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Iron Age Artefacts in Wales: An investigation into the material culture of south-east Wales during the Pre-Roman Iron Age 9781841713373, 9781407319940

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Figures
Tables
Chapter 1. Introductory Remarks & Methodology
Chapter 2. A Review of the Literature
Chapter 3. Chance Finds
Chapter 4. Hoards: Contexts and Contents
Chapter 6. Artefacts from Excavations
Chapter 7. Conclusion and Discussion
Bibliography

Citation preview

Iron Age Artefacts in Wales An investigation into the material culture of south-east Wales during the Pre-Roman Iron Age

Caroline Martin

BAR British Series 353 2003

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 353 Iron Age Artefacts in Wales © Caroline Martin and the Publisher 2003 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841713373 paperback ISBN 9781407319940 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841713373 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2003. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

BAR

PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

C on ten t s

Ab s trac t A cknow ledgemen t s L i s to fF igure s a nd T ab le s

C hap ter 1

i i i

P age s

1

I n t rodu c to ry R ema rk sa nd Me thodo logy

C hap ter 2 AL i te ra ry R ev iew

3

C hap ter 3 C hance F ind s

C hap ter 4 H oa rd s : C on tex t sa nd C on ten t s

1 2

C hap ter 5 A r tef ac t sf r om E xcava t ion s

2 9

C hap ter 6 C onc lu s ion a nd D iscu s s ion

5 3

Append ice s .

5 4

B ib l iography

7 1

Ab s t rac t An i nve s t iga t ion i n to t he ma ter ia lc u l ture o fs ou th -eas t Wa le s D ur ing t he P re -Roman I ron A ge

T he d i spa ra te a nd o f t en f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o f a r tef ac t s f r om I r on A ge Wa le s , i n g ene ra l , h a s c r ea ted t h e i mp re s s ion t h a t t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd f o rt h is r e g ion o f B r i ta in i si mpove r i shed . T h is b ook w i l l c ha l lenge t h a t a s sump t ion a nd s how t h a t t h rough t h e c o l lec t ion a nd c o l la t ion o f m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om a v a r ie ty o f c on tex t s ; i n c lud ing c hance f i nd s , h oa rd g roup s a nd t h o se f r om e xcava t ion s , ad if e r en tp i c tu r ee me rge s . Wh i l s t t h e i n f o rma t ion p r e sen ted i n t h is b ook h a s o n ly b een c o l lec ted f r om t wo r e g ion s o f Wa le s i t of e r s an ew i n terp re ta t ion o f t h e v a r ie ty a nd v a r iab i l i ty o f a r tef ac t s a va i lab le f o rf u r the rs t udy i n Wa le s a s aw ho le f o rt h e I r on A ge p e r iod .

Wh i ls t t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re a va i lab le t o d a te m ay n o t b e v a s t i ni t s q uan t i t ie s , w ha t i sa va i lab le i so f t en o f av e ry h igh s t anda rd , i l u s t ra t ing t h a t Wa le s a tt h is p e r iod w a s n o t t h e b ackwa te rt h a t i ti so f ten b e l ieved t oh ave b een b u t h ad c on ta c t sa nd a s soc ia t ions w i th t h er e s to fE u rope . T he p urpo se o fc omp i l ing t h is i n f orma t ion a bou t a r tef ac t s i ns ou th -ea s t Wa le s w a s t o d emons t ra te , t h a t t h rough t h e c o l le c t ion a nd c o l la t ion o f d i spa ra te a nd f r agmen ta ry i n f o rma t ion j us t h ow m uch m a te r ia l c u l tu r e i sa va i lab le i n ar e la t ive ly s ma l l a r ea a nd h ow m uch p o ten t ia l t h e re i si n t h is i n f o rma t ion f o rf u r the rr e sea rch . T o

c on tac t

m e

e ma i l :

c ma r t3 @ t inywo r ld .co .uk

A cknow ledgemen t s

T he c on ten t s o f t h is v o lume c ons i s t o f ap o s tg radua te t h e s is Is ubm i t ted t o t h e U n ive r s i ty o fC a rd if f i n2 002 . T he re a r e t wo p eop le w i thou t w ho se h e lp Iw ou ld n eve r h ave f i n ished t h eo r ig ina l p ape r . T he f i r s ti sA dam Gw i l t a tt h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s C a rd if f w ho se k indne s s a nd p a t ience f a r o u t w ay s h i s k now ledge o ft h e ma te r ia l c u l tu re h ew a tche s o v e r( a nd t h a t 's s a y ing s ome th ing ) , It h ank h im v e ry m uch f o r a l h i s g u idance , a dv i se a nd h e lp . T he s e cond i sG inny N ie lsen w ho h a s h e lped m e w i th m y E ng l i sh a nd v o cabu la ry o n m any , m any , m any o c ca s ions , a nd w i thou t h e r v a lued h e lp m y w r i t ing a ppea r sa sd oub le D u tch s ot h ank sl u v .

T hanks a r e a l so o f e red t o G inny 's D an ish h u sband T o rb en w ho se c omp rehens ion o f t h e E ng l ish l a nguage a s tound s m e , t o t h e l a d ie s i n t h e A r t s a nd H uman i t ie s L ib ra ry w ho a r e t h e u n -sung h e ro ine s o f C a rd if f U n ive r s i ty t h ank s l a d ie s , a nd t o D r N ia l l S ha rp ie s f o r r e ad ing an umb e r o f my c hap te r s , t oD r R ay H owe l l a nd D r J o shua P o l la rd a t UWCN f o r a low ing m e t o u se t h e p i c tu re o ft h e L a T 6ne b roo ch r e cove red f r om t h e L odge H i l l e xcava t ion sa nd K a te S m i th ab i gt h ank sa nd w oof f o r t a k ing t i me o u t o fy ou rb u sy d oc to ra l s c hedu le t oh e lp e d i t t h is b ook a nd f i na l ly t o my h u sband K ev in w ho h a s s uppor ted m et h roughou tt h is m a ra thon , l o ve a lway s .

" T ak eh eed :y ou d on o t .f i nd w ha ty ou d on o ts e ek ."

E ng l ish P rove rb ( Unp rovenanced )

F igure s F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3

L aT ene Ib rooch , N ew ton Moo r . Af te rN a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le r ie s o f Wa le s . H a rne s s moun to rs t rap j unc t ion r e cove red f r om ah ou se i nC hep s tow Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . B ronze h o r se f i gu r ine f r om A be rca rn . Af te r S avo ry 1 952 . C u l tp i l la r made o fs and s tone . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . B ronze s wo rd h i l tf r om C ae r leon . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . S t one mou ld f r om Wo rms H ead . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . A xe f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . A xe f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e rS avo ry 1 976 . A xe f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . A xe f r om L ly n F aw r . A f te r S avo ry 1 976 . A xe f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . S ocke ted s i ck le f r om L lyn F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . S ocke ted s i ck le f r om L ly n F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 .

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2

S ocke ted s i ck le f r om L ly n F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . G ouge f r om L lyn F aw r . A f te rS avo ry 1 976 . G ouge f r om L ly n F aw r . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . G ouge f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e rS avo ry 1 976 . R azo rf r om L lyn F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . B ronze h a rne s sd i sc f r om L lyn F aw r . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . B ronze h a rne s sd i sc f r om L lyn F aw r . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . B ronze h a rne s sd i sc f r om L l yn F aw r . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . B ronze f i t t ing f r om L ly n F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 .

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 6 5 7

B ronze s t rap moun t f r om L lyn F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . B e l t f i t t ing f r om L ly n F aw r . Af t e rS avo ry 1 976 . I r on s pea rhead f r om L lyn F aw r . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . C au ld ron f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e rJ ope 2 000 . C au ld ron f r om L lyn F aw r . Af t e r_ l ope 2 000 . I r on s wo rd f r om L lyn F aw r . A f t e rJ ope 2 000 . A xe f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . A f te rS avo ry 1 976 . A xe f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . C h ise l f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . A f t e rS avo ry 1 976 . C h ise l f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . C h ise l f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . C h ise l f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af t e rS avo ry 1 976 . S i ck le f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af t e rS avo ry 1 976 . S i ck le f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . C i rcu la rr a zo rf r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . T r iangu la rr a zo r f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . C ha r io tc ap f r om C a rd if fh oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . B r id le b i tr i ng f r om T he S even S i s te r s h oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . B r id le b i tr i ng f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . A f te r S avo ry 1 976 . T e r re t f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T er re tf r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . S t rap u n ion f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . A f te r S avo ry 1 976 . S t rap u n ion f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . S t rap s l ide f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . D isc f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . P enden to fb ronze f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T r iangu la rs t rap u n ion f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af t e r S avo ry 1 976 . T anka rd h and le f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T anka rd h and le f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T anka rd h and le f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T anka rd h and le f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T anka rd h and le f r om T he S even S i s te r sh oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . T e r re tr i ng o fc a s tb ronze f r om L e s se r G ar th h oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . C h ise l f r om L e s se r G a r th h oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . C au ld ron h ange r a nd s t ap le f r om L e s se rG ar th h oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 .

F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig . F ig .

5 8 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 0 1 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 1 08

B r ida l b i tf r om L e s se rG ar th h oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . C au ld ron r i ng a nd s t ap le L e s se rG ar th h oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . I r on c h ise l f r om L e s se r G a r th h oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . I r on k n if ef r om L e s se rG a r th h oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . I r on b i l le t f r om L e s se rG a r th h oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . I r on k n if ef r om L e s se rG a r th h oa rd . Af te rS avo ry 1 976 . L a tch l i f te r L e s se rG a r th h oa rd . Af te r S avo ry 1 976 . R econs t ruc t ion o fB acon H o le b ow l . Af te r S wansea Mu seum . B one p o in t f r om B ig l is s . Af te r R ob inson ( 1988 ) . P ennanu la rb rooch f r om B ig l is s . Af te r R ob inson . P ennanu la rb roo ch f r om B ig l is s . Af te rR ob inson . L aT ene I I b rooch f r om B ig l iss . Af te r R ob inson . L aT dne I I b rooch f r om B ig l iss . Af te r R ob inson . L aT ene I I b rooch f r om B ig l is s . Af te rR ob inson . F ragmen to fL aT ene I I b rooch f r om B ig l is s . Af t e r R ob inson . P ennanu la rb rooch f r om B ig l is s . Af te r R ob inson . F ragmen to fL aT ene I I b rooch f r om B ig l is s . Af te r R ob inson . P ennanu la rb rooch f r om B ig l is s . Af te r R ob inson . B ronze n a i l c l eane r f r om C a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an . Af te r H ogg 1 977 . B ronze h a rne s sr i ng f r om C a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an . Af t e rH ogg 1 9 77 . P ennanu la rb roo ch f r om L lanme l in . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 9 33 . B ronze r i bbed b r ace le t f r om L lanme l in . Af t e rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 9 33 . H uman r ema ins f r om L lanme l in . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 9 33 . L aT ene b rooch f r om L odge Wood C amp . Af te r UWCN . R ing h eaded p i ns f r om Me r thy r Maw r Wa r ren . Af te r F ox 1 926 . L aT ene Ib rooch f r om Me r thy r Maw r Wa r ren . Af te r F ox 1 9 26 . S p ira l b ronze r i ng f r om Mynydd B ychan a f te r S avo ry 1 9 54 . P a ir o fi r on t weeze r sf r om S udb rook . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 9 39 . L aT ene I I b rooch f r om S udb rook . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 9 39 . B rooch f r om S udb rook . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 939 . B rooch f r om S udb rook . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 939 . B rooch f r om S udb rook . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 939 . B rooch f r om S udb rook . Af te rN a sh -W i l l iams 1 939 . B ronze h eaded p i n . Af t e rN ash -W i l l iams 1 939 . Moun t ing made o fc a s t b ronze . A f te rN ash -W i l l iams 1 9 39 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . B rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . P ennanu la rb rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . P ennanu la r b rooch f r om Wh i t ton . A f te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . P ennanu la rb rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 988 . P ennanu la rb rooch f r om Wh i t ton . Af te rJ a thme l l 1 9 88 . Ma sons p i ck . Af te rJ a r re t t a nd Wra thme l l 1 988 .

T ab le s T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le .

1 2 3 4 5 6

C on ten ts C on ten t s C on ten ts C on ten t s C on ten t s C on ten t s

o fL lyn F aw rh oa rd . o fC a rd if fh oa rd . o fS even S i s te r s h oa rd . o fL e s se rG a r th /Pen ty rch h oa rd . o fb o th L lyn F aw r a nd C a rd if fh oa rd s o fb o th t h eS even S i s te r a nd L e s se rG a r th /Pen ty rch h oa rd s

v i

T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le . T ab le .

7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om C oed yC ymdda A n ima ls r ep re sen ted a tC a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om C a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om L lanme l in R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om Me r thy r Maw r Wa r ren R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om Mynydd B ychan R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om S udb rook R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om Twy n yG ae r R a t io so fm a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om a l l e xcava t ions

C hap ter 1 I n troduc tory R emark s & Me thodo logy N .M .W :

My i n te re s t i n t h e I r on A ge w a s s pa rked b y m y u nde rg radua t e d i s ser ta t ion i nw h ich Ic onduc ted as t udy o f t h e h i l lf o r t s o f s ou th -ea s t Wa le s . Wh i ls t s e a r ch ing t h e l i t e r a tu re f o r i n f o rma t ion o n a spec t s o f t h e I r on A ge i n Wa le s i t b ecame c l ea r h ow d i spa ra t e a nd f r agmen ta ry i n f o rma t ion w a s r ega rd ing We l sh a r tef a c t s . I ,t h e r ef o re , d ec ided t oi n ve s t iga te w ha ta r tef ac t sw e r ea va i lab le f o rs t udy t h roughou t Wa le s .

T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s .

N .M .W .P .A :

T he P or tab le A n t iqu i t ie s S cheme .

N .P .T :

N ewpo r t Mu seum .

S .W .S :

S wan sea Mu seum

T he m a in a im sa nd o b jec t ive so ft h i ss t udy a r et o :

N .G .R :

N a t iona lG r id R ef e rence .

C o l lec t a nd p r e sen t f r agmen ta ry i n f o rma t ion v i at h e c r ea t ion o f ad a taba se ;

A . I .W :

A r chaeo logy i n Wa le s .

I n t roduce t h e q uan t i ty a nd q ua l i ty o f m a te r ia l c u l tu re a va i lab le f o rs ou th -ea s t Wa le s f r om t h e I r on A ge p e r iod ;

D &S :

D av ie sa nd S p ra t l ing ( 1976 )

U nknown :

U nknown r epo s i to ry a nd o ru nknow n a cce s s ion n umbe r .

A im so fr e search

E s tab l ish t h ep o ten t ia l f o rf u r the rr e sea r ch .

B ackground t ot he r e search S t ruc ture o fc hap ter s

I n o rde r t o e s tab l ish t h e r a nge o f a r tef ac t s m o s t s u i tab le f o r i n co rpo ra t ion w i th in t h is i n ve s t iga t ion , ap i lo t s t udy w a s s e t u p . T h is h igh l igh ted t h e p ra c t ica l i ty o fn a r row ing t h e s cope o f t h es t udy ,w h ich w a st oi n c lude d a ta f r om t h ew ho le o f Wa le s . Ma te r ia l c u l tu re a nd r e la ted l i t e ra tu re w a s t h e r ef o re r e cove red f r om t wo c oun t ie s i ns ou th -ea s t Wa le s , n ame ly , Gwen t a nd G lamo rgan , t wo o f t h e p r e 1974 c oun ty b ounda r ie s .

C hap te r 2 r e v iew s l i t e ra tu re c oncern ing a r tef ac t c oncerned w i th t h e I r on A ge i nB r i ta in i ng ene ra l .

s t ud ies

C hap te r 3p r e sen t s m a ter ia l c u l tu re c o l lec ted f r om h oa rds r e cove red f r om s ou th -ea s t Wa le s . C hap te r 4e xam ine s c hance f i nd s r e cove red i n av a r ie ty o f w ay s .

D e ta i l so ft h ed a tabase T he d a taba se i n c luded a s ag l o s sa ry c on s is t s o f l i s t s o f d a ta r e t r ieved f r om t wen ty two e xcava t ed s i t e s , f ou r h oa rd g roup s a nd t h e r ema inde r a r e f r om c hance f i nd s . Wh i l s t e ve ry e f or t h a s b een m ade t o i n c lude a l m a te r ia l c u l tu r e f r om t h e s t udy a r ea , s ome s i t e sa nd o b jec t sm ay h ave b e en o ve r looked .

C hap te r 5w i l l e va lua te a nd d i scu s s t h e a r tef ac t s r e cove red t h rough e xcava t ion . C hap te r 6d i scu s se s m a te r ia l c u l tu re p r e sen ted a nd c ons ide r s t h e i mpo r tan t r o le t h e c o l lec t ion a nd c o l la t ion o f f r agmen ta ry d a ta c an p l ay i n t h e a dvancemen t o f o u r u nde r s tand ing t h e a r chaeo logy o f as pec if ic r eg ion .

S t ruc ture o fw ork

S t ruc ture o ft ab le s

D e sc r ip t ions a nd i n f o rma t ion a bou t e a ch a r tef a c t i st a ken f r om an umbe r o fs ou r ce s . T he f o l low ing a bb r ev ia t ion s a r e a pp l icab le t h roughou t t h i s w o rk a nd t h e o r ig ina l f i gu re n umbe r s f o r d raw ing s o r p i c tu r e s h ave b een r e ta ined f r om t h e ir o r ig ina ls ou rce sw he r ea pp l icab le .

I n c luded t h roughou t t h is w o rk a r e an umbe r o f t a b les i lu s t ra t ing t h e n umbe r o f d if e ren t o b jec t s l i s ted u nde r a v a r ie ty o fh ead ing s . E ach h ead ing r e f e r s t o ad if e ren t g roup o f a r tef ac t s . B e low i s ab r ief d e sc r ip t ion o f w h ich o b jec t s w i l l b e i n c luded u nde re ach h ead ing :

1

Adornmen t

P roduc t i on

O b jec t s t h a t c an b e w o rn o n t h e b ody o r u sed i n p e r sona l c a re o r c l ean ing o f t h e b ody s uch a s b rooches , r i ng s , b race le t s , b e l th ook s , t weeze r se t c .

O b jec t s u s ed i n i n du s t r ia l /manuf a c tu r ing p r o ce s se s ; m e ta lwo rk a c t iv i ty a nd p roduc t ion .

i . e .

R e l ig iou s An ima lB one s O b jec t st h ough tt oh o ld r e l ig ious c onno ta t ions . A n ima l b one sr e cove red f r om a l lc on tex t s . T oo l s B ur ia l

C o ins

O b jec t s t h a t m ay h ave b een e mp loyed i ne ve ryday p rac t ices a s o b jec t s t h a t m ay h ave b een i t em su sed i nt h e h ome i . e . c l o th

C o ins o fv a ry ing d e sc r ip t ions f r om t h es t udy a r ea .

U nknown

C onsump t ion

O b jec t so fu nknown d e sc r ip t ion .

O b jec t s t h a t c an b e a s soc ia ted w i th h i gh s t a tus c onsump t ion o f f ood o r d r ink , s uch a s c au ld rons , t a nka rd s e t c . b u t e xc lud ing c e ram ic v e s se ls .

Weapons O b jec t s c on s ide red t ob e i n tended f o ru s e i nc omba t

D ome s t ic P roduc t ion

Wood

O b jec t st h a tm ay h ave b een u sed o rm ade i nt h eh ome ; i t em s i n c luded a r e s p ind le w ho r ls , q uern s s t one s , l o om w e igh t s , p o tb o i le r se t c .

O b jec t sm ade f r om w ood .

H uman s ke le ta lr ema in s .

u s ed i n t e nd ing l a nd o r i . e . c hopp ing w ood , a sw e l l u sed i nt h e m anuf a c tu re o f o rl e a the r , e t c .

L im i ta t ion so ft h i s w ork Hor se O b jec t s t h a t c an b e a s soc ia ted w i th m i l i ta ry i n c lud ing h o r se a nd c ha r io t /wagon f i t t ing s . P o t ter y A ny I r on A ge p o t te ry r e cove red .

a c t iv i ty

Wh i l s t i mpo r tan t , t h is t y pe o f i n ve s t iga t ion h a s m any l i m i ta t ion s . T he m a te r ia l u nde r e xam ina t ion a nd t h e f i nd ing s o f t h is s t udy a r e o n ly a pp l icab le t o t h e r e g ion s u nde r d i scu s s ion a nd a r e n o t i n d ica t ive o f t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu ra l r e co rd f o r t h e w ho le o f Wa le s . H oweve r , t h i s s t udy i l u s t ra te s t h e i mpo r tance o f b r ing ing t oge th e r d i spa ra te f r agmen t s o f i n f o rma t ion t ha t h ave b een n eg lec t ed f o r d ecade s i nd o ing s o , w e c an g a in a n i mpo r tan t i n s igh t i n to t h e p eop le t h a t l i ved i ns ou th -ea s t Wa le sd u r ing t h e I r on A ge p e r iod a nd c r ea te ab u i ld ing b lock f o rf u r the rr e sea r ch .

Chapter2 A Review of the Literature

Introduction

technology, typology, distribution and dating of a large number of artefact groups (Hase Igrove et al 2000).

This chapter provides a brief overview of the studies of artefacts in the British Iron Age. lt considers the great diversity of investigations into artefacts studies and reflects on the general lack of synthesis of their findings. Although this is not an exhaustive review of associated literature, it illustrates the great diversity of artefact studies in the British Iron Age.

Metal Work

Sites that have yielded evidence of iron working illustrate the potential for advancing present knowledge in the techniques and technology used in these activities. Excavations such as Llwyn Bryn-dinas (1989; Musson et al 1992) how we might identify how and where metal production was conducted. The study of metalworking in copper alloy (Musson et al 1992: 277-80), and iron (Crew 1984; I 998; 1991) has received a heightened profile in the past two decades especially in north Wales. The study of copper alloys has demonstrated the potential of analysis of other metals (Northover 1984; Dungworth 1996; Musson et al 1992: 279; Musson & Northover 1989: 15-26). The study of moulds and crucibles is well established (Foster 1980; Bayley 1992; Morris 1997), however, not so well established is the detailed technological examination of objects which is essential to understanding artefacts within their cultural contexts (Haselgrove et al 2000). Over the last twenty years increasing scientific analysis has resulted in important advances in our understanding of iron, bronze, silver and gold working (Warner 1993) during the British Iron Age (e.g., Ehrenreich 1994; Scott: 1991; Northover 1987; Dungworth 1996; Bayley 1998; Crew 1995). Bayley's research on metal work indicates how the gradual accumulation of data can produce excellent results (Haselgrove et al 2000: 22; Bayley 1998). Hingley's (1990) work illustrates the importance of studying individual artefact groups and shows how interpretations can be altered and new avenues of investigation opened through the investigation of deposition, location, and contexts of artefacts. Later work by Hingley (1997) on symbolic aspects of metalworking is a reminder that archaeologists have only a partial view and understanding of the amount of symbolism attached to iron working in the British Tron Age.

Artefacts are objects that have been used, modified or made by people. They include the discarded refuse from the daily activities of human existence such as broken pottery, fragments of metal work, scraps of food or textiles; all of which leave tantalising traces of everyday life in antiquity (Renfrew & Bahn 1996: 45). The study of material culture provides information on many aspects of human activity, including production, technology, contact, exchange and site function (Haselgrove et al 2000). Haselgrove (1999) maintains that there are three levels of craft activity identifiable within the archaeological record during the Iron Age: i.

Output to meet community needs

individual

households

or

ii.

Specialised production for wider distribution

iii.

Luxury goods for the wealthiest sections of society.

However, for the majority of material culture there is little evidence of the sites where they were produced the only tangible evidence we have are the artefacts themselves and these only hint at the scale and scope employed in the manufacture of objects (Haselgrove 1999: 125). Craft production and exchange have dominated artefact-based research in Britain for the last three decades (Morris 1996: 41). In an attempt to understand how production was organised and exchanges made (Cunliffe 1984: 556-9) postulated that hillforts were redistribution centres where local surplus was accumulated and exchanged for extra­ regional raw materials and that this process was organised and under the control of a ruling elite (Morris 1996: 41). Cunliffe's work at Danebury provided an impetus for important analysis (Hill 1995: 52). The excavation and retrieval of large quantities of artefactual, structural and organic data from sites such as Danebury (Cunliffe 1995), Gussage All Saints (Foster 1980; Wainwright & Spratling 1973) and Maiden Castle (Sharples 1991) has led to important research in many sections of artefact studies. However, whilst there have been improvements in may areas of this research we still lack a basic understanding of

Metal Work and Art Styles

Numerous examples of 'Celtic' artwork in Britain are in print (Fox 1958; Jope 2000; Macgregor 1976; Megaw & Megaw 1989) and individual pieces of decorated metal work have received detailed analysis (Stead 1985; 1991; 1998; MacDonald 2000: Manning 1972). However, many categories of artefacts remain under-researched; these include pins (Dunning 1934) and more recently horse bits (Palk 1984) and strap unions (Taylor and Braisford 1985). swords (Piggott 1950), although Ian Stead is working on a corpus of Iron Age Swords at present.

3

U n t i l r e cen t ly i th a s b een d if i cu l t t o m ake a d i s t inc t ion b e tween j e t , ( Beck a nd S hennan 1 990 )s h a le a nd c anne l c oa l b ecau se o f t h e ir s t ruc tu ra l a nd a e s the t ic s im i la r i t ie s . S c ien t if ic t e s t s c onduc ted b y s cho la r s a t b o th C a rd if f U n ive r s i ty ( Mo r r is a nd R ow lands 1 993 ) a nd t h e U n ive r s i ty o f B radf o rd ( Hun te r , McDonne l l a nd P o l la rd 1 993 ) h ave e s tab l i shed at e chn ique t h a te nab le st h ed if e ren t ia t ion o ft h e v a r iou s c omponen t s o ft h e ma te r ia l s u nde r i n ve s t iga t ion t o b e r e cogn i sed . S c ien t if ic a na ly s is i s i n va luab le i n o u r u nde r s tand ing o f w ha t t y pes o f m a te r ia ls w e r e b e ing e xp lo i ted a nd p roduc ing i n s igh t i n to t h e l o ca t ion s f r om w h ich t h e m a te r ia ls w e re b e ing e x t ra c t ed ; t h is i nt u rn c an a i d t h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e e xchange m echan ism s t h a tw e r e i np l ace d u r ing t h e I r on A ge .

I r on Age H oa rd s a r e av a luab le s ou r ce o f a r chaeo log ica l i n f o rma t ion a nd a r e p r e sen t i na l a r ea s o fB r i ta in , h oweve r , w h i ls t s ome h oa rd g roup s h ave r e ce ived i n d iv idua l a t ten t ion , a sy e tt h e re i sn oc o rpu sa va i lab le l i s t ing a l l o ft h e m a jo r I r on A ge h oa rd s i nB r i ta in ( Ma cDona ld . 2 000 ; S t ead 1 99 1 ; 1 998 ; S avo ry 1 964 ; D av ie s a nd S p ra t l ing 1 976 ) . Wo rk c onduc ted b y P h i l l ip M acDona ld ( 2000 ) i lu s t ra ted t h e i mpor tance o f r e -eva lua t ing w e l l -known a s semb lage s . H i s r e -ana ly s i s o f t h e L lyn C e r r ig B ach h oa rd g rea t ly e nhance s o u r u nde r s tand ing o ft h is w e l l -known a s semb lage , s e t t ing ap receden tf o rf u tu r er e sea r ch o ft h is k ind i nB r i ta in . A no the r i mpor tan t s t udy c onduc ted b y H un te r ( 1997 ) i n c lude s h oa rd g roup s r e cove r ed f r om b o th S co t land a nd n or thern E ng land . I n ve s t iga t ion s c onduc ted b y T ay lo r a nd B ra i l sf o rd ( 1985 ) , P iggo t t ( 1 950 ) a nd H u l l a nd H awke s ( 1987 ) e xemp l if y t h a t t h e s t udy o fs i ngu la r a r tef ac t g roup s c an p roduce o u t s tand ing r e su l t s i n c l a s s if ica t ion s y s tem s a nd c h rono log ie s .

C e ram ic s T he re a r e av a r ie ty o f g ene ra l r ev iew s l o ok ing a tc e ram ic r e sea rch ( Mor r is 1 994 ) T hese a l ready s e t p r ior i t ie s f o r r e sea r ch a nd e s tab l ished m in imum s t anda rds f o r r e co rd ing a nd p ub l ica t ion . O the r s (W i l l is 1 996 ; R igby a nd F r ee s tone ; Gw i l t 1 997 ; B rown 1 997 ) h ave c on s ide red t e chno logy , t y po logy , d i s t r ibu t ion , u se a nd mean ing . A l im i ted a moun t o fw o rk h a sb een c a r r ied o u t o n p o t te ry , i n c lud ing d eco ra ted v a r ie t ie s , f r om t h e N o r ther n a nd We s t er n I s le s ( Topp ing 1 987 ; L ane 1 990 ; C ampbe l l 1 991) . R e cen t wo rk i n d ica te s h ow t h e d e ta i led s t udy o ff o rm , s i ze a nd u se o fp o t te ry c an h e lp u s u nde r s tand t h e w ay s i nw h ich f o od a nd l i qu id s w e re s t o red , p repa red a nd c on sumed i nt h e I r on A ge ( Woodwa rd 1 997 ; Woodwa rd a nd B l inkhorn 1 997 ; E a rwood 1 99 1 ; 1 993) . T he t e chn ique s e mp loyed i no rgan ic r e s idue a na ly s i s h ave d eve loped t o t h e e x ten t t ha t u s ef u l q ues t ion s c an b e t a ck led , h oweve r , t h e f u nc t ion o f p o t te ry s t i l l r e qu i re s i n ve s t iga t ion ( Dudd a nd E ve r shed 1 998 ; H e ron e ta l1 99 1) . As ub s tan t ia l a moun t o fw o rk c onduc ted b y E la ine Mo r r i s o n s a l t d i s t r ibu t ion a nd t h e c on ta ine r s u s ed t o t r an spo r t i t r e vea led t h e e x ten to fi t st r ade n e two rk sd u r ing t h e I r on A ge ( Mo r r is 1 985 ; 1 994 ) .

