Hair Designing : A Complete Course 9788189940591

Citation preview

First Edition, 2007

ISBN 978 81 89940 59 1

© All rights reserved.

Published by: Global Media 1819, Bhagirath Palace, Chandni Chowk, Delhi-110 006 Email: [email protected]

Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Hair Styles 2. Hair Dresser 3. Fringe and Big Hair 4. Backcombing and Dreadlock 5. Types of Haircut 6. Permanent Wave and Hair Straighteners 7. How to Groom Your Hair 8. Comb and Hairbrush 9. Hair Accessories 10. Tips for Hair Care 11. How to Choose a Haircut 12. Types of Hairstyles

Hairstyle

When it's cold outside, your hair is one of the first things to bristle: Dry, itchy scalp; brittle tresses; and split ends are the norm this time of year. But with a little prevention and some inventive styles, your hair doesn't have to suffer at all. So let NiaOnline walk you through weatherproofing tips that are guaranteed to beat the frost.

Street haircut in Harbin, China For humans, haircut, hairstyle, or hairdo normally describe cutting or styling head hair. Unlike other animals, human beings of many cultures cut their hair, rather than letting it grow naturally. Hair styles are often used to signal cultural, social, and ethnic identity. Men and women naturally have the same hair but generally hairstyles conform to cultural standards of gender. Hair styles in both men and women also vary with current fashion trends, and are often used to determine social status. There is a thriving world market in cut human hair of sufficient length for wig manufacture and for the production of training for student hairdressers and barbers. In less developed countries, selling one's hair can be a significant source of income — depending on length, thickness, condition, and colour, wig makers have been known to pay as much as US$40 for a head of hair. In the United States, cut hair of at least 10 inches (25 cm) length may be donated to a charity, such as Locks of Love.

History •

•

•

•

In the 17th century, Manchu invaders issued the Queue Order, requiring Chinese, who traditionally did not cut their hair, to shave their heads like Manchus. The Chinese resisted. Tens of thousands of people were killed due to their hairstyle. In the 1920s, the evangelist Billy Sunday popularized the phrase "long-haired men and short-haired women", a term he meant to encompass his disapproval of radicals, liberated women, homosexuals, and Greenwich Village artists. Until the Beatles came along, classical music was called longhaired music, because a longer style was popular among male orchestral musicians and conductors. In 2006, Virginia Senator George Allen became involved in a political controversy that turned, in part, on the difference between a mullet and a Mohawk.

Types of haircuts •

• • •

• • • • • • • • • •

• •

Afro, a hairstyle popular with people of African and Melanesian descent, it is often considered symbolic of Black racial pride; however the hairstyle can also be worn by non-Blacks who have loosely curled hair Bangs Bantu/Zulu knots, haircut of African origin consisting of many small buns. Beatle haircut or 'Moptop', after the fashion of the early Beatles, fairly thick and long all around, neatly cut, and sometimes with large bangs partly covering the eyes. This hairstyle was relatively new to Americans at the time, but not an uncommon British haircut. During the height of "Beatlemania," "Beatle wigs" were sold. The Beehive, a large "big hair" style popular in the 1960s. Big hair, various styles denoting a lot of volume. Bouffant, another "big hair" style. Bun Buzz cut, also called a butch cut; short all over. Bob, a short cut for women, first popular in the 1920s, considered a sign of a liberated woman. Bowl cut or "Moe", after the Three Stooges character. Caesar cut, a short men's cut with longer bangs, also called a Clooney cut; widely popular among men from the early 1990s to the present. Chelsea girl, shaving the crown and occiput of the head, and leaving the front, back and often the sides as fringes. Chonmage, a samurai's topknot; the hair on the top of the head was usually shaved, and the rest of the hair gathered together and tied in a topknot; a modified version is still worn by some sumo wrestlers. Comb over, combing hair over a bald spot. Cornrows, raised, continuous braids, woven closely to the scalp; originating in indigenous Africa, they remain a popular African American hairstyle.

•

• • • • •

•

•

• •

•

•

•

• • • • • •

Crew cut, similar to buzz, originally worn by college rowers in the 1900s to distinguish themselves from football players, who had long hair (to supplement the inadequate helmets of the time). Crop, a very short woman's cut. Croydon facelift,the hair is pulled back tight and tied in a bun or ponytail at the back. Devilock, short in back and on sides, long in front. Dreadlocks, where hair is divided into many long, matted plaits; well known as a Rastafarian hairstyle. Duck's Ass, combed long on sides, parted in back, also called ducktail or southback; the parting in the back caused the hair to stick up, hence the name. Also known as a "D.A.". Fauxhawk, a fake Mohawk: short on the sides and back, medium length on top pushed up in a Mohawk direction, a portmanteau of the French 'faux' (false) and 'Mohawk'. Feathered,the defining features of this style were the Side Parting and the length which varied from just showing the ears to almost shoulder length, this style rose dramatically in popularity during the 1970s but died down in the mid 1980s; it is slowly gaining back popularity; Tim Brooke-Taylor used to have this hairstyle. Finger wave, popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Flattop, just as it says, when combined with a D.A., called a "Detroit" because the flat top is not always compatible with a round head, there is often a spot on the top that is buzzed shorter, almost to the point of being shaved; this area is called the landing strip. Fofa, short to medium length on the sides and back, with a receding hairline from the forehead back due to a natural baldness; usually found on distinguished gentlemen and derived from the style of the monks. French braid Unlike a regular three-strand braid, a French braid starts with small sections of hair at the crown of a person's head, and intermittently, more hair is added to each section as the braid progresses down the head. French twist A classic "updo" in which long hair is gathered into a ponytail, then twisted together, and finally tucked and pinned together along the length of the roll. Goatee Connect- This is where a thin line is made of the side burns and connects into the beard. Usually done with a shape-up. High and tight, cut/buzzed very short (or even shaved) on sides and back up to the crown where the hair is left longer, can be a variation of crew cut or flattop. Hime cut, a women's hairstyle consisting of straight cut side bangs and frontal fringe Hi-top fade, popular style worn by African American males in the early late 1980's and early 1990's. Popular endorsers included Kid 'n Play and Grace Jones. Hockey Hair, short bangs with medium length "flipped up" hair in the back and sides. Horseshoe Flattop, sides are shaved and back is shaved to the top of the head, making the remaining hair looks from above like the top is cut like a horseshoe.

• •

• •

•

• • • • •

• • •

• •

• • •

• •

Induction cut, the very shortest of hairstyles, without actually shaving the head with a razor. Ivy League Cut, or "Princeton", cut short and tapered at the back and sides and cut close (about ¼ inch) across the crown of the head, but getting a little longer (up to 1.5 inches) at the front of the head. It provides a little more flexibility in terms of styling while still having a crisp "buzzed" appearance. Jheri curl, a perm that loosens the curls of a person with coarse hair; known more for the oily residue of the chemicals used ("Jheri Curl Juice") than the actual style Straightened hair/Japanese hair straightening, a process that takes usually midlength or long wavy or curly hair and breaks the cystine bonds by way of chemicals, then a hot iron reorganizes the structure of the hair leaving it permanently straight and healthy looking. Khokhol, also spelt 'chochol' and 'chachol', a Slavic name for a longer tuft of hair left on top or on the front side of the otherwise cleanly shaven or shortly cut man's hair. Layered hair, where the top layers of hair are cut shorter than the layers beneath. Liberty spikes, the hair is arranged into long, thick, upright spikes. Low and tight, cut/buzzed very short (or even shaved) on sides and back up to a line above the ears but below the crown, hair is left longer above this line. Messed up Hair, looks like you have just got out of bed, usually for men, created using wax or putty. Mohawk or 'Mohican', long hair divided into sections which are then braided and worn down, both sides are shaved or buzzed, long and usually spiked in the middle. Mullet, this Haircut is popular with young men and became popular in the mid1980's, the haircut is short in the front and long at the back of the head. Odango, a women's hairstyle consisting of two long pigtails emanating from two perfect "spheres" of hair on the top of the head; Made famous by Sailor Moon. Ofuku, worn by apprentice geisha in their final two years of apprenticeship; similar to the wareshinobu style; also called a momoware ("split peach") because the bun is split and a red fabric woven in the centre. Pageboy, a Womans hairstyle in which the hair is almost shoulder-length except for a fringe in the front. Perm, or "permanent wave," is a chemical-induced curling of naturally straight hair; originally created electrically with an apparatus resembling an electric chair; among African-Americans, a perm is the straight or large-curled look created by chemical relaxers. Pigtails, long hair is parted in the middle and tied on the sides, often curled into ringlets (hence the name). Pixie, a very short hair cut for women that almost resemble school boy looks. Pompadour, big wave in the front, named for Madame de Pompadour aristocratic fashion leader of pre-Revolutionary France, mistress of Louis XV of France; Elvis Presley had one. Ponytail, a hairstyle where most of the wearer's hair is pulled away from the face and gathered at the back. PushBack, a hairstyle worn by Si.

• •

•

•

• • •

• • •

Quiff, a hairstyle where part of the hair is put up high on the top of the head. Recon, a radical version of the High and Tight, with the sides and back cleanly shaved very high up the head, intentionally leaving a very extreme contrast between the longer top hair and the shaved sides. Rattail, is a male with all of his hair cut short all over except for a long strip of his hair growing in the back of the middle of his head typically at about ½ inch to an inch wide and can be as long as all the way down his back, but it is mostly found on a boy under 14 years old but some men wear one too. Occasionally females wear a rattail also. Relaxer (chemical) typically done on black women, this is the process of making kinky or course hair staight. Timed applications are required. Read instuctions before application. Ringlet: Shape-Up: This is where the barber cuts around the hairline making it visible Sidelock: Long in front of the ears, short in back. The hair that is directly over the ears is allowed to grow long, but it is combed forward, in front of the ears, where it is sometimes twisted or curled if there isn't a natural curl to start with. The opposite of the Tom Hanks backward sweep cut, or the Duck's Ass cut. Compare payot in Numbers 6:5. Tape-Up: Same as shape-up but part of the sides are lightened, in a skin tape-up the part of the sides are cut off. Tonsure: This haircut is most identifiable with European monks; having a rim of hair about the head with the top shaved off. Wings, a new hairstyle similar to the Beatles cut but with the side and back bangs flipped up, occasionally by the use of a ballcap, Usually worm with medium-long haircuts.

Hairdresser A hairdresser is someone whose occupation is to cut or style hair, in order to change or maintain a person's image as they desire. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, hair cut and hair texture techniques.

Name Hairdressers are often known as rundys, hair technicians or beauticians. In various countries the synonyms change and the usage frequency depends on the normal colloquialisms of the area. In the US, technicians and stylists usually dominate while in countries like the UK, Australia and New Zealand, They color perm and use other chemicals on peoples hairs.

History The profession may have begun in the latter centuries of the English aristocracy as hair became a large part of their culture. Dressing the hair was a rich or noble part of one's birthright in the upper classes of England.

Barber

A boy visiting a barber A barber (from the Latin barba, "beard") is someone whose occupation is to cut any type of hair, give shaves, and trim beards. A barber differs from a hairdresser whose business is generally restricted to cutting and styling hair. In previous times, barbers also

performed surgery. In more recent times, with the development of safety razors and the increasing popularity of cleanshaven men, most barbers primarily cut hair. Therefore, although many may still deal with facial hair when requested, the predominant difference in American and Commonwealth culture is that barbers specialize in the simple cutting of men's hair. They do not generally offer significant styling or 'fancy' haircuts when compared to hairdressers working in hair salons. In recent years, larger numbers of women have been going to a barber for their haircuts, especially when they choose to have their hair cut very short or shaved primarily due to the generally lower cost of barbershops. [citations needed] The place where a barber works is generally called a barbershop (or "barber shop").

A barber's pole, the symbol of the barber's shop

History The barber's trade is an extremely ancient one. Razors have been found among relics of the Bronze Age (circa 3500 BC) and barbering is mentioned in the Bible by Ezekiel who said "And Thou, son of man, take thee a barber's razor and cause it to pass upon thine head and upon thine beard."

Shaving, either of the head or face, was not always a voluntary act, for it has been enforced by law in England and elsewhere. Cleanliness and vanity were therefore not the sole reasons for a 'clean shave', the origins lie deeper. Before the Macedonian conquest brought the custom of clean shaving, the κουρευς in the Greek agora would trim and style his patrons' beards, hair, and fingernails, as gossip and debate flowed freely. Barbering was introduced to Rome from the Greek colonies in Sicily in 296 B.C. and barber shops quickly became very popular centres for daily news and gossip. All free men of Rome then had to be clean-shaven while slaves were forced to wear beards. A morning visit to the tonsor became a part of the daily routine as important as the visit to the public baths, and a young man's first shave (tonsura) was an essential part of his coming of age ceremony. A few Roman tonsores became wealthy and influential, running shops that were favorite loci publici of high society; most were simple tradesmen, owning small storefronts or setting up their stool in the street and offering shaves for a mere quadrans. Some had reputations as clumsy butchers who left their patrons scarred about the cheeks and chin; their dull bronze or copper (never steel) razors must share some of the blame. The better barbers offered depilatories for those customers who refused the razor.

Interior of a barber's shop, circa 1920 When Julius Caesar landed in Britain in 54 B.C. he found that the Britons wore no facial hair at all, except on the upper lip. Similarly, at the time of the Norman Conquest, Harold and his men also had their chins 'reaped' as the Saxons termed it; an expression no longer in use except by the harvester. Full beards came back into fashion during the reign of the Hellenophile Hadrian. The barbers of former times were also surgeons and dentists. Most early physicians disdained surgery, and therefore, as well as haircutting, hairdressing and shaving, barbers performed surgery of wounds, blood-letting, cupping and leeching, enemas, and the extraction of teeth. Thus they were called barber surgeons and they formed their first organisation in 1094. Barbers were chartered as a guild by Edward IV in 1462 as "The Company of Barbers". The surgeons formed a guild 30 years later and the two companies were subsequently

united by a statute of Henry VIII in 1540 under the name of "The United Barber Surgeons Company". During the reign of Henry VIII the authorities of Lincolns Inn prohibited wearers of beards from sitting unless they paid certain penalties. Elizabeth I went one better: in her reign a law was passed that the wearer of a beard of more than two weeks' growth should be taxed according to his station in life - a man in a lowly position was taxed to the extent of 3s. 4d. per annum for growing whiskers! So taken was Peter the Great with this enactment that he introduced the law into Russia.

An 18th century Ottoman barber's apron In Ireland it was enacted that, in order to be recognisesd as an Englishman, a man must have all the hair above his mouth shaven. This law remained in force for two hundred years. In 1745 surgeons were separated from barbers by acts passed during the reign of George II. The surgeons with the title of 'Masters, Governors and Commonalty of the Surgeons of London'. This body was later dissolved and replaced by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800 during the reign of George III. As previously noted, the origin of shaving the head or face was not always a voluntary act. Both law and superstition played their part in various countries. At one time, in England, cutting of the hair or nails on Sundays was considered to be extremely illadvised.

In Hong Kong up until the 1990s it was said that the best barbers came from Shanghai, in reference to the perceived trendiness of pre-war Shanghainese fashion, which was brought to Hong Kong by those fleeing Shanghai as the Communists won the Chinese civil war.

Fringe (hair)

A fringe.

Big hair

American singer Dolly Parton is known and recognized for her "big hair" hairstyles. Big hair is a term that can refer to hairstyles that emphasize large volume or largely styled hair. Big hair was popular in the late 1970s, as popularized by Dolly Parton and Farrah Fawcett, a development from eariler bouffant styles. The term is also used in the

punk, goth and alternative cultures and is particularly associated with alternative fashion of the 1980s, or inspired by the period. In either usage, big hair in modern times generally suggests an eye-catching, untidy, tangled, voluminous hairstyle, worn by conformist women in the 1970s, non-conformist of all sexes in the 1980s. Less commonly, big hair can refer to any style that incorporates a lot of height and/or volume.

History of big hair

A large hairstyle from The Ladies Waldegrave, 1780-81. Big hair has been a cultural trend and fashion icon throughout the span of centuries. Big hair can be achieved by the use of wigs, hair tools or hair products.

17th and 18th centuries

King Louis XIV wearing a wig, dated 1701. Wigs were popular in high society during the 16th and 17th centuries. Royalty, judges and high level officials wore wigs. Aristocrats were also know for wearing wigs as wigs were expensive during those times and needed maintenance. Powdered wigs were also worn.

20th century Big hair became popular in Western culture during the 1950s and 1960s with bouffant hairstyles. The beehive hairstyle's popularity spanned the 1950s and 1960s. There are many iconic examples from popular culture, among them the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's, the Star Trek character Janice Rand and, to a lesser extent, the I Dream of Jeannie television show. The afro hairstyle became widely popular not long after the beehive's decline. Seen by many as a repudiation of the use of hair straighteners to mimic the straightness of Caucasian hair, the afro became culturally symbolic during the 1960s and 1970s in connection to the growth of the Black Pride and Black Power political movements and the emergence of blaxploitation films and disco music. During the 1980s, big hair became a trend with styles such as the mullet, mohawk and "glam metal hair" (large hairstyle worn by Metal music groups). Large hairstyles were achieved with the use of hairspray, hair gel and hair mousse. Teased and permed hairstyles were not uncommon. Some music groups that promoted the big hair 1980s hairstyles included Bon Jovi, Whitesnake, Poison, Guns N' Roses, and Twisted Sister.

Alternative music groups also sported big hairstyles including the mohawk. Alternative musicians that wore big hair hairstyles include Robert Smith of The Cure, Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie & the Banshees, and Johnny Slut of Specimen. The characters in the 80s television show Dynasty also displayed large hairstyles. Many characters in the 1988 film Hairspray exhibit such coiffure. The 1990s were not defined by big hair hairstyles but a short lived interest in afro hairstyles resurfaced.

Big hair styles Afro

Motown girl group The Supremes wearing afros in 1970. An afro, sometimes called a "natural" or shortened to "'fro", is a hairstyle in which the hair extends out from the head like a halo or cloud which may be several times the diameter of the head. Afros gained popularity in the 1960s. An afro requires tight curls and often, but not always, coarse hair, which typically only people of indigenous African descent naturally have, hence its name. Anyone of any ethnic background however, is capable of acquiring an afro by using curling tongs and hair gel. With naturally kinky hair, the spiralling, tightly coiled curls can be straightened out somewhat, giving the hair added volume and length, by first braiding the hair, then separating the coils using an afro pick, a narrow comb with long, widely spaced teeth. Afros enjoyed a resurgence in the early 2000s, and have remained popular with many African Americans and by those who wear them as an edgy or retro fashion.

Similar round and voluminous hairstyles that are not worn by African Americans are sometimes referred to as white fros or "wafros", or sometimes, less commonly referring to Jewish members, as Jewfros.

Backcombing Backcombing is a way of combing hair which is used to create volume as well as to create certain hairstyles. Backcombing, also known as "teasing", means repeatedly combing the hair towards the scalp, causing the hair to tangle and knot up.

Robert Smith has one of the most famous examples of backcombed hair. This method is often used in creating various big hair styles such as beehives and dreadlocks.

Dreadlocks

Rastaman with long dreadlocks. Dreadlocks, sometimes called simply Dreads, Locks, or Locs are matted ropes of hair which will form by themselves if the hair is allowed to grow without the use of brushes, combs, razors or scissors for a long period of time. Dreadlocks are a universal phenomenon and through the ages, people of various cultures have worn dreadlocks. It can be said that what are known today as "dreadlocks" are one of the oldest and most universal hairstyles known.

History

Hindu Mythology: Shiva takes the weight of the mighty Ganges on his locks. The water comes out through the locks of his hair, which prevents the river's force from destroying earth, and the waters bring purification to the planet. Vedic scriptures provide the earliest known written evidence of dreadlocks. Their exact date of origin is still in dispute, ranging from 2500 and 500 BCE. The dreadlocked Vedic deity Shiva and his followers were described in the Vedic scriptures as "jaTaa", meaning "wearing twisted locks of hair", probably derived from the Dravidian word "caTai", which means to twist or to wrap. The Vedas are the primary texts of Hinduism and had a vast influence on Buddhism, Jainism, and also influenced the Celtic religion, society and folklore . According to Roman accounts of the time, the Celts wore dreadlocks as well, describing them as having "hair like snakes".

