Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary. With English-Gerung and Nepali-Gerung indexes 0858831473

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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series C- No. 51

GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY WITH ENGLISH-GERUNG AND NEPALI-GERUNG INDEXES

Warren W. Glover Jessie R. Glover Deu Bahadur Gurung

Out of print book Photocopied by Pacific Linguistics S P A S , Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia

PACI FIC L I N G U I S T I C S i s p u b l i s h e d through t h e L i n g u h i n t i c C h c t e o b Canbc&&a and c o n s i s t s o f f o u r s e r i e s : SERIES SERIES SERIES SERIES

A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS B - MONOGRAPHS C - BOOKS D - S P E C I A L PUBLICATIONS.

EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C.

L ~ y c o c k , C.L.

Voorhoeve, D.T.

Tryon, T.E. Dutton.

EDITORIAL ADVISERS : B. Bender, University of Hawaii

A. Capell, University of Sydney S. E l b e r t , University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer I n s t i t u t e of Linguistics

A. Healey, Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s , New Guinea N.D.

Liem, University of Hawaii

8. McKaughan, U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii

G.N.

O'Grady, University of V i c t o r i a , B.C.

W.W. Glover, Summer I n s t i t u t e of Linguistics

K. Pike, University of Michigan; Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s

G. Grace, University of Hawaii

E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden

ALL CORRESPONDENCE c o n c e r n i n g PACIFIC L I N G U I S T I C S ,

including orders

and s u b s c r i p t i o n s , should be addressed t o : The S e c r e t a r y ,

PACIFIC L I N G U I S T I C S , Department o f L i n g u i s t i c s , School of P a c i f i c S t u d i e s , The A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y , Canberra, A.C.T.

2600.

Australia. Copyright

@

The Authors.

F i r s t , p u b l i s h e d 1977. The e d i t o r s a r e i n d e b t e d t o t h e A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y f o r h e l p i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n of t h i s s e r i e s . T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n was made p o s s i b l e by a n i n i t i a l g r a n t from t h e Hunter Douglas Fund. N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f A u s t r a l i a Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 147 3

PREFACE This f i r s t Roman e d i t i o n o f a Gurung-Nepali-English

d i c t i o n a r y con-

t a i n s a b o u t 4000 Gurung words, c o l l e c t e d on v a r i o u s f i e l d t r i p s between 1967 and 1974 under t h e agreement of c o o p e r a t i o n between t h e Summer Ins t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s and Tribhuvan U n i v e r s i t y , Kathmandu.

We g r a t e -

f u l l y acknowledge t h e encouragement, a s s i s t a n c e , and a c t i v e i n t e r e s t of D r S.B. Shakya, Vice C h a n c e l l o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y , and of D r P.R.

Sharma,

Dean o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Nepal and Asian S t u d i e s . Among o u r many f r i e n d s i n t h e v i l l a g e o f Ghachok we wish t o thank e s p e c i a l l y S h r i Phouda Bahadur C h e t r i , former Pradhan Panch, and S h r i Sher Bahadur Gurung, former Upa Pradhan Panch, o f t h e Lower Chachok Panc h a y a t and S h r i Pas Bahadur Gurung, Pradhan Panch o f Upper Ghachok Panchayat, f o r t h e i r i n t e r e s t , s u p p o r t , and encouragement on f i e l d t r i p s .

A Guhung-NepaLi- EngLLbioh GLobbaky was p u b l i s h e d i n 1976 by t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s , Kathmandu, i n t h e Devanagari s c r i p t .

We a r e

g r a t e f u l t o t h e two p u b l i s h e r s , o f t h a t and o f t h i s e d i t i o n , f o r a g r e e i n g t o t h e u s e of t h e same Devanagari Nepali-Gurung i n d e x i n each volume. We a r e g r a t e f u l t o Miss Amrita K . C . o f Kathmandu f o r h e l p i n checking t h e s e m a n t i c s and s p e l l i n g o f t h e N e p a l i g l o s s e s , and f o r t y p i n g t h e Devanagari m a n u s c r i p t , and t o Mrs S a l l y S i n i s o f f of t h e Department o f L i n g u i s t i c s , A u s t r a l i a n N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y , f o r h e r t y p i n g o f t h e Roman manuscript, a t a s k made t h e more e x a c t i n g by t h e a u t h o r s ' remoteness from Canberra.

GLoveh J . R . GLoveh 0.8. Guhung

W.W.

Pokhaka, Septernbch 1 9 7 7 .

T A B L E OF CONTENTS Page

iii INTRODUCTION

v

1.

Orthography

2.

A1 p h a b e t i s i n g O r d e r

viii

3.

S t r u c t u r e o f an E n t r y

viii

4.

Comparative Information

ix

5.

Abbreviations

xi

GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH

v

DICTIONARY

ENGLISH-GURUNG INDEX NEPALI-GURUNG INDEX APPEND1 XES A p p e n d i x A: Gurung K i n s h i p Terms A p p e n d i x B:

Re1 i g i o u s Terms

Gutung Kind h i p C h a l r t REFERENCES

following page 306 315

INTRODUCTION Gurung i s a Tibeto-Burman l a n g u a g e spoken by about 170,000 p e o p l e , m o s t l y l i v i n g i n Gandaki zone i n c e n t r a l west Nepal.

With Tamang,

T h a k a l i , and Manang, Gurung i s a member of t h e Gurung Family w i t h i n t h e Bodish Substock, which i n c l u d e s a l s o t h e T i b e t a n Family, Kaike, and Ghale (W.

The d i a l e c t r e p r e s e n t e d h e r e i s p r i m a r i l y

Glover 1974:8-13).

t h a t o f Deu Bahadur Gurung, born and r a i s e d i n Ghachok v i l l a g e , n e a r Pokhara, i n Kaski d i s t r i c t .

P r o n u n c i a t i o n v a r i a n t s shown i n t h e d i c -

t i o n a r y have a l l been h e a r d i n Ghachok, e i t h e r from DBG h i m s e l f o r o t h e r s p e a k e r s , some o f whom come from o t h e r v i l l a g e s up t o one d a y ' s walk away.

Study o f Gurung d i a l e c t s (W. Glover and Landon n . d . 1 r e v e a l s

-

a t l e a s t t h r e e major g e o g r a p h i c a l d i a l e c t s o f Gurung South

-

with continuous v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n d i a l e c t s .

E a s t , West, and

Ghachok f a l l s ' w i t h i n

t h e West Gurung d i a l e c t .

1.

ORTHOGRAPHY Gurung and N e p a l i forms a r e c i t e d i n a Roman t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n o f t h e

Devanagari s c r i p t .

F i g u r e s 1 and 2 show t h e segmental phonemic i n v e n -

t o r y o f Gurung, and symbols used f o r n a t i v e Gur~ungwords. ~ a ial b

Dental

Retroflex

Apico-alveolar affricates

stops:

vl. unasp. vl. asp. vd

.

Fricatives Nasals Lateral Flap Semi vowels

F i g . 1.

Consonants

Velar

Glottal

INTRODUCTION

Front

Central

High

i

Mid

e

a

Fig. 2.

Vowels

Back

u

o

Although phonemically there is only one sibilant phoneme /s/ in Gurung, as in Nepali, loanwords from Nepali are spelt with the same sibilant symbol as in the Nepali source, whether the 'dental' s, 'retroflexed' ?, or 'alveo-palatal1 5 . The voiceless glottal fricative x (phonetically Chi) is not a segmental phoneme in native Gurung words but occurs only in loanwords from Nepali, and then only in word initial position. The symbol x is also employed to represent the feature of breathiness on a syllable. The positioning of x in the orthography represents the position of the corresponding Devanagari symbol (transliterated h in Roman Nepali) in the syllable; that is, preceding the vowel, except in the prefix ax-, and preceding the consonants y , r, and w (except that it follows the consonant clusters kr, mr, pr). In Gurung, aspiration of a voiced stop or affricate is phonemically breathiness on the syllable and is marked by x. The departure from the traditional bh, dh, etc., for voiced aspirates is necessitated by the contrast in Gurung between aspiration and breathiness following voiceless stops: pxi ' c a r r y i n g b a s k e t ', phi ' b a r k , pee2 '. Once x is used to mark breathiness in this environment, following voiceless stops, consistency dictates use of the same symbol in the environment following voiced stops, and consistency in transliteration from Devanagari requires x for the glottal fricative [ h ] . Contrastive nasalisation is represented by a superscript tilde ( a , 8 , T , 6, GI. Preceding a nasal consonant, Gurung vowels automatically take on a nasal articulation. Should this nasality be written? According to strict phonemic theory, yes, since nasality is a phonemically contrastive feature in the language, and in fact literate Gurungs generally do write the Devanagari nasal diacritic on such vowels, reacting to the phonetic and phonemic nasality. However, many of the words involved are loans from Nepali, and for the sake of orthographic consistency with Nepali, in which language vowel nasalisation is not written before a nasal consonant, and for the sake of orthographic economy in Devanagari (not writing a predictable diacritic), we have in this dictionary written vowels preceding nasal consonants within the same morpheme as oral vowels. Thus taan ' a 2 2 1 e

INTRODUCTION

vii

Accent, or high tone, is represented by apostrophe ( ' 1 following the accented syllable. On monosyllabic morphemes (the majority, when loan words are excluded) accent and breathiness intersect to give four tone classes: clear intense (cal 'he'); clear relaxed (ca 'vein'); breathy In polysyllabic morrising (cxaa' 'tea '1 ; breathy low (cxa 'son'). phemes, breathiness occurs generally only on the first syllable, but accent may occur on any one syllable or none. Phonemically long vowels are written geminate. By far the most common is aa. Word finally there is no sharp contrast between -a and -aa. In rapid speech all words written with either the short or long vowel tend to be pronounced with the short, more central, a; in slow, deliberate "spelling pronunciation" speech some words show the lengthened, phonetically lower, aa. The difference is partly conditioned by word tone and shape (as noted for verb suffixes in W. Glover (1974:xxiii)), and an attempt has been made to represent the distinction in the dictionary, but the analysis is not final, nor is the present representation, unfortunately, consistent. The consonants s, c, and j coalesce with a following y to become lamino-alveolar in pronunciation. The same palatalising process normally occurs before the front vowels i and e , but in a very few words the apico-alveolar pronunciation is retained. These words are marked by a slash through the consonant: $xi 'undergrowth' (contrasting with cxi 'knee'). The phonemic sequence /kl/ has different phonetic realisation in different Gurung dialects. In Ghachok it is voiceless lateral fricative with palatal release [ h v l , and is represented in the present orthography by a conventional khly (as the symbol cluster in Devanagari approximating as nearly as possible to the phonetic realisation). Further phonetic description of Gurung, including the tone system, is given in W. Glover (1969). Nepali words are transliterated using a similar transcription, but without x cr I, and with the addition of (nonphonemic) distinctions between 'dental' n and 'retroflex' II, and between 'short' i and u and 'long' T and li. The Devanagari script employs a special symbol for the combination /ri/, and the symbol is here transliterated ri+, as in ri+? 'loan' ( G che). The primary spelling standard adopted for Nepali words is Singh (1971); words not found in Singh have in some cases been supplied from Meerendonk (1960) or Regmi (n.d.1, but many words could not be found in any of these sources.

viii

2.

INTRODUCTION

ALPHABETISING ORDER The Gurung e n t r i e s a r e a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e English a l p h a b e t ,

e x c e p t t h a t t h e symbols a a and 0 a r e t r e a t e d a s u n i t s immediately f o l lowing a and n r e s p e c t i v e l y , and 5 i s a u n i t immediately preceding 5 , which i n t u r n precedes s .

Thus, words commencing with t h e long vowel aa

a p p e a r a f t e r ate t h e words commencing w i t h a . ( i n d i c a t e d by s u b s c r i p t d o t , e . g .

r,

( i n d i c a t e d by s u p e r s c r i p t t i l d e , e . g .

Retroflexed consonants

4 , II, 2 )

and n a s a l i s e d vowels

I , E , 7 , 6, ii) precede t h e i r

r

c o u n t e r p a r t s without d i a c r i t i c s ; t h u s , a l l words w i t h r e t r o f l e x e d precede words w i t h d e n t a l t , and a l l words with n a s a l i s e d words w i t h o r a l a .

Accent,

I ,

precede

i s ignored i n a l p h a b e t i s i n g except where

words a r e o t h e r w i s e i d e n t i c a l , when t h e a c c e n t e d form precedes t h e una c c e n t e d , and a word with a c c e n t on t h e f i r s t s y l l a b l e precedes one w i t h a c c e n t on t h e second s y l l a b l e . E n t r i e s i n t h e Nepali-Gurung

Thus, p a l d i , p a d i ' , p a d i .

i n d e x , being i n Devanagari s c r i p t , a r e

a r r a n g e d by Devanagari o r d e r : a , a a , kh, g,

gh, 0 ,

bh, m,

Y,

3.

c,

r,

ch,

j, j h , th, r , 1 , w , f , s , s, h .

4,

-

i , 7 , u, u , r i + , e , a i , o , au, dh,

n,

t,

th,

d,

dh, n , P ,

k,

ph, b,

STRUCTURE OF AN ENTRY

a ) Gurung-Nepali-English e n t r i e s c o n t a i n : 1 ) t h e Gurung word, followed by s u p e r s c r i p t numerals i f r e q u i r e d t o d i s t i n g u i s h forms w i t h i d e n t i c a l segmental phonemes. 2 ) v a r i a n t pronunciations,

s e p a r a t e d by commas.

3 ) comparative i n f o r m a t i o n , i n s q u a r e b r a c k e t s [

1.

4 ) grammatical c a t e g o r y .

5) Nepali g l o s s , between p o i n t e d b r a c k e t s < >. 6 ) English gloss.

To f a c i l i t a t e r e v e r s a l of t h e e n t r i e s by

computer ( i n producing a u s e f u l English-Gurung i n d e x ) t h e word placed f i r s t i n t h e E n g l i s h g l o s s i s u s u a l l y a g e n e r i c t e r m , with i t s modifiers following a dash, e.g. i n water'.

'frog

-

black, l i v e s

Other i n f o r m a t i o n s p e c i f y i n g a g l o s s , i n c l u d i n g

k i n s p e c i f i c a t i o n , i s i n c l u d e d i n p a r e n t h e s e s , e.g. (of p a r t s ) ' ,

' f r e e fit

' t o come ( f r o m o t h e r t h a n u p h i l l o r n o r t h ) ' , and

'brother-in-law

semicolons, e.g.

(ErSiHu)'. 'bear;

V a r i a n t g l o s s e s a r e s e p a r a t e d by

put up with;

endure'.

7) Gurung c i t a t i o n , w i t h E n g l i s h g l o s s i n i t a l i c s . Where, i n o r d e r t o i l l u s t r a t e u s e of c e r t a i n d i s c o u r s e p a r t i c l e s , c i t a t i o n s cover more t h a n a monologue u t t e r a n c e t h e words of

ix

INTRODUCTION

different speakers are separated, in both Gurung and English, by double slant lines / / . 8) Cross-references to other entries, within square brackets, whether as synonyms, antonyms, or merely comparisons. Where different senses are discriminated within an entry the senses are numbered, and each sense may contain parts 4) to 81, e.g. khaa ' rba 1 . v . i . t o shake one-

'

s e l f ( o f animal shaking water off after rain). 2 . v . t . t o shake (cloth t o get rid of dust).

b) English-Gurung entries contain: 1) English word, in i t a l i c s . 2 ) grammatical category. 3) specification of sense, in parentheses. 4) Gurung gloss, in contrasting type. Where different senses are discriminated the senses are numbered, and each sense may contain parts 2) to 4). Homonyms in English are listed as separate senses within one entry, not separate entries, e.g. bear 1. n.

bxalu'.

2. v. 3. v. 4. v .

(endure) khabdiba'. ( c a r r y ) no'ba. ( g i v e b i r t h t o ) phi baa '

.

c) Nepali-Gurung entries contain (in the Devanagari script): 1) Nepali word. 2) specification of sense, in parentheses. 3) Gurung gloss, following a double hyphen. Nepali homonyms are listed as separate entries, distinguished by the parenthesised sense specification (in Nepali), e.g. dhani (maalik) dhani ( s e t h )

4.

-

-

khlxye.

plxoba.

COMPARATIVE INFORMATION

Chepang data is drawn from unpublished early (1969) notes by Ross C. Caughley. (He is currently readying for the press a Chepang-English dictionary.) In the orthography represented here high tone is shown by final q ; h is a glottal fricative, is a mid-central unrounded vocoid, M y N, NG, R , L , W , and Y are voiceless consonants. Chepang examples are prefixed Cp. A few Tibetan forms are cited from Chang and Shefts (1964). The data was supplied to the author by Richard S. Pittman, and in thei

+

!

. P

INTRODUCTION

X

orthography used h e r e f i n a l h r e p r e s e n t s low t o n e and c , ch r e p r e s e n t [tz], [tzh] respectively.