B od i ly C are a nd O rnamen ta t ion J ack son ( 1985 ) a nd H i l l ( 1 997 ) h i gh l igh t many a spec t s r ega rd ing b od i ly c a re a nd o r namen ta t ion d u r ing t h e I r on A ge p e r iod . J a ck son 's w o rk d emon s t ra tes t h a t i t em s e mp loyed i nb od i ly c a r e a nd o r namen ta t ion w e re d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t B r i ta in i nt h e L a te I r on A ge , w h i ls t H i l l 's w o rk f o cu se s mo r eo n t h e R omano -B r i t i sh p e r iod . J ack son 's w o rk i sb a sed o n a n a r t ic le b y R . A S m i th ( 19 18 ) e n t i t led A p a r t icu lar t y pe o f R oman b ron ze P end en t , ap ape r t h a t c omp le te ly a l te r ed h ow t h e a r cha eo log ica l w o r ld v i ewed s uch o b jec t s . I nc on junc t ion w i th t h e t h eme o fb od i ly c a re a nd o rnamen ta t ion a r e t h e u s e s o fp r eh i s to r ic c omb s , m ade o fb one a nd a n t le ri sa l so r e levan tt ot h i s( Tuohy 1 999 ) . T he s t udy o fg l a s s a nd i t s u s e a si n lay a nd d eco ra t ion i na n umbe r o f o b jec t s i s w e l l r e p r e sen ted i n t h e r e co rded m a te r ia l c u l tu r e f r om t h e B r i t i sh I r on A ge . S tud ie s o fg l a s s b ead s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t b yG u ido ( 1978 ) a nd K i lb r id ie J one s ( 1938 ) a nd a s t udy o f g l a s s b ang le s b y S t even son ( 1965 ; 1 976 ) . Wh i l s t ag ood t y po log ica l b a se i sa va i lab le , q ue s t ion s c once rn ing t h e t e chn ique s u sed i n g l a s s m anuf ac tu re r ema in u nan swe r ed . E name l u se a nd m anuf ac tu re i s ag ood c a se i n p o in t ; t h e o f ten b r igh t ly c o lou red e name l s s u ch a s r e d a nd y e l low , w h ich a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd , h ave r e ce ived l i t t le a t ten t ion i n r e cen t y ea r s , h oweve r , af o r thcom ing p ape r i s a wa i ted b y AD av i s & A Gw i l t . T he c o rpu s o fp re -Roman b rooche s , b y H u l l a nd H awke s ( 1987 ) w h i ls t v e ry i mpo r tan t , r e qu i r e s u pda t ing t o i n c lude r e cen t d i scove r ie s ( Ha se lg rove 1 997 ; H a se lg rove e ta l2 000 : 1 7 ) . F u r thermo re , t h e b u lk o fm a te r ia l i nt h e c o rpu s r e p r e sen t s b rooche s f ound i n s ou thern E ng land . A n u pda ted c o rpus e xpanded t o i n c lude t h e o t he r c oun t r ie s t h a t m ake u p B r i ta in w ou ld b e d e s i rab le . H a se lg rove ( 1997 ) d i s cu s se s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion a nd c h rono logy o fI r on A ge b r ooche s o f e r ing n ew i n s igh t i n to h ow , w hy a nd w he re b rooche sw e r eb e ing d epo s i ted .

S ummary T he c o l lec t ion o f e mp i r ica l d a ta , o f t en m a l igned ( Ha se lg rove e t a l 2 000 ) , a r e i mpe ra t iv e t o a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch . T he a ccumu la t ion a nd s e qu en t ia l a na ly s i s o f m a te r ia l c u l tu re c an g rea t ly e nhance o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t y po logy , c h rono logy a nd e xchang e p a t ter n s i tc an a l so c hange p e rcep t ion s o fh ow w e v i ew t h e u s es a nd a moun t so f m a te r ia l c u l tu re v i s ib le i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ( Ha l len 1 994 ; C o les a nd M inn i t t 1 995 : 1 37 -79 ; E vans 1 989 ) . T h i s b r ief r ev iew h a s i lu s t ra ted s ome o ft h e a dvance s m ade i n a r tef ac t s t ud ie s i n B r i ta in . Wh i ls t o u r u nder s tand ing a nd a wa r ene s s o ft h e f unc t ion , t e chno log ie s a nd manuf a c t u r e o f m any o b jec t s i sp rog re s s ing , c l ea r ly , t h e r e i ss cope f o rm uch f u r the rw o rk t ob ed one .

4

C hap ter 3 C hance F inds

I n t roduc t ion A l though , T he P o r tab le A n t iqu i t ie s S cheme h a s o n ly b een r unn ing f o r as ho r tp e r iod , t h e d a taba se i si n crea s ing r ap id ly . T he e s tab l ishmen t o ft h i s s cheme h a s e ncou raged m embe r s o ft h e p ub l ic t ot a ke am o re r e spons ib le a t t i tude t owa rd s t h e a r chaeo logy a nd c u l tu r e o f Wa les . Wh i ls tt h e re i sa n a t t i tude a mong s t mo s t m embe r s o f t h e p ub l ic s uppor t ing t h e p r e se rva t ion a nd d i sp lay o f a l l t h ing s a r chaeo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l , t h e re a r e s t i l l t ho se w ho s e ek a r tef a c t s f o r mone ta ry g a in . A s m en t ioned a bove r e la t ion s b e tween m e ta l d e tec to r is t s a nd t h e a r chaeo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l w o r ld s h ave i mp roved g rea t ly s i nce t h e s cheme 's e s tab l ishmen t , h oweve r , s ome m e ta l d e tec to r i s t s a r e s t i l l w a ry o f of i c ia l b od ie s a nd r e f u se t oj o in t h e s cheme . Ih ope t h a t f u r the r e ncou ragemen t a nd p e r sua s ion b y m useum c u ra to r s , a r chaeo log i s t sa nd h i s to r ian sw i l l b reak d own t h e b a r r ie r s .

E ve ry y ea r m ember s o f t h e p ub l ic t h roughou t B r i ta in d i scove r o b jec t s o fa r chaeo log ica l i mpo r tance . A s m any o f t h e f i nd s a r em ade b y me ta l d e tec to r i s t s , l i t t le o ft h e m a t e r ia l r e cove red i sr e co rded b y m u seums o r a r chaeo log i s t s a nd t h e ref o re , ag r ea t d ea l o f p o ten t ia l i n f o rma t ion i sl o s t . I n J u ly 1 996 , t h e T rea su re A c t , w h ich r e f o rmed t h e m ed ieva l c ommon l aw o f T rea su re T rove , g a ined r oya l a s sen t . U l t ima te ly t h i s l e d t o as i gn if ican t i n c r ea se i nt h e n umbe ro f d i scove r ies b e ing r epor ted i nE ng land a nd Wa le s , h ow eve r , t h e m a jo r i ty o fa r chaeo log ica l f i nd s f a l l o u t s ide t h e s c ope o f t h is a c t . S ub sequen t ly , t h e Gove r nmen t l a unched a n i n i t ia t ive t o p romo te t h e v o lun ta ry r e co rd ing o f a r chaeo log ica l f i nds . T h is i n i t ia t iv e , T he P o r tab le A n t iqu i t ies R eco rd ing S cheme , o r ig ina l ly b egan a s s i x p i lo t s c hemes i nv a r iou s p a r t s o fE ng land d u r ing t h e l a t te rp a r t o f 1 997 . T h i s w a s f o l lowed b y as e cond w ave o f p i lo t s c heme s , i n c lud ing o ne t h a t e x tended t ot h e w ho le o f Wa le s a nd w a s f u nded b yt he H e r i tage L o t te ry F und f o r ap e r iod o f e i gh teen m on th s . T he p i lo t s cheme f o r Wa le s i n i t ia l ly r a n f r om Ma r ch 1 999 t o A ugu s t 2 000 . F ur the r f u nd ing w a s a loca ted b y an umbe r o f b od ie s i n c lud ing T he N a t iona l A s semb ly f o r Wa les , T he C ounc i l f o r Mu seum s , A r ch iv e s a nd L ib ra r ie s a nd a f u r the r g ran t f r om t h e H e r i tage L o t t e ry F und e nab l ing t h e We lsh S cheme t o c on t inue ( MacDona ld 2 000 : 4 4 ) . T he p eop le mo s t r e spon s ib le f o r r e po r t ing a r chaeo log ica l f i nds t ot h e s cheme a r e m e ta l d e tec to r i s t sa nd w h i l s t i nt h e p a s t r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween a r chaeo log i s t s a nd m e ta l d e tec to r is t s h ave b een f r augh t w i th d if i cu l t ie s , t h e r e h ave b een i mpor tan t a dvance s b e tween t h e se t wo g r oup s s i nce t h e s c heme b egan . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e a r t ef a c t s r e cove r ed b y m e ta l d e tec to r i s t s , as i gn if i can t n umbe r o f f i nd s a r e m ade b y b o th a ma teu r f i e ld w a lke r s a nd o t he r m embe r s o f t h e p ub l ic w ho d i scove r o b jec t s w h i l s t o u t w a lk ing o r e ngaged i n o t he r l e isu re a c t iv i t ie s ( MacDona ld 2 000 : 4 5 ) .

An o te o nt he o b jec t si nt h ei ndex T h is c hap te r l i s t s t h e o b jec t s t h a t h ave b een r e cove r ed a s c hance f i nd s . T he se o b jec t s a r e s o d i ve r se t h a t i tw a s n ece s sa ry t o l i s t t h em b y c a tego ry h ead ing r a the r t h an i n d iv idua l ly . D i scove r ie s a r e b e ing m ade c on s tan t ly , a nd a s s uch t h is s e c t ion m ay w e l l b e o u t o f d a te b ef o re i ti s f i n ished . F o r t h e mo s t u p t o d a te a dd i t ion s t o t h is e ve r e xpand ing d a taba se c on su l t ' The P or tab le A n t iqu i t ie s S cheme ' w h ich c an b e f o und a te i the rT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f o r b y l o gg ing o n to t h e ir w eb s i te a tw v vw .f ind s .o rg .u ld . Wh i ls t e ve ry ef or t h a s b een m ade t oi n c lude a l l o f , t h e c hance f i nd s f r om t h e s t udy a r ea , s ome m ay h ave b een o ve r looked . F o r t h e mos t p a r t , t h e n umbe r o fa r tef ac t s r e cove r ed f r om a ny g i ven a r ea d oe s n o t e xceed o ne o r t wo o b jec t s , h oweve r , i nt h e c a se o f Me r thy r Maw r Wa r r en o ve r f o r ty o b jec t s a r e r e co rded . D ue t ow o rd l im i ta t ion o f t h i s b ook , i tw ou ld n o t b e f e a s ib le t o d i scu s s t h em a l l , t h e ref o re , ab r ief d e scr ip t ion p l us t h e m u seum a cce s s ion n umbe ra nd a ny b i b l iog raph ica l r e f e rence st h a t a r e r e levan tt oe ach o b jec ti si n c luded .

5

I ndex o fc hance f i nds

Adornmen t t h e t wo I r on A ge g l a s s b ead s a nd t h e s im i la r i ty i ts how s t o t h e R ope L ake H o le e xamp le , aL a t e I r on Age o r e a r ly R oman d a te h a s b een s ugge s ted ( MacDona ld a nd D av ie s 2 000 : 9 3 -4 ) . N .G .R : S S9 0 7 5

C oppe r a l loy c a s t ing , f ound o u t s ide t h e s ou the rn w a l l a t C aerwen t , Monmou thsh i re . T he o b jec t c ons is t s o f as ho r t l e ng th o f h oop ; t wo n a r row c i rcu la r sec t ioned c on ica l t e rm ina l s a nd s even g raded b eaded m ou ld ing s . T he s u rf ace o f t h is e xamp le i sc or roded a nd c ou ld b e as e c t ion o f a b eaded n eck r ing o r b eaded t o rc . B eaded t o r c s a r e t wo -pa r t i t ems m ade o f as imp le c u rved b a r , u sua l ly c i rcu la r o r r e c tangu la r i n s e c t ion , a nd a s ho r te r b eaded s e c t ion . T he s e c t ion s a r e t h en j o ined b y m ean s o fm o r t ise a nd t e non l i ke j o in t s o n t h e i rt e rm ina ls . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fb eaded t o rcs i s n o rma l ly r e s t r ic ted t o t h e n o r th o f E ng land a nd s ou the rn S co t land , a l though t h e re a r e e xamp le s a t T re 'r C e ir i i n C aerna rvon sh i r e ( Hughe s 1 907 : 4 0 -2 , f i g 2 ) . B eaded t o rc s d a te t ot h e I s t a nd 2 "d c en tu r ie s AD ( Ma cG rego r 1 976 : 9 8 -9 ) . T h is e xamp le i ss im i la r i n f o rm t o o ne f ound a t S u l ly i n G lamo rgan ( MacDona ld 9 9 .96 .1) . N .G .R : S T4 70 9 03 . N .M .W .P .A : 9 9 .96 . 1 .

A nnu la r b ead , G u ido 's g roup 5 ,f o und i n L owe r Ma chen , Gwen t . N .G .R : S T2 4 1 89 . N .M .W .P .A : 2 000 .123 .32 . A s i ng le c omp le te s ma l l , u ndeco r a t ed b l ue g l a s s a nnu la r b ead w a s f ound a t H a t te ra l l H i l l n ea r C ymyoy i n Monmou th sh i r e a nd i so f Gu ido 's G roup 6 , s ubg roup i v b ( Gu ido 1 978 : 6 6 -8 a nd 1 55 -62 ) . B ead s o f t h is t y pe w e r e p roduced o ve r al o ng p er iod , m a in ly b e tween 6t h c en tu ry BC a nd 86 c en tu ry AD ( Gu ido 1 978 : 6 8 ; G u ido 1 999 : 4 8 ) . I n Wa le s , e xamp le s o ft h i s t ype o fb ead a r e mos t ly a s soc ia ted w i th s i t e s o fa n I r on A ge a nd R omano -Br i t ish d a te . T he r e i s aw e l l -da ted p a r a l le l o ft h is b ead a t Twyn y G ae r ( P robed 1 976 ) h i l lf or t i n Monmou thsh ir e d a t ing t o b e tween 3r d a nd 1 s t c en tu r ie s B C a nd a t S udb rook ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 9 39 ) h i l lf o r t i n Monmou th sh ir e d a t ing t o i s t c en tu r ie s BC a nd AD . I t h a s b een s ugges ted t h a t t h e se b ead s w e r e m anuf a c tu red a tt h e Mea re L ake V i l lage s ( Bu l le id 1 927 ) , w he r e e v idence o f g l a s s b ead p r oduc t ion h a s b een d i scove r ed ( Hende r son 1 981 : 1 987 ) . A n I r on A ge d a te h a s b een t e n ta t ive ly a pp l ied t o t h is b ead b u t i ta l so c ou ld f a l l w i th in t h e p a rame te r s s e to u t b y G u ido . N .G .R : SO 3 10 2 50 . N .M .W .P .A : 2 00 1 : 118 .2 .

B eads f ound a tS tB r ide s Ma jo r . C omp le te I r on A ge g l a s s b ead s a nd t h e d amaged r ema in s o fa no the r f ound w i th in a c oup le o fm e t re so fe ach o t he r . B o th b ead sa r ee xamp le so f G u ido 's G roup C la s s 6o r O ldbu ry t y pe ( Gu ido 1 978 : 5 3 7 , 12 117 , p l a te s , 1 . 6 a c , 1 1 .a ) . T he se a r e l a rge b ead s o f d a rk , a lmo s to paque , b l ue g l a ss d eco ra ted w i th n i ne t r a i led a nd ma rve red o paque y e l low g l a s s s p i ra ls . T he d amaged b ead h a s b een b ur n t o r e xpo sed t oh ea t a nd i sc omp le te ly o paque , d i s to r ted a nd v i t r if ied . B ead s o ft h e O ldbury t y pe a r e c oncen t ra ted i n s ou ther n B r i ta in d u r ing t h e l a s t t wo c en tu r ie s BC a nd t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T h ree O ldbu ry b ead s a r e k nown f r om Wa le s : o ne f r om t h e B re idden h i l lf or t , Mon tgome ry sh ire ( Gu ido 1 978 : 16 ; Mus son , B r it t le 1 1 a nd S m i th 1 99 1 :158 , n o 3 15 , f i g 6 5 ) , o ne f r om G ronan t , n ea r P r e s ta tyn , F l in t sh i re ( Gu ido 1 978 : 16 ) a nd o ne f r om G lanb idno -uchaf , n ea r L langu r ig , Gwynydd ( Boon 1 980 :745 , n o 1 ,f i g 1 . 1; MacDona ld 1 999 : 9 4 ) . N .G .R : S S9 07 5 .

R ing h eaded p i n m ade o f c oppe r o fE a r ly I r on A ge d a te t h i s e xamp le w a s f ound a t Ma rgam B ea ch . N .G .R : S S 7 60 8 68 . NM .W : 8 8 .48 . 1 1 1 . AL a T ene 1b rooch w a s f ound o n N ew ton Moo r , P en l lyn . T h is i sa n e xamp le o ft h e ' We s sex ' f o rm o fT ype 1 Ba L a T ene 1b r ooch ( Hu l l a nd H awke s 1 9 87 : 9 5 ) . T h is e xamp le i sr e la t ive ly s ma l l a nd d a te s t o t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 4 `h c en tu ry B C a l though t h e r e a r e s ome l a t e r s u rv iva l s . T he N ew ton Moo r b rooch i su nusua l i nt h a t t h e mock s p r ing m echan i sm h a s b een r e pa i red f r om w ha t a ppea r s t o b e a f r agmen t f r om a no the r o b jec t , g i v ing t he b rooch a u n i la te ra l a ppea rance . A l though t h i s f e a tu re i su nu sua l i n L a T ene I b rooche s , i tw ou ld n o t h ave p reven ted t h e b rooch w o rk ing a s ac l o the s f a s tene r . l th a sb een s ugge s ted ( MacDona ld 2 000 :92 ) t h a t t h e r e pa i r t o t h e b rooch 's s p r ing m echan i sm r a the rt h an b e ing af u nc t iona l r e pa i r i sa p oo r ly -execu ted n on -f unc t iona l r e pa i r , d one f o r t h e p urpo se o f g i v ing t h e b rooch t h e a ppea rance o f b e ing c omp le te p r io r t o b e ing of e red a s av o t ive d epo s i t ion ( Gw i l tp e r sc omm , Ma cDona ld 2 000 : 9 1 -2 ) . N .G .R : S S9 8 7 5 . A . I .W : 2 000 : 9 1-2 . S ee f i gu re 1 . C a s t c oppe r a l loy m oun t o f ar a i sed b o s s , p oss ib le h uman h ead i n f o rm w i th a p o in ted c h in a nd a n i n teg ra l ly c a s t l o oped t e rm ina l f o und a tN ew M i l l F a rm , P enhow . Mo s to f

R ing f ound a tS t B r ide s Ma jo r . T h is i s af r agmen t o f a n ea r ly c i rcu la rc a rved a nd p o l ished c anne l -coa l r i ng f ound a s as u rf ace f i nd i n ap l oughed f i e ld . T h i s i t em w a s f ound i n t h e s ame l o ca t ion a s t h e g l a s s b ead s . O n ly a bou t a q uar te r o ft h e r i ng r ema in s , t h e i n ne r e dge o fw h ich i sf l a t w i th r ounded c o rne r s . A n umbe r o f b l ack l i t h ic r aw m a te r ia l s s uch a sc anne l c oa l ;j e t a nd s ha le w e re u sed f o r mak ing j ewe l le ry a nd or namen t s i na n t iqu i ty . T he f unc t ion o f t h e r i ng i su nce r ta in ; i n s e c t ion , i ti ss im i la r t o al a te I r on A ge a rm le t f r om as e t t lemen t s i te a tR ope L ake H o le , C o rf e C a s t le , D o r se t ( Cox a nd Woodwa rd 1 987 : 2 8 , f i g 9 3 ) . D a t ing o ft h i s o b jec t i su ncer ta in d ue t o t h e l a ck o f a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch c onduc ted u pon c anne l -coa l a r tef ac tt y po log ie s , h oweve r , g iven t h ec l o se p rox im i ty t o

6

t h e o r ig ina l s u r f a ce i sl o s t b u t t wo s ub -c i rcu la r p unched d o t s a nd ac a s t t r an sve r se g roove g i ve t h e i mp re s s ion s o f e ye s , ac h in a nd a b ea rd . T he d a t ing o f t h e c a s t ing i s c on s is ten t w i th a l a te I r on A ge o r e a r ly R omano -Br i t ish a t t r ibu t ion ; al i t e ra tu re s e a rch b y Ma cDona ld d id n o t p r oduce a ny c l o se p a ra l le ls ( Ma cDona ld NMG WPA : 2 000 .69 . 1) .N .G .R : S T3 97 9 21 . N .M .W .P .A : 2 000 .69 .1 .

Hor se C a s t c oppe r a l loy s t rap u n ion f ound n ea r C owb r idge i n G lamo rgan . T h i s e xamp le c on s i s t s o f t wo c on jo ined a nd p e rf o ra ted s ub t r iangu la r l o op s t h a t f o rm a f i gu r e o f e i gh t a nd a r e f l anked o n e i the r s i de b y av e r t ica l b a r a t tached t o e ach l o op . T he b ack i sf l a t a nd t h e b a r s a r e s l igh t ly r o unded i nt h e c ro s s s ec t ion p re sumab ly t h rough w ea r a nd t e a r . T he s u r f ace i sp i t ted a nd f a in t t r ace s o fs imp le c u rv i l inea rm o t if s a r e v i s ib le ; t h e se d eco ra t ive mo t if sa r e p a ra l le led b yt h o se o n as t rap u n ion f r om C hu r chdown , G louce s te r sh i r e ( Wa tk ins 1 985 : 3 19 -20 ) . T h i s i s a n e xamp le o f T ay lo r 's a nd B ra i l sf o rd 's T ype I( 1985 : 2 47 -253 ) . T he d a te r a nge o f T ype Ie x tend s f r om t h e i s t c en tu ry BC t ot h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e S t c en tu ry AD . S t rap u n ion s o ft h is s i ze a r e n o rma l ly a s sumed t ob e h a rne s s f i t t ing s ( Tay lo r a nd B ra i l sf o rd 1 985 ) , h oweve r , i ti s mo r e t han p robab le t h a t t h e s ma l le r e xamp le s o f s t rap u n ion w e re u sed a s h uman d r e s s a c ce s so r ie s (Wa tk in s 1 985 : 3 19 ; C hamp ion 1 995 : 4 18 ; MacDona ld : 2 00 1 .45 .1) .N .G .R : S T0 02 7 52 .N .M .W .P .A : 2 00 1 .45 . 1 .

B rooch f o und a tP en l lyn Moo r , N .G .R : L a T ene IT ype I e i the r B a o r I Bb . ( Hu l l a nd H awke s 1 987 : 7 2 132 ) . T h is e xamp le i si n comp le te a nd i n c lude s ap l a in a r ched b ow , f i r s tc o i l o fs p r ing , p a r to ft h e f oo ta nd t h ec a tch -p la te . T he d i ag no s t i c p a r t o f t h e b rooch d i d n o t s u rv ive , t h e s ma l l s t a tu r e o ft h e b r ooch a nd t h e s hape o ft h e r ema in ing c o i l s ugge s t s d a t e s o f t h e 4t h c en tu ry B C , a l though l a te r s u rv iva l o ft h i s t y pe i sk nown ( Hu l l a nd H awke s 1987 : 9 7 ; Ma cDona ld 2 000 ) . N .G .R : S S 9 828 7 631 . N .M .W .P .A : 2 000 .2 .4 . 1 . C o ins

C oppe r a l loy c a s t ing s f r agmen t f ound n ea r S u l ly G lamo rgan , v ery s im i la rt ot h eo b jec t l i s ted a bove . N oN .G .R . N .M .W .P .A : 9 9 .34 .6 .

A n I r on A g ep o t in c o in w a s d i scove r ed i nt h e m id 1 990s a t L owe r L l anme l in . T h is p o t in i sa n e xamp le o ft h e l a t &e d i abo l ique t y pe , w h ich i sp a r t o ft h e B u t t ing -Bu l l s e r ie s , t r ad i t iona l ly a tr ibu ted t o t h e T u rone s o f c en t ra l G au l ( A l len 1 995 : 8 5 . n o 2 87f t ) . T he B u t t ing B u l l s e r ies o f p o t in s a lmo s tc e r ta in ly p reda te s t h e G a l l ic Wa ro ft h e m id 1 'c en tu ry B C , b u t d oe s n o t h e lp i n d ica te w hen t h is c o in w a s i mpo r t ed i n to B r i ta in . T he c o in c ou ld h ave b een b r ough t i n to B r i ta in s eve ra l d ecade s a f t e r i tw a s c a s t . P o t in s o f t h i s t y pe a r e c ommon i nG au l b u t v e ry r a re i n B r i ta in , af ew a r e r e co rded o n t h e s ou thern c oa s t o f E ng land a nd K en t . ( Be s ly a nd MacDona ld 2 000 : 7 6 ) . N .G .R : S T4 60 9 25 . A . I .W : 2 000 .76 .

i n

L ynch -p in t e rm ina l m ade o fb ronze f ound a tR ag lan w i th a h o le p i e rced t h rough t h e s i de f o r s e cu r ing t o a no the r i t em . N .G .R : SO 4 27 0 7 1 . N .P .T : 8 8 . 14 1 . B ronze l y nch p i n w i th d eco r a ted l owe r t e rm ina l o r f oo t f ound a tS tA r f on 's . N o N .G .R . N .P .T : 8 8 .104 . H ar ne s s moun t / s t rap j unc t ion m ade o fc a s t b ronze r e po r ted ly r e cove red f r om a h ou se i nC hep s tow w h i l s t t h e f o unda t ion s w e re u nde rgo ing c ons t ruc t ion ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 1) . T h is e xamp le i s i n t h e f o rm o f a n S sc ro l l w i th k nobbed t e rm ina l s . T he k nob s a r e d eco ra ted w i th c oncen t r ic r i ng s o f r e d a nd p o ss ib ly , y e l low o paque g l a s s , s im i la r i nf o rm t o t h o se a tP o lden H i l l ( Bra i lsf o rd 1 975 ) a nd t h e S even S i s te r s ( Sp ra t l ing a nd D av ie s 1 976 ) . A n e l ec t ro type c opy i sh e ld a t T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f( J ope 2 000 : 3 02 a nd 3 12 ; F ox 1 958 : 1 29 ; N a sh -W i l l iam s 1 932 : 3 93 , f i g 1 ) . N .G .R : S T 5 6 1 9 39 . N .M .W : 3 5 .304 . S ee f i gu re 2 .

Two c o in s r e cove red n ea r T re lech . B o th c o in s a r e ' Ce l t ic ' g o ld s t a te r s o ft h e D obunn i t r ibe a nd w e re f ound i np lough s o i l b y am e ta l d e tec to r i s t i nt h e T r e lech -L lan ishen a r ea i n S ep tembe r 1 9 98 a nd a r e d a ted f r om 3 0 BC ( Bray , J . 1 998 : 1 00 , 8 6 ) . N .G .R : SO 4 8 0 4 . A . I .W 1 997 : 1 00 ; A . I .W 1 998 : 8 6 . D obunn ic g o ld s l a te r c o in f ound a t S t A ryan s , n ea r C hep s tow t h i s c o in i sd a ted f r om 1 0 B C t o AD 1 0 w i th a n i n sc r ip t ion t h a t r e ad s [ ANTED R IG ] . N o N .G .R . N .P .T : 9 4 .150 .

L a T ene , s t rap u n ion f ound a tA l l twen , N ea th , G lamo rgan — ( Gw i l t a nd D av ie s f o r thcom ing ) . T h is e xamp le i s b e s t p a ra l le led b y m a te r ia l f ound i n t h e P o lden H i l l s , S an ton ( B ra i l sf o rd 1 975 )a nd We s tha l lh oa rd s( Ha rood 1 855 ) . N .G .R : S N 7 311 0 330 . N .M .W : 9 8 .9 1 .H .

C on sump t ion C a s t c oppe r a loy , ' human h ead ' v e s se l m oun t f ound n ea r L lanme l in , Monmou th sh i re . T h is o b jec t i sl i gh t ly d omed a nd i s ar o ugh ly s h ie ld shaped m oun t . O u te r s u rf ace i s d eco ra t ed w i th i n c ised d eco ra t ion i nt h e f o rm o f ah uman f a ce w i th v e r t ica l ly d r e s sed h a i r r u nn ing d own t o t h e f o rehead , s i de -wh iske r s a nd s t rong e yeb row s . MacDona ld ( 1999 ) f o und i td if i cu l t t oi d en t if y ad a t e a nd f unc t ion f o r t h i s p i ece b u ts ugges t s i tm ay b eo f al a t e I r on A ge o re a r ly R oman d a t e( Ma cDona ld : 9 9 .79 .1) . N .G .R : S T4 580 9 193 . N .M .W .P .A :9 9 .79 . 1 .