A drawing showing dreadlocks on an Aztec person. Early examples of dreadlocks date back to Africa, ancient dynastic Egypt, where Egyptian royalty and commoners wore dreadlocked hairstyles and wigs appeared on basreliefs, statuary and other artifacts. Mummified remains of ancient Egyptians with

dreadlocks, as well as dreadlocked wigs, also have been recovered from archaeological sites. Germanic tribes, the Vikings, the Greeks, the Pacific Ocean peoples, the Naga people and several ascetic groups within various major religions have at times worn their hair in dreadlocks. In addition to the Nazirites of Judaism and the Sadhus of Hinduism, there are the Dervishes of Islam and the Coptic Monks of Christianity, among others. The very earliest Christians also may have worn this hairstyle. Particularly noteworthy are descriptions of James the Just, "brother of Jesus" and first Bishop of Jerusalem, who wore them to his ankles. Dreadlocks also have been part of Mexican culture. In a description of an Aztec ritual, Historian William Hickling Prescott referred to dreadlocked Priests of the Aztec civilization, a Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th century, 15th century and 16th century. "On the summit he was received by six priests, whose long and matted locks flowed disorderly over their sable robes, covered with hieroglyphic scrolls of mystic import. They led him to the sacrificial stone, a huge block of jasper, with its upper surface somewhat convex." (William H. Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico) In Senegal, members of the Baye Fall Sufi Order (or Tariqa, founded by Shaykh Ibra Fall, the closest disciple of Shaykh Aamadu Bàmba Mbàkke the founder of the Mouride movemennt with which it is still closely affiliated, are famous for growing dreadlocks and wearing multi-coloured gowns. The Baye Fall wear dreadlocks which are called ndiange or 'strong hair' in imitation of Ibrahima Fall, with the goal to cultivate devotion and service to their master. In Jamaica the term dreadlocks was first recorded in the 1950s as a derogatory term when the "Young Black Faith", an early sect of the Rastafari which began among the marginalized poor of Jamaica in the 1930s, ceased to copy the particular hair style of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and began to wear dreadlocks instead. It was said that they looked 'dreadful' with their locks, which gave birth to the modern name 'dreadlocks' for this ancient style. Different theories exist about the origin of Rastalocks. Some sources trace Rasta locks back to Indians who arrived in Jamaica to work as indentured laborers in the late 19th century, some of whom were among the first followers of Leonard

Howell. This may be a plausible explanation, given that some may have been Sadhus of the Naga sect, who also wear dreadlocks and smoke cannabis. Still others believe the first Rasta dreadlocks were derived from the "dreaded locks" of the Mau Mau, the violent, largely Kikuyu protonationalist insurgency against British colonialism in 1950s Kenya. Most Rastafari, however, explain Rastalocks with one of the three Nazarite vows, in the Book of Numbers, the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch. Nazarites for life who wore dreadlocks and were mentioned in the Bible include Samuel, John the Baptist, and probably the most famous biblical figure with locked hair, Samson, who, according to scripture, had seven locks and lost his great strength when they were cut.

Meaning and popularity

A dreadlocked Samson fights the lion in this drawing from a 15th century Icelandic manuscript. There are many reasons among various cultures for wearing dreadlocks. Dreads can be an expression of deep religious or spiritual convictions, a manifestation of ethnic pride, a political statement, or be simply a fashion preference. In response to the derogatory history of the term dreadlocks, alternative names for the style include locks and African Locks. It is also argued that the accurate term for the process of creating the style is locking rather than dreading.

Religious or spiritual connotations

Among the Sadhus and Sadhvis, Indian holy men and women, dreadlocks are sacred, their formation a religious ritual and an expression of their disregard for profane vanity, and a manifestation of a spiritual understanding that physical appearances are unimportant. This Sannyasin, the particular phase of life in which the person develops Vairagya, a state of determination and disillusionment with material life, does not merely follow a public pattern (that includes letting his or her hair grow in matted locks), but goes through an inner transformation. The public symbol of matted hair is thus re-created each time an individual goes through these unique experiences. In almost all myths about Shiva and his flowing locks, there is a continual interplay of extreme asceticism and virile potency, which link up the elements of destruction and creation, whereas the full head of matted hair symbolizes the control of power.

Sadhu with jata (long dreadlocks) twisted in a knot on top of the head Gangadhara Shiva captures and controls the river Ganges with his locks, whose descent from the heavens would have deluged the world. She is released through the locks of his hair, which prevents the river from destroying earth. As the Lord of Dance, Nataraja, Shiva performs the tandava, which is the dance in which the universe is created, maintaned, and resolved. Shiva's long, matted tresses, usually piled up in a kind of pyramid, loosen during the dance and crash into the heavenly bodies, knocking them off course or destroying them utterly. Dreadlocks in India are reserved nearly exclusively for holy people as well as shamans in many of the ethnic groups that still maintain such practices. According to the 'Hymn of the longhaired sage' in the ancient Vedas, long jatas express a spiritual significance which

implies the wearer has special relations with spirits, is an immortal traveller between two worlds and the master over fire: The long-haired one endures fire, the long-haired one endures poison, the longhaired one endures both worlds. The long-haired one is said to gaze full on heaven, the long-haired one is said to be that light ... Of us, you mortals, only our bodies do you behold. ...For him has the Lord of life churned and pounded the unbendable, when the long-haired one, in Rudra’s company, drank from the poison cup (The Keshin Hymn, Rig-veda 10.136) The Shaiva Nagas, ascetics of India, wear their jata (long hair) in a twisted knot or bundle on top of the head and let them down only for special occasions and rituals. The strands are then rubbed with ashes and cowdung, considered both sacred and purifying, then scented and adorned with flowers. In East Asian countries, such as China, dreadlocks and a variation on locks, the Polish plait, initially treated as an amulet supposed to bring good health, was often worn in combination with extremely long fingernails. These fashions were reserved mainly for noblemen and ascetics, who wished to advertise their freedom from menial labor and earthly attachment. \ Similarly, the Rastafari wear dreads as an expression of inner spirituality. For them, the term "dread" refers to a "fear of the Lord", expressed in part as alienation from the perceived decadence and other evils of contemporary society and a return to the Covenant with the Almighty, Jah Rastafari. Another interpretation among the Rastafari is that "dread" refers to the fear dreadlocked Mau Mau warriors inspired among the colonial British. Although Emperor Haile Sellassie I did not wear the locks, dreadlocks on a Rasta's head are symbolic of the Lion of Judah which is sometimes centered on the Ethiopian Flag. Rastas hold that Selassie is a direct descendant of the Israelite Tribe of Judah through the lineage of Kings of Israel David and Solomon, and that he is also the Lion of Judah mentioned in the Book of Revelation. After the baptism of Bob Marley in late 1980 by Ethiopian archbishop, Abuna Yeshaq, some people, such as rock music author Timothy White in Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley, believe that the religious or spiritual meaning of dreadlocks can be traced back to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. However, representatives of the Egyptian Coptic and

Ethiopian Orthodox Church categorically deny a connection to the Rastafarian movement , stating that archbishop Abuna Yeshaq has been excommunicated: "Asked to explain the difference between Rastafarians and the Orthodox churches, Rev. Connor said that unlike Rastafarians, who believe the late Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie is a god, "we do not believe his Imperial Majesty is god. We believe in the Lord Jesus Christ." In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, men are not allowed to have dreadlocks or long hair period. The Egyptian Orthodox does not condone marijuana, as Rastafarians do. Neither does it condone liquor or tobacco. Rev. Connor said both in Bermuda and the Caribbean, people do not know the difference between Rastafarians and the Orthodox churches. He said a former Ethiopian archbishop for the West, Abuna Yeshaq, "who condoned bad practices and wrong beliefs" including some aspects of Rastafarianism, was partly to blame. The Archbishop has since been excommunicated, he said. " (Bermuda Sun ) The Ngati Dreads or Māori Rastafarians, indigenous people of New Zealand, combine the Rasta teaching with the teachings of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki, a Māori leader and the founder of the Ringatu religion who preached belief in God and the rejection of Māori tohungaism.

Possible motivations for wearing dreadlocks The rise in popularity of reggae music in the 1980s and the worldwide fame of singer and songwriter Bob Marley prompted an interest in dreads internationally. The antiestablishment philosophy of Rastafari, echoed in much of the reggae of the time, had a particular resonance for left-leaning youth of all ethnicities — especially and primarily among African-Americansand other blacks, but among counterculture whites as well. It is among these groups that dreadlocks have become most popular. Like the afro, locks also can have social and political implications. For some peoples of African descent, locks are a statement of racial or ethnic pride. Some see them as a repudiation of Eurocentric values represented by straightened hair. For some, the rejection of ideas and values deemed alien to African peoples (which dreadlocks embody) sometimes can assume a spiritual dimension. Similarly, others wear dreads as a manifestation of their black nationalist or pan-Africanist political beliefs and view locks as symbols of black unity and power, and a rejection of oppression, racism and imperialism. While most Rastafari sects welcome all ethnicities and the history of dreadlocks attributes the hairstyle to almost all racial and ethnic groups, some blacks who

attach strong racial meaning to dreads disapprove of the wearing of dreads by nonblacks, viewing such practice as a form of cultural appropriation. Alternatively, there often isn't any political or spiritual reason for wearing dreadlocks. One of the reasons often cited by people of African descent for wearing dreadlocks is simply that their natural hair quickly and easily locks on its own without manipulation and is, therefore, an easy way to care for one's hair without harmful heat and chemical straightners. In white counterculture, dreads have become popular among groups such as the "antiglobalisation" movement and environmental activists (such as Swampy, well-known in the 1990s). One issue of SchNEWS, an English anarchist newsletter, described the coming together of striking dockworkers and green protestors as "Docks and dreadlocks come together". Some people also describe them as "neo-hippies." Rastafari and British film director and musician Don Letts, explained the punk-dread unity, which emerged in Great Britain during the early 1970s, in terms of a shared sense of a rebellion against the establishment and established norms. "The reggae thing and the punk thing...it's the same fuckin' thing. Just the black version and the white version. The kids are singing about the change, they wanna do away with the establishment. ...Our Babylon is your establishment, same fuckin' thing. If we beat it, then you beat it, and vice versa... Like with me hair, and the red, gold, and green. Once you put that hat on your head you're takin' on a whole lot of shit, you know what I mean? Same as a punk, right, a punk wears his clothes. He's makin' an outward sign he's rebelling." (Don Letts, 1977 interview with Sniffin' Glue ) Within other youth subcultures, dreads also can be a means of creative self-expression, a symbol of individualism and a form of rebellion against traditional ties and restrictions. For example the members of the Cybergoth movement in Europe setting out to shock with creative hair displays like wildly coloured dread wigs, "dread falls" and elaborate extensions complemented by dramatic make-up to oppose representations of authority and conformity. Dreadlocks are also becoming increasingly popular and fashionable in the metal music scene.

In Western popular culture

When the reggae music in the 1970s gained popularity and mainstream acceptance, the locks, often just called “dreads”, became a fashion statement, a trend for the secular, worn by prominent actors, athletes, rappers, even portrayed as part of a gang culture in some movies (such as Marked for Death). With the "Rasta style", the fashion and beauty industries capitalized on the trend. A completely new line of hair care products and services emerged, offering all sorts of "dreadhead" hair care items such as wax, shampoo and jewelry. Hairstylists created a wide variety of modified dreadlocks, including multi-colored, synthetic dreadlock extensions and "dread perms", where chemicals are used to treat the hair. Hair salons in African American communities were booming as well, offering "natural" African styles by attaching locks of false or artificial hair similar to dreadlocks to the natural hair. Dreadlocks that used to take five years to develop became available at the local stylist in approximately five hours. Dreadlocked models appeared at fashion shows and Rasta clothing with a Jamaican style reggae look were sold. Even exclusive fashion brands like Christian Dior created whole Rasta-inspired collections worn by models with a variety of dreadlock hairstyles.

Bouffant A bouffant (IPA pronunciation: [bu:fa:nt]) is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair piled high on the head and hanging down on the sides. In modern times, it was popular in Western culture in the 1960s, when it was created with the help of large amounts of hairspray. The bouffant was also a mainstream hairstyle in the mid-to-late 17th century in western Europe. A bouffant cap (from its resemblance to the hairstyle) is a type of cap that completely covers the hair for use in cleanrooms and other situations where it is important to avoid loose hairs. They are usually made of polypropylene or some other non-woven material, with an elastic band around the rim to keep it tight around the forehead and the back of the head below the hairline. As they can be worn by any sex and over any hairstyle, bouffant caps are a popular and economical choice of workplace head covering. Cafeteria workers' hairnets and hospital scrub hats are two common examples of bouffant-style caps.

Bun (hairstyle)

A bun (also known as a Bobtail) is a type of hairstyle, typically worn by women, where the hair is pulled back from the face and tied in a small knot, typically on the back of the head or neck. They can either be secured with a hairpiece, a hairnet and bobby pins or simply by bobby pins. They may be tightly gathered or slightly messier and more informal. Buns, like ponytails, may cause headaches if worn too tight or up too high on the head.

Ponytail

A ponytail is a hairstyle in which most or all of the hair on the head is pulled away from the face, gathered and secured at the back of the head with a hair tie, clip or similar device, and allowed to hang freely from that point. It gets its name from its resemblance to the undocked tail of a Woman with a ponytail. Type: medium ponytail (one to two feet). horse or pony. Ponytails are most commonly gathered at the middle of the back of the head, or the base of the neck. Depending on fashions, they may also be worn at the side of the head (over one ear), or on the very top of the head (allowing the hair to fall down the back or one side of the head). If the hair is divided so that it hangs in two sections they are bunches or pig tails, and if it is plaited, it is called a braid or plait rather than a ponytail. It is common for those who wear tight ponytails to experience Traction alopecia, or baldness.

Ponytails on women Women (as opposed to girls) of the Georgian period, and up until the 20th century, would never have been seen outside of the boudoir with their hair in such an informal style as a ponytail.

Detail from an 18th century engraving showing a girl (left) with a ponytail Today, women commonly wear their hair in ponytails in informal or office situations (they are likely to choose a more elaborate style for a formal occasion). It is a practical choice as it keeps hair out of the eyes. They are also popular with school-aged girls, partly because flowing hair is often associated with youth, and also because of its simplicity. A young girl is likely to be able to retie her own hair after a sports class for example.

As a men's hairstyle Ponytails are more common on women than men, due in no small part to the fact that more women wear their hair longer than men. However, In the late 1980s, a short ponytail was seen as an edgy, "in-your-face" look for men who wanted to stand out from the crowd, but keep their hair flat and functional (cf mullet). Steven Seagal's ponytail in "Marked for Death" is an example of such. Men who wear their hair long, or sometimes in mullets, frequently tie it back into a ponytail, but avoid the top- or side-of-the-head variants. In the second half of the 18th century, most men in Europe and North America wore their hair long and tied back into what we would now describe as a ponytail, although it was sometimes gathered into a silk bag rather than allowed to hang freely. At that time, it was commonly known by the French word for "tail", queue. It was a mandatory hairstyle for men in all European armies until the early 1800s, after most civilians had stopped wearing queues. The British Army was the first to dispense with it, and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars most armies had changed their regulations to make short hair compulsory. "Queue" was also the word used to refer to the waist-length pigtail which the ruling Manchus made Han Chinese men wear during the Qing Dynasty in China.

Buzz cut ote: Coach Buzzcut is also the name of the gym coach in Beavis and Butt-head. Despite his name, however, he does not wear a buzz cut, per se, but a crew cut.

A male buzz cut A buzz cut (wiffle and crew cut are more or less synonymous terms) is the American name for a type of haircut named after the sound of the electric clippers which are used to shear the hair very closely to the scalp. It is one of the most rapid haircuts possible, and can take little more than a minute to cut when done with good quality clippers. A buzz cut also makes the face look more defined and the jaw wider. Recruits in the armed forces in some countries are given buzz cuts upon entering training. The buzz cut is popular among men and women in some cultures who want a short, lowmaintenance hairstyle. It is also worn by men to hide thinning hair. In Seattle during the 1990s, the haircut was made popular by Seattle Mariners player Jay Buhner. The haircut was known as the "Buhner buzz cut." Fans could get a buzz cut and receive free tickets to a game. In the United Kingdom, the haircut is referred to as a skinhead (even though the Skinhead hairstyle itself was originally called a skiffle). In the Philippines it's called a "semi". In New Zealand the cut is often referred to as a kina; due to the spiky nature of the South Sea dweller. This style is also worn by Buddhist monks and nuns, including the Dalai Lama. Buzz cuts come in seven grades: #0 or bareblade (shortest), #1 (3mm), #2 (6mm), #3 (9mm), #4 (12mm), #5 (15mm) and #6 (18mm). Once hair has been buzzed down to a bare minimum, one can then apply shaving cream and "nib" it down. This removes all hair (see head shaving). This completely hairless style is sometimes referred to as "bicked," probably after BIC brand razors.

Bob cut

Woman sporting bob with finger waves, late 1920s A bob is a haircut, usually for women but was popular in the 1970s as a men's style, in which the hair is cut short, but a weighted area is left to fall between the ears and chin. It was invented in 1909 in Paris by the hairdresser Antoine, who was inspired by "Joan of Arc." In Britain it became popular in "Bloomsbury" circles before the end of the First World War, but was made widely popular in the 1920s by flappers. At the time it was considered a sign of a liberated woman.

Early adherents Early film stars associated with the bob included Louise Brooks - whose style was dubbed the "Louise Brooks bob" by Paramount studios in 1927 - Colleen Moore and Zazu Pitts. In Germany, brunette Louise Brooks's haircut was known as "the black helmet," because it resembled a German helmet.

1960s and beyond In the 1960s, Vidal Sassoon made it popular again, using the shape of the early bob and making it more stylish in a simpler cut. Its resurgence coincided with the arrival of the "mop top" Beatle cut for men. Those associated with the bob at that time included the fashion designers Mary Quant and Jean Muir, actress Amanda Barrie, and singers as diverse as Cilla Black, Billie Davis (b.1945) and Juliette Gréco. Many styles and combinations of the bob have evolved since.In the late 1980's, Siouxsie Sioux, lead singer of Siouxsie and the Banshees, had a bob cut for a short time. Anna Wintour, editor-in-chief of American Vogue since 1988, apparently had hers trimmed every day (Times 2, 10 July 2006). More recently the bob was identified with Uma Thurman in the film Pulp Fiction (1994) and adopted in 2006 by the singer Madonna and, as a move away from boho-chic, by actress Sienna Miller.

Bowl cut

A 1920s Ukrainian poster A bowl cut, also known as a beach cut, pot haircut, and amushroom cut, is a haircut where the hair is cut short on the sides and back and allowed to grow long on the top, looking as though someone put a bowl on the head and cut off all the visible hair. Perhaps the most famous bowl cut wearer was Moe Howard, who wore it as part of his Three Stooges persona.

Moe Howard (left) of the Three Stooges was famous for his bowl cut.

Historically this haircut was popular among common people of various nationalities as an easy and relatively neat cut by a non-professional. Indeed, it was done by putting a cooking pot of a fit size to the level of ears, and all hair below the rim was cut or even shaven off. In some cultures it was a normal type of haircut. In other cultures the bowl cut was viewed as an attribute of poverty: the person could not afford himself to visit a barber. The bowl cut is quite popular among the Amish. The bowl cut gained popularity in America among teenaged and pre-teen boys in 1991 and was often associated with skateboard culture. Indeed, this hairstyle was a veritable fad in some locales. The popularity of the bowl cut faded in the mid-1990s. The bowl cut is a forerunner of the Beatle haircut, which is slightly longer and less bowllike.

Bowl cut in Popular Culture There is also a Mr Bean episode in which Mr Bean places a bowl on a boy's head and shaves the remaining hair. This was just an example of a way to do a bowl cut In the manga and anime Naruto there is a sensei and a student with a bowlcut, Rock Lee, and Might Guy. The term "Bowl Head" has derived from this hairstyle.

Caesar cut

Bust of Julius Caesar The Caesar cut is a men's hairstyle, with a short, horizontally straight cut fringe. The hair is layered to around 1 to 2 inches all over. It is named after Julius Caesar, whose images frequently depict him wearing his hair in such a manner. For American youths of the 1990s, it is also called a Clooney cut, because it was worn by actor George Clooney on the TV show ER. An alternate version of the Caesar cut, worn primarily by African-American men, is a short men's cut with a defined edge line on all sides of the head. When cut in this way (1 inch max.) and gelled or waxed to give extra definition, it is called a French Crop. This particular style was popular amongst British males in the mid 1990s.