Examples from t h i s s o u r c e a r e p r e f i x e d T .

Reconstructed Proto-Tamang-Gurung-Thakali forms a r e c i t e d from Pittman and J. Glover (19701, and a r e p r e f i x e d T a G T h .

The a r t i c l e

p o s i t s f o u r r e g i s t e r c l a s s e s f o r monosyllabic words o f t h e proto-language, r e p r e s e n t e d i n a four-box a r r a y , w i t h t h e Gurung phonemic f e a t u r e s f o r each c l a s s d e s c r i b e d i n ' t h e boxes:

KK ( q ) Breathy Rising

GK (hq)

Breathy Low

GG ( h )

Where ( m o n o s y l l a b i c ) r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s have i n i t i a l and f i n a l s t o p s , t h e r e g i s t e r c l a s s i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e v o i c i n g o r v o i c e l e s s n e s s o f t h e stops.

A n a s a l - f i n a l word o f KK o r GK r e g i s t e r has a ( s i l e n t ) homorganic

v o i c e l e s s s t o p shown f i n a l i n t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , e . g . mimp

'ripe'.

glink

'snow',

I n r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h o u t a f i n a l s t o p o r n a s a l a com-

b i n a t i o n o f q and h r e p r e s e n t s t h e r e g i s t e r ( a s shown i n t h e a r r a y ) : "q

without h r e p r e s e n t s t h e KK p a t t e r n (naq 'be s i c k 1 ) , h without q

s t a n d s f o r GG (ngeh ' m i l k ' ) ,

h q marks GK (ngahq ' f i v e ' ) ,

w r i t t e n prosody symbol" ( 1 9 7 0 : l l ) .

and KG has no

C o n t r a s t i v e vowel l e n g t h i n t h e r e -

c o n s t r u c t i o n i s shown by r e d u p l i c a t i o n of t h e vowel ( y u u ' t o p o u r ' ) and n g ( o r n k ) r e p r e s e n t s t h e v e l a r n a s a l (mrang ' s e e ' ,

mrank ' g a r d e n ' ) .

B e n e d i c t l s Tibeto-Burman r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s (1972) a r e marked T B . Burmese d a t a from Benedict a r e p r e f i x e d B and T i b e t a n forms T .

Doubt-

l e s s many of t h e TB forms l i s t e d a r e n o t i n f a c t r e l a t e d t o t h e Gurung e n t r i e s where t h e y a p p e a r

-

t h e l i s t i n g s a r e v e r y t e n t a t i v e because t h e

d e t a i l e d p h i l o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h needed t o e s t a b l i s h r e l i a b l e correspondences between t h e Gurung Family and l a r g e r groupings h a s n o t y e t been done. Forms from Benedict a r e c i t e d a s t h e y a p p e a r i n h i s i n d e x , w i t h r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e t e x t o f t h r e e t y p e s : a simple number ( e . g . 1 7 9 ) r e f e r s t o number 179 i n t h e s e r i e s o f numbered r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s throughout t h e book; n. 484 r e f e r s t o f o o t n o t e 484; and p. 317 r e f e r s t o t h e t e x t on page 317. The s o u r c e o f one l o a n i s p a d a a ' Portuguese espada 'sword'

'razor blade' i s c i t e d a s t h e

( t h r o u g h Nepali i spaa t

'steel')

from M i c h a e l i s l

A New D i c t i o n a h y od P o h t u g u e b e and EngLibh. I n most c a s e s of l o a n words t h e Nepali o r E n g l i s h s o u r c e of t h e l o a n

i s a p p a r e n t from t h e g l o s s .

(When Nepali v e r b s a r e borrowed i n t o

INTRODUCTION

xi

Gurung medial - h - is normally dropped, stem final - a a or - a a u changes to - i , certain other vowel changes may occur, and a syllable - d i is added to the stem, as in c a i d i - b a / c a a h i - n u / ' t o be n e e d e d ' ; k h a f i d i - b a /khafaau-nu/ ' t o a p p o i n t ' ; j u g u d i - b a / j o g a a u - n u / ' t o r e s c u e ' . ) In a few cases when the source of the loan is not obvious from the gloss given the loan source is included in the comparative information, from Nepali, English, or Hindi, the latter drawn from Pathak (1966). Sometimes the Nepali source of a loan is also given as the Nepali gloss, but its central meaning in Nepali, as given by Meerendonk (1960) and Singh (19711, is significantly different from the use of the loan in Gurung. In this case the central English gloss of the Nepali word is shown in the comparative information, as in aafhapariyaa [ N ' b o d y g u a r d ' ] n . s e r v a n t i n a k i n g ' s house.

In all cases, comparative data is glossed only where the gloss given in the source is significantly different from the English gloss listed for the Gurung entry. 5.

ABBREVIATIONS

Grammatical categories: a. adjective av adverb C . conjunction e. exclamation i. interjection Zoc. locative n. noun n.p. proper noun num numeral

.

.

PPa. Pns. s.n. s.num. S.V.

t.

v. v.i. v . t.

postposition particle pronoun suffix noun suffix numeral suffix (as a noun classifier or substitute) verb suffix temporal verb intransitive verb transitive verb

INTRODUCTION

xii

Kin specifications: Br

brother

Ch

child

Da

daughter elder

Er

eldest husband man mother sibling sister

Et

Hu Ma MG Sb Si

son wife

So

Wi

woman younger youngest

Wo

Yr Yt

Language designations: B Burmese CP

R

Chepang English Gurung Hindi

N

Nepali

Po T

Portuguese Tibetan

Ta TaGTh TB Th

Tamang

Ant.

antonym

cm.

centimetre compare

E G

Proto-Tamang-Gurung-Thakali (Pittman and J. Glover 1970) Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Benedict 1972) Thakali

Other:

CP

.

di am. esp.

kg km

.

diameter especially kilogram kilometre

1.

litre

lit.

literally metre

m.

INTRODUCTION

. mm . Syn.

millilitre millimetre synonym

//

change of speaker

ml

xiii

GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

Z c a l a a ' , a n c a l a ./t. < a n c a l > zone (one o f 1 4 i n t o which Nepal i s d i v i d e d f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e purposes). Zgal, a n g a l n. famine

.

scarcity;

addaal n. o f f i c e (government). [Syn. a d l a a s a ' . ] a d g a l n. e s t i m a t e of quantity (weight, length, e t c . ) a d g a l l a i bod. Take what you

.

t h i n k you need. [Syn. andaaj i ]

s g r e j i ' n. < a n g r e j i > E n g l i s h l a n guage; Englishman, E n g l i s h speaking f o r e i g n e r . Z k h o r a a ' n . d r i n k i n g v e s s e l w i t h o u t s p o u t ( a b o u t 6" h i g h , made o f b r a s s o r s i l v e r ) . ZlZZ s e e 5 Z l Z Z ' f l a g ' .

.

adi n.

i n t e r m e d i a t e floor i n building.

a d i k a a r n. r i g h t ; authority. n g a ' e k h l x y o , nxg, dxT' n g a ' e adi kaar m u . My l a n d , my house,

my ox are ( u n d e r ) my a u t h o r i t y . [Syn. xa'k.]

ZHaa s e e a ' o 8 a a . a d l a a s a ' n. < a d a a l a t > o f f i c e (government). [Syn. addaa'.]

a- s e e ax. aha c . now, a n d . [Syn. dxero ' , togo' ]

a e n n . l a w . [ S y n . kaanun. 1

a b b r u ' n. < i j j a t > honour; s e l f respect; face; prestige. a b b r u ' x y a a m ' , pim. Your s e l f -

a g x a a c i 2 .

.

r e s p e c t goes, you a r e embarrassed. abgaa'la a. abwi' i. surprise.

blame.

exclamation of

acamma n . amazement; [Syn. chakka . ] astonishment. a c h e d a ' n. < a k H e t a a > o f f e r i n g o f r i c e given p r i e s t s f o r use i n ceremonies, t h e bulk b e i n g kept a s p a r t of h i s payment. a c h e r , a a c h e r n. < a k H a r > of alphabet. a c y a i. puzzlement.

letter

e x c l a m a t i o n of

a ' d a n i n . < b a n d h a k i n a d a n i > pawn; mortgage. k h l x y o , gxZLnaa, b x L Z d o ' j a g a a ' d a n i thGT b i r i ' p a i s a a ' t e ' b a .

A f t e r mortgaging land, o r pawning j e w e l l e r y o r v e s s e l s you r e l e a s e t h e money.

i n front.

- a i s.v. emphatic. t o ' i l a l a i axtxu. Whatever

you do i t ' s n o t r i g h t . aina' n.

mirror.

a k h i r i ' m. < a a k h i r i > l a s t , final. [Syn. b a l l a . ]

a1 dxt5ba1 v . < a a l i h a a l n u >

to

p r e s s mud on p a d d y w a l l . [ C p . baause. ] a ' l a c h i n sii a . < a l a a c c h i n mukh> rude. [Syn. axkho'jyZL.1 a l c h i ' a. ful.

lazy; sloth-

a l i ' , a 1 n. < a a l i (haalnu) > clod of earth. a1 d x g b a ' . a l i n. b r o t h e r ( ~ r ~ r , n o t used i n a d d r e s s ) . a l m a l l a a n. perplexed. [Syn. bukka.1

Fa~tBrWi). [Syn. aathe.

shelves. amjy6 n . i k a a n c h i aamaa> ( FaYtBrWi )

.

aunt

amjy6 aamaa n . < s a u t a a n T aamaa> stepmother. ampha n. i a a m a a k o p o i ( k i r i y a a haaldaa bolne e k gabda)> m o t h e r ' s husband ( u s e d i n o a t h ) . c u t k x e ' p h e ' r i l a d u ' biySS p a r l o ' g a r ampha t a r g e ' . If I

do t h i s a g a i n l e t me be reborn an animal. amrika' n . a n c a l a n . s e e Zcalaa'

America.

a n d a ' r a r i ' p. within. s6gaS1 anda' r a r i ' Within three

.

.

a n u s a a r p < a n u s a a r , bamo jim> according t o . [ S y n . x i s a a b ; bamoj im.] anuwaa'r n.

annaa' n.

appearance.

anwaa' n . < h a l o k o s a m a a t n e > h a n d l e on p l o u g h . [ S y n . kxora dZSda. 1

a ~ a a ' [TB *na :w ' y o u n g e r s i b l i n g ' 2711 n . < b a h i n i > s i s t e r ( ~ o S i ) .

a ~ s a b a a 'n. < s a b h a a > m e e t i n g t o p l a n community p r o j e c t s . a ' ~ S a a , BSaa n . i n h e r i t ance; s h a r e . a p h i s n.

a n d a r e ' a . < + i k a i k o , rnaadhyam> m o d e r a t e ; medium-sized. andaa',

anuraadxa V . a s t r o l o g i c a l t e r m .

a ~ g i ' [ T B a n i ( y ) ' a u n t ' 3161 n. aunt ( M O B ~ W ~ ) .

'zone'.

a n d a ' r a n . < a n t a r > gap b e t w e e n two t h i n g s ( e . g . h o u s e s ) .

days.

1

office.

a p h i s a r n . < a p h i s a r , hakim, pramukh> o f f i c i a l

.

grain.

aram see a a r a m ' r e s t ' . andaa' paani' n. f o o d and w a t e r . a n d a a j i ' n. [Syn. adgal. 1

arO1, aars' n .

estimate

a n e ' r o n. - darkness. a n i c . < a n i > t h e n ; and t h e n ( n o t i n wide u s e ) . a n i ' y a a n . unprovoked; without cause ( l i t . unlawfully). [Syn. phaa'karna' . ] a n j y 6 n. < k a a n c h i > s i s t e r than s e l f , but youngest daughter

-

older

.

anman n . < a l i a l i m a a t r a i > i m p r e s s i o n ; s e m b l a n c e ; p o o r copy ( i n derogatory sense). A y o g a a r a a mxie anmanba' m u .

monkey has t h e semblance o f a man. [Syn. dxuru'sta.] a n t h e b a a ' n. < j e t h T aamaa, f h u l i m a a > a u n t (MoEtSi,

a r g o n see a a r g o '

forge.

'other'.

a r t h a ' n . < a r t h a > meaning; interpretation. [Syn. maldab; maa'ne.] a r t h a ' kholdiba' V . < a r t h a kholnu> t o explain; interpret. [ S y n . maldab k h o l d i b a ' . ] a r t h a ' b a [H a r t h a k a r a 'advantageous; u s e f u l ' ] a . < b i s e k , raamro, a l i a r t h a k o > i m p r o v e d ; better. dwaapar j u g b i b a a t e ' a r t h a ' .

The age c a l l e d Dwaapar i s a b i t better. c u b mxi b x a n d a ' c a ' d e a r t h a ' b a e mu. That person i s b e t t e r t h a n this. a r t h i n . < a r t y > admonition, advice, instruction (moral). y u h a n n a a j i chaan l a 1 txum b i s i a r t h i j a g a IubxTmala.

John used t o g i v e them i n s t r u c t i o n s , t h a t t h e y must do t h u s .

AXGADILU '

ARU

a r u see aaru

'o t h e r ' .

aulo

n

.

1.

asarni n . d e b t o r . a s a u j , asoda' n . month ( 6 t h o f N e p a l i c a l e n d a r , midSeptember t o mid-October).

malaria.

[ S y n . kwine' . ] 2 . a x l e o f r i c e pounder; b a r of door.

aumo n . b r o t h e r - i n a s a ' t t e a . u n j u s t ; d i s h o n e s t ( a s o f changing agreed l a n d b o a n d a r i e s , o r dep r i v i n g w i f e o f due p r o p e r t y ) . [Ant. s a t t e ' . 1

law ( E ~ S ~ H U ) .

a u t a r n . < a u t a r , awataar>

incar-

nation.

ax- [ T h a - 1 n e g a t i v e aslekha n. a s t r o l o g i c a l

p r e f i x on v e r b .

ax pa.

term.

d i d you s a y ? (seeking confirmation).

asnaa' n .

bot-

tom o f c o n t a i n e r .

a s 6 ' , aas6' t . previously, before. [syn. os6l.l

asoda' see a s a u j

.

aspataala' n . h o s p i -

axar n . b u r p , b e l c h . axbelle a . l a t e , [Syn. kxaeba ]

.

axbx6ba1 a . weak. [Syn. kaccal, paadulu', pobaa', kamjo'ri,

kal i l o ' ,

kaaphar.]

tal.

axccy6' n . aH$arnI1 n . D a s e r a f e s t i val

-

8 t h day.

a s u n i l n . a s t r o l o g i c a l t e r m . a s u r b i l n. g o l d medallion ( i n necklace).

a u n t (MoYtSi, a d d r e s s and reference). [Syn. a x j x y u ' . I

axchygg'ba a . b a d . [ S y n . a x g a d i 1 u ' .] axcya i . e x c l a m a t i o n of disgust.

asy6 see aasy6 ' b r o t h e r - i n - l a w 1 .

.

athabaa c 1. o r . 2. namely.

axdxal barse a . middle-aged.

axdxa kalsu' a . dumb, i d i o t , m e n t a l l y d e f i c i e n t .

a t t h u l , athu1 i . e x c l a m a t i o n o f p a i n when s t u n g , burnt, scalded, pricked. [Syn. aya.]

axdxari' p . i n t h e middle o f , amidst. [ S y n . mxZSjuri, nxEri.1

a u s i ' n . new moon.

axdxaaf n . h a l f .

aiifhi' n . r i n g f o r [ S y n . cyaa ' .] finger.

axdxel n . s h a r e f a r m i n g .

aul i . 1. < h a i > e m p h a t i c ( r e q u i r i n g r e s p o n s e i f on i m p e r a t i v e ) . c h a a b a ' e c a l a n m-au. It i s

indeed t h a t s o r t o f custom. 2 . oh ( e m p h a t i c ) .

axdxe' p i ' b a v . t o l e t out t o share farmers. [ S y n . n6 j x 6 b a 1 . ]

axgadilul a . < a g a t i l o > b a d ; w o r t h l e s s ( o f person o r of animal which b r e e d s p o o r l y ) . [Syn. axchySS1ba.]

AADIDIBA'

a x g x a s ' , axgxg' n . < j e t h i d i d i > s i s t e r ( E t S i , a d d r e s s by y o u n g e r siblings, relatively rare).

axy%Z u I ' t . < a s t i bharkhar> r e c e n t l y a few d a y s a g o .

[ S y n . iiT1rn7T'.]

[Syn. naa'ni . ] aya i. < a i y a a > e x c l a m a t i o n o f axgxi' m . < j e t h o daajyii>

brother ( E t B r , a d d r e s s by y o u n g e r s i b l i n g s , common ) .

p a i n when s t r u c k ( b y h a n d , beam, rock, etc.). [Syn. athu.]

[ S y n . thaagu.] axjxai' t . . y e t ; e v e n now,

2?ibaa1 n. mango.

still.

cxau l x e ' c a i ' , axjxai a x m r s ' . You've e a t e n t h a t much, and stiL2 not satisfied.

gggiba' a . t o h e l p i n starting a project.