C oppe ra l loy t e r re t f ound a tB lack P i l l G lamo rgan . N .G .R : S S 6 1 9 0 . N .M .W : 9 8 .14 .H . F ragmen t o f ac a s t a l loy o va l t e r re t , f ound n ea r C ae r leon , Monmou th sh i re . T h i s o b jec t c on s is t s o fp a r t o ft h e r i ng , a mou lded c o l la r , p a r t o ft h e i n teg ra l ly c a s t c onnec t ing b a r a nd o ne p l a in s i de k nob . T he t e r re t t a pe r s f r om t h e c o l la r t owa rd s i tt op . T he c o l la r i sm ade u p o f as i ng le m ou ld ing t h a t p ro t rude s i n to t h e s i de o f t h e r i ng . P l a in k nobbed t e r re t s w i th d omed k nob s ( g roup I XA c f . S p ra t l ing 1 972 :

7

R e l ig ious

3 5 -37 ) a r e at ype mo s t c ommon ly f o und i n s ou thern S co t land a nd t h e a r ea a r ound H ad r ian 's Wa l l , h oweve r , a

B ronze s t y l ised h or se f i gu r ine f ound w h i ls t d igg ing a g a rden o fa n o l d c o t tage a tP en twyn -maw r n ea r A be rca rn . T he f i gur ing i s made o fb ronze a nd r e p re sen t s ah o r se i na s t y l ised m anne r s omewha t s ugges t ive o f c on t inen ta l L a Une t r ad i t ion s ( Savo ry 1 952 : 7 2 -3) . T h is p i ece i st o b e i n c luded i n af o r thcom ing p ape r b y A Gw i l t ( Gw i l t p e r s

s ma l l n umbe r a r e r e co rded i n s ou the rn B r i ta in ( Sp ra t l ing 1 972 : n o 's 8 2 -3 ; MacGrego r 1 976 : 6 9 -7 1 n o 's 7 8 109 ) mak ing t h e a ppea rance o f t h is e xamp le n o tab le . A no the r e xamp le f ound i n t h is a r ea o f t h is t y pe o f t e r re t , b u t w i thou t e name l d eco ra t ion , h a s b een f ound a t N ea th , G lamorgan ( MacGrego r 1 976 : 6 9 ) . Wh i ls t i t i s n o t p o ss ib le t o p rec ise ly d a te t h is e xamp le , t h e s t y le i nw h ich

c omm ) .N oN .G .R . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 . S ee f i gu re 3 .

i t i s made p rov ide s ad i agno s t ic d a te r a nge f r om t h e m idd le o f t h e 1 g c en tu ry AD t o t h e 3r d c en tu ry AD ( Macg rego r 1 976 : 4 6 ; MacDona ld 2 00 1 . A . I .W 2 00 1) . N .G .R : S T 3 23 9 23 . N .M .W .P .A : 2 00 1 .26 .1 .

C u l t P i l la r m ade o f s ands tone ( Savo ry 1 976 : 7 7 ) . T h is o b jec t w a s f ound i n corpo ra ted i n aw a l l a tt he j unc t ion o f t h e w e s te r n e nd s o fP en -y -cae a nd Gwa r -y -caeau r oad s o n t h e o u t sk i r t s o f P or t T a lbo t (Megaw 1 964 : 9 4 -8 ) . T he s t one i sr em in iscen t o f ag roup o f n a t ive s t one c a rv ing s f r om B r i ta in a nd c on t inen ta l E u rope d a ted t o t h e e a r ly c en tu r ie s AD t h a t c on t inue t he C e l t ic v ene ra t ion o f t h e h uman h ead w h ich i na r t is t ic f orm c an b e d a ted a s f a rb ack a st h e 6t h c en tu ry BC ( Megaw 1 964 : 9 4 -8 ; G reen 2 00 1 : 9 7 1 06 ) . N .G .R : S S 7 73 8 98 .N .M .W : 5 3 .262 . S ee f i gu re 4 .

P o t tery Two I r on Age p o t te ry s he rd s w e re r e cove red f r om B rough ton B ur row s , G lamo rgan . N .G .R : S S 9 2 7 1 N .M .W : 7 8 .41 .H .6 a nd 7 8 .41 .H .4 . P o t te ry f r agmen t s o fE a r ly I r on A ge d a te f o und a tB u r row

T oo l s

We l ls . No N .G .R . N .M .W : 5 3 .459 .11 .

L a rge a xe o fe i the r L a te B ronze A ge o rv e ry E a r ly I r on Age d a te , f o und a t N ew ton Moo r , P en l lyn . N .G .R : S S 9 8 7 5 . N .M .W : 9 7 .31H .

T hree p i eces o fp o t te ry i n c lud ing o ne c en t ra l b ody s he rd , a s e c t ion o fd oub le b eaded r im a nd as i ng le r im s he rd . T hese w e re f ound n ea r C aerwen t q ua r ry . N .G .R : S T 4 7 9 0 . N .P .T : 8 4 .05 .5 .

S ocke ted l o oped a xe o f I r on Age d a t e f ound a t P en l lyn . No N .G .R .N .M .W : 9 7 .13H . 1 .

E a r ly I r on A ge P o t te ry f ound n ea r C o lco t . N o N .G .R . N .M .W : 6 2 .92 .1 .

I r on s haf t h o le a xe , I r on Age o r p o s s ib le R oman d a te f ound a tP en l lyn . No N .G .R . N .M .W : 9 7 .13H .2 .

L a te I r on Age p o t te ry , f ound a t Mago r . N .G .R : S T 4 18 8 62 . N .P .T : 8 7 .46 1 .

U nknown

I r on Age ma ter ia l r e cove red b y c hance b eh ind t h e i n ne r r ampar t a tN a sh P o in t , Ma rc ro s s . N .G .R : S S 9 15 6 85 . T he f i nd s c ons is t o f as ma l l p l a in p o t she rd o f s oapy , w e l l s moo thed g rey w a re , l i mpe t s he l ls a nd b each p ebb les . N .G .R : S S 9 15 6 84 . N .M .W : 5 9 .104 .1-3 .

Moun t f o r u nknown o b jec t , p oss ib le v e s se l l i d , made o fc a s t b ronze , f a n ta s t ic -g ro tesque i n f o rm , f o und n ea r C heps tow . No N .G .R .N .P .T : 8 9 .223 . Weapons

Two I r on Age p o t te ry s he rd s f ound a tM inch in H o le C ave . N .G .R : S S 5 55 8 69 . N .M .W : 2 000 .66 .H 1 +H 2 .

B ronze s wo rd -h i l t c a s t o n to a n i r on t a ng ; t h e p omme l i sa s epa ra te c a s t ing a nd i sd a ted t o t h e L a te I r on A ge . T h is e xamp le w a s f ound i n t h e c o l lec t ion o f t h e f o rme r Museum o ft h e Monmou thsh i re a nd C a e r leon An t iqua r ian A ssoc ia t ion ( now t h e L eg iona ry Museum C aer leon ) , w i th n o r e co rded p rovenance ( Savory 1 976 : 6 1 ; B oon 1 974 : 2 05 ; J ope 2 000 2 80 1) . N .M .W : 3 1 .78 . S ee f i gu re 5 .

I r on Age p o t te ry s he rd w i th c omb l ined d eco ra t ion , f ound n ea rC hape l T ump . N .P .T : 8 5 .218 .6 . I r on Age p o t te ry s he rd f ound a t R umney G rea t Wha rf , C a rd if f . N .G .R : S T2 40 7 84 . N .M .W : 7 5 .20H . Two p o t te ry s herd s , d a ted t o e i the r t h e L a te I r on A ge o r e a r ly R oman w e re f ound a t Wa te r s tone . N o N .G .R . N .M .W : 8 8 .10 . 1 1 .16 t h rough 8 8 .10 .H .18 .

Worm s H ead , R hoss i l i , G lamorgan . N .G .R : S S3 86 8 77 . T he f o l low ing i s ac o l lec t ion o f ma te r ia lp i cked u pa tv a r ious t imes f r om o ccupa t ion l a ye r s t ha t h ave b een e roded b y t h e s ea a l ong t h ec l if 's e dge .

P roduc t ion P e l te r s haped i n go t , u nknown p rovenance . S im i la r t oo ne r e covered f r om t h e S even S i s te r s h oa rd f r om G lamo rgan ( Dav ies a nd S p ra t l ing 2 001 .123 .46 .

Ap la in d i sc s haped s t one s p ind le w ho r l ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) . N .M .W : 2 4 . 117 .5

1 976 ) . N o N .G .R . N .M .W .P .A :

Ap l a in p ebb le s haped s p ind le w ho r l ( S avo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) . N . M .W : 2 4 .117 .6 .

8

F r agmen t so fb ronze c ha in . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .7 .

A s t one d i sc w i th a p ro jec t ing e a r f r om w h ich r un s af l a t b o t tomed g roove ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) . N .M .W : 2 4 . 117 .3 .

P i ece o f b ronze i n t h e s hape o f ar hombo id . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .8 .

A f r agmen t f r om a s t one d i sc t h a t i s t hough t t o h ave o r ig ina ted i nC o rnwa l l ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) . T h i s e xamp le h a s a c a ref u l ly s haped a nd s moo thed f l a t -bo t tomed c i rcu la r r e ces s o ne ach f a ce . N .M .W : 2 4 .117 .4 . ( Savo ry 1 976 :6 6 ) . A s t one mou ld u sed f o r t h e m anuf ac tu re o f o b jec t s i n a n e a r ly L a T ene s t y le ( Savo ry 1 974 ) . N .M .W : 2 4 . 117 . 1 . S ee f i gu re 6 .

F r agmen t s o fp o t te ry r im f r om ah andmade v e s se l . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .9 . Mer thyr Mawr Warren T he f o l low ing t wo i t em s w e r e p i cked u p d u r ing 1 938 o n o r n ea rt h e I r on A ge s i te ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . No N .G .R .

Ad ee r a n t le rt i ne , f o rmed b y s hav ing o ft h e b eam t of o rm a l e dge i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e b u r r . N .M .W : 2 4 . 117 .2 .

C u rved i r on k n if e -b lade b ad ly c o r roded . N .M .W . 4 2 .65 .1 . T he f o l low ing i s ac o l lec t ion o fI r on A ge m a te r ia l t h a t w a s r e cove red f r om ah ea r th a tt h e f oo t o f as t eep s c a rp b eh ind Woodf ie ld T e r ra ce , R ady r , G lamo rgan . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) . N .G .R : S T 1 34 9 83 .

I r on A ge p o t te ry i n c lud ing t wo r im f r agmen t s f r om h andmade o vo id j a r sw i th b eaded r im s . N .M .W : 4 2 .65 .2 . Mer thyr Mawr Warren

E a r ly I r on A g ep o t te ry .N .M .W : 2 0 .319 . 1 . E xac t l o ca t ion o ft h e n ex t i t em i sn o tk nown b u tp re sumed t o b e o n o r n ea r t h e I r on A ge s i t e ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N o N .G .R .

F l in t f l ake s , p o tbo i le r s a nd f r agmen t s o fc ha rcoa l . N .M .W : 2 0 .319 .2 . t h rough t oN .M .W : 2 0 .319 .5 .

F r agmen t o f p o t te ry c on ta in ing s h e l l g r i t s . T he f r agmen t s h ad aw e l l smoo thed g r ey s u rf a ce .N .M .W : 3 8 .656 .

T he f o l low ing i s av a r ie ty o f ma te r ia l c u l tu re t h a th a s b een r e cove red f r om Mer thy r Maw r Wa r r en . N .G .R : S S 8 62 7 68 ; t h e c o l lec t ion a nd r e co rd ing o ft h i s m a te r ia l h a st a ken p l ace o ve r an umbe r o f d ecade s a nd h a s b een c o l lec ted f r om an umbe ro fl o ca t ion s a t Me r thy r Maw r Wa r r en . T he f o l low ing o b jec t s w e re a l l f ound a t t h e s ame l o ca t ion N .G .R : S S8 62 7 68 : ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) .

T he f o l low ing m a te r ia l w a s p i cked u p a tv a r iou s t ime s o n o r n ea rt h es i te ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 ) . N oN .G .R .

F ou rc ruc ib le f r agmen t s . N .M .W : 0 1 .363 .3 .

B ronze n eed le w i th l o zenge s haped e ye . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .21 .

C o l lec t ion o fb ronze d rop s a nd j e t s f r om b ronz e s me l t ing . N .M .W : 0 1 .363 .4 .

C on ica l s haped b u t ton p o s s ib ly m ade o f s ha le . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .4 .

M isce l laneou ss ma l l i r on o b jec t s . N .M .W : 0 1 .363 .5 .

F r agmen t s o f b ronze r i ng o r p enna nu la r b rooch . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .22 .

Mer thyr Mawr Warren

T he f o l low ing i t em s w e re f ound a tv a r iou s l o ca t ion s n ea rt h e I r on Ag e s i t eo n Me r thy r Maw r Wa r ren : ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) .

B ronze p in w i th p l a in f l a t tened h ead .N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .23 .

P a i ro fb ronz et weeze r s . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .1 .

M i sce l laneou s b ronze f r agmen t s .N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .24 .

B ronze b a r , l o oped o r ig ina l ly a t b o th e nd s . T he l o op i s b roken , p o s s ib le c ha in p a r t . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .2 .

J e t sa nd p ea r ls f r om b ronze f ound ing . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .25 .

F ragmen t so fa n i r on r i ng ; t h e e nd o fo ne o ft h e f r agmen t s i s t h ickened w i th a s ma l l k nob , p o s s ib ly p a r t o f p ennanu la r b rooch . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .3 .

F r agmen t s o f ah ea r th w a l l . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .26 . C ruc ib le f r agmen t s . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .27 .

T hree i r on n a i ls .N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .4 .

P i ece so fs l ag w a s te .N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .28 .

B ronze r ound h eaded p i n , w i th t h in w a she r a t ta ched t o i t . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .5 .

S ec t ion o f c y l ind r ica l h and le o f h o l lowed a n t le r . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .29 .

Sma l l f r agmen t so ff o lded b ronze p l a te . N .M .W : 2 7 .380 .6 .

B u rn t a nd f r agmen ted c heck -p iece o f ab r id le -b i t m ade f r om a n t le r w i th a b roken p e rf o ra t ion a t e ach e nd . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .30 .

9

D i scus s ion B ad ly c o r roded L a The l cb rooch w i th r ounded b ow a nd f oo tp la te . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .31

T he a bove l i s t g ive s t h e r e ade r a n i n s igh t i n to t h e t y pe s o f a r tef ac t s t h a t h ave b een c a tego r i sed a s c hance f i nd s . T h is t ype o f l i s t , w h i l s t l i m i ted i nw ha t i n f o rma t ion i tc an of er , p rov ide s l o ca t ions a nd i ns ome c a se s , c on tex t s a nd d a te s f o r t h e f i nd s . I na dd i t ion , t h e i t em s d i scu s s ed a bove c an a dd t o e x i s t ing t y po log ie s a nd w i l l a s s i s t i nt h e c r ea t ion o f n ew o ne s . T he u nde r tak ing o fa n e xe r c i se s u ch a st h i s i l u s t ra te s t h e p o ten t ia l f o r r e sea r ch i n many a r ea s . Ag ood e xamp le i s t h e l a rge q uan t i ty o f m a te r ia l c u l t u re r e cove r ed f r om Mer thy r Maw r Wa r ren . Mo s t o ft h e a r t ef ac t s r e cove red a r e f r om v a r iou s l o ca t ion s a c ro ss t h e W a r ren , h oweve r , l i t t le e xp lo ra to ry w o rk h a s b een d one o n a ny o f t h e o b jec t s r e cove red w i th t h e e x cep t ion o ft h e a n a ly s i s c onduc ted u pon c e ram ic r e s idue s a nd d rop le t s o fb r onz e b y P e te r N o r thove r ( Gw i l t 2 002 ) . A s ide f r om a s ma l l e xp lo ra to ry e xcava t ion c onduc ted h e r e i n 1 927 b y C y r i l F ox ( t o b e d i scu s sed i na l a te r c hap te r ) , t h e r e h a s n o t b e en a moder n d ay a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion a tt h i s s i t e . M e r thy r Maw r Wa r ren a nd i t s a ccumu la ted a s semb lage s how e x ce l len t p o ten t ia l f o r f u r the rr e sea r ch .

L a T 6ne I I , b rooch o r m aybe R omano -Br i t ish t ype b ad ly c o r roded .N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .32 . L a T dne I I , b rooch o r m aybe R omano -Br i t ish t ype b ad ly c o r roded .N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .33 . M i sce l laneou sm e ta lw o rk f r agmen t s . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .34 . N e ts t one s i nke r , v i o l in s haped .N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .35 . F ragmen t o fu ppe r s e c t ion o fb eeh ive q ue rn s t one . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .36 . S phe ro id b ead m ade o fp a le g r een g l a s s . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .37 . P o t te ry s he rd d eco ra ted w i th s of tg roove s , c oncen t r ic c i r c le s , n o tched l i ne s a nd s t amped d uck -pa t te rn c ab le s , c on t inen ta l t r ad i t ion . ( Savo ry 1 951 : 1 70 ) . N .M .W : 5 0 .466 .38 . U ndeco ra ted 5 0 .466 .39 .

p l a in

g r ey

p o t te ry

f r agmen t s .

N .M .W :

Mer thyr Mawr Warren N ex ti t em f ound n or th w e s to ft h e I r on A ge s i te . No N .G .R . Two f r agmen t s o f ab ronze r i ng o r p ennanu la r b rooch w i th t r an sve r se c o r ruga t ion o ft h eo u te re dge . N .M .W : 5 3 . 135 .5 . B urrow s We l la nd Mer thyr Mawr Warren T he f o l low ing w a s p i cked u p o n b e tween t h e t wo s i te s ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 ) .N oN .G .R . F ragmen t s o fI r on A ge p o t te ry i n c lud ing t wo f r agmen t s f r om as hou lde red j a r . N .M .W : 5 3 .459 . 11 . Mer thyr Mawr Warr en T he n ex t f ou r i t em s w e r e p i cked u p a tv a r iou s t ime s o n o f n ea rt h e I r on A ge s i te .N oN .G .R . F l in ts c rappe r . N .M .W .456 .9 . I r on A ge p o t te ry s he rd s . N .M .W :4 65 .8 . I r on A ge p o t te ry s he rd . N .M .W : 8 8 .205 .H . 1-2 . U nda ted c oppe r 1 898 .273 .22 .

a loy

m e ta lwo rk ing

w a s te .

N .M .W :

1 0

F igur e 2 . Ha rn ess m oun to r s t rap j un c t ion f r om C h eps tow

F igur e 1 . B rooch f r om N e i .v ton M oo r .

F igur e 3 . B ron z e h o rse f i gu r ine f r om Abe r ca rn F igur e 4 . C u l t .p i l la r P or tT a lbo t

F igur e 5 .B ronz e s wo rd h i l tf r om C a er l eo n

F igur e 6 . S ton em ou ld f r om Worm sH ead

1

C hap ter 4 Hoard s : C on tex t sa nd C on ten t s

I n t roduc t ion /P en ty rch ( L IA ) ; t h e se w i l l f o rm t h e b a s i s o ft h e f o l low ing c hap te r .

H oa rds m ay b e d ef ined a s a n a s semb lage o fo b jec t s f o und t oge the r u nde r c i rcum s tance s t h a t s ugg e s t e i the r as i ng le , o r i ns ome c a se s , r epea ted a c t s o fd epo s i t ion o ve r al o ng p e r iod o ft ime ( Dav ie s 2 000 : 1 79 ) . H oa rd s m ay h ave b een h i dden w i th t h e i n ten t ion o f l a te r r e t r ieva l o r a s a n a c t o f a bandonmen t , s a c r if ice o r p rop i t ia t ion . T he mo t iva t ion f o r t h e d epo s i t ion o fo b jec t s c an o f t en b e a s ce r ta ined f r om t h e c ha rac te ra nd c ompo s i t ion o ft h eh oa rd a nd t h e l o ca t ion f r om w h ich t h ey a r e r e cove red . T he l o ca t ion s a nd c on tex t s o ft h e h oa rd s f r om s ou th -ea s t Wa le s v a ry a nd t h e d a tes a pp l ied t o e ach a r e m a in ly d ef ined a c co rd ing t o t h e s t y l i s t ic c on ten t r a the r t h an t h rough i n dependen t d a t ing e v idence . I n Wa le s f ou r I r on A ge h oa rd s h ave b een r e cove red f r om t h e f o l low ing s i te s : L lyn F aw r ( LBA /E IA t r ans i t ion ) , C a rd if f ( LBA /E IA t r ans i t ion ) , S even S i s te r s( L IA ) ,a nd L e s se rG a r th

S t ruc ture o fc hap t e r A s t h e p u rpo se o ft h i s i n ves t iga t ion i st oi lus t ra te t h e t y pe s o f m a te r ia l c u l tu r e t h a t a r e a va i lab le w i th in t h e s t udy a r ea . T h is c hap te rw i l l i n c lude ab r ief d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e d i scove ry o fe a ch h oa rd a nd l i s t t h e c on ten t s f o r e a ch i na n i n dex t h a t i sa ccompan ied b y i mage so ft he o b jec t s . S t ruc ture o ft ab l e si n c lud ed i nt ex t I n c luded w i th e a ch h oa rd i s at a b le t h a t i lu s t ra te s t h e a moun t s o fo b jec t s i ne a ch a s semb lage ; t h e s t ruc tu r e o ft h e t a b le s i s d e sc r ibed i n c hap te r 1 , p age 2 .

1 2

The L lyn F awr Hoard a nd h a s as i ng le m id r ib . f i gu re 1 2 .

T he o r ig ina l h oa rd m a te r ia l a t L lyn F aw r w a s d i scove red b e tween 1 9 11 a nd 1 9 13 ; t h e f i r s t t wen ty -one i t em s w e re r e cove r ed w hen t h e l a ke n ea r H irwaun , i nG lamo rgan w a s b e ing d r a ined i nt h e c ou r se o fi t s c onve r s ion i n to ar e servo i r . T he a r t if a c t s w e r e p re sen ted t o t h e N a t iona l Mu seums a nd G a l le r ie s o f Wa le s b y t h e R hondda U rban D is t r ic t C ounc i l ( C rawf o rd a nd Whee le r 1 921 ; S avo ry 1 976 : 4 6 ) . I n 1 936 , M r . G eo rg e S t ow , w ho h ad b een t h e m anag ing d i rec to r o f t h e c ompany a tt h e t ime o ft h e r e servo i r 's c on s t ruc t ion , s en t al e t te r a nd a no the r t wo i t em s ; ab ronz e c au ld ron a nd t h e f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o f a n i r on s wo rd t o t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f( Fox 1 939 : 3 69 -7 1) . I n 1 985 , M r s . A nne B u t le r , t h e g randdaugh te r o f G eo rge S t ow , b roug h t a no the r t wo i t em s t o t h e a t ten t ion o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l w o r ld w hen s he c onf e s sed t o h av ing i n h e r p o s se s s ion t wo s ocke ted a xe s t h a t w e r e p a r t o ft h e o r ig ina l h oa rd r e cov e r ed f r om L lyn F aw r . S he m ade t h e se i t em s a va i lab le t o t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f , w he r ec op ie sw e re m ade , l e av ing t h eo r ig ina ls i nt h e p o s se s s ion o fM r s . B u t le r( G reen 1 985 : 2 88 -9 ) .

B ronze s ocke ted s i ck le , w i th s ocke t( two p a i r s o fe mp ty r i ve t h o les ) s e ta tr i gh ta ng le st ot h eb l ade , w h ich c u rve s a nd h a s as i ng le m id r ib . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .7 . S ee f i gu r e 1 3 .

8 .

I r on s ocke ted s i ck le w i th o va l s e c t ion s ocke t i nw h ich t h e re i s ap a i ro fr i ve t h o le s ; o ne w i th ap a r to f ab r onz e p i n , s e t a tr i gh t a ng le s t ot h e c u rv ing b l ade , w h ich h a s a h eavy c en t ra l m id r ib . A round t h e mou th o ft h e s o ck e t i s ag rooved i r on r i ng a dded f o r s t reng then ing . T h i s h a s b een w e lded a nd i sh e ld i n p l ace b y t h e t u rned b a ck e dge o ft h e s ocke t . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .8 . S ee f i gu r e 1 4 .

9 .

B ronze s ocke ted g ouge w i th s imp le m ou th m ou ld ing . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .9 . S ee f i gu re 1 5 .

1 . B ronze s ocke ted g ouge w i th s imp le m ou th m ou ld ing . N .M .W :12 .11 .11 . S ee f i gu re 1 7 .

T he i t em s l i s t ed b e low i n c lude ad e sc r ip t ion o fe ach o b jec t ; t h e i n f o rma t ion f o r w h ich w a s t a ken f r om S avo ry ( 1976 : 5 3 4 ) , a nd a c company ing e ach e n t ry i st h e N a t iona l Museum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f 's a cce s s ion n umbe r p lu s a f i gu re n umb e rf o ri mages .

1 2 . B ronze r a zo r w i th d oub le l o oped h and le a nd t r i angu la r o pen ing i nb l ade . R azo r s o fs im i la rt y pe f r om H am H i l l ( G ray 1 923) a nd L eckw i th , G lamo rgan ( P iggo t t 1 946 ) . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 . 12 . S ee f i gu r e 1 8 . 1 3 . F ragmen t o f s ocke ted a xe s im i la r i n f o rm t o o b jec t n umbe r s It o 4 , o n ly a p o r t ion o ft h e s ocke t r ema in s . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .13 .

I ndex t oL l yn F awr p iece s

2 .

7 .

1 0 . B ronze s ocke ted g ouge w i th d eep c o l la r a t m ou th . N .M .W : 1 2 . 11 . 10 . S ee f i gu r e 1 6 .

S t ruc ture o fi ndex

1 .

N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .6 . S ee

B ronz e l o oped s ocke ted a xe w i th t h ree s l igh t ly d i ve rg en t r i b s o n e ach s i de a nd s l igh t m ou ld ing a round t h e s o cke t a t t h e t op o f t h e l o op . T h i s a xe h a s a p rom in en t mou th mou ld ing . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .1 . S ee f i gu r e 7 .

1 4 . B ronze h a rne s s f i t t ing i nt h e f o rm o f ad omed b r onz e d i sc o ft h in s hee t m e ta l . l th a s af l a tt u rned u p r im a nd a s i ng le h a lf r ound m ou ld ing a tt h e e dg e . A tt h e c en te ro f t h e d i sc i s as ma l l c i r cu la rp l a te w i th r e c tangu la rl o op a t t h e b ack f o r a t ta chmen t t o a no the r o b jec t . N .M .W : 1 2 . 11 . 14 . S ee f i gu re 1 9 .

B ronz e l o oped s ocke ted a xe w i th s l igh t ly d i ve rg ing r i b s w i th t e rm ina l p e l le t so n e ach f a ce . T he a ng le s h ave b een c a s t t of o rm r i b s w i th t e rm ina l p e l le t s a tt h e s ame l e ve l a st h eo t he r s .N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .2 . S ee f i gu r e8 .

3 .

B ronz e l o oped s ocke ted a xe ; t h i s m ay h ave b een m ade f r om t h e s ame mou ld a s o b jec t n umbe r 2 . N .M .W : 1 2 . 11 .3 .S ee f i gu re 9 .

4 .

B ronz es o cke ted a xe w i th b roken l o op a nd l a rge c onvex m ou th m ou ld ing , f a in t mou ld ing o n al e ve l w i th t h e t op o f t h e l o op , t h ree d ive rgen t r i b s w i th t e rm ina l p e l le t s a nd c o r r e spond ing p e l le t s a t a ng le s . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .4 . S ee f i gu r e 1 0 .

5 .

B ronz e l o oped s ocke ted a xe w i th p l a in , u ndeco ra ted , s ub t r iangu la r s ocke t . N .M .W : S ee f i gu r e I .

6 .

B ronz es o cke ted s i ck le , w i th s ocke t( t wo p a ir s o fe mp ty r i v e t h o le s ) s e ta tr i gh t a ng le s t ot h e b l ade w h ich c u rve s

1 5 . B ronze h a rne s s f i t t ing s im i la r t oo b jec t n umbe r 1 4 b u t h a s ad if e ren t r im a nd l a ck s t h e m ou ld ing a tt h e e dge b u t h a s ad oub le c onvex m ou ld ing a nd c en t ra l g r oove a l ong t h e o u te r s u rf ace . N .M .W : 1 2 . 11 . 15 . S ee f i gu r e 2 0 . 1 6 . B ronze h a rne s s f i t t ing s im i la r t oo b jec t n umbe r 1 5 b u t t h ec en t ra l p la te i sc oncave a nd t h e o va l l o op a tt h eb ack i sh e ld i np l ace b y ar i ve t . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .16 . S ee f i gu r e 2 1 . 1 7 . W inged b ronze h a rne s s f i t t ing ( c heek -p iece ) w i th t e rm ina l d i scs d i sp lay ing c oncen t r ic c i r c le s o n t h e w ing s . T he w ing s a r e h o l low a nd o pen a t t h e t o p . A long t h e e dge o ft h e o pen ing a r e t wo h o le s o n e i the r s i de . T he f a ce i sw e l l f i n i shed a nd h a s r a ised e dge s a nd ac u rved r i b r un s a c ro s s i tt o l i nk u p t h e d i sc a te a ch

n a r row , 1 2 .11 .5 .

1 3

7 5 -85 ; O 'Conno r 1 980 ) . T he i n c lu s ion o f t wo b ronze c au ld ron s w h ich a r e o fB I t ype a nd o fI r i sh manuf ac tu re a r e b e l ieved t o h ave b een s eve ra l g ene ra t ions o ld w hen d epo s i t ed i nt h e l a ke ; b o th h ave b een a c co rded ad a te o fc . 8 00 BC ( J ope 2 000 : 2 25 -6 ; S avo ry 1 975 ; 1 976 ) . O the ri t em s f ound i nt h i sh oa rd t h a ta r e c h rono log ica l ly d iagno s t ic a r e a n i r on s o ck e ted s i ck le , a n i r on s pea rh ead a nd b ronze a xe s , o ne o f w h ich h a s b een s ubm i t ted f o r a na ly s i s a t t h e ' Oxf o rd R ad ioca rbon A cce le ra to r P rog ramme ' . T he s i ng le a xe w a s s ubm i t t ed a nd t e s t s c a r r ied o u t o n m a te r ia l r e cove red f r om t h e h af tg ave ad a te t h a t f a l ls a t2 545 ±5 5 B P , c a l ib ra t ing t o 8 30 -510 B C( Needham e ta l1 997 : 9 8 -9 ) .

e nd . T he o t he r f a ce i sl e s s w e l l f i n i shed a nd h a s n o r a ised e dge s . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .17 . S ee f i gu re 2 2 . 1 8 . F ragmen t o f ab ronze h a r ne s s f i t t ing , s im i la r t oo b jec t n umbe r 1 7 a nd a ppea r s t o b e f r om t h e s ame m ou ld . N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .18 . 1 9 . B ronze h a rne s s f i t t ing c on s i s t ing o f ar e c tangu la r p l a te d iv ided v er t ica l ly i n to t h ree p a r t s b y r a ised n a r row r i dg e s . T he m idd le p ane l i s p i e r ced b y s i x e qua l ly s paced r e c tangu la ro pen ing s . A t ta ched t ot h e l owe re dge o f t h e p l a te a r e f i ve d i sc s w i th h o l lowed , m ou lded , c oncen t r ic c i rc le s f i t ted a r ound ac en t ra l b o s s . T he re a r e e ven ly s paced l o op s n ea r t h e t o p e dge o ft h e p l a te o n t h eb ack .N .M .W : 1 2 .11 .19 . S ee f i gu re 2 3 .

