the present paper.

have received from Captain Jones a note of his triHe worked upon a very carefully measured and levelled base, and employed a full-sized surveying theodolite, reversing the Since writing the above,

1

gonometrical observations at the Birs.

telescope at each observation, to insure perfect accuracy of the angles; and the

by protraction and calculation, was to determine the from the water-level of the plain to the highest point of the ruin, at the summit of the mound of the Birs, at 153| English feet. As this measurement, then, is only a few feet (2£) below the aggregate of my estimated height, I have result of the operation, both vertical distance

not thought

it

worth while to make any further correction of the numbers

I

have

15

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA.

my

Before closing

description of the

ceeding to restore the temple, the mound, which

may

be of

Babylonian and Assyriau ruins which undoubtedly the most

works

at the Birs, and pro-

must add a few general remarks on Of all the use to future excavators. I

I

have ever opened, the Birs

The mound

difficult to deal with.

is

is

composed

mass of debris formed of crumbling which pounded mortar, has no tenacity whatever, and bricks and which, immediately it is undermined by a vertical trench, is liable to come rushing down in an avalanche of rubbish ; it is only where a either of solid brick-work, or of a

trench

is

run along horizontally, under the shelter of one of the per-

pendicular walls, that the labourers can

and

security;

this peculiarity

and even

times,

to

turous explorers;

work with any degree

seems to have been recognised

have been taken advantage

for there

of,

in

of

ancient

by some adven-

appear to be traces of old horizontal

trenches at various points of the mound, and in excavating along the

we had ample

red wall

evidence that

we were

The

the footsteps of earlier explorers.

actually following in

lateral walls, indeed,

which

must have stood upon the sixth platform and abutted on the fifth stage, bore strong marks, as I have already observed, of artificial destruction; and at the very foot of the red wall

from

feet

its

itself,

similar to those they

were themselves using

palm, instead of Baghdad-date,

I

could only

the

were made of India-

period the excavations

taken place, which were thus unexpectedly revealed to

not pretend to decide; but

I will

At what

fibre.

away

for carrying

debris, with this sole exception that the baskets

may have

at 26 vertical

summit, the labourers found three baskets, precisely

infer,

us,

from the disco-

very of the baskets, that we were but repeating an experiment of

some

earlier antiquaries

mound had been points,

and that

or treasure-seekers

;

and

that, in fact, the

already probed and perforated at a hundred different it

owed much

of

its

and the

irregular appearance,

enormous accumulation of debris near the base, to the attacks which had been made on its surface by the hand of man.

may

It

works of

be doubted

art,

if

or marbles, 1 nor indeed of

adopted.

How

this

temple ever possessed any valuabla

I saw no traces any substance but brick and mortar.

such as sculptures or statues.

Mr. Rich, who was a

scientific observer,

the error of exaggerating the height of the cable;

and

it is

mound by

equally strange that Porter, and

of slabs

Trea-

could have fallen into

one-third,

is

quite inexpli-

succeeding travellers, should

all

have adopted the measurement without suspecting

its

accuracy, or taking any

pains to verify the details. 1

Rich, however, observes that the whole surface of the

pieces of black-stone, sandstone,

and marble. {Bab.

mound

is

strewed with

arid Pers., p. 76.)

Such may

16

ON THE BIES NIMRUD

sures

it

of course originally contained, but of such

ago been

rifled.

now looked

All that can be

I

it

for are

The two

records of the time of Nebuchadnezzar.

which

OR

;

must have long commemorative

perfect cylinders

obtained from the southern and eastern angles of the wall of

the red stage, belong to that series of local records which were depo-

by Nebuchadnezzar at the angles of each successive platform of when he rebuilt the temple. Wherever the uninjured

sited

the edifice

angles of a stage can be laid bare, there will other specimens of the

same class undoubtedly be found but the inscription will be the same upon all, and the relics will therefore be merely of value as curiosities. Already I possess, from the debris in the trenches, two fragments of a ;

third cylinder, which

must have

down from one

rolled

stages; but the sole advantage of this relic

of the

may

first

column of the

inscription.

An

is

to furnish

of the upper

a third copy

accumulation of specimens

supply a few variant letters or supplementary phrases, but will

But

be otherwise of no interest.

I still

think

there are other barrel cylinders to be found

it

highly probable that

among

the debris of the

chambers erected upon the platforms, or along the line of the grand entrance on the north-eastern front, which are of greater importance. I obtained, indeed, at the Birs a small fragment of such a cylinder, which

must have been of the largest amplified description of nezzar, recorded on the this

all

to the Mediterranean is

and which contained probably an

famous slab at the India House;

fragment a notice, in some

which there

size,

the works and achievements of Nebuchad-

detail, of

on

and his conquest of the kings of the West, to

a cursory allusion in the great inscription, from the

twelfth to the twenty-ninth line of the second column.

vations

for I find

Nebuchadnezzar’s expedition

Should exca-

be resumed at the Birs-Nimrud at any future time, either on

account of the British

Museum

would especially

or of other parties, I

recommend the N. E. face of the mound to the attention of explorers. Here was undoubtedly the grand entrance to the temple, the large mass of ruins at the foot of the great mound forming a sort of vestibule, which opened on the staircase leading from the second to the third platform from the base

1 .

The debris above the

quarter,

owing

stages of brick-

this face

than in any other

to the greater space offered for its

accumulation by

work would be probably more extensive* on

the receding platforms, and excavation therefore would be more laborious; but, judging from the single precedent of Muglieir,

have been the case when he visited the mound, but present no such fragments exist. 1

The

I

t

would

can confidently assert that at

outline of this vestibule is conjectural!)’ laid

the N.E. profile of the temple.

it

down

in

my

restorat on of :

17

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF B0RS1PPA. seem

to

have been along the

line of the entrance that the barrel cylin-

ders were alone ranged, which bore inscriptions of a

more general

and not exclusively appropriated to the record of one particular building; and if, accordingly, as I cannot help anticipating, the discovery awaits some future explorer, of Babylonian annals recording Nebuchadnezzar’s conquest of Egypt and Judaea, the grand vestibule nature,

and most favour-

of the temple of Borsippa, affording the best-defined

able locality at present available for examination, will be,

spot where the treasure will be

IIT.

— Proposed

Restoration of the Design of

have not thought

I

it

I

think, the

first disclosed.

tiie

Temple.

necessary in the foregoing account to give

any detailed description of the Birs-Nimrud as it existed before I opened trenches on its surface, nor, as I proceed with the narrative, will this matter occupy much of my attention. The notices of Rich, of Porter, of Buckingham, of Fraser, and of Layard, have pretty well exhausted the descriptive branch of the subject, and

may

be consulted

and compared with advantage. My own aim is rather to show in how far my operations have verified the conjectures of my predecessors, or have resulted in novel discoveries; and I accordingly proceed at once to explain the restoration which I would propose for the design of the edifice.

On

returning to

my

survey of the works,

I

mound, after my first were certainly six or seven

tent at the foot of the reflected that there

distinct stages to be recognised

from the foundation platform to the

The marked difference of colouring had and I was soon after struck with the pressed me

summit.

;

the colour black for the

seemed

to be the sixth , 1

first stage,

also forcibly im-

coincidence, that

red for the third, and blue for what

were precisely the colours which belonged

to

and sixth spheres of the Sabtean planetary system, reckoning from the outside; or, which is the same thing, were the colours which appertained to the planets Saturn, Mars, and Mercury, the

first,

third,

by whom those spheres were

respectively ruled.

had obtained no indication whatever at that time of a planetary design in the construction of the temple, from inscriptions or from other sources; but still it occurred to me that this agreement of numbers and colouring could hardly be accidental. Subsequently, I found from the I

cylinder record that the temple

was dedicated

to “ the planets of the

1 Observe that the numerical series now proceeds from the base, and that this order will be maintained throughout the subsequent description.

VOL. XVII.

C

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

18

and

seven spheres

wo

that

I

announce

it

;

OR

therefore now, as an established fact,

have, in the ruin at the Birs, an existing illustration of the

1 seven- walled and seven-coloured Ecbatana of Herodotus, or what

may

we

term a quadrangular representation of the old circular Chaldsean

There is some difficulty with regard to the seven two reasons firstly, because we do not know the exact chromatic scale of the ancients; and secondly, because the colouring, in some of the stages, was probably merely external, and the original

planisphere. colours, for

:

surface of these stages has not been exposed.

the ordinary arrangement of

known

Following, however,

the planetary colours, and the well

order of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sol, Venus, Mercury, and the

Moon,

I will

Upon

2 to explain the design of the temple.

now endeavour

a platform of crude brick, raised a few feet above the

and belonging to a temple which was erected probably in the remotest antiquity by one of the primitive Chaldaean kings, Nebuchadnezzar, towards the close of his reign, must have rebuilt seven alluvial plain,

distinct stages, one

upon the

other, symbolical of the concentric circles

and each coloured with the peculiar tint which The lower stage was 272 feet square belonged to the ruling planet. and twenty-six feet high ; and it was thickly coated with bitumen, to represent the sable hue which was always attributed to the sphere of of the seven spheres,

The

Saturn.

walls of this stage are

still

standing in a perfect state of

feet square,

The second stage, which belonged to Jupiter, was 230 and, by measurement, also twenty-six feet high, the platform

in front, or

on the north-eastern face, being thirty-feet in width, while

'preservation.

that at the back, or on the south-western face,

was only twelve

feet.

the two other faces the platform was of equal dimensions, mea-

On

my impression, derived from numerous points seem to me conclusive, that Herodotus could never have visited Babylon in person. His description of the city was, I believe, entirely drawn from the statements of Persian travellers whom he encountered in Syria and in Asia Minor; and these statements, which were probably not very clear or accurate at first, were certainly not improved by being retailed to the Greeks at second '

I

may

as well thus early state

of evidence which

It is thus far

hand.

Borsippa

may have

from improbable that the temple of the seven spheres at

supplied hints both for the description of the temple of Jupiter

Belus at Babylon and for the Median Ecbatana, though in reality it had nothing whatever to do with either one locality or the other. My reasons for adopting this view, which, although already familiar to the French Academy from the advocacy of Quatremere, may seem heretical to the English reader, will be given in detail in the 2

It

geographical section which I shall append to the present paper.

may be remembered

that

I

suggested, fifteen years ago, a Sabsean expla-

memoir published by the Royal Geographical Society; (See Geograph. Journ., Vol. X., Part I., p. 127). and that I there compared the colours of Herodotus with those given by Nizami

nation for the parti-coloured walls of Ecbatana, in a

in bin

poem

of Heft-Peiker.

THE GREAT TEMPLE OP BORSIPPA.

19

may

here note that

suring twenty-one feet upon either side; and

I

these horizontal juoportions seem to have been retained throughout

the construction of the whole seven stages.

what colour we are

to attribute to Jupiter.

It is not

The

very certain

bricks, forming the

second stage, are burnt to a rich red brown, nearer, perhaps, to raw sienna than

any other modern

colour.

In the ordinary astrology of

the East, the term applied to the sphere of Jupiter

Sandal-wood-colour.

word

is 'S.auhapa.Kivoi,

Smdali,

is

or

In the catalogue of Herodotus the corresponding which is usually rendered by “ orange.” I have

seen the second sphere coloured on a modern astronomical ceiling at

Kermanshah very nearly stage at Birs-i-Nimrud.

of the

Upon

same

tint as the bricks of the

second

the two side platforms (those of the

and north-western faces) of the first and second seem to have been a series of chambers abutting upon the perpendicular walls of the second and third stages. The same mode of construction, indeed, was probably continued to the summit, for it must be remembered that in such positions alone could accommodation have been j^ovided for the priests and attendants of the temple, the back platforms being too narrow to afford space for building, while the north-eastern front was, I conceive, entirely taken up with staircases and the other accessories of approach. There

south-eastern stages, there

may

have been vaulted chambers leading from these side platI have noticed the

also

forms into the interior of the mass of masonry.

discovery of one such chamber on the platform of the lowest stage;

and

it is

The

not probable that this was a solitary “ souterrain.” third stage,

measurement

to

which was dedicated

to

Mars, was found by

be 188 feet square, and again twenty-six feet high,

the agreement in altitude between this stage and the last authorizing

me, as also,

I think, to

apply the number in question to the lower stage I have mentioned, was only excavated to the

which, however, as

depth of seventeen

feet.

If there

for depicting the third stage of

why

had not been some special reason

a bright red colour,

it is

inconceivable

the builders, having at their disposal the finest burnt brick and

the most tenacious mortar, should have employed such indifferent

materials

as Libbin

notoriously so

and red clay

deficient

—materials,

which were and abutments

indeed,

in strength that buttresses

were required for the support of the wall, and an inclination even

was given

to

it

of

some degrees from the perpendicular,

destruction of all architectural symmetry.

the preference of the crude brick

natural hue with the colour which

The

to the utter

reason, of course, for

was the exact agreement of its was appropriated to Mars, the

Chaldseans, Greeks, Persians, and Arabs having all agreed in repre-

C

2

ON THE BIBS NIMRUD

20

;

OR

:

senting this planetary god as “ red,” from the ruddy aspect, no

which the star bears

The fourth is

in the

stage must have been that of the Sun,

described as “golden.”

ouht,

heavens.

