Flora of Turkey, Volume 8 9781474466134

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FLORA OF TURKEY VOLUME EIGHT

to ASUMAN & TURHAN BA YTOP in recognition of their extensive help on the Flora over many years

VOLUME EIGHT

FLORA OF TURKEY and the East Aegean Islands

Professor of Taxonomic Botany assisted by R. R. Mill PhD and Kit Tan PhD SERC Research ASsistants

*

EDINBURGH at the

UNIVERSITY PRESS

1984

© 1984

Transferred to Digital Print 2010 Edinburgh University Press 22 George Square, Edinburgh Reprinted 1997, 2001, 2008

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne ACIP record is available for this book from the British Library ISBN 0 85224 494 0

PREFACE As with the previous volume, Volume VIII has been set on an IBM Composer with magnetic card storage, and the distribution maps follow the text. The layout of the text is the same as that adopted in Volume VII. This is the first of the Monocotyledon volumes and includes the 'Petaloid' Monocotyledons. It contains 24 families, 112 genera and 683 species of which 158 (23.1 %) are endemic to the Flora area. The Liliaceae, comprising 388 species, is by far the largest family. Volume IX will complete the Monocotyledons, and will cover Juncaceae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae. A Supplement will update the earlier volumes and provide much additional information. P.H. DAVIS University Department of Botany Edinburgh,February 1984

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We again acknowledge very generous financial support from the Science and Engineering Research Council (u .K.), without whose help continuation of the Flora would not be possible. Their grant provides money for our two Research Assistants, Dr Robert R. Mill and Dr Kit Tan; Aileen Robertson, who replaced Bette Barns as Senior Secretary and operator of the IBM Composer in June 1982; and Margaret Glancey, our technician, whose salary previously paid by a special support grant from North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is now paid by S.E.R.C. I am indebted to the following botanists (not on the current Flora of Turkey team) for their contributions to the present volume: Professor A. Baytop (Istanbul- Typhaceae); C.D. Brickell (Wisley- Colchicum, Galanthus, Mer· endera); Dr J. Cullen (Edinburgh- Ornithogalum);ProfessorD.M.Henderson (Edinburgh - Lilium, with Davis); Dr J.R. Edmondson (liverpool- several small genera of Liliaceae; Gladiolus, with Kit Tan); Dr F. Kollmann (Jerusalem -Allium); W. Marais (Kew - Romulea, Tulipa); B. Mathew (Kew- Crocus, Iris, Stembergia and key to genera of Iridaceae); V .A. Matthews {Edinburgh - Anthericum; Asphodeline, with Tuzlaci; Asphodelus, Eremurus); R.D. Meikle (Kew- Chionodoxa);DrE.V.Mordak (Leningrad- Scilla);K.Persson (Stockholm - Hyacinthella, with Wendelbo); Dr J. Renz (Basel- Orchidaceae, with Taubenheim); Dr E.M. Rix (Ashford- Fritillaria, Gagea); Dr D.C. Stuart (Dunbar- Muscari, with Davis); G. Taubenheim (Mettmann - Orchidaceae, with Renz); Dr E. Tuzlaci (Istanbul - Asphodeline, with Matthews); Dr. P. Uotila (Helsinki - Helo bieae [families 119-129] , Lemnaceae, Sparganiaceae); and the late Professor P. Wendelbo (Bergen - Bellevalia; Hyacinthella, with Persson; Hyacinthus). Five artists have prepared illustrations for Volume VIII: M. Koistinen (Figure I), Dr R.R. Mill (Figure 2), Dr Kit Tan (Figures 3-5, 9 (partly redrawn and re-arranged from drafts provided by E. Huber), 10-13, 16, 17, 18 and 19, the last two figures with Dr J. Renz), Esther Huber (Figures 6-8) and Pat Halliday (Figures 14, 15). The manuscript has been expertly set on the IBM Composer by Aileen Robertson. Margaret Glancey has again efficiently organised the coming and going of extensive herbarium loans. The Directors/Keepers of the following herbaria, indicated by their standard contractions as given in Index Herbariorum ed. 7, have assisted us or our guest contributors by providing loans of herbarium material: AEF, ANK, B, BAK, BM, BRA, C, EGE, FI, G, GB, H, HUI, ISTE,IE, K, L, LD, LE, OXF, P, PR, s, TUB, w, wu, z and ZT. The following individuals have loaned specimens

or provided living material from their own collections: Dr K.P. Buttler, Dr A. Huber-Morath, Dr E. Pasche Jr., Dr F. Sorger. Collections recently made available to us, often by way of gifts to the Edinburgh herbarium in exchange for names, include those made by the following botanists: Professor Y. Akman, Dr R. Alava, Y. Aya§ligil, Professors A. & T. Baytop, Dr F. Bisby, Dr R. von