T he e a r ly d a te a nd t h e i n c lu s ion o f b o th i r on a nd b ronze o b jec t s i nt h e L lyn F aw r h oa rd i si n d ica t ive o f t h e s oc ia l c hange s t h a t w e re t a k ing p l ace a tt h e t i me o fd epo s i t ion . T he i r on H a l s ta t t ' C ' s wo rd a nd t h e b ronz e p ha lerae o r c heek p i ece s h ave c ha rac te r is t ics c ompa rab le e xamp le s f ound i n H a ls ta t t ' C ' c on tex t s i nb o th F rance a nd B e lg ium a nd a r e s o w e l l m ade t h a t i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a tt h ey w e re i mpor ted i n to B r i ta in f r om c on t inen ta l E u rope ( J ope 2 000 : 2 26 ) . H oweve r , t h e r e a r e i r on o b jec t s i n t h e h oa rd r ep re sen t ing e a r ly a t temp t s a t i r on w o rk ing i n B r i ta in . T he se o b jec t s i n c lude a s pea r a nd a s ocke ted s i ck le t h a t w e re m ade i na t e chn ique b e t te r s u i ted t ob ronze c a s t ing , s ugges t ing t h a tt h e m e ta l s m i th s w ho made t h e se i t em s h ad al i m i ted k now ledge o fw o rk ing w i th i r on ( Ave ry 1 993 : 1 0 1) . E xamp le s o fe a r ly i r on o b jec t s f o und i n o the r a r ea s o f B r i ta in a r e p re sen t i n B ronze A ge h oa rd s a t S omp t ing i n S u s sex ( Curwen 1 948 ) a nd f r om C o lche s te r i nE s sex ( Hawke sa nd Sm i th 1 957 ) .

2 0 . B ronze b e l t h ook , h o l low c a s t ing , c l o sed a to ne e nd t o t h e m idd le a nd c a s t i no ne p i ece . N .M .W : 1 2 . 11 .20 . S ee f i gu re 2 4 . 2 1 . I r on s ocke ted s pea rhead o fr i ve ted t y pe . T he s ocke t i s s p l i t a nd d amaged a tt h e m ou th . N .M .W : 1 2 . 11 .2 1 . S ee f i gu r e2 5 . 2 2 . B ronze c au ld ron b u i l tu p o ff i ve t i e r so fm e ta l , o fw h ich o ne c i r cu la r s hee t f o rm s t h e b a se , t h r ee s hee t s f o rm t h e s i de s , a nd t h e f i f th s h ee t f o rm s t h e s hou lde r , e ve r ted f l ange a nd r o l led r im . T he se p a r t s a r e r i ve ted t oge the r w i th e i the r r ound o rc on ica l h eaded r i ve t s . A s t h e r e a r e p i ece s o f m e ta l m i s s ing , i ti si mpo s s ib le t o t e l l h ow many r i ve t sw e r e u sed i ne ach t i e r ; t h ef i f th t i e rc on ta in s a t l e a s t t wo . T he b eaded r im i sb en t a r ound ac o r e o f h eav ie rt u bu la rs t r ip . T he g rooved r i ng h and le sa r eh e ld t ot h ec au ld ron b y s t ap le s c a s ti no ne t ot h ef l ange s . T he f l ange h a s b een s t r eng thened b y t wo b ronz e s t r ip s r i ve ted t ot h es hou lde r ,w h ich p a s st h rough s l o t s i n to t h e f l ange s .N .M .W : 1 3 . 112 . S ee f i gu re 2 6 . 2 3 . B ronze c au ld ron b u i l to ff i ve t i e r so fs hee tm e ta l r i ve ted t oge the r w i th c on ica l h eaded r i ve t s . T he t o p t i e r f o rm s t h e s hou lde r , e ve r ted f l ange a nd r o l led r im . T he a ng le f o rmed b y t h e s hou lde r a nd f l ange i sr e inf o r ced w i th a t ube o f h eav ie r m e ta l o ve r w h ich t h e p l a te h a s b een b en t . T he g rooved r i ng h and le s a r e h e ld t ot h e c au ld ron b y s t ap le s , c a s t d i rec t ly o n t ot h e f l ange . T he l i p i sw e l l w o rn .N .M .W : 3 6 .624 . S ee f i gu r e2 7 . 2 4 . F ragmen ted i r on s wo rd o fc on t inen ta l H a ls ta t t Ct y pe , c omp r ised o ft h eu ppe rp a r to f am ou lded b l ade a nd p a r t o f t h e h and le p l a te t h a t w a s m ade o f b one . N .M .W : 3 6 .624 .2 . S ee f i gu r e2 8 .

D i scus s ion T he L lyn F aw r h oa rd h a s b een a s s igned a L a te B ronze A ge /Ea r ly I r on A ge d a t e a nd g i ve s i t s n ame t ot h e p e r iod b ecause o ft h e p re sence o fa n i r on H a ls ta t t ' C ' s wo rd w h ich r ep re sen t s o ne o f t h e f i r s t i d en t if iab le a ppea rance s o f i r on r e co rded f r om B r i ta in ( Dav ie s 2 000 : 1 83 ; N o r thove r 1 988 :

1 4

F igur es 1 2 ,13 a nd 1 4 ' S i ck l es

F igur es 7 ,8 ,9 , 1 0 a nd 1 . A x es

1

g

r

F i gur e 1 5

1 7

F igur e 2 5 . I r on s pea rh ead 1 5

F igur e2 8 . I r on s word f r om L l yn Fa w r

F igur e 1 9 . B ron z e Min es c l i s cf r om L lyn Fa w r

•

F igur e2 0 . B ron z eh ar n ess d i sc f r om L lyn Fa w r

F igur e 2 1 .

B ronz eh a rn ess d i sc f r om L lyn Fa w r

1 6

F igur e 2 6 . C au ld ron f r om L lyn .F aw r

F igur e 2

C au ld ron f r om L lyn F a i

1 7

T he C ard if f Hoard

T he C a rd if fh oa rd w a sd i scove red i n1 928 a tL ec i cw i th i na

f a ce . T he f r agmen t i sb en ta nd t w i s ted 3 0 .130 .8 .. S ee f i gu r e3 6

s ha l low b ed o fr i ve r sand o n t h e f l ood p l a in s o ft h e R ive r s T af fa nd E ly n ea r C a rd if fi nG lamo rgan . T he o b jec t s w e r e s o ld t oa n a n t ique s d ea le r f r om w hom M r . F .E . A nd rew s b ough t t h em b ef o r e p r e sen t ing t h em t o t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f . ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 933) .

9 .

R azo r o f d oub le -edged t a ng i s m is s ing . I th a s c en t re o ft h e b l ade a nd t h e e dge i n to t wo p a r t s . 3 7 .

N .M .W :

c i rcu la r t y pe f r om w h ich t h e at r iangu la r o pen ing i n t h e an a r row s l i t o n t o p d i v id ing N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .9 . S ee f i gu r e

S t ruc ture o fi ndex 1 0 . R azo r o f t r iangu la r t y pe w i th s i ng le e dge , as ma l l l o oped h and le a nd t r iangu la r o pen ing i n t h e b l ade . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 . 10 . S ee f i gure 3 8 .

T o f o l low i s ad e sc r ip t ion o fe ach o b jec t ; t h e i n f orma t ion f o r e ach w a s t a ken f r om e i the r S avo ry ( 1976 : 5 3 ) o rf r om N a sh W i l l iams ( 1933 : 2 99 ) a nd a ccompany ing e a ch e n t ry w i l l b e t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f a cce s s ion n umbe rp l u s af i gu re n umbe rf o ri mage s .

1 . C ap o fc ha r io tp o le . T h is i s ac y l ind r ica l c a s t ing a nd i s d amaged w i th t wo l a rge r ough ly c i rcu la r o pen ing s ; o ne i sb roken . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 . 11 . S ee f i gu r e3 9 .

I ndex t ot he C ard i ff Hoard

D i scus s ion

1 .

S ocke ted a xe , l o oped w i th t h ree d i ve rg ing r i b s o n e ach f a ce w i th t e rm ina l b o s se s a t tached n ea r t h e mou lded mou th o ft h e s ocke t t o as l igh t m ou ld ing o n al e ve l w i th t h e b a se o ft h e l o op . N .M .W : 3 0 . 130 . 1 . S ee f i gu re 2 9 .

2 .

S ocke ted a xe , s qua re s ocke ted v a r ie ty c on s is t ing o f p a r t o f mou th o f s ocke t w i th l o op , s im i la r t o o b jec t n umbe r 1i nt h i s g roup . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .2 . S ee f i gu r e 3 0 .

3 .

S ocke ted c h ise l , s ocke t d amaged w i th a w ide e xpanded b l ade . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .3 . S ee f i gu re 3 1 .

4 .

S ocke ted c h ise l , u ndamaged , w i th w ide e xpanded b l ade , s im i la r i nf o rm t oo b jec t 3w i th ap a i r o fr i ve t h o le s i n s ide t h e s ocke t n ea r t h e m ou th . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .4 . .S ee f i gu re 3 2 .

5 .

S ocke ted c h ise l s im i la r t o o b jec t s n umbe r 4 , b u t t h e e dge i st u rned b ack a tt h e e nd s a nd t h e re i s an a r row g rooved c o l la r a r ound t h e mou th o f t h e s ocke t . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .5 . S ee f i gu re 3 3 .

T he C a rd if f h oa rd c ons is t s o f e l even p i ece s o f b ronz e m e ta l w o rk w h ich h ave b een a s s igned as im i la rd a te r a nge a st h e L lyn F aw rh oa rd b ecause o ft h e i n c lu s ion o fH a l s ta t t d e r iva t ives . S ome o f t h e t oo ls a r e d i s t inc t ive a nd a r e c h rono log ica l ly d i agno s t ic i n c lud ing t wo l a rge r i bbed a nd p e l le t a xe s ( one f r agmen ta ry ) , wh ich a r e av a r ia t ion o ft h e s qua re socke ted v a r ie ty ( Nor thove r 1 988 : 8 0 ) a s i st h e s i ck le . T he c en t ra l r i b o ft h e s i ck le b l ade s t op s s ho r ta tt h e s ocke t ; af e a tu re t h a t p l aces t h e s i ck le c h rono log ica l ly e a r l ie r t h an e xamp le s w he re t he r i b i sc a r r ied a c ro s s t h e s ocke t a s i nt h e s i ck le s a tL lyn F aw r . T he re a r e a l so t wo d e r iva t ive s o f H a l s ta t t t y pe r azo r s : o ne i sc i r cu la r w i th a t r iangu la r c en t ra l o pen ing a nd a s t ump o f at a ng h and le r ema in s a nd t h e o t he r i ss im i la r i nf o rm t oo ne f ound i nt h e L lyn F aw r h oa rd . T he s e cond e xamp le h a s ac r e scen t r ic b l ade w i th at r iangu la r o pen ing a nd a l o oped h and le a nd b o th e xamp le s a r e v e ry r a r e i nB r i ta in . T he c h ise l sa r e o fa g ene ra l f o rm w i th t r i angu la r b lade s a nd a c on ica l s o cke t s epa ra ted b y a p ronounced c o l la r mou ld ing . T he r ema in ing p i ece o f t h i s h oa rd i s m ade o f c a s t m e ta l , c y l ind r ica l i ns hape a nd i sb e l ieved t o b e ac ha r io t p o le f i t t ing . As im i la r e xamp le c an b e f o und i nt h e L lyn C e r r ig B ach h oa rd ( Fox 1 946 ; S avo ry 1 976 : 8 3 , f i g 4 ; N a sh W i l l iam s 1 933 ) .

6 .

S ocke ted c h ise l s im i la r t o o b jec t s 4a nd 5 b u t w i th s ma l l b l ade a nd a s imp le n a r row c o l la r a round t h e mou th o ft h es ocke t .N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .6 . S ee f i gu re 3 .

7 .

S qua r e socke ted s i ck le w i th t h e c en t ra l r i b o f t h e b l ade s t opp ing s ho r t a t t h e s ocke t s ; af e a tu re t h a t i n d ica te s t h a t t h i s i mp lemen t i se a r l ie r t y po log ica l ly t h an t h o se i nw h ich t h e r i b i sc a r r ied a c ro s st h e s ocke t . N .M .W : 3 0 .130 .7 . S ee f i gu re 3 5 .

8 .

S i ck le b l ade f r agmen t o f s ocke ted t y pe w i th t h r ee n a r row r i b s t h a t c onve rge t owa rd s t h e p o in t o n e a ch

1 8

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1 9

The S even S i s ter s Hoard T he S even S i s te r s h oa rd o fb ronze s ( A l len 1 905 ; D av ie s & S p ra t l ing 1 976 ) w a sd i scove red i n as t r eambed n ea rN ea th i n G lamo rgan a f t e r as eve r e s t o rm h ad c au sed ma jo r f l ood s i n 1 875 . Wh i ls t e ve ry e ndeavo r h a s b een m ade t o c l a r if y t h e e xa c t l o ca t ion o f t h e f i nd s po t o f t h e h oa rd , t h e e xac t l o ca t ion h a s n o t b een a g reed . T he i t em s i nt h is h oa rd c an b e g rouped i n to t h ree c a tego r ie s : t h o se t h a t a r e R oman i n c ha ra c te r , t h o se t h a t a r e i n d igenous i nc ha rac te r , a nd t ho se t h a t c an b e p l aced i n e i the r g roup ( Dav ie s a nd S p ra t l ing 1 976 ) . A l lt h eo b jec t sa r ec on s t ruc ted o fb ronze .

6 .

S t rap u n ion m ade o fc a s t b ronz e , s t rap r i ng a nd s t rap e nd , e ach e mbe l l i shed o n t h e o bve r se w i th i n se t s , s ome o f w h ich a r e n ow e mp ty b u t o t he r s a r e f i l led w i th b l ack a l loy . T he re a r e n o c l o se p a ra l le l s t ot h is p a r t icu la r p i ece b u t c ompa r ison s h ave b een m ade w i th p i ece s f r om B recon G ae r ( Ca sey 1 97 1) , C o lche s te r ( Hawke s a nd H u l l 1 947 ) a nd H od H i l l ( R ichmond 1 968 ) . D& S : I .N .M .W : 0 4 . 130 . S ee f i gu r e4 5 .

7 .

S t rap u n ion m ade o fc a s t b ronz e t h a t a r e p l a in o n t h e b ack w he re t h e re a r e t wo p ro jec t ing l o op s . T he o bve r se i sc ove red w i th i n se t s f o r c hamp le vj e name l o fr e d a nd b l u ish w h i te . D& S : 1 7 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 131 . S ee f i gu r e4 4 .

8 .

B uck le m ade o fc a s tb ronze . When e xam ined i n1 963 , t h e h i nge p inho le s w e re f i l led w i th i r on t h a t h a s s i nce d i sappea r ed . P a ra l le led t o b uck le s f o und a t R ichbo rough ( Bu she -Fox 1 949 ) a nd Wroxe t e r ( Wh i te a nd B a rke r 1 998 ) . D& S : 1 0 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 132 .

9 .

S t rap s l ide moun t m ade o fc a s t b r onz e w i th ap a i r o f d omed or namen ta l r i ve t s o f a n o r ig ina l s e t o f f ou r a t tached t ot h e m a in p ane l . O ne o ft h e t e rm ina l l o op s i sb roken a nd i n comp le te . T he c oncave s i de s o ft h e p r inc ip le l o op a ppea r t o b e a n o r ig ina l f e a t u r e o ft h e d e s ign a nd n o t t h e r e su l t o fw ea r . U npa ra l le led . D& S :5 .N .M .W :04 .133 . S ee f i gu r e4 6 .

S t ruc ture o fi ndex T o f o l low i s ad e sc r ip t ion o fe ach o b je c t ;t h e i n f orma t ion f o r e a ch w a s t a ken f r om S avo ry ( 1976 : 6 3 ) , D av ies a nd S p ra t l ing ( 1976 : 1 25 135 ) a nd t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if fa ccompany ing e ach e n t ry w i l l b e a c ce s s ion n umbe r , a nd a f i gu re n umb e r f o r i mage s , w he re a pp l icab le . I nd ex t ot he S even S i s te r s Hoard 1 . T e rm ina l r i ng s ; o ne o ft wo b ronz e r i ng s f o r at h ree l i nk b r id le -b i t w i th r i ng s a nd s i de l ink s c a s t i n ao ne p i ece a nd c en t ra l o rnamen t . T h i s p i ece a l so h a s s unken p ane l s t h a t r e ta in s ome t r a ce s o f r ed o paque g l a s s /ename l . D&S : 1 6 . N .M .W : 0 4 .125 . S ee f i gu re 4 0 . 2 .

T erm ina l r i ng s ; o ne o ft wo b ronz e r i ng s f o r at h ree l i nk b r id le -b i t w i th r i ng s a nd s i de l ink s c a s t i n ao ne p i ece a nd c en t ra l o rnamen t . D & S : 1 6 . N .M .W : 0 4 .126 . S ee f i gu re 4 1 .

3 .

T e r r e t s o fc a s t b ronze w i th i n se t s o n t h e t h ree k nob s f o r c hamp levé e name l . E nough o f t h e e name l h a s s u rv ived t o r e con s t ruc t t h e o r ig ina l c o lo r s u sed ; t h e p o in ted o va l c e l l s w e re i n la id w i th w h i te e name l , t h e t r iangu la r o ne s w i th r e d . T h is p i ece s how s s i gns o f w ea ra round t h e t o p o fe ach s t op . D& S : 1 9 , N .M .W : 0 4 . 127 . S ee f i gu re 4 2 .

4 .

5 .

1 0 . P endan t m ade o f b ronze i th a s s i lve r o r t i n leaf o ve r lay o n o ne s i de a nd i sp l a in o n t h e o t he r . T h i s p i ece i s d eco ra ted w i th a c ha sed e ng raved f o l ia te p a t ter n o r ig ina l ly f i l led w i th i n lay . P a ra l le l s a t F r em ing ton H agg (Web s te r 1 9 58 ; MacG r ego r 1 976 ) a nd Wroxe te r (Wh i te a nd B a rke r 1 998 ) . D& S : 3 . N .M .W : 0 4 .134 . S ee f i gu re 4 8 . 1 . T r iangu la r s t rap u n ion made o f c a s t b ronz e m oun t . T h is p i ece i sc omp le te e xcep t f o r t wo b roken c o i ls a t t h e c o rne r s w i th t wo d amaged b r onze s t r ap -end s o fa n o r ig ina l s e t o ft h ree . N o k nown p a ra l le ls b u tc ompa re s t o as t rap e nd f r om Wroxe t e r ( Wh i te a nd B a rke r 1 998 ) . D& S :4 .N .M .W : 0 4 . 135 . S ee f i gu r e4 9 .

T e r r e t o f c a s t b ronze i d en t ica l t o o b jec t n umbe r 3 e xcep t t h a t t h e r e i sn o s i gn o f w ea r o n t h e s t op s i n d ica t ing t h a t t h is p i ece m ay h av e b een u nused . T he p i ece c anno th ave c ome f r om t h e s ame mou ld b ecau se t h e s i ze s a r e d if e ren t . D& S : 2 0 . N .M .W : 0 4 .128 . S ee f i gu re 4 3 .

1 2 . P endan t -hook m ade o fc a s t b ronz e i nt wo p i ece s w i th r ed e name l a nd i n se t i n t wo t e rm ina l s i nc hamp le vj t e chn ique . A l l t h e i n se t s e xcep t t h e t r i angu la r o ne o n t h e s i de o ft h e t e rm ina l a r e b o rde r ed b y f i ne c ha sed o r e ng raved l i ne s . D& S : 1 4 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 136 .

T e r re t o fc a s t b ronz e , i n comp le te w i th t h e l a rge r p a r t o ft h e r i ng m i s s ing . O n o ne s i de o ft h e s ca l loped e dge o ft h e f l ange a bove t h e a t tachmen t l o op i sd amaged . T he p r e sence o f af l a sh l i ne a l ong t h eu nde r s ide o ft h e f l ange t o o ne s i de i si n d ica t ive o f c a s t ing i n ao ne p i ece m ou ld . P a ra l le l s a tC o rbr idg e ( B ishop a nd D o re 1 988 ) a nd N ew s tead ( Cu r le 1 9 11) . D& S :9 .N .M .W : 0 4 .129 .

1 3 . P endan t -hook i n comp le te . I d en t ica l t oo b jec t n umbe r 1 8 a nd p a ra l le led t o ap a i ro fo b jec t sf r om P o lden H i l l ( B ra i lsf o rd 1 975 ) , h oweve r , t h e i r i d en t if i ca t ion a s t r ace -hook s h a s n o t b een s ub s tan t ia t ed ( Fox 1 9 58 : 1 25 ) . D& S : 1 4 . N .M .W : 0 4 .137 .

2 0

s ound ing b ox . P a ra l le led w i th a b e l l f r om H od H i l l ( R ichmond 1 968 ) . D& S :8 .N .M .W : 0 4 .147 .

1 4 . T anka rd h and le m ade o f c a s t b ronze i n p e rf ec t c ond i t ion e xcep t f o r s ome d amage t o o ne o f t h e t e rm ina l s . T he p rof i le o f t h e h and le i n d ica te s t h a t i t w a s d e s igned f o r a t ta chmen t t o ac oncave w a l led v e s se l . D& S :2 1 .N .M .W : 0 4 . 138 . S ee f i gu re 5 0 .

2 4 . C ircu la r f r agmen t i n t wo p i ece s o f ah o l low o b jec t m ade o f c a s t b ronze s a nd i n c lude s i n se t s t h a t w ou ld h ave o r ig ina l ly h e ld i n lay . T he re i s ac i rcu la r r i ve t o r n a i l h o le j u s t b e low ad eco ra ted f r ieze . N o p a ra l le l s b u t s im i la r t o o b jec t n umbe r 7 . D & S : 6 . N .M .W : 0 4 .148 .

1 5 . T anka rd h and le m ade o f c a s t b ronze w i th b ad ly d amaged t e rm ina l s . T he l e s se r -damaged t e rm ina l h a s ac i r cu la rn a i l h o le .T he p rof i le o ft h eh and le i n d ica te s t h a t i tw a s d e s igned f o r a t ta chmen t t o ac oncave w a l led v e s se l . D& S :2 2 . N .M .W : 0 4 .139 . S ee f i gu r e 5 1 .

2 5 . B a lance w e igh t m ade o f c a s t b ronze w i th a R oman n ume ra l ' I ' c ha sed i n to o ne f a ce . T he w e igh t o f t h e p i ece i s 3 09 .5 g ramme s a nd i s r e cogn ized a s a s t anda rd ' Ce l t ic p ound ' e mp loyed i n n o r th -we s ter n a nd c en t ra l E u rope i nt h e L a te I r on A ge a nd R oman p e r iod ( Sp ra t l ing i nR ow ley & C un l if f e 1 973 ; ) . D& S : 1 . N . M .W : 0 4 .149 .

1 6 . T anka rd h and le m ad e o f c a s t b ronze i n t wo p i ece s w i th c ha sed o r e ng raved l i nea r o rnamen t a nd t i ny a nnu la r f a ce s i mp r e s sed w i th af i ne r i ng -punch . T he r e a r e c i rcu la rn a i l h o le s i ne ach t e rm ina l . T he p rof i le o f t h e h and le i n d ica t e s t h a t i t w a s d e s igned f o r a t tachmen t t o ac on cave w a l led v e s se l . D & S : 2 3 . N .M .W :0 4 . 140 . S ee f i gu r e5 2 .

2 6 . I ngo t m ade o f b ronze a nd i sb ad ly c o r roded . T h i s i n go t w e igh s 2 04 .2 g ramme s a nd i sc l o se t ot wo t h i rd s o f t h e s t anda rd ' Ce l t ic p ound ' ( s ee a bove ) a nd i s i n d ica t ive o f t h e c a ref u l m ea su r ing o f m e ta l w e igh t s b ef o re m e l t ing a nd p ou r ing . D & S 2 6 . N .M .W : 0 4 .150 .

1 7 . T anka rd h and le m ade o fc a s t b ronze , i n comp le te w i th o ne t e rm ina l m i s s ing . O n t h e g r ip i sw ha t r ema in s o f t h ree c r o s s sco red d ome s ; i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e c ro s s s co r ing w a s i n tended f o r e name l i n lay a s s e en o n t h e h o rned h e lme tt h a tw a s f ound n ea r Wa te r loo B r idge i n 1 868 ( F rank s 1 854 ; F ox 1 958 : 4 9 -50 ; Megaw 1 970 ; J ope 2 000 : 2 55 ) , a l though n o t r ace o fe name l r ema ins o nt h i sh and le . P a ra l le l sa tH od H i l l( R ichmond 1 968 ) . D& S :2 4 .N .M .W : 0 4 . 14 1 . S ee f i gu re 5 3 .

2 7 . I ngo t m ade o fb ronze w e igh ing 1 47 .0 g ramme s . T h i s p i ece i sb ad ly c o r roded a nd i st wo p i ece s . D& S :2 7 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 15 1 . 2 8 . C a s t ing j e t , b ronze j e t f r om t h e s p ruce c up o f am ou ld . Af l a sh l i ne i n d ica te s t h e m ou ld w a s c ompo s i te . D& S :2 9 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 152 .

1 8 . T anka rd h and le m ade o f w rough t b ronze w i th n a i l h o le s t o o ne s i de o f t h e c en t ra l a x is . P a ra l le led t o h and le s f r om N ew s tead ( Cu r le 1 9 11) . D & S : 2 5 . N .M .W :0 4 .142 . S ee f i gu r e5 4 .

2 9 . C a s t ing j e t , b ronze j e tf r om t h e s pruce c up o f amou ld . D& S :3 0 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 153 .

1 9 . D i sc o fs h ee t b ronz et h a ta ppea r s t oh ave b een b roken f r om al a rge ro b jec t ,w i th ad omed s t ud a t tached i nt h e c en te r . C on s ide r ed t o b e p a r t o f ap ha le ra a nd i s p a ra l le led t op i ece s f r om F r em ing ton H agg (Web s te r 1 958 ; MacG r ego r 1 976 ) . D& S :2 .N .M .W : 0 4 .143 . S ee f i gu r e4 7 .

3 0 . B i l le t ; s eve re ly c o r roded d amaged p i ece o f w rough t m e ta l w i th e l onga ted f a ce t s f r om ap ane -hamme rj u s t d e tec tab le o n t h e f a ce . T he s hape o f t h i s p i ece s ugge s t s t h e o b jec t w a s i n t h e e a r ly s t age s o f m anuf ac tu r e r a the r t h an a n of c u t o fm e ta l . D& S : 3 2 . N .M .W : 0 4 .154 .

2 0 . R ing m ade o f c a s t b r onz e i n comp le te a nd b ad ly c o r roded . D& S :1 3 .N .M .W : 0 4 .144 .

3 1 . B i l le t c a s t b ronze i nt wo f r agmen t s . As ma l l g roup o f e l onga ted f a ce t s f r om a p ane -hamme r a r e v i s ib le i n t h e c en te ro ft h e d raw f a ce o ft h e l a rge r f r agmen t . D& S :3 1 . N .M .W : 0 4 .155 .

2 1 . H e lme t c r e s t k nob m ade o fb r onze . T he b a sa l f l ange h a s ad amaged e dge a nd t h r ee r e gu la r ly s paced r i ve t h o le s . T he re i s ag ene r ic r e semb lance t o c r e s t -knob s o n av a r ie ty o fh e lme t s ; s e e R ob in son 1 975 . D& S : 1 2 . N .M .W : 0 4 .145 . 2 2 . B e l l ; i n comp le te c a s t b r onze w i th r a gged l owe r e dge . N e i the r t h e c l appe r n o r s t ump s f o r i t s a t tachmen t s u rv ive s w i th in t h e r o unded s qua r e s ound ing b ox . P a ra l le led t o ab e l l f r om R i chmond . D & S : 7 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 146 .

3 2 . L ump o fs hee tm e ta l f o lded i nt wo a nd h amme r ed i n to at i gh t l ump . D& S :3 3 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 156 .

3 3 . L ump o fs hee t m e ta l f o lded i nt wo a nd h amme r ed i n to at i gh t l ump . D& S :3 4 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 156 . 3 4 . L ump o fs hee t m e ta l f o lded i nt wo a nd h amme red i n to at i gh t l ump . O b jec t s n umbe red 3 3 , 3 4 a nd 3 5 w e r e p robab ly p r epa red f o r t h e m e l t ing p o t . D & S : 3 5 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 156 .

