Encyclopedia of Cancer [4 ed.] 9783662468746, 9783662468753, 9783662474242, 2017933328

Table of contents :
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Editor-in-Chief
Contributors
A
284461-73-0
85622-93-1
17-1A
A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease
AAMP
Definition
Characteristics
References
See Also
AAPC
AAV
Definition
Characteristics
AAV Genome Structure
AAV Life Cycles
Clinical Relevance
Are Wildtype AAVs Pathogenic in Humans?
Is There a Natural Connection Between AAV Infection and Cancer?
What Are Recombinant AAV Vectors?
Is AAV Unique as a Human Gene Therapy Vector?
What Are Advances in AAV Vector Technology?
What Are Clinically Relevant rAAV Applications in Cancer Treatment?
Anti-Angiogenesis
Immunotherapy
Tumor Suppressors
Suicide Gene Therapy
Drug Resistance
Repair Strategies
Purging of Tumor Cells from Autologous Transplants
RNAi
Future Applications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ab (Latin: Away) -Scopus (Greek: Target) Effects
ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Superfamily
ABC Drug-Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
ABC Transporter
ABCC Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Members and Functional Properties
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins (MRPs)
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR, ABCC7)
Sulfonylurea Receptors SUR1 (ABCC8) and SUR2A/B (ABCC9)
Glutathione Transport, Redox Signaling, and Apoptosis
References
ABC-Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Human ABC-Transporters
ABC-Transporters and Multidrug Resistance of Cancer
ABC-Transporters as Anticancer Drug Targets
Cross-References
References
See Also
Abraxas
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Abscopal Effect
Abscopal Effects
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
ABVD
Definition
Characteristics
References
AC1L50CF
ACDC
2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic Acid
2-Acetoxybenzoic Acid
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Achneiform Rash
Definition
Cross-References
Acral Metastasis
ACRP30
Actinic Keratosis
Definition
Cross-References
Activated Natural Killer Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biology of NK Cells
Role of NK Cells in Human Cancer
Markers of NK Cells
NK Cell Receptors
NK Cell and Cytokines
Cytotoxicity of NK Cells Against Tumor or Infected Cells
NK Cells and Cancer Immunotherapy
Cross-References
References
Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of AID
AID Deamination Mechanism
AID Targeting
AID Expression in Cancer
B Cell Lineage Malignancies
Non-B Cell Lineage Malignancies
AID Is Required for Recurrent Chromosomal Translocations
AID Expression Associated with Cancer Progression and Poor Prognosis
AID as a DNA Demethylase
References
Active Cell Death
Active Specific Immunization
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Activin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Cascade
Functions
Activin Antagonists
The Role of Activin A in Cancer Development and Progression
Conclusion
References
Activin A
Activin B
Activin C
Activin E
Activin Receptor Type 2
Activin Receptor Type 1
Activin Receptor-Like Kinase
Activin Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Signaling
Function and Expression
Activin Receptors in Cancer
Conclusion
References
ACTR
ActRI
ActRII
Acute Granulocytic Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Clinical and pathologic features
Cytogenetic and Biological Features
Prognosis and Treatment
References
Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia M7
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Epidemiology
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms of AML
Prognostic Factors
Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Laboratorial Presentation
Molecular Characterization
Modeling APL in Mice
Therapeutics
References
Acute-Phase Response Factor
ACVR1
ACVR2
1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
ADAbp
ADA-CP
ADAM Molecules
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Metalloprotease Function
Adhesion Function
Signaling Function
Other Functions
Cross-References
References
ADAM17
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Expression and Regulation
Biological Function
Clinical Relevance
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Adaptive Immunity
Definition
Cross-References
Adaptor Proteins
Definition
Characteristics
References
Adducts to DNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for Using DNA Adducts as Biomarkers for Exposure and Adverse Effects
Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Adducts Compared to Other Biomarkers
Cellular Defense: Repair of DNA Adducts
Adduct Measurements in Disease Epidemiology
Association of DNA Adducts with Cancer Risk
Background DNA Adduct Levels: Sources, Variations, and Cancer Risk Prediction
Contributions of DNA Adduct Measurements to Disease Etiology and Pathogenesis
Cross-References
References
Adenine Nucleoside
Adenine-9-beta-d-Ribofuranoside
Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Adenoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Adenomas
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Adenomatous Polyps
Adenomucinosis
Adenopathy
Definition
Adenosine
Adenosine and Tumor Microenvironment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adenovirus
Definition
Characteristics
Infection and Viral Transcription
Adenoviral Functions and Oncogenesis
Gene Therapy: First- and Second-Generation Adenoviral Vectors
``Gutless´´ Adenoviral Vectors
Replication-Competent Adenoviral Vectors for Cancer Gene Therapy
Adenoviral Vectors for Genetic Vaccination
References
ADEPT
ADF
Adherens Junctions
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Implications in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Adhesion
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Adhesion Receptors
Adhesion and Cancer
Adhesion in Metastasis
Adhesion Within The Tumor Mass
Malignant Tumor Cells in the Blood Stream: Adhesion to Blood Cells and Platelets
Adhesion in the Target Organ
Adhesion to Endothelial Cells (EC)
Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix Components
Cross-References
References
See Also
Adhesion Molecules
ADI
Adipocyte C1q and Collagen Domain Containing
Adipocyte Complement-Related Protein of 30 kDa
Adipocytic Tumors
Adiponectin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adiponectin and Carcinogenesis
Prostate Cancer
Breast Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Lung Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Liver Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Gastric and Colorectal Cancer
Leukemia and Myeloma
Mechanisms
AMPK
Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3beta/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Other Pathways
Adiponectin-based Therapeutics
Cross-References
References
See Also
AdipoQ
Adipose Most Abundant Gene Transcript 1
Adipose Tissue-Specific Secretory Factor (ADSF)
Adipose Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Benign Adipose Tumors
Malignant Adipose Tumors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Breast Cancer
Adjuvant Hormone Therapy
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Planning the Adjuvant Treatment: Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy
Prostate Cancer
References
Adjuvant Chemohormonal Therapy
Adjuvant Cytotoxic Therapy
Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
See Also
ADMET Screen
Definition
Characteristics
References
Adopted Orphan Nuclear Receptors
Adoptive Cellular Transfer
Adoptive Immunotherapy
Synonyms
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Unmanipulated T Cells
NK Cells
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells
Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Enhancing the Function of Adoptively Transferred Cells
Lymphodepletion
TCR and Chimeric Antigen Receptors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Adoptive T-Cell Transfer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
TILs
Cancer Antigen-Induced T Cells
Antigen-Specific TCR-Transduced T Cells
CAR-Transduced T Cells
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Adrenocortical Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology of Adrenocortical Cancer
Pathophysiology of Adrenocortical Cancer
IGF-II (Insulin-Like Growth Factor II)
beta-Catenin Activation in Adrenocortical Cancer
TP53
Diagnosis and Treatment of Adrenocortical Cancer
Clinical and Hormonal Investigations
Imaging of Adrenocortical Cancer
Pathology and Molecular Analysis
Prognosis of Adrenocortical Cancer
Treatment of Adrenocortical Cancer
References
Adrenomedullin
Definition
Characteristics
Adrenomedullin: Peptide and Gene Structure
Signal Transduction
AM Serves as a Common Language Between the Different Cellular Components of the Tumor Microenvironment
Conclusion
References
Adriamycin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemical Properties
Clinical Aspects
Therapeutic Applications
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Toxicities
Pharmacological Mechanisms
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Mechanisms for Development of Cardiotoxicity
References
ADT
Adult Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adult Stem Cell Differentiation
Therapeutic Potential
Cancer Stem Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
Adult T-Cell Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Derived Factor
Adult Type
Aerobic Glycolysis
Afinitor (marketed by NOVARTIS)
Aflatoxins
Definition
Characteristics
Biotransformation
Carcinogenesis
Repair
Species/Tissue Susceptibility
Cross-References