Chelsea girl (culture)

An example of a punk-influenced Chelsea haircut, without the traditional fringe at the back of the neck. A Chelsea girl (AKA Chelsea, skinhead girl, skingirl, skinbird, or Renee) is a girl or woman who is part of the skinhead subculture. The term refers to her hairstyle, which involves shaving the crown and occiput of her head and leaving the front, back and sides as fringes. The hairstyle is more commonly called feather cut in the United Kingdom. Females involved in the suedehead subculture (a skinhead offshoot) were called sorts. Although the name Chelsea is more common in North America than in the UK, the term originates from the fact that the style was first commonly seen on the Kings Road, in Chelsea, London, England. From the 1960s until the mid-1980s, the Kings Road was known as a haunt for youths from subcultures such as mod, skinhead and punk.

Chonmage

Portrait of a man with Chonmage-Haircut from the Edo period

Modern Sumo Wrestler with "Oicho" style Chonmage The chonmage ( , ) is a form of Japanese traditional haircut worn by men. It is most commonly associated with the Edo Period and samurai, and in recent times with sumo wrestlers. A traditional Edo-era chonmage featured a shaved pate. The remaining hair, which was long, was oiled and tied into a small ponytail which was folded onto the top of the head in the characteristic topknot. In modern times, the only remaining wearers of the chonmage are sumo wrestlers. This style of chonmage is slightly different, in that the pate is no longer shaved, although the hair may be thinned in this region to allow the topknot to sit more neatly.

Sumo wrestlers with sekitori status are allowed, on certain occasions, to wear their hair in a more elaborate form of topknot called an oicho or ginkgo leaf style, where the ends of the topknot are splayed out to form a semicircle. Given the uniqueness of the style in modern Japan, the Sumo Association employs specialist hairdressers called tokoyama to cut and prepare sumo wrestlers' hair.

Comb over

The comb over was patented in 1977. A comb over is a hairstyle worn by bald or balding men in which the hair on one side of the head is grown long and then combed over the bald area. It is widely considered to be an unflattering look, and is not considered to be a legitimate hairstyle by most professional hairdressers. In popular culture, the comb over is often a cliché associated with nerds or a man experiencing a mid-life crisis. Donald Trump is perhaps the best-known example of a comb over today. The combover has a U.S. Patent 4,022,227 by Donald J. Smith and his father, the late Frank J. Smith, of Orlando, Florida, who were awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in Engineering for their effort.

Comb over

The comb over was patented in 1977. A comb over is a hairstyle worn by bald or balding men in which the hair on one side of the head is grown long and then combed over the bald area. It is widely considered to be an unflattering look, and is not considered to be a legitimate hairstyle by most professional hairdressers. In popular culture, the comb over is often a cliché associated with nerds or a man experiencing a mid-life crisis. Donald Trump is perhaps the best-known example of a comb over today. The combover has a U.S. Patent 4,022,227 by Donald J. Smith and his father, the late Frank J. Smith, of Orlando, Florida, who were awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in Engineering for their effort. Mohawks

Johnny Slut, from the band Specimen, wearing a deathhawk

Mohawks are a hairstyle that was prominent in the early 1980s punk and hardcore music subcultures. The Mohawk style consist of shaved or buzzed sides of the head with a strip of longer hair in the centre of the head that is typically stiffened using hairspray and hair gel. Some individuals with Mohawks also colored the hair. The deathhawk, a variation on the Mohawk, is generally thicker and looser than a traditional Mohawk, and may feature long tendrils. The deathhawk is associated with both the deathrock and goth scenes. Liberty spikes, named for their resemblance to the spikes on the crown of the Statue of Liberty, are a style that incorporates long, thick, upright spikes all over the head. All varieties of Mohawks can be styled into liberty spikes. Beehive

Beehive The beehive is a woman's hairstyle named for its resemblance to a beehive. It is also known as the B-52, for its similarity to the bulbous nose of the B-52 Stratofortress bomber. A bouffant style, beehives originated in the USA in the 1950s. The peak of its popularity was in the 1960s, but is associated in modern times with the New Wave rock band The B52's and with cartoon character Marge Simpson, whose usual hairdo is an extreme, twofoot high, blue beehive. Glam metal hair

80's "Hair Metal" hairstyles as worn by Whitesnake. In the 1980's, male members of bands of the Glam Metal era, such as Poison and Whitesnake often had a big hair style that featured long, often dyed-blonde hair that was teased or permed and then given "body" by the use of hairspray and hair dryers. The big hair of the Glam Metal bands inspired the term "Hair Metal". This style lost popularity in the early 1990s, with the arrival of grunge fashion.

Techniques Depending on the specific style, hairstyles in the big hair categories may require a number of styling, cutting, or treatment techniques. Styling of punk and alternative big hair styles often requires backcombing (teasing) and the liberal application of styling aids such as hair spray and hair gel, often in combination with the use of hair dryers. Crimping irons, perms, hair rollers, or other techniques may also be required. s

Permanent wave

Turn of the century advertisement for Nessler's permanent wave machine.

Permanent wave machine invented in 1928 by Marjorie Joyner - The first African American woman to receive a patent A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce curls. In cosmetology, it is termed a type of curl reformation. Humans have been attempting to add curl to straight hair for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians did this by wrapping their hair around wooden sticks; slathering it with mud from hot springs; letting it bake dry in the sun and then removing the mud. Presumably the mud had an alkaline chemical makeup that helped to set the curls.

History

The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device. Sodium hydroxide, a strong alkali, was applied and the hair was heated (212°F; 100°C or more) for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve, two-pound brass rollers and took six hours to complete. These hot rollers were kept from touching the scalp by a complex system of countering weights which were suspended from an overhead chandelier and mounted on a stand. His first experiments were conducted on his wife, Katharina Laible. The first two attempts resulted in completely burning her hair off and some scalp burns, but the method was perfected and his electric permanent wave machine was patented in London in 1909. It subsequently went into widespread use. Nessler had moved to London in 1901, and during World War I, the British jailed Nessler because he was German and forced him to surrender his assets. He escaped to New York City in 1915, buying passage on a steamship under an assumed name. In New York, he found that hundreds of copies of his machine were in use, but most did not work well and were unreliable. Nessler opened a shop on East 49th St., and soon had salons in Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach, Florida and Philadelphia. Nessler also developed a machine for home use that was sold for fifteen dollars. After World War I, short hair came into vogue. Because Nessler's method wrapped the hair in a spiral along the rods, it couldn't be used with short hair and alternate systems began to be developed. The croquignole method, where the hair is wrapped straight up the rod from the ends to the scalp, was invented in 1924 by a Czech hairdresser, Josef Mayer. It quickly became popular because it could be used with many different lengths of hair. Also during this time, a machineless method that applied preheated clamps over the wrapped rods was invented, but it still used the strong alkali solution. In 1931, at the Midwest Beauty Show in Chicago, Ralph I. Evans and Everett G. McDonough showed a heatless system for the first time. Their method used bi-sulphide solution and was often applied at the salon, left on while the client went home and removed the next day, leading it to be called the overnight wave.

While the later methods were improvements on the original, all of those mentioned above used very strong alkali solution, tight wrapping, long developing times and more often than not caused hair damage and scalp burns.

Modern perms In 1938, Arnold F. Willatt invented the cold wave, the precursor to the modern perm. It used no machines and no heat. The hair was wrapped on rods and a reduction lotion was applied ammonium thioglycolate. This chemical breaks open the disulfide linkages between the polypeptide bonds in the keratin (the protein structure) in the hair. The disulfide bonds give hair its elasticity, and can be reformed with chemicals. Next, an acid neutralizer lotion was applied, (hydrogen peroxide), to close the disulfide bridges again and the hair was reformed to the shape of the rod. The entire process took 6-8 hours at room temperature. Perms today use this method with sodium thioglycolate instead of ammonium thioglycolate, at a pH of 8 to 9.5. This method takes only 15-30 minutes until the neutralizer is applied to bring down the pH and rebond the hair. In the 1970's, acid perms were invented. These use glycerol monothioglycolate instead and contain no ammonia. They are sometimes called buffered waves. This perm is slower but gentler to the hair. Heat is usually added by placing the client under a dryer, after covering the wrapped head with a plastic cap. The reaction is endothermic and the additional heat causes the pH to rise to 6.9 to 7.2. Other types of modern perms include exothermic perms, which are self timing and self heating; and neutral, or low pH, thioglycolate free perms. The reverse perm straightens the hair instead of curling it. The same chemical methods can be used for this, but the hair is not wrapped around rods. This process is commonly used by African-Americans and others with naturally curly hair.

Technical considerations There are two parts to a perm, the physical action of wrapping the hair, and the chemical phase. Both of these can affect the result. Important physical variables in are what type of rod is used, how the hair is wrapped and how end papers are used. The two most common

types of rods are straight and concave; each giving a different curl effect. The wrapping method is either spiral or croquinole, and various types and positionings of end papers can be used with any combination of the above. Generally, smaller rods will produce smaller, tighter curls and increase the appearance of shortening the hair. The chemical solution used in the perming process is determined by the client's hair type and the pH of the solution. Classic alkaline perms are used for stronger, coarser hair. They work at room temperature and usually contain ammonium thioglycolate in the pH range of 9-10. Acid perms are used on more delicate or thinner hair. They require outside heat application and usually contain glycerol monothioglycolate in the pH range of 6.58.2.

Safety considerations Due to the harsh nature of the chemicals, it is important that contact with the skin be minimized. Modern chemicals are less irritating, but measures should still be taken to reduce contact with anything other than hair. A poorly performed permanent wave will result in breakage of the disulfide bonds through chemical reduction, because it fails to fix the newly formed bonds. This results in hair that is no longer elastic and flexible, but brittle and fragile. At this point, even combing the hair will result in hair loss. The hair shafts will experience fracture where they exit the scalp. Because the bulb of hair has not been removed though, the hair follicle is not damaged and the hair will regrow; however, the temporary hair loss may be distressing.

Home perms A number of brands of home permanent kits are available, but their numbers have decreased as permanent waves are not as popular as they were in the 1980s. The first popular home permanent was the Toni brand. The Toni company used a set of twins to advertise their products — one with a salon perm and one with the home perm. Another brand that was a household name in Britain in the late 1960s and 1970s was Twink.

Hair iron

Early Hair Tongs. A hair iron or hair tong is a tool used to change the structure of the hair with the help of heat. There are two general kinds: Straightening irons, used to straighten the hair, and curling irons, used to make the hair curly. Straightening irons may also be called flat irons, but not to be confused with clothes flat irons.

Hair Straighteners The first hair straightener was invented by Erica Feldman using chemicals of scalp preparation and lotions to straighten the hair. The use of this invention soon led to damaged, scorched hair from all the chemicals that were added. Years later, M. Marcel Grateau invented heated metal hair care implements such as hot metal combs. Using the metal hair care, the straightener slid easier through the hair, causing less damage and dryness as previously used techniques. After this invention, ceramic and electrical straighteners were introduced, allowing adjustment of heat settings and straightener size. Another method of hair straightening is Japanese Hair Straightening, which acts as a sort of "anti-perm" and is available at most salons.

Modern Tourmaline Hair Tongs. Less expensive brands of hair straighteners do not have ceramic heating elements. Some may claim to have ceramic plates when in actuality they only have a paint like coating on the plates to give the appearance of a more expensive ceramic straightener. The cheaper models do more damage to the hair and are less effective. Higher quality irons, such as those used in salons, use true ceramic coated plates and ceramic heaters for full heat up in as little as 7 seconds. A new trend is the use of tourmaline being crushed into irons and

other hair appliances since they generate many negative ions which have positive effects on hair. A number of products may be used to stop the hair from drying out when it is straightened. Straightening may cause split ends and thinning of the hair. It may also make the hair appear damaged and unhealthy after long periods of use. Hair straighteners should only be used on dry hair, unless they are specially made with vents to let the moisture out. These sort of "special" irons are usually called "Wet Dry" irons.

Hair spray Hair spray (or hair lacquer) is a common household aqueous solution that is used to keep hair stiff or in a certain style. Weaker than hair gel, hair wax, or glue, it is sprayed using a pump or aerosol spray nozzle. Hairspray was first invented and marketed in 1955 by the hair products company Helene Curtis, based in Chicago, Illinois, under the trademark Spray Net. Its active ingredient is a suitable polymer; e.g. the chemical elastesse, a form of liquid elastic that keeps the hair stiff and firm without snapping it and pytocalcious which lowers the amount of minerals in the hair root causing the hair to become stiff, or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Most hair sprays are scented.

Hair gel Hair gel is a hairstyling product that is used to stiffen hair into a particular hairstyle. The results it produces are usually similar to but stronger than those of hair spray and weaker than those of hair glue or hair wax. Though it is said that hair gel causes hair loss, this is unproven.

Types Many brands of hair gel in North America and the UK come in numbered variants. Higher numbered gels maintain a greater "hold" on hair, while lower numbers do not make the hair as stiff and in some products give the hair a wet look. Some forms of hair gel include temporary coloring for the hair, usually in unnatural colors associated with various subcultures.

Cationic polymers Cationic polymers are a main functional component of hair gel. The positive charges in polymer cause it to stretch ,making the gel more viscous. This is because the stretchedout polymer takes up more space than a coiled polymer and thus resists the flow of solvent molecules around it. The positive charges also bind the gel to the negatively charged amino acids on the surface of the keratin molecules in the hair. More

complicated polymer formulas exist, e.g. a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone, methacrylamide, and N-vinylimidazole.

Comb A comb

A comb for people with hair loss.

A modern plastic comb with a handle A comb is a device made of solid material, generally flat, always toothed, and is used in hair care for straightening and cleaning hair or other fibers. The etymology of the English word is ancient, going straight back to Proto-IndoEuropean roots meaning "tooth", "toothed", "to bite", and found in ancient Greek and Sanskrit. Combs are among the older tools known to mankind, having been found in very refined forms already in settlements dating back to 5000 years ago in Persia — possibly at the height of the first major Indo-European migrations. It can be argued that combs do not only have value as cosmetic implements. Combs may have given users an evolutionary advantage by helping in the endless fight against parasites. In fact, Indo-European or otherwise, there are no known traditional civilizations that ignore the use of combs, even those whose members have hair that is quite hard to comb.

Scythian golden comb, 5th century B.C. (Hermitage Museum).

Sculptured comb, in ivory, of the sixteenth-century (Sauvageot Collection) The term is applied in English also to • • • •

the fleshy crest atop the head of many species of birds (hens et al.) the ridge or reinforcement in the same position on steel helmets a periodic, sharp spike or dip pattern in a signal the thick, semi-flexible water-filtering structures used in filter-feeding by baleen whales, which are if anything closer to what one would call "brushes".

Alternative uses of combs include: • • • •

•

Keeping long hair in place. Decorating the hair. Keeping a kippa in place. Separating cotton fibers from seeds and other debris. The cotton gin, a mechanized version of the comb, is one of the machines that ushered the Industrial Revolution. Making music. Stringing a plant's leaf or a piece of paper over one side of the comb and humming with cropped lips on the opposite side dramatically increases the high-frequency harmonic content of the hum produced by the human voice box, and the resulting spread sound spectrum can be modulated by changing the resonanting frequency of the oral cavity. This was the inspiration for the kazoo. Moreover, comb teeth have harmonic qualities of their own, determined by their shape, length, and material. A comb with teeth of unequal length, capable of producing different notes when picked, eventually evolved into the musical box.

Combs are also a favorite spot for police investigators to collect hair and dandruff samples that can be used in ascertaining dead or living people's identities, as well as their state of health, toxicological profiles, and so forth.

Sharing combs is a common source of parasitic infections, as one user can leave a comb with plenty of eggs or even live parasites, facilitating the transmission of lice, fleas, crabs, mites, fungi, and other undesirables. While these parasitic infestations are usually only mildly uncomfortable, they can also act as a conduit for more serious illnesses, such as the Black Plague, that killed one third of all Europeans in the 14th century. In contrast, specialized combs such as "flea combs" or "nit combs" can be used to remove macroscopic parasites. Wooden combs are largely made of boxwood, cherry wood, or other pine wood. Good quality wooden combs are usually handmade and polished. A 2001 book on haircare, Curly Girl (authors: Lorraine Massey, Deborah Chiel; ISBN 07611-2300-8), advocated the use of wide-toothed wooden combs in place of hairbrushes and fine-toothed plastic combs. The authors note that wooden combs are anti-static and have no sharp seams, and therefore are unlikely to snap or tangle hair. A hairbrush, which is larger than a comb, is also commonly used for shaping, styling and cleaning the hair. There are no known strictly religious meanings for the use of combs, although these tools are mentioned in various religious scriptures.

Hairbrush A hairbrush is a small brush with rigid bristles used in hair care for brushing, styling, and detangling human hair, or for brushing a domestic animal's fur.

Grooming

A flat hairbrush is used to detangle hair.

A round hairbrush is used to style hair, with a blowdryer. It is typically used on longer hair, while a comb is normally used on shorter hair, but can be still used for short hair. A flat brush is normally used for detangling hair, a round brush for styling and curling hair, especially by a professional stylist, and with a blowdryer. A paddle brush is used to straighten hair. A hairbrush is also useful in removing loose hairs, and in increasing circulation to the scalp. The brushing of a domestic animal's fur is often perceived as a mark of affection and/or a bonding experience, which can have a soothing effect, e.g. making a cat purr. Special brushes are made for cats and dogs. For an equine's tougher hair, a curry-comb is used.

The hairbrush in popular culture A hairbrush—or the lack of one—is featured in the Veggie Tales Silly Song With Larry, "The Hairbrush Song" ("Oh, Where Is My Hairbrush?"). Larry, being a cucumber, has no hairs

Hairnet

Ena Sharples with hairnet in 1971. A Hairnet, or sometimes simply a net or caul, is a small, often elasticised, fine net worn over long hair to hold it in place. A snood is similar but a looser fit and with a much coarser mesh. Evidence has been found of hairnets as far back as ancient Greece . Hairnets were worn from the 13th century onwards in Germany and England and are shown in illustrations from this period often worn with a wimple. They were made from extremely fine silk and edged with bands of either finger-weaving or tablet-weaving. •

Ena Sharples, an early character in the UK soap opera Coronation Street, was famous for wearing a hairnet.

Bobby pin

A plain bobby pin A bobby pin is a small pin or clip, usually of metal, used in coiffure to hold hair in place. Typical bobby pins are plain and unobtrusively colored, but some bobby pins are elaborately decorated or jewelled. The "bobby pin" came into wide use as the hairstyle known as the "bob cut" or "bobbed hair" took hold. This trend caught wave in the 1920s, and the bobby pins kept the bobbed hair in place. Bobby pins are inexpensive and tinted to match various hair colors which led to the fashion trend being adopted by 90% of North American women by the end of the decade. They are also used for lock picking.

Basic Training

Regardless of your hair's texture or whether it is permed, locked, or braided, the cold air evaporates hair's natural moisture. Dry hair has little to no defense against everyday damage. This means a couple of things, all of which can be fixed with one word: Moisturize! Here's how: * Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water daily. It will make a difference with your hair--trust us. * Always wash hair with a moisturizing shampoo. In addition to hydrating your hair, these products cut down on tangles, which lead to breakage. * Even if you have a style that you typically don't condition (such as locks or a very short natural), start using a conditioner anyway. This is the time of year when protein-enriched, deep conditioners are mandatory. * Add hot-oil treatments to your beauty regimen. Wet your hair and apply a quarter cup of warm oil, such as olive or coconut or a commercially available brand. Wrap a warm, damp towel around your head. Relax for 20 minutes. Rinse with rosemary, red clover, or sage water (made from the teas that are easily found in any health food store), all of which are soothing to an irritated or dry scalp. Then shampoo and continue with your normal hair-care routine. Hats Off!

Your mother may have always told you to put one on before you go out in the cold, but when it comes to your hair, hats are actually not always the best idea. Many fabrics, including wool, can suffocate your hair or cause breakage. Wool coat collars are also common culprits. So what can you do? Short of leaving the hat at home (which we are definitely not recommending), consider wearing a silk scarf under wool hats. A ponytail or similar style that takes hair off of the neck is also helpful if your coat collar has become the enemy. Other clothing calamities: * Hats of any material that do not have linings. (In addition to the previously mentioned problems with wool, many high-tech fabrics wick moisture away from the body.)