2 3 . B e l l ; i n comp le te c a s t b r onz e w i th r a gged l owe r e dge . T he s u spens ion l o op h a s b een b r oken of . T he t wo s t ump s o f t h e c l appe r a ta chmen t s u rv ive i n s ide t h e

2 1

3 5 . L ump o fc a s t ing b ronze . D& S :2 8 . N .M .W : 0 4 . 157 . 3 6 . S t rap u n ion a lmo s t i d en t ica l t o o b jec t n umbe r 7 ( above ) e xcep t f o rt h e w e igh t a nd s ma l l d if e rence s i n s i ze , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h ey w e re m ade i n d if e ren t mou ld s . P a ra l le led t os im i la rt y pe a tC hep s tow , Gwen t ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 932 ; G r ime s 1 939 ; T ay lo r a nd B ra i lsf o rd 1 985 ) . B r i t i sh Mu seum . D i scus s ion T he S even S i s te r s h oa rd h a s b een a s s igned al a te 1 sc en tu ry AD d a te , a ch ieved t h rough t h e d i agno s t ic a na logy o f t h e s t y l i s t ic c omponen t s o ft h e e name l i n lay s o n t h e d eco ra ted m e ta l w o rk , p lu s t h e i n c lu s ion o fR oman m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen t ( Dav ie s a nd S p ra t l ing 1 976 ) . T he re a r e f i ve t a nka rd h and le s p re sen ta nd t h e ir p rof i le s s how t h a tt h ree o ft h eh and le sw e r e made f o ra t tachmen tt ot a nka rd s t h a t h ad c oncave s i de s . T he h and le s h ave p roved d i ff icu l t t od a te a sn o s t y l is t ic p a ra l le l s c an b e f ound , a l though v a r iou s e l emen t s o f t h e i r s t y l is t ic a t t r ibu te s c an b e f ound o n t a nka rd h and le s a t H od H i l l i n Do r se t ( R ichmond 1 968 ) Waddon i n S toke A bbo t t ( Co rco ran 1 952 )a nd N ew s tead , R oxbu rghsh ir e( Cu r ie 1 933 ) D av ie s s ugge s t s ( 2000a : 1 ) t h a t t h e h oa rd b e longed t oa n i n d igenou s m e ta l w o rke ra nd t h a tt h e i n co rpo ra t ion o fb o th R oman c ava l ry e qu ipmen t a nd i n d igenou s o b jec t s m ay b e t h e r e su l t o f s ucce s sf u l s k i rm ishe s a ga in s t R oman f o rce s d u r ing t h e R oman i n cu r s ion i n to Wa le s . I ti s h i gh ly u n l ike ly t h a t t h e R oman a rmy w ou ld h ave g iven o rt r aded s uch o b jec t s t ot h e i re nemy , f o rw hen t h e R oman s f i n ished w i th t h i s t y pe o f m a te r ia l , i tw a s u sua l ly r e tu rned t o a ‘ f abr ica f o r r e cyc l ing ( www .roman b r i ta in .o rg /g lo s sa ry_m .h t rn ) . A no the r s ugge s t ion i st h a t t h e o b jec t s c ame i n to i n d igenou s h and s a s p a r t o f a d ip loma t ic g if t , b u t w he the r t h e R oman s o r B r i t i sh b e s towed t h e g if t s r ema in s am a t te r o fc on jec tu r e ( Dav ie s a nd S p ra t l ing 1 976 : 1 40 ) . T he i t em s i nt h e S even S i s te r s h oa rd c an b e d i v ided i n to t h ree g roup s , a nd i n c on t ra s t t o D av ie s a nd S p ra t l ing s ( 1976 ) d i v is ion s o f R oman , n a t ive B r i t ish o r R oman B r i t i sh , ad iv is ion o f h o r se e qu ipmen t a nd p roduc t ion p i ece s w ou ld a ppea r mo re w o rkab le . A l l t h e p i ece s i n c luded i nt h is h oa rd c an b e d e scr ibed a s f r agmen ta ry . A c l o se e xam ina t ion o ft h e h oa rd a s aw ho le a nd n o tj u s t o f t h e m e ta l o b jec t s , i l u s t ra te s t h e d i ve r se n a t u r e o f t h e c o l lec t ion . A l a rge p e rcen tage o f t h e i t em s c ou ld h ave b een u sed f o r t h e r e pa i r o r m anuf ac tu r e o f o t he r o b jec t s a nd w e re p robab ly t h e p roper ty o f a n i n d iv idua l w ho c o l lec ted f r agmen t sf o rt h i sp u rpo se .

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l i nk s . T he r od s a r e o f t en t w is ted n e a rt h e c en t re ( Savo ry 1 966 : 3 8 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .5 . S ee f i gu r e5 9 .

T he f i na l g roup i nt h i s c a tego ry w a s d i scove r ed i n aq ua r ry i nP en ty r ch , G lamo rgan i n 1 965 . L e s se rG a r th i sr e nown f o r t h e c ave s y s tem s t h a th ave y i e lded a r tef ac t s f r om t h e B ronze A ge t o t h e E a r ly M ed ieva l p e r iods ( Hu s sey 1 964 -66 ) a nd t h i s h oa rd w a s r e cove r ed d u r ing t h e r emova l o ft o p so i l i na q ua r ry , a pp rox ima te ly 2 00 y a rd s f r om o ne o f t h e c ave s ( Mann ing 1 972 ) .

6 .

K n if e m ade o fi r on a nd i ss i ng le e dged , t h e b l ade i s b roken of a nd t h e t a ng i sc o i led a tt h e e nd ( Savo ry 1 796 : 6 4 ) . T he c o i l ing o f t h e e nd o f t h e t a ng s imu la te s t h e r i ng f ound i ns ome o ft h e c on t inen ta l l a te L aT ene k n if e h and le s ; t h i st y pe o fc on s t ruc t ion p e r s i s t s i n to t h e R oman p e r iod ( Savo ry 1 966 : 3 5 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .6 . S ee f i gu re 6 0 .

7 .

C h ise l m ade o f i r on . I t i s v e ry l a rge w i th a c y l indr ica l s e c t ion . T he t i p i s d amaged a nd h amme r ing h a s s p r ead t h e h e ad o f t h e c h i se l . A n umbe r o f p a ra l le ls c an b e f o und a t L a T ene ( Vouga 1 926 : 1 2 17 ) , H od H i l l ( R ichmond 1 968 ) V o l 1 ,1 4 f i g 1 3 ) a nd R o the r l ey i nW i l t sh i r e ( P i t t R ive r s 1 888 ) . T he e xamp les c i t ed a r e m uch s ma l le r t h an t h e P en ty rch e xamp le ( Savo ry 1 966 : 3 5 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .7 . S ee f i gu re 6 1 .

8 .

I r on b i l le t ; t h is i s at a pe r ing i r on b a rt h a t a ppea r s t o b e ab i l le t o f r aw m a te r ia l , p a r t ia l ly s haped t o r e f o rm i n to a no the r o b jec t . I ti sd if i cu l t t of i nd a p a ra l le l f o r t h is p i ece i nB r i ta i n ( Savo ry 1 966 : 3 6 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .8 . S ee f i gu re 6 2 .

9 .

L a tch l if te r ; t h i s i s as ec t ion o f c u rv ing i r on b a r , w h ich i sb roken of a te ach e nd . T he b a r i sm ade f r om a r e c tangu la r s e c t ion a nd b end s n ea r t h e m idd le . L a tch l if t e r s w e re n o rma l ly m ade f r om a r e c tangu la r s e c t ion b a r i n t h e e a r ly I r on A ge a s f o und a tG la s tonbu ry ( Bu l l ied a nd G ray 1 9 11) a nd H un sbu ry C amp , N o r thamp ton sh i re ( Fe l l 1 9 36 ) . L a tch l if t e r s c on t inued t o b e u s ed i n to t h e R oman p e r iod a nd a r e f ound a t P a r k S t r ee t , S t A lban 's V i l la a nd V e ru lam ium (Whe e le r 1 936 ) , h ow eve r , t h e se l a te r e xamp le s t e nd t o h ave ac i r cu la r s e c t ion b a r . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .9 . S ee f i gu r e 6 3 .

S t ruc ture o fi nd ex T o f o l low i s ad e sc r ip t ion o fe ach o b jec t , t h e i n f o rma t ion f o r w h ich w a s t a ken f r om S avo ry ( 1976 : 6 3 -4 ; S avo ry 1 966 ) a nd a ccompany ing e ach e n t ry w i l l b e t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if fa cce s s ion n umbe r a nd af i gu re n umbe rf o ri mage s . I nd ex t ot he P en t yrch Hoard 1 . T er r e t r i ng m ade o f c a s t b ronze i n layed w i th r e d e name l . T h is t e r r e t r i ng i so ne o ft h e f i ne s t e xamp le s o f i t sk i nd i nB r i ta in . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .1 . S ee f i gu r e5 . 2 .

B r id le -b i t m ade o f i r on , f r agmen ta ry w i th a s i ng le c u rv ing b a r , s ub rec tangu la r i ns e c t ion , c u r led r ound a t t h e c omp le te e nd t oh o ld a s u rv iv ing s i de r i ng . T h i s i s p robab ly ab r id le -b i t f o r ac a r t -ho r se ( Savor y 1 966 : 3 3) . A n e xamp le o f t h is t y pe i sp re sen t i nt h e L lyn C e r r ig B a ch h oa rd ( Fox 1 946 ; MacDona ld 2 000 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .1 . S ee f i gu re 5 6 .

3 .

C au ld ron r i ng a nd s t ap le , m ade o fi r on a nd i sm a s s ive i n s t a tu r e w i th as t ap le a t tached . I ti st h ough t t ob e f o rt h e s u spen s ion o f ac au ld ron type k nown f r om t h e L a T ene s i te ( Vouga 1 923 : 8 1 , p l a te . XXV I I .2 ) . T h i s t y pe o f c au ld ron h a s as h ee t b ronze b ody r i ve ted t o i t s u ppe r e dge a nd ab road s t r ip o fi r on w h ich f o rm s t h e r im w i th t wo t u bu la r s t ap le s r i ve ted t o i t . A p a ra l le l f o r t h is o b jec t c an b e f ound a t L e tchwo r th , H e r tf o rd sh i re . ( Sm i th 1 9 13 14 ; S avo ry 1 966 : 3 8 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .3 . S ee f i gu r e5 7 .

4 .

L ynch -p in w i th a h eavy i r on b a r t h a t i si n comp le te a t t h e l owe re nd . I th a s h ad o ne e nd b ea ten o u ti n to ab road s em i -c i r cu la r h ead a nd i sp robab ly a l y nch -p in f o r a c a r t . As im i la r t y pe h a s b een r e co rded i nt h e R omano B r i t i sh H oa rd f r om E ckf o rd , R oxbu rgh sh i r e ( P iggo t t 1 952 ; Ma cG r ego r 1 976 ; S avo ry 1 966 : 3) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .4 . S ee f i gu re 5 8 .

5 .

1 0 . K n if e . C o i led t e rm ina lo ft h et a ng o f as i ng le b l aded k n if e s im i la r t o o b jec t n umb e r 6 .T h i s e xamp le i s b ad ly c or roded ( Savo ry 1 9 76 : 6 4 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 .10 . S ee f i gu re 6 4 . 1 . I r on r i ng . C o r roded r ema ins o fi r on r i ng w i th f o u r a t tached d oub le l i nk s t h a t c ou ld b e p a r t o f a s u spen s ion c ha in f r om a c au ld ron ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 6 ) . N .M .W : 6 5 .82 . 11 . S ee f i gu re 6 5 .

C au ld ron H ange r m ade o fi r on . T he r i ng i ss t ou t a nd i s a t ta ched t ot h e b roadened l o oped e nd o f ab a r . T hough t t o b e p a r t o f ac au ld ron c ha in p a ra l le led t o e xamp le s f r om S t andf o rdbu ry , B edf o rd sh i re ( Sm i th 1 909 ; F ox 1 923 ) t h i st y pe h a s l o oped r od s i n co rpo ra ted w i th c ha in -

2 4

D i scus s ion T he L e s se rG a r th h oa rd c on s i s t s m a in ly o fi r on o b jec t sa nd a b ronze t e r re t t h a t t h rough c h rono log ica l d i agno s i s h a s p roduced a d a te o ft h e m id I s t c en tu ry AD ( Savo ry 1 966 ) . Mann ing a rgue s , h oweve r , t h a t i tc ou ld b e o f al a te r d a te a s i ti ss im i la r i nt y po logy t ot h o se h oa rd s f o und a t Wa l tham A bbey , E s sex a nd S an ton , D ownham , N o r f o lk ( Sm i th 1 908 9 ; Mann ing 1 972 : 2 31-2 ) . Wh i l s t aL a te I r on A ge d a te m ay b e a ccep tab le f o r t h is c o l lec t ion , c au t ion i s n eeded h e r e . S ing le c o lou red r e d e name l s w e r e b e ing e xp lo i ted f r om c . 100 BC t h rough t ot h e I s t c en tu ry AD s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e h oa rd c ou ld b e d a t ed t o a ny t ime b e tween t h e m en t ioned d a te s a nd t hu s aw ide r d a te b r a cke t m ay a pp ly . H oweve r , o t he rd i agno s t ic p i ece s i nt h ec o l lec t ion i n c lude av a r ie ty o f i r on o b jec t s t h a t h ave p a ra l le l s a t S an ton , D ow nham , N o rf o lk ( Sm i th 1 908 -9 ) P o lden H i l l ; S ome r se t ( Bra i l sf o rd 1 975 ) a s w e l l a s S even S i s te r s , G lamo rgan ( Dav ie s a nd S p ra t l ing 1 976 ) . T he se s i te s h ave a d a t e o f t h e m id 1 m c en tu ry AD s o i ti sp l au s ib le t h a t t h i s d a te r a nge c ou ld b e a pp l ied t ot h eL e s se rG a r th h oa rd . T ab le 5 .G lyn F aw ra nd C a rd if fh oa rd s

T ab le 6 .S even S i s te r sa nd L e s se r G a r th /Pen ty r ch h oa rd s

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F igur e 5 5 . I r on b r id l e b i t

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C onc lus ion H oa rd s h ave b een r e cove red f r om av a r ie ty o fc on tex t s s uch a sb og s , m a r she s , s p r ing s , w e l ls , a nd r i ve r s a s w e l l a s f r om m any d ry l o ca t ion s s u ch a s A pp lef o rd i nB e rk sh i re ( B rown 1 97 1) , P en ty r ch i nG lamo rgan ( Savo ry 1 966 ) a nd H amden H i l l i nS ome r se t( Hoa r e 1 825 ) . H oa rd s o fm e ta lw o rk d a t ing t o t h e E a r ly I r on A ge a r e , f o r t h e mo s t p a r t , ar a re o ccu r rence ( Mann ing 1 988 : 2 39 ) . T he e a r l ie s th oa rd ss u ch a s t h o se f r om L lyn F aw r ( C rawf o rd A nd Whee le r 1 92 1) a nd C a rd if f ( Na sh -W i l l iams 1 933) c an b e p l aced i n t h e t r an s i t iona l p ha se o f t h e L a te B ronze A ge /Ea r ly I r on A ge p e r iod . I ti sn o t u n t i l t h e L a te I r on A ge t h a t a l l k i nd s o f m e ta l o b jec t s w e re b e ing d epo s i ted i n b og s l i ke B lackbu rn M i l l , B erw ick sh i re ( P iggo t t 1 953) a nd C a r l ingwa rk L och , K irkcudb r igh t s ( Cu r ie 1 932 ) a nd a l so i n p l ace s l i ke t h e r i ve r s T hame s a nd W i tham ( S tead 1 985 , F i e ld 1 983 : 1 94 ; G reen 1 986 ) . I ta ppea r st h a tt owa rd s t h ee nd o ft h e I r on A ge , c oncu r ren t ly w i th t h e i n cu r s ion o f t h e R oman Emp i re , h oa rd ing o nce a ga in b ecome p a r t o ft h e s oc ia l / r i tua l a c t iv i ty o ft h e p eop le o ft h i s p e r iod . Whe the ro rn o t t h is w a s ad i rec t r e su l t o f t h e p o s s ib le t e n s ions a r is ing a tt h is t ime b e tween t h e i n d igenou s p opu la t ion a nd t h e R oman s i sd if i cu l tt os ay b u ta n i n c rea se i nd epo s i t iona lh oa rd ing i sc l ea r ly e v iden t .

a r e m o s t ly c on s t ruc ted o f b ronz e a nd c on s i s t o f h o r se a nd i t em s t h a t w ou ld h ave b een u s ed i n t h e p roduc t ion o f o b jec t s , c au ld ron a t ta chmen t s , i t em s o f a do rnmen t a nd a s i ng le t o o l . T he h o r se e qu ipmen t f r om t h e se t wo h oa rd s i so f ah igh q ua l i ty a nd s how s t h a t s i ng le e name l s a s w e l l a s t h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h ep o lych rome t e chn ique w e r e b e ing u sed . T he t e r r e t f r om L e s se r G a r th i si n layed w i th r e d e name l , a t e chn ique t h a t i sd er ived f r om s ou the rn E ng land , a l though t h e t e r re t i sb e l ieved t o b e o f l o ca l m anuf ac tu re ( Savo ry 1 966 ) . S ome o ft h e p i ece s o fm e ta l w o rk f r om S even S i s te r s h ave i n c lu s ion s o f p o lych rome e name l w i th w h i te , y e l low a nd b l ue i n lay . T h i s t e chn ique i sd a tab le t o aL a te I r on A ge d a te , a s t h e t e chn ique s u sed i nt h is m anuf ac tu r ing p roce s s w e r e n o t i n t roduced t oB r i ta in u n t i l t h e R oman i n cu r s ion o f s ou the rn E ng land . T ab le 6 i s ac omb ina t ion o ft h e P en ty r ch a nd S even S i s te r s h oa rd s ; c l ea r ly p i ece s o fh o r se e qu ipmen t h ave b ecome t h e p r edom inan t i t em s f a r o u t -numbe r ing t o o ls ( a s i nt h e e a r l ie r h oa rd s ) . T he o b jec t s i n c luded i n t h e h oa rd s a t t h i s t ime b ecame h igh ly o rnamen ta l a nd a r e d eco ra ted t o ah igh s t anda rd s ugge s t ing t h a t p re sen ta t ion o fs e lf h ad b ecome a n i mpo r tan t t h eme . T he i t em s u s ed i nt h e c on sump t ion o ff ood o r d r ink h a s a l so r i sen i n d ica t ing t h a t c e remon ia l c onsump t ion o f f o od a nd d r ink h ad a l so b ecome a n i mpo r tan t p a r to fl i f e . T he p e r cen tage o fi t em s u sed i nb od i ly a do rnmen t f e l l s l igh t ly a nd t h e i n t roduc t ion o fo b jec t s u sed i n m e ta l p roduc t ion i s a l so p r e sen t w e r e i n t roduced a s o ppo sed t ot h ee a r l ie rh oa rd s .

T he e xam ina t ion o ft h e s t y l is t ic t r end s o ft h e se o b jec t s a nd a ny i d en t if i ca t ion o f a ny p a ra l le l s a va i lab le a r e i mpo r tan t w hen l o ok ing f o r m anuf ac tu r ing a nd c h rono log ica l d a te s . T he c h rono logy o ft h e h oa rd s i n c luded c an b e d i v ided i n to t wo c a tego r ie s : t wo f r om t h e E a r ly I r on Age a nd t wo f r om t h e L a te I r on A ge . T he i n c lus ion o f H a l s ta t t d e r iva t ive s i n t h e L lyn F aw r a nd C a rd if fh oa rd s p lu s n a t ive m e ta l w o rk p i eces m ay i n d ica te t h a t t h e o b jec t s b e longed t o t h e i n d igenou s i n hab i tan t s o f Wa le s , w ho c ou ld h ave p rocu red t h e se o b jec t sb y av a r ie ty o fm ean s . T ab le 5 c omb ine s i n f o rma t ion f r om L lyn F aw r a nd C a rd if f . A s t h e t a b le i l u s t ra te s , w hen c omb in ing t h e t wo h oa rd s , t h e m a jo r i ty o f i t em s a r e t o o l s , f o l lowed b y h o r se e qu ipmen t , p e r sona l a do rnmen t o b jec t s , t ho se u sed i n t h e a c t o f c onsump t ion a nd f i na l ly , w eapons . T he t wo h oa rd s s how t h a tw h i l s tt h e i t em si n c luded a r ep redom inan t ly c on s t ruc ted o f b ronze t h e r e a r e , h oweve r , af ew i n c lu s ion s o f i r on o b jec t s . T he se i r on o b jec t si n d ica te t h es i gn if icance o ft h e h oa rd s e spec ia l ly a s i r on w a s v e ry r a r e a tt h i s t ime . O b jec t s m ade o fi r on w ou ld h ave b een u nu sua la nd s e en a ss pec ia l o r p rec iou s , t h e ref o re , i ft h e se h oa rd s w e re i n deed of er ing s , t h ey w ou ld h ave b een p a r t icu la r ly m ean ingf u l .

I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e h oa rd ing o fo b jec t s i s ar e su l t o f t e n s ion s e i the r f r om i n t e rna l o r e x te rna l i n f luence . Wha teve r t h e c i r cum s tance s o f d epo s i t ion t h a t s u r rounded t h e f o u r h oa rd s d e scr ibed h e r e , a c ompa r i son o f t h e i n c lu s ions i nt h e e a r ly h oa rd s , a nd t h o se o ft h e l a te r p e r iod , i l u s t ra te t h a t c hange s w e re t a k ing p l ace i n t h e s oc ia l a nd c u l tu ra l i d eo logy o ft h e t ime . T he E a r ly a nd t h e L a te I r on A ge w e re t ime s o f g r ea t c hang e a nd w i th c hange c ome s s t r e s s a nd w o r ry ; d ue t o af e a ro ft h e u nknown . E ven t hough t h e se h oa rd s p r e sen ted r ep re sen t o n ly as ma l l p e rcen tage o f t h o se r e co rded f r om t h e w ho le o f Wa le s , t h ey i lu s t ra te t h a t c hange s w e re o ccu r r ing t h roughou t t h e I r on A ge . Wh i l s t r e sea rch ing t h is c hap te r , i tb ecame a ppa r en t t h a t t h e re i sa l a ck o f s yn the s i s a nd m any g ap s i n t h e r e cen t l i t e ra tu re r e ga rd ing h oa rd g roup s f r om a c ro s s B r i ta in . A

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Chap ter 6 A r tef ac t s f rom E xcava t ions W i th in t h e V a le o fG lamo rgan a nd Gwen t m any I r on Age s i t e s h ave b een e xam ined t h rough e xcava t ion , t h e se i n c lude h i l l top e nc lo su r e s s uch a s C oed y C ymdda ( Owen John 1 988 ) , h i l lf o r t s s u ch a s C a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an ( Hogg 1 976 ) , L lanme l in ( Na sh -W i l l iams 1 933 ) a nd Twyn y G ae r ( P rober t 1 976 ) . O the r s i te s t o b e d i scu s sed i n t h i s b ook i n c lude t h ree L a te I r on Age a nd R omano -Br i t i sh s e t t lemen t s i te s a t C a ld ico t ( Vyner a nd A l len 1 988 ) , Wh i t ton ( J a r re t t a nd Wra thme l l 1 98 1) a nd B ig l is ( Pa rkhou se 1 988 ) . G o ldc l if f ( Be l l e t a l 2 000 ) a nd a n umbe r o f o t he r s i te s , n ame ly C hape l tump a nd Mago r P i l l , w h ich a r e s i tua ted a l ong t h e Gwen t L eve l s h ave r ecen t ly b een e xcava ted a nd d ue t o t h e p r e serva t ion q ua l i t ies o ft h e se w e t land a r ea s h ave p roduced a v a r ie ty o f d a tab le ma ter ia l . Two c ave s h ave b een r e cove red a nd e xcava ted , t h e se a r e B acon H o le ( Ru t te r 1 948 ) a nd M in ch in Ho le ( RCAH M W 1 976a : 1 8 ) b o th h ave p roduced d a tab le ma ter ia l c u l tu re . F o r t h e mo s t p a r t , w he re e xcava t ion h a s b een u nder taken , m a te r ia l c u l tu re i nv a ry ing d eg ree s h a s b een r ecove red . T he f o l low ing c hap te r w i l l d i scu ss t w en ty s i tes f r om Gwen t a nd G lamo rgan w he re e xcava t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t . T he re a r e m any mo re s i te s t h a t h av e n o t b een i n c luded ; t h e o ne s t h a t h ave b een , w e re c ho sen f o r t h e ir v a r iab i l i ty i nt y pe a nd i nt h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re t h ey h ave p roduced .

s i ng le b ow l s a nd m e ta l o b jec t s a tC u lve r H o le , G lamo rgan ( RCAHM W 1 976a : 1 7 ) , M inch in H o le ( RCAHM W 1 976a : 1 8 ) a nd B acon H o le ( RCAHM W 1 976a : 1 8 ) . T he p r e sence o fh ea r th s a nd d ome s t ic p o t te ry a tt h e c aves f ound a tL e s se r G a r th C ave ( Hu s sey 1 964 -6 ) a nd m e ta lwo rk ing a c t iv i ty a t o t he r s c ave s s u ch a sM inch in H o le i n d ica te s t h a tt h e se c ave s w e r e o ccup ied f o r c e n t u r ie s b eyond t h e R oman o ccupa t ion o f Wa le s( RCAHM W 1 9 76b : 10 ) . Ma te r ia lc u l ture T he f r agmen t s r e cove r ed f r om B acon H o le a r e h ou sed a tt h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f . R econ s t ruc ted b ow l f r om B acon H o le C ave . S .W .S : SM . 1 939 .78 . S ee f i gu r e6 . C o l lec t ion o fI r on A g e p o t te ry i n c lud ing r im f r agmen t f r om o vo id j a r w i th r ounded , e ve r ted r im , p lu s ab a se f r agmen t . N .M .W : 4 2 .62 .1 . ( S avo ry 1 976 : 6 9 ) . B ig l i s ,G lamorgan -S T 1 42 9 40 E xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t a tB ig l is b y t h e G lamo rgan -Gwen t A rcha eo log ica l t r u s t i n 1 978 -9 r evea led t h e r ema in s o f a L a te I r on A ge R omano -B r i t ish f a rms tead . T h ree m a in p ha se s o fa c t iv i ty w e r e d i s t ingu ished . T he e a r l ie s t p ha se o f o ccupa t ion b egan i nt h e 1 'c en tu ry AD a nd c on s is ted o fa n u nenc lo sed g roup o fh u t st h a tw e re p robab ly c i rcu la r i np l an . T h i s p e r iod o fa c t iv i ty p r obab ly e nded i nt h e l a te 1 s tc en tu ry AD , a nd t h e s i te w a s r e -occup ied i nt h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e 2 "d c en tu ry AD w hen i tw a s e nc lo sed b y as e r ie s o f p a l i sade s . T he s i t e s aw c on t inua l o ccupa t ion u n t i l i tw a s a bandoned i n t h e m id 4 `h c en tu ry AD ( Pa rkhou se 1 988 : 7 ) . A l though t h e e a r l ie s tp ha se o fo ccupa t ion c ou ld n o tb e p rec ise ly d a ted ,t h e c ha ra c te r is t ic s o ft h e f i nd s f r om t h e f e a tu re s w e r e s he rd s o f p o t te ry o f ac a lc i t e -g r i t t ed n a t ive f a b r ic , s ome o f w h ich i s d eco ra ted i nt h e G la s tonbu ry t r ad i t ion , t h e ref o re as ugge s ted d a te (Web s te r 1 988 : 3 ) o ft h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 1s tc en tu ry AD i sp ropo sed f o rt h i sp ha se a tB ig l is s .

S t ruc ture o fc hap ter T he s t ruc tu r e w i l l v a ry s l igh t ly i n i t s f o rma t t o t h a t o ft h e p r ev iou s t wo c hap te r s d ue t o t h e s ub s tan t ia l a r tef ac t s r e cove red ,t h i s m akes i ti mpos s ib le t ol i s tt h em a l w i th in t h e c onf ine s o ft h i s b ook . Ab r ief h i s to ry o fe ach s i te g i ve s ; t h e o b jec t s f o und w i l l b e d i scu s sed a nd w he re n eces sa ry , p r e sen ted i nt a b le s a cco rd ing t ot h e c a tego r ie s a so u t l ined i n t h e m e thodo logy . Wheneve r p o s s ib le a cces s ion n umbe r s a s soc ia ted w i th e ach a s semb lage a r e i n c luded a nd af u l l l i s t o f a l l i t em s i n e ach a s semb lage c an b e f o und i n t h e a ppend ix .

I ndex t oe xcava ted s i te s B acon H o le C ave , P enard — S S 5 604 8 682

Ma te r ia lc u l ture T h i s c av ew a sf i r s te xp lo red i n 1 850 b yC o lone l E .R . Wood . An umbe ro fI r on Age p o t te ry s he rd s i n c lud ing t h e r im f r om a n o vo id j a r a nd a b a se f r agmen t w e re r e cove red f r om t h is c ave i n 1 9 19 a nd 1 929 ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 9 ; R u t te r 1 948 : 7 0 , 7 4 ) . S wan sea Museum h a s m ade a r e con s t ruc t ion o f t h e v e sse l a nd t h e s he rd s a r e h ou sed i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f ( RCAHM W 1 976a : 1 8 ) . T he re i se v idence o fo ccupa t ion i nt h ec ave s d u r ing t h ee a r ly p reh i s to r ic p e r iod a nd w h i ls t t h e r e m ay b e s ome d oub ta bou t d ome s t ic u s e o fc ave s i nt h e B ronz e A ge , t h e e v idence f o r h ab i ta t ion d u r ing t h e I r on Age p e r iod i sc l ea r ( RCAH M W 1 976a : 1 0 -2 1) . F ind so f ap re -Roman d a te a r e r e s t r ic ted t o

T he m a te r ia l c u l tu r e r e cove red f r om B ig l is i sh ou sed a tT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if f . C omp le te b one p o in t , m anuf ac tu red f r om a s h eep m e tapod ia l . T h i s t y pe o fm anuf ac tu red p o in t i s aw e l l -known f o rm a nd i s mo s t c ommon i na n I r on A ge o r l a te r c on tex t . O f ten i n te rp r e ted a sg ouge s (Whee le r 1 943 : 3 03 -6 ) o ra w l s , t h ey a r e p e rhap s b e t t e r d e sc r ibed a s p i n -bea te r s ( C rowf oo t 1 945 ) . T h is t y pe o fo b jec t , h oweve r , m ay h ave b een u s ed i n an umbe r o f w ay s . ( G r eep 1 988 : 5 7 , f i g 4 1 , 5 8 ) . N .M .W : 8 2 .68 .H .2 . S ee f i gu r e6 7 .

2 9

L a T ene I I b rooch , n o t r ace o f t i nn ing o r r e pa i r s , p i n m i ss ing ( Boon 1 988 : 9 3 ; 9 4 f i g3 ) . S ee f i gu re 7 2 .

Ap ennanu la r b rooch i np oo r c ond i t ion . T he t e rm ina ls a r e a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e p l ane o f t h e r i ng . T h i s t y pe o f p ennanu la r b rooch i sc l a s s if ied a s F ow le r s t y pe D , d a ted f r om t h e 1 5 'c en t u ry B C t o t h e 3 rd c en tu ry AD ( Fow le r 1 960 , 1 5 1 , f i g 1 ; 1 52 , 1 76 ) . T h is b rooch w a s r e cove r ed f r om b ounda ry b ank r u bb le (Web s te r 1 988 : 5 3 ; 5 f i g 5 ) . N .M .W : 8 2 .68 .H .2 . S ee f i gu r e6 8 .

F ragmen t L a T ene I I b rooch ( Boon 1 988 : 9 3 ; 9 4 f i g4 ) . S ee f i gu re 7 3 . P ennanu la r b rooch w i th mou lded b en t -back t e rm ina l s . S im i la r t o p i ece s f ound a t H od H i l l ( B ra i l sf o rd 1 962 ) ; B agendon ( C l if f o rd 1 96 1) a nd S ou th C adbu ry ( A lcock 1 972 : 7 2 p l6 6 ) , d a ted t ot h e I s t c en tu ry ( Rob in son p age 9 3 i t em 8 ; 9 4 f i g 8 ) . S ee f i gu re 7 4 .

