Igbo for Learners (a School Text Series) [1]

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OKECHOKWO C. IHEJIRIKfl

IGBO FOR LEARNERS (A SCHOOL TEXT SERIES)

BOOK ONE

by

OKECHUKWU C. IHElIRIKA

©

Okechukwu lhcjlrika

2nd Edition 2008 Reprinted 2012 Published by PACIFIC CORRESPONDENCE COL.LEGE & PRESS LTD. In as.sociatlon with Pacific House, Klm.3 Mike Ajegbo Road (P.O. Box 21 ), Uruowulu-Obosi, Anambra State, Nigeria. Phone: 08037187969 ·or 08034026089. .-

Other Book depotJ: 58" Old Market Road, (2nd floor) Onitsha. Anambra St.ate. 14, Orlu Road.Amakohia. Owcrri, Imo State. 188, Hospital Road Aba, Abia State. 55 Abam strce!/Enugu road junction Umuahia, Abia State. Enu'u & Ebony! SUtu Zonal & Arca Offices: Block C6, C to C Shopping Plaza, NkpokitillMT Road Junctioo E'nugu. 7, Enugu Road, Nsuila, Enugu State.

All n'ghlS reserved. No parl oflhis puhJica/i()n may be n?produced. stored in a retrieval system, or transmilled in an:y form or by any mea11S, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, n!cording or 01hctwise, wi1houl the prior penniision of Pacific Pwblishm Lui. JSBN: 978-8117-4S-7A Printed & bound by Pacific College Press Ltd., Obosi, Anambra

State~

.

Nigeria.

CONTENTS

Page

TOPIC

UNIT

ONE

1.0 TtlE! I~l>e> ..•.............•.............. l. Igbo Land ................................... 1 Igbo Neighbours ......................... 3 Some Characteristics of The Igbo People ........ '. ................ 4

1.1

1.2 1.3 TOPIC

rwo

UNIT

2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.4.1

2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4

TOPIC

Igbo Language ............................6 Igbo Orthography ...................... .7 Igbo Alphabet ............................. . Vowels.·........................................8 Consonants..................................9 Single Consonants ...................... 9 Double Consonants......................9 Semi-Vowels ............................... 9

UNIT

THREE

3.1.0. 3~1.1

3.1.2

3.2

Vowel Harmony in Igbo ............ 10 A GROUP E GROUP Compound Words and Vowel Harmony Rule ........................... 13

3.3

Vowel Harmony And Igbo Pronouns-............................................. 14 3.4 Igbo: A Tonal Language .................... 16 3.4.1 Tone in Words ...................................... 17 3.4.2 Tone in Sentences ............... :.............. 17

TOPIC 4.0 The Roles and Importance of 'NA' and FOUR \GA' in Igbo Language ........................ 18 UNIT 4.1 The Roles and Importance of'NA'

And 'GA' in Igbo Language ..........• 18 4.1 The Roles of 'Na' in Igbo language ........ 19 4.1.1 'Na' as Conjunction .............................. 19 4.1.2 'Na' as Auxiliary Verb ............................ 19 4.1.3 'Na' as Preposition ................................ 19 4.1.4 'Na' as in Reported Speech ................... 20 4.1.5 'Na' in Negativ~ Present Continuous Tense .......................... :........................ 20 UNIT 4.2.0 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4

The roles and Uses of 'Ga' ...................22 \GA' in Future Tense/Actions ................ 22 'GA' in Future Continuous Tense .......... 22 'GA' in Negative Future Tense .............. 23 'GA' in Negative Future Continuous Tense ....................................................23

TOPIC

FIVE

UNIT 5.1 Igbo Numerals ........................... 25 5.2 Knowing Time In Igbo ............... 26 5.3 Knowing Time in Minutes ·.......... 27 5.4 Igbo Week ................................. 28 5.5 Month and Year ......................·... 29

TOPIC SIX

UNIT

TOPIC SEVEN

6.1

Words .........................................30

6.2

Sentences ...................................41

UNIT 7 .O Igbo Custom ..............................45 7.1 Greetings....................................45 7.2 Practicals and Greetings Pleasntries ........•........................47 7.3 Greetings to Somebody at Work/Returning Home.. ~ ............ .48 7.4 Greetings to Somebody Sick. ......49 7.5 Pleasa,ntrJes .........•..•••.........••......49 7.6 Somebody Leaving You/Going on a Joumey.....................................••52

PREFACE IGBO FOR LEARNERS second/UBE Edition is in three volumes. They are specially prepared for second language learners (L2 Students) in their first three years in the Junior Secondary Schools as contained in the National Curriculum on Igbo L2 as authorised by the Federal Ministry of Education. Also, a few topics which are deemed necessary for this level are added. _, In the series, English language and illustrations which are necessary and effective in teaching Igbo as a second language are employed profusely. These will help the students to read the texts on their own, and will aid quick and easy understanding of the topics, and quick attainment of appreciable level of proficiency in speaking and writing Igbo language. In some· cases, topics are re-arranged too, to promote sequential teaching and learning. Trial tests are given at the end of each unit, and general revision Is added at the end of Book 3 for students preparing for internal and external exa· minatlons In Igbo L2. Though, the series are exhaustive In content, subject teachers are expected to give more examples of learning experiences where necessary. It Is hoped that teac-

· hers, students of both Ll (speakers) and L2. (learners) at all levels, and the general public who are Interested in teaching, learning, understanding, speaking and writing Igbo will find the series very valuable. I am indepted and committed to my God for ''I waited patiently for him to help me; then he listened and heard my cry. He lifted me out of the pit of despair, out from the bog and the mire, and set my . feet on a hard firm path and steadied me as I walk along.· He has given me a new song to sing, of praises to our God. Now, many wlll hear. of the glorious things he did for me and stand in awe before the Lord and put their trust In him" (Psalms 40: 1-3) Maazj Okechukwu Charles Ihejlrlka vmvezealaopl .• vmvezeobolo · P.O. Box 31, Amaigbo, Nwangele LGA Imo State. 08035861269/08054822112

•

Vnit 1.0

Elele, Ikwere, Ah9da, Etche, Obigbo and other-lgbo speaking areas in the Rivers state.

THE IGBO (Ndj Igbo) The word 'IGBO' has three meanings. It can mean the Igbo land, the Igbo people and the . Igbo language. In this book, we are going to study all the three meanings including Igbo culture, but first, with the land.

