Ingenieria de Procesos de Separacion

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Prefacio Agradecimientos Acerca del autor Nomenclatura Capítulo 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7.

2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10.

Introducción a la ingeniería de procesos de separación

Importancia de las separaciones El concepto de equilibrio Transferencia de masa Métodos para resolver los problemas Prerrequisitos Otras fuentes sobre ingeniería de procesos de separación Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea

Capítulo 2 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.

xv xvii xix xxi

Destilación instantánea

Método básico de destilación instantánea Forma y fuentes de los datos de equilibrio Representación gráfica del equilibrio binario vapor-líquido Destilación instantánea binaria 2.4.1. Procedimiento secuencial de solución Ejemplo 2-1. Separador de evaporación instantánea para etanol y agua 2.4.2. Procedimiento de solución simultánea Equilibrio vapor-líquido con varios componentes Destilación instantánea de varios componentes Convergencia simultánea con varios componentes Cálculo de los tamaños Uso de tambores de destilación existentes Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea Apéndice al capítulo 2 Simulación en computadora de la destilación instantánea

1 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 9 10

12 12 14 16 21 21 24 27 29 34 40 45 49 50 51 52 59 WJJ

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Capítulo 3

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Introducción a la destilación en columna

3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4.

Desarrollo de una cascada de destilación Equipo de destilación Especificaciones Balances externos de la columna &KFNQMP

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Capítulo 4

Destilación en columna: balances internos, etapa por etapa

65 65 72 74 76  81 81 81

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4.1. Balances internos 4.2. Métodos de solución de etapa por etapa, para destilación binaria &KFNQMP

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4.5. Método completo de McCabe-Thiele &KFNQMP

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4.6. Perfiles para destilación binaria 4.7. Calentamiento con vapor directo &KFNQMP

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4.8. Procedimiento general de análisis McCabe-Thiele
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4.9. Otras situaciones en las columnas de destilación 4.9.1. Condensadores parciales 4.9.2. Vaporizadores totales 4.9.3. Corrientes laterales o líneas de salida 4.9.4. Vaporizadores intermedios y condensadores intermedios 4.9.5. Columnas de agotamiento y enriquecimiento 4.10. Condiciones límite de operación 4.11. Eficiencias 4.12. Problemas de simulación 4.13. Usos nuevos para columnas viejas 4.14. Reflujo subenfriado y vapor sobrecalentado al plato inferior 4.15. Comparaciones entre los métodos analíticos y los gráficos 4.16. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea Apéndice al capítulo 4 Simulaciones de destilación binaria en computadora

86 90  97 101  109  112 114

Capítulo 5

161

Introducción a la destilación de varios componentes

5.1. Dificultades de cálculo
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5.2. Perfiles para destilación de varios componentes 5.3. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea

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Capítulo 6

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Procedimientos de cálculo exacto para destilación de varios componentes

6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4.

Introducción a la solución matricial para destilación de varios componentes Balances de masa de componentes en forma de matrices Proposición inicial para tasas de flujo Cálculos de punto de burbuja &KFNQMP

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6.5. Método θ de convergencia
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Capítulo 7

Métodos abreviados aproximados para destilación de varios componentes

7.1. Reflujo total: Ecuación de Fenske
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7.2. Reflujo mínimo: Ecuaciones de Underwood
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7.3. Correlación de Gilliland para la cantidad de etapas a relación de reflujo finita
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7.4. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea

Capítulo 8

Introducción a métodos complejos de destilación

8.1. Ruptura de azeótropos con otros separadores
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8-2. Procesos de destilación azeotrópica binaria heterogénea 8.2.1. Azeótropos heterogéneos binarios 8.2.2. Secado de compuestos orgánicos parcialmente miscibles con agua
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8.3. Destilación por arrastre de vapor 8.4. Procesos de destilación a dos presiones 8.5. Sistemas ternarios complejos de destilación 8.5.1. Curvas de destilación 8.5.2. Curvas de residuo 8.6. Destilación extractiva 8.7. Destilación azeotrópica con solvente agregado 8.8. Destilación con reacción química 8.9. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea Apéndice al capítulo 8 Simulación de sistemas complejos de destilación

Capítulo 9

Destilación intermitente

9.1. Destilación intermitente binaria: Ecuación de Rayleigh

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9.2. Destilación intermitente binaria simple
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9.3. Destilación intermitente a nivel constante 9.4. Destilación intermitente por arrastre con vapor de agua 9.5. Destilación intermitente en varias etapas 9.5.1. Relación de reflujo constante
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9.5.2. Relación de reflujo variable 9.6. Tiempo de operación 9.7. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea

Capítulo 10

Diseño de columnas de platos y empacadas

279  283 284 285 286  290 291 292 292 293

301

10.1. Descripción de los equipos en las columnas de platos 10.1.1. Platos, bajantes y vertederos 10.1.2. Entradas y salidas 10.2. Eficiencias de platos
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10.5. Diseño de platos de válvulas 10.6. Introducción al diseño de columnas empacadas 10.7. Partes internas de las columnas empacadas 10.8. Altura del empaque. Método de la Hetp 10.9. Inundación de la columna empacada y cálculo del diámetro
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10.10. Consideraciones económicas 10.11. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea

