Impact of Technological and Economic Changes on Dairy Production in Five Indiana Areas
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PU B Ü T JB T JN IV B R SIT Y
TfilS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED U N DE R M Y SUPERVISION
by
Samuel Amos Dum
ENTITLED
___________________________
Impact of Technological and Economic Changes_____
_________ on Dairy Production in Five Indiana Areas________
COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS O N GRADUATION THESES
AND IS APPROVED BY M E AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
Doctor of Philosophy
Professor
H
/
ear of
in
Charge
School
or
D
of
Th e s i s
epartment
19
TO THE LIBRARIAN:-
'tSTHIS THESIS IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS CONFIDENTIAL.
À paoz^Bsoit XTÎ o:
GBAD, SCXCOOXi FOKM B—3 .4 9 —XIX
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES ON DAISY PRODUCTION IN FIFE INDIANA AREAS A Thesis Sulamltted to the Faculty of Purdue University hy Samuel Amos Dum In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August, 1949
ProQuest Number: 27712195
All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.
uest ProQuest 27712195 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346
VITA ) SAMUEL AMOS DUM. Pennsylvania.
Born May 19, 1918 in Landisburg, Perry County,
Reared on a general farm there.
Graduated from the Landisburg Joint High School in June, 1936. Received the B.8 . degree with honors from the Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania in June, 1941•
Major in Agri
cultural Education. Inducted into the Air Corps July 18, 1941*
Served four and
one-half years, with 20 months in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations which included 50 heavy bombardment missions as a B-17 pilot.
Released from active duty with the rank of major, December 28,
1945. Received M.S. degree from the Pennsylvania State College, September, 1947 with a major in Agricultural Economics. title:
Thesis
Costs and Labor. Power, and Machinery in Harvesting Corn bv
Mechanical Pickers in Pennsvlvania. 1946. Granted a research fellowship at Purdue University in September, 1947.
Received the Ph.D. degree from Purdue University in August,
1949*
Major in Farm Management.
Minors in Economic Theory, Rural
Sociology and Agricultural Finance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to acknowledge those individuals who assisted in this thesis.
Lowell S. Hardin, under whose direction this study
was conducted, gave unstintingly of his time, ideas, and encourage ment; the debt to him is great.
Appreciation is also expressed to
the survey farmers, veterinarians, county agents, milk inspectors, and others who willingly gave time and information needed for the study.
Thanks are also due my wife for her assistance in editing
and proofreading.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES..................................... i ABSTRACT..................
vii
THE PROBLEM.................................................. 1 GENERAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS.....................................3 DEVELOPING HISTORICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTION UNIT ........................................ 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE COMMERCIAL FARMS WITHIN RESOURCE AREAS, 1920 TO 1947.............
6
Acreage of Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Acres of Cropland.........
8
. . . . . . . . . . .
8
Acres of Major Crops. . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Cropland Harvested.
Acres of Pasture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 Livestock Per Composite Commercial Farm. . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Total Animal Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 Proportion of Animal Units "by Classes of Livestock. * 21 Cow and Heifers, Two Years Old and Over . . . . . . . 2 1 Other Cattle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 All Hogs and Pigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 Horses and Mules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 Sheep and Lambs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 Chickens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 THE COMMERCIAL DAIRY ENTERPRISE, 1920 TO 1947 ...............
28
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Comparison of the Commercial Dairy Farm to the Composite Farm. Acreage in Farm and Cropping System . . . .
31
.....
Classes of Livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . Milk Markets Patronized. Size of Herd .
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
32 32
.
37
Production Per Cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-2
Production Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4&
Breed Preference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Replacements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Herd Sire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Freshening Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Feeds and Feeding Practices
. . . . . . . . .
56
.......... . . . . . . . .
56
Roughage • « . . .
.
31
Pasture...........
57
Silage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Grain.
59
. . . . . . . . . . .
Milking Methods . . . . . . .
. . » . • •
60
Milk House and Cooling Facilities . . . . . . . . . .