MAP/

"

OKP...t'.LLA

Unit 1.1 IGBO LAND (Ala Igbo) The Igbo land is situated on the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. It occupies a total land mass of about 30,000 square kilometres. The Igbo land is divided into two by the River Niger. Though the division is unequal, the smaller part falls on the west of the River Niger. This part is known and referred to as the IKA IGBO area. They are made up of Asaba, Qnjcha-Ugbo, Iseleukwu, Qgwashjukwu, Anj9cha, Agb9, Kwale

.....

Ila, Ibuza and other Ika Igbo speaking areas in Delta state. · . The bigger half-falls on the east of the River Niger, and is known and referred to as the East or the Eastern Igbo. This area includes the entire Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo states, the

••••• rit

I

1.

TRIAL TfST$ In which part of Nigeria is Igbo land located? A. South . B. Southwest . CH. D.

E. 2.

3.

Which River divides the Igbo land Into two? A. River Benue B. River Niger CH. Anambra River D. Imo River E. Cross River :.~e

A. 8. CH. D. E.

........ 4.

Southeast Northwest Northeast

Igbo In the west of River Niger-are called Benf n Igbo

Western Igbo Ika lgbo Rivers Igbo Ijebu Igbo

The bigger part of Igbo is known as

A. B. CH. D. E.

Eastern Igbo · Western Igbo Southern Igbo Rivers Igbo Imo Igbo

2

•

s.

From the map U abov~~ t@tmttfy ~!l@ iU@~~t Amaigbo, Qhafta, Awka, Nri, En~gu, Owerri, Nsl:Jkka, l)zQak9lj, Abakaliki, Aba, Qnitsha, Elele, Qklgwe, Arochukwu, Ogwashjukwu, Afjkpo, Vmvahia, Orlu, Nkwere, Diobu, Nd9kj, ikwerre, -Kwale, AgbQ, Qssjssa, Ab9h, Oguta. -

1.

. J

Vnitl.2

•

IGBO NEIGHBOUR5 . (AGBATAOBI NOi IGBQ) In this unit, we are going to further our studies with map II. From the map, the Igbo land is bounded in the West where we have Igbo boundasy communities like AgbQ, Kwale by Edo, Isoko and Urhobo communities In Delta state. In the East, the Igbo boundary towns of ArQChukwu and Azvmini are bounded by the Ibibio people of Akwa Ibom state. . In· the North, Igbo boundary areas like

Ns1:1kka, Ehamufu and Izzi are bounded by the !gala, Idoma and Tiv communitJes of Benue and Kogi states. while in the South Igbo boundary towns like Ekpahja and Ikwere are bounded by the Ijaw and Okirika communities of Rivers state. It is worthy to note here that the cultures and dialects of Igbo boundary communities are 3

'[BAIL TESTS Which are the Igbo boundary towns in the West? A. Agb9 and ~wale B. Ede and Isoko CH. Edo and Bini D. AgbQ and Isoko E. Kwale and Edo

2.

Name the Igbo boundary towns in the East. A. Azvmini and Iblbio B. Azvmini and Oginl CH. Arc;>ehukwu and Oglnl D. Iblbio and Oglnl E. ArQChukwu and Azvmini

3.

The Igbo boundary neighbours in the South? A. Ehamufu and Nsykka B. !gala and Idoma CH. Tiv and Izzi .D. Igala and Nsvkka E. IdomaandEhamufu

4.

Which are the Igbo neigbours in the South?

A. B.

CH.

D. E. 5.

. They are hospitable, industrious and lovers of

Ekpahja and Ikwerre Ah9da and Elele Ijaw and Qkrjka Ikwerre and Qkr!ka Ah9da and Ijaw

freedom. Thus, an Igbo man can travel far away into a non-Igbo area and make;t0e place his home,

as long as he can make a livfng there peacefully. The Igbo people generally like foods like Garri (Eba), Akpl:J . (Cassava foofoo) their staple food; Ji (Yam) served with either thick or watery soup. Their love for Akpl;J and thickner for soups make them to carry pestles and mortars of chiefly two sizes (small called 9kwa, big called ikwe) to wherever they live. This accounts chiefly why pestles and mortars are among the first items a bride gets from her mother when she is going into her husband's house. The Igbo people believe in eating solid foods in order to withstand the day's hard-work. This is why their Yoruba neighbours call them "Ajeokuta ma muomi" (eaters of stone without water). Other things common to the. Igbo people are their belief in one supreme God called Chukwu (the great God), with other dieties serving and forming a link to God. Another thing is the Igbo out-fit, or the Onitsha or Ngwa out-fit with round red cap or titular long hand-woven multi-coloured strap cap, with george wrapper to match. The women coming Ol1t in head-tie, blouse and two pieces of wrappers to m~tch.

Boundary Igbo people speak only A. their Igbo dialects B. their neighbours dialects/language CH. English language D. . Pidgin language E. French language, two languages

Unltl.3 SOME CHARACIEBimcs OF IHE IGgO PEOPLE (EJIRIMARA VEQPV NKE NDJ IGBO) The Igbo people are easily Identifiable among other Nigerians, either by their looks, behaviours or modes of dressing. Igbo people are generally stout and strongly built, and are of average height or stout with wide flat nose, bright eyes, and mostly fair in complexion. They number about 9 million by 1963 census.

4

PICTURES:-

TRIAL TESTS One of these is not used to identify the Igbo people A. Fair complexion B. Strongly built body CH. Pointed nose D. Bright eyes

· · 1.

E.

2.

Igbo woman in Igbo outfit

Stoutness

Which is the Igbo staple food? · A. Beans (Agwa) B. Rice (Osikapa) CH.

Cassava (Akpv)

D.

Yam (Ji) E. : Garri (Eba)

3.

4. Igbo men in traditional attires

s

Igbo peole like solid foods in order to A. grow strong. B. work longer. CH. appear ~out. D.

show power.

E.

appear dark in complexion.

.First items given to a bride in Igbo land are A. Wrappers and blouses B. Beds CH. pestle and mortar

D. E.

s.

standardized or the central Igbo "Igbo Izugbe" set down by Dr; S.E. Qnwv and his committee in 1961 is being used. It is not from any particular dialect of any part of Igbo land, rather a selected and

broom and pot head-ties

Igbo people do not like one of these A. Freedom B. Ih(justry CH . D.

E.

acceptable mixture of all.

TRIAL TESTS

Hospitality Peace War

1.

Unit 2.Z

The word Igbo can stand for all except A. Igbo land

B.

Igbo people

CH.

Igbo language

D. E.

Igbo area Igbo culture

IGBO LANGUAGE (ASUSV IGBO)

2.