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Capítulo 11

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Economía y conservación de energía en la destilación

11.1. Costos de destilación 11.2. Efectos de la operación sobre los costos
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11.3. Cambios en capacidades de la planta 11.4. Conservación de la energía en la destilación 11.5. Síntesis de secuencias de columnas para destilación de varios componentes casi ideales
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Capítulo 12

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Absorción y arrastre

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12.1. Equilibrios de absorción y arrastre 12.2. Líneas de operación para absorción
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12.3. Análisis del arrastre 12.4. Diámetro de la columna 12.5. Solución analítica: La ecuación de Kremser
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12.6. Absorbedores y separadores de arrastre con varios solutos diluidos 12.7. Solución matricial para absorbedores y separadores de arrastre con soluciones concentradas 12.8. Absorción irreversible 12.9. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea Apéndice al capítulo 12 Simulaciones de absorción y arrastre en computadora

Capítulo 13

Extracción inmiscible, lavado, lixiviación y extracción supercrítica

387 389  394 396 397  403 406 410 411 412 413 421

424

13.1. Procesos y equipos de extracción 13.2. Extracción a contracorriente 13.2.1. Método de McCabe-Thiele para sistemas diluidos
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13.5. Extracción con fases inmiscibles y concentradas 13.6. Extracción intermitente 13.7. Procedimientos generalizados de McCabe-Thiele y de Kremser 13.8. Lavado
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13.9. Lixiviación 13.10. Extracción con fluido supercrítico 13.11. Aplicación a otras separaciones 13.12. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea

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Capítulo 14

Extracción de sistemas parcialmente miscibles

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14.1. Equilibrios en extracción 14.2. Cálculos en mezclado y la regla de la palanca 14.3. Sistemas de una etapa y flujo cruzado
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14.4. Cascadas de extracción a contracorriente 14.4.1. Balances externos de masa 14.4.2. Puntos de diferencia y cálculos de etapa por etapa 14.4.3. Problema completo de extracción
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14.5. 14.6. 14.7. 14.8.

Relación entre los diagramas de McCabe-Thiele y triangulares Flujo mínimo de solvente Simulaciones de la extracción en computadora Lixiviación con tasas de flujo variables
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14.9. Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea Apéndice al capítulo 14 Simulación de la extracción en computadora

Capítulo 15

Análisis de la transferencia de masa

15.1. Fundamentos de la transferencia de masa 15.2. Análisis de las columnas de destilación con altura y número de unidades de transferencia (HTU y NTU)
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15.6. Análisis HTU-NTU de absorbedores concurrentes 15.7. Transferencia de masa en un plato
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Capítulo 16

Introducción a los procesos de separación con membrana

16.1. Equipos de separación con membrana 16.2. Conceptos relacionados con las membranas 16.3. Permeación de gases 16.3.1. Permeación de mezclas binarias de gases 16.3.2 Permeación binaria en sistemas perfectamente mezclados
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16.4. Ósmosis inversa 16.4.1. Análisis de la ósmosis y la ósmosis inversa
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16.4.2. Determinación experimental de las propiedades de las membranas
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16.4.3.



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16.7.1. Permeación binaria con flujo cruzado 16.7.2. Permeación binaria concurrente 16.7.3. Flujo binario a contracorriente 16.8 Resumen–Objetivos Referencias Tarea Apéndice al capítulo 16 hojas de cálculo para cálculos con pautas de flujo, para permeación de gases 16.A.1. Flujo cruzado 16.A.2. Flujo concurrente 16.A.3. Flujo a contracorriente

Capítulo 17

Introducción a la adsorción, cromatografía e intercambio iónico

17.1. Sorbentes y equilibrio de sorción 17.1.1. Definiciones 17.1.2. Tipos de sorbente 17.1.3. Comportamiento de equilibrio en adsorción
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17.4. Análisis de movimiento no lineal del soluto 17.4.1. Ondas difusas
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17.5.

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Ingresar condiciones especificadas y datos de equilibrio Estimar Ttamb

Calcular Ki (Ttamb, ptamb)

Estimar V/F Resolver Ec. Rachford-Rice (2-42)

¿Es f(V/F) = 0

Sí

Calcular xi, yi, L, V, H y h

Estimar Ttamb

¿Se satisface el balance de energía?

Sí

Finalizar

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Ingresar: Datos de equilibrio y entalpía Ingresar: Condiciones especificadas Seleccionar Lj, Vj y Tj iniciales en cada etapa Calcular valores de K para todos los componentes en cada etapa Resolver el balance de masa de componentes y las ecuaciones de equilibrio en forma matricial, Ecs. (6-1) a (6-13) Sustitución directa nueva Tj

Calcular temperaturas en cada etapa usando convergencia u y cálculos de punto de burbuja. Ecs. (6-17) a (6-25)

No

Prueba de convergencia: ¿Es u = 1.00?

Sustitución directa, nuevas Lj y vj

Sí Guardar balance de energía en cada etapa. Calcular Lj y Vj. Ecs. (6-26) a (6-39) Prueba de convergencia: Ecs. (6-40)

No se satisface

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