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Acknowledgements Bothmer, Dr A. ~irpici, Dr T. Ekim, Dr A. Engin, Dr S. Erik, Professor W. Frey, Dr A. Giiner, H. Kehl, Dr N. Kilin~, Dr M. Koyuncu, Dr H. Kiirschner, E. Leblebici, B. Mathew, C. & M. North, S. Oflas, Drs N. & E. Ozhatay, 0. Polunin, Professor Kll. Rechinger, Dr J. Renz, Dr E.M. Rix, D. & M. Rilckbrodt, Dr E. Se~men, Dr E. Sezik, E. Stamatiadou, G. Taubenheim, J. Trelawny, E. Tuzlaci, Dr P. Uotila, H. Urdl, Dr T. Uslu, Dr M. Vural, J. Watson, Dr E. Yurdakulol, Dr C. Zahariadi, the late Dr H. Pe§men and the late Professor P. Wendelbo. The present volume is the second to have been prepared under Professor M.M. Yeoman's term of office as Head of the Department of Botany at the University of Edinburgh. To Professor D.M. Henderson, Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden, especial thanks are due for permitting the continued co-operation of his scientific staff in the preparation of Flora accounts and in many other ways, including the much-appreciated facilities of the herbarium, library and garden which together provide an enviable base for floristic research. P.H. DAVIS

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CONTENTS List of Maps, p. x List of Figures, p. xv Abbreviations, p. xix

FLORA

119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142

Key to Families of Monocotyledones, p. Butomaceae, p. 3 Alismataceae, p. 5 Hydrocharitaceae,p.10 Juncaginaceae,p. 13 Najadaceae, p. 15 Potamogetonaceae, p. 17 Ruppiaceae, p. 28 Zannichelliaceae, p. 30 Zosteraceae, p. 32 Cymodoceaceae, p. 33 Posidoniaceae, p. 34 Musaceae, p. 35 Cannaceae, p. 36 Palmae, p. 37 Araceae, p. 41 Lemnaceae, p. 64 Liliaceae,p.67 Amaryllidaceae, p. 358 lridaceae, p. 381 Orchidaceae,p.450 Dioscoreaceae, p. 552 Commelinaceae, p. 554 Sparganiaceae, p. 555 Typhaceae, p. 558 Addendum, p. 563 Map Section, p. 565 Index, p. 601

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LIST OF MAPS

1 2

Turkish vilayets and grid system, p. xvi Geographical divisions within Turkey, p. xvii DISTRIBUTIONS

Note: To facilitate reference to the main text, the species number is cited in brackets after each binomial in the map captions. 3