The Igbo language is among the KWA subfamily of the Niger-Congo family of languages that use pitch in differentiating the meanings of words that have the same spellings. This pitch differentiation is known as Tone, thus Igbo is a tonal language. Within the Igbo language, there are various dialects like the Qnjcha (Onitsha), 011:1 (Orlu), Owere (Owerri), Ikwere (Ikwerre), and Ngwa among others. No matter the extent of variations in each dialect, indigenes from these areas understand each other when speaking or conversing. But in written Igbo today, the

To which sub-family does Igbo language

belong? A. Kwa

B.

Igbo

CH.

Congo

D.

Niger Niger Congo

E.

3.

6

One of these is not a tonal language A. Hausa B. Yoruba CH. Igbo D. Fulfulde

4.

5.

E.

Kunuri

Whic~

A.

is not a dialect of Igbo languagQ? Qnjcha

s.

Oll:l

Ct'f. D. E.

Ngwa Edo Owe re

Which Igbo is used in written Igbo today? A. lka Igbo B. Qnjcha Igbo CH. Ig bo Etiti D. Igbo ukwu E. Igbo Izugbe

··,,;t 2,z J.GBO ORTHOGRAPHY .11 Igbo l_ anguage, as in other languages, orthography is very important for learning and writing in that language. Therefore, you are requested to take your studies here very seriously. If you understand them well with their various pronounciations, you can easily write down what you are speaking or listening to, and can combine any word to form sentences of your own in Igbo.

Unit 2.2.1. IGBO ALPHABET CABJDIJ IG BOl There are thirty - six (36) letters in the Igbo alphabet. ·They are:

A GH

B CH GW H

D I

E {

F l,

KW Q

L P

N S

N SH

NW NY T U

v

w

M R

y

z

G K

GB KP 0

V

Repeat them several times. Do they sound funny to you? If so, that is how your own language alphabet sound funny to other_ non-native learners too; so be serious with it. The small letters are: a b ch d e f g gb gh gw h I I j k kp kw I m n Ii nw ny o Q p r s sh t u ~

v

w

y

z

TRIAL TESTS 1.

.How many letters are there in Igbo alphabet? A. Thirty B. Thirty-three ''CH. Thirty-four D~ Thirty-five E. Thirty-six

3.

Big letters

A. B. · CH.

Abidii ... Abedee

Abed

A

D. E.

Abgd

l

Q

Abe

Small letters

a

e

i

I

Q

0

...

u

You can see that three of these are dotted underneath. The dots make them sound longer than their undotted look alikes. We shall study them more in chapter 3. From these above, vowels like .a, e, I, j, o, 9, cari be words on their own with their final individual meanings in a sentence. Here, they can function as pronouns.

·

·can you write them down?

•

can you read them out off-hand?

How many times? Do it. ·

E I 0

v u

can you repeat them from your book alone?

Do it. 5.

...

What Is the alphabet called in Igbo?

How many times? Do it again. 4.

VOWELS (UDAUME) Vowels are sound we produce without any obstruction of air flow in the mouth. They come out freely from the lungs into the mouth. From the thirty-six letters in -Igbo language, we have eight vowels like that. They are:

.

.

2.

llnit:Z.3

e.g.

#

Q b!ara

- He/she came i bjara?- Did you come? Abiara m - I came. etc. 8

Unit 2.4:1. tQriSO~ANTS (MGBOCHIUME} Consonants are sounds we produce with some obstructions within the mouth. In Igbo language, we have twenty-eight (28) consrinants. They are: B CH D F G GB GH GW H J K KP KW L M N p N NW NY R s SH T

v

w

y

Unit 2.4.4 SEMI VOWELS (Myiriudaume) These are letters from the alphabet, whkh are not clearly consonants nor vowels. In · certain situations, they appear as consonants, and in some areas, they assume the nature of vowels. They are, therefore, called semi vowels because they have their own distinct sounds while in combination with other letters to form a word. They are two (2) in number, viz: m n Areas wher.e they occur as semi-vowels are

z

M

Unit 2.4.2. SINGLE CONSONANTS (MGBOCHIUME NGE) From the above consonants, we can select the consonants that are single. They are nineteen (19) altogether. They are:

B

D

M

N

w

v

F

N ·z

G

HJ

KL

P

R

T

S

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ·

V

N (1)

(2) (3) (4) (5)

Unit 2.4.3. . DOUBLE CONSONANTS

{Mgbochiume mkpi) From the lists of consonants, we have . consonants that are twd in one, so we call them double consonants. They are nine in number viz

-

CH KW

GB GH GW NW NY SH

mgbe (when) mbe (tortoise) mb9 (finger nail) mma (knife) mfe (light) as in load

nri (food) nti (ear) nta (small) nne (mother) nna (father)

These are areas where the M and N occur as consonants pure. For instance, m.aka - because riupv - push out maba - dive into niile - all mepv - remove naani - only

KP

9

.1. .

TRIAL· TESTS How mai:iy vowels have we in Igbo language? A.

Four

B.

Eight

CH. D.

Nine

E.

2.

CH.

5.

o.

Mgbochiume Mgbochiume mkpl

E.

Myirivdau~e

Pick-out the pair that Is semi-vowels.

A. 8. CH. D. E.

Twenty-eight· Thirty-six

How many consonants has Igbo language? A. Four B. Nine CH. Nineteen D. Twenty-eigh'.~ E. Thirty-six

CH/GB NW/NY V/W

Y/Z M/N

Unlt3.1.D

VOWELHABMONYINIGBO 3.

4.

How many single consonants are there in Igbo language? A. Eight B.

Nine

CH. D. E.

Nineteen Twenty-eight Thirty-six

Vowel harmony means the agreement and going together of vowels from the same group in Igbo sound sound system. From the vowels In unit 2.3, we saw that the Igbo language vowels are divided into two groups. The first gro.up contains those vowels under E. Each group has four in number.

What are vowels called in Igbo laRguage?

A. B.

.· Abid!i l)daume 10

..

Unit 3.1.1 A-GROUP The A group is sometimes called the first vowel harmony group, or the dotted group or· the light vowels group. It is called the dotted group because it is only in that group that we can observe dots under three of the vowels. They are also called light-vowel group because in producing the vowels here, the vocal cord does not vibrate. Vowels in this group are A, J, Q, The harmony within them is that in word formations in Igbo, they agree to co-occur with each other ·or recur themselves rather than cooccuring or recurring with vowels from the E group. For example:

! - jkpa

v.

Q-

l;J -

v - ~dara

Qka .

a - aka

a - akpl:J

.

l

. 11

l:Jkwa

•

l,J • ~kWt,J

.

.

.

~

.

.

.