No where upon

myself that the exterior surface of

the

mound

whose sphere

could

I satisfy

The

this stage was exposed.

which was heaped upon the platform of the third stage on the south-eastern face, belonged no doubt to a scries of supplementary chambers, as upon the lower platforms ; and on the debris, intermixed with walls,

south-western face or back of the temple, sufficiently cleared

even, as

think,

I

face of the wall

pickave.

was entirely broken away,

Indeed,

that of the Sun, vashalbisu,

or

— although

was

the earth

away to expose the breadth of the platform, and to show the position of the southern gorner — the I

as if with blows of the

cannot help suspecting that the fourth stage, or

was originally gilt, or cased with gold plates ( Khuraz “ clothed with gold,” according to the phraseology

employed by Nebuchadnezzar in describing his other gilded palaces and temples) ; and that it was the discovery of this fact which prompted the later possessors of the country to sink trenches along the line of the wall, and after despoiling it of its casing, to extend their explorations to the walls of the stages immediately below, in The horizontal dimensions of the search of the same rich material. fourth stage, according to measurement, at the southern corner, that

—

by subtracting the breadth of the platform, as seen at this corner, from the inferior stage, must have been 146 feet square. If the design of the original building had been perfectly symmetrical, the height of the fourth stage would have been twenty-six feet, like the two measured stages below ; and such were the proportions which I expected to find when I first began to restore the temple; but although I had no positive measurements of the height of any of the upper walls owing to the line of the trenches, which, from the base, thus far had run outside the original profile of the mound here falling within it it soon became apparent that the standard of the lower is,

—

—

—

tages could not apply to the superior platforms. indeed, of the trenches to the

commencement

— exhibiting

of the slag

As

the section,

from the top of the third stage

which formed the sixth stage a

solid

and continuous mass of brickwork, of which the lower portion was formed of bricks of a pink colour, kiln-baked, but considerably lighter than those of the second stage, rvhile the upper portion was formed admitted of no more than thirty vertical feet for of yellow bricks the united height of the two intervening terraces, that is, for the fourth and fifth stages of the temple, I could not doubt but that the

—

dimensions of the stages, from this point, were,

in

regard to elevation,

;

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPrA,

21

The pink and yellow layers are

considerably diminished.

so inter-

mingled, where the zones, as exposed in the trenches, appear to join, and generally, indeed, wherever the bricks can be

of the mound, that

it is

examined around the slope

impossible to say exactly where one division

At no

ends, or the other begins.

point, however, could I estimate

the height of the fourth stage, from counting the layers of pink bricks, at

more than sixteen

feet)

feet

;

;

about

feet (in

nor the height of the

and

think, therefore,

I

fifteen feet for

portions,

it

some places

fifth,

am

I

justified in

remains of the sixth and seventh stages is

seemed reduced

adopted

in

to

twelve

assuming a height of

each of the stages in question.

my

The same pro-

apply sufficiently well

will presently be seen, also

ingly of fifteen feet

it

or yellow stage, at less than fourteen

;

to

the

and the measurement accord-

proposed restoration of the profile

of the temple as the standard height of all the upper stages; but whether

the

numbers

and fifteen have any architectural relation whether the decrease in the elevation of the platseme astronomical conceit, indicating, in fact, the sup-

of twenty-six

to each other, or

forms refer to

posed diminution in

size

of the

interior

celestial

spheres, I cannot

undertake at present to determine.

With regard

to the fifth or

may

yellow stage, which should have belonged

—

the dimensions must have and it is very possible that one of the corners near the base may have been visible when Porter visited the mound, now thirty-five years ago, although at the present time I could not discover any trace of such an angle. Secondly, in respect to height the limits of the fifth stage are not very accurately marked, either to

Venus,

been,

I

I

note as follows: Firstly

think, 104 feet square,

1

In assigning

above or below.

it,

indeed, a height of fifteen feet, I

somewhat beyond the range indicated by the very light-coloured masonry, supposing the intense heat which was employed to vitrify the superior stage to have extended its influence for about two feet

pass

into the

mass of yellow bricks below, changing the colour

to green,

and, in fact, producing the effect of an imperfect vitrifaction. thirdly, with regard to colour is

not well defined.

blue

azraJc),

I

and

;

have found

it

depicted as white, as a light

Herodotus even exhibits

as a light yellow.

some confusion on this head, for he gives white and of the walls of Ecbatana as two different colours. that 1

Venus was

And

the hue of Venus, in the planetary scale,

silver in his notice

My own

belief is

figured in the temple of Borsippa as light yellow. 2

Porter visited Birs-i-Nimrud in 1829, and

lie

notices that the wall of fine

an angular form at a short distance down the slope of the mound from the summit. See Travels, vol. ii., p. 313. 2 Rich, in describing these bricks, calls them “ white, approaching more or less

brick presented

itself in

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

22

have already explained

I

of vitrified strata

still

It

may be

views with regard to the sixth stage its altitude,

about

five feet

forming the solid cap of the mound, and ten feet

summit belonging,

of the pile at the stage.

my

allow fifteen feet for

I

in sufficient detail.

OR,

;

same indurated

I think, to this

objected that the whole extent of the standing pile

exhibits, at present, one uniform appearance of dark, weather-beaten

brickwork, and that there

is

no trace of

having been divided into

its

stages, or having supported a superstructure

two

the large detached masses of vitrified matter,

;

but

I

reply that

now cumbering

the

upper platform, hhve most unmistakably split off from the lower portion of the pile j that this vitrified matter is absolutely the same as that of which the platform itself is composed ; that in fact we may fire which was employed to vitrify the mass to have only taken full effect towards the edge, leaving the pith of the brickwork, which now forms the base of the standing pile, almost unscathed. I suppose this stage to have measured sixty-two feet

very well suppose the

square, and to have presented a dark blue appearance, the exterior surface which

is

now every where broken away, having

one uniform mass of is

slag.

The sphere

everywhere represented as blue

of Mercury,

and there

;

is

I

been, in fact,

need only add,

this further curious

sometimes especially has been suggested, to the

coincidence in the present case, that the colour

is

described as a burnt blue, in reference, it immediate proximity of the planet to the Sun 1 The seventh stage, which belonged to the Moon, alone remains to be considered. According to my view of the regularity of the receding .

platforms, the base of this stage could have measured but twenty feet square, so that,

if

its

height were fifteen

feet, as I have calculated must have presented almost The dimensions, however, of all the stages

the height of the three stages below

the appearance of a cube.

it, it

As

above the third are very doubtful. standing pile at the summit

is

thirty-seven

the height, indeed, of the feet, if

my

scale of eleva-

tion should be correct, there will still be, after deducting ten feet at

the base of this pile for the sixth stage, and fifteen feet higher up for

the seventh stage, a remainder of twelve feet of actual masonry to be

to

a yellowish

cast, like

our Stourbridge or fire-brick.”

Arabs, too, apply the term of Biyaz,

^\_U

Bab.

&

Pers., p. 99.

The

to the bricks in question.

Norberg, in his Sabman Lexicon, after noticing the burnt appearance of Mercury from the work of M. Abi Taleb, adds, “ Sicut etiam solatus et perustus, 1

cum

ceteris planetis soli vicinior sit, a Poetis fingitur.

But

I

know not

poets, with p. 98.

to

which

what authority he alludes I

am

unacquainted.

;

Diet. Poet. Stephan., p. 393.” apparently to some dictionary of the

See the Onomasticon Codicis Nasaria,

;

THE GREAT TEMPLE OP BORSIPPA. accounted

This portion then of brickwork

for.

I

propose to allot to

may have crowned

a superstructure, or chapel, which

23

the pile, as in

the description that Herodotus gives of the temple of Belus at Babylon

—a description which,

in all probability,

was borrowed from

If such a chapel really existed, containing the “

of the god , 1

its

height was probably fifteen feet, like that of the stage

which supported

it

and three

;

the side-wall

feet of

supposed to have been alone broken

To

this site.

ark ” or “ tabernacle ”

away

may

thus be

at the summit.

return, however, to the seventh stage.

On

the front, or north-

eastern side, the face of the standing pile, about half-way up,

smooth and regular, that

I

can hardly doubt

external surface of the brick-wall of about fifteen feet, I suppose stage, distinguished

;

its

and here accordingly,

we have the

is

so

representing the real for a space

actual facing of the seventh

from the broken fragments of the sixth stage

At the same must be owned that there is no perceptible difference of colour between the supposed three divisions of the standing pile; that, in fact, the centre portion, where we have the original wall exposed, presents the same appearance as to colour as the broken brickwork above and below ; and on this head a difficulty certainly It must be remembered, however, that to obtain brick of tho exists. colour appropriated to the Moon, namely, a light or silvery green, was not possible. A casing of some sort must have been employed below, and the tapering wall of the chapel above.

time,

it

back accordingly on the traditionary description of Heroby the inscriptions, which often mention the talchlupia Icaspa, or “ coating of silver,” employed in the decoration of walls and pillars ; and conjecture the upper stage of the temple of

and

I fall

dotus, supported

Borsippa to have been thus in reality encased with silver plates, to have each had several arks or tabernacles, by the old Scythic or Hamite names which they The tabernacle itself is indicated by the same bore from the remotest antiquity. signs, which represent “ a ship,” and of which the Semitic equivalent or synonym And some of the bilingual vocabularies exhibit was Elippa (Chaldee 1

The Babylonian gods appear

distinguished in the inscriptions

t

complete

lists

:

of the names.

•

The name which thus occurs in the last line but one House inscription, in connexion with

of the third column of the great East India

the temple of the planets of the seven spheres at Borsippa, and which the proper

name

of a river, is explained

appellation of the ark of the god

Nebo

;

and

in it

is

also

the vocabularies as the special

may be presumed,

therefore, that

although the temple of Borsippa was designed and named after the seven spheres, the particular god who was worshipped there was Nebo, or Hermes, who, indeed,

was supposed

to

have the arrangement of the heavenly bodies under his particular

control. I shall quote

Borsippa.

many

notices as I proceed of the special worship of

Nebo

at

;

on the Bins nimuuj)

24

;

on.

which have now entirely disappeared. This of course is a mere conit is one to which the previous argument, and our general

jecture, but

knowledge

of Babylonian architecture obtained from the inscriptions,

gives some probability.

With regard

to the chapel,

the summit of the

pile,

which

I

conjecture to have crowned

the seventh stage being entirely covered by

it, I would, firstly, refer to the account of Herodotus, which states that the “ eighth ” or upper tower of the temple of Belus was in reality

the shrine of the god, containing the sacred bed and table of gold

would compare the tomb of Cyrus at Pasarsame general plan as the Birs-Nimrud, in seven successive stages, of which the inferior are of much greater height than the upper, rising one above the other, and the seventh

and

in the second place,

gadoe,

which

is

I

built on the

serving as a pedestal for the tomb.

The only other point which to

occurs to

it

me

to notice is in regard

the rhomboidal series of holes which transsect the entire mass of

brickwork on

its

two

faces,

and which thus cross each other at right I was at one time uuder the impres-

angles throughout the building.

sion that the rhomboidal arrangement of the channels

the general plan of the temple; that vertical

is,

and horizontal, were the same

further examination, that

I

was similar

to

that the proportional distances, in

both cases.

But

I found,

on

could not verify this identity, the distri-

bution of the channels being far from uniform throughout the building,

and the

jrroportions, indeed, of the

temple

itself

being irregular, both

as to the height of the stages and the breadth of the platforms. I

caunot, of course, positively assert for

verse channels were constructed.

They

and Porter supposes them

to

a free circulation of

and thus

building.

My own

air,

what purpose these trans-

are generally called air-holes;

have beeu designed to

in order

have assisted

impression, on the contrary,

is,

in

to

admit

drying the

that they were

any moisture from rain or dew that might percolate through the upper brickwork ; and I further drains, being intended to carry off

believe that they are especially designated in the inscription of which

by the phrase muze mie, “ exits of the waters,” the bulging of the brickwork, and the ruin of the ancient temple being attributed to the little care that was bestowed I

shall presently give a translation,

on them.

TUB GREAT TEMPLE OF BOKS1PPA.

— Inscription

IV.

now proceed

I

on

tiie

Cylinder.

to explain the inscription

upon the Birs cylinders,

hut in a mere popular sketch, such as that upon which it

impossible to enter upon the

is

many

25

am

I

engaged,

difficult questions,

both of

reading and etymology, which must belong to2 translations from a

language of which, as yet, Babylonian. it

we know comparatively

To give any completeness, moreover,

would above

all

so little as the

to

such an inquiry,

he necessary to compare together the

many

inde-

pendent documents which we possess describing the works of the Babylonian kings; as it is from the context only that we are able in

many

passages to ascertain the true meaning of certain words.

which

inscriptions to for their

mutual

I

illustration, are

India House, which

is

—

first,

the famous slab at the East

the most perfect and elaborate of all

nezzar’s records; 1 2nd, Bellino’s cylinder

Thom.

Sir

Phillips),

The

particularly allude, as requiring comparison

which

is

(now

in the

Nebuchad-

possession of

an abridgment, with much independent

matter however, of the same domestic history;

3rd, Rich’s cylinder

Babylon and Persepolis), recording the clearing out of the old eastern canal which supplied water to the great lake or reservoir of Babylon from the head of the Sura or Sippara river; 2 4th, the Senkereh cylinder, commemorating the rebuilding by Nebu(plate 0,

No.

4,

of

Sun” at Larrdk; 5th, the Birs which a translation will presently be given, describing the re-edification, by the same monarch, of the temple of the “Seven Spheres” at Borsippa; 6th, the Mugheir cylinders, deposited by Nabochadnezzar of the temple of “the cylinder, of

nidus in the angles of the second stage of the temple of “ the at Ilur,

when he repaired

cylinder, unfortunately in

Moon”

and 7th, the great Nabonidus fragments, which was also found at Mugheir, the edifice;

and which describes all the architectural -works of that monarch in Babylonia and Chakkea, with additional and invaluable notices of the early builders. 4 1 This was printed in copper plate at the expense of the East India Company, and the impressions are not uncommon. 2 A fac-simile of this inscription in lithograph was published by Grotefend

in 1848. 3

Found by Mr. Loftus

in 1854,

when excavating

for

the Assyrian

Fund

There are four copies of this inscription, two on cylinders and two on bricks, but they have not yet been published. 4 Mr. Taylor’s discovery of these cylinders during his excavations at Mugheir in 1854, is described in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XV, Society.

;

ON THE BIRS NIMRUD

26

have myself carefully collated

I

OR,

;

these documents, 1 and have

all

further consulted all the Assyrian architectural inscriptions, which are

very numerous, and generally of the same tenor as the Babylonian

my

so that I can hardly doubt

almost every expression;

every word would require a far more elaborate memoir than

of I

having arrived at the true sense of

but to prove the reading and etymology

am

For the benefit of other meantime disposed to pursue the

prepared at present to execute.

scholars, however,

who

are in the

inquiry, I give the following

which are

tions,

list

of Assyrian architectural inscrip-

well deserving of analysis:

all

—

1st,

the Shirgat

cylinders, containing, at the close of the historical matter, notices of

the repairs of the various temples in the city of Asshur Pileser

I,

towards the end of the twelfth century

inscriptions of the

North-West Palace

of Asshur-dani-bal at Calah

by ;

Tiglatli

2nd, the

Nimrud, recording the works

at

— the architectural notices

in the annals on the great monolith,

b.c.

and

in the

are found both

standard inscription

3rd, the broken obelisk from Koyunjik, one column ; which is devoted to a record of the various works executed by the same monarch in the city of Asshur (Shirgat); 4th, the inscription on the sitting figure from Shirgdt (B.M. series, pis. 76 and 77), recording the repairs of the same city of Asshur by Shalamabar, the son of the king last mentioned; 5th, Sargon’s inscriptions from Khursabdd, and especially the cylinders lately discovered, which contain a more elaborate notice of the architectural works of that monarch

of the palace

of

than

is

to

be found in the legends on the Bulls, though even in the

latter the description is given

commemorative

tablet from

in considerable detail

Nimrud (B.M.