[ S y n . madad. ] a x j x a a r a a ' n. < a c a a r > c h u t n e y . axjxyu' n . a u n t (MoYtSi, a d d r e s s and r e f e r ence). [ S y n . axccyCil.]

-HBd6', -52dd', -dd', -waadd8 s.num. n u m e r i c a l classifier.

28di' n . g a l e . axkho'jygg a . r u d e . [ S y n . a ' l a c h i n sii.]

Zsdi' p x u r i n. Chariyo s a r p a > v a r i e t y of snake. [Syn. p i ' b i . ]

axma%'la n. uncle (Fa2dBr).

25155, algZ, 5122, aalZZi n .

axmiba ' a . 1. s o u r . 2 . u n r i p e . axmro'ba a . i n v i s ible.

axmxwr' i .

exclama-

w h i t e c l o t h c a r r i e d by o n e man a t head o f f u n e r a l p r o c e s s i o n ( b e f o r e t h e g x y z s ' , and l a t e r e r e c t e d a s a f l a g over t h e dead man's house d u r i n g t h e pae).

5 S s i ' n . s i c k l e .

t i o n o f wonder..

Z z t h i d i b a ' a . axOxIba i. f e a r l e s s , [ S y n . maSur.1 brave.

p r e s s down w i t h f o o t .

a a a . axo i .

question p a r t i c l e s e e k i n g c o n f i r m a t i o n of s t a t e [ S y n . xwaa ' ] ment.

hesitation stutter.

.

axo- pa. emphatic d e i c t i c . axo-xa'r r i ~ ~ y i i ' I . Lived right there. [ S y n . aax-.I

aabaa n .

father;

u n c l e ( F a ~ r ,M O S ~ H U ) .

a a b j y 6 , abjyd n . a x t a ' n g a d i b a a .

in-

u n c l e ( FaYtBr)

elastic.

.

a a b s a i l a a ' n . axtxuri' n.

uncle (Fa3dBr).

h a s t e ; u r g e n c y ; p r e s s i n g work.

a a d i ' , a d i ' n. < a a t i > i n t e r a x t x u r l e a. c h a t a a r g a r i > hastily.

mediate f l o o r i n a building; platform.

aadi'phiri'.

Upstairs.

axwaa' n . < d a a i > e l d e r b r o t h e r ( a d d r e s s f o r o l d e r b r o t h e r s and c o u s i n s , not e l d e s t o r youngest i n family).

aadaa, adaa n . o l d e r brother ( ~ r ~ r ) .

aadidiba' a. t o be

AAGU

a a r a m , arm n . < a a r a a m > repose.

nervous; t o panic. aagu n. 1. < m i t i n i > c o v e n a n t e d f r i e n d [Syn. Q i e l s y o . ] o f a woman. 2. < m i t i n i k o logne> husband o f a woman's c q v e n a n t e d friend. [Syn. g x e l a a . ] 3. < a r k o , a r k a a > a n o t h e r ; t h e other person. [Syn. a a r g o ' ]

.

a a i b a ' j i t . elsewhere; a t o t h e r t i m e s . a a i t a b a a r a ' , aitabaara' t . < a a i t a w a a r > Sunday. a a k h i l r a n. [ S y n . ba 1 l a . ]

end.

aala'kkale, ala'kkale v. carefully, inoffensively. tixyaabale s a l e aala'kkale bxa'l txum. You have t o b r i n g t h e

breakables c a r e f u l l y . a a l a ' k k a l e xr6sa dxT1r s y o ' l e f im. ( A mourner) s t a y s

separately, scrupulousty, i n h i s own house.

aaraa'ti n. < a a r a t i > p r a i s e (sung). a a r g o ' ; a r g o ' a. < a r k o > o t h e r ; d i f f e r e n t , diverse; next. a a r g o ' bxZZdolri. In the other

vesse 2 . khlxyebri aargo' aargo' jaad tam. The k h l x y e b r i belong t o

different castes.

a a r g o l j u g a r i ' n g x y o ' chyZZb t a x y a a m . I n t h e n e x t age we

w i l t become good. a a ' r i d i b a a. t o command. [ S y n . hukum p T b a a l ]

t o order,

.

aarkai' v. again. s i n u l pxaaba'e t x i r i a a r k a i ' ngxa c h y o l E x r a a i . A t t h e time

of b u r y i n g t h e c o r p s e t h e y played t h e drums and cymbals again

.

a a r u , a r u a. < a r u > [Syn. a a r g o ' . I

other.

aaHik n. a a l u l n. < a a l u >

rest;

blessing.

potato.

aamaa [TaGTh *ama; TB *ma 4871 n . < m a > mother; aunt ( M o ~ i , FaBrWi )

.

men, human m a l e s . aamuyii', aamiiyii', amuyii' n . < p u r u q > man, human m a l e ; b r o t h e r o f a woman. ~ x e l s y o e ' a a m u y c ' . My f r i e n d ' s

brother. a a n a a , a n a a [TB *na:w ' y o u n g e r s i b l i n g ' 2711 n. < d i d i > e l d e r sister ( ~ r S i ) . aanek, anek a . v a r i o u s ; several. aanek kisim b a l e . Various

kinds o f . aaphsos n. sorrow; [ S y n . phi k k a r . ] sadness. a a p p a ' e n. uncles (FaBr).

paternal

aasa'ra n. < a s a a a r > month ( 3 r d o f N e o a l i c a l e n d a r . mid-June aasyd, a s y 6 n. < j e t h a a n > i n - l a w ( W i ~ r B )r [Syn. j e f h u . ]

.

to

brother-

aasyd lxaaba n. ceremony c o n c l u d i n g pae ( t h e r i t u a l c h a s i n g o f f of wife's brother). aasy6 taalu' n. c l o t h g i v e n a t pae b y m a t e r n a l uncles. a a ' t h , a a ' t h a , a a 1 < n. < a a t h > eight. [ s y n . pxre ' ]

.

a a t h p a r i y a a [ N 'bodyguard'] n. servant i n a

king Is house. a a t e k m.

attack;

BAEN

AATHE

c a i d mxaTna t i g a g badinrjyti.

assault (military). [Syn. kxaaba.]

a a t h e n . Caamaako d i d i h a r u > ( ~ o E r S i ,F a E t B r W i ) [Syn. a n t h e b a a ' . ]

.

There i s one day l e f t i n Caid. aunt

aathebaal , atheba1 n. < j e t h a a baabu> u n c l e ( F a E t ~ r , MoEtSiHu; l o o s e l y F a E r B r , MOE~S~HU).

aawaj n. n o i s e . aax- i .

emphatic d e i c t i c . 6 aax-cal kidaaba'. That very book. [Syn. axo-.I

a a x r n. b e l c h .

garjgyu b a d i i b i r i ' n a a ' s lawaai. When t h e r i v e r was

s w o l l e n i t caused damage. b a d u l i n . B u t w a l , a p l a i n s town s o u t h o f P o k h a r a .

badaba n . p e a n u t . badaardi xyaabal v . t o be l o s t because of wandering off. gxyZii1 ngo a x s e i b i r i ' b a d a a r d i x y a a i ' , khala a x y 6 ' l a . Not

knowing t h e road we wandered o f f t h e t r a c k , and were unable t o come.

a a x r l a b a a ' v . t o bad6 av. 1. < n i r a > n e a r ; a b o u t ( i n

belch.

.

space) khan i r badE

aayu' n. l i f e t i m e ; a g e . [Syn. c h a . ]

t i rjqyt'

.

Whereabouts i s he l i v i n g ? 2. soon, a f t e r a l i t t l e while. t o g o ' badE kham.

-b

They saw an o l d ox g r a z i n g . kyar f i b swaabaa' u k a j u ' r Fib swaa b a a ' I s it nice l i v i n g

.

t h e r e , o r n i c e l i v i n g i n Kaju.

He w i l t

come soon.

gerund s u f f i x ( o c c u r s u s u a l l y when c l o s e l y bound p h o n o l o g i c a l l y t o f o l l o w i n g words). k h l x y a a ' g x r i ' r Z r i b mr6T1. S.V.

-badil s . v .

s i n c e ; because. rja x y a a b a ' d i ~ a l a ima5 p T T a . Because I went t h e y gave me medicine. [Syn. s e r o ' . I

badi2 n. < b a t t i > lamp ( u s e d o f s m a l l k e r o s e n e lamp and o f s m a l l b u t t e r lamps used i n Buddhist r e l i g i o u s r i t e s ) .

-bat - b a l , -baa, -baa1 s ; v . g e r u n d ( - b a a on v o i c e d s t o p i n i t i a l , low c l e a r v e r b s , bobaa; - b a a 1 on o t h e r low c l e a r v e r b s , p T b a a l ; - b a a on r i s i n g b r e a t h y v e r b s , j x 6 b a 1 ; - b a on h i g h c l e a r and low b r e a t h y v e r b s , n a ' b a , kxoba).

bachaardiba v . t o punch.

b a d i a . e n l a r g e d ; b i g .

badmaia -a. w i c k e d ; naughty;

worthless.

badmagi n . w i c k e d person; worthless person.

b u n d l e s o f bamboos, c a n e s , p o l e s ( bxadaa' mo', s a d a a a ) c a r r i e d on shoulder. [ ~ y n .p x a c . 1

-bag1 s.num.

-bae,

-bare s.v.

t8Sn caarnaZ p r i l p r i ' t a m u , g x a d i ' badi a x t a ' . A22 sons

adjectivising suffix. cu'rbae naa'ni. The e Z d e s t

are e q u a l , i t ' s n o t r i g h t for some t o g e t more, o t h e r s Zess. [ A n t . gxad i ' . ]

daughter o f t h i s house. x y a a b a a e mxi. The person who went.

badiba

0 . t o grow; t o e n l a r g e ( i n numbers o r s i z e ) .

baen n . r e p o r t ; n e w s ; r e p u t a t i o n o f a man, u s u a l l y good.

,

bagaicaa n . g a r d e n . [Syn. baa r i ]

bam t s z ' g a a n .

bagal n . f l o c k o f s h e e p .

bamojim p . a c c o r d i n g t o . g a d bibae bamojim l a d . DO a s I say. [ S y n . x i s a a ' b , anusaar.]

.

bagra n . s t o n y g r o u n d o r soil.

bagyaa n . m a l e g o a t ( u n castrated).

eel.

ban1 n . f o r e s t ; woods; jungle; countryside (slopes surrounding v i l l a g e s ) .

baigune' n . u n g r a t e f u l man ; i n g r a t e

.

ban2 n . p r o h i b i t i o n . [Syn. pribaa1.I

bainaa n . downpayment; banarba'e jantu n .

deposit (pledge).

w i l d a n i m a l s o f t h e bush.

bairaa a . d e a f . [Syn: 1 a d a a I

.

banda p a t r a n.

bairaagi n.

man b e r e f t o f spouse and c h i l d r e n ; h e r m i t who r e m a i n s a l o n e .

[Syn. jogi.]

deed; document r e c o r d i n g l a n d ownership.

bandabasta n . arrangement ; agreement between two p e r s o n s .

b a i r i n . d e t e s t e d p e r s o n ; p e r s o n a non g r a t a ; enemy. ca' dxT'ne b a a l u g a b a i r i m u .

I n t h e e y e s o f t h a t household I am a d e t e s t e d person. bairu s e e baairu

'outside'

.

baizaka n . month ( 1 s t i n N e p a l i c a l e n d a r , midA p r i l t o mid-May).

bandaki n . m o r t g a g e ( t h e money l e n d e r p a y s t h e l a n d owner a sum, l e s s t h a n t h e purchase p r i c e of t h e l a n d , and h a s u s e o f t h e l a n d u n t i l t h e owner r e f u n d s t h e money a n d redeems t h e l a n d ) [ S y n . uj i n d e , r a a ' j i naa'm, aldani .]

bandaa a . bajaar n . m a r k e t ; t o w n . baje t . o ' c l o c k ( u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h N e p a l i numerals). [ S y n . b a t t i ba; xraaba.]

stopped;

closed.

bandxu' n . s h o t g u n . banidiba v . t o make; t o create; t o repair.

bakhu n .

c l o a k of g o a t ' s wool, w a t e r - r e s i s t a n t .

baksa n . t i p , g i f t . balag balag labaa' v . t o t h r o b ( o f wound)

.

balchi, b a l s i n . f i s h hook.

b a l l a n. f i n a l l y ; a t last. [Syn. aakh i ' r a , ]

[ S y n . kyo1Sba.] -bar, - b a ' r s . v . p u r p o s e ; incentive. cabal r x u i m ' Invites (us) t o eat.

.

baraa bara a . e q u a l l y . [syn. pril pri'.] barda n . m o r e . kxemag b a r d a kTn, ga cyugu'de kTrn3. You people t a k e more, I w i l l take ( j u s t ) a l i t t l e . barendi n . g r e a t c o a t .

balo n .

rafter.

barkha n . monsoon; b a l s i s e e balchi ' f i s h h o o k ' . balwaa n . s a n d .

rainy season.

barkhela p .

a g a i n s t ; opposed t o ; d i s o b e y i n g . kxid b i b a e tS3 b a r k h e l a l a i .

bayaaba' v . < l a ijaanu>

t o take away; t o c a r r y away ( o f r i v e r ) .

He d i s o b e y e d w h a t y o u s a i d .

.

-bii?i s nun. s h a r e ; p a r t barga n . y e a r ( a s u n i t o f time).

b a r t a n . r i t u a l f a s t

-

perhaps ( f o r s p e c i a l days e a t i n g o n l y one m e a l , f r u i t o n l x , o r o n l y what one h a s cooked ones e l f , o r perhaps e a t i n g i n silence); fast partial. [Syn. upaas. ]

two s o n s t h e f i e l d s must be divided i n two. bggdiba v . 1. t o b e c l e n c h e d ( o f t e e t h ) .

Being x r i s khasi sa bS3dii. a n g r y he c t e n c h e d h i s t e e t h .

-

b a r t a f i b a a ' n .

to

[ S y n . upaas t i b a a ' . ]

fast.

baru c . i n s t e a d ; r a t h e r .

.

cxa gxT' musero khlxyo gxTb5Zle k y S Z ' l txum. Since there are

2.

t o enclose, fence around.

bSHgo-fedo'

a . c o n v e r s a t i o n .

baunebir n . d w a r f . bauridiba v

.

t o l i v e a g a i n ; t o be r e s u r r e c t e d ; t o r e v i v e f r o m n e a r d e a t h ; t o awake f r o m swoon.

bausa n . Cboksiko choraa athawaa lognez w i t c h ' s m a l e r e l a t i v e .

baad maardiba', baad sebaa' v . t o c h a t . baadaa, baadxa n . hawk. baadure n . b r a v e r y .

[ S y n . S3d i ba

' .]

baagasa n . b o x ; t r u n k . baagya n . s e n t e n c e ;

bause n . d a y l a b o u r e r s ( a s s i s t i n g i n t h e preparation of t h e f l o o d e d r i c e paddy f o r transplanting). bause t a a n l khaa'gu l a i b i r i ' mrzri boi. Having g a t h e r e d t h e

t a b o u r e r s he t o o k t h e n t o t h e paddy f i e t d s .

utterance.

baagyaa axkho'ldiba v . t o b e s p e e c h l e s s baahek a . e x c e p t .

[ S y n . bi n a a .

I

11

BAAIRU

BEHORDIBA

s 5 b a a r a a 1 tam. Monday i s O K . s a a l t b a a r a a tam. There a r e

baairu, b a i r u l o c . o u t side.

s e v e n days i n t h e week. baajaa n . m u s i c a l i n baara, baaraa3 n . h e d g e ;

strument ( g e n e r i c ) .

f e n c e ; boundary of a f i e l d . [ S y n . gaa r a a , bxedaa ' , b a a n u .

b a a j i n . < b a a j i > s t a k e i n gambling;

1

game o f c h a n c e .

b a a r e r i l , baarer p . baajyu n . g r a n d f a t h e r ; male r e l a t i v e s o f second ascending generation. g i l e baajyu n e r o l t a r b a ' e O i l e khe b a a j y u . Our g r a n d f a t h e r

health. b a a r i n . g a r d e n ; f i e l d dry. [Syn. rnrd', gxai m r b ' . ]

and our a n c e s t o r s above him. baaklo a . t h i c k

-

-

of

baarkhari' n . s y l -

c l o t h , paper; strong. [ ~ n t p. a a d u l u 1 ]

.

baala n . cbhaa+aa>

concerning; about. swaasthaal baarer t o l i t h a a l a x x r e l . They know n o t h i n g about

l a b a r y of Devanagari s c r i p t . b a a r k h a r i l p a a l s l a i . He passed

h i s ABCs.

r e n t on

k~ouse.

b a a r d a l i l n . p o r c h b a a l a r pibaa1 v . t o l e t o u t a h o u s e .