* Scarves that are worn tightly or for excessive periods of time (as in longer than 24 hours). * Sleeping on cotton fabrics, which can cause breakage. Instead, sleep on a silk or satin scarf. Delete Heat

Common sense tells us that if the cold and wind sap moisture from hair, then we should also avoid heating tools--which do the same thing--whenever possible. However, that's easy to say and harder to do for sisters who count their curling iron as one of life's necessities. So follow these helpful tips: * Consider using a leave-in conditioner (as an addition to, not a substitute for, your normal conditioner). * Don't overprocess hair, or it is likely to break. While this advice pertains to any time of year, breakage is particularly common in winter. If you wear a perm, try skipping color treatments until the weather breaks. * If you must use heat on your hair, look into a silicone-based product such as Sebastian Laminates to coat and protect the hair shaft beforehand. * Keep your use of hair gels to a minimum because they often contain alcohol, which dries out your hair. You may have to sacrifice a little hold, but pomades can often achieve the same results as gel. * Make sure your hair is trimmed every six weeks. * Use a daily oil or cream to moisturize hair, such as Kiehl's Creme With Silk Groom. Keep It Up

Winter is also a good time to switch to get-up-and-go styles, such as: * buns; * upsweeps; * braids.

It may also be the season to explore the wide world of weaves, attachments, and wigs--all options that, if worn properly, will greatly reduce wear and tear on your own hair. Go here to read NiaOnline's article "A Sister's Guide to Wigs." Care for Your Scalp

In winter, your scalp's natural production of sebum (oil) can slow down, causing the dreaded itch. So if you notice that your scalp is tight and itchy, oil it every other day with something light and natural, such as olive or jojoba oil. Products containing alcohol will exacerbate dryness. Heavy products containing ingredients such as petroleum will inhibit your scalp from breathing. In addition to oiling the scalp to keep it happy, many salons offer scalp "facials," pampering treatments that will hydrate your head as you get massaged into la-la land.

Turn Up the Volume--on Your Hair! Especially for sisters with relaxed or heat-processed styles: How to look as if you have a full, luxurious head of hair, even when you don't

Is your hair fine, or lacking body and bounce? Do you find that more and more of your scalp is showing through your straightened tresses after each weekly visit to the beauty salon? If so, don't fret, because there are ways to give your hair the appearance of fullness again. Many factors can contribute to thinning hair: stress, poor diet, heredity, pattern aging, alopecia and overprocessing. The good news, however, is that our hair-care pros say you can enhance the appearance of fine or sparse locks and make your hair look voluminous and healthy--without resorting to stiff and sticky styling products. Click below for our six simple tips for a fuller-looking head of hair.

Watch What You Eat

Lindi Lindo-Pierce, a representative for the PhytoSpecific line of hair-care products, says that a healthy lifestyle is a big factor in hair condition--its strength, shine, and quality.

"Our hair is not separate from our bodies; it's our biggest accessory," Lindo-Pierce maintains. She recommends nourishing your locks with a balanced diet that includes plenty of vegetables, fruit, and protein, as well as foods that are rich in essential fatty acids, such as omega-3s (found in flaxseed oil, salmon, and sardines) and omega-6s (found in safflower oil, meats, and eggs). Get Your Head Together

You may be paying attention to thinning hair, but did you know that you also need to monitor your scalp? "The scalp is the foundation of healthy hair," says Lindo-Pierce. "It's like soil in a plant. If it's not prepared properly, the soil will kill the plant." If you want to promote and nourish hair growth and new cells, you need to increase blood flow to your scalp. To do this, use a scalp-stimulating product like PhytoSpecific Revitalizing Treatment ($24) or Kiehl's Enriched Massage Oil for Scalp ($17). Eliminate Styling-Product Residue

Shampoos, conditioners, and styling products can leave residue on your hair that eliminates volume and bounce. Jacqueline Tarrant, senior education manager for Soft Sheen-Carson, recommends shampooing and conditioning weekly. She advises using conditioners (such as those found in the Bain de Terre Fine Solutions Starter Kit, $17) that will add moisture without weighing hair down. Tarrant says it's OK to use styling products such as volume sprays and mousses to give your hair lift, but if you want to avoid product buildup, limit the amount you use. Use the Right Strength of Relaxer

If your hair is fine (has a slender strand, is easy to see through) and you're using a relaxer for coarse hair, you're overprocessing it, according to Tarrant. SoftSheen Carson Optimum Care Bodifying Relaxer ($7.40, with a mineral formula that is both lye- and calcium-free) is an ideal choice for women with thin hair, she says, because it is gentle to the hair fiber and eliminates the drying effect usually caused by no-

lye relaxers. "Thin hair tends to be more fragile, and it does not need anything aggressive. It needs something to make the hair more manageable," says Tarrant. Leave Some Curl Behind

If you go overboard in pursuit of hair that swings and blows in the wind, you may end up with a big flop instead. "Hair is made of amino acid chains, and when you overstraighten it, you remove the medulla [at the center of the hair shaft]," Lindo-Pierce explains. "Because the hair then has no core, it becomes lifeless." Lindo-Pierce says the PhytoSpecific PhytoRelaxer ($60, a chemical-free botanical relaxer) is great for thin hair because you can relax your hair to various degrees--30 percent, 50 percent, or even 80 percent--while preserving the hair's body. "You should uncurl to 70 percent at the most, but it should never be 100 percent. With blow-drying and flat irons, most women are already taking their hair past 100 percent--to the point of breakage," says Lindo-Pierce. Get a Good Cut

One of the most creative ways to conceal thinning hair is with a good cut. Tarrant says the best style for fine hair is a one-length shape such as a classic chin-length bob, with soft layering for volume. She advises against going with any length that falls longer than the nape of the neck, because "that's where your collar is, and below that, your hair will rub on your collar and cause friction and breakage." In addition, shorter hair gives the illusion of thickness.

Girls and Grown-Up Hairstyles Think your daughter is old enough to wear a relaxed style or extension braids? Read this article first

Whew! Now that the school year has started, your schedule is more hectic than ever. If you have a daughter, add to your list the daily chore of fixing a squirming child's hair. Although this ancient ritual can strengthen the bonds between a Black mother and daughter, it can also devolve into a tear-inducing rush to yank a comb through thick and unruly hair before the school bus arrives. It's no wonder that you're tempted to make it easier on the both of you by relaxing her hair or

getting her neat, stylish braids. Before you call the stylist, however, check out the following advice from two hair-care experts we consulted. Here's their advice for easy and appropriate hairstyles for young girls with extremely curly locks.

Dry Those Tears With Moisture

Hair-care experts agree that the best state for your child's hair is natural, because it is at its strongest and most elastic. Processed hair is weaker and more likely to break off. Roslyn Echols-Baker, a health-and-beauty-aids consultant for Pro-Line Corporation, says that if your child's hair is coarse, the best approach is to use products that will soften it and reduce friction, making it easier to comb and style. "The main thing is to make the hair manageable so it's not so frizzy and wild," says Echols-Baker. Use shampoos, conditioners, detanglers, and hairdressings with plenty of moisture for your child's delicate hair (see below for styling suggestions). Keep Braids Simple and Loose

Although braids are a simple styling option at practically any age, Echols-Baker warns that children have tender scalps. It is easy to damage your child's hair follicles if too much tension is applied to the hair. "People really need to get away from wearing tight braids, especially around the hairline. Once damaged, the hair won't grow back," cautions Echols-Baker. She also advises parents to avoid hair extensions, because this will weigh down your child's hair, promoting further breakage around the hairline--damage from which adults can suffer as well. Straighten With Restraint

Likewise, chemical straightening can be too taxing to a child's tresses. Jacqueline Tarrant, senior education manager for SoftSheen-Carson, says that although she has seen mothers relax the hair of daughters as young as 3, she recommends waiting until a child is at least of school age.

"Once you start relaxing a little girl's hair, you become locked in. When the new hair grows out and is more resistant, you have to continue the maintenance," says Tarrant. In addition, hair relaxing can weaken hair, and very young children are more prone to injury from burns if the relaxer comes into contact with their delicate skin. Cheryl Morrow, a New York City-based cosmetic trichologist, suggests waiting even longer. African-American hair can go through several stages of maturation before the child enters puberty, she explains. "You don't want to interrupt those stages at 8 or 9 years old. I would prefer that parents wait until African-American children are in the last stages of getting their adult hair," generally around ages 12 to 13. If you've decided that your child is old enough, and you can handle the maintenance routine of touch-ups for the new growth every 6 to 12 weeks, then look for a mild straightener. If you plan to do it yourself, opt for a relaxer designed specifically for children, such as Africa's Best Kids Organics Organic Conditioning Relaxer System ($5.49) or Dark and Lovely Beautiful Beginnings No-Lye Children's Relaxer System ($4.99). "Beautiful Beginnings is less aggressive than lye-based straighteners, it has a milder effect on hair and skin, and it's user-friendly for the mother," says Tarrant, whose company makes the product. For a step-by-step video guide for applying a relaxer, take a look at the Just for Me! Texture Softener demonstration by Pro-Line. Go Natural: Just Twist and Release

If your child is too young for the above-mentioned hairstyles, or you simply prefer a "natural" girl, Echols-Baker offers these two easy and healthy styling options: Step 1: Shampoo your child's hair with a moisturizing shampoo such as Knotty Girl Drama Queen Marshmallow Moisture Balance Shampoo ($8). Step 2: After drying, apply a detangler such as Soft & Beautiful Just for Me! Detangler to remove knots and tangles, making the hair easier to comb. Step 3: Apply an oil moisturizer such as Soft & Precious Moisturizing Creme Hair Dress ($3.99) or Soft & Beautiful Just for Me! Creme Conditioner & Hairdress to add shine and eliminate frizz on the ends of the hair.

Step 4: Take two locks of your child's hair when wet and loosely wind them around each other, forming a double-strand twist. Repeat this process until all of her hair is twisted, and then place her under the dryer on medium heat for up to 20 minutes. When her hair is dry, separate the twists into individual strands, but do not comb them out. Voila! Your little girl will now have cute, full, spiraly twists! Another quick and easy style is to loosely cornrow your child's hair (wet or dry) back in six large cornrows, then roll the ends with small, rubber, twist rods. Let hair set naturally or under the dryer. When you take out the braids, her hair will have a soft, manageable, wavy style.

What's Hot in Natural Hair Here are the looks you've got to get now if you're sporting braids, twists, or locks!

Natural hairstyles are more fashionable than ever--just peep actress Tracie Thoms's doublestrand twists in this summer's hot comedy flick The Devil Wears Prada. Marion Council, owner of Designer Braids & Trade hair boutique in Brooklyn, New York (718-7839078), has been in the natural-hair-care business for some 20 years and has been a witness to this change. She says natural hairstyles are more accepted in mainstream culture than ever before, and more options exist for women who want a natural hairstyle. Council, an award-winning natural hairstylist, gives NiaOnline an exclusive on the latest styling trends in natural hair. Beyond the Blow-Out: Braided Afro Extensions

Loose, textured, kinky halos emanating from braids are all the rage, according to Council. She says the emphasis is on achieving lots of volume, a la Angela Davis and Pam Grier circa 1972. One of the most popular braid styles is a combination style in which the front of the hair is braided back in a cornrow style toward the crown, and the back is left loose to give you an Afro effect.

If you want to achieve this look, Council recommends using a coarse hair extension, such as one of the Afro Kinky types, which come in human and synthetic forms. The extension can then be either individually braided onto your natural hair, leaving the ends of the extension hair open, or interlocked into the hair with a latch hook that is used to attach added hair to cornrows. "Clients think human hair is better, but it's not better in all circumstances. It depends on the look they want," says Council, who adds that you can even shampoo synthetic hair. Council advises women who are interested in purchasing synthetic hair on their own to buy hair with Kanekalon or Toyakalon fibers, which contain less plastic and have added softening ingredients. Interlocking extension hair takes about two hours to complete, while individually braiding added hair can take up to five hours. The salon cost for a glam Afro: $150 and up. Twisted Trends: Double Strands and Braided Buns

It used to be that neatly coiled, short, single-strand twists or single-strand hanging twists were the most requested twisted style, but today, Council says, double-strand twists are the most popular look. A hot variation on that look: braided twists pulled back into a bun. "Women who go to work don't want twists hanging on their neck. They want their hair styled so it looks conservative for the office," says Council. To get this sleek, sophisticated style, section hair and part it into two strands, bringing one over the other. Once all hair is twisted, plait hair in an inverted braid (under instead of over), going from back to front in an upward fashion, then pull remaining twisted hair together with a braided twist to create a bun.

Cures for the Summ ertime Hair Blues How to keep your hair happy in the sultriest situations

Have you ever felt self-conscious during a beach party, poolside celebration, or some other outdoor summertime event because your hairstyle wilted or threatened to take on a bushy life of its own? Life is too short to sit on the sidelines because of hair issues. Check out these tips that NiaOnline has put together to help your hair hold up under the season's heat, haze, and humidity.

• Make an appointment with your stylist for a trim. Not only does it help to prevent split ends, but a trim will boost your hair's resilience during the summer months. When you have split ends, the roughened hair cuticle creates a poufed-out effect on hair and exaggerates frizz. A trim will help you keep it sleek. If you are trying to grow your hair out, don't worry; it's not necessary to go for a drastic cut or restyle. In fact, frequent trims contribute to hair growth because they help keep hair healthy. • Turn down the heat by limiting the use of thermal appliances such as blow-dryers, hot combs, and curling irons. Heating tools dry your hair out even more during summer, when hair is already getting exposed to sun and wind. Instead, wrap your hair around your head and sit under the dryer. Roslyn Baker, Pro-Line International's hair-care expert, says it's best to apply a moisturizer like Soft & Beautiful Extra Lite Cream Moisturizer (4 oz.; $2.99) to hair at night, then wrap hair around your head with a wrap scarf. In the morning, just unwrap and let your hair fall in place for a soft, sexy look. For extra volume, add a couple of large rollers at the crown area before wrapping. If you must apply heat, Baker says, "Touch up with the flat iron on low heat and

spray a small amount of oil sheen on the ends of hair before using the flat iron to smooth down frizzies." • Lather, rinse, but don't repeat too often. Don't think because it's hot outside or you're going natural that you should wash your hair more often during the summer months. In fact, you should avoid too frequent washings so that your hair can absorb moisture. • Try a tousled look by allowing your hair to dry naturally. For a natural, unfussy coif-especially for relaxed styles or if your hair is more loosely curled--braid your hair when wet, and then finger-comb when dry for a head of tousled waves. If you like, pull your hair up into an easy updo on hot summer days and accessorize with a headband. (See the previous NiaOnline article "Swept Up and Looking Smooth.") If your hair is more tightly curled, give it the same treatment and then have fun with a crinkled, textured Afro.

Tips For Selecting A Style. Hair-Styles

What Category? What one person perceives as 'short' varies greatly with another person. Our breakdown is as follows: VERY SHORT: The weight line of the hair is at or above the ear line. SHORT: The cut line is between the ear and the jaw line. MEDIUM: The weight line is between the jaw and the shoulder. LONG: Below the shoulder. FUNKY: All sizes, shapes and lengths, ranging from the chic to the crazy. If you think you would like a 'short' style', you should bracket and also look at all of the 'very short' and 'medium' styles as the differences are at times slight. Ignore the age, race, size and hair color of the model. Most styles will fit any age group and hair color is an easy adjustment. Don't let these be a tool to narrow your list of potential styles or cuts.

Face Matching: The mathematical rules for selecting a style to match your face are complicated. Some easy rules of thumb are these: WEIGHT OR CUT LINE: At some point most cuts have a sharp line or accent line. Be sure this line is at your best feature as the viewers eye will naturally focus on that spot. Make doubly sure that line or accent doesn't point to your worst feature. If your nose is somewhat generous, you don't want people focused on it.

LENGTH: Many women wear long hair because their significant other demands it, or because the female is insecure and hides behind her hair. Both of these reasons suck. You should wear the hair style 'best' suited to you, and as long as you are hiding behind your hair, your confidence level can't increase and will therefor affect your earnings and success in life. Far too many women wear long hair far too late in life. It makes them look older, not younger. Most women finally hack their hair off the same day they file for divorce. Interesting side note don't you think. Long hair is fine and can even look beautiful, just make sure you keep it long for the right reasons and that it makes you look great. COLOR and CURL: If you are a brunette and want to have platinum hair, you might as well forget it. It most cases it can't be done, and in the few cases where it can be bleached often enough over the course of several days, your hair is shot and will soon be gone. Color should be compatible with your skin tone, and accent your eyes. If there is a red tint to your skin, red hair will not be flattering and does not work well with brown eyes either. Stick within your race. Blonde hair on a black or asian woman looks as dumb as corn rows on a pasty white girl. Celebrate your cultural difference, its much sexier. Surrender to the natural laws of chemistry and biology. Some hair types just will not curl no matter how often it is permed and some curl is likely to remain no matter how many relaxers are put on. Live within these limits or you will cause yourself much grief. CELEBS, MODELS AND MAINTENANCE: ALL HAIR requires some degree of maintenance and some require more than others. Make sure your hair style fits your life style. A Meg Ryan cut only looks good on Meg Ryan and even if your

stylist has the talent to give you the same cut, you are still not going to look like Meg Ryan, in fact, you may look downright silly with the same cut. Be yourself, .

and getting the cut that looks best on you, will make you MUCH more attractive than some celeb knock off. If you absolutely must have the celeb cut, here are a few things to keep in mind: 1. Remember which movie. There are many Meg Ryan hair cuts over the years and if you and your stylist are not on the same page it is not going to be the most rewarding experience of your life. 2. What you saw Meg Ryan wearing in the movie is backed with an army of the most talented stylists in the world that are touching her hair up EVERY FEW MINUTES. Trust me, I have worked on these sets. Unless you can command the same level of attention for your hair, it is not going to work. 3. The same goes for hair styles on models. When you see them off location you will hardly recognize them. Some are down right ugly and plain. Added to the time and talent spent for a shoot, before the picture made the cover it went to a touch-up artist who spent about $10,000 getting that picture ready by removing every stray hair and covering every skin blemish and wrinkle. YOUR STYLIST: Last but most important, find a good stylist. If you spend $9.95 on a cut you are likely to get your money's worth. Few stylists are really good, so hunt them out. If you need some hints about discovering a good stylist you may want to read, 'How To Find A Good Stylist.' Well, that should about do it. Armed with this knowledge you can now go through the site with a much higher degree of success of finding the new style for you.

How to Choose a Hairstyle Your hairstyle says a lot about who you are, and changing it can make you feel like a completely different person.

Steps 1. Look everywhere, from magazines to billboards, for hairstyles that catch your eye. 2. Collect pictures, clippings, and photographs of hairstyles you like. 3. Figure out what kind of face shape you have - round, oval, heart-shaped, or angular. 4. Choose which features on your face you'd like to emphasize or minimize. 5. Think about how much time (and money) you're willing to spend on your hairstyle. Short styles, for example, may need frequent trims, the costs of which can add up. 6. Narrow your hairstyle options to those that flatter your face shape, emphasize your favorite features, and fit your maintenance criteria. For example, if you have an oval face, a large forehead, and you want to draw attention to your eyes, you may opt for long layers with soft bangs. But you'll have to be willing to keep those bangs and layers straight, and if you've got naturally wavy or curly hair, it might not be easy! 7. Keep a picture of the hairstyle you want in a place where you'll see it every day, like your bathroom mirror, for a week or two. Every time you see it, imagine yourself with that hairstyle. 8. Find a hairdresser you can trust. 9. Make the cut!

How to Get Puertorrican Like Waves for Black People Hair Hairstyles

Steps 1. Wash hair... 2. Use Garnier Fructis Wet Shine Gel and rub though hair 3. Wear out, or style however you want it...

Tips •

Will not work on dry hair.

Warnings •

Your hair may not be suitable for certain types of hairstyles

Things You'll Need •

Garnier Fructis styling gel (wet shine, preferably)

How to Choose a Hairstyle the Next Time You Visit the Barber Shop I'm sure that more than one person has had to cope with the difficulty of choosing a hairstyle. Long, short, curly, straight, cropped, up, down . . . there are so many styles to choose from. Here is your guide to do so!

Steps 1. Look at the people around you. You might get some inspiration. 2. Tip: If you have straight hair, don't ask for a curly stlye, or vice versa. This is because you might not have the time to style your hair the exact same way every day. 3. Get what's comfortable. e.g. if long bangs are in fashion and they annoy you by getting in your eyes, don't get 'em. 4. However, if you are comfy with the fashion at the time, you might consider that.Keep in mind: fashions chnge quickly, faster than your hair grows. 5. Also keep in mind: The average adult's hair grows about 6 inches a year, but by getting it trimmed, you can get it to grow a little bit faster. 6. A different part can change your look alot. 7. Don't get something thats too hard to manage. 8. Last Resort: (for confident people only) ask the hairdresser to do anything they think would look nice, just not too short or curly/straight.

Tips •

you can also choose your hairstlye according to your profession. e.g. if you are a cashier, you might want to consider shorter hairstlye to stop your hair getting in your eyes.

Warnings •

Don't feel pressed to be fashionable.

How to Do Preppy Hairstyles You will love these hairstyles if you want to be preppy!