Q - onwa

~--~------~---'-----~ ·~~-----

-~------- -·- --

·- ---

.. a - akj

E - Eke (python)

a - akpj

>----

Unit 3.1.2 E· GROUP The E- group is sometimes called the second vowel harmony group, or the undottted group or the heavy vowel group. It is called the undotted group because it has no dotted vowel among its members, and also heavy vowel group because in producing vowels from this group, the vocal cord vibrates heavily. Vowels from this group are E, I,

-

-

U - ukwu (waist)

- - --- + - - - - -

.·

I - ike (power)

I - ime (pregnant)

o, u.

The harmony within them Is that, in word formations in .Igbo, they agree to co-occur with each other or to recur themselves, rather than cooccuring or recurring with vowels from A group. For example:

.... 0 - oke (rat) \2

. .. ,,,

.

,.

E - enyi (elepha nt)

Unit3.2 CQMPOUfiO WORDS AND VOWEL HARMONY RULE

Compound words are words that contain more than a word at a time. This situation usually comes about when a word is used to qualify the other in lgbo. In this situation, each word maintains its form with the vowel harmony rule but can accept to co-occur with another word or words from its group or from the other group. · The result is acceptable in Igbo grammar (ntQasvsv). For examples. 1. l:JIQ + elu = VIQelu (storey building) (house + high) 2. anl:J + 1.:119 = an\jl:JIQ (domestic animal) (animal + house) 3. oke + l:JIQ = okeliJIQ (domestic rat) (rat + house)

U - ube (pear)

E - ebule (ram) .

- --- -·-- ---- ·.._

__ _ _

From tile above examples both in A and E groups, It is very clear that each group stays on ·their own. Though, there are certain Igbo dialects that do mix vowels from· these two groups for example, Onitsha dialect. It always exposes anybody that mixes the two vowels together in an Igbo word as a foreigner to the language. So, be careful to learn this harmony rule with further examples.

Sometimes, the combinations.Gf those words can result into compound words .that have no hyphen to show their various distinctiveness. For examples:

13

1.

2.

3. 4.

akara· + . edemede = akaraedemede (punctuation) (mark writing) nkebi + okwu = nkebiokwu Uoint statement) ome +ala= omenala (custom/tradition) (doing land) 'ilmv + nne == vmvnne (uterines) (childt=en mothe~)

otherwise, It does not go with verbs made up of vowels from the other group·. For example

Unit 3.3.1 Verbs from the first group + pronoun from the first group.

tara (ate)

wvrv (jumped)

sara (washed) rara (licked) 1.

VOit3.3

0 tara

ah1:1ekere

(He/she/it

ate

the

groundnut).

VOWEL HARMONY AND IGBO PRQNOUNS . Though, we have not come to parts of speech, it will be better we finish everything concerning vowel harmony in Igbo language. As we mentioned .a bit of pronouns in Topic 2, unit 3, Igbo pronoun as In English language is a word ·we use instead or to replace a noun. Here, we are only de~ling with the four vowels that can be pronouns. They are: o or Q (He, she. it) i or i (You (singul~r) Here, .the Igbo pronouns have two forms, the undotted and the dotted, and their 1usages follow according to the group the verb following it is in,

2.

O wvrv

3.

fence). Osara efere (He/she/it washed the plate). O rara epe (He/she/it licked the orange).

4.

ngige ahl) (He/she/it jumped the

Unit 3.3.2 Verbs and Pronouns from the second group lere (looked) , (cooked)

tere

kuru

bere 1.

2. 3.

4. 14

(breathed) (cried) •

0 lere udele anya (He/she/it looked at the

vulture). 0 tere ofe (He/she/it made soup). 0 kuru ume (He/she/it breathed). 0 bere akwa (He/she/it cried).

· As we have the rule in the above examples, that is, how it goes with the singular 'you' as in i

·

andii. . '..

.: · · ·

•i

..

·

TRIAL TE:STS 1.

... .

For· examples: verbs and pronouns (you slnguJar) from the first group. ~.

B. CH.

·l tara atl:l (You chewed chewing stick).

2.

J Wl:Jrt:J nglge ahli' ·(You jumped that

3. 4.

fence). ~ sara efere (You washed the.plate). Jrara epe (You licked the orange).

All the following vowels belong to A group except .. A.. ·A

2.

Unit 3.3.3 Verbs and Pronouns (Y u (singular) from the second group. 1. I Jere udele anya (You looked at the vulture). 2. I tere ofe (You cooked soup). 3. I kuru ume (You breathed). 4.· I bere akwa (You cried).

0 ~

D.

V

E.

0

The following vowels belong to E group except

A.

A

B.

0

CH. U D. I

E.

E

3. · Which word does not obey the 1st vowel harmony rule? A. okpa From the ·above, you can now choose - · 8. Qka correctly your verbs and the corresponding CH. ykWV pronouns or vice versa. D. akpa E. vdara •

J

4.

1S

Which word does not obey the 2nd vowel ·harmony rule?

A. usoro B. Ebafe CH. · ukwu

5.

D.

ike ·

E.

oke

Unit3.4

IGBO - A TONAL LANGUAGE A tonal language is a language that makes the use of pitch of voice in differentiating the meanings of structurally identical words or sentences. Igbo is a tonal language (Unit 2.1). It has three distinctive tones. They are High tone, Low tone and Downstep or Mid tone. Each of these tones has its own distinctive tone mark. The tone marks are placed directly on top of the vowels and semi-vowel of each word. The tone marks are: 1. High tone 2. Low tone 3. Downstep or Mid tone -

-

Fill the gap with the appropriate pronoun

·

tere ofe

A. . 0

B.

0

CH.

A

D.

U

E.

t;.r

Tone is a very important technical aspect in grasping and understanding the language further. Therefore, students are advised to pay serious attention to the variation in pitches when conversing with a native sp,:-:·~ker, and to practise it several times on their own, ·ri order to be able to differentiate and produce co1:ect different tones.

16

QZQ QZQ,

Unit 3.4.1 TONE IN WORDS Some important words

Ha any! mba· -

Ee

0 0

.

they

QZ9

we no yes it . it(?)

-

title gorilla

-

again

Unit 3.4.2 Tone in Sentences 1. Q bl) isi - It is head

2. ·3. 4.

Examples

s. ·

Qbv Isl -

It. is blindness Q bt.J is) '.' It is smell?. Any! ch9r9 akwa - Do we want egg? Ee anyla~a - Yes, we want egg. Mba any! ach¢gh! akwa -No, we don't want

oke eke oke

rat male boundary

6.

oke- -

share/po~ion

9kwa -

patrldge warning small mortar

In my teaching sessions, I use these musical notes to diffdemtiate tones easier by whistling out:

c;)kwa -

9kwa .ISi.. .ISi-

head blindness smell to cook

a'kwa, ·-

crying

....... ISi

......