( u s u a l l y u p s t a i r s on e n d o f house, lower c a s t e people given entrance).

baalecaur n . v i l l a g e baas n . l o d g i n g p l a c e f o r

near Pokhara.

b a a l i n .

o n e o r two n i g h t s . [Syn. deraa ]

.

t a x (on

land). baa1 p h o l b a a . To pay t a x . [sun. $ e k s a a l , k a ' r , bxansaalr.

1

baalu v . t o g e t h e r ; w i t h . b a a l u x y a a i l . They went t o ge t h e r . kxine baalu g y u ' i i . I asked you. a a b a a n e b a a l u lumu. He l e a r n s from h i s f a t h e r . baan n . a r r o w ( e s p e c i a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h gods of Hindu' mythology); i l l n e s s caused by curse.

baasan n . o d o u r . [Syn. th3S. 1 b@a n . s t a n d f o r e a r t h e r n w a t e r p o t , r i n g woven of r i c e straw.

bebasthaa n . a r r a n g e ment; o r g a n i s a t i o n . xrdsalai caidibale chenle b e b a s t h a a l a 1 txum. You have

t o arrange p r o p e r l y f o r t h i n g s you need! [ S y n . banda b a s t a ; c a a l c a l a n . ] bed a . < b e t > b a r r e n ; b e y o n d t i m e

baani n . c u s t o m ; h a b i t ( p a r t i c u l a r l y of n e g a t i v e t e n d ency of c h a r a c t e r ) . c a l e baani kxid se'rn. You know

of bearing c h i l d r e n .

bedan n . mourning.

h i s ways. baanu n . w a l l

-

standing a l o n e , u s u a l l y of stone. [Syn. gaaraa; bxedaa'; baara.]

baara, baaraa' n . twelve.

baara, baaraa2 n . d a y o f t h e week.

behora n . n a t u r e ; d i s position. [Syn. baani;

su'baasaa.]

behordiba v . 1. t o a c c e p t . c u l rnrid a a g u e ' p x a s i n o ' s e r o l qad a x b e h o r d i , waam. Since

t h i s wife i s carrying another man's c h i l d I w i l l n o t a c c e p t

BELAUDI '

12

h e r , b u t w i l l throw h e r o u t . 2. t a k e possession o f . c a l m a e n t o l a a ' k x i d nx6wZ.S s e r o ' gad a x b e h o r d i ; k x i d ky6G1i b i r i ' m a t t r e ' g a l a a i pin. S i n c e you broke t h e l a n t e r n I w i l l .not t a k e i t ;

g i v e i t t o me o n l y when you have f i x e d i t . belaudi', belaaudi' n. g u a v a .

BILIDIBA

bidaa n . p e r m i s s i o n t o leave; departure. x y a a l ' t x u i , b i d a a pTn.

bide2 n . f o r e i g n c o u n t r y . b i d e g i n . f o r e i g n e r . b i j a a r n. 1. t e s t ; e v a l u a t i o n ; p l a n ,

design. mxi n a ' d u b i y S S l a ' m a d yo chwii b i r i ' b i j a a r lam. If

belaa n . t i m e ; o c c a s i o n (often i n astrological usage). , joga I

[Syn. t x i

.

a person i s s i c k t h e lama f e e l s h i s pulse and makes an evaluation.

b e l a a i d , belaayad n . < b e l a a y a t > 2.

Britain.

belca n . s h o v e l . b e l e a v . v e r y ; m u c h l y . [Syn. b e s e r i . ] bemaan n . d i s h o n e s t y .

I must

go, please g i v e me l e a v e . [Syn. c h u f t i l . ]

plan; design. dxT1 b a a r e r b a e b i j a a r l a 1 txum, k h a i b a b a n i d i m . You

have made a plan about t h e house, how you w i l l make i t . 3. thought; opinion; considerat i o n of matters. What i s kxie b i j a a r t o ' j a .

your o p i n i o n ? benca n . b e n c h . b e p a a r i n . t r a d e .

kxi p r x i m a l e ' b i j a a r l a m , t o 1 prxim. When you are w r i t i n g you t h i n k , "What s h a l l I

write?" berdiba v . t o r o l l up ( m a t , p a p e r ) ; t o wind u p ( b a n dage around wound); t o wrap up; t o wrap a r o u n d ; t o b i n d r o u n d . [ S y n . mxu r i b a . ]

besaa n . f o o d g r a i n s (bought and s o l d ) ; a r t i c l e s bought i n market. b e s a a b e l e mxSSgul. Cost o f

k x e ' t o g o ' k a d i ' I x e l mu, pukhrul x y a a b a ' e phursada mu u a x x r e ' , b i j a a r l a 1 txum.

You have t o c o n s i d e r , "How much work i s t h e r e now? I s t h e r e l e i s u r e f o r going t o Pokhara o r n o t ? " bijed n. e x t r e m i t y . bijedle ro'i. Deeply a s l e e p .

l i v i n g i s very high. b i j e d tabaa' v . < b i c e t hunu> besaara n . t u r m e r i c .

to

b e g r a v e l y ill.

beseri av. very. [Syn. b e l e . ]

bikaas n . d e v e l o p m e n t ;

b e t a r i n. b a t t e r y . [Syn. g e s . I

b i k a a s ma'la n . chemical f e r t i l i s e r ( l i t .

progress.

development f e r t i l i s e r )

b e t i cxyaa' n . t e a d r u n k on f i r s t a r i s i n g ( l i t . bed t e a ) .

bikh n .

bethaa n .

b i k r i n. s a l e .

illness; disease.

b I d i n . c i g a r ; c h e r o o t .

.

poison.

b i l a a n . < b i l l a a > emblem o f m i l i t a r y rank; chevron.

bibaa v . t o s a y . b i l i d i b a v . bibaa axgB1ba a . d i s obedient.

t o melt.

b i l l i n. < b i l l y a a u n u > d e r i s i o n ;

bittikan p.

< b i t t i k a i > immediat-

ely after. [Syn. jxwaa'tfan; t o d o ' n. 1

vocal contempt. [Syn. jxugu'diba. ]

gxari'nna;

bimraa dxii' n . [Syn. l a a . ] turn.

binaa p . w i t h o u t . [Syn. baaxek. ]

times;

-bo s.num. bindi n. < b i n t i > r e q u e s t . bindimu i

.

g r e e t i n g word.

h a n d - s i z e d , round o b j e c t s ( c u p s , p l a t e s , cyapattis, bracelets, letters, coins, bras).

namas t e .

2 6 ; TB *buw=*baw ' c a r r y on b a c k o r s h o u l d e r s ' 28; TB *s-wa ' g o , come' n . 4473 v . < l a i j a a n u > t o take.

bobaa [ T B *ba ' c a r r y ' biphar n. smallpox. birgidiyar n.

brigadier.

-biriU c. bom n . bomb; e x p l o s i v e

1. s e q u e n t i a l a c t i o n .

rii biri'

kaE c a i .

Be arose

charge ( a s used i n k i l l i n g f i s h ) .

and a t e r i c e . 2. r e a s o n . ad l a l a a x k h x 5 5 ' n b i r i ' rnxijagad a x d x e ' l a ~ ~ y G ' . S i n c e I could n o t do i t o t h e r

people sharefarmed i t .

bornmag n. < b r a a h m a p

Brahmin

-

h i g h e s t Hindu c a s t e . [ S y n . pxrumaz. I

borne n . B o r n e o . b r a s e e pxra'

b i r i d i b a v .

'hundred'.

1. t o o m i t .

sad Q X T ' b i r i d i b r z c i f h i ' pibxibrZ1 lala. I sent let-

t e r s a t two week i n t e r v a l s . 2 . t o remove a p a d d y w a l l i n o r d e r t o e n l a r g e r i c e paddy.

-brg,

-bbr6 s . num.

strands twisted together ( i n rope o r p l a i t s ) .

-br5,

-bbrS,

-bbrg'

habituative. saebrE1 cabrZ'

b i s n . t w e n t y . [Syn. ~ x i s y u . 1

s . a .

lam.

They were

k i l l i n g and e a t i n g . [ S y n . -ma.]

b i s a a i b i s a a i a. long-lived; f u l l . bisaai bisaai aayu'

May

you have a long l i f e . biskure' n. l o c a l i t y name i n Ghachok.

bigwaas n . t r u s t ; f a i t h ; confidence. [Syn. kwz'ba, bxar'

av. l i m p l y ; l o o s e l y ( o f l o n g t h i n t h i n g s h a n g i n g down, a s b e a n s , c u c u m b e r s on a v i n e , wool t h r e a d s h a n g i n g f r o m religious officiants' hats). The x r a a l b u brT brT x y a a b a ' .

bribr: tad.

.]

bibwaas mxS8diba a . t o b e t r u s t w o r t h y ; t o deem t r u s t w o r t h y . [Syn. bxa'r pardiba'.]

b i f h 6 n .

mischievous, naughty ( c h i l d o r baby a n i m a l ) .

shaman's h a t t a s s e l s dangle loosely. brubrii, biibii n . < jamaraa>

corn shoots (used ceremonially); corn flowers.

bGb3 n . < s i m s i m paanT> [ S y n . nS5' t x u l a a . ]

drizzle.

biibiile av.

fluffy; light. yod p a e prsrn bGbGle. You f l u f f

t h e wool up l i g h t l y by hand. b i t t a a n . < b i t t a a > s p a n o f hand.

BXANDAA '

14

BUCU

bucu s e e pucu ' c r o w n o f h e a d t . bud judaa n . < b u t > b o o t

-

bxagba' v . t o w a i t . bxagawaa'n n . god

military.

budabaar n . Wednesday.

buddi n . i n t e l l i g e n c e ; sense. [ S y n . dirnaag.] budii, budu n . < c i j h a r u > p l u r a l marker f o r t h i n g s and p e r h a p s cattle; to' budU. What t h i n g s ?

bugyaani n . < l e k > h i g h l a n d s , beyond t r e e l e v e l b u t b e l o w summer snow l i n e . [Syn. x e , k h l y L Z t , dxusaal,

gxaarit . I

of s e n i o r c l a s s Vishnu, Krishna, whom o n e o f f e r s grain offerings, sacrifice).

-

( i n c l u d i n g Ram, Lakshman, t o f l o w e r s and b u t n o t blood

[Cp. parrneswaraa; deudaa; bxayLL1r.] bxagaatri, bxaagaalri n .

1 , mat o f c a n e , 1 2 0 x 4 0 0 cm. , f i n e r t h a n cidra, o f t e n used a s r o o f i n g on s h e p h e r d s ' h u t s and c a t t l e s h e d s . 2. measuring u n i t f o r s t o r e d g r a i n ( i f mat i s s e t up a s a n upright bottomless cylinder).

[Cp. c i d r a ; xrSLne.1

buj n. csallaah, buj>

consulta-

tion; advice.

[Syn. s a ' l laa; k a j u r i l . ]

bxagra'

[ N bhakaaro ' e x c r e m e n t o f place of tethering c a t t l e ' ] n. c a t t l e (inside shed).

[ S y n . pxr5.1 bukka n . s u r p r i s e ; b x a i t kaf a r n .

bewilderment.

pineapple.

bukka mxgiidiba v . t o b e b e w i l d e r e d , t o b e amazed, incredulous.

bufta n. embroidery. b u t f a jx6ba'

v .

t o embroider.

bxailot n. r e c i t a l g i v e n d u r i n g Tiwa f e s t i v a l ( l a t e O c t o b e r ) f o r which t h a n k offerings a r e expected.

bxairu'wa n . B h a i r a w a ( b o r d e r town s o u t h o f Pokhara)

.

buwaari n . < b u h a a r i > s i s t e r - i n -

b x a j a n n . hymn; s o n g o f

law ( Y r ~ r W i ) .

praise.

bxaba' [TB *ba ' c a r r y ' 2 6 ; TB *buw=*baw ' c a r r y on b a c k o r s h o u l d e r s ' 2 8 ; TB *s-wa ' g o , not come' n . 4471 t o b r i n g

-

f r o m up o r n o r t h . [ C p . bxwiba'.]

b x a b i t q y a n . f u t u r e . b x a b i l s y a r t o ' tam t o t tam? What w i l l happen i n t h e f u t u r e , what i n d e e d ? [ S y n . pxanxz l i 3 d . I

[Syn. a a r a a l t i . ] b x a k h a ' r t .

j u s t now; a moment_ago; r e c e n t l y . bxakhalrbae chami1. A ooman o f about 15 t o 17 years.

b x a k t i ' a . d e v o u t ; pious; scrupulous about r e l i g i o u s r e g u l a t i o n s (guch a s washings, diet, etc.).

bxalaa'dmi n . a r b i bxadaa' n . p o l e s ( t h i n , 2-3 cm. d i a m . , thatch t o ) .

trator; leader.

counsellor; persuasive

used f o r t y i n g

b x a l o t n . < b h a l o > w e l f a r e ; bene-

[ S y n . baf f a a . ]

fit.

bxadu' n . month ( 5 t h i n N e p a l i y e a r , mid-August m i d - ~ e p t e m b e r)

.

b x a l u l n . b e a r .

to

bxandaat p.

t h a n ;

compared w i t h . b x a n s a a r n. < b h a n s a a r > customs tax. [Syn. kar, t e k s a a ' , b a a l i , masul ]

.

bxar n. r e l i a b i l i t y ; trustworthiness. [Syn. bigwaas.] bxardi'

BXAAU '

15

BXANSAAR

n. < b h a r t i >

enlistment.

[Syn. bxarna'.]

bxaagu'na n. < l o f a a > d r i n k i n g vessel; container f o r water. [Syn. Zkhoraa.] b x a a i ' n . < b h a a i > younger b r o t h e r ( ~ r ~ r y)o u ; nger male p a r a l l e l cousin ( F ~ B ~ S M OO, S ~ S O ) . bxaale'

n. < b h a a l e >

rooster.

cooking. bxaancha' n. (The c a s t e s ) bxaancha' kxrim.

may cook t o g e t h e r .

bxarna' n. 1. e n r o l m e n t . s k u l a r bxarna' l a b a a ' .

bxaancha're n.

To

enrol i n school. 2. replacement. gad b x a r n a ' l a them.

I will

replace i t . b x a f f u ' n . vessel (of white metal, s i z e s , s i m i l a r i n shape bxaagu'na).

pakaaune cooking various to

b x a t w a a ' n. < b h a t u w a a > i m m i g r a n t from a n o t h e r v i l l a g e ( v e r y derogatory term).

b x a a n i ' j a n. (MoSiSo, W O H U S ~ S O ) .

nephew

b x a a n j i ' , bxaanchi' n. n i e c e (MaSiDa, W O H U S ~ D ~ ) . bxaann2Fi1 n. < b h a n a i > s t a t ement ; story. c u ' b x a a n n J 5 ' la'mmaE k w i ' bim.

Some lamas t e l l t h i s s t o r y . [ S y n . t J l .] b x a a r a ' d a n. < b h a a r a t > I n d i a . [Syn. i n d i y a a ' ; x i n d u ' s t h a a ' n . ] b x a a r a ' ti a . < b h a a r a t i >

b x a t y a a ' r a n. f e a s t ( f o r wedding, h a i r c u t t i n g ceremony, p o s t - f u n e r a l , etc.). [Syn. bxoj.] bxau' V . bxaba ' b r i n g ' .

imperative of

b x a u d i ' b a v . t o run [ S y n . kxyo x y a a t i a ' . ] away.

bxg&$.'diba v . t o e n t i c e ; t o tempt; t o e x e r t a b a d i n f l u e n c e on ( a s o f a d u l t e r e r s , o r y o u t h s s p o i l t by bad company). bxaadi' n. i n n (providi n g meols and s l e e p i n g a r r a n g e ments). bxaagaa' n . pitch; accent.

Indian.

n. b u l l . [ A n t . k h l x y a a ' kxyoba' . I

bxaaraa"

b x a a r a a V 2n . < b h a a d h a a > f a r e ; rent. p u k h r u l x y a a b a ' e bas b x a a r a ' kadi' ja? How much i s t h e bus

f a r e t o Pokhara?

bxaare' n . < b h a r i y a a > bxayag' r n . d e i t y t o whom a c h i c k e n i s s a c r i f i c e d t w i c e a y e a r ( A p r i l and Novemb e r ) , u s u a l l y a t edge o f c l i f f . [ ~ y n .d e u d a a . ]

cook.

carrier;

porter. bxaarse' n. < p h i r t a a aawaaj> echo. [Cp. c h y a a t t i b a ' ; k o b a a ' . ] b x a a s i ' n . < b h a a k a a , bhFiSsi> a c c e n t (manner of s p e a k i n g ) . nZZ1s n J J 1 s a r i k x y u i ' g x r i n a ' In dift a r a bxaasi' syo'na.

f e r e n t v i l l a g e s t h e language i s t h e same b u t t h e a c c e n t i s different. bxaasi'diba V . t o sink; t o s e t t l e (of earth, wall).

tune;

b x a a g a a ' r i see b x a g a a ' r i

'mat'.

b x a a u ' , bxaag, bxaagu' n. share; entitlement. bxaag bxaag c h u d i d i b a ' . To

BXED '

16

bxolaa' n . < b h a l >

divide i n t o shares.