A p ennanu la r b rooch c l a s s if ied a s aF ow le r s c l a s s D I a nd d a ted f r om 1 s tt ot h e 31 d c en tu r ie s AD . E xamp le s o ft h i s t ype o fb rooch h ave b een f o und a tC a e r leon a nd G lamo rgan ; t h i s s pec imen w a s r e cove r ed f r om a p a l i sade t r ench ( Fow le r 1 960 : 1 5 1 , f i g 1 ; 1 52 , 1 7 6 ; Web s te r 1 988 : 5 3 ; 5 , f i g 6 ) . N .M .W : 8 2 .68 .H .2 . S ee f i gu r e6 9 .

F ragmen ta ry , o ne -p iece i r on b r ooch , L a T ene I I . C ommon ly f ound i n s ou thern a nd c en t ra l E ng land b u t r a re ly i n t h e w e s t o f E ng land a nd Wa les . P a r a l le ls a r e f ound a t H eng is tbu ry H ead ( Bu she -Fox 1 9 15 ) a nd C amu lodunum ( Hawke s a nd H u l l 1 947 : 3 08 -9 ) , d a ted t o t h e 1 'c en tu ry BC ( Boon 1 988 : 9 8 , f i g3 0 ; 9 9 i t em 3 0 ) . S ee f i gu re 7 5 .

T he l owe rl e g , p a r to ft h ef o o ta nd p a r to ft h ec a tch p l a te o fa b rooch , p o s s ib ly aH od H i l l d e r iva t ive ( B ra i lsf o rd 1 962 , f i g 1 0 ; Web s te r 1 988 : 5 3 ; 5 f i g 8 ) . T h is e xamp le w a s f ound i n p lough s o i l .

C omp le te i r on p ennanu la r b rooch ;s im i la r t y pe r e cove r ed f r om H od H i l l ( Bra i lsf o rd 1 962 : f i g 1 ; B oon 1 988 : 9 8 f i g 3 1 ; 9 9 i t em 3 1) . S ee f i gu re 7 6 .

Ca ld ico t -S T4 64 9 75 E a r ly i n 1 976 , M r . D . T ucke r o f C ae rwen t d i scove red a s i lve r c o in o f D obunn ic i s sue i na s soc ia t ion w i th s he rd s o f n a t ive a nd R omano -B r i t i sh p o t te ry i nt op so i l t h a t w a s b e ing r emoved i n a n e x ten s ion t o C aerwen t Q ua r ry . T he f i nd s p romp ted a t r i a l e xcava t ion t h a t w a s c a r r ied o u t b y t h e G lamo rgan -Gwen t A r cha eo log ica l t r u s t i n 1 977 ( Vyne r a nd A l len 1 988 : 6 7 ) . F i ve p ha se s o fa c t iv i ty w e re d i s t ingu ished r ang ing f r om t h ep r e -Roman p e r iod t ot h e 4t h c en tu ry AD . I n t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se , an umbe r o f f i nd s a r e m a rked ly e a r l ie r t h an a ny e v idence f o rs e t t lemen t . I nt h ea b sence o fa ny e a r ly s t ruc tu re s , t h e f i nd s e v idence i se nough t oa l low a s sump t ion o f aL a te I r on A ge o re a r l ie ro ccupa t ion o fC a ld ico t .

P a r t o f aK imme r idge S ha le ( Sun te r a nd Woodwa rd 1 987 ) b race le t . T he p a t te rn d e s ign o n t h i s e xamp le s ugge s t s i ti s p re -Roman i n o r ig in , c ompa rab le t o e xamp le s f r om G la s tonbu ry ( Bu l l ied a nd G ray 1 9 1117 , i ,2 58 -9 ; B oon 1 988 : 9 9 ) . Chape l tump ,G o ldc l if fa nd Magor P i l l T he We lsh S eve rn E s tua ry h a s o ne o f t h e g r ea te s t c oncen t ra t ions o fp reh i s to r ic i n ter t ida l a r chaeo logy f o und i n B r i ta in . An umbe r o fs i te s h ave b een i n ves t iga ted b y Ma r t in B e l l , A s t r id C a se ld ine a nd H e ike N eumann ( 2000 ) . E v idence f o r I r on A g e a c t iv i ty i sc oncen t ra ted a tG o ldc l if f , a l though f u r the r e v idence o f a c t iv i ty h a s b een i d en t if ied d u r ing a s u rvey a t C o ld H a rbou r P i l l -2 w he re p a la eochanne l s c on ta ined a l i ne o f r ound wood v e r t ica l s a nd a w oven s t ruc tu re t h ough t t o r e la te t o f i sh ing a c t iv i ty . I r on A ge p o t te ry a nd a s i ng le w ooden p o s t h ad p r ev iou s ly b een r e co rded i n ap a laeochanne l s a t Mago r P i l l (Wh i t t le 1 989 ) . O the r I r on A ge m a te r ia l c u l tu re h a s b een r e co rded f r om t h e p a laeochanne l s a t C hape l tump -4 a nd f r om a t r a ckway a t C hape l tump -5 ( Be l le ta l2 000 : 3 17 -8 ) .

Ma te r ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu r e r e cove red f r om C a ld ico t i sh ou sed a t T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if f ; t h e a u tho r h a s n or e co rd o ft h ea c ce s s ion n umbe r s . S i lve r c o in , D obunn i i n sc r ibed [ E ISV ] , d i v ided E I a nd S V a bove a nd b e low a t h r ee ta i led h o r se t o Ro n t h e r e ve r se : s l igh t ly w o rn ( Boon 1 988 : 9 1 ; Mack 1 975 ) . O ne -p iece b ow b rooch , L a T ene I I , d a ted 1 c en tu ry BC . T h is t y pe o f b rooch h a s ap r edom inan t ly We s t C oun t ry d i s t r ibu t ion t h e re a r e k nown e xamp le s f r om G la s tonbu ry , S ome r se t( Bu l l ied a nd G ray 1 9 1117 , i :1 95 -7 )a nd H od H i l l , D o r se t ( R ichmond 1 968 ) T h i s b rooch i sm i s shapen p o s s ib ly a r is ing f r om r e pa i ro rd amage ( Boon 1 988 : 9 3 ; 9 4 f i g 1 ) . S ee f i gu re 7 0 .

Ma ter ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l r e cove red f r om Go ldc l if f , C hape l tump a nd Mago r i s h ou sed a t N ewpo r t Museum a nd t h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f Go ldc l if f -ST 3 77 8 23

B ow b rooch , H od H i l l t y pe , L a T ene I I , d a ted I s 'c en tu ry BC , w i th h i nged p i n , f o rme r ly t i n -p la ted . S how s s i gn s o f r e pa i r , o r ig ina l ly t i n -p la ted b u ta n a dd i t ion o rr e pa i rh a s b een a dded t h ee xa c ts hape a nd p urpo se n o tc l ea r( Boon 1 988 : 9 3 ; 9 4 f i g2 ) . S ee f i gu r e7 1 .

I r on A ge t imbe rp o s t s . N .M .W : 9 8 .24 .H . Wa te r logged w ood a nd o t he rs t ruc tura l m a t e r ia l , C 14 d a ted t o 4f ic en tu ry t o 1c en tu ry B C a nd i n c lude sr e u sed B ronze A ge b oa tp lank . N .P .T : 9 0 .109 .

3 0

C hape l tump -S T4 45 8 5 1

D ome s t ic P roduc t ion

P o t te ry b ody s h e rd s ,b l ack s h e l l g r i t ted w a r e .N .P .T : 9 4 .16 1 .3 .

I n t h i s c a tego ry a r e av a r ie ty o f u t i l ised s t one s s u ch a s h ea r th s tone s , p o tbo i le r s , ar o ta ry q ue rn s t one , w he t s tone s , a nd s l ing s tone s . N .M .W : 9 1 .2 . H .66 t h rough t o N .M .W : 9 1 .2 . H . 105 .

I r on A ge p o t te ry s he rd s . N .M .W : 8 6 .55 .H . 1 . C oed yC ymdda ,N ear Wenvoe ,S ou th G lamorgan —S T 1 329 7 398

P o t te r y

E xcava t ion s o ft h i s h i l l s lope e nc lo su r e w e r e c a r r ied o u t b y t h e G lamo rgan -Gwen t A r chaeo log ica l t r u s t b e tween 1 978 1 980 . T he e nc lo su re i s a s ub r ec tangu la r , u n iva l la te e a r thwo rk w i th a n i n te rna l a r ea o f c .5 000 s qua r e m e t re s . S even p ha se s o f a c t iv i ty w e re d i s t ingu i shab le f r om t h e e xcava ted e v idence t h e se r a nge f r om t h e L a te Me so l i th ic t o t h e R oman p e r iod ( Owen John 1 988 : 7 3 , 7 6 ) . A l though s ome o f t h e m a te r ia l r e cove r ed h a s b een d a ted t ot h e I r on A ge , a n e xa c t d a te f o r t h e I r on A g e h o r izon i sd if i cu l t t o e s tab l i sh d ue t ot h e l a ck o fs t ruc tu ra le v idence .

T he I r on A ge p o t te ry c ome s f r om ab road b a sed h andmade b a r re l shaped j a r , w i th f l a t tened r im f r agmen t s , d a ted t o c . 300 -50 BC ( Owen John 1 988 ) . N .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H .6 1 . t h rough t oN .M .W : 9 1 .2 . H .62 . P roduc t ion A n umbe r o f p i eces o f g ood q ua l i ty i r on o re , w e igh ing i n t o ta l 7 70 ga nd an odu le o fh aema t i te w e igh ing 1 70 g ,w e re r e cove r ed f r om a v a r ie ty o f c on tex t s . N .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H .106 t h rough t oN .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H . 123 . N .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H .77 . N .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H .79 .

Ma ter ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om C oed y C ymmda i s h ou sed a tT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry ,C a rd if f .

Weapon s A n umbe r o f s l ing s tone s w e re c o l lec ted d u r ing e xcava t ion a nd t h ey h ave b een i n c luded i n t h i s s e c t ion a s af o rm o f w eapon .N .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H .89 t h rough t oN .M .W : 9 1 .2 .H .9 1 .

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H ard ing 's D own —S S4 34 9 08 Af ew p o t te ry s h e rd s . N .M .W : u nknown .

H a rd ing 's D own i s am u l t iva l la te h i l lf or t a nd i so ne o ft h ree i nt h i s v i c in i ty . T h is h i l lf o r t w a s i n i t ia l ly as imp le u n iva l la te e nc lo su re . T he o u te r r ampa r t s w e re a l a te r u nf in ished a dd i t ion ( Hogg 1 973 ) . H ogg e xcava ted h e re i nt h e l a s t t wo w eek s o fO c tobe r 1 962 , s e c t ion ing t h e r ampa r t sa nd c l ea r ing t h e e n t rance a nd t wo h u t -p la tf orm s . T he e xcava t ion r evea led t h a t t h e e n t rance w a s c obb led w i th s t one l i ned s i des ; t h e p r e sence o fl a rge p o s tho le s i nt h e e n t ranceway i n d ica te s t h a t f ou r l a rge p o s t sw ou ld h ave s uppor ted d oub le g a te s (Wh i t t le 1 992 : 3 2 -2 ) . As ma l l q uan t i ty o fp l a in p o t te ry w a s r e cove red f r om h e re o f am id I r on A ge d a te ( Wh i t t le 1 992 : 3 3 ) . P a ra l le ls f o rt h e p o t te ry c an b een f ound a tL lanme l in ( Na sh W i l l iam s 1 933 ) a nd S udb rook ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 933) . A lso r e cove red w a s a n i r on w edge o fu nknown u se p l u s p ound ing a nd r ubb ing s t one s a nd as ma l l a moun t o fi r on s l ag f r om t h e b o t tom o f ab ow l f u rnace ( Hogg 1 973) .

C a s t le D i t che s /L lanca rf an w a s e xcava ted b y H ogg i n 1 963 a nd 1 964 a nd i sal a rge u n iva l la te h i l lf o r ts i tua t ed i nt h e V a le o fG lamo rgan . T he e n t ranceway o ft h i s s i t e i sp a r t ly i n tur ned a nd b enea th t h e e n t ranceway i s at r a ce o f aw a l l t h ough t t o b e p a r t o fa n e a r l ie r e nc lo su re c on s t ruc ted n o e a r l ie rt han c . 4t h c en tu r y B C . T he h i l lf or t a t H a rd ing 's D own w a s c ons t ruc ted n o e a r l ie r t h an c . rd c en tu ry B C (Wh i t t le 1 992 : 3I ) .

Ma te r ia lc u l ture

Ma ter ia lc u l ture

T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om H a rd ing 's D own i s h ou sed a t T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if f ; a cce s s ion n umbe r s a r e o n ly a va i lab le f o r an umbe r o f t h e l i s ted i t em s .

T he m a t e r ia l c u l tu re r e cove r ed f r om C a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an i sh ou sed a t T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if f ; t h e a u tho r h a s n o r e co rd o ft h e a cce s s ion n umbe r s .

F ragmen t so fp o t te ry .N .M .W : 8 3 .31 .1 .

A dornmen t

S l ag f r om t h eb o t tom o fb ow l f u rnace . N .M .W : u nknown .

F rom p r e -Roman l e ve ls ab rooch s p r ing w i th n i ne c o i ls a nd at wo -p iece o fw i re w e r er e covered .N .M .W : u nknown .

As p ind le w ho r l . N .M .W : u nknown . D aub f r agmen t s . N .M .W : u nknown . C a s t le D i t che s /L lancarf an — S S9 60 6 74

I r on w edge . N .M .W : u nknown . Ab ronze n a i l c l eane r , R oman i na ppea rance , w a s f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th a f r agmen t o f am o ra to r ium r im , t h ree s c rap s o f S am ian Wa re a nd f ou r s h e rd s o f c oa r se p o t te ry . N .M .W : 8 4 .33 .H .3 . S ee f i gu re 7 7 .

P ound ing a nd r ubb ing s t one s . N .M .W : u nknown . H igh P enard P romon tory F or t —S S5 67 8 66 H igh P ena rd i s as ma l l -def ended s i te p ro tec ted b y c l if f s o n a l s i de s e xcep t f o r t h e n o r th a nd n or th -ea s t , w he re t wo a r t if ic ia l r ampa r t s h ave b een c on s t ruc ted (Wh i t t le 1 992 : 5 2 3 ) . P o s tho le s d i scove red i n 1 939 b y A ud rey W i l l iam s r e vea led t h a tt h e e n t ranceway w a s b locked b y ap a i ro fg a te s (W i l l iam s 1 94 1) . W i th in t h e r ampa r t w a s ar o ck c u t g u l ly l e ad ing t o ap i t ; t h e p u rpo se o ft h is g u l ly i su nc lea rb u t i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t i tr e p re sen t s a n e a r ly s y s tem f o r t h e c o l lec t ion o f w a te r (W i l l iam s 1 939 : 2 6 ) . E v idence o f o ccupa t ion w a s f ound i n t h e i n te r io r i n d ica t ing a m ixed e conomy o f f a rm ing , f i sh ing a nd h un t ing . T he s i te w a s i n u s e i nt h e L a te I r on A ge a nd c on t inued t ob e o ccup ied u n t i l a r ound t h e2 "d c en tu ry AD .

A n ima lb one s( s ee t a b le 8 ) As ub s tan t ia l a moun t o fa n ima l b one s w a s r e cove r ed d u r ing e xcava t ion ; t h e r a t io s o fw h ich a r e s hown i nt a b le 8 .O ve r 5 26 s pec imen s w e re f ound , o f w h ich , o n ly 2 56 w e re i d en t if iab le . O n ly o ne c omp le te s ke le ton w a s f ound , t h a t o f a n i mma tu r e l amb s how ing n o s i g n s o f b u t che ry . O the r a n ima ls , a bou t aq ua r te r o f w h ich w e r e s h eep , w e r e k i l led w h i ls t y oung , a nd t h e r ema inde r o f t h e b one s a r e f r om m a tu re a n ima l s . T he re a r e n o b u tche r ing m a rk s o n t h e b one s ; t h i s m ay b e d ue , h oweve r , t ot h e f r agmen ta ry s t a te o f t h e b one s r e t r ieved . T he e v idence f r om t h e e xcava ted a r ea s ugge s t s t h a t n o o ne a r ea h ad a ny n o t iceab le a ccumu la t ion s o f a n ima l b one ; a l a ppea r t o b e e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted ( Hogg 1 977 : 3 8 -9 ) . N .M .W : U nknown .

Ma te r ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om H igh P ena rd i sh ou sed a tT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if f ; t h ea u tho rh a s n or e co rd o ft h ea cce s s ion n umbe r s .

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B ur ia l O ne h uman s ke le ton w a s r e cove red f r om L lanca rf an i ti so ne o ft h e f ew p o s s ib le I r on A ge b u r ia ls r e co rded f r om Wa le s . T he s ke le ton i st h ough t t ob e af ema le a ged a r ound t wen ty f i ve y ea r s o l d w a s r e cove r ed f r om w i th in a s ma l l b ow l s haped h o l low t h a t h ad b een d ug i n to a d i tch f i l l ing . T he h ead a nd a rm s o ft h e s ke le ton a r e d amaged , p o s s ib ly d ue t o t h e c o rp se b e ing p re s sed f o r c ib ly i n to t h e s ma l l h o l low . E xam ina t ion o ft h e t i b ia s how s as qua t t ing f a ce t i n d ica t ing t h a t t h is w oman s pen t al o t o ft ime i n as qua t t ing p o s i t ion . U nu sua l f e a tu re s o f t h i s s ke le ton s how a c ongen i ta l d ef orm i ty t ot h e s p ina l c o lumn ; t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c erv ica l v e r teb rae w e re f u sed ( Hogg 1 977 : 3 8 ) . A n umbe r o f s k e le ton s f r om t h is p e r iod s how s i gn s o f u nu sua l a bno rma l i t ie s . F o re xamp le , t h e h and p ha lange s o fL indow I a nd I I h ad a n a bno rma l i ty , i n d ica t ing t h e p r e sence o f t wo s hor t f i nge r d ig i t s ( B ro thwe l l & B ou rke 1 995 : 5 6 ) . A no the r e xamp le i st h e s ke le ton o f ay oung man r e cove r ed f r om o ne o ft h e p i t s a tD anebu ry w ho se s ke le ta l r ema ins i n d ica te t h a t i nl i f e t h e y oung m an h ad ad ef o rmed h ip , p robab ly c au sed b y P er the s D isea se , ad i so rde r t h a t af l ic t s y oung c h i ld ren ( Hoope r 1 984 :4 63 -74 ) .N .M .W : U nknown .

w a l led f o r t i na s soc ia t ion w i th an umbe r o f i r on f r agmen t s ( s ee p roduc t ion b e low * ) . S ee f i gu r e 7 8 . N .M .W : 8 4 .33 .H .2 . P o t tery N ine s he rd s o f d eco ra ted p o t te ry w e re r e cove red r e p r e sen t ing a pp rox ima te ly f o u rp o t s , c on s i s ten t w i th p o t te ry r e cove red f r om G la s tonbu ry ( Bu l le id a nd G ray 1 9 11) . A n umbe r o fc oa r se p o t te ry f r agmen t sw e re a l so r e cove red t h a t s ha re c ha rac te r i s t ic s w i th p o t t e ry f o und a t C rof t Amb rey ( S tanf o rd 1 974 ) b u ta r e m o r e l i ke ly t ob e long t ot h e L ydney L lanme l in g roup ( Cun l if f e 1 974 :4 3 -4 ) . N .M .W : U nknown . P roduc t ion Al ump o fs l ag f r om t h e b o t tom o f af u rnace i n d ica te s t h a t i r on w a s b e ing m anuf ac tu r ed h e r e . P i ece s w e re f ound i n m any a r ea s a nd l e ve ls s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e a moun t o f m e ta lwo rk a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i t e , o ve ra l l , mu s t h ave b een c ons ide rab le . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e s l ag , l ump s o f c l ay w i th t r ace s o f s l ag a dhe r ing w e r e f o und . T he se f r agmen t s w e re o r ig ina l ly t hough t t ob e p i ece s o fd aub b u t i tw ou ld b e m o r e p l au s ib le t o c ons ide r t h em s e c t ion s o f af u rnace , h oweve r , t h is c anno t b e v e r if ied u n t i l s c ien t if ica l ly a na ly sed i s c onduc ted . T he re i se v idence t h a t b ronz e w a s a l so b e ing w o rked a tt h i s s i te b u tt o al e s se rd eg ree t h an i r on . An umbe r o fu n iden t if iab le i r on f r agmen t s w e r e r e cove red . *A h a rne s s r i ng w a s r e cove red i n a s soc ia t ion w i th a n umbe r o f m e ta l o b jec t s b e l ieved t o b e f r agmen t s o f ac ha r io t o r c a r t ( Hogg 1 977 : 2 8 -9 ) . An umbe r o fi r on n a i l s a nd as ma l l v a r ie ty o f t o o ls w e re a l so r e cove red .

D ome s t i cP roduc t ion A s i ng le h a lf -bun s haped l o om w e igh t o f b aked c l ay w a s r e cove red f r om t h e t op o f o ne o f t h e r ampa r t s . N .M .W : U nknown . A s i ng le s p ind le U nknown .

w ho r l

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S c rap o fa n i r on b l ade . N .M .W : u nknow n .

Ab ronze h a rne s s r i ng ( f o r f u l l d i scu s s ion o ft h is i t em s e e H ogg 1 972 : 3 0 )f ound i n s ide t h eg a teway o ft h ee a r ly s t one

F ou r i r on b a r so fv a r iou s l e ng th s . N .M .W : u nknown . I r on p l a te . N .M .W : u nknown .

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T h ree i r on n a i ls .N .M .W : u nknown .

T oo l s

F ou rf r agmen t so fi r on b l ade s . N .M .W : u nknown . V a r ie ty o fi r on s p ike sb a r sa nd s t r ip s .N .M .W : u nknown .

A v a r ie ty o f t o o ls w e re r e cove red d u r ing e xcava t ion i n c lud ing a c h ise l , a n a w l , a n i r on s p ike a nd a n umbe r o f k n if e b l ades . N .M .W : u nknown

I r on h ook . N .M .W : u nknown .

W eapons

I r on s t ud .N .M .W : u nknown .

Twen ty -n ine s l ing s t one s . N .M .W : u nknown .

F ive b roken i r on N a i l s .N .M .W : u nknown .

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T ab le 9 .R a t io so f Ma te r ia lC u l tu r e f r om C a s t le D i tche s /L lanca rf an . L lanme l in -S T4 6 1 9 26 n umbe r o f a nnexe s .The se a r e s ub rec tangu la r i ns hape a nd o n ly s how s i gn s o f o ne e n t ranceway . T he e xcava t ion s r e vea led t h a t L lanme l in o r ig ina ted s ome t ime i n t h e 31 d c en tu ry BC w hen o n ly as ma l le r e nc lo su re e x is ted t h a t w a s s u r rounded b y as i ng le b ank a nd d i tch . T he se f e a tu r e s h ave b ecome o b scu red b y t h e l a te r b ank s , h oweve r , s ma l l t r a ce s o f t h e s i ng le b ank a nd d i tch a r e v i s ib le o u t s ide t h e m a in e nc lo su re o n t h e n o r th -ea s t s i de n ea r t h e o u tpo s t . T h i s o u tpo s t i s as ma l l c shaped e nc lo su r e w i th a d oub le b ank t h a t l i e s i n aw ood land a r ea a bou t 2 00 m e t r es t ot h e n o r th o f t h e m a in e nc losu re a nd i st hough t t o b e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e e a r l ies t p ha se s o f L lanme l in . T he m a in m u l t iva l la t e e nc lo su re a tL lanme l in w a s c on s t ruc ted a r ound 1 50 B C b u t n o s ub s tan t ia l e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t i n s ide t h e r ampa r t s w a s f ound d u r ing e xcava t ion f o r t h is p e r iod . T he f i na l p ha se

L lanme l in i s as ma l l m u l t iva l la te h i l lf o r t c omp r ised o ft wo m a in p a r t s . O ne p a r t i sa n e l ip t ica l e nc lo su re m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 2 28 m e te r s b y 1 5 2 m e te r s , w i th a n i n te rna l r ad iu s o fn ea r ly 5 1 /a 2 c r e s , a ta ched t ot h e e l l ip se i sa n a r ea o fa bou t 21 /a 2 c r e s t h a t i sl o ca ted o n o ne o ft h e l o nge rs i de s . T he s e cond p a r t i s an a r row , o b long a nnexe t h a t m ea su r e s a pp rox ima te ly 1 2 1 m e t r e s b y 7 0 m e t re s w ide ( Na sh W i l l iam s 1 9 33 ) . E xcava t ion s w e r e c onduc ted a t L lanme l in b y N a sh -W i l l iam f r om 1 9 30 t o 1 932 a nd t h e e xcava t ion s r e vea led t h a t t h e m a in e nc lo su r e i ss u r rounded b y t wo , a nd i ns ome p l a ce s t h ree , l a rge , w e l l -p r e ser ved b ank s w h ich a r e a t t h e i r h i ghe s t n ea r t h e p a r t ly i n tu rned e n t rance (Wh i t t le 1 992 : 4 8 -9 ) . T o t h e s ou th -ea s t o ft h e m a in e nc losu re , t h e r e a r e as e r ie so fo u te r , s ma l l b ank st h a ta r et a cked o nt of o rm a

3 4

h e r e , w h ich b egan c .5 0 BC , i n vo lved t h e r emode l l ing a nd s t reng then ing o f t h e e n t rance , p e rhap s t o p r o tec t t h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e h i l lf o r t , s ugge s t ing a n i n c r ea sed t h r ea t o f a t tack . T he n or th -ea s t s i de o f t h e m a in e nc lo su r e w a s c u t b ack a nd r ef aced a nd b o th s i de s w e re g i ven f l ank ing t imbe r p l a tf o rm s a nd p a l isade s o n t o p o f t h e b ank s . T he e n t ranceway w a s p ro tec ted b y aw ooden g a te a tt h e i n ne r e nd . T he a nnexe sw e re a dded d u r ing t h i sp ha se ,p o s s ib ly f o r t h e c o r ra l l ing o f a n ima l s , a s t h e r e w a s n o s i gn o f h uman o ccupa t ion i nt h e e xcava ted a r ea s o ft h e a nnexe s . T he f o r t w a s a bandoned c . 7 5 . AD (Wh i t t le 1 992 : 4 9 ; N a sh W i l l iam s ) . T he re a r e t r ace s o fi n ten s ive o ccupa t ion a tf o u r s epa ra te p o in t s o n t h is s i te : i n s ide t h e s ou th -we s te rn a nd n o r th -ea s tern d ef ence s , o n aw o rkshop f l oo r w i th in t h e c amp , a nd o n b o th s i de s o ft h e e n t ranceway ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 933 : 2 89 -29 1) .

P o t tery T he p o t te ry r e cove red d u r ing e xcava t ion f a l ls i n to f ou r c a tego r ie s : H andmade j a r s o ft h e ' f lowe r p o t ' t y pe m ade o fc oa r se w a re v a ry ing f r om g r ey -b lack t o l i gh t b rown i n c o lou r . D eco ra t ion , w he r e p r e sen t , i so fi n c ised c hev ron s , w avy a nd e yeb row p a t ter n s . T h is g roup s how s c l o se af i n i t ie s t o p o t te ry a t G la s tonbu ry ( Bu l l ied a nd G ray 1 9 11) a nd i n i t s e a r l ie s t f o rm d a te s t o t h e rd c en tu ry BC ( Na sh -W i l l iams 1 939 : 2 89 ) .

Ma te r ia lc u l ture

H igh -shou lde r ed , b ead r immed j a r s , e xamp le s a r e b o th h andmade a nd t h rown b y aw hee l w i th t h e c o lou r s v a ry ing f r om h a rd g r ey t ob uf fw h i te . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e v e s se ls s how B e lg ic i nf luence a nd a r e d a ted t ob e tween 4 5 7 5 AD ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 933 : 2 89 ) .

T he m a te r ia l c u l tu r e r e cove red f r om L lanme l in i sh ou sed a t ' T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry ,C a rd if f .

T he t h i rd a nd f ou r th c a tego r ie s a r e m ed ieva l i np r ovenance

Adornmen t

P o t ter y

B ronze p ennanu la r b rooch w i th s p i ra l t e rm ina l s w i th t h e p i n m is s ing . A p a ra l le l w a s f ound a tG la s tonbu ry ( Bu l le id a nd G ray 1 9 11 ; N a sh -W i l l iam s 1 933 : 3 08 i t em 1 ;3 06 f i gu r e 1 ) . S ee f i gu re 7 9 . N .M .W : 3 1 .345 .1 ( i ) .

N .M .W : 3 1 .30 .2 t h rough t oN .M .W : 3 1 .31 .20 .

b o th R oman a nd

N .M .W : 3 1 .345 .1 t h rough t oN .M .W : 3 1 .345 .43 . N. M .W : 7 7 .1 .

F ragmen t s o f b ronze b race le t s w i th a r i bbed d eco ra t ion . P a ra l le l s r e cove r ed f r om H eng is tbu ry H ead ( Bu she -Fox 1 9 15 ; C un l if f e 1 978 ; 1 987 ) . N .M .W : 3 1 .345 . 17 . S ee f i gu r e 8 0 .

N .M .W : 3 2 .385 . 1 t h rough t oN .M .W : 3 2 .385 .46 . F o r d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o fa l l t h e p o t te ry r e cove red d u r ing e xcava t ion , s e e( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 939 : 2 9 1-307 ) .

An ima lB one s

P roduc t ion

A n umbe r o f f r agmen ta ry a n ima l r ema in s w e r e r e cove r ed d u r ing e xcava t ion i n c lud ing b one s o fo xen , h o r se , p i g , d og , s h eep o r g oa t a nd r ed d ee r . A l l t h e a n ima l b one s a r e i n comp le te a nd i n av e ry f r agmen ta ry s t a te ( Cow ley , i n N a sh -W i l l iams 1 933 : 3 10 ) . N .M .W : u nknown .