;

6th, Sargon's

series, pi. 33), describing

the thorough repair which he gave to the North-West Palace; 7th,

Sennacherib’s inscriptions, both on the Koyunjik Bulls and on the cylinders,

which are principally devoted

ings of the famous

to a description of the build-

palace at Nineveh

cylinder (B.M. scries,

;

and

8th,

Esar Haddon’s

20 to 29), the latter part of which is taken up with a detailed account of the erection of the South-West Palace at

Nimrud. 2 part

ii,

page 263.

will shortly 1

When

pi.

to

It is to

this

enumeration of bond fide architectural

be hoped that the cuneiform text of

be published by the British

all

these documents

Museum.

(As these sheets are passing through the press,

cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar’s in the British

I

have consulted another

Museum, from the Rich

collection,

which recapitulates that monarch’s architectural labours at Babylon, and is of value for comparison ; later still I have collated the inscription on a cylinder of Neriglissar's which is deposited in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. London, March, 1856.) 2 A few only of these inscriptions. Nos. 4, 6, and 8, have been as yet pub-

— — ,

THE GREAT TEMPLE OF BORSIPPA. records, it

is

added that the brick legends and the

27 tablets,

both of

Babylonia and Assyria, often contain similar notices in an abridged form, some idea

be obtained of the enormous extent of the

will

materials relating to the particular subject of the building of

cities,

and temples, the excavation of aqueducts and the repairs of which are now available for examination. Many years must

palaces, canals,

elapse before

it

will be possible to present all this information to the

public in an intelligible form

;

but,

in

the meantime,

can con-

I

have examined every word contained in the above mentioned inscriptions ; and that there are now comparatively few names of objects or expressions which are altogether

scientiously affirm that I

obscure.

Having given which

grounds upon

this preliminary explanation of the

venture to translate the commemorative record of Birs-

I

Nimrud

now

I shall

render the inscription in English, merely adding

a sort of running commentary on the

passages in a series of

difficult

marginal notes.

The

inscription

commences with an enumeration

Nebuchadnezzar, and for

many

same

is

which occur

of the obscure terms

class.

of the titles of

valuable in supplying equivalents or synonyms

It is impossible that I

other documents of the

in

can here enter on an analysis or

explanation of these terms, which, moreover, are only of interest etymologically; but the English rendering will sufficiently indicate the

division

says “ I

and proposed

reading of

the

The

phrases.

king

:

lished

;

British 1

am

JV abu-Jcuduri-uzur,

it

“Nebo

who are this name

those of

is

Babylon ; 1 the established

names

may be

consulted at the

interested in the enquiry. is

some doubt.

subject to

still

I propose to

the protector against misfortunes,” and would thus explain

the elements of which

three

of

but the original slabs, cylinders, and obelisks

Museum by

The meaning

render

King

it

composed.

is

Nabiu, Ak, and

Pa

In the old Ilamite language Nebo had

and

(or j

but the Semites adopted the uniform pronunciation of stated in one of the bilingual vocabularies. refer to the Arabic

the term

is

to

The second element, Kuduri,

;

I doubtfully

be troubled by calamity,” remarking that, as a verb,

it

“ discomfiture of an implies the “ tribute ” imposed on a conquered

country, regarded, no doubt, as a calamity. to the troubles of war,

is

)

as * s

constantly used in the inscriptions to denote the

enemy,” while, as a noun,

ciple

^~

0

Nabu

from the root

~)'£

is

J ”r

a kindred form.

~

The

T'3 in

Heb. (Job xv, 21) applied

third element

is

to protect,” as the phonetic reading of

given in one of the vocabularies for the

:

certainly a parti-

-V 1

monogram




_5'*

l

A»

(Jjb!

^_J^L

(sJO-:)

TRANSLATION :— “ Let but

my

beloved come and take up ber abode in the mansion

of her lover,

and

shall not

with delight

thy beautiful face cause his eyes to sparkle

!

“ Or, would she but attack

my rival with

as daggers, and, piercing his breast, cause

pierced ere

it

emit

;

deem

it

to

moan, as a

flute is

am

a prey

sighing notes.

its

“ Turn not away, to grief

her glances, sharp-pointed

him

my

beauty

;

not fitting that

nor I

flee

from me, who

be consumed with the

fire

my

of

love for thee.

“

If the grace of

God favour one

a state of utter destitution, “ Tears flow from for the

my

of

may become

His servants, that man, from the monarch of the world.

eyes by reason of their desire to reach thee

power, attracts to

itself

the moisture of the dew-drops.

“ If thou art wise, erect an inn on the road of self-negation that the pilgrims of holy love

“

0

;

suu of thy countenance, by an ordinance of the Almighty

may make

;

so

thereof their halting-place.

proud and noble mistress of mine

!

with the eyebrows and

;

402

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

glances that thou possessest, what need of bow or arrow wherewith to slay thy lover ?

“ Is

it

that thou hast loosed thy tresses and veiled therewith the

sun of thy countenance in the sign of Scorpio

“I only

am

beauty deem

“ Write, 0 pen salamander it

is it

;

am

;

or

is

my

heart

a candidate for the flames, even as a

the silvery lustre of the

illumined the world

eclipsed

of her favour.

to be so, if that

it

over the face of nature

beloved should pierce

me worthy

that I

!

declare

moon has become

that the

my

perfectly willing that

let that

“ Is

Or

?

?

it

queen of beauty will

moon

it.

that has diffused brightness

the sun of thy countenance that has

1

“ If any disputant should cavil, and deny the existence of thy beauty, would not thy adorer, hovering as a mote in

convince the

“ It

is

fool, if

he had but

common

sense

its rays, suffice to

1

true that lovers do unremittingly dedicate their talents to

the praise of their mistresses Ghirily, so to offer

;

but has thy turn yet come,

thy tribute of laudation V

0

Shahlu-

’

Shahin-Gbiray, the author of the ingenious ode here given, was the

khan of the Crimea, having been

reinstated for a short time before

the Empress Catherine the Second

declared the annexation of the

last

country to her

On

own

dominions.

the occasion of the publication of this ode, a short biography

of the author must have an interest of his particular case,

is

its

own

scenes in which he took a part.

He

;

and

this interest, in

appears to have possessed consi-

derable talent and to have been distinguished

ments

;

greatly increased by the important political

but he was exceedingly

weak and

by his literary attainand was utterly defi-

vain,

and sound common sense which might have saved himself and his country from the degradation and annihilation to which the insatiable ambition of his crafty neighbour had long cient in that political foresight

foredoomed them.

may

The

recollection

of recent political events, also,

tend to give a somewhat higher degree of interest to the biography

which involves the story of how and when the Crimea became subject to Russia.

The khanate

of the

Crimea was a branch

of the western empire of

the descendants of Jcnghiz, as China formed their eastern empire.

;

403

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE. After the conquest of Persia

by a subsequent dynasty,

khans of the house of Jenghiz remained

modern Russia

half of the

in

three khanates,

those

southern

Europe, with an indefinite frontier to

These dominions became divided into

the east of the river Volga. viz.,

the western

in possession of the

of Kazan, Astrakhan,

and the Crimea

though, from their families being related, the reigning princes some-

For a long

times passed from one to the other of the three thrones.

period their yoke lay heavy on Russia, from whose dukes they exacted

homage and

tribute,

and whose

territories

hesitation or delay occurred iu the

payment

they devastated whenever of either, as also in their

not unfrequent wars with one another.

Kazan

first,

and Astrakhan afterwards, had become, however,

in

Russia before Peter the Great introduced his

their turn, subject to

But, as the khans of the Crimea had voluntarily declared

reforms.

themselves vassals of Turkey shortly after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Sultan,

Muhammed

the Second, this khanate

had remained comparatively great and powerful, making felt in

Russia, in Poland, in

Hungary, and even

its

iu Austria.

sword

One

of

by the forces Sweden would

the khans assisted in the humiliation of Peter the Great of the

have

The

so

Grand

which Charles the Twelfth

Vizier,

much

of

desired to see changed into captivity or total destruction.

territory of the khanate stretched from the

which divided

it

banks of the Pruth,

from Moldavia, to those of the Don, with a varying

frontier to the north,

and including the steppes which

lie

between the

lower Don, the Caspian, and the Caucasian mountains of Circassia.

Important military positions were, however, occupied by Turkish fortresses

Crimea

on the rivers

of these territories,

and on the shores of the

itself.

For a long while previous

to the events recorded in the following

biographical sketch, the khans of the Crimea had ceased to live at

Baghcha-Seray, their capital, and had established their residence at

Kichenev (Koshan),

in Bessarabia.

lieutenant of the khan,

still

A

dignitary called the kalgha, or

abode at Ak-Mesjid.

personage in the hierarchy of the khanate, and the

He was officer

the second

next in dig-

him was designated the nuru-’d-din. They were always members and were appointed by him as he pleased. The reigning family of these Crimean descendants of Jenghiz, had, several centuries, borne the surname of Ghiray. The reason given

nity to

of the khan’s family,

for

by the native

historians for the assumption of this name,

is, that it was a young princes out to be nursed during infancy and childhood, with one of the nomade tribes of the nation. One of these was the tribe of Ghiray. A prince who had

custom among the Tatars

to put their

404

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

thus been nurtured

by

the Gbiray tribe,

became khan, and

his foster-

father happened to return to the Crimea from a pilgrimage to Mecca,

when a son was born

at the epoch

went

pay

to

to the

favour, that the child should receive the

The old and requested,

khan.

his respects to his sovereign,

name

foster-father

as a special

of his tribe.

The khan

consented, and ordered, moreover, that for ever after his descendants

should bear the name.

The

title of

nuru-’d-din, mentioned above,

was derived from another

who had been nursed by the tribe of that name somewhat later point of time, and who was the first appointed to the dignity at its

prince, in

creation,

which was posterior

again, signifies “ he

who

to that of the kalgha.

remains,”

i.e

,

This word kalgha

the dignitary left in charge, as

regent, for the internal administration of affairs during the khan’s

absence in the sultan.

The

nuru-’d-din,

pursuance of commands received from the

in

field

office

was

an earlier epoch than that of Crimea had become connected with the

instituted at

but after the

Turkish empire.

Having premised thus much Crimea,

we

as to the ancient relations of the

proceed to mention that the war between Russia and

Turkey which ultimately led

to the annexation of that peninsula to

her dominions by the Empress Catherine the Second, and which brings

our author, Shahin-Ghiray on the scene, was declared by the Sultan against Russia in the year 17G8, on account of the proceedings of this latter

power

in respect of

Poland, of her constructing a

new

fortress at

Orel, of her intrigues with the inhabitants of the plains of the

Kuban,

and with those of Moldavia, Montenegro, &c. As before mentioned, the khans of the Crimea had long ceased to keep their court in the peninsula, and Russian gold, promises, and influence had already procured for the Empress numerous partisans in that part of the khan’s dominions.

When,

therefore, the

Turkish general, Ibrahim Pasha,

wished to proceed from Kaffa to the defence of Perekop, he met with the greatest obstacles on the part of the local authorities,

who

wilfully

neglected to prepare for him the necessary means of transport, carts, camels, &c.

Out

of his

own means

lie

at length

managed, however,

to

procure a very insufficient quantity, and was thus enabled, by causing these to

make

several journeys across the country, to

to the critical point in time to enconnter the Russians in

their first attack

on Perekop

in 1770.

move

his forces

and defeat them

This success caused the

Tatars to incline again to their old allegiance

;

but the

fit

was of

short duration, as the disasters which befel the Sultan’s forces in the

Danubian provinces soon induced the cause.

fickle race to desert the losing

405

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

However, at the commencement of hostilities, Krim-Ghirav, who was then the khan, and a soldier of dauntless courage, as well as of consummate skill in handling irregular troops, and of inflexible severity in repressing their unsanctioned excesses, led a vast array of

Tatar horsemen into the southern confines of Russia, and laid waste a large extent of country.

The celebrated Baron de Tott accompanied

and conceived a high opinion of the khan. The baron’s suspicions were aroused respecting a certain Greek physician, this expedition,

named

Siropulo,

who was

the medical attendant of the khan, and

who

had been bribed by the Prince of Wallachia. De Tott strove to put the khan on his guard against this man, but in vain; and shortly after his return

from his mission of devastation, the prince

fell

a victim to

the poison administered by Siropulo, in March, 1769.

Krim-Ghiray was succeeded by Devlet-Ghiray, who was present with the Turkish army in Bessarabia and

to the east of the

during the unfortunate campaign of 1769,

by the

Russians.

when

Dneister

Clioczim was taken

In consequence, he was dismissed from his dignity

on the 2nd March, 1770, and Kaplan-Ghiray named to succeed him.

Kaplan-Ghiray was present at the battle of Kartal, or Kaghul, gained by the Russians on the 1st of August, 1770, over the Grand Vizier, near the Danube, and in the vicinity of Isakchi.

He

afterwards under-

took to protect the fortress of Isma’il, but that fortress

fell also.

This

was about the time when a separate Russian army attacked Perekop and was defeated by the Turkish general, Ibrahim Pasha, as above mentioned.

We

then find

it

related that

Kaplan-Ghiray went

the Russians had thus possessed themselves of

to the Crimea, as

all his territories

out of

The Nogay Tatars had already openly declared for Russia ; and when Kaplan-Ghiray arrived at his capital, he gathered the chiefs of his people together, informed them of the reverses of the Turks, as also of the defection of the Nogays, finishing by propounding the opinion that the best course for them all to take, was to sign a declaration of allegiance and send it to the Empress, under whose sway they might hope to live in peace and prosperity. The advice was accepted, and the declaration having been drawn up, Kaplan-Ghiray signed it first ; the others were engaged in collecting signatures to it, when intelligence arrived that the Sultan had appointed SelimGhiray to the dignity of khan, and that a special messenger waited at

its

boundaries.

Kaffa

to

conduct the deposed prince to Constantinople.

This incident

caused the postponement for the moment of the treacherous design upon

which the Tatar

chiefs

were now generally bent.