References
Aflibercept
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
AFP
Aggressive Fibromatosis
Aggressive Fibromatosis in Children
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Approach
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Side Effects in Survivors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Aggrus
Aging
Definition
Characteristics
Aging
Epithelial Cancers
Cellular Senescence
Alterations in the Microenvironment
Tumor Progression in Aging
Implications for Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Aging-Associated Gene 4 Protein (AAG4)
Aging-Associated Inflammation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
Agranulocytosis
AHNP
AHR
AIB1
AICDA
AID
AIDS-129717
AIDS-Associated Cancers
AIDS-Associated Malignancies
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
HIV Infection and AIDS Increase the Risk for Certain Cancers
The Human Oncogenic Viruses EBV and KSHV and HIV/AIDS
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus and Oncogenesis of AIDS-KS
KSHV Oncogenesis and Immunosuppression
AIDS-Associated Lymphomas
Current Therapies and Clinical Challenges
Treatments for AIDS-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma
Treatments for AIDS Lymphomas
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
AIDS-Related Cancers
AIE2
AIF-Mediated Cell Death
AIK
AIK2
AIK3
AIM1
AIM-1
Akt Signal Transduction Pathway
Definition
Characteristics
Akt in Human Malignancy and Different Functions of Akt Family Members
Signal Transduction
Akt Pathway as a Target for Cancer Intervention
Cross-References
References
Alcohol Consumption
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Cancer of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC)
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Carcinogenesis
Acetaldehyde
Oxidative Stress
Altered Methyl Transfer
Reduced Retinoic Acid
Specific Mechanisms (Cirrhosis, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Estrogens)
Cross-References
References
See Also
Alcoholic Beverages Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Cancer
Mechanisms of Alcohol Carcinogenicity
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Symptoms
Treatment
Etiology
Summary
Cross-References
Aldehyde Dehydrogenases
Synonyms
Definition
Chracteristics
Nomenclature System
ALDH Activity and Other Assays
ALDH Activity as a Marker for Stem Cells
ALDH in Retinoic Acid Synthesis
Alcohol Metabolism
ALDH and Drug Metabolism
ALDH Related Diseases
Cross-References
References
See Also
ALDH
Aldo-Keto Reductases
ALK
ALK Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
ALK Protein and Cancer
Full-Length ALK
ALK Fusion Proteins
Structure
Distribution
Function
Tumor Types
Therapeutic Options
Cross-References
References
See Also
Alkylating Agents
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Mechanism of Action
DNA Cross-Links
Molecular Pharmacology, Drug Resistance, and Clinical Efficacy
Metabolism
Toxicology
Cross-References
References
See Also
ALL
Allele Imbalance
Definition
See Also
Allelic Association
Allergic Asthma
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Allergic Rhinitis
Allergy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiological Studies
Biological Details
References
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Allogeneic Cell Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale
Procedure
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Allogeneic Cellular Immunotherapy
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Alpha1-Fetoglobulin
Alpha-Fetoprotein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Immunochemical Techniques
AFP in Pathology
Fetuin Versus AFP
AFP in Laboratory Animals
Cross-References
References
See Also
Alpha-Fetoprotein Diagnostics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Alternative Reading Frame
Alu Elements
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Function
Role in Human Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
AME Transcription Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Amine Oxidases
Definition
Characteristics
Functions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Amino-Bisphosphonate
4-Amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one
AML1
AML1/ETO
AML1/EVI-1
AML1/MTG8
AMN107
Amph II
Amphibian Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Amphiphysin II
Amphiphysin-Like
Amphiregulin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Amphiregulin Expression and Function
Cross-References
References
See Also
AMPL
Amplaxin
Amplification
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Amplified in Breast Cancer 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Structure and Functional Domains
Functional Mechanisms
Physiological Function
Role in Cancer
References
Amrubicin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Preclinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Amrubicin Monotherapy
Amrubicin Combination Chemotherapy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Anaerobic
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Genetics
Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
Definition
Cross-References
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas
Anchorage-Independent
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Androgen Ablation Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Androgen Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure-Function Relationships Between Different Domains of Androgen Receptor that Are Required for its Transcriptional Activity
Regulation of Unliganded AR
Regulation of Ligand-Bound AR
Nongenomic Function of the AR
Androgen Receptor in Human Physiology and Pathology
References
Androgen Suppression Therapy
Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer (AIPC)
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Aneuploidy
Definition
Characteristics
Aneuploidy in Cancer
Aneuploidy as a ``Driving Force´´ and Not a ``Consequence´´ in Cancer
Genetic Mechanisms of Aneuploidy in Cancer
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Angiogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Angiogenesis-Inhibiting Agents
Angiogenin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Angiogenin is the Fifth Member of the Human Ribonuclease A Superfamily
Angiogenin Is an Angiogenic Factor
Angiogenin Is a Tumorigenic Factor
Angiogenin Is a Neuroprotective Factor
Angiogenin Acts in Other Diseases
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Angiopoietins
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of Angiopoietins
Angiopoietin 1: A Protective Ligand
Angiopoietin 2 Promotes Vascular Destabilization
Therapeutic Target for Tumor Angiogenesis
Cross-References
References
Angiotensin
Angiotensin II Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Angiotensin II Signaling in Carcinogenesis
Clinical Aspects
Epidemiological Study of the Effect of ACE Inhibitors on Cancer Risk
References
ANLL
Anoikis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Anoxia
Synonyms
Definition
Literal Definition
Conceptual Definition
Characteristics
In Vitro Creation of Hypoxia and Anoxia
Causes and Consequences of Tumor Anoxia
Information Flow Within the Cell
Cell Fate in Anoxia
Anoxia-Induced Dormancy
Interplay Between HIF1α and p53 Determining Cell Fate in Anoxia
p53 and Cell Death
p53 and Cell Survival
Oxygen Sensing/Signaling Pathways Specific to Anoxia
Therapeutic Implications of Anoxia
Cross-References
References
See Also
Anoxic
Ansamycin Class of Natural Product Hsp90 Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Antitumor Activity
References
Anthracyclines
Definition
Cross-References
Antiangiogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for Antiangiogenesis for Therapy
Potential Targets for Antiangiogenesis
Antiangiogenesis Strategy in Cancer Patients
Antiangiogenesis for Ocular Diseases
Mechanisms of Action of Pharmacologic Antiangiogenic Agents
Biomarkers of Antiangiogenesis
Toxicity of Antiangiogenesis
Future Directions in Antiangiogenesis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Anti-angiogenic Chemotherapy
Antibodies to Self-antigens
Antibody Toxin Fusions or Conjugates
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Definition
Cross-References
Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Anticancer Drugs
Anti-Cancer Peptides
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Peptides as Tools to Manipulate Protein Functions
Extracellular Acting Peptides
Intracellular Acting Peptides
References
Anti-c-erB-2
Anti-c-erbB2 Monoclonal Antibody
Anti-ERB-2
Anti-erbB-2
Anti-erbB2 Monoclonal Antibody
Antigen of the Cromer Blood Group
Antiglycolytics and Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
2-Deoxy-d-glucose
3-Bromopyruvate
Lonidamine
Imatinib
Oxythiamine
Inhibitors of Lactate Dehydrogenase
Other Antiglycolytics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Anti-HER2/c-erbB2 Monoclonal Antibody
Anti-Her2/Neu Peptide Mimetic
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Her2 Regulation
AHNP Characteristics
Rational for Design of AHNP
AHNP
AHNP Analogs
AHNP as a Drug Carrier
AHNP in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Relevance to Cancer Therapy
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Antihormonal Therapy
Definition
Cross-References
Antihormone Therapy
Antihormones
Definition
Cross-References
Antihuman p185neu Receptor Immunoglobulin G1
Anti-idiotype Vaccination
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Cross-References
References
See Also
Antimalarial
Antimitotic Drugs
Definition
Characteristics
What are the Current Antimitotic Drugs in Clinical Use to Treat Cancer?