Steps 1. Never wear your hair in a bun, it looks more sporty than preppy. Wear your hair in a pony tail, and don't forget - most preps put colorful ribbons in their hair. 2. Wear it straight! This is a very popular style. Even if your hair is not naturally straight, get it straightened by using a straightening iron (ask your hairdresser to help the first time). Also, maybe get some side-swept bangs. 3. Scrunch your hair with some hair spray. First, get your hair wet and then dry it with a towel. Finally, spray it with hair spray and scrunch it. 4. Half up, half down is cute. Put it half up, half down and scrunch it - or straighten it perfectly. If you have shorter bangs, keep those out. But if you don't have bangs (get bangs) don't pull those out, because it just looks weird. 5. Make sure your hair is BIG! Use volumising products to help with this.

Tips • •

Wearing your hair the same way all the time is dull. People never love the dull kids! Change your hair styles, often. push your hair over to one side

Warnings

• •

Never put your hair in pig-tails - only 2 year olds look cute in them. Take care straightening your hair not to over-dry it. Use a good moisturizer and plenty of paraben-free hair products that add lustre.

Things You'll Need • • •

hairspray hair straightening iron hair bands

How to Make a Bad Hair Cut Look Better No need for hats, scarfs or a paper sack! There are things you can do for a bad cut.

Steps 1. If your bangs are too short, go shorter and cut the bangs into little pixie like spikes. Use gel to make a pointy look. 2. If it is way to short all over, add pomade or extra-strenght gel. Wet your hair and turn your head upside down and blow dry to add volume. Tousle with your fingers to change the shape of the cut. 3. If you had a "bob" or "page-boy cut" and you look like a square head, use hot rollers or curling iron to give it some movement or a different shape. 4. Short styles are more structured, or fixed, than longer styles. Prepare yourself to use more styling products and ask your hair dresser for suggestions.

Tips • •

Find the best hair cut for your hair's texture. Fine hair can be worn shorter very easily, since it can look limp and flat if left too long. Don't try to change nature. If your hair is curly, wear it curly. You will look better and be less frustrated.

Warnings •

Only go a slight shade different from your natural color or your hair may look dyed and cheap.

How to Cut Kids' Hair

Are your kids scared to go to the hair salon or barber? Well, why not cut their hair yourself (and no, a Flowbee is not involved).

Steps 1. Wash and towel-dry the hair. Brush the hair through. 2. Section the hair in half and put the hair you sectioned out of your way in a clip. 3. Take a small piece of hair, hold it between your fingers, and then take small snips making sure it's the right length. 4. Continue all the way around until you have finshed cutting all of the hair that you didn't section off. 5. Take down the rest of the hair and then do the same as what you did for the other section of hair. 6. Cut any stray hairs you might have missed. 7. Take a step back to see what you've done -- even it out if necessary. 8. Brush and blowdry the hair.

Tips • • • • •

Take your time -- never rush. Put a good light on. Buy a pair of hairdressing scissors. Cutting hair in front of a video will often keep a young child still and focused, making the job much easier. Check your library for a how to cut hair video.

Warnings •

Your kids will probably get really mad if you mess up.

Things You'll Need •

Scissors

How to Do Your Hair Like a Dancer Most dancers are required to put their hair into a bun before all classes. Here is an awesome way to do your hair. If you use enough pins, it will stay up all day!

Steps 1. Buy a hairnet and bobby pins/hair pins.

2. Pull all your hair back into a tight ponytail, about at the top of your head. 3. Twist the hair around and then wrap it into a circular pattern the way you twisted it. 4. Put another hair holder around the bun and the loose ends of the ponytail. 5. Take out the hair net and pull it so that it's open. 6. Take one end, and start at the top of your bun. 7. Pull it down, and then wrap around so that the hair net is covering the entire bun multiple times. 8. Take a pin and stick it into the bun, and then rotate it so that it goes in near the side of the bun and is then facing into the bun (from the side). 9. Push in the pin. 10. Put in more pins the same way. 11. Secure away any loose strands of hair with extra bobby/hair pins. 12. Dance away happy!

Tips • •

Instead of using another ponytail holder you can also use pins when you twist your hair. Add pins about every 90 degrees as you twist. Wet hair makes this easier.

How to Make a Bun A bun is a versatile hairstyle--this look can range from simply functional for household chores to utterly sophisticated for a night out!

Steps 1. Spritz hair with enough water to make the hair pliable. 2. Apply the gel of your choice through your hair. To get the "slick" look, use a gel marketed to atheletes (such as Dep). This type of gel usually helps fight humidity and calms the frizzies, especially in curly hair. 3. Secure your hair in a ponytail using a ponytail holder. Position the ponytail about where you want the bun to lie. 4. Twist the tail. Guide the twist into a coil around the ponytail holder. For people with longer, thicker hair, bobby-pin the coil into place as you wind it around and around the ponytail holder. People with shorter, thinner hair can often get away with winding and twisting the coil first and then inserting bobby pins about 45 degrees apart from each other (think of your bun as a circle). 5. Make sure to secure the end of the ponytail to the bun with a bobby pin. 6. To continue with that sleek, pulled back look, you may opt to wrap a hairnet that matches your hair around the bun. This will keep any stray hairs in place and is especially crucial if you are putting your hair in a bun to go exercising (so it will not fall out of place). Secure the hairnet with more bobby pins.

7. Spritz the entire hair style with hairspray.

Tips •

There are many variations on this hairstyle. Try parting your hair in the middle or on the side before tying it back into the ponytail. Leave a few strands out for the romantic look. Adjust the level of the ponytail (low, mid-head, or on the crown of your head). Experiment with falls, fancy hair clips, or fun barettes. Try braiding the tail before you wind it around into a bun.

Warnings •

• •

Always inspect your supply of bobby pins and never use pins that are missing the protective caps on the end. Damaged bobby pins will scratch your scalp and tear your hair. Avoid wearing this hairstyle (or any other hairstyle) daily to minimize hair breakage. Never use a regular elastic band to secure your hair. These are not meant to secure hair, and will pull/break your hair. Only use ponytail holders meant for that purpose.

Things You'll Need • • • • •

Hair gel Hairspray Ponytail holder Bobby pins Hairnet that matches your hair color (optional)

How to Pick the Perfect Haircut for Your Personality and Face Shape Your hair is your crown, so it should be treated like a crown and make you feel like royalty. A good hair day needs a good haircut and good haircuts are made with more than just scissors and gel. The two most noticeable things about you would definitely be your face and your personality (unless of course you have 3 arms or something) so you should definitely take these things in account when choosing your hairstyle.

Firstly, it’s not enough to just see a style you like on someone else because it’s really not gonna look the exactly same way on you. This is mainly because everyone has their own face shape, facial features and personality.

Steps 1. Know your face shape.

2. - Oval: is a little bit of everything, so you can pull off anything. Go with personality and facial feature strengths to pick out your style

3. - Long: bangs, layers, curls and waves are very important here since they balance off a long face with width. Try to keep an average length if possible. Too short and too long will make a long face seem longer.

4. - Round: Go for sleek lines and tapered ends. Anything with bulk will make a round face look fat. Pixie cuts are great as are wild tousled styles.

5. - Square: Soften up the sharpness of an angular jaw with curls and waves. Sleek lines also go well here but keep it below the jaw line. Avoid chin-length hair.

6. - Heart shape: The pointy chin can be balanced out if the hairstyle is more concentrated on the top half of the face using fringes or bangs that end at your eyes or cheek bones. 7. Pick out your favourite facial feature. Wherever the bangs or layers that frame your face end, they will accentuate the inline facial feature. 8. Understand your personality. If you enjoy taking your time styling your hair and messing around with it go for longer lengths but if you’re more tomboyish go for the super short cuts, it wont get in your eyes and requires less maintenance time. If you’re a little bit of both stick to a length that reaches just past your shoulders which can be worn comfortably in a pony tail or styled for an elegant look.

Tips • •

If your hairstyle and personality don’t gel (excuse the pun) it will be uncomfortable and irritating, which will in the end make you look bad. The best hairstyle is one that can look great without you having to hold it down, fluff it up and run to the ladies room to comb it through all the time.

How to Give Your Hair a More Fashionable Scrunch! An easy and attractive way to scrunch your hair.

Steps 1. Shower and leave your hair damp. 2. Take an appropriate amount of gel in your hand. Don't go overboard!

3. Comb the gel through your hair using your wide-toothed comb. 4. Hairspray your entire head. The aerosol kind is easiest! 5. Flip your hair over (upside down) and take small handfuls of hair and hold to the top of your head. 6. Flip back over and to make any minor adjustments underneath your hair so it keeps its body and doesn't fall out. 7. Hairspray again and be careful not to touch until dry!

Tips • • • •

You can get a cheap, yet effective gel at Wal-mart (such as Bella Scrunching Gel). Use a runny gel, not a firm gel. Make sure to pay special attention to your front strands. Sprunch Spray by Aussie is a recommended brand.

Warnings • •

Don't over-do it with the hair gel or the hair spray! Otherwise, the gel will make your hair turn white-ish! If/When using aerosol hair spray, stay away from fire or flame of any kind until the spray dries thoroughly.

Things You'll Need • • •

A bottle of Hair gel A can of hairspray A Wide toothed comb

How to Turn Curly Hair Into Loose Waves

description Want a new look for your curly hair? Turn your curls into loose waves -- it's tedious, but well worth it.

Steps 1. Straighten your hair as you normally do. Make sure you use some sort of heat protectant as your hair will be handling a lot of heat. 2. Put hot rollers in your straightened hair. They are similar to curlers, but they apply heat in order to keep the curl for a longer time. 3. Leave the hot rollers in for about 20 minutes. Release them, and spray with hairspray. 4. Look at your hair. It will have the smoothness and sheen found in loose waves without the kinkiness of curls.

Tips • • • •

Give yourself a break in between straightening and hot-rolling. It'll help protect your hair. Allow yourself as much time for this as possible. There are two main steps which take up a large chunk of time. If you don't have hot rollers, a large-barrelled curling iron also works reasonably well. After washing your hair, blast it with some ice-cold water -- it seals the hair cuticle, making the hair shinier.

Warnings • •

Be careful not to burn yourself. If your hair isn't used to extreme heat, make sure you break your hair in first -straighten it for a couple days, and then attempt getting waves.

How to Style Wavy Hair Straightening and blowdrying your hair is fine, but it can be damaging. Here is a heatfree, curler-free, easy, beautiful style especially for wavy hair!

Steps 1. Shampoo and condition your hair in the shower as usual. 2. Towell off hair but be gentle. Rubbing can cause split ends and frizz. Do not brush or combo your hair! 3. Once the soaking-wetness is gone from your hair, mess it up with your fingers and put it in the loosest, highest and sloppiest bun you can make. Spray with a weak gel hairspray, like Garnier Fructis Curl Shaping Spray Gel. 4. Leave it alone until you are sure it is dry. 5. Take it down and use your fingers or a hair pick if your hair is tangled. Spray again with gel spray, but remember that this is not quite the same as scrunching. 6. That's it! If your hair still has some frizz, apply a smoothing gel or serum.

Tips •

• • •

Some nice products might come in handy. Since wavy hair can be dry, I use TreSemme for Dry/Damaged Hair shampoo. Any quality conditioner is fine. Again, the best spray gel is a regular strong hold bottle of Garnier Fructis style Curl Shaping Spray gel. If you must blow-dry, use the cool setting. Remember, the whole point of this is to give your hair a break from heat styling. Medium to very wavy hair is best for this, but it'll work on straight hair if you use lots of hairspray instead of spray gel. (Or a super-strong spray gel) A good smoother is Alberto V05 Smooth! Smoothing Souffle

Warnings • • •

Again, don't brush/comb your unfinished style. Besides, brushing wet hair causes frizzies and split ends. Don't over-apply spray gel or your hair will be stiff. However, if you want to scrunch...go ahead. Don't over-apply smoother either. A dollop the size of a 50 cent piece will do. Too much will make hair look greasy!

Things You'll Need • •

Nice shampoo and conditioner Spray gel or weak hairspray

• •

[optional] Blow dryer with a cool setting(if you are in a hurry) [optional] A smoothing serum or gel

How to Use Pre Wrap As a Headband Without Tying a Knot Ever wonder how female soccer players keep a thin headband in their hair? They use prewrap (also called prewrap, underwrap, M-Wrap, or pre-taping foam). Pre-wrap was designed to be used underneath athletic tape, so that the tape doesn't stick to your skin, or to the hair on your legs or arms (ouch). Soon, someone figured out that it makes an awesome headband! Many soccer regulations allow it, but some insist that it be used without a knot.

Steps 1. Get a roll of pre-wrap from http://www.pre-wrap.com or another sporting goods store. Pre-wrap.com has step-by-step photos to show you how. There are several manufacturers, but Mueller and Cramer make pre-wrap in a variety of colors. 2. Wrap the pre-wrap around your thigh twice. 3. Roll the pre-wrap down your leg and off. 4. Use as a headband.

Tips • •

It make take a couple of tries to find out where on your thigh and how tight to wrap it in order to get the perfect size headband. You can tie a knot in some leagues.

Warnings •

Mueller M-wrap does not contain latex. Prewrap Pre-taping foam.

Girls! Are you tired of constantly stopping your game to get your hair under control? PreWrap can help!

Guys! You need to protect your skin from sticky tape. You need pre-wrap!

International Player of the Year Rachel Unitt wears pre-wrap!

We've got the best selection of colors around. Factor in our free shipping (US & Canada) and you've got a great deal. How many times have you gone to the mall or local sporting goods store only to find out they don't carry it or don't have any good colors? Click here for Pre-wrap. Need athletic tape? We have eleven colors in stock! Athletic Tape.

Pre-wrap is pre-taping foam underwrap designed to help protect skin from tape chafing and sticking. Prewrap is put on before athletic tape. It can be used to hold pads and socks in place and as a protective wrap inside hiking boots, ski boots, and other athletic footwear. The foam is velvety-soft and clings to itself, but doesn't stick to other materials. Use it as a sleeveholder or to keep an ice pack on an injury. Get your own roll today!

NEW LIGHT PINK!

Before Pre-Wrap, I was constantly stopping to readjust my headband. The first time I used Pre-Wrap was the first game I played without having to worry about my hair. Obviously, I'm not the only one! Just pull a roll out of your gym bag and see. How many times have you seen a whole team pass a roll around? How many times has your coach or trainer told you to get your own roll? What's so great about Pre-Wrap? It works. It doesn't slide off your head like regular headbands do. It's that simple.

Why settle for boring when you can choose from our eleven colors! Even better, grab our Rainbow Special and take advantage of our free shipping.

How to Do a Bunny Tail Ponytail Want to have a cute hairstyle for the day? Well here's how!

Steps 1. Put your hair into a low ponytail. 2. Wrap the hair tie around your hair a few times. When you think you can wrap just once more, stop. 3. Take the bottom of the hair tie and pull your hair through the hairtie.

Tips •

Use a stretchy hair tie to get the style right.

Warnings •

Don't make the ponytail too low if your hair is really long because you want to be able to see the bun under the ponytail. If you can't see it or someone else can't see it then it is too low. If that's how you want it, then that's fine too. My boyfriend likes when I wear my hair like this! I made this style up with my boyfriend!

Things You'll Need • • •

Hair tie Brush-if you want a nice sleek ponytail and detangler too for the same reason.

How to Treat Male Pattern Hair Loss Hair loss can be either natural or caused by disease. The most common hair loss is thinning of the hair caused by androgens (male hormones).

Steps 1. Accept it. Consider it a visible symbol of your increasing wisdom. Tolerating hair loss is the healthiest and cheapest way to cope with hair loss. If that technique is too hard on the ego, read on. 2. Consider some of the hair loss drugs. Arguably, the best drug treatment for male hair loss is 1mg of Finastride taken orally once a day and Minoxidil applied directly to the scalp in either a 2 or 5 percent solution. 3. Take Finastride once a day without food. The drug should be used in a 6 month or 12 month period. 4. Take 1 ml Minoxidil 2 percent or 5 percent solution and apply directly to a clean, dry scalp. The studies have shown that those using the 5 percent solution achieve better results.

Tips •

•

•

Men who want to swap Minoxidil with Finastride should use minoxidil for four months after starting Finastride to prevent any hair loss that occur from stopping Minoxidil treatment. Minoxidil appears to work best in people whose hair loss has just begun. So the best time to begin minoxidil treatment is right at the moment you notice that your crown is thinning (but not completely bald). Since it takes time to grow hair, you may notice results faster if you keep your hair cut really short. This minimizes the amount of time you need to notice a difference.

Warnings • • • •

Finastride should be used with caution in those with liver disorder. The drugs have side effects which will disappear after prolonged treatment and when the drug use is stopped. See your doctor before pursuing any treatment. The drugs are not recommended for men over 60 or women. There are many other well-documented, serious side effects that have been around since 1998, including, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, weight gain, etc. Be aware that these side effects are most commonly seen when taking the oral form of Minoxidil (Loniten is one brand name) and not the topical form. If you choose to drink your minoxidil 5% solution, you might experience these side effects. Topical minoxidil's most common side effect is a slight redness at the site of application.

How to Cope with hair loss(female pattern) Everyday about 100hairs are shed from the scalp and about the same number enters the growth cycle. Hair loss can be natural or caused by disease. In comparison with men, women are more distressed by hair loss.

Steps 1. The main treatment for female-pattern hair loss is Minoxilil. 2. A 2 percent Minoxidil should be applied twice a day to dry hair. 3. It should be applied with a spray or dropper applicator directly to the scalp.

Tips • •

Finastride is not suitable for women because of the potential for the drug to cause abnormalities in the genitalia of male fetuses. Not only the 5percent Minoxidil is not more effective for women but also it has more side effects

Warnings •

Before using any kind of drug see a specialist

How to Wear a Stylish Ponytail

Remember your first ponytail? Maybe you want to look as cute as you did back then. Here's how.

Steps

The New Ponytail

Ponytail 1. Pull your hair back and fastening with a band or ponytail holder to secure in place. The position of where your ponytail will be gathered can be practically anywhere - on one side or the other, high or low. The classic style is at the back, centered over your occipital bone. The pony is then usually left to hang loosely from your ponytail holder.

Topknot 1. Gather only the center section of front hair: o The Topknot is the term used for the ponytail that is positioned at your upper crown area or at the top of your head. The initial style was to keep long hair pulled away from your face but it soon became the base for more creative styling. Full or partial updos, buns, and a variation of the Gibson Girl can all originate from a topknot.

Pigtail 1. Divide your hair and form it into two separate tails. The position and placement of your pigtails can be optional and classic pigtails are symmetrical (the same on each side): o As with the ponytail above, the loose hair can be dressed up however you desire. Pigtails can work when a ponytail does not. For shorter hair that escapes from a single pony, pigtails will secure this length better.

Tips

•

•

A ponytail does not require the styling time and efforts involved for dos and is the easiest for any one to style the basic and then elaborate on any chosen theme. This style is friendly to all hair textures, curly and wavy ponytails being as chic as smooth and straight. The ponytail is the most universal of all hairstyles, worn by men, women, and children, it is worn by all ages, races, and hair types.

How to Have Great Hair Do you want beautiful hair like models have? Here are some inexpensive steps to help your hair look great!

Steps 1. Take a warm shower before hitting the sack! 2. Rinse your hair in cool water to seal the hair cuticles and add shine. You can also use specific products to add shine and decrease frizz. 3. For wavy or curly hair, wait until your hair is mostly dry and put your hair in a very high and really loose ponytail before hitting the sack. 4. If you have straight hair, put leave-in conditioner in your hair and then brush. This is not a good idea for people with fine hair, as it will weigh down your hair. If you really feel that conditioner is necessary for your fine hair, use the product only on the tips. 5. Add more leave-in conditioner to your hair the following morning. Remember that you don't have to wash your hair every day (in fact, you shouldn't because it can cause damage and breakage). Wash when it's greasy-- when it looks kind of wet at the roots. Most people need to wash it every two days, but some once a day - you know it's whatever goes, really. Just make sure you do shower every day. You don't have to wash your hair, but you don't want to stink! 6. Apply water and hand lotion evenly over your head if your hair is a little frizzy after styling.

Tips •

• •

If you want to get rid of the frizzies, mix some lotion and water, stir it with an old toothbrush (or something with bristles), and spread it evenly over your hair. Do not cake it on; but if you do, spritz with water. If you are uncomfortable about not washing your hair daily, you can rinse your scalp with warm water and then brush. Consider using dandruff shampoo - even with your other stuff. Dandruff is the most embarassing, disgusting thing, and you'll know if you've ever sat next to anyone with it you do not want to get it on you. It's disgusting. Make sure you never have it, and if you do, go to extreme measures to ensure no one notices it!