4

5 6 7 8 9

10

11 12

13 14

15

16

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Arum byzantinum, A. dioscoridis vars. dioscoridis, liepoldtii, luschanii, spectabile & syriacum, A. italicum, A. nickelii, p.565 Arum balansanum, A. elongatum subsp. detruncatum, A. orientale subspp. amoenum & orientale, p. 565 Arum creticum, A. conophalloides vars. caudatum, conophalloides & virescens, A. euxinum, A. maculatum, p. 565 Biarum bovei, B. carduchorum, B. davisii, B. eximium, B. pyrami, B. tenuifolium var. zeleborii, p. 566 Arisarum vulgare, Eminium intortum, E. rauwolffii vars. kotschyi & rauwolffii, E. spiculatum, p. 566 Acarus calamus, Dracunculus vulgaris, p. 566 Asparagusacutifolius, A.lycaonicus, A.lycicus, A. palaestinus, A. tenuifolius, Ruscus colchicus, R. hypoglossum, p. 567 Asparagus aphyllus subsp. orientalis, A. coodei, A. persicus, A. verticillatus, Danae racemosa, Ruscus aculeatus vars. aculeatus & angustifolius, p. 567 Polygonatum glaberrimum, P. hirtum, P. multiflorum, P. orientale, P. verticillatum, p. 567 Allium albidum subsp. caucasicum, A. cassium, A. gayi, A. scabriscapum, A. schoenoprasum, A. subhirsutum, A. szovitsii, A. trifoliatum, p. 568 Alliumalpinarii, A.arlgirdense,A. isauricum,A.longisepalum var. laceratum, A. neapolitanum, A. oreophilum, A. roseum, A. zebdanense, p. 568 Allium bassitense, A. callidictyon, A. caUimischon subsp. haemostictum, A. cupani subsp. hirtovaginatum, A. incisum, A. pallens subsp. pallens, A. peroninianum, A. rupestre, p.568 Allium anacoleum, A. chloranthum, A. glumaceum, A. karsianum, A. microspathum, A. opacum, A. paniculatum sensu lato, A. rubellum, p. 569 Allium djimilense, A. f/avum subspp. flavum & tauricum, A. kunthianum, A. kurtzianum, A. staticiforme, p. 569

List of Maps Allium balansae, A. brevicaule, A. frigidum, A. moschatum, A. pilosum, A. sibthorpianum, A. sipyleum, A. tauricola, p.569 18 Allium carinatum sensu 1ato,A. huber-morathii, A. kastambulense, A. kossoricum, A. olympicum, A. sieheanum, A. sivasicum, A. tchihatschewii. p. 570 19 Allium albotunicatum, A. armenum, A. hirtovaginum, A. phrygium, A. pictistamineum, A. pseudoflavum, p. 570 20 Allium myrianthum, A. rupicola, A. schergianum, A. variegatum, A. wendelboanum, A. wiedemannianum, p.570 Allium ampeloprasum, A. atroviolaceum, p. 571 21 22 Allium bourgeaui subspp. macrochaetum & cycladicum, A. commutatum, A. macrochaetum subspp. macrochaetum & tuncelianum, A. pseudoampeloprasum, A. sandrasicum, A. trachycoleum, p. 571 23 Allium scorodoprasum subspp. jajlae, rotundum, scorodoprasum & waldsteinii. p. 571 24 Allium calyptratum, A. cappadocicum, A. oltense, A. ponticum, A. pustulosum, A. stearnianum subspp. stearnianum & vanense, p. 572 25 Allium curtum, A. fuscoviolaceum, A. proponticum vars. parviflorum & proponticum, A. sphaerocephalon subspp. arvense, sphaerocephalon & trachypus, A. stylosum, p. 572 26 Allium artvinense, A. nevsehirense, A. phanerantherum subspp. decidua & phanerantherum, p. 572 27 Allium amethystinum, A. vineale, p. 573 28 Allium affine, A. gorumsense, A. guttatum subspp. dalmaticum, guttatum & sardoum, A. sintenisii, p. 573 29 Allium aucheri, A. jubatum, A. junceum subspp.junceum & tridentatum, p. 573 30 Allium armerioides, A. baytopiorum, A. dictyoprasum, A. karyeteini, A. robertianum, A. scabri[lorum, A. sosnowskyanum, p. 574 31 Allium akaka, A. atropurpureum, A. cyrilli, A. nigrum, p.574 32 Allium cardiostemon, A. chrysantherum, A. colchicifolium, A. stenopetalum, A. woronowii, p. 574 33 Allium aschersonianum, A. asclepiadeum, A. decipiens, A. kharputense, A. orientale, p. 575 34 Allium lycaonicum, A. rhetoreanum, A. shatakiense, p. 575 35 Allium hirtifolium, A. karamanoglui, A. noi!anum, A. schubertii, Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. bulgaricum, N. tripedale, p. 575 36 Omithogalum arcuatum, 0. fimbriatum, 0. montanum, 0. platyphyllum, p. 576 37 Ornithogalum exaratum, 0. lanceolatum, 0. sigmoideum, 0. ulophyllum, p. 576

17

[xi]