-

stream

seasonal; flood.

bxed' n. < s a r a a p >

c u r s e of witch ( c a u s i n g l o s s of a p p e t i t e l e a d i n g t o death).

pumsyomalEdbxed' j x B i b i r i '

na'm.

-

-

steps

ladder; wooden.

portable,

bxiidi' n . < b h i i d F > [Syn. pho' . I

bxedaa' n. < b h i t t o >

w a l l of mud p l a s t e r e d .

[Syn. g a a r a a , baanu.

bxryagZZ1 n.

[Syn. l i ; prS.1

The w i t c h c u r s e d him and he i s [Cp. syaa'ba.] sick. house

[Syn. sy5, khola.]

I

bxudlaa'

stomach.

n.

w i s p s of c o r n e a r .

bxelgaa' n . < b h e l >

waves.

n .

bxels:'

beam

-

s l o p i n g , of gable r o o f .

b x e t i n. < b h e $ i >

offerings t o gods o r p r i e s t s ( u s u a l l y money).

.

1. b e n e f a c t i v e .

.

Eat i t , p l e a s e .

2. p e r m i s s i v e .

cala axbxin'.

eat it. bxiru'

bxudu'kan av.

com-

pletely.

amwi ' , b a j a a r a x y a a i ' , t a r a p a u r o t i k i b a b x u d u k a n ml i ' x y a a i ' Dear me, I w e n t t o t h e m a r k e t

b u t c o m p l e t e l y f o r g o t t o buy bread.

D o n ' t l e t him b x u g o l n.

.

cal bxin'

Sabdaa,

f l u t t e r i n g (of a n e s t l i n g learning t o fly).

.

-bxibal s a . < - d i n u > ca bxin'

b x u d u d u d u n. < c a r a a u@e

geography.

L e t him e a t . bxugii'nca n.

n. < m u g a a >

ball.

necklace of

b x u j u ' g g a n.

coral.

bx6'

[TB * ( d - ) b a g n . 3251 n . strength.

v e s s e l ( 2 0 cm. d i a m . , depth).

bxujyu'

bx6' nxaba a . < b i s a a u n u >

n. < b a j y a i >

cooking

8 cm.

grandmother.

to

b x u l a a l n.

rest.

cloak

o f homespun c l o t h .

bx6ba1 a . < b a l i y o > bxo' i . < b h o >

[Syn. bakhu.]

strong.

no.

b x o ' , g a k 6 ' l a a a x y 6 ' , yumnaa xyaal ' t x u i . No, I c a n ' t s i t down, I have t o go q u i c k l y .

bxoba' s e e bobaa ' t a k e ' .

bxuldiba v. 1. < p h a s a a u n u >

t o entrap; t o beguile; t o entangle.

[Syn: b x 5 Z d i 4 d i b a ; phas~diba'.] 2 . < b h u l n u > t o e r r ; t o make a mistake.

bxod' n . < b h o $ >

Tibet.

bxumi'

bxode' n . < b x o t e >

Tibetan.

bxo

shirt

-

Nepali

style.

bxog n . < b h o g >

sacrifice (of

blood).

bxog p i b a ' . [ s y n . kh r o .

1

s u ' d a a r a r n .

land reform.

To o f f e r s a c r i f i c e .

bxoj n . < b h o j > f e a s t ; b a n q u e t . [Syn. bxatyaa' r . 1

b x u n n.

cavity of e a r t h (due t o s u b t e r r a n e a n caves).

na"a"' 1x.e' y u ' d u b i y s l b x u n xyaam. I f there i s a l o t o f

r a i n the earth subsides. [Syn. bxaasi ' d i b a . ] b x u t n. s p i r i t - e v i l . [ S y n . mxti', s y a a ' g i . 1

-

bxuwaa' n . wool

-

fine.

caidibaq v . t o b e needed.

bxwiba'

0.

t o b r i n g c a j mlS1 mlS' ~xZBbaa .

down f r o m h i g h e r a l t i t u d e o r from n o r t h . [ C p . bxaba'.]

salty.

c a j a [TB *tsa=*dza 214; T t z a ] n . s a l t .

bxy8&a1 v . t o t h r o w away ( e m p h a t i c ) .

cakku' n. k n i f e ; p e n bxy6ba1 V . t o t h r o w

knife.

away.

[ S y n . waabaa'; ple'waabx5ba1; swTkidi bx7ba1.] byaa, biyaa n .

calan, calana, cal%Zn, calaan n . c u s t o m ; way; manner. calaakh a . c u n n i n g ;

wedding; m a r r i a g e .

smart; c l e v e r .

byaaja n . i n t e r e s t on

v . t o be s e x u a l l y a r o u s e d ( o f male animals )

caldiba"

loan.

.

byaaulo n. b r i d e g r o o m .

caldiba12 v . t o u s e ; -by6, by6' s.num.

t o a c c e p t and e x c h a n g e money.

folxyaaba'e no'da a x c a ' l d i . Torn n o t e s won't be a c c e p t e d .

gallons.

by6ba v . < jasto dekhinu>

to

c a l i d i ' b a a . t o d r i v e

resemble.

naa'ni s u r j e d6' by5ba. ,resembles S u r j e .

Naani

a vehicle.

cam%', cami' n . d a u g h t e r . [ S y n . cxam7. ] ca' pn.

t h a t ; h e ; s h e ; i t .

ca [TB *r-sa 4421- n .

cami'ri n . woman. [ S y n . cxamiri.] camja' n . spoon

vein.

cana' n . r a d i s h e s cabasa'e n .

food

-

big.

-

s l i c e d and d r i e d .

(lit. eating things). candramaa' n . moon

cabaaq [TaGTh ntsa; TB *dza 661 a . t o e a t . [ S y n . phe'ba. I

( i n astrological context).

carbane' bethaa n . epilepsy.

c a b l i n . s a n d a l ; t h o n g . c a ' r i l o c . t h e r e ; o v e r caSbaal v . t o p u l l . syod caEm r o . The g h o s t p u l l s you, i t i s s a i d .

there.

c a r i d i b a n . t o o f f e r food t o s p i r i t s .

ca'eba v . t o r e m a i n ;

mx6laai b x a a u c a r i d i l txum. You have t o o f f e r a p o r t i o n t o t h e demon.

l e f t over.

caebaa' v . casmaa' n . s p e c t a c l e s ;

e a s i n g o f f of r a i n .

glasses.

c a ' i d a , c a ' i d , c a i ' d r a n. < c a i t r a > month ( 1 2 t h i n N e p a l e s e c a l e n d a r , mid-March mid-April).

caGthS1 n . q u a r t e r . to

caubis n . t w e n t y - f o u r .

18

CAUFAAI

caudaai n . width; [Syn. p l x i . ] breadth.

-

c a u d i ' n . < c a k a f i > mat small, round, of maize h u s k s , f o r s i t t i n g on. cauda nurn. f o u r t e e n . caudara n . < c a u t a a r o > p l a t f o r m , u s u a l l y under shady t r e e . caulaani' n . j u i c e s produced i n cooking food. c s s n. b r i d g e r a r y , made o f bamboo. [Syn. pu'la.]

-

tempo-

cH?ilba v . t o b e c o a g u l ated; frozen. c5?idi1 n . < c s s d i > s i l v e r ; w h i t e of egg. c a a ' s e e cxaa'

caakh mxssdiba a . curious. c a a l c a l a a n n. < c a a l c a l a a n > o r g a n i s a t i o n ; conduct of one's affairs. [ S y n . bebasthaa. ] f o r t y .

caana d a a l a n . [Cp. maa ' s a .

I

lentil

cewaa see cyowaa ' s u p e r v i s i o n ' .

'

c h a t n . c r e m a t i o n p l a t f o r m on r i v e r b a n k . cha2 n . l i f e ; p r o s p e r i t y ; lifetime. cha r a n f h i ' tam. L i f e i s s h o r t . [ S y n . aayu' . I

ha-^ a v . < t y a s o >

t h u s ; t h a t way. chatamaa Qa axxyaa'. T h a t b e i n g t h e way i t i s I ' m n o t

going. cha'ba [ T B " t s a 621 a . < t a a t o > hot. [Syn. l a a . ]

.

chabaa ' v t o shepherd. chada' n . < c h a a t a a > u m b r e l l a . [Syn. k x k I c h a d r s n . < p a a t nabhaeko rukh> t r e e without l e a v e s .

'tea'.

c a a ' p a n . f e s t i v a l .

c a a l i s n.

CHA'KKA PARDIBA'

-

green.

c a a ' r n. f o u r . [Syn. p l x i ' . I

c h a d r i k u l e ' n . r a i n h a t ; sun helmet. chaG1 n . < h e r a a l o , gofhaalo> shepherd. -chaS2 s.nurn. i t e m s of work. gad bibae kxe' t ichas e ' maane axcxuba. You h a v e n ' t done a s i n g l e job I asked you. chae [TaGTh n t s a a y ; C p t s y a s q ] n . c a n e s t r i p s u s e d i n weaving. chae k h l y i n . i n s i d e c u t s of cane.

cE n . t i g e r . cE 1x0 n . y e a r of t h e t i g e r (1950,62,74,86). cS'ba v . t o k n e a d thoroughly. [ S y n . c e l a a b a ' , mlobaa'.] & d o ' , cSd6' [ C p d y a ~ q ]p . n e a r ; c l o s e t o . ce n . nickname ( n o t g i v e n by astrologer). c e ' n a n . s i e v e ; winnowing t r a y f o r small grains.

chae m i ' n . side cuts of cane.

out

chaeba n . < p a s i n a a > p e r s p i r a tion. chagadiba' v . t o b e misled, cheated. cha'gd, cho'g6 n . cemetery. cha'kka n . amazement; surprise. chaw kka p a r d i b a ' v .

CKALEN

t o be amazed. [ S y n . bukka mxSSdi b a a . ]

j u s t so; l i k e t h a t . chaabaa' a v . < y a s t o >

chalen av. 1. j u s t b e c a u s e ; t h a t ' s t h e way it is. 2 . without s p e c i a l cause. x i n d u l s t h a a ' n xyaa s e r o ' m xind i ' kxywi ' c h a l e n xram.

like this.

chaabdi'ba v . t o p r i n t ; t o frank ( l e t t e r s ) . chaadan n. 1. < g a a r o b a a h i r a a samma a a e k o chaanu> eave s 2. < b a a r a d a l i k o c h a a n u > r o o f of verandah. [Syn. paali' . I

.

S i n c e we had gone t o H i n d u s t a n we l e a r n t H i n d i without special t u i t i o n . 3 . f r e e of c o s t . c h a l e n p i S . He g a v e i t t o me

chaage' n . meal. ek c h a a g e ' m a t t r e ' cam.

free. chalpha' 1 n. discussion. [ S y n . k a j u r i ' ; sabxa labaa'; taa labaa'.]

chaap n . chamada' n . chamadaa' c x y a a s i .

He

e a t s o n l y one m e a l . [Syn. cho.] s e a l ; stamp.

opportunity.

Having taken the opportunity.

c h a a ' r a [ T B * s a r 4011 a . new.

chamll , chami' n . woman young, 1 6 t o 30 y e a r s .

chaare' v . waterfall.

chammB' n . < y u w a t I h a r i i > p l u r a l o f chamTi ' y o u n g woman'.

chS1raaba v . C l a b a f a a l e h a a n n u > t o s l a p w i t h open hand. [Syn. chyaabru'ba.]

-

chapwaa' a . p r i n t e d of paadru' ( a s t r o l o g i c a l calendar )

.

c h a r k a a l i ' n . < t h a k a a l i l e buneko k a m a l > c a p e o f wool worn by Thakalis. [ S y n . kaamlo' . ] chature' n . adolesc e n t human 12 t o 15 years.

-

c h a u r i n . bitch.

adolescent

c h Z 5 d i b a B v . t o weed o u t ; t o p r u n e ; t o c u t down s t a f f ; t o segregate; t o select. [ S y n . tx53ba. I c h a a - a v . < y a s o > t h u s ; t h a t way. [ S y n . cha, chu. 1 c h a a ' b n .

-

che' n .

loan a t interest.

.

cheba ' v 1. < s a m a a t n u > t o h o l d ; g r a s p . 2. < l i n u > t o t a k e . che'l n. obstruction (as interrupting light or of c h i l d s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n two people t a l k i n g ) . c h e ' l a a ma' li a v . < m i s i n u > mixed up t o g e t h e r . pxrukxyui tamukxyui ' c h e ' l a a ma' 1 i l e p5'm. HE speaks Nepali

and Gurung a l l m i x e d up t o gether. c h e l e s e e chyole 'cymbals'. chen kxyuin l a b a a ' v . t o welcome h o s p i t a b l y .

imprint.

chaa'ba v . [syn. pi'ba.] chaaba'e a . (person or thing).

t o peel. certain

chaaba'na a v . Ctyastai, y a s t a i >

chen58le a v . craamro sagga> rectly; precisely; well. [Syn. chenle. 1 chenle a v .

cor-

well.

ch:, s z [TaGTh * t x i n ; TB * m - ( t ) s i n = * m - t s y e n 7 4 ; Cp s + n ? ]

2o

CHY'BA n. < n a ~ >claw; n a i l of t o e o r finger. chi'ba v. 1. < b a $ a a r n u > t o c a u s e t o fall. 2. < j h a a r n u > shake jungle f i b r e i n s h a r p downward mot i o n t o g e t water o u t a f t e r boiling. chibaa' v . t o sneeze. naa' chi" l a d . Blow your n o s e . c h i ' ' [TaGTh h t z i q ; T B * t s i l n . 5 5 , n. 449, n . 4 6 1 ; Cp t z + w ? ] n. f a t . c h i 2 [TaGTh * t S i i ] v . grass. c h i ' baarge' n . c h i 'b u l a n

.

lizard.

wart.

c h i d n . drop of water sprinkled for r i t u a l cleansing. c h i d p r a a t b a . To s p r i n k l e

water. c h i c l e ' a v . < c h i t o , cHZidai> quickly. c h i d l e ' p r x i d u biyS2 ad k h e ' l axxraa. I f you w r i t e q u i c k l y

I cannot read i t . [ S y n . yumnan. ] c h i ' n n . < c h i n > moment. c h i ' n g x r i ' f i d . Wait a

CEU IRA

finished. [Syn. c x i b a , k h a a t b a , nubaa' . ] [ T B * t s y o w ' c o o k , bake' 2751 s . num. < c h a a k > m e a l s .

-cho

jatrnrnan kaE t i c h o c a l bxirn'.

You feed everybody r i c e , one meal each. c h o b a a ' [ T B *tsow 2771 a . f a t ; rotund. chodot n . tumpline ; c a r r y i n g h e a d s t r a p ( f o r heavy b u n d l e s , made f r o m t h r e a d ) . [syn. txot ]

.

cho1g6, cha'gb n .

grave.

-chotn6 n. p i e c e s ; bits. kurji'rn cuxyaanaat, taan chotn6 thEna'. A s for t h e chair it i s

broken, a l l b r o k e n t o p i e c e s . chor6' n . < j h i j o > d i s s a t i s f a c tion; disgruntlement; disenchantment. c h o r C t ~ x ' i l b a . To be fed up. [ S y n . k a e s ; na r I

.

chu" [TaGTh * t r o o p ] n. < c h o p > c h u t n e y o f s a l t and c h i l l i s . c h u 2 a v . < y a s o > t h i s way; t h i s . p x a n x l z g a cha 1 a b a a t , chu l a b a a t , bibae t S l . Orders s a y i n g t h a t

tomorrow you do t h i s , do t h a t . [ C p . cha.1

moment. c h i ' n a phaa'naa n. s e t t l e m e n t ; determination of a dispute. c h i ' n a phaatnaa t a x y a a i t b i r i t jxagadaat l a l a axtu kh81txyaait.

When s e t t l e m e n t has been reached you must n o t q u a r r e l . I t i s finished. c h i ' re m i ' re n . < k i r e m i r e > cloth printed with black s q u a r e s on d a r k brown b a c k ground.

-

ch6 n.

chu3 n. < d a m l o > [Syn. x r a s i I

.

rope.

chudidiba' v . t . divide; separate.

to

chu'iba v . t o i n s e r t ; t o push t h r o u g h a h o l e .