•

•

Get a nice haircut. A hairstyle which suits you and your face will accentuate your beauty. Make sure whatever you get done you don't have split ends or let it go out of style. The nicest trendy cut at the moment is layered with a sweeping fringe, but make sure whatever you get done suits your face, and your style! Get haircuts in any shape you want; it's your hair. However, consider how complicated it is, because you'll have to keep it up long after you leave the hairdresser's. Colour. Only get this done if you can afford to keep it up. A new, unpredictable colour change can attract others to you, as can a texture change like a permanent curl, or chemical straightening, or even a subtle change like wearing your hair up instead of down.

Warnings • •

If you put in too much lotion, your hair will just look greasy. Be true to yourself in choosing a hairstyle and corresponding elements.

How to Cut Your Own Hair

Watch how they cut your hair so you can do it yourself. Girls !! A trip to the beauty salon, for a haircut, is not only expensive, but it also takes time. You have to drive there and wait. This is fine if you want a special cut for a special occasion. However, what about those in between touch up cuts that you occasionally need?

Steps 1. Watch how they cut your hair in the beauty salon. Get an idea of how to do it yourself. 2. Buy a pair of scissors made specifically for for cutting hair. Buy or use a handheld mirror that can be placed so you can see what you are doing on the back. 3. Wash, or brush your hair prior to cutting. If your hair is short, take a small section on the rear of the front, comb it smoothly, and put the hair in between your first and third fingers on your left hand. Move the fingers up towards the ends, and cut evenly. For long hair, just comb smoothly and evenly cut the ends depending on how short or long you wish to have it.

4. Use the same method for the rest of your hair. You might want to move your fingers up or down depending on how short or long you want to leave that particular section. 5. Cut the back of your hair, by looking in a mirror in front, to look at the mirror behind you. Set the mirrrors up so that you can get a good view of the back of your head or have someone hold the mirror for you if it's hard to do both.

Tips • • • •

It will get easier, the more you cut your hair. Until then, do not cut too short. A little off is better than too much. Try to cut according to your style. You will know better how you wear it, and watch carefully how the sylist cuts it. You do not have to be exactly even. If you have curly hair, it will curl up, so you wont see how even or not even it is. Straight hair is the same, once it is combed. Decide by trial and error, whether it is easier for you to cut wet or dry hair. Wet hair can hold together making it easier to see just how much you are cutting. Dry hair might curl, so you might cut too much hair.

Warnings • • •

Do not attempt a new hair style by yourself. Unless you are an experienced stylist, just stick to trimming the style you already have. Never cut large chunks of your hair. Take small sections. Be careful with the scissors. They are sharp and might cut your fingers.

How to Style Waist Length Hair Growing extremely long hair requires discipline. Now that you have it, don't wear a stupid ponytail. And quit showering so much!

Steps Everyday 1. Brush your hair well and place it in a (covered, metal free) rubber band at the nape of your neck. 2. Braid your hair in a three-part braid and move the ponytail holder down to the bottom of the braid to fasten. 3. Wrap your braid around your head, and pin it in place using bobby pins. 4. Pin the end under the beginning of the braid so it doesn't show. Feel free to decorate with hair ornaments, flowers, or even antique hatpins if you like, or knit a triangular headscarf out of shiny ribbon yarn and tie it around your head with

the braid showing a little. This style has the advantage of distributing the weight of your long hair around your head (may reduce headaches).

Formal 1. Brush your hair well and secure it with a rubber band at the nape of your neck. 2. Place your hand behind your head and reach through your hair, in the middle and just above the rubber band. Grab your ponytail and pull it through the opening your hand created. Repeat until your hair is in a fat sausage shape and the ends are a few inches long. 3. Tuck the ends behind the bun and pin securely with bobby pins.

Tips •

•

•

•

•

•

For formal events, the best hairstyle is with your freshly brushed hair worn straight down your back, preferably with an outfit that leaves your shoulders bare. Wear an Egyptian-style beaded hat or a silk ribbon tied around your forehead for contrast, if you like. Do not wash your hair more than twice a week. Once a week is probably best. You may shower more often than that if your skin can stand it, but cover your hair if you do. Over-washing is a good way to destroy your hair. Sadly, your hair will never look its best if you wash it every day. When you shampoo your hair, apply the shampoo to your scalp only (don't wash the ends). Apply it as if you were finger-combing your hair. Don't use hot water on your hair. To redistribute oils in your hair, brush with a massive, natural boar bristle brush every day. Brush your hair upside-down, then right-side up, about 20 strokes each. It feels good and it will make your hair shiny and healthy. Eat plenty of vitamin-containing fruits and vegetables, and plenty of eggs and olive oil. Drink lots of water and good-quality Belgian ale. (You can also apply eggs, olive oil, and good ale directly to your hair. Leave in for 20 to 30 minutes and wash thoroughly.) Get moderate exercise. Trim the ends of your hair regularly, using sharp scissors.

Warnings •

•

If your hair is very thin (your ponytail is thinner than a finger), consider that long hair is beautiful because it is a signal of long-term, radiant good health. An appearance of excellent health on a person with very thin hair might be better approximated with shorter hair. Never read beauty magazines. They will encourage you to buy and use harsh chemicals and hot implements on your hair, not to find your personal healthy style. This goes double if you are of African descent! Take care of your delicate hair as if it were fine silk lace that your great-grandmother knitted.

Things You'll Need • • • •

Soft covered-elastic hair bands with no metal parts (they can snag your hair) Gentle shampoo (buy good-quality stuff - it lasts a long time if you only wash your hair every week) An excellent brush with natural boar bristles, as large as you can find An attitude of pitying disdain toward the dictates of mass-market fashion

How to Make Your Hair Shine Without Using Chemicals You can get all the shine you want without resorting to using all the chemicals you see advertised on television.

Steps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Brush your hair everyday, both morning and night. Brush your hair repeatedly. Brush your hair to the side. Use plenty of conditoner and shampoo. Brush your hair right after a shower and once your hair dries brush it again. Keep your hairstyle simple so you don't have too many knots when you brush it later.

Tips • • •

Try to use the same brush at all times, it's gross to share brushes and you might get someone else's hair in yours. When you have absolutly nothing to do brush your hair, you want to brush your hair when you can. Make sure there are no knots when you go to bed and when you ar ready to start your day.

Warnings • •

If you don't brush undernneath it could make a rat's nest. When you see a beginning of a rat's nest, get rid of it (rats nest can attract lice :-P)

Things You'll Need •

A clean brush

• •

Time Nothing to do lol

How to Have Perfect Hair Hair is something really important that we just want to be pretty!Here's how to have a neat great hair!

Steps 1. Every second day wash your hair with conditioner and shampoo.(take a shower every day, just dont shampoo and condition everyday. it lets the natural oils in your hair regenerate and makes your hair appear more healthy) 2. Buy a conditioner to help with your hair defects, buy a shampoo that smells nice and also helps with your hair defects. 3. Keep your hair always neat. 4. Do different things on your hair, anytime go to the beauty salon and change your hairstyle or do something new! 5. get your hair trimmed by a professional every 6 weeks to prevent (or get rid off) split ends.

Tips •

•

Flip your hair, it's so sexy!(not too much, or else you will look either 1.like your swatting flies from your face 2. you have a nervous twitch or a mix of 1 and 2.. a total idiot. If you want, you could make hydratations on your hair anytime.

Warnings •

- Always have your hair trimmed every month and a half. it rids of split ends, plus its awesome feeling when someone notices you got a new haircut.

Dude's

Chonmage

Portrait of a man with Chonmage-Haircut from the Edo period

Modern Sumo Wrestler with "Oicho" style Chonmage The chonmage (

,

) is a form of Japanese traditional haircut worn by men. It

is most commonly associated with the Edo Period and samurai, and in recent times with sumo wrestlers. A traditional Edo-era chonmage featured a shaved pate. The remaining hair, which was long, was oiled and tied into a small ponytail which was folded onto the top of the head in the characteristic topknot. In modern times, the only remaining wearers of the chonmage are sumo wrestlers. This style of chonmage is slightly different, in that the pate is no longer shaved, although the hair may be thinned in this region to allow the topknot to sit more neatly. Sumo wrestlers with sekitori status are allowed, on certain occasions, to wear their hair in a more elaborate form of topknot called an oicho or ginkgo leaf style, where the ends of the topknot are splayed out to form a semicircle. Given the uniqueness of the style in modern Japan, the Sumo Association employs specialist hairdressers called tokoyama to cut and prepare sumo wrestlers' hair.

Crew cut

A U.S. Marine sporting a high and tight, crew cut hairstyle A crew cut is a type of haircut in which the hair is cut fairly short. The term was most likely coined to describe the haircut worn by members of the Yale rowing crew. (An extremely short haircut is known as a butch.) The crew cut was adopted by the United States armed forces during World War II, and became a civilian fashion for men throughout the 1950s. The cut was felt to be "cleancut, athletic, and patriotic." By the mid-1960s, the crew cut was generally seen as a mark of conservative political opinions, as opposed to the longer hair styles favored by those less trusting of the government. A similar style, under the name buzz cut, returned to fashion in the late 1990s. In New Zealand the style is often referred to as a kina; due to the spiky nature of the sea urchin found in the South Sea.

Short-haired musicians The Crew-Cuts were a Canadian vocal group of the 1950s, most famous for their cover of "Sh-Boom". They were the first to identify a hairstyle with a style of popular music.

Crop (hairstyle)

A crop is a short hairstyle usually worn by women, with the hair cut very close to the head.

Fashionability

Annie Lennox sports a bright orange cropped haircut on the cover of the 1983 Eurythmics album, Touch. The crop first became fashionable during the 1920s, as many of the flappers who had cut their long hair short were trying these as well as the early bobs. The Eton crop, one of the shorter and more drastic cuts of its day, was the most popular. The crop became fashionable again in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with one of its most notable wearers being Princess Diana. The crop also was big in the mid 1990s, as many former long-haired celebrities felt the urge to cut their hair.

How to cut a crop A crop involves layering and tapering of the hair so it will be closely cut to the head. The hair is typically pre-cut to a short length, and then cut shorter from there using either scissors, a razor, or sometimes clippers, depending on what the person is looking for (more of a choppy look, super short length, etc.) Crops usually require regular trims, usually between 4 to 6 weeks, to keep them clean.

Famous people who have worn this style over the years •

In the 1959 movie, A bout de souffle, Jean Seberg wears a cropped hairstyle, as does Mia Farrow after she gets her hair cut at Vidal Sassoon in Rosemary's Baby (1968).

•

• • •

• •

In 1983, on the cover photos for the Eurythmics albums, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) and Touch, singer Annie Lennox sports a bright orange cropped haircut. For the movie Sphere, Sharon Stone wore a crop. Since that time, her style when it comes to her hair has varied, but she does occasionally sport this look. In the mid 1990s, Ashley Judd cropped her long hair and has kept it for the most part short since then. Demi Moore cropped her hair for her role in Ghost, because according to her E! True Hollywood Story she read for the role and thought that her character should have short hair. She also sported a crop for a short time during her grow-out from her G.I. Jane headshave. Gwyneth (then Heather Karmal) cut her waist-length hair to Princess Diana length (and even brought along a crew from The Sun to document it). Hana Perera, famous college lecturer from the Czech Republic has been known to adapt this style.

Croydon facelift

Moscow, 2005 In English slang, a Croydon facelift (sometimes Council facelift, Essex facelift or, on Merseyside, Scrawped) is a particular hairstyle worn by young women. The hair is pulled back tight and tied in a bun or ponytail at the back. The supposed result is that the skin of the forehead and face are pulled up and back, producing the effects of a facelift. Traction alopecia can result from this hairstyle.

This hairstyle is particularly fashionable among certain young women in England, and is portrayed in the media as belonging to young women from the lower social classes, particularly the so-called chav culture. Hence the term is considered derogatory because it portrays people from Croydon as being lower class. Croydon can be replaced by the name of any unfashionable residential area. The character Vicky Pollard from the TV comedy series Little Britain wears this hairstyle.

Devilock The term Devilock is said to have originated in Africa, in reference to Voodoo.

Jerry Only with devilock in Dean Markley ad The devilock is a hairstyle created by The Misfits bass player Jerry Only sometime between June 1978 and June 26, 1979. In an interview, Only stated that it evolved out of a "tidal wave" hairstyle he wore at the time, popular amongst the 1970's surfboarding and skateboarding communities. Supposedly, Only originally called the hairstyle "the wave," until Glenn Danzig's friend's mother came up with the more sinister name that stuck. The sides and back of the hair are kept short, while the front is kept long and combed forward. There are several variations of the devilock. The most common version is worn with the front hair pinched into a ponytail, save that the hair is usually styled in place with gel rather than with hair ties. However, the members of Samhain sported devilocks that were spread out and looked more like extremely long fringe. Also called a "reverse mullet," "forward mullet" or "anti-mullet".

"Devilock" is also a song on The Misfits album Earth A.D. Devilock is the name of a Misfits tribute band from Salt Lake City, Utah.

Duck's Ass

Joe 'Ducktail' Clay The Duck's Ass was a haircut style popular during the 1950s both in America and across the Western world. It was also called the Ducktail, or simply D.A. (DA).

Origins Joe Cirello, a barber from Philadelphia, claimed to have invented the DA (the initials stand for duck's ass' or 'duck's arse') in 1940. In fact a similar hairstyle, sometimes called the Argentine Ducktail, consisting of greased hair piled high on top and swept back at the sides to form a ridge or seam at the back, was simultaneously fashionable among the Mexican-American Pachucos of Los Angeles. The DA was adopted as an emblematic coiffure by disaffected young males all over the English-speaking world and beyond (particularlty in France and Sweden) during the 1950s. In Britain it was part of the visual identity of Teddy Boys and Rockers, along with the Quiff and the Elephant's Trunk.

The combing technique The style required that the hair be combed back around the sides of the head. The teeth edge of a comb was then used to define a central parting running from the crown to the nape at the back of the head, resembling, to many, the rear end of a duck. The hair on the top front of the head was either deliberately disarrayed so that untidy strands hung down

over the forehead, or combed up and then curled down into an 'Elephants trunk' which would hang down as far as the top of the nose. A D.A. variant, the Detroit, consisted of the long back and sides combined with a flattop. The ducktail hair style contributed to the term "greasers": to accomplish this look, lots of hair grease was required to hold the hair in place. This was still the era of hair creams, so it only required an increase in the amount to make hair remain in the desired style. Brands of grease used include Black & White, Sweet Georgia Brown and Murrays. To ensure that the hair was just so, the wearer often touched up the D.A. many times during the day by running his greased comb through it. The character "Kookie", played by Edd Byrnes on the 50s detective show 77 Sunset Strip was constantly tending his hair, leading to Byrnes's 1959 hit song with Connie Stevens, "Kookie, Kookie, Lend Me Your Comb".

Significance of the style

Fauxhawk The faux-hawk or fauxhawk is a haircut similar to the Mohawk hairstyle. Hair on the top of the head is combed to resemble a small fan Mohawk. The hair on the sides of the head is not shaved, though it might be shorter. Accompanying this style of hair is occasionally the supplement of highlights. The hairstyle gained popularity in urban centers in 2002. The name faux-hawk is a portmanteau of faux (a French word for fake or false) and Mohawk. It may also be referred to as: • • • • • • •

"Thoma-hawk" (after Thom Yorke of Radiohead, and a play on words on tomahawk) "fashion-mohawk" "fashion-victim-mohawk" "fashion-hawk" "fohawk" "the yankee" (in Italy) "the faux-mo"

It is sometimes derided as:

• • • • • •

"chicken hawk" (implying that the wearer is not confident enough to actually commit to a real mohawk) "crow hawk" "corpo-hawk" (given that this hair style is conservative hair style and less extreme than its counterpart) "Hoxton fin" (probably unique to the UK) "Emohawk" (given that this hair style is mainly worn by people of the "emo" fashion) "homohawk" (given that this hair style is associated with more androgynous subcultures such as emo, as well as being a common hairstyle in the stereotype of effeminate men- i.e. the below mentioned Bruno.)

This hairstyle is popular among fashion-conscious people of any gender in the Western world, and is considered to be a fad. It is found in all different styles and is common among female runway models. It began in Europe and was made popular by footballer David Beckham, Actions In Objects keyboardist, Jordan Stein and musician Matthew Thomas. The frohawk is a mohawk on a person with tightly-coiled hair. Mr. T is known to sport a frohawk.

Mohawk hairstyle

The famous Mohawk leader Joseph Brant wearing a scalp lock. The Mohawk hairstyle (Mohawk or Mohican) is a hair style often thought to have been worn by the Mahican and Mohawk tribes.

During World War II, members of the Allied Airborne soldiers (specifically the 101st Airborne Division - the 'Screaming Eagles') shaved their hair into Mohawks. A 2,300 year old male bog body found near Dublin, Ireland (the Clonycavan Man, who died in his 20s) was found featuring a Mohawk, held together with a gel made of plant oil and pine resin imported from southwestern France or Spain.

Modern Mohawks

Example of a short Mohawk In modern times, when both sides of the head are shaved or buzzed and the remaining hair is long and (often) spiked in the middle, the hairstyle is generally known as a Mohawk in the USA and a Mohican in the UK. In punk fashion, the Mohawk is often dyed brilliant colours and the centre strip of hair worn so that it points straight up often to impressive height. Also in the gothic subculture, a descendant of punk, the Mohawk style appears, with the remaining hair spiked or long. Besides punk fashion, the Mohawk became known with the popularity of Mr. T, the actor who first became famous playing the boxer Clubber Lang in the movie Rocky III and later as Sgt. B.A. Baracus in the television series The A-Team. In the Eighties this type of African Mohawk was called Mandinkan or Mandinkan Mohawk after the Mandinkan Warrior haircut. Another well-known popular culture depiction of the Mohawk came from Martin Scorsese's film Taxi Driver. Plasmatics guitarist Richie Stotts is quoted as saying, "It was the summer of '78. I was watching Taxi Driver one night and the instant I saw Travis Bickle I thought, 'This is it. This is the look!'"

In the famous "Punk On Bus" sequence in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, associate producer Kirk R. Thatcher was shown dressed as a punk with a bright orange Mohawk. In some countries short Mohawks are used only by Nazis and it´s not at all associated with punk culture.

Varieties

An example of a Liberty Spike Mohawk Liberty spikes Liberty spikes are so named because of their resemblance to the spikes on the crown of the Statue of Liberty, though they first popped up in the London scene. In this style, the unshaven parts of the hair are formed into thick spikes that may radiate outwards in all directions or all point up in the same direction. They are favoured for their durability in extremely long hair. Liberty spikes are not only a Mohawk style, though they are commonly created by Mohawk-wearers; liberty spikes may be created all over the head, and shaved sections of hair are not required to create the look. Devilocks A devilock is a Mohawk that is worn pushed forward and down across the forehead. Jerry Only of the band The Misfits created this style. Mollet A Mollet is a Mohawk that is worn in the front, then branches out into a Mullet in the back. The only notable person to have ever had it is Maynard James Keenan of the band Tool, though he is not credited as its creator. Dreadhawk A dreadhawk is a Mohawk where the hair is dreadlocked instead of being spiked upwards. The hair style itself is very diverse; it can be worn up like liberty spikes depending on the length of dreads; it can be braided, pulled back, tied but it will still

remain a dreadhawk. The dreadhawk should be considerd to be something like an unmodified Mohawk (a Mohawk that lays flat, has no gel, glue, and is not worn up). Wednesday 13 (Joseph Poole) from the bands The Murderdolls and Wednesday 13 sports a dreadhawk that reaches his pectorals.

An example of a fanned Mohawk

example of a fanned mohawk

example of a Tri-hawk Fanned Fanned Mohawks are so named because they resemble a fan: all the unshaven hair is fixed upright in an even fan shape from the front hairline to the nape. An early user of the style was Wattie Buchan of The Exploited. Another term for such a style, originating from Britain, is "charged". For example, punk rock veterans GBH officially referred to themselves as "Charged GBH" to avoid confusion with another band who used the GBH moniker. The term is still in use today in many punk circles.

An example of a bi-hawk (click to enlarge) Bi-hawk (Twin Fins) & Tri-hawk While a traditional Mohawk has one centre strip of long hair, bi-hawks and tri-hawks have two and three respectively, with shaved portions between. Bi- and tri-hawks can be worn in any of the variant styles.