How do Antimitotic Drugs Exert Their Anticancer Activity?
What Happens to Cells Treated with Antimitotic Drugs?
What are the Drawbacks of Antimitotic Drugs?
What is the Future of Antimitotic Drugs?
Cross-References
Antioxidant Enzymes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Antioxidant Enzymes
Superoxide Dismutases
Copper Zinc Superoxide Dismutase
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase
Catalase
Glutathione Peroxidases
The Thiol-Selenocysteine-Peroxidase Connection
Peroxiredoxins
Thioredoxins
Thioredoxin Reductase
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Antioxidants
Anti-p185-HER2
Antisense DNA Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Target Choice and Oligonucleotide Design
Delivery, Subcellular Trafficking, and Pharmacodynamics of ODNs
Clinical Applications of Antisense ODNs in Hematological Malignancies
Prospects for Antisense DNA Therapy
Cross-References
References
Antiviral Defenses
Definition
Characteristics
Evolution
Prerequisites
Virus Recognition
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
RIG-like Receptors (RLRs)
NOD-like Receptors (NLRs)
Response to Virus Infection
Type I Interferon (IFN)
The Antiviral State and Effector Mechanisms
Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs)
Cell Death
RNA Interference
Virus-Virus Interference
Activation of Adaptive Immune Responses
Side-Effects of Antiviral Defenses
Virus Antagonism of Antiviral Defenses
Antiviral Defenses in Cancer
Cross-References
References
Antizyme Inhibitor
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
AP-1
Definition
Characteristics
General Structure of the AP-1 Subunits
DNA-Binding Domain
Transactivation Domain
Transcriptional and Posttranslational Control of AP-1 Activity
Transcriptional Activation
Regulation of AP-1 Activity
AP-1 in Physiology and Pathology
AP-1 Subunits in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Apactin (Mouse)
APAF-1 Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
APAF-1 Gene Structure and Regulation
APAF-1 Protein Structure
Assembly and Structure of the Apoptosome
Positive and Negative Regulation of Apoptosome Function
APAF-1 Expression and Apoptosome Regulation in Cancer
Apoptosome-Dependent and -Independent Pathways of Apoptosis in Normal and Neoplastic Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
APC
APC Gene in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations
Cross-References
References
See Also
APC/beta-Catenin Pathway
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
API3
API4
Apico-Basal Polarity
Definition
aPM1
APO2 Ligand
APO2L
Apolipoprotein J (APO-J)
Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Apoptosis Induction for Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Reactivation of Intracellular Pro-apoptotic Systems
Inhibition of Intracellular Anti-apoptotic Systems
Selective Delivery of Additional External Pro-apoptotic Stimuli
Perspectives for Selectively Tipping the Apoptotic Balance in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Apoptosis Inhibitor 4
Apoptosis Regulator Bcl2
Apoptotic Peptidase Activating Factor-1
Appendiceal Epithelial Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epithelial Appendiceal Neoplasms
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Syndrome
Treatment
Management in Absence of Peritoneal Dissemination
Management of Mucinous Neoplasms with Peritoneal Dissemination
Outcomes
Approaches to Management
A New Standard of Care
Summary of Changes in Management of Appendiceal Epithelial Neoplasms
Cross-References
References
See Also
Appendiceal Mucinous Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential
APRF
Aptamer Bioconjugates for Cancer Therapy
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Apudomas
2ar
AR
9-beta-D-Arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) monophosphate
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase
Arachidonic Acid Pathway
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Fatty Acids as Dietary Precursors
Production of Eicosanoids: From AA and EPA by COX and LOX Pathways
Signaling by Eicosanoids
NSAIDS and Eicosanoid Signaling
Interactions with Cancer Signaling Pathways
References
AREG
ARF
ARF Tumor Suppressor Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
p53-Dependent Functions of ARF
The ARF-MDM2-p53 Pathway
ARF and Replicative Senescence
p53-Independent Functions of ARF
ARF Negatively Regulates Ribosome Biogenesis
ARF and the Control of Transcription
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Argentaffin Carcinoma
Arginine
Definition
Characteristics
Arginine Metabolism
Nitric Oxide, Polyamines, Carcinogenesis, and Chemoprevention
Arginine and Cancer: Experimental Studies
Arginine and Cancer: Epidemiologic Studies
Arginine and Cancer: Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Arginine-Depleting Enzyme Arginine Deiminase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to ADI Treatment
Mechanisms of Antitumor Activity of ADI
Clinical Trials
References
ARHGAP7
ARK1
ARK2
Aromatase
Aromatase and Its Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Composition
Distribution and Regulation
Expression
Aromatization Reaction
Type I Inhibitors of Aromatase
Formestane
Exemestane
Type II Inhibitors of Aromatase
Applications and Indications
Cross-References
References
Aromatic Amine
Definition
Cross-References
ARP2
Array CGH
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Applications
Cross-References
References
Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Arrhenoblastoma
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Arsenic
Definition
Characteristics
History of Use
Paradox of Arsenic
Mechanisms of Action: Cancer-Causing Effects of Arsenic
Genotoxicity
Possible Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Aberrations in Signal Transduction
Arsenic as a Therapeutic Agent
Cross-References
References
See Also
Artemisinin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Activity
Artemisinin Monomers
Mechanism of Action
Other Artemisinin-Like Compounds
Synergism with Other Chemotherapeutic Agents
Effective on Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells
Case Reports and Human Clinical Trials
Toxicity
Production of Artemisinin
Cross-References
References
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Perspective
Xenobiotic Stress
Physiological Effects
A Link Between Environment and Cancer?