Selim-Ghiray made his appearance

in

due time, and, proceeding

to

406

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

Baghcha-Seray, gave himself up for the moment to a

and vaiu

As

display.

life

of pleasure

soon, however, as he received intelligence that

was

the Russians were preparing for another attack on Perekop, he

seized with a jealous desire to secure for himself the gloiy of repulsing

Without waiting

them.

who had returned what

lected

to concert measures with the Turkish general,

Kaffa to hasten preparations, Selim-Ghiray

to

forces he could,

On

beleaguered place.

and advanced at once

his approach, a considerable portion of the

garrison marched out towards the south to meet

mary honours ; aud

col-

to succour the

in this interval

him with the custo-

a body of traitors introduced the

Russians into the fortress, and the key of the Crimea was lost on the 24th of June, 1771 to his capital felt it

;

.

Selim-Ghiray returned

in haste

and confusion

but fear and treason were at work there

impossible to hold his ground

and

;

He

also.

therefore, proceeding to

The

the coast, embarked with a few followers for Constantinople.

Russians soon made themselves masters of the Turkish fortresses in the peninsula, Yeni-Kal’a, Kertch, Kaffa, Sudak, and Ghuzleva.

The Russian general now proclaimed the independence

the

of

Crimea, declared the fugitive khan to have forfeited the throne, and caused Sahib-Ghiray to be elected in his place, brother, Shahin-Ghiray, the author of our ode

who appointed

his

and subject of our

memoir, as kalgha, with another brother, Bahadir-Ghiray, as nuru-’d-

The Turkish

din.

general, at Kaffa,

making a show

of resistance,

Shahin-Ghiray went against him with a large body of Tatars, publicly declared that they had

made terms with

the Russians, and requested

the pasha to withdraw peaceably from the Crimea on pain of having the Tatars against forces

pasha,

him

also.

On

learning this, numbers of the Turkish

abandoned the general and went on hoard

who was

the special titulary

ship.

commandant

The subordinate

of Kaffa, Kertch,

and

Yeni-Kal’a, and was jealous of his commander-in-chief, also withdrew

with his troops and landed at Sinope, in Asia Minor.

The pasha,

still

determined not to abandon his post, was attacked and beaten on the I3th of July, 1771, and sent prisoner to St. Petersburgh. On the other hand, Selim-Ghiray, having reached Constantinople, was, after a while, formally deposed as wanting

in

capacity, and

Maksud-

Ghiray named to the vacant dignity. He, too, appointed his own kalgha and nuru-’d-din, who were all present in the camp of the grandA double set of dignitaries was thus called into vizier at Shumla. in the Crimea being the nominees of Russia, and the one set existence, others, representing their ancient

and legitimate suzerain, were pre-

pared to re-occupy the continental dominions of their race as soon as the

war should

cease.

407

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

During the following autumn and winter, negotiations were carried first for an armistice, and

on between the two camps on the Danube,

Russia demanded that the Tatars should be declared

next for peace.

independent, and that the fortresses of Kertch and Yeni-Kal’a should

The Turkish

remain in her hands as guarantees of that independence.

Government, however, refused to agree Certain matters remained unsettled,

to those terms.

between the Russians and

too,

To

their proteges, the Tatars in the Crimea.

might be found

possible,

to St. Petersburgh,

the nation.

obtain such terms as

Sakib-Gkiray sent bis brother Skakin-Gkiray

accompanied by a number of chiefs aud notables of

There, a compact was drawn up stipulating that, in the

event of peace being concluded between Russia and the Sultan, the

Tatar nation would acknowledge

Ghiray was induced notables

refused

forego

to

subject to the Empress.

itself

this paper,

to sign

They

independence.

their

St. Petersburgh in disgust, leaving

Skakin-

but the Tatar chiefs and quitted

Shahin there, and returned to com-

municate the terms which had been proposed

These tidings exasperated the nation

for their

in the highest

acceptance.

degree; but, as

all

the fortified places were in the hands of the Russians, they could

only wait in hopes that a return of peace between the two empires

would rid them of Skaliin-Gkiray

their

left St.

now

hated liberators.

Some time

after,

Petersburgh with the intention of returning to

the Crimea, but the exasperation of the people against him was so

strong that his friends dissuaded him from the attempt.

even procure an interview with his brother, the khan

;

He

could not

but was con-

strained to remain at Pultowa until the conclusion of peace.

In the ensuing campaign of 1773 on the Danube (the whole of 1772

having passed in

fruitless negotiations),

Bakht-Ghiray, were unsuccessful

marked preference over the

;

Maksud-Gkiray and his kalgka,

but the latter having gained a

titular khan,

Maksud

quitted the

camp

of the grand vizier in disgust.

In 1774, again, although Bakht-Ghiray served faithfully, the Turkish arms, under their various generals, were,

on the whole, extremely unfortunate

army under

;

and

at length, their principal

the grand vizier, being shut up in the intrenched

camp

of

Shumla, while the Russians occupied the whole of the open country between the Danube and the Balkan mountains, overtures for peace

were made, and on the 21st which,

among other

of

July the treaty of Kaynarja was signed,

secured the independence of the Tatars of the Crimea, of Bessarabia, and of the Kuban, as well as the stipulations,

possession of the fortresses of Kertch

sovereignty. for

Turkey

in

and Yeni-Kal'a by Russia

in full

Devlet-Gkiray had, however, been named generalissimo the Crimea ; he had departed on this expedition, raised

;

408 the

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

Nogay

Tatars and Circassians, landed in the Crimea, and

made some

progress in gaining over the inhabitants to the cause of their former suzerain, when orders arrived from Constantinople for him to desist from further endeavours, in consequence of the peace that had been

signed.

In the autumn of the same year a deputation of Tatar chiefs from the Ciimea

came

to Constantinople to request that they might be again

recognized as subjects of the Sultan, and that the khan, Sahib-Ghiray,

should be confirmed in his dignity as the representative of the ancient suzerain.

the

new

was

It

treaty

;

felt

but

it

that the request was contrary to the terms of was hoped that Russia would not object to the

acknowledged as the

Sultan’s being

but, as such, permit

him

spiritual chief of the

to send the usual

Sunni world,

diploma and congratulatory

Application was made in this sense to the Russian Romanzow, who, perceiving therein the germ of that anarchy among the Tatars, which would inevitably lead to the annexation of their country by the Empress, at once agreed to the proposal, and Sahib-Ghiray was forthwith acknowledged by the Sultan as khan of the Crimea, his letters of spiritual investiture being sent to him by a dignitary from Constantinople. letter to the

khan.

field-marshal

In 1775, however, Sahib-Ghiray arrived unexpectedly at Constan-

and complained that Devlet-Ghiray had again raised the

tinople,

standard of sedition, and incited the Tatars to rebellion against him od

was a creature of Russia, and that their independence was not a matter of their own choice. Before long, two brothers of Devlet-Ghiray, whom he had named respectively his lcalgha and nuru’d-din, came also to Constantinople with a numerous suite of Tatar the plea that he

and princes, as a solemn deputation, to explain that the nation was altogether dissatisfied with the clause of the treaty which gave their fortresses to Russia, and with Sahib-Ghiray, in whose time so many indignities had been inflicted on them by the invaders also, that Sahib-Ghiray, becoming aware of the public ill-will towards him, chiefs

;

had

fled,

leaving the throne vacant

tation of the people,

commands

had consented

of the Sultan could be

;

that Devlet-Ghiray, on the invi-

to act,

pro

lem., as

khan, until the

made known, he having on a former

occasion been honoured with that dignity; and, finally, that unless the

Russians should entirely evacuate the country, the population were

determined Majesty,

On

to

emigrate to such part of the Sultan’s dominions as His

in his

clemency, should designate.

the arrival of this deputation, Sahib-Ghiray requested to be

allowed to

retire into private life.

and a pension, with an

estate,

He selected Rodosto as

having been assigned

to

his residence

him

there, he

409

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE. lived in the environs for

upwards of thirty years, and died

at Chatalja

in 1822.

The events here narrated were the occasion of much angry disGovernment and the Russian ambassador. The former, to mark their determination, sent to Devlet-Ghiray the diploma of investiture as Khan of the Crimea. The Russians, however, were far from idle. They were taking measures to gain partisans

cussion between the Turkish

among

the Tatar chiefs, and were gradually completing their pre-

parations for the execution of their ultimate object, the seizure and

incorporation of the Crimea in their

Upon

military force to seize his person. resistance,

and,

quitting

the

own

They

territories.

raised

Khan, and eventually sent a large

seditions against Devlet-Ghiray

this

peninsula,

he could

sailed

offer

no further

Constantinople.

to

Arrived there, he was, after a while, sent to reside on an estate at

Yiza

in

On

Rumelia, where he died in 1780. the

of

flight

Devlet-Ghiray, the influence of Russia was

exerted to procure the election of Shahin-Ghiray to dignity, who,

as a negotiator

had been sent

will be recollected,

it

by

who had shown

the vacant

to St.

Petersburgh

former khan, Sahib-Ghiray, and

his brother, the

himself to be an easy tool in the hands of the

Empress’s ministers.

He was

accordingly elected khan

the Russians placed a kind of resident at his Court,

;

upon which

who became

his

by whose advice he sent a deputation to request that the Empress would deign to take the

principal counsellor, and St.

Petersburgh, to

Crimea under her special protection.

by which Catherine accepted the acknowledged himself her

commenced the

A

convention was entered into

protectorate,

In

vassal.

construction of some

new

and Shahin-Ghiray

consequence, fortifications

the

Russians

between Kertch

and Yeni-Kal’a, intelligence of which reached Constantinople at the same time as the customary deputation which came to notify the election of the

new khan, and

to request that his letters of investiture

him from the Sultan. The Turkish Government, looking upon the

might he transmitted

to

acts of Russia as infringements of the independence of the Crimea, refused to acknow-

ledge Shahin-Ghiray, and

named

the former khan, Selim-Ghiray, as

the Sultan’s spiritual representative in the peninsula.

Selim set out

to take possession.

The Russians had now begun

to subject the Tatar youth of the laws of the conscription, and to quarter their troops upon Tatar families without regard to the customs which preserved the

Crimea

to the

women’s apartments

inviolate.

These acts

drove the

people

to

410

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

desperation.

They assembled tumultuously, beseiged

the bouse of the

Russian general, vociferating that they wished him and his troops to quit their country,

him.

and

take his nominee, Sbahin-Ghiray, with

to

Furious encounters ensued

;

blood flowed on both sides, and aid

was asked from the Sultan by the Tatars, who now

bitterly repented

of having allowed themselves to be beguiled.

was resolved at

It

Constantinople to send at once a few ships of war and a few thousand troops to watch affairs in the Crimea Asia, matters were put on a

appear resolved to proceed addressed to

all

war

;

and, both in Rumelia and in

footing, for fear that Russia should

A memorandum

to extremities.

was

also

the friendly Powers, calling their attention to the

unwarrantable interference exercised by Russia

in the

Crimea, in direct

contravention to the independence of that country.

Russia was then in great

difficulties

not for a day from her machinations

;

and, although she desisted

among

the Tatars, Catherine

deny the existence of the convention which conferred the protectorate upon her, and to explain away the instructed her ambassador to

remaining subjects of complaint, while he continued to urge the request that the Sultan should confirm Shahin-Ghiray in his spiritual dignity.

On

more

the arrival of the Turkish squadron, and

especially on

the landing of Selim-Ghiray, the Russians introduced more troops into

the Crimea for the apparent protection of their

nominee, Shahin-

Ghiray, but in reality to possess themselves more and more of the strongholds

They were attacked by

of the country.

rowski was ordered to

;

he came to put down resistance

and then

Tatars,

it

to the rightful

Much

fighting ensued

weak

to prevail against the other party

;

the

was that General Prosoadvance with an army, still proclaiming that

exactly as Russia had wished

khan, Shahin-Ghiray.

but Selim-Ghiray and bis adherents were too

and the Russian bayonets and

he found himself compelled

artillery, so that at length

to the Crimea, and, returning to Constantinople,

to bid adieu

he died about eight

years afterwards at his paternal estate in the neighbourhood of Yiza, in Rumelia.

Again the Russian ambassador made a request that the Sultan should recognise the validity of Shahin-Ghiray’ s election as khan, and

send him the necessary letters of spiritual investiture.

Government was obdurate

;

The Turkish

and as Catherine had now surmounted

several of her difficulties, she authorized her representative to

the convention of the protectorate, and declare that she to act

upon

it.

Thereupon Turkey gave orders

to

avow

was prepared complete the

411

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

preparations for war, and was on the very point of proceeding to open hostilities,

when, by express instructions from his Court, the ambas-

sador of France offered his mediation in the quarrel.

Long

discussions

and angry recriminations followed ; but ultimately the counsels of France prevailed, and in 1779 the Convention of Aynali-Kavak was signed and ratified, which provided, among other things, that Russia should

withdraw

months

;

that,

her troops

all

when

from

the

Crimea

within

three

the Crimean authorities should notify that the

Russians had entirely retreated beyond Perekop, and should send a deputation to ask, in the manner agreed upon, for the usual confirmation,

the Sultan should grant the letters of investiture to

Ghiray

;

and furthermore,

Shahin-

that, in case of future disturbances

among by

the Tatars, the necessary steps should be taken in conjunction

Russia and Turkey, consulting the other.

nothing

Soon

being

after,

done by

one party without

the deputation arrived to

demand

the letter of investiture for Shahin-Ghiray, and a high Turkish functionary

was despatched with

it,

agreeably to

the usual form of

ceremonial.

In 1781, Shahin-Ghiray having pushed the display of his Russian tendencies to an imprudent length, having issued a proclamation for

the suppression of confiscation

religious

all

and charitable

institutions

and the

and property by which they were sup-

of the estates

by which young men of the nation were forced to enter the army, and having caused a number of persons to be publicly executed who had raised their voices against these innovations, a conspiracy against him was formed, and his two brothers joined in it. When their measures were complete, they attacked the khan’s palace, and Shahin-Ghiray, finding ported, having given strict orders for a kind of conscription

the

himself without support, fled to the sea-coast, where he embarked.

The Tatars immediately elected his elder brother, Bahadir-Ghiray, as khan in lieu of the fugitive prince, and the new ruler named his third brother, Arslau-Ghiray,

diately

communicated

as

bis kalgha.

officially to

customary request made for the

name

of the

new khan.