E v idence o fm e ta lwo rk ing c an b e s e en b y t h e p re sence o fa c r uc ib le a nd i r on s l ag , o t he r i t em s i nt h is s e c t ion i n c lude i r on t i e s , i r on s hank sa nd q ua r tz . I r on t i e . N .M .W : 3 1 .345 .44 .

B ur ia l s

T r iangu la rc r uc ib le f r agmen t s . N .M .W : 3 1 .345 .7 .

T he h uman r ema in s c on s is t o ft h e b one s o ft wo i n d iv idua l s . O ne o ft h ese i s am a le a ged b e tween 2 5 a nd 4 0y ea r so fa ge .

B ind ing f r agmen t . N .M .W : 3 1 .345 .8 .

T he s ku l l i sb ad ly d amaged b u t h a s b een r e con s t ruc ted , a nd t h e t e e th a r e w e l l w o rn . D ue t ot h e i n comp le te n a tu r e o ft h e l o ng b ones , n o d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s t a tu re o ft h is i n d iv idua l i s a va i lab le . I t h a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s e cond s e t o f s ke le ta l r ema in s b e long t ot h a t o f af ema le o fu nce r ta in a g e ; t h e s ku l l i sm is s ing b u ts ome o ft h e l o ng b one sa r ec omp le te . I n spec t ion o ft h e se s how t h a t a tt h e i r d i s ta l e nd s , t h e t i b ia s s how f a ce t s t h a t i n d ica te t h a t , i nl i f e , t h i s p e r son s p en t al o t o f t ime i n as qua t t ing p o s i t ion ( Cow ley i nN a sh -W i l l iam s 1 933 : 3 10 ) . N .M .W : u nknown . S ee f i gu r e 8 1 .

I r on s l ag . N .M .W : 3 1 .30 .15 . T h in p i ece o ff l i n tg round a nd p o l i shed . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .2 1 . A n i r on s hank . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .23 . I r on s l ag . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .26 . I r on s l ag . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .42 . I r on s l ag . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .44 .

3 5

P i ece o fq ua r tz . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .47 .

u nknown m a te r ia l i na ppea rance a nd t ex ture t h ey r e semb le b l ack p l a s t ic b u t c ou ld b e c hanne l c oa l . N .M .W : 3 1 .345 .16 . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .16 .

T oo l s

Weapons

T ine d ee rk n if eh and le . N .M .W : u nknown .

T he o n ly i t em s f o und t h a t c an b e c l as s if ied a s w eapon s a r e s l ing s tones . N .M .W :32 .385 .48 .

I r on s l ag . N .M .W : 3 2 .385 .46 .

U nknown T he se t wo i t ems a r e o f u nknown c l a s s i f ica t ion a nd o f

1 4 0 -

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T ab le 1 0 . R a t io s o f Ma te r ia l C u l tu re f r om L lanme l in .

L odge Wood -S T3 23 9 13 A s ma l l -sca le e xcava t ion w a s c onduc ted h e re b y D r R ay H owe l l a nd D r J o shua P o l la rd f r om t h e U n ive r s i ty o f Wa les C o l lege , N ewpo r t i n t h e s umme r o f 2 000 . A n umbe r o f t r enches w e re p l aced i nt h e i n te r io ro f as ma l l o va l e nc losu re a t t h e c en t re o f t h e f o r t , a c ro ss t h e w e s te rn e n t rance a nd a c ross t h e s ou thern i n ner d ef ences . T he t r ench i nt h e i n te r io r

Ma te r ia lc u l ture

r evea led a r e c tangu la r p os tho le s t ruc tu re a nd a s ha l low n umbe r o f M idd le I r on A ge p o t te ry s herds ( r epor t f o r thcom ing P o l la rd & H owe l l ) . T hank s a r e of ered t o D r J P o l la rd a nd D r RH owe l l w ho g ave t h e i r p e rm iss ion f o r a d raw ing o f t h e b rooch t o b e i n c luded i n t h is b ook ( Gw i l t

L aT dne IB rooch . S ee f i gu re 8 2 . Unknown .

T he m a ter ia l c u l tu r e f r om t h e e xcava t ions i s h e ld a t t h e U n ive r s i ty o f Wa le s C o l lege , N ewpo r t . T he r epor t f o r t h is e xcava t ion i sf o r thcom ing .

M idd le I r on A ge p o t te ry . Unknown .

2 002 : 2 -3 ; H owe l l a nd P o l la rd 2 000 A IW 4 0 :8 1-3) . I t ems h e ld a tU n ive r s i ty Wa les C o l lege ,N ewpor t .

3 6

Mar lborough Grange — S S9 73 7 35 C o l lec t ion o f p o t te ry , o f aL a te B ronze A ge o r v e ry E a r ly I r on Age d a te , f ound d ur ing e xcava t ions i n1 967 i nt h eu ppe r f i l l ing o f aq ua r ry o n t he s ou th s i de o f aB ronze Age r ound c a irn a t Ma r lbo rough G range , L lanb le th ian ( Savo ry 1 969 : 4 9 -72 ; S avo ry 1 976 : 5 5) . Mo s to ft h e s he rds a r e f r om al a rge b ucke t -shaped j a r w i th f l a r ing r im a nd a f i nge r p r in ted c o rdon . P o t te ry s he rds . N .M .W : 6 8 .311 .17 .

Adornmen t ( Me r thy r Maw r ) U nf in ished s p ind le w ho r l . 2 7 .66 .1 .

( Savo ry

1 976 :

6 7 ) .

N .M .W :

H ear th f r agmen t s . S .W .S : A 903 .5 .7 F ragmen t o f t h e u ppe r p a r t o f ab eeh ive q ue rn made o f c oa r se g r i t . N .M .W : 3 5 .526 .

Ma ter ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove r ed f r om t h e s i te i sh ou sed a tT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd Ga l le ry , C a rd if f .

E lec t rum t w is ted s i lve rw i re b race le t . N .M .W : 2 9 .447 . P o tbo i ler s a nd h ea r ths tone s . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .30 .

A n ima lB one s B ronze b rooch , L a T ene It y pe , w h ich w a s r e cove red i n 1 929 ( Fox 1 929 : 1 46 -7 ; S avo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . T he b rooch b e long s t o t h e H u l l a nd H awke s G roup 1 A . ( Hu l l a nd H awkes 1 987 : P age 8 4 p l a te 2 6 : 3 383 ) . N .M .W : 2 9 .208 . S ee f i gu re 8 3 .

A n umbe r o f f r agmen ta ry a n ima l b one s a nd t e e th w e re r e cove red d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion i n c lud ing b one s o f o xen , i mma ture h o r se , p ig , t h e l owe rj aw o f ad og , s heep o r g oa t . A l l t h e a n ima l b ones a r e i n comp le te a nd i n a v ery f r agmen ta ry s t a te (Ma theson i nF ox 1 929 : 6 3-4 ) .

I r on r i ng h eaded -p in . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .2 . S ee f i gu re 8 2 . Ac o l lec t ion o fa n ima l b one s a nd t e e th . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .19 . F l in t , s he l ls a nd 14 6 1 ) .S .W .S : A 903 .11

a n ima l

t e e th

( F igg is

2 000 :

P o t tery

5 4 -

V ery l i t t le p o t te ry w a s r e cove red , i n c luded w a s f i ne -g r i t ted w a re w i th w e l l -smoo thed g r ey b uf fs u rf ace , r im f r om o vo id j a rw i th b eaded r im .

D ome s t ic P roduc t ion U nd is t ingu ishab le p o t te ry s he rds B ronze p e rf o ra ted d i sc ( sma l l ) w i th b roken s hank , p oss ib ly f r om t h e f o o t o f ab rooch ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 , 7 5) . N .M .W : 5 4 .19 .2

B ronze L aT ene IB rooch , s i xc o i led s p r ing . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .1 . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 , 7 5 ) . N .M .W : 5 4 . 1

Mer thyr Mawr —S S 8 62 7 68

T oo l s

Mer thy r Maw r Wa r ren i sa n e xamp le o f a n o pen c oa s ta l s e t t lemen t . T he e v idence c o l lec ted f r om t h is s i te s ugges t s

A xe -head . S .W .S : A 903 .5 . 1 ( F igg is 2 000 : 5 4 -6 1) .

r e cu r ren t o ccupa t ion t ha t w a s i n te r rup ted b y e p isode s o fb e s a nd ing . T he a r ea w as i n vo lved i nm e ta lwo rk ing a c t iv i t ies a s c an b e s e en b y t h e ma ter ia l c u l tu re r e covered f r om h e re . D isappo in t ing ly , o n ly a v e ry s ma l l -sca le e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t b y C . F ox d ur ing 1 926 . An umbe r o f s e c t ions w e re c u t a c ros s t h ree mound s t h a t s howed e v idence o f h uman o ccupa t ion . T he f o l low ing r ep resen ts t h e ma ter ia l c u l tu re r e cove red d ur ing 1 926 .

A xe -head . S .W .S : A 903 .5 .2 ( F igg is 2 000 : 5 4 -6 1) . K n if e . S .W .S : A 903 .5 .3 ( F igg is 2 000 : 5 4 -6 1) . P roduc t ion Al o t o fd ebr is f r om av a r ie ty o f manuf ac tu r ing p roce sse s i s v i s ib le a t Mer thy r Maw rt h ey i n c lude :

Ma ter ia lC u l ture

C or roded i r on n a i l . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .3 .

T he ma te r ia lc u l tu re r e cove red f r om Me r thy r Maw ri s h oused a tt h eN a t iona l Museum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if fa nd S wansea Mu seum

F ragmen t s o fc ruc ib les o fg r ey w a re h a rd a nd v i t r if ied , w i th d rops o f b ronze s t i l l a dhe r ing t o i t . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .4 t h rough N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .14 .

F r agmen t o f h andmade p o t te ry , u nknown t ype . ( Savory 1 976 : 6 7 ) .N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .2 .

I r on s l ag f r agmen t s . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .15 .

3 7

Ac o l lec t ion o fs he l ls . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .20 .

F ragmen t s o fa n i r on p l a te . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .16 a nd N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .17 .F ragmen t so ff u sed b ronz e .N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .18

Ar o und s e c t ioned b ronze r i ng . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 8 .485 .

S t r ips o f b ronze s t r ip . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .25 a nd N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .26 .

C ruc ib le f r agmen t s . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 ) .N .M .W : 4 7 .164 .73 . F ragmen ts o fb ronze . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .27 . B ronze f r agmen t s . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 ) . N .M .W : 4 7 .164 .74 . M inu te b ronze n a i l . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .28 . I r on o r e f r agmen t s . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 8 ) . N .M .W : 4 7 .164 .75 . P iece o ff l a t -sec t ioned w i re b en t i nt h e s hape o f ad i amond . N .M .W : 2 6 .239 .29 .

N a i ls . S .W .S : A903 .5 .4

F ragmen t s o fb ronze s me l t ing c r uc ib le s , a l l m ade f r om h a rd g rey w a re . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .3 t h rough t o N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .15 .

N a i ls . S .W .S : A 903 .5 .5

I r on f r agmen t s . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .16 .

B ronze d rop le t s . S .W .S : A 903 .5 .8 .

I r on s l ag . S .W .S : A903 .5 .6

A n umbe r o fj e t s , d rop s a nd f r agmen t s o fb ronze . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .17 . Number o fi r on s l ag f r agmen t s . ( Savo ry 1 976 : 6 7 ) . N .M .W : 2 7 .66 .18 . 7 0

6 6

6 0

5 3

5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0

3

S9U09 I EW !U V

0

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0

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T ab le 1 . R a t io so f Ma te r ia l C u l tu re f r om Mer thy r Maw r Wa r ren e xcava t ions .

N lynydd B ychan —S S9 63 7 57 Mynydd B ychan i s as ma l l , s ub t r iangu la r , mu l t iva l la te e nc losure . I n terna l ly t h e s i te m ea su r e s a pp rox ima te ly f i f ty -

e xcava t ions r evea led t h a t t h e re h ad b een t h ree p ha se s o f o ccupa t ion .

e i gh t me t res b y f o r ty s ix m e t re s ; t h e w ho le a r ea m ea su re s r ough ly j u s t l e ss t h an h a lf a n a c re . E ven t h ough t h e s i te i s s ma l l , i ti s s t rong ly d ef ended . T he s i t e w a s e xcava ted d u r ing 1 949 a nd 1 950 b yS avo ry ( 1 954 ; 1 955 )a nd t h e

P ha se I : c . 50 BC t o 5 0 AD . T h is p ha se s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e d ef ences a round a g roup o f t imbe r f r amed c i rcu la r h u t s ; i te nded w i th t h e r a p id d ecay o r mo re l i ke ly , t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e d ef ences , a nd p erhap s w i th t h eb u rn ing o ft h e s t ruc tu res , a l though t h i s i su ncer ta in .

3 8

P ha se I : c . 5 0 AD t o 1 00 AD . T h i s p ha se s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion w i th in t h e r u ined d ef ence s o f an ew p ha se o f o ccupa t ion , c on s i s t ing o ft h ree r ound h ou se s t h a t h ad d r y s t one w a l l f ounda t ion s s e t i n s ide c our tya rd s . T he m a te r ia l e v idence s ugge s t st h a tt h e s i te w a s a bandoned a nd w a s n o t t h r eoccup ied u n t i lt h e 1 c en tu ry AD . P ha se I I : c . 1t h t o 1 3t h c en tu r ie s AD . d i scu s sed h e re .

P o s s ib le f r agmen to fb rooch . N .M .W : 5 0 .297 . A n ima lB one s A n umbe r o f a n ima l b one s c on s is t ing o f b roken t e e th a nd b one s w e re r e cove red f r om P ha se s Ia nd 1 a t Mynydd B ychan . T he se i n c lude o xen , s h eep , p ig , h o r se , d og , f ox , s hor t ta i led f i e ld v o le , a nd a p o s s ib le s wan ( Cow ley i n S avo ry 1 955 : 5 0 ) . N .M .W :4 9 .4 18 .45 .

T h i s i s n o t

Ma te r ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om Me r thy r Maw r i s h ou sed a tT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry ,C a rd if f .

B ur ia l s H uman r ema in s r e cove r ed f r om h e re r ep re sen t t h ree i n d iv idua ls . T he b one s a r e i n av e ry f r agmen ta ry s t a te a nd n o h uman s ku l ls w e re r e cove r ed .T he r ema in s a r ea sf o l low s :

Adornmen t S p i ra l b ronze f i nge r r ing m ade f r om as t r ip t h a t i sw ide s t a t i t s c en t re a nd c o i led t og ive af l a t tened , e l ip t ica l b eze l w i th a n e ng raved d eco ra t ion o f t wo c onve rg ing t r am l ine s . N .M .W : 3 2 .46 .1 .

A na du l tm a le s ke le ton . T he b one sa r er obu s t i na ppea rance . Ay oung f ema le s ke le ton . T he r ema in s o f ap a r t ia l s ku l l w e re r e cove red a s w e l l a s p a r t s o f t h e l owe r j aw , i n w h ich t h e t e e th w e re w orn d own .

S p i ra l b ronze f i nge r r ing , m ade f r om as t r ip t h a t i sw ide s t a t i t sc en t r e , i th a s n od eco ra t ion . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 . 1 . S ee f i gu r e 8 5 .

A n a du l t o fu nce r ta in g ende r . T he r ema in s o ft h i s i n d iv idua l w e r e t o o f r agmen ta ry t o d e te rm ine t h e s ex ( Cow ley i n S avo ry 1 955 : 4 9 ) . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .45 .

B ronze p en nanu la r b rooch w i th t h e p i n m i s s ing ( Savo ry 1 976 : 7 2 ) . F ound i na n u ns t ra t if ied c on tex t . T he t e rm ina l s a ppea r t ob e p i nched b ack b u t o n c l o se r i n spec t ion , o ne c an s e e t h a t t h ey w e re c a s t a nd l a te r t o o led t o g i ve t h e a ppea rance o f af o ld . T h i s i s aP r e -Roman t y pe t h a t p e r s is ted i n to t h e R oman p e r iod . T h is b rooch b e long s t ot h e s e cond p ha se a t Mynydd B ychan , c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e p o t te ry a nd i ss im i la r i nf o rm t oo ne r e cove red f r om C u lve r H o le C ave ( Savo ry 1 949 -50 ) . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .2 .

D ome s t ic P roduc t ion F i ve s p ind le w ho r ls w e r e r e cove red , t wo a r e s imp le d i sc s haped w ho r ls a nd s how s im i la r i t ie s t o s ome f ound a t G la s tonbu ry ( Bu l le id a nd G ray 1 9 11 : 5 82 ) a nd Ma iden C a s t le , (Whee le r 1 943 ) , a nd t wo a r e s phe ro id i ns hape a nd a r e a l so r e p re sen ted a tG la s tonbu ry ( Savo ry 1 955 : 4 5 -6 ) . F i ve s p ind le w ho r ls . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .38 t h rough t oN .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .42 .

L ink f r om ab ronze c ha in , m ade f r om c i rcu la r s e c t ion w i r e . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .3 .

Two f r agmen t s o f b eeh ive r o ta ry q uerns w e re r e cove red . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .43 a nd N .M .W : 4 9 .418 .44 .

I r on s t r ip b ow b rooche s , t h e p i n s a r e m is s ing a nd t h ey b o th h ave c y l ind r ica lh ead s , b e l ieved t ob eo ft h e R oman

a l so

P o t te ry

C onque s t p e r iod . c . l c en tu ry AD . N .M .W . 4 9 .4 18 .4 a nd N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .5 .

P o t te ry r e cove red f r om Mynydd B ychan i sr ep re sen ted b y o n ly a f ew r im f r agmen t s ; n o c omp le te v e sse ls w e re f ound . R econ s t ruc t ion d raw ing s i l u s t ra te t ha t t h e f r agmen t s r e p re sen t w e l l -f in ished , s ma l l , h andmade j a r s o r b ow ls o f e i the r ag rey o r ab row n f a b r ic w i th w h i te s peck s o f g r i t i n c luded . T he se s imp le f o rm s a r e t y p ica l o f l o ca l g roup s o f p o t te ry f r om We s sex a nd t h eC o t swo ld s a nd Monmou th sh i r e a nd a r e t h ough t t or ep re sen t al o ca l i n du s t ry ( Savo ry 1 955 : 3 4 -40 ) . T he p o t te ry r e cove r ed f r om P ha se I a t Mynydd B ychan i s a l so n a t ive i n p rovenance , h oweve r , i ti s i n m a rked c on t ra s tt ot h a t f r om P ha se Ia st h e se f r agmen t s w e r e w hee l tu rned a nd a r e c on s t ru c ted o ff i ne r ma te r ia l . Mo s t o f t h e m a te r ia l h a s b een f i r ed t o a n o range /b r ick c o lou r s ome t ime s l e av ing a b l u i sh -g rey c en t re . T he se f o rms a r e

I r on b ow b rooch w i th t h e c a tch p l a te a nd m o s t o ft h e p i n i s m is s ing ; f ound w i th b u r ia l o n n o r th o f m a in d i tch i n I E ( Savo ry 1 976 : 7 2 ) . N .M .W ; 4 9 .4 18 .6 . F ou rf r agmen t s o fi r on b rooche s ( Savo ry 1 976 : 7 2 ) . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .7 P o s s ib le i r on c o i l f r om t h e s p r ing o f ab r ooch . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .8 B ad ly c o r roded i r on b ow b rooch w i th n o c a tch p l a te . F ound i nt h i rd d i s tu rbed b u r ia l o n n o r th l i p o fm a in d i tch i ns e c t ion I E ( Savor y 1 949 -50 : 4 1 i t em 3 ; S avo ry 1 976 : 7 2 ) . NM W : u nknown .

g ene ra l ly o f aL a te I r on A ge d a te ( Savo ry 1 955 : 3 8 ) w i th p a ra l le l s f ound a tS udb rook a nd C ae r leon .

3 9

I r on A ge p o t te ry . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 . 13 . t h rough t o N .M .W : 4 9 .418 .20 .

T oo l s

4 9 .418 .36 .

T oo ls r e p r e sen ted a r e made i n av a r ie ty o f m a te r ia ls i n c lud ing b one b o r e r s a nd g ouge s , a n i r on t i l e , a w l a nd a n i r on o x -goad t i p .

F ragmen t s o f p o t te ry s h e rd s . N .M .W : 5 0 .297 .4 t h rough t o N .M .W : 5 0 .297 .8

A n i r on a w l . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 . 9 .

P roduc t ion

I r on o x -goad t i p . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 . 1 0 .

E v idence o fm e ta lwo rk ing a c t iv i ty i sp r e sen t o n t h is s i te i n t h e f o rm o f aq uan t i ty o fi r on s l ag ( Howa rd i nS avo ry 1 955 : 4 8 -9 ) .

A n i r on f i l e . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 . 1 .

F ragmen t so fi r on s t r ip a nd s hee t ing :N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .12 .

Weapons

F ou r p i ece so fi r on o r e . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .45 .

L a rge q uan t i t ie s o fs l ing s tone s w e r e f ound i nt wo h oa rd s : o ne p i le o f1 50 a nd a no the ro f4 0 .N .M .W : 5 0 .297 .9 .

I r on Age p o t te ry . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 .2 1 .

t h rough t o N .M .W :

F ragmen t so fw o rked b one . N .M .W : 4 9 .4 18 . 3 7 .

F ragmen t so fi r on s t r ip a nd s hee t ing : N .M .W : 5 0 .297 .3 .

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T ab le 1 2 . R a t io o fm a te r ia l c u l tu re f r om Mynydd B ychan e xcava t ion .

P or thkerry P romon tory F or ta tB u lwa lk s —S T 0 82 6 64 T h is i s al a rge m u l t iva l la te e a r thwo rk s i tua ted o n t h e c oa s t , o ne a nd ah a lf m i le so r0 . 8 k i lome te r s w e s t sou th -we s t f r om B a r ry i n t h e V a le o f G lamo rgan ( Ga rdne r 1 935 ) . Two e xcava t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t h e re ; t h e f i r s t i n 1 935 b y G a rdne r a nd t h e s e cond d u r ing 1 968 b y D av ies ( 1973 ) . T he l a te r e xcava t ion r e vea led t h ree r e c tangu la r b u i ld ing s b eh ind t h e i n nermo s t r ampa r t . T he e a r l ie s t i su nda ted a nd t h e o t he r t wo d a te f r om t h e 1 gt o 2a c en tu r ie s AD a nd t h e 3 r d a nd 4t h c en tu r ie s AD . P o s tho le sw e re f ound p o s i t ioned i nt h e

e n t ranceway i n d ica t ing t h a t t h i s s i t e w a s s ea led b y d oub le g a te s ( Dav ie s 1 9 38 ; Wh i t t le 1 992 : 5 1-2 ) . T he f i nd s r e cove red i n d ica te t h a t am ixed e conomy w a s p rac t iced a t t h i s s i te . T he m a te r ia l c u l tu r e r e cove r ed f r om t h e P or thke r ry P romon to ry F o r t i sh ou sed a t T he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry , C a rd if f .

4 0

Ma te r ia lc u l ture P o t te ry s h e rd s , h amme r s t one , m a ce h ead , s l ing s tone s a nd p o tbo i le r s . S .W .S : A 952 . 4 2 .1 t h rough 1 9 S l ing s tone s f r om l a rge h eap . S .W .S : AX57

O n ly af ew s h e rd s o fs ma l l -undeco ra ted b ody f r agmen t s a r e r ep re sen t ed . T he f a b r ic v a r ie s i nc o lou r f r om d a rk g r ey t o f awn . P a ra l le l s f o r t h e s he rd s , i nt e rm s o ft h e i r f a b r ic s , c an b e f ound a t o t he r I r on A ge s i te s i n G lamo rgan , s uch a s : L lanca rf an ( Ca s t le D i tche s ) , C ae r D ynnaf a nd C a e S umme rhou se ( Dav ie s 1 973 : 8 5 -98 ) .N .M .W ; U nknown .

O b jec t so fu nknown c ha ra c te r . S .W .S : A 965 .22 M ix tu re o f p o t te ry , c ong lome ra te , s l ing s tone s . S .W .S : A 938 .42 .1/2 .

d aub f r agmen t s a nd

T he K nave P romon tory F or t ,R ho s s i l i ,G lamorgan —S S 4 32 8 64 T h i s s i te , s ome t ime s k nown a s D ebo rah 's H o le c amp , h a s s em ic i r cu la r r ampa r t s t h a t c u t of a n a r ea o f s i x t h ou sand o ne h und r ed s qua re m e t re s o r a pp rox ima te ly o ne a h a lf a c re s . I n s ide t h e r ampa r t s n o th ing o f a n I r on A ge d a te i s v i s ib le , h ow ev e r , i n 1 938 t h e s i te w a s e xcava ted b y A ud r ey W i l l iam s a nd t h e r ema in s o ft wo r ound h ou se s w e re f ound (Wh i t t le 1 992 : 5 1-2 ) . F ind s r e cove r ed i n d ica te a m ixed e conomy w a s p r ac t iced a tt h e s i te a nd i n c lud ing p o tbo i le r s , s he l l s , b one s o fs heep /goa t s a nd o xen . A c ro s s t h e e n t rance w e r e t r a ce so ft h r ee p o s tho le s s ugge s t ing t h is s i te w a s s e a led b yd oub le g a te s (W i l l iam s 1 939 : 2 13 -4 ) . P o t te ry s he rd s w e r e r e cove r ed f r om a r oundhou se o n t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e s i te a nd r e p r e s en t a tl e a s t s even v e s se l s ; a l l a r e h andmade . T he m a te r ia l v a r ie s i nc o lou r f r om p a le b uf ft o g r ey -b lack a nd h a s ag ene ra l ly s moo th b u rn i shed s u rf ace .

Ma te r ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om T he K nave P romon to ry F o r t i sh ou sed a t Swan sea Mu seum . P o t te ry s h e rd s , h amme r s t one , m ace h ead , s l ing s tone s a nd p o tbo i le r s . S .W .S : A 952 . 4 2 .1 t h rough 1 9 . S l ing s tone sf r om l a rge h eap . S .W .S : AX57 Ob jec t so fu nknown c ha r ac te r . S .W .S : A 965 .22 M ix tu re o f p o t te ry , c ong lome ra te , s l ing s tone s .S .W .S :A938 .42

d aub f r agmen t s a nd

T he p o t te ry f r om t h i s s i te a l so s how s af in i t ie s w i th p o t te ry r e cove r ed f r om G la s tonbu ry ( Bu l l ied a nd G ray 1 9 1117 )a nd i sd a ted t ot h e c en tu ry BC (W i l l iam s 1 939 : 2 18 ) .

P or t sk ewe t tS choo l -SO 4 983 8 833 T r ia l e xcava t ion sc a r r ied o u to nt h e p ropo sed s c hoo l s i te a t P o r t skewe t t r e vea led s ub s tan t ia l e v idence o f I r on A g e o ccupa t ion . I t em s r e cove r ed i n c lude I r on A ge p o t te ry o f c a lc i te tempe r ed w a re s im i la r i n f o rm t o t h a t r e cove red f r om n ea rby S udb rook ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 939 ) . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e s h e rd s a ppea rt ob e t h e r emnan t s o fj a r s o r b ow l s b u t a l so i n c lude t h e r ema in s o f al a rge v e s se l a nd a f r agmen t o f ah and le . O the r s he rd s a r e p r e sen t b u t a r e d if e ren t i nf o rm a nd a r e w a i t ing f o r f u r the r d i agno s i s . A n umbe r o f l a rge c l ay f r agmen t s w e r e r e cove r ed r em in i scen t o f v e ry c oa r se p o t te ry o r WCP ' w h ich w a s f i r s t r e cog n i sed f r om S u t ton Wa l l s a nd C rof t Amb r ey , t h ough t t ob es ma l l s t ove s a sd e sc r ibed b y S t anf o rd ( 1974 :

2 10 14 ) . Mo re r e cen t ly v e s se l s o f t h i s t y pe h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s a l t i n du s t ry a tD ro i tw ich ( C la rk e ta l 1 999 : 8 4 -5 ) . O ne L a T ene Ib rooch w a s f o und i n af i xed s t ra t ig raph ica l c on tex ta nd i sd a ted t ob e tween 4 00 BC a nd 2 50 BC . T h i s i s ao ne p i ece b rooch w i th a l a rge s i x c o i led s p r ing a nd made o f ac oppe r a l loy ; ac ompa rab le b rooch f r om Wa le s w a s f ound a t Mer thy r Maw r Wa r r en ( Savo ry 1 976 : 2 5 , 6 7 f i gu r e 3 5 . 15 ; Mor r is 1 985 , 1 994 ) . T he s e cond b rooch i s ac oppe r a l loy p ennanu la r b rooch w i th t h e p i n m is s ing ( C la rk e t a l 1 999 : 8 4 -5 ) . T h i s e xamp le c o r re spond s w i th F ow le r ' s T ype A1 c l a s s if ica t ion t ha t s he d a te s t oa pp rox ima te ly 3 00 BC a nd 1 00 BC ( Fow le r 1 960 ) .

4 1

S udbrook — S T5 05 8 73 T en -co i led s p r ing b ronze b rooch w i th f i ve s p r ing s o n e ach s i de . N .M .W : u nknown . B ronze b rooch .N .M .W : u nknown .

E xcava t ions w e re c a r r ied o u t a t t h e c oa s ta l h i l lf or t a t S udb rook d u r ing 1 934 a nd 1 935 b y Na sh -W i l l iams . T he h i l lf o r t a s s een t oday h a s b een r e duced i n s i ze b y c oa s ta l e r o s ion . T he s i te i se nc losed b y am a s s ive , w e l l p r e served b ank w i th t wo , p o s s ib ly t h ree s ma l le r b ank s o n t h e n or th w es t s i de b u t n o o u te r b ank i sv i s ib le o n t h e n or th -ea s t s i de ( Na sh -W i l l iams 1 939 ) T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red i n d ica tes o ccupa t ion o ft h is s i te f r om t h em id -2" c en tu ry BC

T en -co i led s p r ing b ronze b rooch w i th f i ve s p r ing s o n e ach s i de . N .M .W : u nknown . G la ss b ead . N .M .W : u nknown .

t ot h e e a r ly p a r t o ft h e 2 " c en tu ry AD . T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re a l so i n d ica tes t ha t t h e R oman a rmy o ccup ied t h is s i te s ome t ime a round 5 0 AD , p erhaps t og ua rd t h e f e r ry c ros s ing b e tween P or t skewe t t a nd A u s t ( Na sh -W i l l iam s 1 939 ; Wh i t t le 1 992 : 4 9 ) .