The Signaling Pathway
Gene Expression and Biological Pathways
Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity of AhR Ligands
AhR as a Pharmacological Target
Cross-References
References
See Also
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Acetylation Polymorphism
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Arylsulfatase C
Asbestos
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenic Action of Iron
Asbestos: A Vehicle for Iron
Asbestos: Usage and Banishment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ascites
Definition
Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
ASI
Askin Tumor
Definition
Cross-References
Aspiration Cytology
Aspirin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Antipyretic Activity
Analgesic Activity
Antiplatelet Activity
Anticancer Activity
Clinical Evidences
Experimental Studies
Mechanism of Action
COX-Dependent Pathways
COX-Independent Pathways
Side Effect of Aspirin
Modified Aspirin
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Assessment of Anaplasia of a Tumor
Assessment of the Degree of Tumor Differentiation
Asthma
Astrocytic Tumor
Astrocytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA)
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
Diffuse Astrocytoma
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Glioblastoma
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)
References
Asymmetric Cell Division
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Asymmetric Cytokinesis
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Variant 1 and Variant 2
Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Mutated
ATL
ATM
ATM Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Functions and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Atopic Dermatitis
Atopy
ATP-Binding Cassette-Transporters
ATP-Binding-Cassette Transporters Sub-family C
Atrial Myxoma
Atrophy
Attenuated Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
ATX
Atypical Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Atypical Neurocytoma
AURA
AurB
AurC
AURKB
AURKC
Aurora Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Aurora Kinase as Target for Cancer Intervention
References
AURORA2
Aurora-A
Aurora-B
Aurora-C
Autoantibodies
Definition
Characteristics
Autoantibodies Can Contribute to Produce Tissue Injury and May Influence Tumor Behavior
Autoantibodies as Diagnostic and Prognostic Serologic Biomarkers of Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Autocrine Signaling
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Autoimmunity and Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Evidence for Autoreactivity in Patients with Cancer
Regulation of Autoreactivity
Immunotherapy May Induce Autoimmunity
Autoantigens as a Link Between Cancer and Autoimmunity
References
Autologous (Hematopoietic) Stem Cell Transplantation
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation
Autophagocytosis
Autophagy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Biology of Autophagy
Autophagosome formation
Signal Transduction
Autophagy and Cancer
Modulation of Autophagy for Cancer Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Autotaxin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological Functions
Protective Functions
Pathophysiology
Crystal Structure
Substrate Binding Specificity
References
Auxilin-2
Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2
Away from the Target Effects
5-aza-2 Deoxycytidine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Contemporary Research
Clinical Research
Cross-References
References
See Also
5-Azadeoxycytidine
Azaepothilone B
B
Bacillus Calmette„-Gu„érin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Microbiological Background on’BCG and’Tuberculosis Vaccination
BCG in’Cancer Immunotherapy
Mode of’Action in’Antitumor Activity
References
Bacteriophage Display
Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing Protein 5
BAF47
BARD1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BARD1 Structure, Conservation, and’Expression„
Functions „of’the’BARD1„-BRCA1„ Heterodimer and’BARD1 Isoforms
BRCA1„-Independent„ Tumor Suppressor Function of’BARD1
Mutations and’Differential Splicing of’BARD1 in’Cancer
References„
Barrett Epithelium
Barrett Esophagus
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Barrett Adenocarcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Risk Factors and’Therapy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Risk Factors and’Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Basalioma
Definition
BAY 43-9006
BAY 73-4506
BAY-43-9006
Bbc3
BCDF
B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2
B-Cell Differentiation Factor
B-Cell Interferon
B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma-2 Gene (Bcl-2)
B-Cell Leukemias
B-Cell Lymphoid Neoplasm
B„-Cell„ Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
B„-Cell„ Lymphoma Pathology, Diagnosis, and Classification
Molecular Biology of „B-„Cell„ Lymphoma
B„-Cell„ Receptor Signaling in „B-„Cell„ Lymphoma
Clinical Treatment of „B-„Cell„ Lymphoma
References
B-Cell Lymphoma Protein 2
B-Cell Lymphomas
B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders/Diseases
B-Cell Malignancy
B-Cell Stimulating Factor-2
B„-Cell„ Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
What Is a B-„Lymphocyte?
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement
Somatic Mutation and Class Switching
What Is a „B-„cell„ Tumor?
Characteristics of „B-„Cell„ Tumors
Immunogenetics of „B-„Cell„ Lymphomas
Cross-References
References
See Also
BCG
Bcl2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Anatomy
Biological Functions: Apoptosis, Cell Survival, Differentiation, and Autophagy
Regulation of Gene Expression
Regulation of Protein Function
Bioactivity
Cross-„References
References
See Also
Bcl-2
Bcl-2 Binding Component 3
BCL3
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and’Molecular Function
Regulation
Expression
Physiological Function
Oncological Relevance
Cross-„References
References
BCL6 Translocations „in’B-„Cell„ Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
The BCL6 Gene and’Gene Product
BCL6 Translocation Affecting the’IG „and’Non„-IG„ Loci
The 5′ Noncoding Region of’BCL6 Undergoes Somatic Hypermutation
Mouse Model of’BCL6 Translocation to’Develop Lymphoma
Clinical Relevance
Cross-„References
References
BCR„-ABL1„
Definition
Characteristics
A Somatic Mutation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells
Molecular Features of „BCR-„ABL1„ Recombination
Complex „BCR-„ABL1„ Rearrangements
Translocation„-Associated„ Genomic Deletions
Functional Impact of BCR-„ABL1
Clinical Relevance
Anti„-BCR„-ABL1„ Therapies
New„-Generation„ „BCR-„ABL1„ Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitors
BCR„-ABL1„ Kinase Domain Mutations
Compound Mutations
Disease Monitoring
BCR„-ABL1„ in Healthy Individuals
What Causes BCR-„ABL1?