63
Stabling and Stable Facilities
. . . . . . . . . . .
63
Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
THE FUTURE OF THE DAIRY ENTERPRISE............................... 67 The General Economic Situation and Population Increase . . .
67
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Developments Affecting the Future Output and Efficiency of the Dairy Enterprise. ............... Scientific Feeding .................
&9
• • • • • . . «
69
Scientific Breeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Increasing Output Per Worker . . . . . . . . . . .
78
.............
Disease Control. . . .
. . . . . .
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGIES AND ECONOÎIEC CONDITIONS ON THE C0Î4P0SITE COMMERCIAL FARM AND THE DAIRY ENTERPRISE BY 1955 TO I96 O. . . Boone County.
.
.
...
.
..
.
..
....
79 81 81
Lake County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
Lawrence County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
.
100
Yells County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
Steuben County.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCEPTANCE OF TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS..................................... 110 Overall Advance of Technology
. . . . . . . . .
Ill
Variation Among Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
Differences Among Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
Predicting Diffusion Differentials and the Economic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II6
APPENDIX A ................................ Characteristics of Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Boone County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Lake County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Lawrence County
122
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Steuben County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
Yells County
124
Trends in Livestock.Numbers in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties. . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
Total Animal Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
Number of Milk Cows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125
Number of Other Cattle . . . . . . . . . . .
127
Indiana Farm Prices and Purchasing Power. . . . . . . .
129
Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
Purchasing Power
129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dairy Feed Ratios. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Growth and Distribution of Population in Indiana. . . . . . APPENDIX B
......................
Miscellaneous Tables. BIBLIOGRAPHY...............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131 134 136 136 150
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES List of Tables
Table
Page
1.
Percent of Total Cropland Harvested Decupled by Major Crops Per Composite Commercial Farm In Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years, 1924-1944# . . . . . . . . 1 2
2.
Percent of Total Hay Acreage Occupied by Alfalfa Hay Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years, 1919-1944#
..16
3*
Acres of Total Pasture and Percent of Total Land in Pasture Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years 1924-1944# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
4#
Total Animal Units Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, on Census Dates, 1920-1945 . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
5.
Distribution of Farms Classified by Type and Total Value of Farm Products for Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1944# . . . . . . . . 2 9
6.
Percent of Total Milk Production Utilized as Yhole Milk, Cream, and Farm-made Butter in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1919-1944 • 34
7.
Percent of Farmers Disposing of Milk Through Yhole Milk and Cream Outlets in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1929, 1939, and 1944 . . . . .
36
Distribution of Dairy Herds by Size in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1929 and 1939...........................................
38
Distribution of Total Number of Cows by Size of Herds in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1929 and 1939# .........
#39
8.
9#
10.
Percent of Farmers Reporting Dairy Products Sold by Size of Herds in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1939 . . . . . . • • . # . # # # • 4 0
il
List of Tables (Continued) Table
^age
11.
Estimated Were Sold Lawrence, 1939, and
12.
Average Milk Production Per Cow in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years, 1919-1944 . . .. ... . .
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Average Size of Dairy Herd Where Products as Whole Milk, or Cream, Boone, Lake, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana, 1929, 1944. . .................................... 41
..
42
Feed Grain Supplies Per Grain-Consuming Animal Unit, United States, Selected Years 1928—1944 . . . . . . . . .
44
Dairy-Feed Ratios in Indiana, Selected Years, 1 9 1 9 -1 9 4 4 . ........................
45
Pasture Conditions as a Percent of Normal for Indiana Crop Reporting Districts I, III, V, VIII, 1929, 1934, 1 9 3 9 , and 1 9 4 4 . ..........................
45
Average Butterfat Test of Milk Received by Milk Plants in Crop Reporting Districts I, III, V, VIII, Indiana, 1 9 3 9 -1 9 4 6 ........................
47
Estimated Butterfat Production % r Cow in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years, 1919-1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana, Selected Years, 1915^1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Number of Members and Number of Cows Registered in Artificial Breeding Associations, and Number of Cows Bred Artificially in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, ........ and Wells Counties, Indiana, 1947-1948.