ISi

akwa akwa akwa akwa

-

cloth.

Viz:·

d. - low r. - high m. - downstep or mid . For instance rr = high + high - is1 dd = low + low - Isl dr = low + high - akwa rm ·= high + mid - isi . Please, note that infinitives in Igbo are generally of high + mid tones.

bed

egg cloth pushing 17

1.

4.

TRIAL T,E$TS How many tone, marks has Igbo language? A.

2

B. CH.

3 4

D.

5

E.

6 · 5.

2.

Tone is very important in Igbo language because · A. we use it in differentiating meanings of similar words; B. we use it to know the pitch of the words. CH. we use it to know where Igbo belongs. D. we use it to beautify the language. E. we use it ~o speak very well in lgbo.

. Which of these words mean \\crying"? A. Akwa B. Akwa CH. Akwa · o. Akwa E. Akwa Which of these words mean "blindness"? A. ·. isi

D.

1s1 isl isi

E. -

fsf

B. 1

CH.

Unit4.0

THE ROLES AND IMPORTANCE OF 'NA' AND 'GA' IN IGBO LANGUAGE . Due to the frequency with which NA and GA •

•

Q ' .

3.

Which of these ,tone marked words means "boundary" in -Igbo? A. oke

B.

CH.

occur in Igbo sentences, and their lgbo grammar. -I, at this point,

unique roles in inserted their studies in order to help you further know when, . how and why they occur. Therefore, you are

·oke 6ke

o.

oke

E.

dke

.

advised to study these areas well.

18

i·

a. Ada na-agba QS9 =·Ada is running. b. l)gom~a na:eri nrt = Ugomma is eating. c. Uchendu na-aly Q9l:J = Uchendu is ngllting. d. Chukwuma· oa-agba egwu = Chulwuma is

. Vnit4,1 THE .ROLES OF'NA' IN

IGBO LANGUAGE

4.1.1

'NA' AS CONJUNCTION (NJIKQ) 'NA' is used as a conjunction in Igbo when it is joining two or more things together. These could mean two or more nouns, clauses or phrases. In this for~, it is standing for and doing the work of AND as in English. · Note: As a conjunction, 'Na' maintains its entity by not losing any of its parts or the vowel, and it stands alone inbetween the items it Is joining. For examples:

dancing. e. Nnanna m.t·agu akwl:JkWQ = Nra nna ~ reading a book.

4.1.3 · 'NA' AS PREPQSITION (MtHYZQ) Preposition Includes in, on, upon above, besides, behind, below, from, in front of, en top of etc. When NA is doing the role of th~ above preposition In Igbo grammar, it loses its 'iowel 'a' and replaces it with an apostrophy, then pined to the preposition, which it is apostrophizing. 1

a. Okeke na Ada - Okeke and Ada. b. Okonkwo na Mgbafo - Okonkwo and Mgbafo. c. Nnu na Ose - salt and pepper d. Egbe na Ugo - kite and eagle. e. Nne na nna - mother and father. 4.1.2 'NA'

AS "

AUXILLJABY

For example: a. IN/INSIOE Okeke nQ n'lme l:JIQ = Okeke is jrside the house.

VERB

(NYEMAKANGWAA.)

Another use of 'NA' in Igbo grammar is as an auxiliary to the verb. When 'NA' Is working as a helping verb, it maintains its vowel but it is attached to the help with a hyphen. In this form, the NA hyphenated to the verb is expressing a present continuous actions. For example,

b.

ON/ ABOVE/UPON

OKvk n9 ~ oche chair.

19

= The

fowl I~ on the

c.

UNDER

d.

Nkjta n9 n'okpuru akwa = The dog is under

Let us use some conversations among persons to clearly indicate this.

the bed. INSIDE

a.

~

Ng9zj bara n'if!1e ahja

= Ngozi entered inside

the market.

e.

BEHIND

• . Ewu di ~ vi~ house. ,,.~

.

= the

.

goqt-Js behind ·th·e,, ,., ' ·

b.

NnamsH, Obinna and Ifeoma

mmiri. Ife9ma

For.example 0 bi na-lagos = He is living in ~gos. Achebe na·agv akwt;JkWQ oa Nsukka Achebe is studying at N~ukka.

..

Ife9ma to Obinna: Echuru m mmiri (I fetched water) Obinna to Nnamdi: Ife9ma sjrj ng ya c~uru

The exception to this rule is that if the word · to which NA is apostrophizing does not start with a vowel, rather a consonant, it maintains its vowel 'a'.

f. g.

Emeka, Ucbe and Ada Emeka, to Uche: ~furu rn nri Ada I stole Ada's food. Uche to Ada: Emeka s!ri na ya zuru nri gj En:ieka said ~he stole ifil]F food. ~. f

·

three

ch.

+

said that she fetched water.

Malik, $hade and Ekong Malik to Shade: A pjara Ekong L;Jtali

(Ekong was flogged) Shade to Ekong: Malik sjrj na a pjara gj l:Jtalj Malik said that you were flogged.

4.1.4

'NA' IN REPORTED SPEECH The role of 'NA' in a reported speech in Igbo grammar is as IHAT in English grammar. 1 ~epbrte~ speeches are got when a second person

4.1.S

'NA' IN . NEGATIVE . PRESENT CONTINUOUS ·TENSES Negative present continuous tenses are expressed with the use NA joined together to a · negative marker -GHI. Followed distinctly by the

the action of the first person to a third person. In this form, the NA does not lose its vowel 'a' and It stands wholly alone. is · reporting

of

verb. 20

For examples:

a.

TRIAL TESTS What are the roles of NA in the following

naghi alt:1 - not fighting Okeke anaghi alu 99l:I Okeke does not fight Q naghi aly ogu He is not fighting.

b.

ch.

sentences? Nkechi na Nnedi gara Warri. A. Auxilliary verb

1.

naghj eri - not eating Q naghi eri nri - He is not eating food.

i

I

Q naghj abja n\Jl9 m - He does not come to my house.

conjunction

D.

reported speech

~·

verb

preposition

2.

Emeka Q2-ag\J akwl:JkWQ ya. A. Verb B. Reported speech CH. Preposition D. Auxilliary verb E. Conjunction

3.

Nwanneka nQ ~ t:JIQ. A. . Auxilliary verb B. Preposition· CH. Reported speech

4.