Cross-References
References
See Also
BD
Beckwith„-Wiedemann„ Syndrome
Definition
Cross-References
Beckwith„-Wiedemann„ Syndrome Associated Childhood Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria
(Epi)Genetics
BWSCR1: ICR1 and’ICR2
BWSCR2
Diagnostics
BWS„-Associated„ Tumors
Wilms Tumor
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hepatoblastoma
Common Genetic Pathways
Cross-References
References
See Also
Behcet Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Definition
Symptoms
Cross-References
See Also
Benzene and’Leukemia
Definition
Characteristics
Benzene Toxicity and’Carcinogenicity
Benzene Metabolism and’Toxicity
Benzene, Chromosome Changes, and’Leukemia
Cross-References
References
See Also
Benzoquinone Ansamycin
Benzpyrene
Definition
Cross-References
Berlin Breakage Syndrome
Beta„-Glucosidase„
Definition
Cross-References
Betulinic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
References
Bevacizumab
Definition
Cross-References
References
See Also
BGP
BH3-Interacting Domain Death Agonist
BHD syndrome
Bid
Synonyms„
Definition
Characteristics
The Bid Molecule
Bid Is „a’Pro„-death„ Sensor for’Specific Protease Activation
Activation of’Mitochondria by Bid
Bid „as’a’Pro„-Life„ Sensor for’Cell Cycle Progression and’DNA Damage
Role of’Bid in’Oncogenesis
Summary
Cross-References
References
2′,3-Biindolinylidene-2,3′-dione: 3-(3-Indolinone-2-ylidene)-indolin-2-one
BIK (BCL-2 Interacting Killer)
BIK Proapoptotic Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Protein Structure and’Molecular Functions
Gene Structure, Expression, and’Phenotypes
Relevance to’Cancer Genetics and’Therapy
Cross-References
References
Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis
Bile Acids
Definition
Characteristics
Toxicity of’Bile Acids
Effects of’Bile Acids on’Organs
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Liver, Gallbladder, and’Bile Ducts
Pancreas
Cross-References
References
Bile Duct Carcinoma
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Benign Bile Duct Neoplasms
Malignant Bile Duct Neoplasms
Cross-References
References
See Also
Biliary Glycoprotein
B-immunoblastic
Bin1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
BING2
Bioactive Lipid Therapy
Bioactive Lipids
Bioavailability
Definition
Bioavailability of Nutrients
Bioavailability of Drugs
Cross-References
See Also
Biochip
Bioconjugate
Definition
Cross-References
Biodribin
Biological Markers
Biological Monitoring
Biological Therapy
Bioluminescence Imaging
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
About Luciferases
How Is In Vivo Bioluminescence Detected?
Considerations to Maximize In Vivo Imaging Sensitivity
Oncology Model Applications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bioluminescent Reporter Gene Assays
Biomarkers
Biomarkers in’Detection of’Cancer’Risk Factors and in Chemoprevention
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Types of’Biomarkers
Biomarker Techniques and’Fields of’Application
Cross-References
References
Biomonitoring
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biomarkers of Exposure
Biomarkers of Effect
Biomarkers of Susceptibility
Ethical and Social Implications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bioradiotherapy
Biotechnology-Derived Therapeutic Proteins
BIRC5
BIR-Containing Protein 4 (BIRC4)
Birt„-Hogg„-Dub„é Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria
BHD Gene Mutations
Screening and Possible Treatment for BHD
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bispecific Antibodies
Definition
Characteristics
Generation of’Bispecific Antibodies
Effector Cell Retargeting
Clinical Experience with’Bispecific Antibodies
Cross-References
References
Bisphosphonates
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of’Action
Pharmacokinetic
Clinical Use
Hypercalcemia of’Malignancy „(HCM)
Treatment of’Bone Metastases
Multiple Myeloma
Bone Metastases from Breast Cancer
Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer
Bone Metastases from Lung Cancer and’Other Solid Tumors
Prevention of’Bone Metastases
Osteoporosis
Side Effects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bladder Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Tumor Biology and Genetics
Characteristics of Nonurothelial Cell Carcinomas
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Staging
Management of Noninvasive Disease
Management of Invasive and Metastatic Disease
Cross-References
References
Bladder Cancer Molecular Therapy
Synonyms„
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Therapy
Genetic Alterations in’the’Course of’UC Development
Aberrantly„-Regulated„ Signaling Pathways Targetable for’Molecular Therapy
Potential Anticancer Agents for’Molecular Therapy of’UCs
Cross-References
References
Bladder Cancer Pathology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Morphologic Aspects
Noninvasive Lesions
Flat Lesions
Papillary or Exophytic Lesions
Invasive Lesions
Histologic Variants
Other Histological Types
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Molecular Alterations
Diagnostic Markers
Tumor Staging
Primary Tumor „(T)
Regional Lymph Nodes „(N)
Distant Metastases „(M)
Morphological Parameters of Prognostic Value
Lymphovascular Invasion
Surgical Margins
References
B-anaplastic
Blast Crisis
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features
Biological Basis
Leukemia Stem Cells „(LSCs)
Genomic Instability Marks Progression to’Blast Crisis
Cytogenetic Evolution
High„-Resolution„ DNA Copy Number Profiling/Deep Sequencing
Mechanisms of’Genomic Instability in’Blast Crisis CML
Failure of’DNA Damage/Repair Responses
Centrosome Aberrations
Telomere Instability
Functional Profiling
Self„-Renewal„
Differentiation Arrest
Survival: Apoptosis
Epigenetic Pathways
Treatment of’Blast Crisis CML
Future Promise
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bleomycin
Definition
Cross-References
BLI
Blood„-Brain„ Barrier
Definition
Characteristics
The BBB Junctional Complexes
Permeability Properties of the BBB
In Vitro BBB Models
BBB in Disease
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bloom Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Description
BLM„-Deficient„ Cells
BLM Gene
Frequency
BLM Protein
Mouse Models
Genetic Counseling
Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bloom-Torre-Mackacek Syndrome
Blue Nevi
BM-40
BM90, FBLN-1
BMS-247550
Bombesin Amphibian Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Bone Loss Cancer Mediated
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of’Bone Metastasis
Bone Physiology: Control of’Normal Bone Remodeling
The Bone Is a’Unique Environment for’Metastasis
The Vicious Cycle of’Osteolytic Metastasis
The Vicious Cycle of’Osteoblastic Metastases
Osteolytic Multiple Myeloma
Osteolytic Metastasis from Breast Cancer
Osteoblastic Metastasis in’Prostate Cancer
References
Bone Metastasis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biology of’Bone Metastasis
How Cancer Spreads to’the’Bone
How Cancer Grows in’the’Bone
Clinical Characteristics, Presentation, and’Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Bone Metastatic Disease
Bone Mets
Bone Neoplasms
Bone Sarcomas
Bone Sialoprotein
Bone Tropism
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Blood Circulation Patterns
Cellular Adhesive Interactions
Chemoattraction of Cancer Cells
Tissue Conditions Supporting the Growth of Cancer Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bone Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Diagnosis
Staging and Prognosis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bone-Seeking Malignant Phenotypes
Borderline Appendiceal Mucinous Tumor
BORIS
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BORIS Functions
BORIS in Cancers
Clinical Aspects
BORIS as a Cancer Biomarker
BORIS as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy
Cross-References„
References
See Also
Bortezomib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of’Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Aspects
In Cancer
In Graft Versus Host Disease and’Immune Disorders
Other Uses
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Bovine Papillomavirus
Definition
Characteristics
BPV Gene Products
E5
E6
E7
L1 and L2
BPV and Papillomas
BPV and Cancer
BPV and Equine Sarcoids
Cross-References
References
See Also
Bowen Disease
Definition
Cross-References
Bp4
Brachytherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Dose Rate
Dose Calculations
Brachytherapy Techniques
Clinical Applications of’Brachytherapy
Gynecological Malignancies
Prostate Cancer
Other
Cross-References
References
See Also
BRAF
BRaf-Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological Aspects of „BRaf-Signaling
BRaf-Signaling and Tumor Development
B„-Raf„ Structure and Regulation
B„-Raf„ as a Therapeutic Target
Cross-References
References
See also
BRAF„ Somatic Alterations
Definition
Characteristics
History of the BRAF Proto„-oncogene„
Chromosomal Aberrations
Somatic and Germline Point Mutations and In-frame Deletions/Insertions
Amplification and Overexpression
Cross-References
References
See Also
BRAF1
B-raf-1
Brain Cancer Pathology
Definition
Characteristics
Astrocytic Tumors
Oligodendroglial and’Mixed Oligoastroglial Tumors
Ependymal Tumors
Choroid Plexus Tumors
Neuronal and’Mixed „Neuronal„-Glial„ Tumors
Pineal Tumors
Embryonal Tumors
Cross-References
References
Brain Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Classification and Pathology
Clinical Presentation of Brain Tumor Patients
Clinical Management of Brain Tumor Patients and Prognosis
Complications of Therapy
Cross-References„
References
See Also
BRCA1/BRCA2 Germline Mutations and’Breast Cancer Risk
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Characteristics
Molecular and’Cellular Characteristics
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Expression of’BRCA1 and’BRCA2
BRCA1„- „and’BRCA2„-Related„ Breast Cancer
BRCA1 and’BRCA2 as’Caretakers of the’Genome
Clinical Relevance
When to’Take the’DNA„-Test„?