-

c h u i b a a t v . t o t o u c h as of t o u c h i n g a d e f i l i n g c a s t e o r animal; t o meddle. c h u ' b a v . dog 1.

t o bark (of a

trade.

ch6baa1 n . t o be finished. s u t k e r i t a s i ~ i ' g a z r i ro ch6rnut. Seven days a f t e r

c h i l d b i r t h the lying-in i s

c h u b a a t [TaGTh * t r u u ' b e p l e a s a n t ' ] v . t o f e e l pleased. c h u t r a n. basket

-

t r i a n g u l a r shaped

CHURBAA'

scoop f o r c o l l e c t i n g dung and dirt. churbaa' v . t o enjoy. nxebaal a r s x a l ' churim u , kxemas n S Z 1 s a r s x a l ' churim? Do you

f i n d Nepal p l e a s a n t , o r y o u r home v i 2 l u g e ? [ S y n . swaaba mxaadiba.] chuffi' n . holiday; leave. [Syn. bida.]

chyoebal v . < p i t r i l a a i ca*aaunu> t o o f f e r t o ancestors. c h y o g a r i l , c h y o g a r a l o c . o f f - c e n t r e ; edge. chyolg, chelg n . 1. < j h y a a l i > m u s i c i a n ' s cymbals medium s i z e . 2 . cymbals used by lama large size.

-

-

c h y o l o n . c h u t t e ' n . wish; desire. [ S y n . i c c h y a a ' ,] chy%baa8 a . good; p r e t t y ; b e a t i f u l ; good q u a l i t y . c h y a a ' b n . < d o p condemnation, blame. [ S y n . do:.]

shot-put.

c h y u l d i xyaaba' v . < g a i haalnu> t o r u n away; t o grow u n c o n t r o l lably; t o elope. chyugu' n . < g h i u > ghee; c l a r i f i e d butter; o i l cooking.

-

c h y a a b d i b a ' v . t o p r i n t ; t o type.

c h y u l i b a [TB * t s y a t ' b r e a k ' 1851 v . 1. < l u c h n u > t e a r w i t h t e e t h . 2. r i p o f f ; break o f f .

c h y a a b r u ' b a v . < l a f f h T l e haannu> t o h i t with a s t i c k . [ S y n . chs' raaba.]

g!i

conclusively. chyaa'n c h i ' n l e a v . k a j u r i ' chyaa'n c h i ' n l e f5waai1.

The m e e t i n g was c o n c l u s i v e l y reso lued.

-

chyaar n . r e s t r a i n t moral o r social. rT1maZne b a a l u kd'du biyZZ aadaa a a b a a aamaa muy2Z1 c h y a a r tam. I f you s i t w i t h g i r l s and

your o l d e r b r o t h e r , f a t h e r , o r mother, a r e t h e r e t h e r e i s restraint. chyaa'rba a . < d h a a r i l o laagnu> sharp. chyo' i . < j a a i i > come on ( c a l l t o go t o g e t h e r ) .

.

chyobaa' u i . 1. < a p i n u > t o h a l t ; s t o p . 2 . t o remain; stand s t i l l . [ S y n . thaamdiba'.] chyoe n . < p u s t a k > book used by lama. chyod.0 n . t s y n . gxaf{et . I

watermill.

n . < d a n p i p h o r > pimple.

c i b naab n . leaders.

elders;

c i b a l n . < f h u l o maanis> a d u l t ; s e n i o r important person. cibmag

n .

adults

c i b l e ' , c i p l e ' n . table (edible fern).

.

vege-

c i b l e ' t52 n . < c h a l > t r i c k ; deception ( l i t . slippery matter )

.

c i d r a n . < c i t r a > m a t t i n g of t h i c k l y woven cane ( u s e d a s cowshed r o o f i n g ) . cigdl a . 1. < c h i p i n u > m a t u r e ( o f w i n e , t r e e , a n i m a l , human). 2 . < p r a u p h a > a d u l t ( o f human, animal )

.

c i j i d i b a ' v . t o shriek; t o y e l l . c i ' l a n.

cil:

eagle.

n . p i p e of c l a y a b o u t 5 cm. l o n g f o r smoking tobacco.

22

CILIBA'

ciliba' v.i.

c b i g r a n u , bhzzcinu,

surface.

t o break ( i n t o small pieces).

c i d r a puraanol t a d u ' b i y a a c i l i i b i r i phaawaarn. I f matting g e t s o l d we break i t i n t o small p i e c e s and b u r n i t .

cubaa' [ T B * t s y a t 1 8 5 1 v . t o b r e a k ; t o f r a c ture; brittle.

[ s y n . c i l i b a ' ; f 6 b a a ' ; nx6ba; tibaa'.]

c i l i ' p a a c e ' n . < g S u t h a l i > swalcucco' n . b i l l ; b e a k .

low.

c i ' l l o a.

smooth o f s u r -

face.

cimdaa' n . t o n g s f o r

cudurul n . b e r r y

-

small, dark b l u e , r i p e n s i n J e s t h .

c u l i ' n. < c u k l i > s l a n d e r ; calumny.

fire.

c i n i ' n. < c h i > sugar.

cunaab n . e l e c t i o n .

ciniyHS1 n .

curaa n. bangle.

variety of rice.

c i n j i n a n . e a r r i n g s

-

curaadaal n.

cigarette.

s m a l l , worn i n e a r l o b e .

c u r i v . c i n u ' n. t r a c e ; mark;

thread

(of screw).

remembrance; memorial.

c i n u l G l e ' se'rn.

You r e c o g n i s e

i t by t h e mark. ciffhi'

c u r i t h o ' b a u . < s u t a kaatnu>

to

c u t t h r e a d of a screw.

n.

c i ' f f h a n.

curnaa' n. threadworm.

letter. lottery;

cwaabaa' v . < k h a a i d i n u > t o c o n sume ; t o d e v o u r .

raffle.

cituwaa' n. l e o p a r d .

cwibaa' v . t o p i e r c e ; prick; t o stab; t o perforate.

c 6 [ T ~ G T* ~t s a ~' s i s t e r - i n - l a w ' ] n . s i s t e r - i n - l a w (ErBrWi )

.

c 6 j a p. < w a a r i > t h i s s i d e ; n e a r side. [ A n t . k y 6 j a 1. ]

c x a [TaGTh *dza; T B * t s a ' n e p h e w , n i e c e , c h i l d ' n . 86; -TB *za ' c h i l d ' 5 9 1 n . s o n . cxac6 n . < c h o r a a b u h a a r i > daughter-in-law

(SoWi).

c o n n . d o t . cokho' a . p u r e ; r i t u a l l y c l e a n ; u n d e f i l e d ( e s p e c i a l l y of food b u t a l s o of p e o p l e ) . c o k h o ' l e f i l txurnu, c o k h o l l e

c a l txurnn. He must s t a y und e f i l e d , eat undefiled. cola', colo' n.

blouse

worn b y women.

c x a s b a n . t o c o m p a r e . [ S y n . txbZba.1 cae' n. spot o f religious significance placed on f o r e h e a d a f t e r r i t e , u s u a l l y of r e d vermilion.

cxae',

cxaga a . < y a t i > t h i s much ( u s u a l l y a s m a l l amount).

[ S y n . c x a a , cxau, c x o . ] CO~O',

jxoro'

nowadays. tTS' joro' .

t. Nowadays.

c i i ' b a v . t o s e l l .

now;

cxagana a v . c t e t t i n a i ho> t h a t ' s t h e way it i s ; l i k e t h a t . cxamare' c. < t y o b e l a a >

so; then;

thus.

c u r 2 n.

edge o f f l a t

cxamI, cxaamz [TaGTh "dzarne] n . < c h o r i > d a u g h t e r . [ S y n . carnT1 ]

.

CXAMI ' RI

CXYOBA '

c x a m i ' r i n . < s w a a s n i maanche> woman.

cxaa' [T c h a h ] n . < c i y a a >

1. n e s t . 2.

bier. chae e ' cx6 r o l i b i r i ' s i b a ' e Having woven a mx i c a ' r jxbm.

tea.

cxau av. < y a t t i > so ( b i g , f a t ) ; t h i s much. [Syn. cxo, cxaga.] cxaabale, chaba'e a . a certain. c x a a b a ' e mxi g x r i ' . A certain

man. c x a a b l 5 n . p i e c e o f o l d canework ( a s u s e d i n t h a a s z waaba' ceremony). c x e l o n. < c a r a a barkha> year of t h e b i r d (1945,57,69,81,etc.). [ S y n . nema 1x0. I cxemphar l a b a a ' v . r i t e conducted i n p o s t f u n e r a l ceremony. c x i b a v . < s a k i n u > t o be f i n i s h e d . [ S y n . n u b a a 1 ; khZZi b a ; c h 8 b a a i ; waabaa' . I

$ x i n . < j h a a p i (wanko) > growth; b r u s h [Syn. jxyaad i

-

' .]

underthick, tangled.

c x i [TB * t s i k ' j o i n t ' 641 n .

knee; knuckle; j o i n t .

cxi siri' a . < y a t i saano>

so

small; a s small a s t h a t . [Syn. cxi t h i r i ' ; cyugu' thirii .I

c x i t h i r i ' a. < y a t i s a a n o >

this

b i e r o f cane t h e y put t h e dead person on i t . c x o l a v . < y a t i > t h i s much. [Syn. cxaga, cxau.] cxo2 n . 1. < $ a a k u r o > summit; p e a k . d a a d a e ' c x o . Summit o f a

hill. 2.

t o p ( o f t r e e , p o l e , statuette). ka'5duei cxo p h i r i l chyugu' th5m. They put ghee on t h e

tops of the s t a t u e t t e s .

,

c x u b a l cxii' b a l v . divide; t o distribute. c x u b a i 2 v . t o s e t up.

to

t o prepare;

c x u b a 3 v . t o a s semble. nBgur l a b a 1 e mxi c x u i b i r i i k x e l s u r u ' lam. A f t e r t h e work

p a r t y members a s s e m b l e , t h e y begin work. cxuba4 v . t o howl ( o f w i t c h a t n i g h t ) . c x u b a 5 v . < l a a g n u (maane) > t o accomplish; achieve. c a ' p 6 ' b a e k x e l ad l a l a a a x k h Z S i ; Qa t o ' i m a a ' n e a x c x u . I can ' t do t h a t d i p l o m a t i c work; I would n o t a c h i e v e a n y t h i n g .

small.

v . < k e l a a u n u > t o winnow cxiba" from s i d e t o s i d e ; c u l l . [Syn. phyurbaai, c y a a l b a , taalba.]

c x u i b a v . < n i d a a u n u > t o go t o s l e e p ; t o become numb. Re f e l l a s l e e p . nxaru c x w i i . cxygzbu n .

mushroom.

c x y a a l s e e cxaa ' t e a ' .

cxiba' [TaGTh * d z i i ' r e m e m b e r ' ] v . < s Z j h a n u > t o remember; t o consider.

cxyaaba v .

c x i b a 3 v . dog o r s n a k e ) .

c x y a a l i b a v . t o overindulge i n food, d r i n k .

t o b i t e (of

c x i j y 6 n . Ckaanchaa c h o r a a (pyaaro b o l i ) > youngest son a f f e c t i o n a t e diminutive.

cx6 [TaGTh n d z a g ; Cp n t y o r q ] n .

-

t o aim a t .

cxyaarba v . < b i r k o milnu> i n g r i m o r edge.

match-

c x y o b a ' [ T ~ G Tn d~ z y a a q ; TB * r - t s i y 761 v . t o c o u n t .

c x y o g 6 n. < k h a a n e s a m a a n r a a k h n e kofhaa, s f o r > storeroom f o r f o o d s t u f f s , near cooking a r e a . c x y u r b a [TB * t s y u r ' s q u e e z e , wring' 1881 v . < n i c o r n u > t o wring o u t ; t o squeeze; screw UP. [ S y n . j x y G b a l , khumj i d i ' b a . ] c y a ' i . disgust.

expression of

cyi5mi1 n.

fly.

cy6nle f i b a a ' v . csaanu bhaera b a s n u > t o l i v e humbly. cyobaa' v . t o hang; t o suspend ( o f l a n t e r n , c h a r t on w a l l , boy c l i n g i n g t o b o u g h ) . [Syn. mE' j y o b a l . 1 cyoblaa' n.

tadpole.

c y o b r a a 1 l m a 5 n. c y s s ' c c y s s ' c av. < k a c a k a c e > scoldingly. cyaa' 1.

Tibetens.

c y o e l c y o ' e v . Ckukur b o l a a u n e z a b d a > c a l l i n g sound f o r a d u l t dog.

[TaGTh * t s y a p ] n .

r i n g f o r f i n g e r .

. 2 . b a l l o f u n s p u n wool. p x u r l i d pxumii, j x a a r i ' c h a l e c y a a ' lam; c a ' c y a a ' l a s i r i ' r a a d a l r peram. You t e a s e i t

w i t h a bow, t h e n i n t h a t f a s h i o n you make a b a l l ; having made a b a l l you s p i n i t on a s p i n n i n g w h e e l . c y a a ' b a v . < n i p h a n n u > t o winnow, s h a k i n g up and down. [Syn. t a a ' b a , cx7ba1, phyurbaa'.] cyaabaa' v . < m i t lagaaunu> t o covenant a s blood b r o t h e r s . c y a a ' r i b a v . t o twist (rope, cane). [Syn. pebaa'; k h r i b a a ' . ]

-

pen; t r a p

c y 6 ' l a b a ' [TB * t ~ ( ~ ) i . ~ = * t Z i - p ' s h u t 1 3701 v . t o c l o s e eyes (of human )

.

[TB * t s ( y ) i ( y ) = * t s y a y 404; TaGTh * t s y u q ] n . < d a & t e n .

cyu'

cyu'ba v . t o enclose i n a pen; t o imprison. [Syn. thundi ba. ' j cyugul cyugu', cyugu'de a . < a l i k a t l > l i t t l e amount.

c y 6 ' n . < k a a n c h a a b h a a i > youngc a l l i n g name. e s t b o r n male

cyC2 n.

cyowaa, cewaa n . < d e & r e k h > s u p e r v i s i o n a r i s i n g f r o m knowl e d g e o f bad t e n d e n c i e s ( e . g . ensuring s e n t r i e s don't sleep a t post, c a t t l e graze a t crops, husbands p h i l a n d e r ) . [Syn. yaad.]

-

cyugu' t h i r i ' a. s m a l l in size. [Syn. cxi t h i r i ' , cxi s i r i ' . ]

cage-like. cyuibaa' cy6'ba v. 1. < p h T j n u > t o s p r e a d o u t ( o f roots). 2 . t o s t r e t c h oneself. cy6baa1 a . youngest of c h i l d o r animal; small.

-

c y 6 ' d i n. < p a a t i ( e k k i s i m k o b o f ) > chrysanthemum-like p l a n t ( u s e d a s an a n t i d o t e t o n e t t l e s t i n g s and i n r e l i g i o u s r i t e s ) . cy6'di cituwaa' panther.

n.

v . t o t e t h e r .

c y u i 1x0 n . y e a r of t h e r a t (1948,60,72,84). [ S y n . nimu l x o . ] cyuraa' n. < c i u r a a >

r i c e flakes.

cywaa' cywaa' x y a a b a ' v . < p a a k n u (ghaau)> t o d i s c h a r g e , of pain f u l eye.

Pabal a. peated.

double; r e -

FXYAA 'PPA

dabbaa n . b o x f o r f o o d ; billycan with l i d .

d i p f i n . < n i y u k t a kaam>

duty;

guard d u t y .

dadu n . l a d l e f o r s o u p s .

h o l l o w e d l o g ( f o r beehive o r f e e d t r o u g h ) .

d6daa n .

p a l l a n . lump; c l o d ; d o r i d i b a v . t o g u i d e

ball.

( a s a shepherd guides f l o c k ) .

danda n . < j ariwaanaa>

fine; penalty (as i f c a t t l e get i n t o fields)

.

d a n d i n . beam o f s c a l e s . g a r n . f e a r . dar mxzsdi ba. To be a f r a i d .

dfidaa a . m u t i l a t e d ; maimed; c r i p p l e d .

dfirune mfi'rule a v .

violently; ( o f women

unrestrainedly fighting).

dfiwS2 n . < d u ~ g a a ;naau>

boat.

dZ@a n .

p o l e ; stem; s t a l k (of p l a n t such a s millet )

.

pxali dZSda.

dubdiba v . t o s i n k boat.

-

of

Shin. dugu n . < t h a a l (ek k i s i m , s a a n o ) >

dS8da n .

hill.

bowl

-

b r a s s , 8 cm. h i g h .

[Syn. thal i . ] ~%&JU

n . b a n d i t ; r o b b e r ; d u l d i b a v . t o s t r o l l .

brigand.

daaibara n . d r i v e r . daalu n. b a s k e t

-

c l o s e l y woven ( o f v a r y i n g s i z e , f o r pounded r i c e ) .

d e r num.

one and a h a l f .

dxagl n . w e i g h t f o r balances.

-

dxaade' b o l o n.

beam longitudinal, i n gable roof.

dxaagre' n. p c r t e r (derogatory term); c i v i l i a n .

d e r a a n . < p e r a a > q u a r t e r s ; accom-

[Ant. laa'ure.]

modation r e n t e d f o r some t i m e .