21

B. CH.

D.

Conjunction

E.

Verb

Emenike sjrj na Ekene dara ada. A.

Verb

B.

Conjunction

CH. D.

E. 5.

d. Nnenna ga - asa efere n'izu a.

Reported speech Auxilliary verb Preposition

Nnenna will wash the plate this week. e: Emenike ga - eri nri n'abali

Make five sentences where NA Is functioning in negative present continuous tense.

Emenike will eat food in the night

4.2.2 'GA' IN FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSES 4.2.0 THE ROLES AND USES OF GA · Future continuous - tenses or actions are formed with the combination of GA and NA. In this form, both particles are written wholly separately, without any loosing its vowels 'a' and· the NA attached to the verb wi~h ~ hyph~n. It is just like adding GA to auxilliary NA. For example.

4.2.1 'GA' IN FUTURE TENSE/ ACTIONS 'GA' is used as an auxilliary helping the verb to express future tenses or actions. Whenever it is functioning in this capacity GA does not lose its vowel '-a' and it is connected to the Verb with a hyphen. For example,

.

a. Obi ga na - eri nri mgbe Q bt:Jla.

Obi will be eating food every.time.

a. Okorie ga - abja taa

b. Adakl;.I ga na-echu mmiri n\119 a.

Okorie will come today

Adakt;J will be fetching water in this house.

b. Ada ga - echu mmiri

ch. Nweke ga na - aga ahja mgbe 9 bt,Jla. Nweke will be going to the market every time.

Ada will fetch water

d. Emeka ga na-asa efere

ch. Ndubuisi ga - aga 1:1I9akwvkw9 ech'i

Emeka will be washing the plate.

Ndubuisi will go to school tomorrow 22

c. Uche ga na - abja ebe a.

d. Nnenna agagh! asa efere. Nnenna will not wash plates.

Uche will be coming here.

Q gagh! asa efere. 4.2.3 'GA' IN NEGATIVE FUTURE TENSES

She will not waash plates. · I

Whenever we want to express a future action in the negative form, '-ghi' which is a negative marker is written together with 'ga - ' as one word gaghi. For example:

e. Okorie agaghj abia ebe a. Okorle will not come here.

Q gagh! abja ebe a.

a. Obi agaghi eri nri.

He will not come here.

Obi will not eat food.

O gaghj eri nrl.

4.2.4 'GA'

IN

NEGADVE

FUTURE

CONTINUOUS TENSES

He will not eat food.

Q gaghi echu mmiri.

Negative Future Continuous actions are expressed with 'GA' joined together with the negative mark.er GHI as in above, and the following 'NA' ls joined to the verb with a hyphen.

She will not fetch water.

For example:

b. Adak1:1 agagh! echu mmiri. Adaku will not fetch water.

a. Obi agaghj na - eri nri.

ch. NgQzi agaghi aga t:ilQakwvkwQ taa.

Obi will not be eating food.

Ngozi wilf not go to school today.

Q gaghf na - eri nri.

0 gagh! aga t;JIQakwvkwQ taa.

He will not be eating food.

·She will not go to school today. 23

b. Adakv agaghf na - echu mmlri. _Adakv will not be fetching water. Q gagh! .na - echu mmiri.

TR/AL rESTS

What are the roles of · GA In the following sentences? 1.

She will not be fetching water. · ch. Okoye agaghj na - abja t,1IQakwt,1kwQ, Okoye will not be coming to school.

Q gaghl na - abia

vl9akw\)kwQ~

· He will not be coming to school.

i.

Udo ga·na - adiri nne m. A. Negatiwe tense s~ Future tense CH. Auxilliary verb D. Future continuous tense E. Negative future continuous

3.

Q gaghl na-ele m anya

d. Nnenna ag~ghl na - asa ite. Nnenna will not be washing the pot.

Q gagh! na - asa ite. She will not be washing pot. e. Uche agaghi na - aga ah[a.

Obinna ga - alv QQIJ taa. A. Future tense · B. Futurf!'ltontinuous tense CH. Negative tense 0. Negative future continuous tense E. Reported speech

A. B. CH. D. E.

· Uche Yfi.Unot be going to the market. O gaghi na ~ aga ahja. He will not be going to the market.

4.

O gaghl na A. B.

24

Auxilliary verb NegatiVe tense · Future tense Future continuous tense Negative future continuous tense aril:J mmiri Future tense

Auxilliary verb

CH. D. E.

roeu: FOUR

Negative tense

Unit 5.1

Future continuous tense · Negative future continuous tense

·

IGBO NUMERALS (ONUQGUGU) Igbo · numeral system has passed through some changes since it started long time ago. The cardinals In use and the sequences are:

5. · Obinna ga - alv Ada Auxillfary verb B. .· Negative tense CH. Future tense D. Future continuous tense E. Negative future continuou.s tense

A.

1. Otu

. 2. AbVQ 3. AtQ 4.AnQ 5. Ise 6. Isll

7. Asaa

8. AsatQ 9. Itoolu/iteghete 10. Iri

11. Iri na otu 12. Iri na abvQ

13. Iri na atQ

14. Irl na anQ

25

15. Iri na ise

. Unit 5.2

KNOWING TIME IN IGBO

16. Iri na isii 17. Iri na asaa ,

18. Iri na asatQ 19. Iri na itoolu 20. Iri abv·Q

21. Iri abvQ na otu 30. Iri atQ 31. Iri atQ na otu Knowing,. reading and telling time in Igbo normally takes the English system, with little exception . Before· we go further, it is bettter to know Igbo names for certain items concerned with time telling. For examples: (a.m) Ante meridian Clock Elekere t;Jtl;ltL,J O'clock elekere (p.m) Post meridian Minute nkeji mgbede , Morning - l)tl)ttJ Noon ehihie Evening - mgbede Night abal! Time oge

40. Iri anQ

.41. Irl an9 na otu 50. Iri ise

26

Now, the exception is on One O'clock, it could be ·. One O'clock - Elekere mbl).

Unit 5.3

We are going to use 3 O'clock as a general example, since all follows the same pattren.