Why Take the’DNA„-Test„?
Interpreting a’Negative Test Result
Cross-References
References
BRCA1-Associated Ring Domain 1
Breast Adenocarcinoma
Breast Cancer
„Definition
Characteristics
Risk Factors
Age
Genetics
Reproductive Factors
Obesity and’Physical Activity
Radiation
Alcohol
Hormone Therapy
Breast Cancer Symptoms and’Diagnosis
Mammary Paget Disease
Targeted Breast Cancer Therapies
Cross-References
References
Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance
Definition
Characteristics
Breast Cancer Subtypes
Luminal Type A’Subtype
Luminal Type B’Subtype
Gene Expression Signatures Predicting Response to Antiestrogens
Challenges in Developing New In Vitro Models to Study Antiestrogen Resistance
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Therapy
Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Breast Cancer Subtypes
Pathological Grade
Genetic Alterations
Endocrine and Reproductive Risk Factors
Exogenous Hormones
Environmental Factors
Radiation Exposure
Viruses
Clinical Studies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer Drug Resistance
Definition
Intrinsic Drug Resistance
Acquired Drug Resistance
Additional Factors Contributing to Resistance
Characteristics
Mediators of Drug Resistance
Drug Efflux Transporters
Cyclin E
Transcription Factors
p53
BRCA1
Epidermal Growth Factor „(EGF) Receptor Family
Estrogen Receptors
Tumor„-Stroma„ „Interaction„-Induced„ Resistance
Extracellular Matrix Composition and Integrin Signaling
Vessel Integrity, Angiogenesis, and Hypoxia
Tumor„-Stromal„ Cell Interactions
Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance
Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells to Conventional Cancer Therapies
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Enhanced DNA Repair Mechanisms
Altered Transcription Factor Activity
The Future of Breast Cancer Therapy: Pharmacogenetics and the Promise of Personalized Medicine
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Characteristics
Global Impact of Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer Detection, Staging, and Survival
Pathology
Mechanisms of Breast Carcinogenesis
Risk Factors
Hormones
Family History
Estrogen Replacement Therapy
Body Mass Index
Diet
Prevention
References
Breast Cancer Familial Risk
Definition
Characteristics
High„-Penetrance„ Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
BRCA1 and BRCA2
TP53
Intermediate„-Penetrance„ Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
PTEN
STK11
CDH1
CHEK2
ATM
BRIP1
PALB2
Low„-Penetrance„ Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles
Interaction between Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
Conclusion and Outlook
Cross-References
See Also
Breast Cancer Hormonal Therapy
Breast Cancer Hormone Therapy
Breast Cancer Immunotherapy
Definition
Characteristics
Monoclonal Antibodies for the Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer
HER2 and EGFR
Trastuzumab
Cetuximab
VEGF
MUC1
Vaccines for the Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer
Cellular Vaccines
Dendritic Cell Vaccines
Vaccines Based on Defined Antigenic Substrates
HER2
CEA
MUC1
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
See also
Breast Cancer Multifocality
Definition
Characteristics
Natural History of Multifocal Breast Carcinomas
Relationship Between Multifocality and Other Tumor Characteristics
Clinical Importance of Multifocality
Diffuse Cases
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Breast Cancer Multistep Development
Definition
Characteristics
Multistep of Breast Cancer Progression
Hyperplasia
Atypical Hyperplasia
Carcinoma In Situ
Invasive Carcinoma
Metastasis
Mechanisms that Drive Multistep Development of Breast Cancer
Alternative Model of Breast Cancer Development
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer New Therapies: HER2, VEGF, and PARP as Targets
Definition
Characteristics
Anti„-HER2„ Therapy
Anti„-VEGF„ Therapy
PARP Inhibitors
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer Prognostic and’Predictive Biomarkers
Definition„
Characteristics
Established Prognostic Biomarkers in’Breast Cancer
Prognostic Markers Following Breast Conservation Surgery and’Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Established Predictive Biomarkers in’Breast Cancer
Proposed Biomarkers in’Breast Cancer
Multigene Predictors in’Breast Cancer
Conclusion
References
Breast Cancer Prognostic Biomarkers
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Prognostic Indicators
Traditional Prognostic Markers
Hormone Receptors
Human Epidermal Growth Factor „Receptor„-2„ „(HER-„2)
Ki„-67„ Proliferation Marker
Emerging Prognostic Markers
Genomic Markers
Proliferation Markers
Anti„-apoptosis„ Markers
Structural Proteins
Angiogenesis„-Associated„ Markers
Plasminogen Activators and Inhibitors
Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans
Multigene Arrays
MicroRNA
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Origins of’the’Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Characterization of’Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Signal Transduction Pathways
Breast Cancer Metastasis to’Bone Marrow
Cross-References
References
Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes
Definition
Characteristics
High Penetrance
BRCA1 and BRCA2
TP53
Intermediate Penetrance
ATM
CHEK2
BRIP1
PALB2
RAD50
NBN
Uncertain Penetrance
PTEN
RAD51C
STK11
CDH1
Low Penetrance
Role in DNA Repair and Damage Signaling as the Common Denominator
Clinical Impact
Cross-References
References
See Also
Breast Cancer-Initiating Cell (Breast’CIC)
Breast Carcinoma
Breast Tumor-Initiating Cell (Breast’TIC)
Brenner Tumor
BRG- and BRM-Associated Factor, 47’kDa
Brilliant Yellow S
BRIT1 Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Significance of’BRIT1 in’the’Development of’Cancer
BRIT1 Function in’DNA Damage Response
BRIT1 Function in’Cell Cycle Control
References
Brivanib
BRMS1
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Functional Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
BRN-5547136
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites
Bryostatin„-1„
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for’Targeting the’PKC
Preclinical Activity of’Bryostatin„-1„
Single Agent Activity of’Bryostatin„-1„
Bryostatin„-Based„ Combinations
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
BSF-2
BTAK
Burkitt Lymphoma
Definition
Cross-References
Bystander Effect
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Antitumor Strategies
Epigenetic Changes
Cell„-Cell„ Communication
Cross-References
References
See Also
C
C.elegans Cell Death 4 Homolog
C.I. 75300
C/EBP-Epsilon-Regulated Myeloid-Specific Secreted Cysteine-Rich Protein (XCP1)
c-erb-B2
C21H2006
C33
Ca Homeostasis
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Ca Homeostasis
Cellular Ca Homeostasis During Cell Stimulation
Cellular Ca Homeostasis in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ca-Activated Phospholipid-Dependent Protein Kinase
CaBP3
Cachectin
Cachexia
Definition
Characteristics
Weight Loss
Poor Appetite
Increased Metabolism and Energy Expenditure
Loss of Adipose Tissue
Loss of Muscle Protein
Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cachexia-Inducing Agent