54
Presence of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations and Number of Herds Under Test in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana, 1928-1947 . . . . .
6l
Average Production Rates of Dams and Daughters and Sire Indexes of Bulls, Indiana and Southeastern Artificial Breeding Associations, March 1 , 1949 . . . . .
75
Composite Sire Index for Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
iii
List of Tables (Continued) Table 23.
24.
Fage Number of First Time Artificial Inseminations ty Breeds Furnished to Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties by the Indiana Artificial Breeding Association, Carmel, Indiana, 1947-1948. . . . . . . . .
76
Projected Increases in Butterfat Production Rates by 1955-1960 Resulting from Artificial Breeding in Areas Studied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Appendix Tables 25.
Total Animal Units on Farms, March 1, in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1925-1948. 125
26.
Number of Milk Cows Assessed for Taxation and Index of Milk Cows in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, March 1, 1925—1948. . . . . . . . . . 126
27.
28. 29.
30.
31.
32.
Number of Other Cattle Assessed for Taxation and Index of Other Cattle in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, March 1, 1925-1948. . . . . . . .
128
Annual Indexes of United States and Indiana Farm Prices and Related Series, 1900—1948. . . . . . . . . . .
130
Purchasing Power of Selected Indiana Farm Products Relative to All Indiana Farm Prices, 1920-1947 . . . . . .
132
Butterfat-Feed Ratios, Yhole Milk—Feed Ratios and Indexes for Indiana, I9 I8 -I9 4 8 . . . . . . . . . .
133
Total Population and Percent Urban Population in Indiana with Comparisons to Other States, 1940-1946. . . . . . . .
134
Total Acreage Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years, 1920-1945 . . . ........ . . . . . . . .
137
33.
Cropland Harvested and Percent of Total Land per Com posite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1924-1944 • • 137
34.
Acres of Corn, Small Grains, Soybeans for Beans, and Tame Hay Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, by Census Years, 1919-1944. ....................
138
iv
List of Tables (Continued) Table 35.
36.
37. 38.
39# 40.
41.
42.
43.
Page Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Various Classes of Livestock Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana, for Census Dates, 1920-1945* . . . . . . .
139
Total Production of Milk in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana for Census Years 1919-1944 ................................
140
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Boone County, Indiana, Selected Years 1916-1947 . . . . .
I4 I
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Lawrence County, Indiana, Selected Years 1928-1941• . . .
141
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Lake County, Indiana, Selected Years 191/^-1946 . ... ..
142
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Steuben County, Indiana, Selected Years 1925-1947 . . . .
143
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Yells County, Indiana, Selected Years 1937-1943 . . . . . .
1/4
Distribution of Herds by Size Using Artificial Breeding in Minnesota, June, 1943# . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
Summary of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations in Indiana, 1926-1949....................................
145
44.
Number of Cows Bred Artificially, and Number Bred as Percent of All Cows, Selected Counties, Yisconsin, 1 9 3 9 -1 9 4 7 .............................................. 146
45#
Percent of Animal Units Made Up of Various Classes of Livestock on 29 Long-Time Dairy Farms in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana, 1 9 2 0 -1 9 4 7 .................
148
List- of Figures Figure 1*
2.
Page Total Acreage Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Leke, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1920-1945• (Computed from U.S. Census enumerations of total acreage in farms and numbers of farms on which corn was produced). . . . . .
9
Acreage of Cropland Harvested Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1924-1944- . . . . . .
10
3.
Acres of Corn Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1919-1944- . . . ........ . . . . . . . 1 1
4.
Acres of Small Grains Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1919-1944. . . . . . . . .
14
Acres of Soybeans for Beans Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1939-1944- - • • • . .
15
5.
6.
Acres of Hay Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana by Census Years, 1919-1944- . . . . . . . . . ........ - 1 7
7.
Total Animal Units Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
8.
Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Cows and Heifers, Two Years Old and Over, Per Composite Commer cial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945 . . . . . .