For euphony, the last two are always used. It

should be observed too, that the second example used ordinal - Elekere mbv {The 1st clock). This is the only place it is used. Other time telling are: One O'clock Two O'clock Three O'clock Four O'clock Five O'clock Six O'clock

Seven O'clock Elg ht O'clock -· Nine O'clock Ten O'clock

Eleven O'clock Twelve O'clock 7 O'clock a.11n 6.00 p.m 12.00 noon 12.00 midnight

KNOWING TIME IN MINUTES

3 O'clock 3.01 3.02 3.03 , 3.04 3.10 3.20 3.25

- Elekere mbt:1 - Elekere ab~Q - Elekere atQ - Elekere an9 . - Elekere ise - Elekere isii - Elekere asaa . - Elekere asatQ · - Elekere itoolu - Elekere iri - Elekere iri ·~ otu - Elekere iri •• abV.Q ·.:. Elekere asaa (nke) vtvtv - Elekere isii (nke) mgbede - Elekere iri na abvQ (nke) ehihie -·Elekere iri na abv9 (nke) abalj

27

- Efekere at9 - Otu nkeji gaa elekere at9 - Nkeji abvQ gaa elekere at9 - Nkeji atQ gaa elekere ate;> - Nkeji anQ gaa elekere atQ - Nkeji iri gaa elekere atQ - Nkeji iri ab[JQ gaa elekere at9 - Nkeji iii abl)Q na ise gaa elekere atQ

3.30 3.31

4-35

· ~~1~ j.so

.... ... '!'

Nkeji iri at9 gaa elekere ate;> 6,. .yKara Nkeji iri at9 na otu gaa elekere atQ or Q fQdl:JrL:J nkeji iri abl:JQ na itoolu ka elekere anQ kl;lQ Nkejl lri atQ na ise gaa eJekere atQ or Nkeji iri abl:JQ na ise ka elekere anc;> klJo f'l~JI lrl ano na ise ·g?ta ~!t?kere atQ or Nkeji iri na ise ka efekere an9 kl;JQ NkeJt lri ise·gaa elekere atQ or Nkeji iri ka elekere an9 kt;JQ

3.ss

• Nkejl iri lse na ise ga1 .efekere atQ or Nkeji ise ka elekere anq kt:JQ

3.59 112

-

Nk~ji

iri ise na itoolu

n~

Qkara gaa elekere atQ or Qkara nkeji ka elekere an9 kt:iQ

From 3.31 to 4.00, it is either some minutes past three or some mintues to four. For example 3.35 Thirty- five mintues past three -

Unit 5.4

IGBQWEEK The traditional Igbo week is complete with the four market days in Igbo. Everything they do revolves round these market days.. The market day's start with Eke because it is believed according to a local myth to be the oldest. They are accordingly:

Nkeji iri atQ na ise gaa elekere at9 or Twenty five ·minutes fo four - Nkeji iri abl)Q na ise ka elekere an9 kl)Q. This sysytem is applicable to all the time points on the clock/watch. We seldom put either a.m. or p.m. because the weather at the time tells you whether it is morning, afternoon or evening. Except when you are telling a (past) story.

Eke, Orie, Af9, Nkw9. DAYS:

We have l;lb9chj as days in Igbo. We

say One week Two weeks Three weeks

28

•

- otu izu (first week - izu mb~) " - izu abv9 - izu at etc.

2.

Unit 5.5 MONTH AND YEAR Month - Qnwa Year - afo 1st Month - c;m.wa mtitiJ (ordinal form)

· one months two months

three months

· .. four months ...

E.

- 9nwa atQ '-· • ¢nwa anQ - Qnwa - Qnwa - qnwa - Qnwa - c;>nwa - 9nwa

July

- Qnwa asaa n'afQ

August · September ·

• 1.

- otu c;mwa - ~mwa abvQ

January February March April May June ·

~

November December

- QnWa irl na otu n'afQ - Qnwa iri na abvo n'afQ

Qnwa iri n'afQ

TRIAL TESTS Which represents otu nari na irl fse na lse? A. 155

B.

SSS

CH.

255

D.

151

E.

551

·1dentify'3·,:10 o'clock from sampla below · , A. Nkeji lri gaa elekere atQ B. Nkeji lri lri gaa elekere atQ CH. Nkeji atQ gaa elekere at D. Nkeji at gaa nkejl lri E. Nkeji elekere at9 gaa elekere iri

4.

Tomorrow's evening means A. l:ltvtv echl 8. ihihie echi CH. mgbede echi . D. anyasj echi E. abalj echi

ise n'af9 isii n'afQ

- 9nwa~ asatQ n'afQ - Qnwa itoolu n'afQ

29

anQ na ise

-3.

mbu n'afQ ab1:19 n'afQ atQ n'afQ anq n'af9

October

Which represents 45 iri na ise iri an na an9 CH. iri lse na. an9 D. lrl an9 na ise

A. B.

TOPIC SIX

WORDS (OKWUl SENTENCES (AHIRIOKWU) AND READING AND WRIDNG (QGUGV NA ODIDE) Unit 6.1

WORDS (MKPVRVOKWU)

Let us learn more about words, sentences and reading/writing in Igbo. From topic two, unit 4, practice each of them, and do the fotowing. The pictorials are to help you.

ire

ntj

'~-~ ·)

/ " ~·&

anya

eze

ara

30

'

imi

•

aka •

"

isi

nwaanyj

nwoke

31

•

3Zl:I

A.

an1:1

(

usoro

akwa

akwC!