Cadherin-1
Cafe-Au-Lait Macule
Cafe-Au-Lait Spots
Synonyms
Definition
Cajal Bodies
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
CAK1 Antigen
Calcitonin
Definition
Characteristics
Biosynthesis
Biological Actions
Actions on Bone
Renal Actions
Central Actions
Other Actions
CT in Cancer
Mechanism of CT Action
Receptors
Receptor Isoforms
Modulation of CTR Specificity
CTR Signaling
G Protein-Mediated Signaling
G Protein-Independent Signaling
Significance of CT-CTR Axis in Cancer: Clinical Aspects
CT Is ``Oncogene´´ for Prostate Cancer but ``Tumor Suppressor´´ for Breast Cancer
CT Is an Angiogenic Factor
Cross-References
References
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Definition
Characteristics
EF-Hand Motif Calcium-Binding Proteins
Annexins and Other Non-EF-Hand Motif Proteins
Calreticulin-Like Proteins
Cross-References
References
See Also
Calcium-Binding Reticuloplasmin of Molecular Weight 55 kDa
CALI
CALM
Calpain
Definition
Characteristics
Calpain and Cell Proliferation
Calpain and Cell Migration
Calpain and Apoptosis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Calreticulin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of CRT
Functions of CRT in the Cell
CRT, a Lectin-Like Molecular Chaperone in the ER
CRT, a Regulator of Ca Homeostasis in the ER
Other Miscellaneous Functions of CRT In and Out of the ER
CRT and Development
CRT and Cancer
Expression of CRT in Cancer
Pathophysiological Relevance of CRT in Malignant Disease
CRT as a Tool for Cancer Therapy
References
Calsequestrin-Like Protein
CAM
Campto
Camptosar
CAMs
CAMTA1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cancer
Definition
History
Characteristics
Types of Genetic Damage
Cellular Aspects
Sporadic Versus Familial Cancer
Polygenic Determinants of Risk
Cross-References
Cancer (or Tumor) Stroma
Cancer and Cadmium
Definition
Characteristics
References
Cancer Antigen 3
Cancer Causes and Control
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tobacco
Trends
Physical Activity
Trends
Weight Control and Obesity Prevention
Trends
Dietary Improvements
Dietary Fat
Red Meat
Calcium
Excess Caloric Intake
Whole Grains
Vitamin A and Carotenoids
Selenium
Vitamin D
Trends
Limitation of Alcohol Use
Safer Sex and Decreased Viral Transmission
Trends and Disparities
Sun Protection
Screening
Trends and Disparities
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity
Cancer Cell-Platelet Microemboli
Cancer Epidemiology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Cancer Epigenetics
Definition
Characteristics
DNA Hypermethylation
Histone Modification
DNA Hypomethylation
Epigenetic Alterations as Targets for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention
Cross-References
See Also
Cancer Etiology
Cancer Germline Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification
Nomenclature
Regulation of Expression
Clinical Studies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cancer of B-Lymphocytes
Cancer of the Large Intestine
Cancer of the Lung
Cancer Prevention
Cancer Prevention with Green Tea
Cancer Process of the Large Intestine
Cancer Stem Cell Therapies
Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer Stem Cells Targeted Drug Development
Definition
Characteristics
Cancer Stem Cells
Novel Concept of Carcinogenesis Suggests Alternative Paradigm of Cancer Treatment
Potential Molecular Targets
Targeting CSC Signaling Pathways
Targeting CSC Resistance to Therapies
Targeting Angiogenesis
Targeting CSCs with Phytochemicals (Nutraceuticals)
CSC-Targeted Preclinical Evaluation of the Anticancer Agents
Conclusion
References
See Also
Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Cancer Vaccines
Definition
Characteristics
T Lymphocytes
Tumor Cells
Peptides and Carbohydrates
Recombinant Vaccines Expressing Tumor Antigens
Anti-idiotype Vaccines
Dendritic Cell-based Vaccines
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cancer Without Disease
Cancer/Testis Antigen1b
Cancer-Mediated Bone Loss
Cancers of Hormone-Responsive Organs or Tissues
Cancer-Testis Antigen 1.11
Cancer-Testis Antigens
Candidate of Metastasis 1
Canine Transmissible Tumor (CTVT)
Cannabinoids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Pathways Modulated by Cannabinoid Receptors
Palliative Effects of Cannabinoids in Cancer
Mechanism Involved in the Antiemetic Effect of Cannabinoids
Mechanism Involved in Appetite Stimulation by Cannabinoids
Mechanism Involved in the Analgesic Effect of Cannabinoids
Antitumoral Effects of Cannabinoids
Induction of Apoptosis
Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids as Antitumoral Agents
Cross-References
References
See Also
CAP20
CAR
8-Carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo(5,1-d)-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one
Carbohydrate Part of Glycoconjugates
Carbon Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
Homeostatic Regulation of Carbon Metabolism
References
Carbonyl Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
Alcohol Dehydrogenases (ADHs)
Aldehyde Dehydrogenases (ALDHs)
Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKRs)
References
Carbonyl Reductases
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Protein Structure
The CEA Gene Family
Function of CEA in Normal and Cancerous Tissue
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Carcinofetal Proteins
Carcinogen Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
History
Metabolism
Mechanisms
Cancers
Cross-References
References
See Also
Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Causes
Molecular Genetics
Clinical Relevance
Prevention
Cross-References
References
See Also
Carcinogenesis in Colon
Carcinogenic Compounds in Food
Carcinoid
Synonyms
Definition
Incidence and Prevalence of Carcinoid Tumors
Cross-References
See Also
Carcinoid (Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) of the Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tract)
Carcinoid Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Carcinoma In Situ
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Carcinoma of the Adrenal Cortex
Carcinoma Pathogenesis
Carcinoma with Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylation Cell Differentiation
Carcinomatosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cross-References
References
Carcinosarcoma
Definition
Cardiac Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Clinical Features
Primary Tumors
Benign
Malignant
Secondary or Metastatic Tumors
Therapy and Prognosis
Cross-References
References
Carney Complex
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Carotenoids
Definition
Characteristics
References
Case Control Association Study
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Potential Problems in Association Studies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Case-Control Association Analysis
Casein Kinase 2
Casein Kinase II
CASH
CASP-8
Caspase
Definition
Cross-References
Caspase Homologue
Caspase-8
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Physiological Functions of Caspase-8
Caspase-8 and Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Caspase-Eight-Related Protein
Caspase-Independent Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Apoptotic Cells