22
9-
Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Cattle Other Than Cows and Heifers, Two Years Old and Over, Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lske, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945 ............................................ 24
10.
Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Hogs and Pigs Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Yells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945 ............................................ 25
vi
List of Figures (Continued) Figure
Page
11.
Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Horses and Mules Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945* • . • * . . ♦ . . . • • • • • • • 2 7
12.
Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Sheep and Lambs Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945....................................
27a
Percent of Total Animal Units Made Up of Chickens Per Composite Commercial Farm in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana for Census Dates, 1920-1945
27b
13.
14.
Index of Annual Milk Production Per Cow in Boone, Lake, Lawrence, Steuben, and Wells Counties, Indiana for Census Years, 1919-1944. (Index 1919-1944 = lOO)........ 43
15.
Average Percent of All Milk Cows In Milk, First of Month, on Reporters* Farms, Indiana, 1927-1942. (Compiled from Annual Livestock Sumraaiy, Indiana Crops and Livestock, U.S.D.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5
vil
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES ON DAIRY PRODUCTION IN FIVE INDIANA AREAS (Abstract of Thesis by Samuel A* Dum) During the past three decades material changes have taken place in the total agricultural output and farm production practices.
These
changes have resulted in increased efficiencies of production which have benefited the producer through higher net returns and the con sumer through lower prices. Increased efficiencies have not been shared equally by all com modities, producers, or areas.
By 1944 man-hour requirements per unit
of product had decreased 22 percent for milk and meat animals, 15 percent for poultry, and 40 percent for food and feed grains compared to requirements during the period 1917 to 1921.
In 1944 the gross
production per worker in the West Central area of the United States was 3*3 times as great as that of the Ea,st South Central Area.
These
differences existing among commodities and areas are not the result of chance but are attributed to differences existing in resources, levels of technology, and management. Recognizing the present level of efficiency, the present and the prospective technologies affecting this efficiency, and the differences existing among areas in the efficiency of production, the objectives of this study became; 1.
To develop a pattern of research for appraising the influence of technological developments and innovations on a livestock enterprise— for this study the dairy enterprise.
2.
To apply this method of anlaysis to a limited number of areas.
viii
3.
To project the findings insofar as the areas and the class of livestock permitted.
This study was developed by using five counties in Indiana as representing widely varying resource areas.
Boone County is an area
with fertile soils, well adapted to grain and livestock, especially hogs and beef, with many alternative enterprises, and manufacturing and \
fluid milk outlets.
Lake County is a dairy area mainly because of
excellent markets nearby.
Soil resources are mixed, but several
favorable alternatives to dairying exist.
Lawrence County is an area
with low fertility, about 50 percent of the land in permanent pasture, and with limited whole milk markets.
Alternatives to dairying with the
possible exceptions of poultry and grazing, are limited, however. Steuben County is an area well—adapted to legumes and grass with medium fertility.
Here milk markets exist for manufacturing and fluid milk.
This area might be considered representative of some of the natural dairy sections of the United States.
Wells County represents an area
with fertile soils adapted to legumes and with a diversified farm organization.
It is a section in which dairying is increasing as man
ufacturing markets improve and as increased business volume becomes necessary for profitable farm operation. These five resource areas were affected differently by changing technologies and economic conditions over the past 20 to 25 years (1920 to 1947) • Substantial increases occurred in the acreage per farm in four of the areas. County Boone......... Total acreage increased about 50 percent accom—
IX
panied by k 30 percent increase in cropland. Lake........No material change appeared in either total acreage or cropland. Lawrence... .Both total acreage and cropland fluctuated mat erially with changing economic activity.
The effect
was reduced acreages per farm during periods of low activity and increased acreages in periods of high activity. Steuben... Total acreage increased about 30 percent while crop land increased about 25 percent. Yells..... Total acreage increased about 2 5 percent accompanied by a 20 percent increase in cropland. Soybeans became a part of the rotation in three of the areas and alfalfa hay replaced other hay to a considerable extent in three areas. County Boone.......Small grains decreased in the rotation while soybeans became a part of the cropping system. Lake........ Both small grains and hay became less important as soybeans became a part of the rotation. Lawrence... .No material change occurred in the rotation, but alfalfa hay replaced about 50 percent of other hay. Steuben.....Alfalfa hay replaced 50 percent of other hay acreage. Yells.......Soybeans became a substantial part of the rotation while small grains and hay decreased.