These events were imme-

the Turkish Government, and the

letter of investiture to

be sent in the

Prince Potemkin, the Russian general at

Yeni-Kal’a, was also unofficially informed of what had taken place.

Shahin-Ghiray, however, had also sailed to Yeni-Kal’a, and his

own statement

to the

made who immediately placed These were manned by Russian

Russian general,

about a dozen ships at his disposal.

and Tatar adherents of Shah in, and were sent the Crimea to collect signatures to a petition general to put

down

to the various ports of

calling on the Russian

the rebellion and reinstate Shahiu on the throne.

412

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

They were

also ordered to blockade the coast,

and put a stop

maritime commerce, seizing whatever might belong

to the

to all

party that

had usurped the government. Immediately that the proceedings of these cruisers became known

Government protested against them

at Constantinople, the Turkish

as

a direct and flagrant violation of the principle of the convention

To these complaints

lately concluded.

the answer

was returned from

Russia that, rather than suffer Shahin-Ghiray to be thus dispossessed

Empress was ready

of the throne, the

was enabled

to

recommence

hostilities.

entered into an alliance with Austria.

Government was forced

to refrain

She

she had just

to hold this decisive language, because

In consequence, the Turkish

from acting, though

it

continued to

protest against the arbitrary jmoceedings of Russia.

Meanwhile

positive orders were sent to the general to reinstate

The Russian

Shahin-Ghiray.

forces

were again marched into various

towns and places of the Crimea, and Prince Potemkin himself following shortly afterwards to Baghcha-Seray, overturned the

and replaced Shahin on the throne. Bahadir-Ghiray, to be cast into prison

new government

Shahin caused ;

his

brother,

and, instigated thereto by the

Russians, sent to the Turkish Pasha of Oczakoff to

demand

the cession

of that fortress as having anciently belonged to the khanate of the

Crimea.

The Turkish Government now for eventualities,

Catherine, however,

of war.

termed a bribe

fairly took the

without a wish to hasten the

in

by her

cajoleries,

money, having succeeded

in

alarm and prepared

by a declaration and by what may be attaching the King of

crisis

saw that the occasion was favourable for the completion of her long-cherished scheme of annexing the Crimea to She resolved to take advantage of the slightest her dominions, pretext that might offer, and her functionaries were not long in

Sweden

to her interests,

finding one.

The Turkish Pasha

of Circassia,

and,

at that

time,

of Soghujak, a fortress on the coast

the head-quarters

of the

Turkish

establishments on those shores, had sent one of his officers with a

Taman, situated on the Asiatic side of the The Russian general compelled Shahin-Ghiray send a messenger to demand the withdrawal of this force, on the

small

detachment

strait of

to

plea

that the

quently,

to

Yeni-Kal’a.

country depended on the Crimea, and

Turkey had no

right to hold a post in

that,

the territory.

conse-

The

Turkish subaltern foolishly and unjustly caused the messenger to be put to death, thereby giving tbe Russians the very pretext they desired.

They obtained from Shahin-Ghiray a forced requisition to Taman of the presence of the intrusive

clear his dependent territory of

413

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE. Turkish

forces,

and

to inflict a

due punishment on the murderers of

same time, under pretence that Turkey was threatening the Crimea, the Russian generals were ordered to occupy with their forces the principal posts in the peninsula. Prince Potemkim established his head quarters at Kara-Su, at which place he convened an assembly of the principal Tatar chiefs and princes. He then informed them that the independence of their country was at an end, and that they must henceforward look upon the Empress as their his messenger.

At

the

sovereign, and take the oath of allegiance to her so,

and chose

to

remain

in

;

that those

who

did

the country, would have the free and public

exercise of their religion, while those

who

preferred

allowed to leave and go where they would.

it

would be

Similar scenes were

enacted in

all the chief towns. Thousands ot families fled to Turkey. body of about 10 000 took the route overland to Kil-burun, in order to pass over to Okzakoff. From want of boats they were forced to encamp for several days ; and the Russians, in order to establish a

A

quarrel with the Turkish governor of that fortress; went so far as to send

him a demand

for a

cattle of these fugitives in their

heavy indemnity

for the grass

which the

had eaten, and for the bushes they had burnt

passage across the uninhabited steppes of their

own

country,

from which they were being driven. Sliahin-Ghiray

now saw

clearly,

when

too late, the true nature of

the Empress whose tool he had so long been. his presence

in

He was

informed that

the Crimea was no longer wanted, as the country

would henceforward be administered in Catherine’s name by her own officers. To soothe him, however, and quell all idea of opposition on annual pension was conferred upon him, and a

his part, a splendid

was assigned to him in Russia, to which he was forthwith removed. To give a show of reason to these transactions in the eyes of

suitable place of abode

Europe, Catherine, though no single act of warfare or of reprisals bad yet occurred on the part of Turkey, published a long manifesto, in which she threw all the blame on the Sultan’s Government, and announced to the world that, to indemnify herself for past losses, and also with the

definitely

plains of the tion,

view

annexed

to

prevent further disputes with Turkey, she had

to her

dominions the Crimean peninsula and the

To

the Tatars, also, she addressed a proclama-

Kuban.

promising them the free exercise of their religion, and

privileges enjoyed

by her ancient happy and fortunate

all

subjects

;

the

but

requiring on their part a similarly implicit obedience in future to her

supreme commands.

The Tatars vol xviii.

finding they were, in reality, reduced to the 2

F

same

414

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE.

state of slavery as

hereditary

tlie

Russian

soon

serfs,

preparations to free themselves from the thraldom.

penetrated

ever,

their

designs,

matured, and quenched the of

last

attacked

them

commenced

Potemkin, how-

before

embers of Tatar freedom

these

were

in the blood

upwards of thirty thousand men, women, and children, massacred

in this ruthless onslaught.

The King

of France protested against these acts as subversive of

the terms of the convention of Aynali-Kavak, the fruit of his media-

The

tion.

however, into which Catherine had entered with

alliances,

the other Powers of Europe at this period, gave her such a preponderance, that Turkey felt it would be folly to act on the provocation, and contented herself with endeavouring to complete her preparations, so as to be ready to profit by future contingencies, if favourable to her

views.

Bahadir-Ghiray had been thrown

when

Shahin,

the

Potemkiu’s bayoflets.

was deposed and sent

into

prison

by

returned to power by the

latter

But when, seven months into Russia,

later,

his

brother

assistance of

Shahin-Ghiray

Bahadir found the means to escape

from confinement and fled to the Nogay Tatars on the plains of the Kuban, where he took up his abode unmolested. Seven years later, when all hope of the Crimea becoming again an independent state, or a dependency of Turkey, was utterly relinquished, he was invited to Constantinople. An estate was conferred upon him at Rodosto, together with a suitable pension, and he died there two years after-

wards,

in

As

the year 1791.

to the unfortunate

Shahin Ghiray, the more immediate subject

of the present memoir, the pension assigned to

him was soon allowed

and he found himself the object of the scorn and Stung with this treatment, he preferred to his captors. of contempt risk whatever might befall him among his co-religionaries in Turkey, to fall into arrears,

though he well knew that his former acts could not plead in his favour with the Court whose interests he had so grossly and so blindly betrayed.

On

his arrival in

Turkey,

in

1789, he was at once ordered

to be sent in exile to the Island of Rhodes,

where instructions were

received to execute him as a traitor to his sovereign, and as the main

cause of the success of

all

the perfidious designs of the Empress

Catherine and her unscrupulous agents. Seventy years had elapsed since the annexation of the Crimea to Russia, when, in 1854, the allied forces invaded the peninsula and

commenced the

siege of Sebastopol.

The

feelings exhibited

by the

population after so long a subjugation, are a strong proof that the success of Russia in her intrigues arose from the ignorance of the Tatar

415

TURKISH CIRCLE ODE. chiefs,

which allowed them

to

he tempted by her promises, and that

Turkish at heart to the present hour.

the bulk of the people

is

wholesale emigration

still

going on, by which these Tatars are

abandoning the land conquered by their forefathers ago,

is

confirmatory of the same inference.

fortune, though

it

may

five

But the

The

now

hundred years

tide of Russia’s

occasionally meet with a temporary check,

is

by the Tatar emigration will ultimately be filled witb another race, whose ears and eyes are on the stretch towards what is as yet talked of as the ultimate prize, but which, if ever attained, will be, in reality, considered a mere steppingstone to universal dominion— the seven-hilled, sea-girt, imperial city yet on the flow, and the void

left

of Constantine.

2

F

2

-

416

Art. XII

.

— On

the Agricultural, Manufacturing,

and Commercial

By William Balston,

Resources of India.

[Read

Esq.

Qth April , 1861.]

In accepting the invitation of a friend to read you a paper on the

I

and commercial

manufacturing,

agricultural,

wish to explain that during

years

—

for

seven years

country

— my

subject,

and

is

attention

as

I

my

but a short time for learning

was devoted

almost

me

carried out with

and their

utility

in

of

India,

much

exclusively

of that to

this

knowledge of purposes, their forms and

a practical

public works, their adaptation to particular, cost,

resources

short residence there of seven

developing the resources of a country,

some confidence in my ability to speak to the purpose of these coarse and material yet important affairs important, because they affect not merely the physical comforts and enjoyments of a people, the material probut also tbeir moral and intellectual condition I feel

—

;

sperity of a

man

providing him not merely with food, clothing, and

and

shelter, but also leisure,

its

necessary adjuncts, for the promotion

of his mental

and

social enjoyments.

invitation of

my

friend, not willingly alone, but gladly, partly

my my

I

having devoted much time to these strongest passion on

have, therefore, accepted the

affairs,

any public question

is

from

but more especially as the desire to promote

the welfare of the people of India, particularly that of the predial classes, of I

whose simplicity of character, truthfulness, and honesty

have received the most favourable impressions. It

was

in the

year 1849, when public attention had been directed

by Sir Macdonald went out. I had Chapman, that I Stevenson and the late Mr. John carefully noted all they had said on the subject, and being impressed at the time with the popular, but very erroneous, idea that India was to the subject of introducing railways into India

an extremely productive country, I started with the belief that the making a railway from the sea-board to the interior would cause a great

movement

of traffic, as

tapped barrel, and So confident was

increase I

of

this,

full

and free as the flow from a newly-

largely that

I

the felt

wealth

of

the

country.

almost inclined to smile

417

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, &C., RESOURCES OP INDIA. by Mr. Bright and

at the doubts, expressed

could

he

not

successful

account of the poverty of the country.

me

taught

view,

of

on

knew more of India than I did, and that the was not a full but an almost empty one, or, to

literally, that

but altogether the

India

is

reverse

;

not an extremely productive country,

not by

any means a garden, but a

much

smaller return for the labour

semi-annual desert, yielding a

employed

point

Experience, however, soon

that they

barrel to he tapped

speak

others, that railways

commercial

a

in

in cultivation

than almost any other quarter of the globe,

the most palpable proof of which being the fact that the labour of an

able-bodied and

industrious

labourer

is

worth only 3d. per day.

This affords a just measure or criterion by which to judge the relative productiveness of the

soil

or sixteen times

its

poverty of India exports of the

and that

of India

In the latter, labour

Mississippi.

is

To

value in the former.

I will

East,

much

comparing them with the West.

as possible to that part of India

America. equal,

we

its

relative

extreme

illustrate the

give you some statistics of the produce and

purpose of being more clearly understood,

and show

of the valley of the

worth a dollar per man per day,

which

I is

For the

will confine myself as

drained by the Indus,

produce with that of the Cotton States of

The argument which

I

am

or nearly equal, force to the

about to use applies with

whole of India.

First,

then,

compare the exports of agricultural produce from Kurrachee, which is the seaport of the Indus, with that of the nine Cotton-growing viz., Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, States of America will

—

Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The last official returns show an export from Kurrachee amounting to 377, 8751. 1, from a population Florida,

of 21,0S4,67 3 2 , of

whom

about two-thirds are returned as cultivators3

,

which gives an export of 4 \d. per head of population, and 6f d. per head of cultivating population per annum. According to the American Census now published, the population in the Cotton States is 4 7,656, 164 , including 3,175,880 slaves.

assume that the exports of sugar,

In the absence of returns,

tobacco, and other slavegrown products from these tb other states and to foreign countries amounted to twenty per cent, of the produce of cotton, which was 4,675,000 5 bales of 447 lbs. 6 each, at lie. per lb., giving a money I

]

rice,

1858-9.

2

Parliamentary Return, July 25th, 1857. W. Provinces 85 per cent. ; Madras Presidency 83 1 per cent. and Bombay not shown. 3

4 5 6

N.

American Almanack, 1860. Cotton Supply Reporter, December

Mann’s Cotton Trade

1st,

1860.

of Great Britain, pp. 9, 114.

;

Bengal

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND

418

The addition

value of 47,889,53 17

makes a

total

57,467,3377

of

of twenty per

cent,

to this,

taking slave as the

This,

only

labouring population, gives an export of 187 per head of cultivators

Although

against 6§c7 per head of the free labourers of the East.

some extent on assumption, it is a the truth to show all that I wish to show

this calculation rests to

approximation India

to

:

sufficient viz.,

that

uot a productive, but an extremely unproductive country.

is

As a proof

that this argument applies with almost equal force to

the whole, as to a particular part, of the country,

need only name

I

the fact that the exports from the whole of India (1858) amounted to

only

Gd. 1 per head of cultivating population, or less than one-

4s.

eightieth part that of the Slave States.

were

much per

as

Slave Cotton States, the amount would be present,

— but

1,351,000,0007

It

maybe

superior as a labourer to the Hindoo.

able to deny that. is,

two

to three

I

—not

know

Under the stimulus of a

sufficient of

is

both to be

liberal remuneration, that

much work

do under the influence of the whip.

to

27,000,0007, as at

said that the African slave

annas 2 per diem, the cultivator of India, especially of

the north-west of India, does quite as

any negro

of India

exports

If the

capita of the whole population as those of the

as

it is

possible for

If

we

glance from

these general deductions to the particular produce of the individual labourer,

we

find

the discrepancy equally striking.

I

have here a

pamphlet on cotton cultivation written by a practical planter of Mississippi, 3 and published by the Cotton Supply Association. According to his statements the annual produce of a single labourer, with the usual assistance from

cattle, is five bales of cotton

and

six acres

worth 607, on the uplands ; and ten bales of cotton and three acres of corn, worth 1007, in the lowlands; which gives an of corn,

which

is

average produce of 807 per

produce of the most

man

per annum.

fertile cotton

producing

Compare

this

with the

district of India, viz.,

Goozerat, 4 a province on the sea-board, where the value of the crop

is

not depreciated by the want of cheap conveyance to a seaport.