akw a

•

' '1 '1

.

~~~--'aliil~ali

akl;l

· akpa

akwl}kw9 32

anyanw1=J

""'!'."'llt

.:"?,..~ .;..,... . . , .:;~ />r: •• ..l... ..N~· .··-• ... ' ...,,.

.

· ·~ :! ·,·:'Wl_\'. ~.,..·~~:..:. -.. ,, .

\

- ~:: J-.1..,:.:.,.... :· :~ ··~. ;,. • ,7 ··- '":-: ..... ~.. #

...:..

•

agw9

•

•

•

#

aw9

..

.,

•

akjr!

QZQ ~.ngwere

nkita

~---.1

33

... akjdJ

.

·'

.akvpe

ngaj( .

.. 34

akara

agjga

ite

ite-lgwe ·

eku

ele"ere

efere

ekwu-igwe

iko

mbele ikwe

kwa c

35

'·•

mma age

anyinya 36

mma ekwu

egbe

ebule

ewu

mkpi

abirika ·

oke

en we

osisi

unere 37

mma-agha

nza

-'-·

Qbagw~

nnekwu

okeokpa

nkw~

'

' ....

•

.;.H'

uwe

t,.tgbooloko

t:JIQelu

Qgba-tumtum \,lgb9mmiri

igwe

39

ache

·lgba

okpu mma-mkpa

ji

9ka

ede nshjk9

40

azjza

Unit G.2 srNTENCES (AH~RJOKWU)

Uche na-aga akwl;JkWQ

,...

Emeka na-agl:J akwl;.lkWQ

Ony~

nkuzi

na-ak~zi

ihe

Okeke na Obi na-agba mgba Maazi Qji na Maazi Okeke naagl:J akw1.:1kw9 akl:JkQ

Ng9zj na Nneka na-azl:l uwe

41

•

Ikechi na-ede ihe

l)IQma

n a-as~

akwa

Onyenkuzi nCJ-aZl:J cpe

---+-- - - - ---· -------------·. ·- -·--· ------· ·-- -- -

Obi

na

Ada na-aga njem

Ejike na Iheme na -agba QSQ

42

Ada na Obi na-agba egwu

Okeke na-agba igwe

Eze na-eri nri

VIQma na Nneka na-akQ akvk9 .

.

Adamma na-esi nri

Nneka na-asv nri

43

•·

,

Nduka na-eri osikapa

He na-asa aht;J

• Obi na-akQ ugbo

Obi na-azv akara

Ch~ioke

Chimezie na-egwu mmiri

44 \)

na-ehi t:ira

use their staff of office or walking stick or their traditional hand-fans in greeting. Greetings In Igbo· are based on ti me; on what somebody is doing at that partic1J!ar time; on ones condition of health or on occasion or even at that period. It is worthy to note that most of the Igbo greetings are in question forms.

TOPIC SEVEN IGBO CUSTOM (OMENALA IGBO) Unit 7.1

GREETINGS (IKELE EKELE) Greeting can mean the act of expressing or exchanging good wishes between two or more people. It is a tradition among the Igbo people. It is important in Igbo life because among other things, it is a sign of peace co-existence, respect, recognition or appreciation. One who does not greet is regarded as an impolite person, and where there is a quarrel, steps are taken to restore greeting, at least, as one Igbo adage says "Ekele abvghj Q di na mma" that Is, greeting does not show good r.elationshlp. . It is the duty of the younger ones to greet the older ones first. Adult men greet titled men first, sometimes by their titles. Wives are expected to greet their husbands first, while good children should greet their parents and seniors at all times first. Traditionally, newly married wives are expected to greet all adolescents and adults in their · compound or village first. Igbo people greet in many forms. It can be orally, and/or by hand shakes or by embraces. Each of these depends on the age, occasion and the type of relationship between or among them. Titled men

Igbo people shaking hands

45

~.

D. E. 3.

Which is not true?

A.

Two Igbo women embracing each other

4.

1. GreetJng Is regarded in Igbo land as all except A. sign of peaceful co-existence B. respect CH. recognition D. hatred E. appreciaton 2.

B.

Children greet their seniors first Wives greet their husbands first

CH. D. E.

Younger ones greet older ones first Adults men greet titled men first Adults greet younger ones first

Igbo people greet by all.except A. oral

B. CH. D.

TRAIL QUEmONS

E.

s.

bad pefliA wise person wealthy adult

handshakes embraces walking sticks prosatratfng

Igbo greetfns. are based on all except A. time

B.

occupation

CH . . health D. event E. wealth

One who does not greet Is regarded as a child 's; good person A.

46

GREETINGS TO SOMEBODY AT WORK

..

ti

I

IGBO GREETINGS

Jisie ike Daall) Qrli!

:I '

ENGLISH

IGBO ~SPONSES

You are working?

Ee'

Yes

well done

Oh

Yes

ENGUSH

GREETINGS TO SOMEBODY RETURNING HOM.E

I IQla

welcome

Ooh, I n99la

How was/ls Work?

Och, I n99la

Yes, you are staying well

NnQQ

Ked!J maka Qrl:J?

.

Fine/Good ~·

I

•

i.r

Ked1s1 mak.a njem

How was journey

..

0 gara nke Qma ·'

48 ·

c

GREffiNGS TO SOMEBODY SICK ·l'.GBO GREmNCS

ENGLISH

.IGBO RESPONSES

ENGUSH

· I jigh! ahv? 0

You are not well

Eel

Yes

It Is a pity (sorry)

Oh

Yes

IGBO RESPONSES

ENGLISH

Odi mma

It Is alright

How are you

Adi m mma

I am fine

How about your family

Ha di mma

They are alright

• •

I

I! ~

. ··'

Ndo!

. ~ . u.iit

..

.• ! ~~

.

.

/,

'

.•

..

PL~ASANIRIES

• J

IGBO GREETING$

EN GUSH

..·•1I"'• , n;

Kedv. Kedv ~I di Kedv maka ndl Vl9 gf

•

I

:• '

How? ·

49 .

,·

..

PLEASANTRIES ENGLISH

IGBO RESPONSES

ENGLISH

. Kedv maka nwunye gj

How about

Odj mma

She is alright

Kedv maka di gf

How about your husband

Q di mma

He Is alright

How about your child?

Odf mma

He/She is

·How are your children

Ha di mma

He/She is fine

How about your mother

Odi mma

She Is fine

IGBO GREEllNGS

Kedv maka nwa 91

Kecf 1.1 maka

vmv gf?

your wife

fine

~

Kedv maka nne gf?

50

PLEASANTRIES IGBO GREETINGS

EN GUSH

IGBO RESPONSES

EN GUSH

Ked1:1 mak·a nna g!?

How about Your father

Qdj mma

He is fine

How about your bfcthers

Ha djcha

They are

mma

all alright

Kedv maka vmvnne gj?

and staters? Kao mes!a .

Ndewo

See you soon let it finish

Qdl mma

Alright

Well done '

51

SOMEBOPY LeAVING YOUlGQJNG ON A JOURNEY

IGBO GREETINGS· Jee nke Qma Laa nke Qma

ENGLISH

IGBO RESPONSES

ENGLISH

~ Go well Ooh .

Ooh

Qd! mma

It's alright

Gaa nke Qma

Ije.-Qma

Safe journey

52

B.

TRIAL TEST$

o.

vtvtv Qma 'J na-alv

- E.

ehlhie Qma

CH.

1.

Igbo people greet all in the morning except A. i bQQla chi B. l;Jtl;ltV Qma CH. i pvtago vra

D.

i saala chi

E.

ka chi foo

2.

In the afternoon, Igbo people greet A. ka chi foo B. ehihie Qma CH. daah:1 olu D. I saala chi E. jlsie Ike

3.

As an Igbo person, your greeting In the ~vening is • A. I saala chi

s~

B. ka chi foo . CH. · mgbede Qma D. ehlhle Qma E. · nnQQ 4.

When you meet somebody In the nlght,you greet A. i pvtago vra

1

S3

ka chi foo

How do you greet sombody at work? A. NnQQ 8. Ndo CH. kedv? D. ije Qma E. Jisie Ike

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