[ S y n . baas. ]

-di s . v .

dxoga' n .

p r o t r a c t e d

1. g a t e . 2. door.

mraa'

action.

kxe' a x x r e ' , k l ' d i b a . There i s no work, I'm j u s t s i t t i n g . d i b n. leave - m i l i t a r y . p i nch i na e 4 i b . Discharge w i t h

.]

[Syn. tagara;

-

@ o l k i n . drum doubles i d e d , l a r g e r t h a n mxZEida, p l a y e d one s i d e w i t h s t i c k , o t h e r s i d e w i t h hand.

pension. d i b j i n . < d e p c i > pan

-

@ o l a a l n . drum handle-

double-sided,

-

large, used i n m i l i t a r y .

l e s s , metal.

cJx6di1 n . < d h u ~ g r i > e a r r i n g worn

d i l l n.

< d i l > h e a r t ; mind. [ S y n . saS.1

i n c e n t r e of e a r .

dxudu' n .

di12 n.

c l i f f edge; r a i s e d p o r t i o n ( o f v e r a n d a h , bank o f gully, e t c . ) ; ridge.

husks of r i c e v e r y f i n e , o b t a i n e d i n second pounding.

d x u k u l r a n . d o v e . d i p e f n . < f u t t a a ; noksaan; haany> damage.

dipef pardiba.

damage.

To s u f f e r

dxyaa'ppa a v . < c h i s o chopnu, dhokaa l a a u n u , e u f a a s i r a k l e c a a r j a n a a l a a i pugnu> s u d d e n l y

-

26

?Y~GRA

and c o m p l e t e l y . mraal d x y a a l p p a lawaad.

Close

DAAIGAA

dama chyoe n . book u s e d b y l a m a .

t h e door p r o p e r l y .

-

dana p . GySSgra a . l e a n ( o f man, animal, meat); t h i n . [ S y n . kadrZZ.1 ,

dyaamaa n . < d y a a ~ > row p a t t e r n i n s e e d p l o t ; r i d g e p a t t e r n (imp r i n t e d on palm by l e a n i n g on gundri )

.

n e a r ; about space. k e l k y a r d a n a x y a a l txum.

in

I

have t o go t o t h a t a r e a o v e r there. [Syn. badz. I darbaara n . p a l a c e . d a r l i ~ a an . < d a l i n (fhulo) >

beam - c e n t r a l , s u p p o r t i n g upper s t o r e y o r verandah.

-d,

- d i S . V . i m p e r a t i v e ( w i t h , nonnasal verb stems). [ C p . -n. I

-ds s . < - l e >

emphatic. ~ a d Zc a l l a i Q O a x s x e ' .

daa- v .

pass

-

daH num. t e n ( i n l o a n

.

phrases ) [Syn. c y u ' . ]

I cerda.4aS n . f e s t i v a l

t a i n l y d o n ' t know him. da-,

darHan n . < d a d a n > v i s i o n ; v i e w .

t o elapse;

of time.

dabae c . < p h e r i > s o ; t h e n . d a b a e p h e ' r i a x l a 1 d . Theref o r e d o n ' t do it a g a i n .

-

major i n Hindu-Nepalese c a l e n d a r ( o b s e r v e d f o r t e n d a y s i n Asoj (September-October) i n v o l v i n g animal s a c r i f i c e )

.

daHmi n . t e n t h d a y ( a f t e r a given d a t e , e s p e c i a l l y o f dasaZ f e s t i v a l ) .

das n . < d a a i > t h r e s h i n g of dausure n. c u s t o m a t

g r a i n with oxen. dae" j x 5 b a 1 .

dagas n .

awe; nervousness. m r l n e txoySZ QxTsi d a g a s mxzzdim, b i l t x u b a e t S S b i l a x k h Z Z 1 . I f you meet t h e k i n g

you a r e f r i g h t e n e d and f e e l aoe; you cannot speak t h e o o r d s you have t o s a y .

Tiwa f e s t i v a l ( l a t e ~ c t o b e r ) of asking f o r g i f t s around t h e village i n return for singing.

dZSti n . e d g e of thatched roof.

daag t h s b a a ' v . t o vow r e v e n g e .

daaga n . c r i m e ; e v i l i n d a i pa.

e m p h a t i c p a r -

ticle. t a ' l e b a a i r u t e l l d i ? qxeba dai. Why d i d you put i t o u t -

side?

I t ' s crying!

dakhaastaa n. application of o f f i c i a l nature ( a s f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n of land s a l e , government employment).

dakhin l o c . s o u t h . [Syn. maadil; kyu'ru.] c o v e r e d w i t h cow l e a t h e r .

To commit a c r i m e .

daai, daai b i r i ' , daasi c . t h e n ; and. [Syn. jxaale' ; jxaale'

d a i l o n . < d a i l o ; @okaa> d o o r , [Syn. mraa' ; duwaaraa.]

dama n .

tent. daaga l a b a a 1 .

drum

phel r i . ]

daaigaa c . < t y a s o bhaera po> therefore, I see. l a a d i d i n d i n u makhaZ1 dZZda bobrZ lam; k h a n i r bomu? / / s u r y a m a l e d x i ' r bom, d a a i s u r y a m a l e aamaad c x a a l t h u ' l bxim. / / d a a i g a a k h 6 i 8 bobre" lanaa'. Every day t h e dumb g i r l

i s t a k i n g c o r n s t a l k s . Where does she t a k e them? // She t a k e s them t o S u r y a ' s house, and t h e n S u r y a ' s mother g i v e s h e r t e a t o

d r i n k . // Oh, I s e e , s o t h e r e fore she t a k e s them a l w a y s . daajyu bxaai' n .

deuraani n . in-law

s i s t e r -

(~uYr~rWi).

dewar n . b r o t h e r - i n - l a w (HuYrBr ).

brothers; half brothers; p a r a l l e l male c o u s i n s . [Syn. t i l m a E . ] .

-di [TB * n i ~ = * s - n i3681 ~ s.num. y e a r s .

daakha n . g r a p e . di-' daala n . l e n t i l s ; p u l s e . daan punyaa n .

v . t o f o l l o w

logically. [Syn. diySS; d i n a . ]

g e n e r o s i t y t o poor.

-di2 daar baar n. beams a n d r a f t e r s term).

(collective

s.V. s u f f i x marking v e r b stems borrowed from Nepali. gxumdi b a . To s t r o l l ( f r o m iV ghumnu).

-di3

daara n . p o l e . daaraa n . < b a t t i k o p h i t t a a >

wick

o f lamp.

daare, daaraa n . t u s k ;

S.V.

past tense.

-di4 s . < t a > emphatic. qalaai d i ' . To me, though. - d i 5 , -d s . n .

agentive.

f a n g ; t o o t h which p r o t r u d e s .

di'kka n. e x a s p e r a t i o n ; d a a r i n . w h i s k e r s ;

vexation; worried. [ S y n . c h o r d 1 qxZZba.1

beard.

-del a v . < j a t i >

approximately; about. t h u m a l E QxTdel s G 1 d e . About

two o r t h r e e f r i e n d s . Around

mxwil p l x i d e l q x a d e ' .

four o r f i v e r u p e e s . c a j a cxaude kTbxaul.

b e a u t i f u l , b u t you won't g e t [Syn. d i n a . ] her. dimaag n . s e n s e ; i n t e l -

a l i t t l e .

LZV.

nevertheless; b u t ; however. c a ' c a m 7 ' r i chy?iSbaal mu, d i l e k x i a x y d l . T h a t woman i s

Bring

about t h i s much s a l t . -de2

d i l e c . < t a i pani>

c a l b x a n d a a l de chyZSb mu.

It's

ligence. dimaag r h i ' g a x x r e b a ' e . [ S y n . budd i . ]

Mad.

a b i t b e t t e r than t h a t , din n . d a y s ( s u f f i x e d t o debi n . g o d d e s s . [ C p . deudaa. ]

numerals over 1 0 ) . [ C p . -gaE.]

deza n . 1. c o u n t r y . 2. I n d i a . [Syn. i n d i y a a l . ]

dezi mall n .

-

lizer chemical ( Z i t . fertilizer).

fertiIndian

deudaa n . g o d s o f H i n d u conception, usually malevolent. [ S y n . bxagawaan; p ram7sara. ]

dina, dinaga, dina b i l e c . < t a i pani> b u t ; however. c a l nego' c a l b e s e r i nxena', d a a i Qad c h u d i d i l w a a l a u . d i n a g a khim b e s e r i x r i s k h a n a ' .

Be and he were f i g h t i n g a l o t , and I s e p a r a t e d them i n d e e d . However t h e y t h e m s e l v e s are v e r y angry, I s e e . dindinu t .

daily;

e v e r y day.

d e u r a a l i n . s h r i n e for offering religious rites t o s m a l l ; memorial o r deudaa monument on a g r a v e ; h e a d s t o n e . [Syn. ma'ndir; t h a a ' n a a . ]

-

d i r b i n n . t e l e s c o p e ; b i n o c u l a r s ; viewmaster.

digaa n . d i r e c t i o n ; p o i n t

double-minded; decision.

o f compass.

diygg, diygare' c . Ctyaso bhane> -dcl

so, then; therefore. kxid g a l a a i khalaa axtu b i i x w a a ' ? / / 6 . / / diyEiZ g a axkha'ri o'? You.said I d i d n ' t

-du s . v . i m p e r a t i v e (nonf i n a l i n sentence ). kaZ c a d u ' , d a a i k x e ' l a b a ' r xyaa'd. Eat your r i c e , t h e n go

t o do t h e work.

lamp ( e a r t h e r n l a m p ) .

l i k e ;

similar. ca'd8 axta' rge.

-du12, -gun -go1

May i t n o t be

', -do

s.v.

khru'do'

du3 s e e du-kha.

c o n n e c t i v e .

jxaale'

chyFiZbaal t a m .

dud n. < d u t > a m b a s s a d o r ; e n v o y .

c a t , b u t where i s i t ? where i s it? d u b i t a t i v e .

a s o d a ' r phi idol

,

dubujel n. p l a c e name o n r o a d f r o m Ghachok t o u p l a n d s .

n6wSS b x a l ' d o k h a n i ' x y a a i ' , khani' xyaai? (We) brought a

S.V.

If you s t a y

here.

You uash i t and t h e n i t i s n i c e .

-dov2

S.V.

i f (conditional). c u ' r f i d u ' biyEiEi.

like that. -dot

The n e x t day.

-dul',

diyo n . h o l d e r f o r o i l -dC1 , -dG1 p.

s . t .

after that. p x a n x ~ s gd i j ' .

have t o come, d i d n ' t you? // Y e s . // Then I won't come, O K ?

uncertain i n

a x g x i m ' munaa'

He was born i n A s o j , w a s n ' t he?

.

d u i num. < d u i > t w o ( u s e d i n l o a n [Syn. g x i ' ] phrases).

.

dukaan n. s h o p . [Syn. i s f o r . ]

dobara t e b a r a l num. du-kha, du n . t r o u b l e ;

multiple.

worry.

[Syn. phi k k a r ; s o k . ]

dobaade n . < b o k s i l a a i dine dosro bhaag> o f f e r i n g r e q u i r e d t o placate witch's curse second i n a s e r i e s .

-

dundri a . b o r n i n t h e

the

same y e a r .

dunidiba v . t o t w i n e

dobaade waabaal v . Cboksilaai d o s r o bhog dinu> r i t e o f placing fork of leading accused

-doln s . v . tense. to' to' k i d o l n.

two s t r a n d s ( o f t h r e a d t o g e t h e r f o r s t r e n g t h i n weaving). [Syn. perbaa' ; khribaa' ; cyaa'riba.]

dobaade o f f e r i n g a t road, or crossroads, t o t h e house of t h e witch.

duniyaa n . w o r l d . [Syn. p r i t h w i . ]

emphatic p a s t

caidimu',

durga n . god o f H i n d u

samaanja'u

mythology honoured d u r i n g da4aE f e s t i v a l ( ~ u r g a~ u j a ) ;g o d o f death.

Whatever i s needed, we made s u r e t o buy t h o s e things.

do9 n . religious teacher.

d x a j u ' r a n . frames of cane b e n t over t o form g a b l e o f c a t t l e shed.

dxarma l a b a a ' V . t o do good works and s o g a i n merit for the a f t e r l i f e .

dxamaa' dxam' a v . 1. i n c l o s e s u c c e s s i o n ; one a f t e r another. t x i l n o ' b a e mxi b a l l a dxama' dxam' kha i The c a r r i e r s a t

dxanna s a a s t r a n .

-

.

l a s t a r e coming a l o n g one a f t e r another. 2. c o n s t a n t l y ; i n c e s s a n t l y . dxamal dxam' k x e ' l a d . Work

.

dxarma p u ' t r a n son adopted.

-

dxaru' n. [Syn. kyu'waadxt'; d x s g j a ' n .

constantly. dxamgi' n .

asthma.

dxami'ro n .

white a n t s .

dxan' s a m p a t i ' n . possessions ; wealth. [Syn. d x i ' naa. ] dxancha'ra n. granary, u s u a l l y room above c a t t l e s h e d . dxaradxara av. remorsefully. d x a r a a ' l e n. child.

s c r i p t u r e s of a r e l i g i o n .

nurse f o r

dxarge' n. l i n e ; s t r i p e ( a s on r u l e d p a p e r , s h i r t ) ; s t r i p of l a n d n a r r o w and l o n g , between a d j o i n i n g f i e l d s .

-

d x a r i ' av. < p a n i > even; a l s o . gam f u s y a a ' r d x a r i ' t i b l e i a x x y a a ~ ~ y t ' As . f o r me I

h a v e n ' t gone t o Tusya e v e n once.

cy6d l u s e y a a p h e ' r i ad d x a r i ' l u b x i l txum. I f Youngest-

B r o t h e r i s t e a c h i n g you t h e n I a l s o must t e a c h . l a i d i ' sy6 d x a r i ' badibae, gaggyum j x a n ' t a ' l e a x b a d i b a ?

Even L a i d i R i v e r i s f l o o d i n g , s o why w i l l n o t t h e S e t i , a l l t h e more, b e i n f l o o d ?

d x a a i r e ' s e e jxaale' that'

.

'

dxaaraa' n . edge a s o f axe.

water source. mu'laa.] fashion. 'then, a f t e r blade;

sharp

d x a a r a a m 2n . < d h a a r a a > s p o u t o f v e s s e l ; flow of water. d x a a r n e ' n . < d h a a r n i > measure of Weight ( a p p r o x . 2 . 4 k g . , comp r i s i n g 8 s e r i n Pokhara o r 1 2 pau i n ~ a t h m a n d u ) . dxeba' v . 1. < l a a u n u ( a a l i ) > t o p r e s s mud o n t o t e r r a c e w a l l . 2 . t o l e a n hand on a n o t h e r ' s shoulder. dxemy6' n . b a s k e t f o r s t o r i n g carded yarn. d x e r o ' , t e ' r o [ C p d y a h q ] t . now, h e n c e f o r t h . d x e r o ' O a l a a i g x o d a a ' tam.

H e n c e f o r t h I w i l l have a h o r s e . d x i ' [TaGTh "dimpl n . < g h a r > h o u s e ; home. d x i ' 11x6 n . < g h a r b h i t r a > g r o u n d f l o o r of house ( l i t . i n s i d e house).

DXT '

30

NAA

dxi' n a a n . < s a p a t t i > p o s s e s sions; wealth. [ S y n . d x a n l sarnpa t i

' .]

s . n . r e s e m bling; exact likeness. c a ' mxi d x u r u ' s t a a yogaard6' by6ba. That person l o o k s e x -

a c t l y l i k e a monkey.

Judge.

t a s b i r rnxie anuwaa'r d x u r u ' s t a a kham. A photo shows a man's

dx6ba1 [ T B * t u k ' p o u n d ' 3 8 7 ; T B *dup%*dip%*tup%*tip ' b e a t ' 3 9 9 1 v . < p i t n u ; kufnu> t o s t r i k e ; t o pound; t o h i t . dx61e1 a v , < j a s a r i > j u s t l i k e . gad dx61e1 l a d . Do a s I d o . dxodro' a v . < d h o t r o > h o l l o w of t r e e .

-

dxowo' t . < a h i l e > s h o r t l y ; o f t h e

face e x a c t l y . d x u s a a l n . < s a a n o saano riikh bhaeko wan> s c r u b l a n d ( a b o u t 2000-2500 m. a l t i t u d e ) . [ C p . bugyaan i ]

.

dxyaan n . [ ~ y n yaad. . ]

attention.

dxyaan p i b a a ' v . t o heed; t o pay a t t e n t i o n .

p r e s e n t t i m e ; now. [Syn. togo' . I

dxii' [ T 5 ig dog] n . < b o f > bush; t r e e .

plant; -el

dxiiba" v . < t e k n u > t o s t a n d ; t o r e s t upon. [ ~ y n nxeba; . mxaeba. ] dx&a'2

[TB *tusk ' t h i c k '

3561 a .

t h i c k ; f a t ; l a r g e . [ ~ p p. l x a a b a . ] dxiiri' n . marten ( f u r r y animal, s i z e o f a squirrel, e a t s chickens). dxiis:'

n . p o r c u p i n e .

dxub n . offerings.