According

the testimony of the late Mr.

to

Western India, which 1

is

Mackay, the author

quite in accordance with

my own

of

personal

Total exports, 1858,— 27,453,692/., from the Official Returns of the India

House. 2 3

1

anna

The

=

l^d.

cultivation of Orleans staple cotton as practised in the Mississippi cotton-

growing region. 4

It

is

— Cotton Supply Association.

stated

th's assertion,

by some that Bdrar

however,

is

is

the best cotton producing district in India;

not supported by the published prices current, which

quote the Oomrawutty cotton as the lowest quality, except one, in the market; inferiority of staple being sure proof of scantiness of crop.

419

COMMERCIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA.

knowledge, the ordinary holding of a family of five persons is fifteen 1 acres, producing 12 1. 1 Is. 3d. worth of cotton, supposing the whole of the land to be occupied with cotton, or vators, of

which about one-half

the remainder, viz.

paid to

1

Os. 3 d.

per head of culti-

the Government

as land-tax,

for 1 \d., being the scanty remuneration

5s.

\l.

is

21.

the cattle as well as the manual labour employed.

Since

was

I

in

Goozerat, in the spring of 1850, the value of cotton has risen fully twenty-five per cent., and as the land-tax would remain unchanged, the return for labour would be increased fifty per cent., that, 17s. 8d.

1 1.

is

to

per head of population per annum, cattle power included.

Compared with

that of

America what a miserable pittance it is in Goozerat would be at present !

Whilst the average produce of cotton

prices 21s. per acre, on the great cotton-field of the Deccan, in Scinde,

and the more remote

districts, it is

only about one-half this amount.

The crop is, generally, more scanty than in Goozerat, and the value is much reduced by the cost of carriage to the place of shipment. In Scinde the produce

my

is officially

returned at 50lbs. per acre, which

and the value

opinion, above the actual produce,

2d. per

which

lb.,

or

8s.

4 d. per acre, at present prices.

in other countries

is

is,

in

not more than

Sugar-cane, too,

produce 25 cwt. of sugar of a certain fixed

quality per acre of land, in India yields 4 cwt. 2 only, and at a greater cost of labour than elsewhere

the labour employed is

is

;

because

wasted in

as large as a man’s wrist, requires

Chenee or native

plant,

which

in

India the greater portion of

The exotic cane, which much more watering than the larger than a finger. The diffi-

lifting water.

is little

culty and expense of obtaining a large supply of water prevents cultivation.

By whatever

standard

it is

tested,

its

whether the amount of

exports, the value or the produce of labour, or the acreage yield of the soil,

for

India

is

a civilized country teeming with an industrious population, singularly unproductive.

After a year’s acquaintance with the country riveted

my

attention

;

and how

to

make

it

was

this that

the labour of 180,000,000

of people as productive in India as in other countries, appeared to

me

a grand, and, at the same time, an extremely simple problem to solve.

To apply a remedy, it is necessary to understand the disease and its Without discussing any of the political reasons

cause or causes.

assigned as obstructions to a higher and more successful cultivation, I will

confine myself to the

natural obstacles, 1

2

if

more immediate, and obvious,

any, in the climate and the

Western India, p. 120. Report of the Sugar and Coffee Committee, 184S, Mr. Leonard

Mr. A. Crooke.

viz.

:

the

soil.

Wray and

— 420

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND

Taking, then, the least productive province in India, a province which yields but

whole revenue of which amounts expenses of Government

temperature or the this subject I

am

1

and the

only about one-half of the

to

let us inquire

,

Scinde,

viz.,

4 d. worth of cotton per acre,

8s.

if

there

anything

is

in the

On

prevent the production of good crops.

soil to

glad to be able to quote the best authorities,

viz.

:

Colonels A. B. Rathborne, H. B. Turner, and William Pottinger. Col. Rathborne, late Collector and Magistrate of Hyderabad, in

Scinde,

writes

a

in

me

with which he favoured

letter

November,

last

:

“ There can be no doubt that the natural fertility of Scinde equal to that of Egypt

;

indeed, as far as

nearly two years in Egypt), the in

almost the same latitude

;

The is

I

trees,

geological formation in both

is

quadrupeds, birds, and the same

fully

passed

;

both

fishes.

the features in each

;

a manner almost ludicrous.

in

is

Both are

both identical.

in

soil is

could judge (and

both have about the same climate

produce the same plants and resembling those of the other

I

a petrified forest, for instance, a few miles from Cairo

There

there

;

is

a

same distauce from Hydrabad. The meyt, or washing earth; dug up near Hydrabad, has its corresponding feature in the washing earth, of precisely the same similar stratum of petrified trees

and plants

description, near the capital of Egypt,

at the

'ihe limestone hills, in the

neighbourhood of Hydrabad, are of exactly the same character as the corresponding hills near Cairo. 'Ihe baubul is the principal wood in Scinde

it is

;

the

may

of the Nile,

same

in

Egypt.

Any

one

who has

seen the mouths

be said to have seen those of the Indus

whilst the

;

rocky formation about Alexandria presents precisely the same geoappearance as that around Kurrachee.

logical

cotton

is,

I

Egypt

is,

as

believe, indigenous.

The

In both,

I

may

add,

present cotton of commerce in

you are no doubt aware, of recent introduction, and is owing its extended cultivation to the

chieflv of the sea island species,

fostering care of

same

Mahomed

equal crops in our “ In

follows

my

:

—

*

own

It

is

impossible to suppose that the

Hydrabad

Collectorate, in 1847,

that has long lain fallow, will,

yield a return of a

would not produce

it,

province.

report on the

Land

Ali.

same care bestowed upon

plant, with the

kunw ale per r

beegah.’

if

There

of

I

stated as

good quality,

are, as

nearly as

27| bushels to the kunwale, and two of the old Scinde beegahs are about a thirteenth less than an English acre consepossible,

—

quently the produce 1

is

within a fraction of 60 bushels per acre.

Report on Indian Territories, Dec. 2nd, 1852,

— Sir G.

R. Clerk.

—

.

421

COMMERCIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA. “ Under a proper system of irrigation,

needless to say, that all

it is

now bears bajree and jowree (the common might be made capable of producing sugar crops.”

the land in Scinde that

food of the people),

who was

Colonel 'William Pottinger,

Henry

fertility of the

“

in Scinde with the late Sir

Pottinger previous to the conquest, thus speaks of the natural

On

province

the eastern

:

—

bank

of the Indus,

and

branch the Pungaree,

its

the whole extent of country, from the ocean to the most northern part

by

of Scinde, produces extraordinary crops

The wheat and surpass even

irrigation.

crops in Scinde are the finest

I

have ever

those of Egypt, which country

I

have travelled over

seen,

my

in

visit to

Thebes and Upper Egypt.”

The crops

principally produced

cereals, bajree,

by

the

are

irrigation

common

and jowree.

Colonel H. B. Turner, the Government Engineer in Scinde,

who

has for several years past taken an annual tour through the cultivated districts, in his

evidence given before the Colonization and Settlement

(India) Committee, says

“

:

Wheat and barley grow extremely

well.

There are a number of

grains more particularly indigenous, such as bajree and jowree, the

anything

latter surpassing

have seen elsewhere.”

I

In Egypt the irrigated land yields from cotton, 1 25 cwt. per acre of

51.

to

20Z.

marketable sugar, and 9 1 to

per acre of

12Z.

per acre

wheat (50 to 60 bushels) ; the non-irrigated inundated land producing 25 to 30 bushels per acre. ( Vide Sir John Bowring’s Pieport, of

The

1840.)

cost

of lifting the water for a full crop of cotton

sugar amounts to from

31.

wells and lifting machines.

31. to

8s. 4 d.

wheat

2

10Z.

per acre of cotton, and is

nobody doubts

—

latently

it

follows that a

lifting,

would be worth

per acre and upwards to the cultivator of cotton and

The present produce

sugar.

If the soil of Scinde is as

—which

supply of water, free from the cost of

sufficient

from

Egypt

as that of

of Scinde lZ. 2s.

is,

as

of all crops.

too limited to affect the general

before

The

stated,

only

cultivation of

average, because, as stated

by Colonel Rathborne, “it is a Spring crop, which has to be brought maturity when the river is at the lowest, and artificial irrigation

—

12/.

attention to cultivation

and

1

2

495 lbs. at 6 d. Idem.

of

In Egypt, as in Scinde, their production

depends entirely on irrigation. fertile

and

to 10Z. per acre, exclusive of the cost

7s.

6 d.

“A

irrigation.”

fair

— Sir J.

to is

average production, with proper

Bowring’s Report.

422

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND

almost,

not quite, impossible

if

consequently

;

it

can be grown only on

land so situated as to be thoroughly saturated during the inundation

which kind of land the quantity is very small. The evidence of the authorities I have now given you — and it would be easy to advance equally conclusive proof of the latent fer-

of

throughout the peninsula

tility of the soil

established conviction, that it is

not the

it is

— entirely confirms my longclimate of India

soil or

that

;

not the want of skill on the part of the cultivator, or the want of

roads

it

;

is

not the want of lawyers trained in modes of procedure,

want of land

or the

in fee

simple

;

I

say

it

is

none of these wants

which prevents the production of good crops of cotton and sugar, drought

of any efficient The ordinary effects of any time between the months of

1

and the absence

but the

long-continued

artificial

supply of the required moisture.

,

might be witnessed at September and June ; but to see its extreme evils you should go now to the North-Western Provinces, where, in consequence of an extra this scourge

Her

month’s drought,

by hundreds a India

Majesty’s subjects are perishing of starvation

day, and this, too, within sight of the great rivers of

2 .

“ The general complaint in India, however,

1

cessive drought at unseasonable times,”

cultivation of

— p.

is,

224.

that crops are destroyed by

“ Irrigation would make the

cotton easy and independent of dry seasons,”

doubtful whether the climate in general

is

— p.

227-

“

It is

ever suitable to the successful culture of

American cotton without the aid of such artificial irrigation as may be supplied by a canal,” p. 291. “The planters seem to me to think more of climate than of soil, or rather, I should say, they find it more difficult to find a favourable climate in India than a favourable soiI,”-p. 292. Dr. Forbes Royle, Culture and Commerce

—

of Cotton in India.

“ By larger

would be improved, and there would be a much and Settlement Committee, 1858. J. O’B.

irrigation the cotton itself

production.”

— Colonization

Saunders, Esq. Questions 10,237-33. “ He (his father) varied the culture

he subjected the ground to more or less and the conclusion at which he arrived, after several years’ experience, was this, that the length of the staple and its fineness depend entirely upon the degree of care bestowed upon its culture, and upon its being irrigated at the proper time.” Cotton Committee, 1848. Question ploughing and manuring, and, at

;

last, to watering,

—

2,795. 2

F. C. Brown, Esq.

And

the great Ganges Canal.

It is asserted that the

We

famine

is

attributable

from the “ Memorandum,” published by the Indian Government in 1 858, of which the following is an extract, that “ on the 30th April, 1856, the canal had been carried so far that the water flowed continuously through 449$ miles of the main trunk and terminal branches. The extent of the main channels of distribution (rajbuhas) completed was 4354 miles, and 817 miles more were in active progress.” Estimated cost under 2,000,000/., amount expended 1,560,000/. According to the local newsto the unfinished condition of this work.

learn, however,

—

papers the scourge

is

most severely

felt

about the upper or finished portions.

“The

423

COMMERCIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA. “ For eight months in the year Colonel

W.

is

a road,”

—

so said

the House of Commons, which saying has been

in

by others of long Indian experience, implying that for eight year the surface soil is burnt up as dry as an English

iterated

months

H. Sykes

India

all

in the

road in summer.

Is

cotton, which, to be

it,

therefore, possible

grown

throughout the year, without

produce good crops of

artificial irrigation

a supply of moisturo It is evident

1

such

be profitably cultivated without a cheap and efficient

crops cannot

supply of water.

artificial

to

to perfection, require

Were

standing the existence of others,

I

this

am

obstacle removed, notwith-

confident in the opinion that

India would supply the whole of the cotton and sugar imported into

Europe, even in

the importation exceeded 100,000,000^. a year, which,

if

the course

of a

few years,

it

probably would, supposing the

prosperity of the cotton trade of this country should continue.

amount

says the

of distress,”

Lahore Chronicle, “existing around Delhi

is

am

informed, on the best authority, that the supply of water in the dry season is greatly insufficient to supply the channels now open, although the quantity running waste in the rivers is more than enough to irrigate all the land iu

appalling.”

the

I

season. My opinion, therefore, is that had the would have prevented any scarcity of food, not only the Jumna and the Ganges, but throughout the North-West; the

Doab throughout the dry

finished portion been efficient in the

more

Doab

of

so as the canal

now upwards If

it

is

it

down as Cawnpore. It is commenced (Sept. 16th, 18451.

navigated, after a fashion, as low

of 15 years since the surveys were

had been undertaken by private

capitalists

it

might have been completed

0 years ago, not as a comparatively valueless ditch, but as a fully efficient, canal. That it is a ditch only, although a very large one, is shown by Col. R. B. Smith, 1

the Director of the North-Western

Canais, in his book on

Italian

irrigation

361), in which he states that the Commissioners appointed to report previous to its commencement recommended that it should be kept below the (Vol.

ii.

p.

surface of the country, which recommendation was adopted.

Thus the

first

object

an irrigating canal, which is to get the water above the surface of the country, and one which would be cheaply purchased at a cost of 5,000/. a mile, was ignored, or as is more probable (the Commissioners were not commercial men, or civil engiof

neers, but of the military profession) overlooked at the bf ginning.

That it possesses none of the requisite features of a carrying canal, is proved by the cost as given in the “ Memorandum,” viz., 2,200/. per mile. It is said that a district once visited by severe famine does not recover for ten years (vide evidence of Sir John Lawrence before the C. and S. of India Committee, 1859). The cost of the present calamity to the public treasury will probably exceed the interest of 40,000,000/. The loss of human life, and of labour, which is the source of all revenue, will be something enormous, and can never be recovered. According to Sir John Lawrence, the Government revenue suffered in the famine of 1838, to the extent of 400,000/. in one year, in one of the divisions of the North-West Provinces, viz., that of Agra,

4,373,156.