Deathhawks Deathhawks are wider-than-average Mohawks that are often worn in a looser style, frequently backcombed but not often formed into stiff fans or spikes. They may feature long, loose tendrils. Deathhawks are associated with death rockers and goths. Sometimes referred to as a goth hawk.

An example of a Mohawk on a death rocker Polish Mohawk Polish Mohawks are Mohawk haircuts in reverse (the opposite of a Mohawk), essentially a shaved straight line (usually wide enough for a disposable razor or electric hair clippers) from the forehead to the nape of the neck leaving hair on either side of the line. This haircut is also known as a "Antihawk", "HawkMo", "Highway", "Nohawk" and "Reverse Mohawk". Famous Polish Mohawk wearers include Road Warrior Hawk (One half of the wrestling tag team of The Road Warriors) and Keith Flint (the vocalist from The Prodigy).

Maintenance The Mohawk, by its nature, and depending on the type of hair the wearer has, is typically a high-maintenance style, although after practice can become quite routine for the wearer and done in a much shorter amount of time. Depending on the specific look desired by the wearer, regular, careful shaving may be required to maintain a clean line between the shaved and long parts of the hair; this can be especially complicated in bi- and tri-hawks. If the hair is to be worn up, twenty minutes or more of laborious styling, including brushing, backcombing (teasing), twisting and so on, may be required. Some styles are particularly difficult to put up, requiring the use of very strong-hold hair gels and sprays, and in some cases other holding agents like shoe polish, tooth paste, white glue, egg

whites, cornstarch or Knox gelatin. The amount of time required for styling may increase considerably with longer hair or styles that require even spikes and lines. Depending on the method used to spike a Mohawk it can take much less than 20 minutes. The use of glue and a blow dryer cuts down considerably on the time needed.

A dyed fan-style Mohawk. Some wearers enhance the look of their Mohawks using hair dyes. This, too can require a great deal of initial effort and maintenance, especially in styles where the colour(s) form an integral part of the style. In some cases, for example, Mohawk-wearers who normally wear their hair up in a fan style dye the hair in even lines or stripes of colour, either horizontal or vertical. In 2005, the Mohawk received a brief and small revival among the mainstream, as documented in Eric Wilson's Sep 1, 2005 article in The New York Times, "The Mohawk Becomes Cute." In it, Wilson argued that part of the revival was caused by Angelina Jolie's adopted son, Maddox Jolie.

The "fauxhawk" The Mohawk hairstyle inspired the fauxhawk hairstyle, an approximation of a Mohawk made without buzzing or shaving the sides of the head. The fauxhawk is typically worn with a small but noticeable spike in the middle, though usually considerably shorter than many traditional Mohawks. In most punk circles this hairstyle is frowned upon and considered a form of "selling out", although the idea of any high- maintenance hairstyle, particularly with the intentions of drawing attention, is an equally shallow move. This hairstyle has been worn by The Killers lead singer Brandon Flowers, Tre Cool (Drummer of Green Day), David Beckham, Jack Osbourne, Joel Madden from Good Charlotte, Lukas Rossi from Rockstar: Supernova and Attack of the Show host Kevin Pereira. This style allows for a less punk and more "metro" look.

Finger wave

A large-waved finger wave hairstyle. A finger wave is a method of setting hair into waves (curls) that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s and in the late 1990s in North America and Europe. The process involves pinching the hair between the fingers and combing the hair in alternating directions to make a wave shape. A lotion was applied to the hair to help it retain its shape. This style was eventually superseded by hair rollers.

Flattop

H.R. Haldeman wearing an unusually short flattop (this is closer to a high and tight) A flattop is a type of very short hairstyle similar to the crew cut, with the exception that the hair on the top of the head is styled to deliberately stand up (typically no more than an inch or two) and is cut to be flat, resulting in a haircut that is square in shape. It is most often worn by men and boys, particularly those in the military and law enforcement in the United States.

Getting a flattop haircut Because of the relative difficulty of achieving a flat surface, flattops are usually cut by licensed barbers but some cosmetologists also have the skills to cut the style. The haircut is usually done with electric clippers to cut the side and back hair to or near the scalp, and then more intricate cutting is done on the top hair to achieve a level plane. When cutting a new flattop, the top hair is usually cut to about an inch long, then blow-dried to stand up straight, and then finally cut with clippers and scissors to achieve the final look. Typically, "butch wax" is used to stiffen the front of the flattop. Because the shape of a flattop is, by definition, not compatible with the round shape of a human head, there is often a spot on the very center of the top that is buzzed shorter to achieve a flat surface, almost to the point of being shaved. This area is called the "landing strip," because this area of the head with shorter hair ressembles a grassless aviation landing area. Because the haircut is so short and quickly grows out of its precisely-cut shape, maintenance haircuts are required every few weeks, though some flattop wearers get haircuts as often as once a week.

Types of flattops The flattop haircut was most prominent in America in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In recent years, flattops have enjoyed a revival among men. There are several varieties of flattops. One of the longest types, the "Flattop DA" (Duck's Ass) was popular in the 1950s and 1960s and featured the hair of the sides of the head being longer and combed back. At the other end of the spectrum is the horseshoe flattop, in which all of the hair on the sides and back are completely shaved to the skin (called

"whitewalls"), as is the "landing strip" on the top, leaving only a U-shaped ring of hair on the top of the head. The horseshoe flattop is related to the high and tight and is particularly popular with United States Marines and Army Rangers.

Famous flattop wearers One of the most famous flattops is the one worn by Johnny Unitas, the popular football quarterback of the 1950s and 1960s, and the Super Bowl III matchup between Unitas and long-haired New York Jets QB Joe Namath is seen as one of the most pivotal games in NFL history. Fellow Pro Football Hall of Famer Howie Long was also noted for his flattop in the 1980s, and still maintains the hairstyle today. National Basketball Association players Chris Mullin, Eric Montross, and Greg Ostertag were known for their trademark horseshoe flattops. Comedian Drew Carey famously had a flattop throughout his hit sitcom, The Drew Carey Show. Famed Apollo Flight Director Gene Kranz wore a flattop (in addition to his trademark white vests) that, despite his years in the Air Force, caused him to be mistaken for a Marine. A few female celebrities, including performer Grace Jones and lesbian folksinger Phranc have also worn flattops.

French braid A French braid is a popular hairstyle. Unlike a regular three-strand braid, a French braid starts with small sections of hair at the crown of a person's head, and intermittently, more hair is added to each section as the braid progresses down the head. The classic French braid is a single braid at the back of one's head, though variations on this hairstyle include side braids and twists.

Technique

1. Medium to long hair works best for French braiding. A ponytail holder or elastic hair scrunchie is needed; hairspray and bobby pins are helpful, but optional. 2. Gather up the hair that falls in front of the ears when loose and hold in a ponytail at the top of the head. Divide it into three parts. Complete one section of a traditional "English" braid by crossing the right section into the center, the center to the right, the left to the center, and the newer center to the left (For more help, see braid). 3. Keeping two sections of one's braid in one hand, gather more hair from the same side as the section in one's other hand, and incorporate it into the section of hair one is braiding. Repeat this for the center section of hair, and the opposite section. A more gradual addition of hair increases the intricacy of the braid. 4. After adding extra hair and another English braiding round, repeat the third and fourth steps until all hair is gathered into the plait. Once that is achieved, continue with an English braid until meeting the ends of the strands of hair. Secure braid with elastic.

High and tight The high and tight can be any of several very short hair styles most commonly worn by men in military service, predominantly in the United States. While many variations of the style exist, the one common denominator is that all of the hair is removed beneath a line that is always situated above the top of the ears. In some cases a sharp line delineates the boundary between the shaved and non-shaved areas, while in others a gradual, tapering effect (or "fade") is achieved. Sometimes a flattop is sported, with a "landing strip" exposing the skin in the center, which is occasionally extended all the way to the back of the head, creating a "horseshoe" effect. The length of the unshaved portion may also vary, but as a rule is no longer than a typical crew cut; sometimes the back and sides of the head are shaved completely with a razor (this is known as "whitewalls"). Beginning in the late 1980s, it crossed over into civilian life, being embraced first by mostly young African-American males (see hi-top fade), then spread to like-aged men in other groups; it has since gained wide acceptance throughout American society.

Hime cut

Yûko Ichihara of ×××HOLiC shows the side-cut bangs of a typical Hime cut Hime cut (literally princess cut) is a hairstyle usually worn by women that is frequently seen in anime and manga consisting of straight, usually cheek-length side-cut bangs and frontal fringe. The rest of the hair is usually worn long and straightened. As the name suggests, the style is thought to have originated, or at least become common, in the Imperial court during the Heian Period of Japanese history.

Care and maintenence The Hime cut is very high-maintenence for those without naturally straight hair, and requires frequent touch-ups on the side and frontal bangs to maintain their shape. Japanese hair straightening is sometimes used to help with these problems as well as straightening irons and specially formulated shampoos for straight hair.

Hi-top fade A hi-top fade is a style of haircut where hair is cut like a Flattop, and the sides and back gradually fading from the thickness at the top, to almost bare skin. It was predominantly done by African-American youths and hip-hoppers, starting around 1985. This cut is considered out-of-style, and has been that way since about 1994. The Hi-top fade was and still is commonly called just a flattop, due to the great likeness of the two styles. In fact the Hi-top fade could qualify as another version of the flattop.

Kid (left) displaying his trademark high top fade, and Play, in a promotional pictured from their 1992 film Class Act.

Background information Origin

New York City, USA

Genre(s)

Hip-hop

Years active

1988 - 1993

Label(s)

Select

Mullet (haircut)

A doctored image showing an entire family with mullets A mullet is a haircut that is short in the front, on the top, and on the sides, but long in the back. Mullets have been worn by males and females of all ages, but they have traditionally been most popular with younger men. A slogan or motto often associated with people who wear mullets is: "Business up front, party in the back!", which originated from the older phrase: "All business in the front, and a party in the rear." The mullet is distinct from the Rattail, which consists of a long, narrow "tail" of hair growing from the back of the head.

History and cultural significance

Florence Henderson (top center, as Carol Brady) wears a mullet with tidly tots

David Bowie in 1974 The mullet's origins are from Joseph George Newman. Urban legends have it dating back to 19th Century fishermen, who wore their hair long in the back to keep warm — hence the term mullet. The Notes section of the Viking edition of Lydia Davis's translation of Swann's Way by Proust states "Jean Baptiste Prosper Bressant was a well-known actor who introduced a new hairstyle, which consisted of wearing the hair in a crew cut in front and longer in the back." The mullet became popular in the 1970s, due in part to the influence of English glam rock artist David Bowie, who wore the haircut during his Ziggy Stardust and Diamond Dogs phases. Women also wore the style--Florence Henderson, a star of the sitcom The

Brady Bunch, has a mullet in the opening sequence from the show's 1973-1974 season. The hairstyle achieved further popularity in the late 1970s and 1980s among entertainers with receding hairlines such as Anthony Geary of "Luke and Laura" fame from the soap opera General Hospital and the singer Michael Bolton. In the 1980s, the mullet became big and bouffant, and bemulleted men often indulged in other 1980s hair crazes such as spiked hair and blonde highlights. In the early 1990s, country singer Billy Ray Cyrus's "Achy Breaky" mullet fostered both imitation and ridicule. The Beastie Boys 1994 song "Mullet Head" made fun of the hairstyle, and a year later band member Mike D discussed the mullet at length in issue 2 of the band's Grand Royal magazine: It goes on to lampoon the hairstyle over several pages, including many photographs of celebrities sporting mullets. Soon after the article was published, it became popular for fans of the band, and for youth culture in general, to mock the hairstyle. The Oxford English Dictionary included "Mullet" into its lexicon in 2001 and cited that 1995 article as the first published use of the term; the entry also included the lyrics to "Mullet Head". The OED says that the term was "apparently coined, and certainly popularized, by U.S. hip hop group the Beastie Boys." The Grand Royal article apparently initiated a trend of anti-mullet sentiment. In the late 1990's, Musician Wesley Willis followed this trend with his popular novelty song, "Cut the Mullet". In the song, Willis exhorts mullet wearers to: On their 1998 album Hitler Bad, Vandals Good, southern California punk band the Vandals released one of their most popular songs, "I've Got an Ape Drape." Ape Drape is a regional term for a mullet. At the end of the song, they go down a list of other names including Hockey Hair, Forbidden Hair, Achy-Breaky Hair, Norco Neck Warmer, Shom and eventually Mullet. Ska-punk band Five Iron Frenzy released a song called "The Phantom Mullet" on their 2000 album All the Hype That Money Can Buy. The song is a homage to the mullet and the people that choose to wear it. The song opens with these lyrics:

In the 2000s, a number of web sites sprung up with photographs of people with mullets, often accompanied by mocking comments based on stereotypes of mullet-wearers. The mullet and its associated lifestyle were central themes in movies such as FUBAR: The Movie and Joe Dirt (2001), and television shows such as The Mullets (2003-2004). Despite its reputation, the mullet remains a moderately popular hairstyle among certain social groups in various Western countries. It is also fairly popular among the 18-34 age group in some East European countries, notably the Czech Republic. In the U.S. and Canada, the mullet is particularly associated with blue collar men, fans of country and heavy metal music, American football and ice hockey players. Many homosexual women of the "butch" variety also sport this hairstyle, so much so, many see this as a social identifier. In the United Kingdom the mullet is most commonly associated with thugs, or with Central and Eastern Europeans, particularly professional footballers. In Australia the haircut is associated with Bogans and Australian rules football players, particularly those from the 1980s. In recent years, the mullet has enjoyed resurgent popularity among the hip set, in particular the emo sub-culture, probably due to its association with 1980s retro kitsch. During some light hearted research on his show Johnny Vaughan declared that 'Germans, Americans, Australians, these are the real mullet men'. Hip hop and slam poetry artist Sage Francis also debates the mullet as a cultural phenomenon in his 2000 EP Still Sick... Urine Trouble, as the haircut of his town in Providence, Rhode Island Many people consider the Pittsburgh region as the "mullet capital of America", both by those who live in the region and by those who live outside it. This has been considered both a sense a pride and as a stereotype for the city, as Pittsburgh's love for the mullet is unknown. An example as to how much the city loves the haircut was in 1999, when thenPenguins superstar Jaromir Jagr had his mullet cut--and it was actually reported as its own story on the local news. Popular radio station WDVE, which coincidently is a classic rock station from the height of the mullet's popularity, has also contributed to the mullet's popularity in the city as a form of self-deprecation. It was one day last spring," says Ellen McCormack. "My life partner Carol and I were in the garage, working on a giant Donald Rumsfeld papier mache head for the Bay Area March Against the War, when Rain walked by. I thought he looked kind of strange, so I stopped him

and looked closely into his eyes. Then I realized the truth – he was wearing a mullet. I was shocked, but he swore to me that it was only ironic. After a few months, it was clear Rain had lied to us – that hideous Kentucky Waterfall was completely earnest," she adds, choking back sobs... In August 2006, the mullet became the focus of a charged political debate when George Allen, Republican Senator from Virginia and Presidential hopeful, referred to an arguably mulleted worker from his opponent's campaign as "macaca," a type of monkey and potentially offensive slur. (See : Virginia United States Senate election)

Variations

A skullet There are a number of sylistic variations on the mullet as well as a large number of whimsical, alternative terms describing the hairstyle:

Skullet A skullet is a variation of the mullet hairstyle. A skullet is defined by a shaved or bald head with long hair on the sides and in the back. Prominent wearers of skullets include Dennis Franz, Hulk Hogan, Ron Jeremy, Paul Heyman, Devin Townsend from Strapping Young Lad, Gallagher, Bill Bailey, Terry Nutkins, Ian Hill (the bassist of Judas Priest), early days Carlos de Castro from Barón Rojo and Benjamin Franklin.

Frullet A reversed variation of the hairstyle is the "frullet" (derived from "front mullet"), whereby the back of the head is shaved, leaving a long fringe hanging over the face in front. The frullet is the the initiation haircut for members of the Mara Salvatrucha gang.

The haircut is also known as the "emo mullet" due to its supposed popularity among emo music scenesters. The Frullet is also known as "the Devilock" created by The Misfits bass player Jerry Only. Other names include the "anti-mullet" or "reverse mullet".

Horseshoe flattop A horseshoe flattop is an extremely short haircut worn almost exclusively by men in the United States. Although relatively rare in the civilian population, it is often seen among certain military subcultures and is closely associated with U.S. Marines (particularly infantrymen, reconnaissance, and Drill Instructors), U.S. Army Rangers, and law enforcement officers. The haircut's most prominent feature is the U-shaped ring of hair on the top of the head, which resembles a horseshoe shape. This look is achieved by a barber clipping all of the hair on the sides and back of the head - as well as a strip of growth on the very top of the head - down to the scalp. What is left is essentially a nearly bald head with a horseshoe of slightly longer hair left on top. The bald area in the very top center of the head is sometimes referred to as the "landing strip," because its stark contrast to the surrounding hair resembles the grassless area where aircraft land or take off. The horseshoe variation developed from the flattop, because even longer flattop haircuts have some semblance of a "landing strip"; this is because achieving a flat surface on a rounded human head requires that the hair be cut shorter at the highest point on the head. Military men began cutting their flattops so short to the point that all that remained was a horseshoe. With the most extreme versions of the horseshoe flattop, the hair is so short on top that it is no longer a literal "flat top," but rather just an unshaved ring of hair, faded or blended into bald scalp around the edges and center. Some barbers go so far as to literally shave the back and sides with a razor and shaving cream. The horseshoe flattop is a very distinctive, deliberate, meticulous, and masculine haircut, often worn to achieve a militaristic or intimidating look. It requires frequent maintenance, with most wearers opting for a fresh haircut every week to ten days.

Induction cut

An induction cut is the very shortest of hairstyles, without actually shaving the head with a razor. The style is so named as it is traditionally the first haircut given to new male recruits during induction into some of the world's armed forces, particularly those in the United States. Although there are other characteristics that also contribute to the identity of a skinhead, and they may wear hairstyles within a small range (from very short to shaved), the hairstyle most commonly associated with them is the induction cut. The term buzzcut is used to generically describe all hairstyles where the hair is cut short to a consistent length all over using clippers. The induction cut is distinguishable by the clippers being used without any guard or attachment, resulting in the shortest possible cut. The scalp is not shaved with a razor, but only very short stubble is left. Some people may refer to this haircut as a number zero. As with many other short hairstyles, including a shaved head the induction cut has become popular among some men recently. It is one of the hairstyles that balding men often choose. Some army drill sergeants have been known to refer to this cut as the "Mighty Fine". In the French Foreign Legion, this form of haircut, used by all recruits and many légionnaires is termed boule à zéro (zero ball - an allusion to the smooth baldness of a ball). In recent years, the U.S. military style of high and tight has become popular in the Légion.

Jheri curl The Jheri curl (often incorrectly spelled Jerry curl and/or Jeri Curl) was a hairstyle common and popular in the African American community in the early to mid-1980s. The Jheri Curl gave the wearer a glossy, loosely curled look. It was touted as a "wash and wear" style that was easier to care for than the other popular chemical treatment of the day, the relaxer. A jheri curl was a two-part application that consisted of a softener (often called a "rearranging cream") to loosen the hair and a solution to set the curls. The rearranging cream used pungent chemicals, causing the naturally tight curls to loosen and hang. The loose hair was then set on perm rods and a chemical solution was then added to the hair to permanently curl it.

Besides the fact that it eventually went out of style, the jheri curl's decline in popularity probably occurred because of the damage it caused to the wearer's hair and its laborintensive and expensive upkeep. The harsh mix of chemicals required to make the style caused the wearer's natural hair to become extremely brittle and dry. To maintain the look of the jheri curl, users were required to apply activator and heavy moisturizers daily and to sleep with a plastic cap on their heads to keep the hairstyle from drying out. These products were expensive (a typical bottle of activator was small, retailed anywhere from $3 to $6, and was quickly depleted.) The activator in particular had the undesireable side effect of being very greasy; this would often stain clothing and anything that came into contact with it. Washing the hair cleansed it of the styling products but also exposed the damage done to the hair by the chemical process. Also, as the hair grew out, the wearer would be forced to return to the hair salon for a touch-up, further adding to the overall expense. The hairstyle went out of fashion by the early 1990s and was replaced with the high top fade haircut. Japanese Hair Straightening, also known as Thermal Reconditioning (in the USA), or Magic Straight (in Korea), is a method of permanently straightening human hair. This process is different than that of using relaxers to smooth out the hair. The procedure takes four to eight hours, depending on the length and volume of one's hair. Beauty salons in Los Angeles, California charge upwards of $500 USD to perform this procedure. Some salons in Chinatown, New York charge under $200 for the same procedure. In Korea, the procedure costs 30,000-150,000 won (30-150 USD).