.

-e2 s . n .

where can i t be? of

(possessive).

e3 n. sambhar, I n d i a n elk. [ S y n . j a raa yo. 1 eba' v . t o r e t u r n . e x y a a b a l . To go b a c k . egxaaraa'

num. < e g h a a r a > e l e v e n .

e l k , e ' g a num. < e k >

incense used i n

dxub jx6ba1 v . t o burn a s an o f f e r i n g ( s t r i c t l y of incense, but a l s o b u t t e r o r oil). dxubaa' r a a v . c e n s e r ; v e s s e l f o r c a r r y i n g f i r e when making o f f e r i n g s . d x u r d i ' b a v . Cdhuiro p a r n u > crowd i n .

s . 2 , d u b i t a t i v e ; i n t e r

rogative k h a n i ' mue'?

to

dxuri' n. c e n t r a l g a b l e o f h o u s e ( u n d e r which l o w e r c a s t e p e o p l e may n o t e n t e r ) . [Cp. p i d i ; b a a r t a l i ' . ]

one.

e k kaam d u i banda a v . a c h i e v i n g t w o g o a l s w i t h one e f f o r t ; k i l l i n g two b i r d s w i t h one s t o n e . e k a d a s i n . p . d a y o f daJaE.

eleventh

e k a r a a ' d e a . one n i g h t ( o f p a e ) .

lasting

e k a a l i ' a v . singly.

once;

ekaantaa' a v . privately. [Syn. eklaasi'.]

alone ;

e k k a a i s num. < e k k a a I s >

twenty-one

ekkaasi' av. immediately.

suddenly;

confusion. gadaa n .

e k l a a s i ' av. [Syn. ekaantaa' ]

.

e k s r e ' , y o s a r e n. < e k s r e > examination.

X-ray

e k w a a ' n. r e s i d u e ; r e mainder ( o f uncompleted work). [ S y n . to". ]

e ' r a n .

plant (small red b e r r y , r i p e n s i n November-December, very b i t t e r ) .

eriyaa' n. rounds.

donkey.

alone.

area; sur-

e u s a r e ' , e k s a r e ' n. Ckhusra, e k r u p z y i i g k o nof > c h a n g e ( s t r i c t l y , single rupee notes). ewaaba' v . < p h i r t a a garnu> r e t u r n ; give back.

g a d i l u l a. < g a t i l o > upright; r i g h t e o u s ; i n d u s t r i o u s ; good ( o f man). [Syn. chyS8baag. ]

-gag1 s.num. tigag'.

days.

One day.

[Cp. d i n . ]

g a i d i b a V . r e p a i r ; t o mend. [Syn. j o r d i ba. ] g a i r o a. < g a h i r o > or hole )

.

gaj n . < g a j > length).

t o join; t o

deep ( o f water

y a r d (measure of

g a l b a n d i n. < g a l e b a n d a > s c a r f l o n g , w o o l l e n ( w o r n b y men).

-

to g a l d i n. < g a l a t i > [Cp. p a a ' b . ]

mistake; e r r o r .

exor d o x o r av. < o h o r d o h o r , ekohoro-doharo> b a c k and f o r t h .

t o and f r o m ;

g a l g j a n. < g a l S i c a a > c a r p e t . [Syn. xracji, kaarnlo'.]

exor d o x o r p 6 ' b a v . < e k o h o r o doharo bolnu>

g a l d i b a s. v . < g a l n u > t o be s o f t ; workable ( o f e a r t h ) .

t o converse.

e x o r sai5 p y a a ' b a v . < e k o h o r o m a n bhaeko> t o be s t u b b o r n ; single-minded;undeviating. [ S y n . g x a m a ' n d i , y o g o r a saE pyaa'ba. ]

gal v . < h o > t o b e . g x y 8 8 ' m i ga k h o b b r e ' p a k h a l The name o f t h e road i s Khobbre h i l l . daajyu bxaai' s a t u r ga. (My) b r o t h e r s are ( m y ) e n e m i e s .

.

g a ~ g r i d i b av . < g a ~ g r i n u > t o b e numb w i t h c o l d . [Syn. t h i r i d i b a ' ; kaathidiba' . ] gaogyu n . < s e t i k h o l a a > Seti river.

gorge;

g a p h s a ' b labaa' v . < g a p h g a r n u > t o chat; t o converse. [ S y n . baad m a a r d i b a ' . ] g a r a a , garaa gadi n . c g a r a a (naraamro d i n ) > i n a u s p i c i o u s time

.

g a 2 , go pa. < t a > e m p h a t i c f o c u s .

g a r b h a s f a a n. < g a r b h a w a s f a > pregnancy.

g a b a n. shoot of p l a n t s .

g a r b h a Qxe n . < g a r b h a s f a diidh> m i l k o f p r e g n a n t woman.

new

g a b u n . bucket with l i d .

g a r i b a. poor. [ ~ y n .khl y a a n u . ]

g a c c h e n. w e a l t h . [Syn. p Z j i 1 , plxoba'.]

g a r l a a n e g u d l i l e av. ( a s of a s n a k e ) .

gadabad n .

garmi n.

uproar;

wriggling

h e a t ; warmth

32

GATE, GADE

GRAAUN

- g i s.num.

(of weather).

g a t e , gade n . d a t e of t h e N e p a l i month.

dxT' bim.

h o u s e h o l d s . t i 1 g 7 r kaE carnmalElai j a a n

We c a l l t h e people who e a t r i c e i n one household a family.

gai.il n . v i l l a g e ( u s e d o n l y i n loan phrases).. Village council. gal panjyaida'

.

gaG2, gau n . w h e a t .

b u t ; however (clause f i n a l ) . mxid a x g x T n l g i , g a ~ g y u d i . Not

by men, however; by t h e r i v e r .

gaucaran n . p a s t u r e for cattle (uncultivated).

gauri n . v e s s e l

g i l pa.

-

water c a r r i e r (metal, 15 l i t r e s ) .

gzgda n . g o i t r e .

gi2C . < k i > i s n ' t i t ( i n t e r rogative). [Syn. u.] - g i 3 s . n . l a n g u a g e . prxugi. N e p a l i language. [ S y n . kxyui ' . ] gidra n . c a n e s t r i p s

gzsfho n . k n o t i n r o p e ; a n k l e ; l o o p i n m a k i n g a Devanagari letter.

u s e d i n b a s k e t r y and m a t s . [Syn. chae k h l y i . ]

gilSSsa n . < g i l a a s > g l a s s . gaada n . c a r t . -got s e e -du'

'if'.

gaadi n . c a r ; v e h i c l e , golbxgdaa' n .

truck.

tomato.

gaajar n . c a r r o t . gaal ke'ba v . < g a a l i garnu> t o

goli n. b u l l e t ; p i l l ; tablet. [Syn. p h i . ]

rebuke; t o reprimand; t o abuse.

golmol n , c o n f u s i o n . gaar n . o f f e n c e ; -gon s . v .

umbrage.

gaar mxzzdiba s . 0 . t o b e o f f e n d e d ; t o b e

.

angry g a a r axmxS5didu, t a r a c u ' r a x f i ' d . [Syn. f x u b a ' . ]

i n d e e d ; e m p h a t i c past tense. t e l ni5sa1 r i x y o i g o n o c h E . (You)

cooked i t l a s t n i g h t , i n d e e d , poor d e a r . goraama'g n . E u r o pean; white f o r e i g n e r ; p a l e f a c e .

gaara a . Kgaaro> w a l l o f s t o n e . [Syn. baanu, b x e d a a ' . ] gaaro a . d i f f i c u l t . [ S y n . rnugkil . ] gaasa n . m o u t h f u l ; s m a l l q u a n t i t y of r i c e . g a a s a cyugu' t h i r i '

pTn.

Give

gorkhaa n . p .

Gorkha ( t o w n b e t w e e n Kathmandu a n d P o k h a r a , o r i g i n o f p r e s e n t Shah d y n a s t y i n N e p a l ) ; Gurkha Brigade (comprising Nepali t r o o p s i n I n d i a n and B r i t i s h armies ) s i n s gorkhaa. 6 t h Gurkha

.

Rifles.

me a s m a l l h e l p i n g . gg n . t h r e s h o l d ; d o o r w a y . mraa' g s r raa'namu. They were s t a n d i n g i n t h e doorway.

gorkhaali a . , n .

N e p a l i ( ~ e r s o no r l a n g u a g e ) .

gosar n . o f f i c e o f -get s . 0 .

un[Syn. -e ' ] certainty.

.

gesa n. b a t t e r y ( d r y cell).

d i s t r i c t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ; law court district.

-

graaun n . a i r s t r i p .

.

- g r u s num. < h a a t ( n a a p n u ) > c u b i t . [Syn. kru. ] gcda n. w a l l a c r o s s p a t h t o keep c a t t l e from c r o p s . - g u l S . V . bxagul ' b r i n g ' .

i m p e r a t i v e on

crocodile.

g u j i n.

pocket.

gulaaph n .

rose.

gulaaphi a. l i g h t red. g u n n . ence.

pink;

c h a r i t y ; benevol-

g u n a d i ' gunan a v . < g u q l e g u q a i > gratitude in (ironically).

-

g u n d r i n . < g u n d r y > mat a b o u t 180x90 cm., woven o f r i c e straw. g u n d r u n . < s i n k i > p i c k l e made from r a d i s h l e a v e s (pounded i n a bamboo c y l i n d e r t h e n a l l o w e d t o s t a n d f o r a week t i l l fermented. They a r e t h e n s u n d r i e d and s t o r e d f o r l a t e r use). [ S y n . j imbu.] g u r n . < d h a a m i kaamnu> t r a n c e with shaking (of r e l i g i o u s off iciant) g u r nxeba. To s h a k e i n a

.

trance. - g u r a a s.num. oxen.

g x a i d i n . earthenware p o t . g x a i mr6' n . c g h a i y a a b a a r i > f i e l d c l o s e t o one's house; garden. g x a j i ' d i b a v . t o r a t t l e ; shake ( a d o o r ) .

-gu s e e - d u o ' i f ' . gue n .

reduce i n s i z e .

guraa n.

y o k e of

sugar

-

gxama'ndi [ N 'proud, a r r o g a n t 1 1 a . 1. < j i d d i h u e > s e l f - w i l l e d ; unteachable. 2. i g n o r a n t ; prejudiced. [Syn. j i d d i l a b a a ' ; igura sae. I gxandaa' n.

hour.

gxanmase n . < d a l l g f h o > m a l l e t ( f o r b r e a k i n g up c l o d s ) . g x a ' r jawg n . < g h a r j u w a a i > s o n i n - l a w o f h o u s e h o l d (who l i v e s i n w i f e ' s house and, i n absence of w i f e ' s b r o t h e r s , i n h e r i t s through wife )

.

g x a ' r khe'daa n. p r o p e r t y ; house and l a n d . gxarchi'n av. 1. i n s t a n t l y . [ S y n . g x a r i ' n n a . 1. 2. momentarily; b r i e f l y . [Syn. c h i 'n gxri rna' ; tisyaa.] gxari' av. cghari ghari> e d l y ; over and o v e r .

repeat-

g x a r i ' n n a av. quickly; without delay. [Syn. ekkaas i ]

.

raw.

g u r u n. t e a c h e r (especially religious).

g x a s e ' d a n . branches s t r i p p e d of leaves (by c a t t l e ) .

gurug, gurii n . [Syn. t a m h a ' E I

g x a f t e ' n . water-driven.

.

Gurung.

guwaar, g u h a a r n.

gxadi'

'

n .

help.

mill

-

g x a u d i ' b a v . t o s h o u t ; p r o c l a i m (news, announcement).

clock; watch. gx?iZ1 n .

s h e l l of s n a i l .

gxadi'2 a . l e s s ; s m a l l e r . gxadi'ba v.

t o shrink;

gxaa' n . sore.

wound; c u t ;

34

(=A?

g x a a d n . < h G l ( b a a t o k o ) > crowd (of people meeting a t t r a i l junction). mardi k h o l a a g x a a d p a r d i b a ' e k h l x y o m u . Mardi Khola i s a

GYAA

g x o d a a ' r a a ' b a v . t o go t o w a t c h f u n e r a l o r pae o f a d u l t . [ C p . ~ x y o b a( f o r a c h i l d ' s funeral).] g x r i ' , k r i l [ T B * t ( ~ i )k = * ( g - ) t y i k n. 2 5 1 , n . 2711 num. < e k , e u t a a > one. [ ~ y n .t i - . ]

p l a c e where p e o p l e m e e t .

gxaagaa' n . < g h a a f > b a n k o f river. [Syn. cha' . ]

gxri'n a .

alone.

gxaaco' n . d a n c e ( o f o l d Gurung t y p e 1.

gxrinaa' a . identical.

g x a a n a a ' , gxaanaa' p a a ' d n . j e w e l l e r y .

s h r o u d e d comgxublu'kkale av. p l e t e l y ( o f wearing cape).

gxaanaa' gxod' n. < t h u l o p a a n i parne b e l a a > time of very heavy r a i n .

g x u m d i ' b a v . t o w a n d e r ; s t r o l l ; r i s e and f a l l ( o f v o i c e p i t c h ) ; go around; d e t o u r . [Syn. d u l d i b a . ]

same;

gxaara' n . < j e l j a s t o >

courthouse; c e l l s . ko'd g x a a r a a ' r thundi ba. To

gxus n .

bribe.

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gxusa' n . f i s t clenched. gxusa'd bachaardiba. To punch.

confine i n the courthouse. gxaaraa' n . c g h a a r ( m a u r i k o ) > bee-hive.

g x u s u l l n . Cnuhaaune c a l a n > lutions; bathing.

gxaari ' n . c p a a k h o , g h a a r i > h i g h l a n d zone a r o u n d 1 3 0 0 t o 2000 m. a l t i t u d e w i t h s m a l l brush. [Cp. bugyaani , pakha' . I gxgba" v . t o employ o t h e r ' s oxen ( h a v i n g n o n e o f o w n ) . [Syn. p a r y a a l i l l a b a ' . ]

ab-

g x y 5 5 ' [TaGTh *gyam] n . < b a a t o > 1. r o a d ; p a t h . 2. s h e e t of white c l o t h c a r r i e d ahead of corpse. 3. s i d e ( i n g e n e a l o g y ) . a a m a a e ' g x y a a ' i i l e ' 136' 16 phem. He i s a c r o s s - c o u s i n

on my m o t h e r ' s s i d e .

.

gxgba' v back; l e a n on.

t o lean

g x g ' x y a a b a ' v . (vulgar term). [Syn. s ixyaaba' ]

%o d i e

gxylg' k h a ' r j a n . fare; t r a v e l cost. gxy2i' kxaaba v . t o s e t o u t on j o u r n e y .

.

gxesaa'rdiba v . t o crawl; drag oneself along.

gxisaa' r d i b a v . < g h i s a a r n u >

to g x y 6 ' n .

drag.

gx6' n . < t h u l o k h o l s a a k h o l s i > r o c k y a r e a ( h a r d t o make way through). gxoda' n .

g x y l g b r i ' n . < b a a t o muni> l o c a l i t y name i n Ghachok ( b e l o w t h e road).

horse.

g x o d a ' 1x0 n . < g h o d a a w a r s a > year of t h e horse (1942,54,66, etc.) [syn. t a Ixo.]

cob o f c o r n .

gxydsz' n . C u t t i s k o bof> tree.

alder-

-gya, -gyaa s . a . s u f f i x marking colour adjectives. olgya. Red. m16gya. Black. gyaa n. < s o l t i > cross-cousin ( F a S i S o , MoBrSo t e r m o f address). [Syn. ~ 6 ' 1 6 . 1

-

JABDIBA

GYAAN

cJyaanl n . s e l f - c o n t r o l . x r i s a x k h a ' d u biyZS, s u ' b a a s chySZbaa' mudu' biyZZ, g y a a n tam. I f you d o n ' t g e t angry, i f your temperament i s good,

you have s e l f - c o n t r o l .

honest ; f a i t h f u l ; hard working. [Syn. sag s a t t e ' t a b a a ' ]

.

imaansaa'th n . truthfulness; honesty.

-imu

gyaan2 n . wisdom;

S.V.

tion.

c o m p l e t e d a c [Syn. -qqyG1.]

knowledge. k h e ' i b i r i ' t o ' n d o r i xram, A f t e r s t u d y i n g one g y a a n tam.

-inamu s . a . c o n t i n u a t ive. [Syn. - r i . ]

knows e v e r y t h i n g , one has wisdom.

inaama n . r e w a r d .

-gy6

.

s num.

cigarette. [Cp. kosa, k h i l l i ' . ]

inaar n . < i n a a r > w e l l

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large.

indiyaa' n . I n d i a . [ s y n . bxaara' da; desa; xindu'sthaa'n.]

Zf n .