The

which has a population, according

present drought, which

is

said to be

to the last return, of

much more

than that of 1838, prevails, as is reported, with greater or throughout a population of upwards of 33, COO, 000. effects

severe in

its

less intensity

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND

424

Although the drought greatest, yet in

it is

the

is

and beyond comparison the

first,

not the only cause of the poverty of India.

some cases good, crops of the cereals and of

comparatively

oil-seeds,

Fair,

which require

moisture, are produced without artificial irriga-

little

Their value, however, especially such as are exportable,

tion.

is

greatly reduced by reason of the want of cheap communication from

As

the interior to the sea-board.

the present cost of carriage

per

is 21.

ton per 100 miles, and the incidental expenses about fifty per cent, of the cost of carriage, the value of a bushel of linseed which

a seaport,

is

reduced

the seaport, to

carrying of

oil

9d. per bushel

Is.

is 4s.

9d. at

the interior, at a distance of 200 miles from

seeds 200 miles

first cost.

its

in

Beyond

by

this

that

;

to say, that the cost of

is

amounts to 200 per cent, nearly distance it amounts to a prohibition to cart

export.

To

the limited extent to which the railways

now

constructing will

accommodate traffic, this will be reduced to about one-half the present cost, and the expense of carrying seed, grain, &c., 400 miles by rail will be equal to about 200 per cent, of its first cost, and for longer distances will operate to prevent any export. Thus it appears that the

want of cheap communication from

all

parts of India, where

exportable products can be grown, to the sea board, causes an enormous loss to the viz.,

The only remedy

country.

the drought,

is

an

efficient

either for this or the greater evil,

system of canals.

As a

canal would

be required to serve the double purpose of irrigation and navigation, it

would be necessarily a work

of greater

it

receives the water from the river

feet or

300

feet

magnitude than any of

At the mouth

the kind intended for navigation only.

which feeds

it, it

or head

where would be 200

wide, according to the extent of the land to be

irrigated, gradually tapering

down

which would be sufficiently wide that might come on it.

to

to

a width of 40 feet at the

accommodate any amount of

tail,

traffic

For such a canal there are three essential requisites, the absence any one of which would involve a loss or reduction of profit to the supposing him to be sufficiently intelligent to avail himself cultivator of some pounds sterling per acre per annum. fully of his resources It should give an abundant supply of water throughout the 1st. of

—

—

2nd.

year.

And

The supply should be

3rd. It should give a navigable

board.

Without a

sufficient

the land would yield less

than with

free

from the cost of

lifting.

communication with the sea-

supply throughout the year, or nearly

by some pounds

sterling per

it; if subject to. the cost of lifting, the

annum

so,

per acre

expense, even at the

present value of labour, would amount to some pounds sterling per

— 425

COMMERCIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA. annum

per acre

and without a communication with the sea-hoard

;

produce would be depreciated at any distance above

the general

200 miles from the sea by some pounds sterling per acre per annum the article of cotton only being an exception. To grow crops of cotton in the greatest perfection it would be :

necessary to cultivate the plant as a perennial, and to give sional waterings throughout the dry season.

would

the value of the crop

raise

irrigated crops of Egypt, that

produce of Scinde)

is,

to

from

10L and upwards.

to

par with 8s.

occa-

it

This, in skilful hands, of the

that

best

4 d. per acre (the present

An abundant and

continuous

supply would also admit of the cultivation of the exotic sugar-cane

—as

proved

is

India 1

Egypt, and has been proved experimentally

in

— which yields 25 cwt.

of 4 cwt.

It

would

2

also enable the cultivator to obtain not only a

larger but also a second crop of grain or seed from land which

The

cost of lifting

not when

it

is

water from any existing works of irrigation

—when there water to which most wanted — would be from is

generally there

lift,

31. to

10£. 3

per acre for cotton or sugar, consequently irrigation the dry season, except for sugar

sumption of

now

and that often a very poor one.

yields but one,

the dry season

in

of marketable sugar to the acre, instead

—and gardens.

— almost

The saving

pounds per acre per year, and would admit of

its

is

and upwards not used in

is

exclusively for

of this expense

in

home

con-

would be a gain

application to all

crops.

The

third requisite which I have mentioned

As

nication with the sea-board.

is

a canal

commu-

the capital cost of an Indian caual,

and also the cost of maintenance of works would be amply provided

by the

for

profits of irrigation, the cost of carriage

the cost of boat

amount

hire

At a speed

almost nothing.

to

one horse power pair of bullocks

would be merely

and draught power, which of

in India would 2J miles per hour,

equal to a load of 64 tons 4 on a canal, and, as a

is is

more than equal

to a horse power, the cost of

carrying on a canal with towing paths would be 6s. 6d. per ton only for 2,048 miles 1

2 3

and

:

viz.

Vide Evidence of Mr. Arthur Crooke. Sir

The

cost of one watering of

wells, with bullocks at 3d.

as given by 1848, p. 55)

is

5 s. Ad.

;

an acre of land

in the dry season

per pair per diem, and

Mr. Leonard Wray

1848.

men

at 2d. per

from channels

man

per diem,

Report of the Sugar and Coffee Committee, and by Dr. Moore (Colonization and Settlement [India]

Committee, April 7th, 1859) lifting machines. 4

— Sugar and Coffee Committee,

John Bowring’s Report.

(vide

6s. 3d.,

Brunei’s Treatise on Draught.

exclusive of the cost of wells or channels and

— 426

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND

=

64 tons 32 miles

1

ton 2,048 miles.

.40 .06 .20

d.

s.

4 pair bullocks

men

2

.

.

.

.

.

Boat hire

.

.

6

6

This statement

and the present about

to

appear striking, but

Thus then the

examination. annihilated,

amounts

may

21.

cost

of carriage

which, as

cost,

one which will bear

it is

would

be almost

have before stated,

I

per ton per hundred miles per road, and

1 1.

per

railway, exclusive of incidental expenses, would be almost entirely saved, and by so

much

the value of the crop

The

would be enhanced.

average weight of crop from irrigated land would be one ton per acre of grain, seeds, and sugar

Taking a ton

it

would be more, and

as the average, the gain

by canal

much

;

less.

carriage would be

per acre nearly, at a distance of a hundred miles from the sea, even

1Z.

with a railway communication

amount increasing with

To put a

of cotton

traffic

and without

;

it

per acre

21.

the advantages of canal carriage in a strong light,

7,680,000 tons 500 miles for

of

;

the

the increasing distance from the sea-board.

all

I

assume

which for the

India,

country and population

would, if the land were more Comparing the cost of this traffic by canal with its present cost by road and railway, shows that canals would effect a saving of 76,160,000^. per annum as compared with roads, and 37,760,000/. per annum as compared with railroads; the cost of carriage being taken at the prices named before extent

of

productive be extremely small.

:

£

Per 100 miles,

7,680,000 tons 500 miles

per

per road y>

However

21.

per canal 4 d.

»>

38,400,000

rail 1Z. .

TO^OOjOOO

.

640,000

1

valuable railways might be to the general interests of

the country or profitable as commercial speculations (about which I express no opinion), it is clear they are infinitely less so than canals

would 1

be, for either agricultural or

The

navigation of Indian rivers

is

commercial purposes. so

much impeded by

shoals and other

obstructions, that the cost of carrying on them is as much, or nearly as much, as by cart. In Scinde “ the Banyans generally, and the Affghan traders altogether,

—

Letter from the Collector of Shikapoor to the Commissioner in Scinde. The Godavery, although said to be navigable for at least six months in the year, and that, too, immediately after the gathering of the cotton Vide Colonel Cotton’s “ Public Works in crop, has not a ton of carried traffic. prefer the land to the river route.”

—

India,”

p. 81.

427

COMMERCIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA. If I

am

correct in these statements,

ported by evidence, not possess

all

it

follows that

so,

introduced, which kind of canal

No

1

is

to,

will find in the notes

that they are well sup-

any works

of irrigation which do

three of these essentials must be comparatively worth-

and will become entirely

less,

and you

paper and the documents referred

to this

wherever the fully is

illustrated

by

efficient canal is

drawings.

these

The

a ground plan showing the course of a proposed canal.

continuous

red

line

is

the

first

the

or

section,

part

to

be

first

constructed, and the dotted lines the future extensions.

Nearly the whole of these two provinces of Scinde and the Punjaub are alluvial

plain, with

foot to

an average

certainly not

As

fall

from the

the sea of about one

hills to

the mile, consequently there would be very

more than one lock

little

lockage;

in fifty miles.

would be too great to would be necessary, where the fall of the countryobstructive to navigation, to pass it by a side lock,

the flow of water in an irrigating canal

pass through locks,

it

caused a rapid flow,

shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows a cross section of the canal, with embankments above the surface of the country, puddled and lined with brickwork or masonry, and a metalled towing-path on each side. The canal would be full of water throughout the year, except when emptied for repairs. The water would rise and fall more or less daily as

its

between these high and low-water marks, according the draught for irrigating purposes.

To prevent

its

to the

extent of

being run dry

it

would be necessary to fix the sills of the irrigating sluices four feet above the canal bed, which would secure a depth of four feet for navigation at all times.

The overflow

prevented by a simple contrivance,

of the

known

to

embankments would be every owner of a water-

which would prevent Through sluices in the embankments the water would flow without any lifting to the extent of eight

mill as an overfall to carry off surplus water, its rising

above high-water mark.

miles on both sides, the transverse section of the country bein°' a

matter of no importance as regards the

might be

lost

fall,

because anything that

on one side would be gained on the other.

The area

of

might be easily extended beyond eight miles, if it were thought expedient to do so, by means of short branches at intervals. The plan of supplying the canal is to throw a dam (Fig. 4) across

irrigation

the river near Mittun Kote, to raise the whole body of the water in the river to the surface of the country, at the same time protecting

dam from

inundation by embankments, as shown The water thus raised would be admitted (4^). through sluices at its head, which would regulate the supply. According to the estimate of Mr. W. Purdon, Government Engineer, in his the land^above the

on the ground plan

Report on the Rivers of the Punjaub, the minimum flow of water

in

the

428

ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MANUFACTURING, AND

river at Mittun

Kote

is

1

.51,50c cubic feet per second,

and the maximum

Midsummer nine times this quantity. Taking one-half the maximum as the mean quantity, and allowing 5,000 cubic yards for the irrigation of an acre of land, the mean quantity of water is equal to at

more than the whole of the

the irrigation of 54,000,000 of acres, or

As

cultivable land in the provinces.

it

is

proposed to irrigate but a

and a quarter of acres by this canal, or 4,500 acres per mile, would take from the river, at low flood, one-tenth part, and at high

million it

flood, one-ninetieth part

now running

only of the water

remainder, passing over the dam, would follpw sea.

waste

;

the

old course to the

its

have estimated the cost of the work as 5,000/. per mile

I

\

without any excessive pressure on the labour market this cost would not be exceeded, the construction of such works being easier in Scinde

and the Punjaub than any other part of India, or of the globe, except such as Egypt, &c.

similar

countries,

similar

work would

In other parts of India a

cost from 5,000/. to 8,000/.-per mile, according to

the character of the levels and the drainage to be encountered.

These

canals would enable the planter or cultivator to obtain as good a cron of cotton or sugar as

produced

is

iu

any country.

In speaking of agricultural products,

of India, as well as the

have confined

I

my

obser-

As regards the agriculture and commerce

vations to cotton and sugar.

commerce and manufactures of

this country,

besides other important considerations involved in our depeudence on

slave labour, they are the most important.

and

sufficient quantity,

at a sufficiently

Their production,

low

too, in

coat, to displace, in the

markets of Europe, the produce of the slave, depends entirely upon an Beside these, however, there

system of canals.

efficient

article of tropical or ex-tropical

and

of

growth which

is

is

scarcely an

not produced in India,

which the production would not be greatly stimulated by canals.

In short, a general system of such as

I

have described would iucrease

(in

value) the proceeds of labour of 180,000,000 of people ten-fold, or from 3c/.

to 2s.

6c7.

at least per adult labourer per diem, or, speaking in the

would increase the general produce of the country from 200,000,000/. (which, if I remember correctly, was the estimate of the

gross,

it

late Sir

Thomas Munro)

said, is

mere theory.

all profitable practice.

with

all

1

The

It is a

necessary materials

could build a house

;

but

This,

to 2,000,000,000/. a-year.

Sound theory in

it is

is

it

may

be

always the stepping-stone to

theory only, that a competent builder, the form of bricks, mortar, wood, Ac.,

a theory that

is

relative cost of lifting this quantity of water

based upon well-ascer-

by steam power, and by per-

manent dam, would be as under

£ 93,636 horse-power, 365 days of 24 hours, 150/. Cost of dam, &c., 2 )0,000/., interest 5 per cent.

.

14,045,400

.

10,000

,

PESHAWUR

Slriiuttjnr

MAREE

SCINDE

& PUNJAB

CANAL.

j)rm Imuul

Mum

'

LAHORE

UmbalLih

vinihtin

REFERENCES

M/TTUA/ ROTE hv/jr.’trii

(imal

/ ‘V Sfrtivn

ht/nr* JurUnsions (bntiJ in cnu/sf f crnstrnctirn

Ratlnnv

HYDRABAD

d?

d?

d?

d':

DELHI'

Country.

the

of

Surface

”

dle -

"pu'd

Country.

the

of

Surface

O'

s S ^ m to o » S .S 2 o « 5 .3 0>

g

CD

Cfl

C/3

3 d

ta< a Q ?

o-l 8

I

H M«V w

,

rt 15

'

tSSOCS

rt

M

a a

05

o

'G

S

^

a a g 2 18 a g o

gc

ui

>“H

CO

C w •

™ m

!

..

4-S

t»>

p= '

g~Z Cls M

a a A H A £ a a M

^

eo

gHP5

S

£.3 CP

D —C* 3

fl •»*

O D Soy o e d J2

JS JS So C o J Ch pq

gram

W

A • •

»-H

CO

H Ph I— w o H P$

S ', Captain C. D., H.M.’s Consul, Mdssowah, Abyssinia. Capos’, Maj.-Gen. David, C.B., Anglesea House, Shirley, South-

ampton. # Cab:xiichael, David E., Esq., Madras C. S.

*Cataeago, Joseph,

Esq.,

7,

Howard

Street, TV. ; India Office,

W.C.

Street, Strand,

+Catttley, Col. Sir Proby T., K.C.B.,

E.B.S.,

31,

Sackville

S.W.