Procedure The process for Japanese hair straightening goes as follows: 1. The stylist assesses the hair type and condition. 2. The hair is washed. 3. If necessary, protein is applied to the hair. There is a small extra charge for this procedure, but it is possible for the customer to end up with less than satisfactory results if the protein is not applied. 4. Solution #1, which breaks the hair's disulfide bonds, is applied. 5. The stylist rinses the first solution out of the hair when he or she deems it necessary. 6. The hair is partially blow dried.

7. The hair is ironed in small sections with a thermal straight iron. 8. A second solution, which reforms the broken disulfide bonds, is applied. 9. Hair is rinsed and conditioned. 10. Hair is blow dried once more. The procedure is also not particularly effective for tightly curled hair or hair that has already undergone serious chemical treatments. As with any chemical procedure, an experienced technician is essential.

Layered hair

Layered hair Layered hair is a type of hair style intended to give the illusion of length while keeping hair close to the head and easily manageable. Hair is arranged into layers, with the top layers (those that grow nearer the crown) cut shorter than the layers beneath. This allows the tips of the top layers to blend apparently seamlessly with layers beneath. More recent versions of the hairstyle involve making clear distinction between the various layers so that they do not blend seamlessly. In some cases, hair colouring can be applied to certain layers and not others to achieve a distinctive effect. The layered hair cut is done by lifting the hair perpendicular to the head and cutting it straight across. Also quick layered cut can be achieved by putting the hair in a high pony and cutting it.

There is more than one type of 'layered' cut, two main ones being the uniform layer and long graduation. With the uniform layer, the hair is cut at 90 degrees to the head. With long graduation, the hair is cut at 135-145 degrees, creating more visible layers.

Liberty spikes

An example of liberty spikes all over the head

Spikes that may radiate outwards in all directions

An example of a mohawk with liberty spikes Liberty spikes refers to a way of styling the hair in long, thick, upright spikes. The style, associated with the punk subculture, is so named because of the resemblance to the spikes on the head of the Statue of Liberty, although the style first arose in the London scene.

In this style, the hair is formed into thick spikes that may radiate outwards in all directions or all point up in the same direction. They are favoured for their durability in extremely long hair. Liberty spikes may be enhanced by the use of hair dyes. Liberty spikes are also a common way of styling Mohawks. They are usually styled by applying hair gel, spray or glue. Then the hair is blow dried while being held in the direction the wearer wished for the hair to stay. The more spikes there are, the longer it takes. Certain products are created to make sure minimal or no blowdrying is necessary, and with experience, the time needed to spike the hair up is significantly reduced. One famous person who used to have Liberty Spikes is Benji Madden from pop band Good Charlotte. Liberty Spikes are particuarly popular amongst punk fans as they stand out. Other band members, such as members of Rancid have also had Liberty Spikes at certain times.

Odango

The "odango" hairstyle, as exhibited by the character "Queen Serenity" Odango (

odango?) (pronounced [odaŋgo] in IPA) is a Japanese word meaning

dumpling. The term also applies to a hairstyle in which a woman's hair is tied up in two spherical or nearly-spherical buns, one on each side of her head. In anime and manga, the term odango atama ("dumpling head") is used to describe any character who keeps their hair in such a style. The term also extends to real people who use the hairstyle, as well as the hairstyle itself. The most famous character referred to as such is Usagi Tsukino of Sailor Moon; other characters with this hairstyle include Meiling Li from Cardcaptor Sakura and Minto Aizawa (Corina Bucksworth) from Tokyo Mew Mew (Mew Mew Power). The English dub of Sailor Moon, broadcast in markets

where the odango food is uncommon, adapts this term instead as "meatball head" (with Mamoru/Darien teasing Usagi/Serena with this name).

Ox horns

Pucca has simplified Odango In China, there is a similar hairstyle known as "ox horns". It is was a commonly used hairstyle up until the early 20th century, and can still be seen today when traditional attire is used. This hairstyle differs from the odango slightly in that it is gender neutral; Chinese paintings of children have frequently depicted girls as having matching ox horns, while boys have a single bun in the back. However, the primary difference between the two hairstyles is that no strands or length of hair trails from the bun. Examples of characters with ox horns include Chun Li from the Street Fighter series, Pucca , Shampoo from Ranma ½, Tenten from Naruto, and Miaka Yuki from Fushigi Yūgi. Real celebrities with ox horns or similar hairdos include singer Melanie Brown of the Spice Girls, Marguerite Moreau as Jessie in the movie Queen of the Damned, and the singer Björk.

Pageboy The pageboy (or page boy) is a hairstyle named after a drawing of a woman dressed as an English page boy. It involves straight hair hanging to below the ear where it usually turns under. Often there is a fringe (bangs) in the front. In the early 1950s, the New York City hairdresser M. Lewis popularized this style. The pageboy is similar to a long bob hairstyle. A pageboy flip has the bottom reversed to curl outward.

Pigtails

A young girl with pigtails. Pigtails (also known as angel wings and bunches) describe a hairstyle in which the hair is parted down in the middle and tied into two bundles, one on each side of the head. Pigtails, in the strictest sense, most often refer to the joining of symmetric or semisymmetric groups of hair (as viewed along the centerline of the scalp), secured with hair tie (e.g., scrunchie, rubber band, or similar) of some sort, with the majority of the hair allowed to hang free or secured in such a way as to not mix with any hair across a definitive part. [The term part is used here to indicate a natural or artificial separation of hair at the scalp, where the hair falls or is pulled in opposing directions.]

Types of pigtails There are several broad types of pigtails. The term can refer to free-hanging, braided (plaited in British English), or secured hair; as long as the sections don't cross the part, the pigtail moniker applies. •

•

•

The epynomic term pigtails refers to groups of hair joined at or near the scalp with ribbons, barrettes, rubber bands, or sorts of strings, and allowed to hang free to the ends of the hair. The term braided pigtails refers to groups which have been braided/plaited part or all of the way down and secured at or near the ends of the pigtail. These can have one hair tie at the end, or at both ends, if the hair is pulled into regular pigtails first and then braided. French braided pigtails are similar to braided pigtails, except that they are formed as a natural extension of two french braids. Each section of hair is braided as a French braid, with the tail either braided to the end or left completely unbraided (i.e., the braid is secured near the nape of the neck). Unbraided and braided ends can be left hanging or rolled into buns (or otherwise dealt with creatively), and braided ends alone can be tucked back under the braid to form a loop.

•

•

Pigtail buns are pigtails (either secured or unsecured) that are coiled into a circular pattern (similar perhaps to a coiled pastry) and secured in place with pins, sticks, or hair ties. Odango are a specific hybrid of pigtail buns and normal pigtails. The word comes from Japanese and means dumplings. The hair of a pigtail is twisted around itself and the end pulled through, creating what is essentially a knot, with the ends of the hair protruding from the center of the bun and either braided or more commonly allowed to hang free.

Making pigtails To create the most basic type of pigtail, part the hair along the centerline of the scalp and gather each section with a rubber band behind the ears, allowing the rest of the hair to hang free. Pigtails can be worn high on the head if you have shorter hair or to create the illusion of longer hair, or they can be worn down near the nape of the neck. Pigtails worn near the nape of the neck tend to be more comfortable if they are not tied too tightly; if tied too tight, they tend to cause headaches.

Word Origin The term pigtail appears in English in the American colonies in the 1600's to describe a twist of chewing tobacco. One of the steps in processing the tobacco was to twist a handful of leaves together to form a compact bunch that would then be cured (dried, either with or without smoking). The term "pigtail" was applied to the bunch based on its resemblance to a twisted pig's tail. From the later 1600's through the 1800's, the term came to be applied to any braided (plaited, in British parlance) hairstyle. The British army also adopted a single pigtail or "queue" as its standard dress for long hair. Robert Louis Stevenson mentions "pigtail" referring to hair and then to "pigtail tobacco" in the first and fourth chapters of Treasure Island, respectively. (See Project Gutenberg for an online copy of the book at The term pigtail in English does not convey a negative connotation. To the contrary, even to this day British barristers wear a wig with pigtails as a sign of their position and wisdom.

Pompadour Pompadour is a style of haircut which takes its name from Madame de Pompadour.

The pompadour was a fashion trend in the 1950s among male rockabilly artists and actors in the 1950s like Elvis Presley, Marlon Brando (The Wild One) and James Dean (Rebel Without a Cause); in the late twentieth century, rockabilly revival musician Brian Setzer and Pretenders bassist Pete Farndon were known for wearing this style. There are also Latin variants of the hair style more associated with European and Argentine tango fashion trends and occasionally with late twentieth century musical genres such rockabilly and country. In recent years they have been almost the sole province of those enamoured with "vintage culture" of the late 50s and early 1960s that includes antique cars, hot rods, American folk music, rockabilly bands, and Elvis impersonators. However, they have also become a symbol for fans of new wave and retro cultures as well, and are sported by musicians and artists affiliated with those cultures, such as Morrissey. Talk show host Conan O'Brien is also famous for his pompadour. In modern Japanese popular culture, the pompadour is a stereotypical hairstyle often worn by gang members, thugs, members of the yakuza and its junior counterpart bōsōzoku, and other similar groups. In Japan the style is known as the "Regent" hairstyle, and is often caricatured in various forms of entertainment media such as anime, manga, television, and music videos. The musical group Kishidan is known for their large "Regent" hairstyles.

Creation A pompadour is often created by combing the sides of the hair back, while fanning the top of the hair forward and curling over itself. There are numerous ways to sculpt a pompadour. Some only curl the front few inches of their hair up, while others comb their hair back and use their hands to "push" it into its desired place. Occasionally hair is kept relatively short and cut into the desired look, and pompadours are created through standing the hair straight up, retaining a "spiked" quality. Variations on exact style vary from a straight front to a more rounded and organic look. The quiff also exists, as a product of the Psychobilly movement. This is most easily described as a mohawk styled into a pompadour. For women, the hairstyle has become marginally popular again in the first few years of the twenty-first century. It can be created by ratting at the roots of the hair on the sides of

the pompadour towards the top of the head. Then the hair is combed up and over the ratted hair, off the forehead, the front up in a curl straight back, and the sides pulled back towards the center. Often many hair-care products are employed in the creation of a pompadour. Commonly seen are wax and gel pomades, held in high regard for their durability. Sometimes they are created solely with the use of hair spray, hair gel, or even glue.

Quiff

A 2000s Youth Wearing A 1950s-style 'Teddy Boy' Quiff The Quiff is a hairstyle that combines the 50's pompadour hairstyle, the 50's flattop, and sometimes a mohawk. The hairstyle was a staple in the British 'Teddy Boy' movement, but became popular again in Europe in the early 1980's with early psychobilly acts including The Meteors, Demented Are Go, and others. For a while, DJ and TV presenter Mark Lamarr was a famous proponent of the quiff. British singer Morrissey, formerly of The Smiths, is well-known for his trademark quiff. Danny Zuko and his fellow T-Birds (in the film Grease) also sport quiffs.

Rattail (haircut)

Man with a rattail. A rattail is a haircut that is characterized by a long "tail" of hair growing from the back of the head. The rattail has been worn by both genders, this haircut is observed most commonly in males under the age of 15 or middle-aged men attempting to appear fashionable. The individual with a rattail typically has his or her hair cut short all over their head except for a few strands in the back that are left to grow out. The rattail usually curls naturally, however, it can be braided, treated as a dread, permed, straightened, or curled with an iron. In some instances, an individual might choose to grow several tails or grow a single tail very long. It appears that Jedi Knight apprentices or "padawans" in the Star Wars Trilogy (particularly the first trilogy, that is, first chronologically within its own universe, the "Republic/ Anakin Trilogy" as opposed to the "Empire/ Vader Trilogy") are required or allowed to wear braided rats-tails during the period of their apprenticeship, but then shave these off when the Council admits them to the full rank of Jedi Knight. This hairstyle seems to be rather commonly seen on manga characters. For example, Miroku, the monk from InuYasha and Dr. Tofu (a character in Ranma 1/2) both have small ponytails resembling rattails. Tenchi Masaki also is seen with a rattail. In terms of practicality, this hair cut has no real use. Most young boys or young lesbians that have one of these are made fun of unmercifully as they grow older. Nicknames such as "the rat" and "rattail boy" are particuarly common.

Ringlet (haircut)

A side view of the ringlet hairstyle. A ringlet is a type of hairstyle. It is achieved by wrapping a lock of hair around the length of a thin curling iron or can be sported naturally by people with sufficiently tightly curled hair. Ringlets are often also known as tube curls.

Examples of people with the ringlet hairstyle

1st-century portrait of a Flavian-era Roman woman wearing a ringlet hairstyle. • • •

During the Flavian dynasty in ancient Rome, aristocratic women wore the ringlet hairstyle. Child actress Shirley Temple was famous for her ringlet hair, styled every day by her mother. The Veruca Salt character from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has her hair styled in (oversized) ringlets on the day of the chocolate factory tour.

Wings (haircut)

The Wings haircut is a hairstyle that is commonly being used by today's teenagers. It is very popular with skateboarders. Some people that have the wings haircut are Mitchel Musso from Hannah Montana, Dylan and Cole Sprouse, and Shaun White. The haircut is typically wavy and if straight, the length comes to halfway on ears. Instead of laying on the wearer's ears, the hair flip up and comes straight out like an airplane wing, hence the name.

Hair is a very important expression of who we are. It is often the first thing you notice when you meet someone, especially if they have nice hair. Well-groomed, luxuriant, lustrous, hair is, quite simply, beautiful and sexy. It can signify youth, health, strength and vitality. Many people don't feel right unless their hair looks perfect. If their hair looks good they feel great. Otherwise they say they are having a 'bad hair day'. This applies to men and well as women.

Hair reacts to our state of well being. This includes our physical, spiritual, and emotional bodies. Emotionally, if we are in balance, our hair grows and looks beautiful as a personification of of our inner self. Under stress many people have hair loss or their hair looses its texture and sheen.

One such disease is Alopecia which is a highly unpredictable, autoimmune skin disease resulting in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere on the body. Other factors that affect hair include: physical illnesses, diet, skin conditions, hormones, shampoos and conditioners, hair dyes, perms, the water you use to wash you hair, as well as other factors that impact on our daily lives.

The manner in which people care for their hair varies greatly. Some people just wash their hair and let it dry naturally, others spend hours blow drying and styling it. We all seem to find a style that is 'us' and keep it until something in our lives changes - and we change our hair style along with it. The hair we are born with changes several times during our time on planet Earth. Some of these changes occur naturally, while others get a little help from hair stylists and the barber. The term 'Barber' comes from the Latin word barba meaning beard. It may surprise you to know that the earliest records of barbers show that they were the foremost men of their tribe. They were the medicine men and the priests. But primitive man was very superstitious and the early tribes believed that both good and bad spirits, which entered the body through the hairs on the head, inhabited every individual. The bad spirits could only be driven out of the individual by cutting the hair, thus various fashions of hair cutting were practiced by different tribes and making the barber the most important man in the community. In fact, the barbers in these tribal days arranged all marriages and baptized all children. They were the chief figures in the religious ceremonies. During these ceremonies, the hair was allowed to hang loosely over the shoulders so that the evil spirits could come out. After the dancing, the long hair was cut in the prevailing fashion by the barbers and combed back tightly so that the evil spirits could not enter the person, nor the good spirits get out. Most babies lose their newborn hair, the new hair growing in with a different color and texture. Some babies remains bald until after a year old or more. Children's hair styles vary depending on the natural texture of the hair, the parental choices, and the society in which they live. Mothers who keep their daughters in short hair usually tell me it's because the child will not allow them to groom the daughter's hair or the child's hair is very thin and fine and looks best when short. Mothers seem to favorite feminine hair-dos for their daughters, as long hair can be styled according to weather and other circumstances. Teenage years go to coloring hair, experiment with the latest fades, long hair for girls, perms, extensions, hair moose, and other products that help create a desired effect. Next to body weight and eye color, hair says the most about someone's appearance. People notice your hair.

Men with receding hairlines seem to like the bald look, shaving their heads. Many woman keep the same style most of their lives, wile others change style and color with mood and events in their lives. Keep your hair style and color youthful. In many cultures long hair is the norm for women - and sometimes men - in all age groups. How much time and energy you put into your hair varies with how important it is to you. If you are lucky you have 'wash and wear' hair that always looks great after it is washed and dries naturally. If you are like most people you have to create the illusion of how you see yourself by finding your hair color and styling your hair evey day. Accessories placed in your hair - such as jewels, fancy pins and other ornaments enhance your look.

Long Hair - Portal to Creation Long hair is primal as it stirs and arouses something within us, from sexuality to the goddess, priestess look.

Subconsciously, long hair references a return to the creational source - water - the flow of the collective unconscious. In many places woman style their hair in 'snail shell' curls turning to the right. This is linked with golden ratio - spiraling movement of consciousness from the head - energy moving upward through the crown chakra. We are in the Age of Aquarius - The title song of the hit show 'Hair'.

Aquarius represents the mother creator - the priestess and goddess the creational mythology - the return of feminine energies - higher frequency energy. Aquarius is always portrayed with long flowing tresses - often flowing into creation.

The Mother - Prime Creator - is (Is-is or Isis or Ishtar) portrayed as tall, slim, with flowing long hair.

She is the lunar goddess of the temple.

She is sexy and alluring - her hair naturally thick and often wavy.

She is the Mother Nurturer - The Protector

Mythological gods and goddesses of creation are portrayed with long hair as a return to our natural state of being. The femme fatale look is generally about long sensual hair, that stirs the emotions, and ignites the flame. A woman letting loose her long tresses - that have been tied or pinned back, suddenly is seductive and alluring. Her energies are strong as she shakes looses her lion mane of hair. Many men, throughout history had long hair or wore curly large haired wigs. The list would include gods, ascended masters, religious figures, people in the arts, etc.

Female heroines with long hair are always in vogue, adding romanticism to them.

No longer are they quiet and demure waiting to be rescued.

This is the age of Aquarius the return of the feminine powers.

Country singers always have mountains of hair sometimes wearing wigs.

Hair is all part of the illusion - the game.

Looking Younger Hair makes a statement at any age.

I believe that longer hair, kept in a natural color, or highlighted softly, is more youthful that short gray hair. For some reason when the hormones change during menopause many women become depressed cut their hair short and let it go gray. Of course, hormonal hair loss at that time happens for most women, but there are ways to keep thins looking natural. Gray hair styled in a youthful fashion is often youthful looking. Is it important to look and feel young? For most people this is the case especially in western societies where much is judged on appearance. A clean, well kept person, signals a functional person. When you look young, you feel young and you send out the message: "I am young in mind, and in control." When you look better, you act and feel better. When you look older, sickly and poorly kept, especially as you age, you often make the statement, "I am depressed and not in control. I am bored and getting laid back and perhaps lazy about my appearance after years of dealing with issues.

Psychological Disorders Many people who are mentally ill often tend to:

- cut off random chunks of hair - dye their hair black - a true sign of depression - loss their hair in different parts of the head - do not properly maintain their hair - dye their hair based on a multiple personal disorder - twirl their hair - pull their hair out - Trichotillomania an impulse control disorder

Physiology of Hair On the average there are over one hundred thousand strands of hair on a young adult. Blondes average about 140,000 strands, brunettes average 108,000 and redheads average 90,000. Hair grows at a rate of about 150mm a year and each individual hair lasts for two to six years before it falls out, the follicle has a rest for a while, while another takes its place. Hair grows quickest in young adult women aged between sixteen and twenty-four (who are often then at the height of their possible reproductive capacity) The quality and appearance of hair is influenced by overall health and diet as would be expected. Anorexics who starve themselves often have very fine, brittle hair deficient in various minerals. Hair conveys information about a person and their state of healthanalysis of the hair can also tell what drugs they have taken. Long hair obviously suggests at least a recent history of good health. Human Body Hair

Dream Symbology Hair references power. The Leo personality generally has a thick mane of hair of long often wavy - hair. To dream of hair in your dreams could suggest some strong thoughts are floating around up there but a strong mental power can hold them in check. To dream of gray or silver hair could suggest wise thoughts.

For a woman to dream that she has beautiful hair when in reality she does not, denotes carelessness in her personality. For a man to dream of losing his hair, suggests too much generosity will put him in the poor house. To dream that you cut your hair close to your head may signify regrets of a willful extravagance.

Hair and Magic

Occult practices sometimes include pieces of hair while performing spells.

HAIRSTYLES THROUGH THE AGES Historical Figures and Myths

Lady Godiva

Rapunzel

Medusa - Hair of Snakes