List of Maps 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

45 46

47 48

49 50 51

52 53 54

55 56

57

58

59

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Ornithogalum alpigenum, 0. armeniacum, 0. nivale, 0. nutans, 0. persicum, 0. refractum, p. 576 Muscari caucasicum, M. longipes, M. macrocarpum, p. 577 Muscarl latifolium, M. massayanum, M. weissii, p. 577 Muscari azureum, M. bourgaei, M. coeleste, p. 577 Bellevalia clusiana, B.fominii, B.{orniculata, B. macrobotrys, B. rlxii, B. trifoliata, p. 578 Bellevalia crassa, B. longipes, B. longistyla, B. paradoxa, B. sarmatica, B. tauri, p. 578 Bellevalia dubia, B. gracilis, B. kurdistanica, B. latifolia, B. modesta, B. pycnantha, p. 578 Fritillaria aurea, F. fleischeriana, F. latifolia, F. pontica, p.579 Fritillaria acmopetala subspp. acmopetala & wendelboi, F. alburyana, F. hermonis subsp. amana, F. minima, F. minuta, F. whittallii, p. 579 Tulipa biflora, T. humilis, T. orphanidea, T. saxatilis, T. sy lvestris, p. 5 79 Tulipa agenensis, T. aleppensis, T. armena vars. armena & lycica, T. clusiana, T. julia, T. sintenisii, T. undulatifolia, p.580 Colchicum balansae, C. boissierl, C. kotschyi, C. lingulatum, C. stevenii, C. szovitsii, p. 580 Colchicum burttii, C. falcifolium, C. speciosum, C. troodii, C. umbrosum, C. variegatum, p. 580 Colchicum bivonae, C. bornmuelleri, C. cilicicum, C. macrophyllum, C. triphyllum, C. turcicum, Hemerocallis fulva, p. 581 Sternbergia candida, S. fischeriana, S. lutea, S. schubertii, S. sicula, p. 581 Sternbergia clusiana, S. colchiciflora, p. 581 Galanthus elwesii, G. plicatus subsp. byzantinus, G. reginaeolgae, G. rizehensis, p. 582 Aloe vera, Galanthus fosteri, G. gracilis, G. ikariae, G. nivalis subspp. cilicicus & nivalis, p. 582 Iris lazica, I. kerneriana, I. masia, I. orientalis, I. sibirica, I. sintenisii, I. spuria subsp. musulmanica, I. xanthospuria, p.582 Iris barnumae, I. gatesii, I. iberica subsp. elegantissima, I. kirkwoodii, I. nectarifera, I. paradoxa, I. sari, I. sprengeri, p.583 Gynandriris sisyrinchium, Iris danfordiae, I. histrio, I. histrioides, I. pamphylica, I. reticulata vars. bakeriana & reticulata, p. 583 Iris aucheri, I. caucasica subspp. CllUCasica & turcica, I. galatica, I. persica, I. pseudocaucasica, I. stenophylla subspp. allisonii & stenophylla, p. 583