+Chase, Lieut.-Col. Morgan, 31, Nottingham Place, TV. tCLABK, Gordon W., Esq., 7, Queen Anne Street, W. Clabke, Bichard, Esq., 13, Notting Hill Sguare, TV. Cleek, Sir George B., K.C.B., Governor of Pombay. tfCoLEBEOOEE, Sir Thomas Edward, Bart., M.P., 37, South Street

Park Lane, TV. # Comptos, T. A., Esq., Pombay C. S. fCooPEB, Charles Purton, fCoxiET, Major

M.

Esq.,

LL.D., E.B.S.

H., Castlemans, near Maidenhead.

Cbawtobd, J. H., Esq., Oriental Club. tCBAWTOED, B. W., Esq., 71, Old P road Ceosse, theBev.T.

F., D.C.L.,aS£.

Street,

H.C.

Leonards-on-Sea; Oriental Club

^ICeuttesdes, Captain C. J., Indian Navy. *tCuLLE>T Lieut.- General William, Madras Army. # Ccss'istgham, Lt.-Col. A., Pengal Army. # fCTJESETJEE Aedaseee, Esq., Pombay. *+ ete se t jee Jasisetjee, Esq., Pombay. *fCrESETjEE Bustomjee, Esq., Pombay. Cuezos, A., Esq., 181, Euston Boad, N. W. Cuthbebt, S. T., Esq., Oriental Club. *+Dadabhoy Pestosjee, Esq., Pombay. Daigeish, Bobert, M.P., Fenton's Hotel. ,

Davies, the Bev. John, Walsoken Bectory, near Wisbeach. Sir John Francis, Bart, K.C.B., Athenaeum ; Holywood,

fDAVis,

near Bristol.

|De Gbey

ast> Eipos,

the Bight Hon. the Earl,

1,

Carlton

Gardens, S.W.

# |De Havillavd, Colonel Thomas Fiott, Guernsey.

De La Motte,

Lieut.-General Peter,

C.B., 15,

Craven Hill

Gardens, Payswater, TV

Dest, William, Esq., Peckley Park, Bromley, Kent, S.E. Dest, Thomas, Esq., 12, Hyde Park Gardens, W. Dickissox, John, Esq., J un., 11, Gloucester Place, Hyde Park, W. tDiCKiNsos, Sebastian S., Esq., Brown's Lodge, Stroud.

E

6

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Esq., H. B. M. Consul, SuJcoum Kale. Donaldson, the Rev. J. W., D.D., Cambridge ; Athenaeum. Dowson, Professor John, Staff College, Sandhurst ; Wokingham

^Dickson, C. H.,

Berks.

fDRANE, Thomas, Esq., Marychwrch Torquay, Devon. IDrysdale, William Castellan, Esq., 20, Austin Friars, K.C. Dupe, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant, Esq., M.P., 2, Queen's ,

Gate Gardens, South Kensington.

Duggan, W.

Richard, Esq.,

M.D.

Earl, G. W., Esq., Province Wellesley. tt astwick, Captain ¥m. J., 12, Leinster Terrace, Hyde Pk., |1

India

IEastwick, E.

Office, S.

W;

W.

B., Esq., F.R.S.,

H.B.M.’s Secretary of Legation,

Persia; Athenaeum.

Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., Athenaeum. Edmonstone, N. B., Esq. Elliott, Walter, Esq., Wolfelee, Hawick ; Travellers' Engel, Carl, Esq., 54, Addison Eoad, Kensington, W. *Erskine, C. J., Esq., Bombay C. S. fEvEREST, Colonel Street,

Ewer, Walter,

Sir George,

Bart., F.

R.

S., 10,

Club.

Westbourne

W. Esq., E.R.S., 8, Portland Place, IF.

fFARRER, James William, Esq., Ingleborough, Lancaster. Eergusson, James, Esq., 20, Langham Place, IF. Fincham, Frederick, Esq., 9, Sheffield Gardens, Kensington, W. ||Forbes, Charles, Esq.,

Bombay

C. S.

fFoRBES, Professor Duncan, LL.D., 58, Burton Crescent, W.C. *Forbes, Alexander K., Esq., Bombay C. S.

fFoRBES, George, Esq., Bercleigh, Petersfield. +Forbes, James Stewart, Esq., 3, Fitzroy Square, W. Fox, Sir Charles, 8, New St., Spring Gardens, S. W. Fraser, Charles, Esq., 38, Conduit Street, W. [Frederick, Lt.-Gen. Ed., C.B., Shawford House, Winchester. # Freeling, G. H., Esq., Bengal C. S. *Frere, W. E., Esq., Bombay C. S. Frith, J. G., Esq., 13, Wimpole Street, W. Frost, the Rev. George, M.A., 28, Kensington Square, W. *Frter, George, Esq., Madras Army. Gallinga, Mrs., The Falls, Llandoga, South Wales. Garden, Major R. J., 63, Montagu Square, W. Garstin, Lieut.-Col. Robert, late of the Madras Army. Gillett, William Stedman, Esq., 37, Upper Harley Street, W. ||

H LIST OF

MEMBERS.

7

Gladstone, William, Esq., Fitzroy Park, Highgate, N. Gladstone, Murray, Esq., Manchester. Gladstone, Stewart, Esq., Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Goldstucker, Professor T.,14,*S7. George's Square, Primrose Hill,

N.W. Gore, Montague, Esq., Oriental Club. Goodliffe, William G., Esq., 7, Adelaide Road North, Finchley Road, N.W. Graham, Cyril C., Esq. ^Gregory, John, Esq., late Governor of the Bahamas.

+Gregson, Samuel, Esq., M.P., 32, Tipper Harley Grey, the Eight Honourable Sir Charles E.

Street,

W.

||

# Griffith, R. T. H., Esq., M.A., Benares.

||Grindlay, Captain Robert Melville.

Ghbbins, Charles,

Esq., 48,

York Place, Portman Square, W.

+Gtxest, Edwin, Esq., E.R.S., Master of Caius College, Cambridge. Hale, E. H., Esq., H.B.M. Vice-Consul, Foo-chow Foo.

*Hall, Fitz-Edward, Professor. fHALL, Richard, Esq., 92, Baton Place, S.W. Hamilton, Edward, Esq., 32, Upper Brook Street, W. Hammond, H. W., Esq., Bengal C. S. Hammond, W. P., Esq., 74, Camden Road Villas, N.W. Harden, Theodore, Esq., Heath Lodge, Abbey Wood, Kent. fHAUGHTON, Richard, Esq., 137, High Street, Ramsgate.

Haywood, G. R., Esq., Heath, the Rev. D. I.,

1,

Newall's Buildings, Manchester.

Brading, Isle of Wight. +Heming, Dempster, Esq., Bindley Hall, near Nuneaton, Warwicksh.

Henderson, James,

Esq., Oriental Club.

Hessey, the Rev. Francis, D.C.L., Addison Rd., Kensington, W.

IHeywood, James, Hill, A.

B., Esq.,

Esq., F.R.S., Athenaeum.

Clapham Park,

S.

+Hobhouse, H. W., Esq., Brookes' s Club, St. James's St., S.W. fHoDGSON, Brian Houghton, Esq., The Rangers, Dursley. fHoDGSON, David, Esq., South Hill, Liverpool. Hogg, Sir James Weir, Bart, 4, Carlton Gardens, S.W.-, India Office, S.

W.

fHoLROYD, Thomas, Square,

Hoole, the Rev.

Esq., 54,

Upper Berkeley

Street,

Portman

W. Elijah,

D.D., Sec. Wesleyan Missionary Society,

B.C.

ft

opkjnson, Major-General Sir Charles, K.C.B.,

2,

King

Street >

St.

James's Square, S.

W.

.

8

LIST OF

# Hughes,

T.

F.,

Esq.,

MEMBERS.

Oriental Secretary

H.B.M. Embassy,

Constantinople.

Hughes, Capt. F,, Ely House, Wexford. tfHuNTEE, Eobert, Esq., F.E.S., Southwood Lane Highgate, N. ,

Oriental Club.

Hutt, John, Esq., Oriental Club. Hutt, Benjamin, Esq., E. India U. S. Club. # Hyder Jung Bahadoor, Madras. * Jacob, Map- Gen. George Le Grand, C.B., Bombay Army. Jackson, John, Esq., M.D., 28, George Street, Hanover Sq., W. *fJuGONATHJEE Sunkersett, Esq., Bombay. Kate, J. W,, Esq., India Office, S.W, IKennedt, E. H., Esq., Whitechureh, Monmouth. +Kerr, Mrs. Alexander. Knighton, W., Esq., Assistant Commissioner, Lucknow, *Knox, Thomas George, Esq., British Consulate, Siam. Landon, James, Esq., 88, Inverness Terrace, Bayswater, IF. Lansdowne, the Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.G., F.E.S Berkeley Square, W. *Langwore, Capt. E. G., Bengal Army. Latham, Dr. E. G., F.E.S., Greenford, Middlesex W. +Liw, J. S., Esq., Oriental Club. fLAWEOED, Edward, Esq. +Laweord, Henry S., Esq., M.A., Austin Friars, E.C. ,

"Leitner, Gottleib, Esq., King's

Le Messurier, A.

S.,

College.

Esq., 26, Connaught Sq, IF.; Oriental Club.

Lewis, Lieut. -Col. John, 27, Dorchester El., Blandford Sq., AT. W. Lewis, Henry, Esq., E.N., Oriental Club. +Linwood, the Eev. William, Birchfield, Handsworth, Birmingham.

Loch, John, Esq., 15, Great Stanhope Street, Mayfair, W. Loewe, Dr. L M.S.A. Paris, 48, Buckingham Place, BrightQn. .,

Ludeow, Major-General J., Oriental Club. IMacDouall, Prof. C., M.A., Queen's College, Belfast. *MacFarlane, Charles, Esq., Bengal Army Mackenzie, the Eight Honourable Holt, 28, Wimpole Street, W. Mackenzie, K.E.H., Esq. 12, Newton Road, Bayswater, IF. Mackenzie, J. T., Esq., 69, Lombard Street, E.C. Mackillop, James, Esq., 11, King's Arms Yard, E.C. Mackintosh, Alexander Brodie, Esq., Oriental Club. •^Mackintosh, Eneas, Esq., 17, Montague Square, W. Mackintosh, Lieut.-Gen., A. F., 7, Tilney Street, W. Macre od, J Mac-Pherson, Esq., 1, Stanhope Street Hyde Ek., W. .

,

.

LIST OF

MEMBERS.

s

9

*tM‘NEiLL, Sir John, G.C.B., E.R.S., Granton Souse, Edinburgh. fMACViCAB, John, Esq., Manchester.

fMADDOCK, Sir T. Herbert, Union Club, Trafalgar *f a nov MF T) Allay Rogay, Esq., Bombay.

Square,

W.C

M

fMANOCKJEE

Cubsetjee, Esq., Bombay.

Kensington Palace, W. Manning, Mrs., 12a, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Parle, W. impale Street, W. fMAEDON, Thomas Todd, Esq., 30,

Mann,

J. A., Esq.,

W

Mabshman, John Clarke, Esq.,

7,

Palace Gardens, Kensington, W,

Mabtin, J. R., Esq., E.R.S., 24, Mount Street, G-i'osvenor Sq. * Mason, the Rev. Erancis, D.D., Tonghoo.

+Matheson, Sir James, Bart., M.P., 13, Cleveland Bow, S.W. Matheson, Earquhar, Esq., Oriental Club. +Mattghan, Captain

Philip, 37, Melville Street, Edinburgh.

Matheb, Cotton, Esq., Assistant Oriental Professor, Mddiscombe. Mayeb, J., Esq., E.S.A., 68, Lord Street, Liverpool ,

Melyill, Philip, Esq., Ethy House Lostwitliiel. Melvill, Col. Sir P. M., Bombay Army. *Mibza Ja’fer Khan, Teheran, Persia. Moffatt, G., Esq., M.P., 103, Eaton Square, S.W. Montefioee, Sir Moses, Bart., 7, Grosvenor Gate, Parle Lane, W. fMoos, Rev. A. P., M.A., E.R.G.S., Subwarden of St. Augustine' ,

College, Canterbury. # Moeat, Ered. John, Esq., M.JD., Bengal Medical Service.

Muie, John, Esq., D.C.E., L.L.D., 16, Regent *tMGNMOHTJNDASS Dayidass, Esq., Bombay.

Ter.,

Edinburgh.

# Mtjeeay, E. C. G., Esq., Consul-General, Odessa. # tMtrEEAY, the Honourable C. A., H.M.'s Envoy, Dresden.

*Kassif Mallouf, M., Constantinople. Kelson, James Henrv, Esq., King's College, Cambridge. Kewnhaji, Thomas, Esq., 24, Chapel Street, Grosvenor Sq., W.

*Kewton,

Charles, Esq.,

H.B.M.

Consul, Borne.

^Nicholson, Sir Charles, Bart., D.C.L., Australia. Nisbet, R. P., Esq., M.P., Carlton Club. Nobbis, Edwin, Esq., 6, MichaeVs Grove, Brompton, S.W. *Nobeis, Henry MacFarlane, Esq., Madras Army, tKoETHtrsiBEBLAND, His Grace the Duke of, Northumberland House, Strand, W. C. # +Kowbojee Jahsetjee, Esq., Bombay.

Ogilyy, Thomas, Esq., Bombay

C. S.

*Olipiiant, Lawrence, Esq., Secretary of Legation, Japan. Osbobne, Willoughby, Capt., C.B., Madras Army ,

P

10

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Outeah, Lieut.-Gen.

Sir James, G.C.B., 8, St. George's Terrace,

South Kensington, TV. * Oveebeck, Dr.

J. J., 3,

Alma Road,

Junction Road, Upper

Holloway, N. ||Palmee, George, Esq., Bengal

C. S.

||Parbuey, George, Esq.

+Pabker, John F., Esq. Paekee, R. D., Esq., Barham, Kent. Paeey, the Rev. W., M.A., Mozufferpore, Behar. # Pelly, Capt. Lewis, Bombay Army. Pevensey, Yiscount, M.P., 20, Portland Place, W. Pilkington, James, Esq., M.P. Reform Club. *Pisani, Count Alexander, Constantinople. tfPiATT, William, Esq., Conservative Club, St. James's, S.W. ollin gton, the Right Honourable Lord Viscount.

t

Pollock, Lieut.-Gen. Sir George, G.C.B., Clapliam Common, S. Poole, Edw. Stanley, ~Esq.,4