However, hay
acreage shifted partially to alfalfa. Horses and mules decreased substantially in numbers in all areas.
Marked Increases occurred in the importance of cows and heifers, two years old and over, in the total livestock program.
The percentage
increases in the proportion of total animal units made up by cows and heifers from 1920 to 1945 were; County Boone......About a 60 percent increase with most of it occurring from 1920 to 1935#
This area ranked lowest in the pro
portion of animal units made up by cows and heifers. Lake......An increase of 25 percent as a steady growth through out the period.
This area ranked highest in the percentage
of animal units made up by cows and heifers. Lawrence...An increase of 70 percent with the principal increase occurring from 1920 to 1935. Steuben... .About a 100 percent increase as a steady growth through out the period. Yells..... .An increase of about 95 percent as a continuous rise throu^out the period. Cows and heifers, two years old and over, discussed above were of both dairy and beef breeding.
The above rise in the importance of cattle
was due mainly to the feed supply made available by the material reduction in horse and mule numbers.
In only two of the five areas—
Steuben and Yells counties— were these cattle primarily dairy animals. In Boone, Lake, and Lawrence counties beef, rather than dairy animals, increased in relative importance. In all areas there occurred a general shift from cream outlets to whole milk markets as dairying became more specialized.
XI
County
Boone.......Most of the shift occurred prior to and during the 1920*8 . Lake
....Most of the shift occurred prior to 1920.
Lawrence
A very gradual and small change-over occurred up to the 1940*s when there was a rapid shift; however, in 1944 cream still accounted for about 40 percent of the total quantity sold.
Steuben..... .A rapid shift occurred during the 1920*s and an additional one during the 1940*s. Yells.......A steady change-over occurred throughout the period. In all areas production per cow materially increased from 1919 to 1929; a reduction occurred during the mid-thirties;, production recovered to the 1929 level by 1939; and it increased moderately from 1939 to 1944#
Lake County showed the greatest overall increase for the entire
period and the smallest reduction during the 1930*s. ranked second to Lake County.
Steuben County
Boone, Lawrence, and Yells counties
showed marked decreases in production during the mid-thirties. From the standpoint of total production large herds— ten cows or more— were most important in Lake County.
Medium—sized herds— five to
nine cows— and large bized herds were of about equal importance in Steuben County.
Medium—sized herds were about twice as important as
large herds in Boone and Yells counties.
Small herds— less than four
cows— were most important in Lawrence County. The adoption of machine milking progressed little prior to the
xll
late thirties, but the principal increase came during the forties. Machine milking was accepted most rapidly in those areas with the larger herds. County
Percent of herds machine TnilTcAd. mid—forties
Boone. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 to 20
Lake
60 to 70
Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . Steuben
5 to 15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
W e l l s ..............
to 55
30 to 40
Approximately ten years elapsed after the commercial practicality of artificial breeding was demonstrated before it was extensively used in Indiana.
Of the five areas the acceptance rate was highest in Lake,
Lawrence, and Wells counties, lower in Steuben County, and at a minimum in Boone County. The advance of technology materially influenced the foregoing changes and the production efficiencies of the five areas.
This over
all advance of technology during the past two decades was conditioned by: 1.
Theperfecting and commercial manufacture of a technology.
2.
Theprice level and economicactivity.
3.
The
4.
Theavailability of credit.
5.
Government regulation and assistance.
6.
Urbanization and industrialization of people.
7.
Education through the extension service and so forth.
wage rates.
xiii
Differences existing in the acceptance of individual technologies were influenced by; 1.
The degree to which the particular technology increased the efficiency of production.
2*
The rapidity of returns and the extent of the expense involved