List of Maps 60

61 62 63

64

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

Crocusabantensis, C. ancyrensis, C. baytopiorum, C.fleischeri, C. gargaricus, C. reticulatus subspp. hittiticus & reticulatus, C. sieheanus, p. 584 Crocus adanensis, C. aerius, C. chrysanthus, C. danfordiae, C. leichtlinii, C. pestalozzae, p. 584 Crocus antalyensis, C. flavus subspp. dissectus & flavus, C. graveolens, p. 584 Crocus karduchorum, C. kotschyanus subspp. cappadocicus, hakkarensis, kotschyanus & suworowianus, C. scharojanii, C. vallicola, p. 585 Crocus asumaniae, C. pallasii subspp. dispathaceus, pallasii & turcicus, C. pulchellus, C. speciosus subspp. ilgazensis, speciosus & xantholaimos, p. 585 Crocus cancellatus subspp. cancellatus, damascenus, lycius, mazziaricus & pamphylicus, p. 585 Gladiolus italicus, p. 586 Gladiolus antakiensis, G. atroviolaceus, G. halophilus, G. illyricus, G. micranthus, p. 586 Gladiolus anatolicus, G. humilis, G. kotschyanus, p. 586 Cephalanthera epipactoides, C. kurdica, Epipactis pontica, Listera cordata, L. ovata, p. 587 Cephalanthera kotschyana, Epipactis condensata, E. veratrifolia, Neottia nidus-avis, p. 587 Cephalanthera rubra, p. 587 Cephalanthera longifolia, Epipactis persica, p. 588 Cephalanthera damasonium, Gymnadenia conopsea, p. 588 Epipactis microphylla, E. palustris, p. 588 Epipactis helleborine, p. 589 Limodorum abortivum, p. 589 Barlia robertiana, Epipogium aphyllum, Goodyera repens, p.589 Ophrys fleischmannii, 0. phrygia, Spiranthes spiralis, p. 590 Ophrys schulzei, 0. vemixia subspp. regis-ferdinandii & vernixia, Platanthera chlorantha, p. 590 Ophrys bombyliflora, 0. bornmuelleri subspp. bornmuelleri, carduchorum & grandiflora, 0. isaura, Platanthera bifolia, p.590 Coeloglossum viride, Ophrys cilicica, 0. doerfleri, Orchis provincialis, p. 591 Ophrys fusca, O.lycw, 0. sphegodes, 0. transhyrcana, p. 591 Corallorhiza trifida, Ophrys argolica, 0. iricolor, p. 591 Comperia comperiana, Ophrys attica, 0. omegaifera, 0. purpurea, p. 592 Ophrys lutea subsp. minor, Orchis pallens, p. 592 Ophrys ferrum-equinum, 0. mammosa, p. 592 Ophrys reinholdii subspp.leucotaenia, reinholdii & straussii, 0. spruneri, p. 593 Ophrys holoserica subspp. candica, heterochila & holoserica, Orchis stevenii, p. 593

[xili]

List of Maps 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

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Ophrys tenthredinifera, Orchis punctulata, p. 593 Ophrys oestrifera subspp. heldreichii & oestrifera, p. 594 Ophrys apifera, p. 594 Ophrys umbilicata subspp. khuzestanica & umbilicata, Steveniella satyrioides, Traunsteinera sphaerica, p. 594 Orchis simia, Serapias cordigera, S. parviflora, p. 595 Serapias vomeracea subspp. laxiflora & orientalis, p. 595 Himantoglossum affine, H. caprinum, p. 595 Orchis coriophora, p. 596 Orchis sancta, 0. tridentata, p. 596 Orchis morio subspp. moria, picta & syriaca, p. 596 Orchis mascula subsp. pinetorum, 0. quadripunctata, p. 597 Orchis laxiflora, p. 597 Dactylorhiza umbrosa, Orchis italica, O.lactea, 0. spttzelii, p.597 Dactylorhiza saccifera, Orchis papilionacea vars. papilionacea & rubra, p. 598 Dactylorhiza iberica, Orchis collina, p. 598 Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum, D. urvilleana, Orchis anatolica, p.598 Dactylorhiza romana subspp. georgica & romana, p. 599 A ceras anthropophorum, Dactylorhiza euxina vars. euxina & markowitschii, D. incarnata, D. cruenta, p. 599 Dactylorhiza osmanica vars. anatolica & osmanica, Neotinea maculata, p. 599 Commelina communis, Tamus communis subspp. communis & cretica, p. 600 Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia, T. shuttleworthii, p. 600 Typha domingensis, T. laxmannii, T. minima vars. gracilis & minima, p. 600

LIST OF FIGURES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Alismataceae, Potamogetonaceae and Sparganiaceae fruits, Typha flowers and scales, p. 25 Araceae spadices, p. 53 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 125 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 133 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 158 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 165 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 183 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 194 Allium perianth segments and filaments, p. 199 Ornithogalum inflorescences, p. 229 Ornithogalum inflorescences, p. 231 Muscari flowers, p. 247 Bellevalia & Hyacinthe/la flowers, p. 273 Iris outer perianth segments (falls), p. 383 Iris subgenus Scorpiris showing bracts and bracteoles, p. 409 Gladiolus perianths, p. 445 Gladiolus perianths, p. 449 Orchidaceae: floral structure, p. 452 Orchidaceae: floral structure, p. 453

[xv]

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