Insuficiencia cardíaca: un enfoque multidisciplinar

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INSUFICIENCIA CARDÍACA: UN ENFOQUE MULTIDISCIPLINAR José López Castro (coordinador)

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ÍNDICE Prólogo 'H¿QLFLyQ y concepto $GHOÈODPR$ORQVR  Etiología 2)GH]ÈOYDUH] Fisiopatología -/ySH]&DVWUR  Clínica e indicadores de calidad $GHOÈODPR$ORQVR  Diagnóstico 03pUH]GH-XDQ5RPHUR  Tratamiento 0GH7RUR6DQWRV  Pronóstico 03pUH]GH-XDQ5RPHUR  Particularidades de la IC en nuestro medio -/ySH]&DVWUR  Buena práctica clínica en el manejo diagnóstico y tratamiento de la IC. Errores evitables -/ySH]&DVWUR  Plan de cuidados de enfermería para pacientes con IC 9)GH]5JXH]\0-1LHWR0RQWHVLQRV  Anexo I: Recomendaciones al paciente con IC Bibliografía  Anexo II: Ilustraciones a color 

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