G la s sb ead . N .M .W : u nknown . An ima lB one s T he s ke le ta l r ema in s o f an umbe r o fa n ima l s w e re r e cove red a nd d ue t o t h e v e ry p oo r c ond i t ion o ft h e r ema ins t h e s i ze a nd a moun t o fa n ima l r epresen ted c ou ld n o t b e d e te rm ined . S pec ies r ep re sen ted i n c lude o xen , s heep /goa t , p ig , h or se , r ed d ee r , b adge r , o t te r a nd r abb i t ( Cow ley i n Na sh -W i l l iams

Ma ter ia lc u l ture T he ma te r ia l c u l tu re r e covered f r om S udb rook i sh ou sed a t t h e Na t iona l Museum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa les , C a rd if f .

1 939 : 7 8 -9 ) .N .M .W : u nknown .

Adornmen t

C o ins

I r on t weezer s c oa ted i n b ronze . N .M .W : 3 6 .438 .19 . S ee f i gu re 8 6 .

T iber iu s ( c . AD 1 2 ) . R ever se : [ ROM E T AVG ] . A l ta r . P robab ly f r om t h e L ugdunum m in t , t h i s c o in wa s i n aw or n c ond i t ion . N .M .W : u nknown .

C oppe r a l loy L a T ene I I b rooch . N .M .W : 3 5 .389 .4 . f i gu re 8 7 .

S ee

C oppe ra l loy L a' r e t ie I Ib rooch .N .M .W : 3 5 .438 .14 .

C laud ius ( c . AD 4 1-54 ) . R ever se S .C : I mage o f M inerva f i gh t ing ; t h is c o in i s a n i m i ta t ion a nd w a s i n aw or n c ond i t ion .N .M .W : u nknown .

P a r t o f a b ow b rooch a nd o pen c a tch p l a te . N .M .W : u nknown .

V e spa s ian ( AD 7 1) . R ever se : U nce r ta in . P robab ly o f t h e L ugdunum m in t , t h is e xamp le i s i n a p oo r c ond i t ion . ( Ma t t ing ly i nN a sh -W i l l iams 1 939 : 7 7 ) .N .M .W : u nknown .

T en -co i led s p r ing b ronze b rooch w i th f i ve s p r ing s o n e ach s i de . N .M .W : u nknown . S ee f i gu re 8 8 .

Dome s t ic P roduc t ion

T en -co i led s p r ing b rooch w i th s i x s p r ing s o n t h e o ne s i de a nd f ou ro nt h eo the r .N .M .W : u nk nown . S ee f i gu re 8 9 .

Quern s t one .N .M .W : 3 4 .479 . S p ind le w ho r l m ade o fl e ad . N .M .W : u nknown

T en -co i led s pr ing b ronze b rooch w i th f i ve s p r ing s o n e ach s i de .N .M .W : u nknown . S ee f i gu re 9 0 .

S p ind le w ho r lm ade o fs ands tone .N .M .W : u nknown .

T en -co i led s pr ing b rooch w i th s i x s p r ing s o n t h e o ne s i de a nd f ou ro nt h e o the r . N .M .W : u nknown . S ee f i gu re 9 1 .

u nknown .

F ragmen t o f ab ronze k nobbed h eaded p i n . S ee f i gu re 9 2 .

Hor se

S p ind le w ho r l m ade f r om a f r agmen t o f p o t te ry . N .M .W :

N .M .W : u nknown . B ronze moun t ing w i th r i ve t s . N .M .W : u nknown . F ragmen to f ab ronze p i n , b en t . N .M .W : u nknown . Moun t ing o f c a s t b ronze w i th l oop a nd e ye le t h o le s . S ee f i gu re 9 3 . N .M .W : u nknown .

F ragmen ta ry c o i led s p r ing a nd p i n o f ab ronze b rooch . N .M .W : u nknown .

4 2

P o t tery

I r on m oun t ing .N .M .W : u nknown .

Av a r ie ty o fp o t te ry . N .M .W : 3 6 .438 .1 t h rough t oN .M .W : 3 6 .438 .23 .

I r on n a i l .N .M .W : u nknown . I r on p l a te w i th k eyho le p i e r c ing . N .M .W : u nknown .

P o t te ry f r agmen t s .N .M .W : 9 9 .36 . 1 1 .2 . I r on p l a te / s t r ip .N .M .W : u nknown . P o t te ry r im s h e rd s .N .M .W : 7 7 .8 . I r on s h ank o rb a r . N .M .W : u nknown . P roduc t ion T oo l s R ough c o i led s t r ip o fl e ad .N .M .W : u nknown . K n if et a ng w i th c u rved b l ade . N .M .W : 3 5 .389 . Sma l l f r agmen t o f c r uc ib le m ade o f b aked c l ay t h a t h a s t r a ce s o fb ronze f u sed t oi t .N .M .W : u nknown .

F ragmen ta ry k n if e . N .M .W : u nknown .

F i f teen i r on n a i l s . N .M .W : u nknown .

F ragmen ta ry k n if e .N .M .W : u nknown .

I r on moun t .N .M .W : u nknown .

I r on a w l . N .M .W : u nknown .

I r on r i ng .N .M .W : u nknown .

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T ab le 1 3 . R a t io o fm a te r ia l c u l tu r e f r om S udb rook e xcava t ion .

Twyn yGaer—SO 2 94 2 19 E xcava t ion b y as ma l l t e am o f w o rke r s d rawn f r om t h e A be rgavenny A r chaeo log ica l G roup b egan a tt h is s i te i nt h e m id s ix t ie s . A l though e xcava t ion f i n i shed i n t h e m id s even t ie s , t h e w o rk s upe rv ised b y P rober t ( 1976 ) r ema in s u npub l i shed . T he h i l lf o r to f Twyn yG ae re nc lo se sa n a r ea o f 1 . 8 h ec ta r e sa nd i sp a r t ly b i va l la te . E xcava t ion sr evea led t h a t t h e s i te h ad ac omp lex l i f e , t h i s c oup led w i th t h e mu l t i tude o f a r tef a c t s f ound h e r e , h i gh l igh t s t h e i mpor tance o f p ub l i sh ing t h e f i nd ing s o f t h i s s i te . T he i n te r im r epo r t b y P rober t( 1976 ) o n ly h i n t sa tt h e p o ten t ia l a t Twyn yG a e r f o r a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch . Al a rge v a r ie ty o fm a te r ia l c u l tu re w a s r e cove r ed f r om t h i ss i te i n c lud ing p i ece st h a t a r e

c h rono log ica l ly d i agno s t ic . I n c luded i nt h i s a s semb lage a r e s e ven teen b rooche s o fL a T ene ia nd I r e p re sen t ing o ne o f t h em o s ti mpor tan tb rooch a s semb lag e s i nB r i ta in . Ma te r ia lc u l ture T he m a te r ia l c u l tu re r e cove red f r om Twyn y G ae r i sh ou sed a tT he N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry ,C a rd if f .

4 3

Adornmen t

Hor se

T he re i sl i m i ted i n forma t ion a va i lab le f o r t h e b rooche s f r om Twyn y G ae r . T he e xcava t ion b y P rober t ( 1976 ) w a s c onduc ted ma in ly u pon t h e E a s t a nd Wes t G a te s , w he re r ubb ish a ccumu la ted i n t h e a ng le s o ft h e i n tu rned r ampa r t . I r on L aT ene s t ra igh tr od a nd i n vo lu ted b rooches w e re f ound h e re a nd s how ma rked s im i la r i t ie s t ot hose a tC rof t Amb rey

T h is i t em c ou ld b e ab e l t h ook f i t t ing f o ru s e w i th h o r se s o r h umans . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .2 . P o t tery C on jo in ing s herds o fs ma l l t o med ium s i z e v es se ls . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 . 1 1 .19 .

( S tanf o rd 1 974 ) . A t temp t s h ave b een m ade t od e term ine t h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e b rooche s b y t h e f o rm o ft h e f oo t i nr e la t ion t ot h e b ow , b u t t he s t ra t ig raph ica l o ccu r rence o ft h e Twyn y G ae r b rooches s ugges t s t h a t t h e h eads o ft h e b rooches may p rov ide amo re u sef u l l i ne o fe nqu i ry . T he e a r ly e xamp les f r om Twyn y Gaer h ave f unc t iona l s p r ing s , b u t i n l a te r d epo s i t s , ac hange o ccu r s t owa rds ah inged t ype e mp loy ing a s p ind le t h a t s t i l l h a s t h e a ppea rance o f as p r ing . I n al a te r e xamp le , n o s pr ing s a r e p resen t b u t ap i e rced r i ng -h inge i s u s ed ( P rober t 1 976 : 15) .

V e ry c oa r se p o t te ry t h ough t t o c onveyo r s . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .2 .

b e f r agmen t s

o f s a l t

P roduc t ion C opper a l loy w e l l N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .6 .

w o rked ,

p os s ib le

p r es t ig ious

i t em .

I r on s t ud . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 . 1{16 . P o s s ib le L aT ene 1b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .7 . L aT ene I b rooch ( A r ra sc u l tu re )N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .8

P i ece o f i r on s haped l i ke t h e s o le o f as hoe . 9 0 .109 .H .22 .

B rooch p i n . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .9 .

F ragmen to fi r on p l a te s hee t . N .M .W : 9 0 . 109 .H .23 .

I r on b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .10 .

N .M .W :

B a r w i th a l o op a t tached made f r om as u b s tan t ia l a moun t o f i r on . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 . 1 1 .29 .

B rooch p i n . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .12 . I r on b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .14 .

O va l r i ng .N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .32 .

I r on b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .15 .

I r on r i ng . N .M .W : 9 0 . 110 .H .15 .

I r on i n vo lu ted b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .35 . P o ss ib le i n vo lu ted b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .6 .

S ocke to rb ind ing p i ece sw i th p i n . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .17 .

I n vo lu ted b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .7 . I r on s t ap le .N .M .W : 9 0 .111 .H .6 .

B rooch s p r ing . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .9 . I n vo lu ted b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 . 1 1 .11 .

T oo l s

B rooch p i n . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .12 .

K n if e b l ade . N .M .W : 9 0 .1091 1 .20 .

I n vo lu ted b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 . 110 .H . 13 . I r on b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .20 .

I r on f i le w i th ma rk ing s . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .30 .

P o s s ib le b rooch p in . N .M .W : 9 0 .111 .H .7 .

S t r ipp ing t oo l . H .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .31 .

P o s s ib le i n vo lu ted b rooch . N .M .W : 9 0 .119 . 1 1 .6 .

K n if e b l ade . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .34 .

N ine I r on A ge g la ss b ead . N .M .W : 9 0 . 109 .H .

C h ise l . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .5 . F r agmen to fi r on b race le t . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .33 .

P oss ib le k n if e b l ade . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H . 10 .

D ome s t ic P roduc t ion

C lea t . N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H . 14 .

L a tch l i f t e r . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .28 .

H and le . N .M .W : 9 0 . 111 .H .2 .

P o tbo i le r . N .M .W : u nknown .

K n if e . N .M .W : 9 0 .111 .H .4 .

B o l t . N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .

K n if eb lade . N .M .W : 9 0 .111 .H .8 . P oss ib le c h ise l . N .M .W : 9 0 .111 .H .9 .

4 4

U nknown

S l ing s t one s . N .M .W : u nknown .

S ome s o r to ff i t t ing , t ype u nknown .N .M .W : 9 0 . 111 .H .1 . W eapons S wo rd . N .M .W : u nknown . S wo rd h i l tg ua rd .N .M .W : 9 0 .109 .H .2 1 . S pea rf e r re lb u t t .N .M .W : 9 0 .110 .H .4 .

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T ab le 1 4 . R a t io o fm a te r ia l sr e cove r ed f r om Twyn yG ae re xcava t ion s .

Ma te r ia lc u l ture

Wh i t ton ,S ou th G lamorgan — S T0 8 1 7 13 E xcava t ion b egan i n1 965 a tt h e I r on A ge a nd R oman f a rm a t Wh i t ton a nd c on t inued u n t i l 1 970 . T he w o rk w a s c onduc ted b y M .G . J a r re t t a nd t h e D epa r tmen t o f A rchaeo logy , U n ive r s i ty C o l lege , C a rd if f . T he r e su l t s o f t h e e xcava t ion r e vea led t h a tt h e e a r l ie s ta r tef a c t s r e co rded , a pa r t f r om ah andf u l o ff l in t s , i n c lude ag l a s s b ead w h ich m igh t b e d a ted a s e a r ly a s t h e 31 d c en tu ry BC a nd o t he r b ead s t h a t m ay b e d a ted t o t h e 2 "d o r 1 s t c en tu r ie s BC ( J a r re t t a nd W ra thme l l 1 981 : 4 ) . T he r e i sn o e v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te b egan a s e a r ly a s t h i s a nd n o e v idence o f c l ea r ly s t ra t if ied I r on A ge l e ve l s , e xcep t f o r t h e l owe s t l e ve l i nt h e e n t rance , b e low t h e f i r s t l a id s u r f ace . N one o f t h e I r on A ge o b jec t s r e cove r ed w ou ld b e o u to fp l ace i nt h e 1s tc en tu ry AD , a l though s ome m ay h ave b een i n t roduced e a r l ie r ( J a r r e t t a nd Wra thme l l 1 98 1 : 5 ) . T he s ma l l a moun t o f I r on A ge m a te r ia l r e cove red d oe s n o t s ugge s t o ccupa t ion d u r ing t h e E a r ly I r on Age a t Wh i t ton , ad a te o fc . AD 3 0 o r l a te rh a s b een s ugge s ted f o rt h eb eg inn ing o fo ccupa t ion h e r e .

B rooch f o r t h e b rooch . 1 66 f i g

m ade o ft h in b ronze m e ta l w i th ac y l ind r ica l c ove r h i nged p i n , c urved f o rwa rd t o t h e f r on t o f t h e AL angdon D own d e r iva t ive (Web s te r 1 988 : 1 65 ; 1 ) . S ee f i gu re 9 4 .

T shaped b rooch m ade o fb ronz e w i th c y l ind r ica l c ro s sba r , h ou s ing t h e p ivo t o ft h e h i nged p i n . T he b ow i so f aD s haped c ro s s sec t ion a tt h e h ead a nd t a pe r s t o ak n if e -edge f o o tt h a t i sb en t o u t o fs hape . T h i se xamp le h a s b een d a ted t o t h e e a r ly o r m id 1 s t c en tu ry AD (Web s te r 1 988 : 1 65 ; 1 66 f i g2 ) . S ee f i gu re 9 5 . H od H i l l L a T ene I l b rooch m ade o fb ronze . T he u ppe r p a r t o f b ow t a pe r s s l igh t ly a nd i so rnamen ted w i th f ou r l o ng i tud ina l k nu r led r i dge s w i th t h ree b road i n te rven ing f l u t ing s w i th t r ace s o f s i lve r ing . T h i s e xamp le h a s b een d a ted t o t h e e a r ly o r m id 1 5 'c en tu ry AD (Web s te r 1 98 1 : 1 65 ; 1 66 f i g3 ) . S ee f i gu r e9 6 .

4 5

t ype D , I s t c en tu ry BC t o 3 "I c en tu ry AD ( Fow le r 1 960 : 1 5 1 f i g . 1 ,1 52 a nd 1 76 ; Web s te r e ta l 1 988 : 1 76 f i g 2 9 ; 1 77 ) . S ee f i gu re 1 05 .

H od H i l l d e r iva t ive b r ooch m ade o fb ronze w i th ah i nged p in o n a n i r on p ivo t . T he b ow i ss l igh t ly c urved a nd t a pe r s t owa rds t h e f oo t a nd i s d eco ra ted w i th t wo g rooves r unn ing l o ng i tud ina l ly d own t h e c en t re . O ne g roove i s f u r ther d eco ra ted b y ad o t o rnamen t . T h is e xamp le h a s b een d a ted t o t h e e a r ly o r m id 1 ' c en tu ry AD (Webs te r 1 988 : 1 65 ; 1 66 f i g4 ) . S ee f i gu re 9 7 .

P ennanu la r b rooch , t w is ted o u t o f s hape , b e long s t o F ow le r s G roup D Io r D 4 ; i np oo r c ond i t ion . T e rm ina ls a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e p lane o f t h e r i ng . F ow le r t ype D , i s t c en tu ry BC t o 3 "I c en tu ry AD o r I s t t o 3 "I c en tu ry AD ( Fow le r 1 960 : 1 5 1 f i g . 1 ,1 52 a nd 1 76 ; Webs te re ta l 1 981 : 1 76 f i g . 3 0 , 1 77 ) . S ee f i gu re 1 06 .

T he f o l low ing s i x b rooche s b e long t o Hu l l 's L igh t P o lden c a tego ry ( s ee W inche s te r 1 949 -60 f i g . 2 4 , n o 1 ; R ichborough V . 7 5 -6 ) . B rooches o f t h is t y pe o ccu r i n s ome n umbe r s i n S ou th Wa les i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD . T hey a r e c a tego r ised b y ab ronze f l ap t ha t p ro jec t s f r om t h e s i de -w ing s c oncea l ing a l a rge s pr ing . D a ted e xamp les i nt h ea r ea a r e h a rd t of i nd b u tt h ee xamp le f r om S udb rook

P ennanu la r b rooch w i th c i rcu la r c r o s s s e c t ion b e long s t o F ow le r s G roup D I a nd D 2 , d a ted t oe i the r 1s t t o 31 d cAD o r 14 t o 46 c en tu ry AD ( Fow le r 1 960 : 1 5 1 f i g . 1 ,1 52 a nd 1 76 ; Webs te re ta l1 988 : 1 76 f i g3 1 ; 1 77 ) . S ee f i gu re 1 07 .

( Na sh -W i l l iams 1 939 : 7 4 -5 ) l i e s w i th in t h e p e r iod AD 5 0 7 5 (Webs te r 1 988 : 1 67 ) .

L owe s t p a r t o f t h e b ow o f ab r onz e b rooch w i th a n e l abo ra te o penwo rk c a tch -p la te . T he b ow i sd eco ra ted w i th ac en t ra l b eaded r i b . T he f oo t i sd amaged a nd w i thou t t h e u pper p ar t o f t h e b rooch a nd s p r ing , i d en t if ica t ion i s d if i cu l t b u t a n e a r ly t o m id i s t c en tu ry AD d a te i sn o t

B rooch o ne h a s as l igh to vo id c urve a nd i si ns qua re c ros s s ec t ion , t h e b ow i sn a r row a nd t a pe r s (Webs te r 1 988 : 1 66 , f i g . 5 ) . S ee f i gu re 9 8 .

u n rea sonab le (Webs te re ta l1 988 : 1 8 7 f i 6 f i g 1 05 ; 1 88 ) . S ha le b race le t f r agmen t s ; f our f r agmen t s i n a l l b u t o ne p i ece r ema in s u npub l ished ; a l l a r e h ou sed t oge the r a tt h e N a t iona l Mu seum a nd G a l le ry o f Wa le s , C a rd if f . ( Law son 1 988 : 2 25 -6 f i g . 8 6 ) . N .M .W : W66LX . 2 25 .

B rooch t wo h a s b road a nd a lmos t f l a t s i de -w ing s , t h e b ow t aper s a nd i sb ad ly b en t (Webs ter 1 988 : 1 68 , f i g . 6 ) . S ee f i gu re 9 9 . B rooch t h ree h a s b road a lmo s t f l a t s i de -w ing s a nd t h e p la in b ow t a per s t o ak n if e - e dge (Webs te r 1 988 : 1 68 , f i g . 7 ) . S ee f i gu re 1 00 .

F ragmen t o f o paque y e l low b ead w i th t r ans lucen t b rown h orns a pp l ied t o t h e o u t s ide s ur f a ce a nd b ound w i th f i ne o paque y e l low t r a i ls . G la s s b ead s . ( P r ice 1 988 : 1 60 ) . N .M .W : W66LX .160 . G la ss b ead . N .M .W : 7 7 .40 . 1 1 .8 .

B rooch f ou r i s as p r ing a nd p i n t h a t p robab ly b e longed t oa s im i la r t y pe t o t h e a bove e n t ry (Webs ter 1 988 : 1 68 , f i g 7 a ) . S ee f i gu re 1 0 1 .

B r id le b i t l i nk s . ( Mann ing a nd S co t t 1 988 : 1 89 , f i g . 2 0 ; 1 92 ) . N .M .W : W66LX .20 .

B rooch f i ve i si n av e ry p oo r c ond i t ion , e ach o ft h e s i de w ing s h a s h a tched b and s a nd t h e b ow i sb en t o u t o fs hape (Webs te r 1 988 : 1 68 , f i g8 ) . S ee f i gu re 1 02 .

B r id le b i t l i nk s . ( Mann ing a nd S co t t 1 988 : 1 89 , f i g . 2 1; 1 92 ) . N .M .W : W66LX .21 .

B rooch s i x h a s s i de w ing s t h a t a r e o rnamen ted a nd t h e b ow i s v e ry n a r row a nd t a pe r s t o a k n if e -edge f oo t (Webs te r 1 988 : 1 68 , f i g9 ) . S ee f i gu re 1 03 .

Me ta l c ro s s s e c t ion f o r h o ld ing a c au ldron o r f i redog ( Mann ing a nd S co t t 1 988 : 1 95 f i g 4 7 ; 1 96 ) . N .M .W : W66LX .47 .

I r on p ennanu la r b rooch , t h e r i ng h a s as ub rec tangu la r s ec t ion a nd s ma l l r e c tangu la r t e rm ina ls . I r on p ennanu la r b rooche s a r e r e la t ive ly r a re b u t e xamp les h ave b een r e co rded f r om V e ru lam iu rn ( Mann ing 1 972 : 1 80 f i g 6 6 a nd 5 7 ) . T h is e xamp le i so f F ow le r 's T ype A l ( Fow le r 1 960 : 1 49 ) ; Web s te r e ta l 1 981 : 1 89 f i g 2 5 ; 1 93 i t em 2 5) . N .M .W : W66LX .225 . S ee f i gu re 1 04 .

C h ise l s e t ( Mann ing W66LX .5 .

1 988 :

1 89 ; 1 9 1 f i g . 8 ) . N .M .W :

P ennanu la r b rooch , t h e r i ng i s c i rcu la r i n c ro s s s e c t ion

Ma son 's p i ck m ade o f i r on w i th a l o ng s ub rec tangu la r e ye . T h is p i ece i s c ha rac te r is t ic o f I r on A ge t oo ls ( Mann ing a nd S co t t 1 988 : 1 89 f i g . 1 0 ; 1 9 1) . S ee f i gu re 1 08 . N .M .W : W66LX .10 .

w i th t h e t e rm ina ls a tr i gh t a ng les t o t h e p lane o ft h e r i ng a nd i si n ap oo rc ond i t ion . T h is e xamp le b e long st oF ow le r

I r on i n go t . N .M .W : 7 7 .40 .H .3 .

4 6

D i scu s s ion a nd C onc lus ion A na ly s is o f t h e o ccupa t ion o f c ave s i n t h i s r e g ion i s f r equen t ly f o rgo t ten , y e t e v idence f r om a n umbe r o fc ave s i n d ica te s t h a t s i te s w he r e b e ing o ccup ied d u r ing t h e I r on A ge . A r e -eva lua t ion o f c ave s a nd t h e i r u se s i sn eeded i n o rde r t o e s tab l i sh t h e n a tu re o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e se s i te s a nd s e t t lemen t s a nd o t he r s t h a t w e re i n c l o se p rox im i ty t ot h em . T he m a in c oncen t ra t ion o fa r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch i n p a s t d ecade s h a s b een c oncen t ra ted e i the r o n c oa s ta l o r i n land h i l lf o r t s . Wh i l s t h i l l top o ccupa t ion w a s o bv iou s ly a n i mpor tan t f e a tu r e o ft h e I r on A ge , f o cu s n eed s t ob e s h if ted f r om s i ng le s i te a na ly s i s t o amo r e h omog enou s a pp roach i no rde r t o e s tab l i sh w ha t r e la t ion sh ip s e x i s ted , i f a ny , b e tween a l l I r on A ge s i te s .

O ft h e m any I r on A ge s i te s t h a t a r e r e co rded i n Wa le s , o n ly a s ma l l p e r cen tage h ave b een e x cava ted . A l though e xcava t ion h a s b een a r a re o ccur rence , w hen i th a s b een u nder taken m a t e r ia lc u l tu re i sn ea r ly a lway sr e cove r ed . A dm i t ted ly , t h e a moun t s a r e n o t l a rge b u t w ha t i sr e cove red i su sua l ly o f av e ry h igh q ua l i ty a nd o f t en c h rono log ica l ly d i agno s t ic . T he i t ems o u t l ined i n t h e p r ev iou s c hap te r s i l u s t ra te t h e d i ve r se n a tu r e o fm a te r ia l c u l t u re a cce s s ib le f o r s t udy i ns o u t h -ea s t Wa le s . T he s i te s i n c luded i nt h i s c hap te r d emons t ra t e t h a t d u r ing t h e I r on A ge t h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h is r e g ion u t i l iz ed ad i ve r se r a nge o f l o ca t ion s a nd e xp lo i ted a v a r ie ty o fd if e r ing l a ndscape s . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e s i te s i n c luded i n t h i s b ook w e re e xcava ted d e cade s a go w i thou t t h e b enef i t o f m ode rn d ay e xcava t ion t e chn ique s . T he n eed f o r r e eva lua t ion a nd t h e a pp l ica t ion o fs c ien t if ic a na ly s is w i th t h e a im o fe s tab l ish ing f i rm d a t e s w he r e p o s s ib le i s ap r io r i ty i fw e a r e t o h ave a b e t te r u nd e r s tand ing o f o ccupa t ion p a t t e r n s i n t h is r eg ion a nd i n Wa le s a s aw ho le d u r ing t h e I r on A ge . T he a r tef ac t s d i scu s sed i nt h i s c hap te r h ave b een r e cove r ed f r om v a r iou s l o ca t ion s i n c lud ing w e t land a r ea s s uch a st h o se i n ve s t iga ted o n t h e Gw en t L eve ls . A n a s so r tmen t o f m a te r ia l h a s b een r e cove r ed f r om t h e se s i te s i n c lud ing a n umbe r o f o rgan ic m a ter ia l s . F i nd s o fo rgan ic m a te r ia ls a r e r a re a nd a r e a lway s a n i mpo r t an t f a c to r i np rov id ing amo r e c omp le te p i c tu re o f l i f e i nt h ep a s t .

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NM W

NM W

NM W

NM W

NM W

NM W

NMW

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P A

P A

NM W

NM W

Wo rms H ead

Wo rms H ead

Wo rms H ead

Wo rms H ead

Wood f ie ld T e r race

Wood f ie ld T e r race

Wood f ie ld T e r race

Wood f ie ld T e r race

Woodf ie ld T e r race

u nknown

u nknown

Wh i t ton

Wh i t ton

E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

c hance f i nd

c hance f i nd

c hance f i nd

c hance f i nd

c hance f i nd

c hance f i nd

c hance f i nd

E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

2 4 .1174

2 4 .117 .3

2 4 .117 .2

2 4 .117 1

2 0 .3 19 .5

2 0 .3 19 .4

2 0 .3 19 .3

2 0 .3 19 .2

2 0 .3 19 . 1

2 00 1 . 123 .46

2 000 .69 . 1

7 7 .40H /8

7 74 0h /3

f r agmen to fs t one d i sc

s t one d i sc o fv o lcan ic t u f f

al e dge

v a lves o f as t one m ou ld f o rb r onze r i ng c as t ing

w e l lf i r ed p o t te r y , a l so f l i n tf l ake , p o tbo i le rs

w e l lf i r ed p o t te ry , a l so f l i n tf l ake , p o tbo i le rs

w e l lf i r ed p o t te ry , a l so f l i n tf l ake , p o tbo i le rs

w e l lf i r ed p o t te ry , a l so f l i n tf l ake , p o tbo i le rs

E IA w e l lf i r ed p o t te r y ,a l so f l i n tf l ake , p o tbo i le rs

p e l te rs haped i n go t 9( s im i la rt os even s i s te rs )

h uman h ead m oun t L I A -c oope ra loy

I Ag l ass b ead

I Ai r on i n go t

s t one

s t one

a n t le r

m ou ld

p o t te ry

p o t te ry

p o t te ry

p o t te ry

p o t te ry

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' i r on b a r

s c rap o fb l ade

[ s ke le ton

r on b a r l i iii

L I w eoumun ] u moumu± r 1 u moumun I

L l anca r fan

' E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

' E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

[ u nknown u nknown

-

! i ro nb l ade -p i ece o fk n i fe l i r-o ns p ike [ S i na l li r on c h ise l

1 _ J

1

1

I

NM W

s p ind le

i r on b a r

s p ind le

s p ind le w ho r l _

2 4 .117 .5 1 u nknown

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, u nknown_

Wo rms H ead

! E xcava t ion

u nknown_

NM W L l anca r fan -T ixcava t ion

s p ind le w ho r l

[ ünknown L l anca r fan E xcava t ion

2 4 .117 .6

[ U nknown L l anca r fan I E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

! Unknown L l anca r f an

, L lanca r fan

Wo rms H ead

U nknown

E xcava t ion

E xcava t ion

! E xcava t ion

L l anca r fan

E xcava t ion

i r on n a i l

u nknown

i r on n a i l

4

I

R i n known

E xcava t ion

i r on p l a te

u nknown

1 L lanca r fan

' E xcava t ion

L l anca r f an

L l anca r fan

r un known I U nknown L l anca r fan

L l anca r f an

E xcava t ion

i r on b l ade -p i ece o fk n i fe

[ i r on n a i l

L l anca r fan

L l anca r f an

U nknown

U nknown

, L l anca r fan

E xcava t ion E xcava t ion

u nknown

j

M O

NM W

-

--

[ t wo b r oken n a i ls

I U nknown I U nknown

[ U nknown

I U nknown I U nknown

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' Unknown

L l anca r f an

_

I U nknown

L . l anca r fan L l anca r fan

-

U nknown

' Unknown

l U nknown

E xcava t ion

r i r o nb l ade -p i ece o fk n i fe

[ i r on b l ade -c u r ved

! Unknown

' E xcava t ion

5 =

l Excava t ion

' C I f

X o c o

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