Molecules Involved in the Caspase-Independent Apoptosis Process
Inter-regulations Between Caspase-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
Cross-References
References
Caspase-Independent Cell Death
Caspase-Like Apoptosis-Regulatory Protein
CASPER
CASTing
Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Causes of the Disease
Diagnosis of the Disease
Survival
Current Treatment Options
Brief Description of Each Therapy
Cross-References
References
Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Definition
Cross-References
Catechin
Cathepsin-D
Definition
Characteristics
Apoptosis
Regulation
Cancer
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cathepsins
Definition
Cross-References
Caudal Type Homeobox 2
Caveolins
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
C-BAS/HAS
CBFA2
CBP/p300 Coactivators
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
C-CAM
CCCTC-Binding Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CTCF Functions
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
CCI779
CCI-779
CCRG-81045
CD Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CD Antigens Provide Immunophenotypes of Leukocytes
Classification of Leukemias Using CD Antigens
CD Antigens as Targets for Therapeutic Antibodies
Methods for Identification of CD Antigens
Cross-References
References
See Also
CD156b Antigen
CD184
CD246
CD26
CD26/DPPIV in Cancer Progression and Spread
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
CD314
CD318 (Cluster of Differentiation 318)
CD44
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
CD55
CD62 Antigen-Like Family Member E (CD62E)
CD66a
CD66b
CD66c
CD66e
CD82
2-CdA
CdA
CDA2
CDCP1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Protein Structure
Cleavage
CDCP1 Expression
CDCP1 Signaling
Phosphorylation
Downstream Signaling
Known Binding Partners
Cross-References
References
See Also
CDCP1 (CUB Domain-Containing Protein 1)
CDDP
CDK
Cdk1 Kinase
CDK2/Cyclin A-Associated Protein p45
CDK4I
CDKN1A
CDKN2
CDKN2A
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of CDKN2A
Gene Structure of CDKN2A
Tumor Suppressor
P16 Is a CDK Inhibitor
Role of the Alternative Reading Frame (ARF) Product
Senescence
Mouse Models
Clinical Aspects
CDKN2A Mutations and Melanoma
Mutation of ARF
Penetrance
Multiple Primary Melanoma
CDKN2A Mutations and Nonmelanoma Cancers
Modifiers of Penetrance of CDKN2A Mutations
CDKN2a Polymorphisms as Low-Risk Factors
CDKN2A and the Atypical Mole Syndrome
References
CDKN4
cDNA Chips
CDX2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Expression, Activity, and Mechanisms of Regulation
Structure Physiological Functions
Mode of Action at the Cellular Level
Mode of Action at the Molecular Level
Clinical Relevance for Colon Cancer
Clinical Relevance for Other Types of Cancer
References
CDX3
CDX-3
CEA
CEA Gene Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression and Functions of CEA Family Members in Normal and Tumor Tissues
Expression and Functions of CEACAM1
Transcriptional Regulation
The Next Frontier
References
CEACAM1
CEACAM1 Adhesion Molecule
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Properties of CEACAM1
CEACAM1 in Cancer
Loss of CEACAM1 Expression in Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression
Upregulation of CEACAM1 Expression in Malignant Diseases
CEACAM1 and Tumor Angiogenesis
Studying CEACAM1 in Cancer: Animal Models
References
CEACAM1 = BGP
CEACAM5
CEACAM5 = CEA
CEACAM6 = NCA
CEACAM7 = CGM2
CEACAM8 = CGM6
CEA-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
CED
Celastrol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Properties
Potential Molecular Targets
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Celebra
Celebrex
Celecoxib
Synonyms
Characteristics
References
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Adhesion Molecules and the Cytoskeleton
Classification of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cadherins
Integrins
The Ig Superfamily
Selectins
Proteoglycans
Role of Adhesion Molecules in Cancer
The Metastatic Cascade
Adhesive Events in Metastasis
Other Cancer-Related Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cell Biology
Definition
Characteristics
The Cell
Cell Division and Reproduction
Cell Proliferation
Cell Cycle
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Autophagy
Signal Transduction
Signaling Targets
Systems Biology
Cell Motility and Migration
Cytoskeleton
Signaling Regulation
Tumor Biology
Initiation and Promotion
Progression
Metastasis
Stem Cell Biology
Self-Renewal and Clonality
Potency
Environmental Regulation
Social Implications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cell Cycle Checkpoint
Definition
Characteristics
G1 checkpoint
Intra S-phase checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
Mitotic checkpoint
Checkpoints and cancer
References
Cell Locomotion
Cell Motility
Cell Movement
beta-Cell Tumor of the Islets
Cell-Free Circulating Nucleic Acids (cfDNA)
Cell-Free Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum (CNAPS), Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA)
Cellular Antigens
Cellular Immunotherapy
Cellular Self-cannibalism
Cellular Self-digestion
Central Neurocytoma
Central Neurofibromatosis
Centroblastic
Centrocytic (Mantle Cell) Lymphoma
Centrosome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Centrosome Duplication
Abnormal Amplification of Centrosomes and Chromosome Instability in Cancer
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Proteins and Centrosome Amplification
Centrosome Amplification and Cancer Chemotherapy
Cross-References
References
Ceramide
Definition
Characteristics
Formation of Ceramide
Ceramide-Induced Changes of Biological Membranes
Ceramide in Receptor-Mediated Signaling
Signaling Molecules Regulated by Ceramide
Ceramide in Mitochondria and Cell Death
Genetic Evidence for a Function of Ceramide in Apoptosis
Ceramide in gamma-Irradiation- and UV-A Light-Induced Apoptosis
Ceramide and Chemotherapy
Short Chain Ceramide
Cross-References
References
Cervical Cancers
Definition
Characteristics
Symptoms
Pathology
Staging
Prognosis
Therapy
References
Cetuximab
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
CG Antigens
CGP57148
C-HA-RAS1
Charged Particle Therapy
Checkpoint with Forkhead and RING Finger Domain Protein
Chelation Therapy
Chelators as Anti-Cancer Drugs
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
Desferrioxamine, an Iron Chelator with Some Anti-Cancer Activity
Other Chelators with Anti-Cancer Potential
PIH Chelators
The DpT Chelators: Dp44mT
Iron Chelation and Cell Cycle Control Molecules
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemical Biology Screen
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Cell Types in Animals and the Tumors They Give Rise To
Carcinogens
Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Insights into Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis from Studies of Chemically Induced Neoplastic Transformation
Significance of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemical Genetic Screen
Chemical Mutagenesis
Chemically Induced Cell Transformation
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Growth of Normal Cells
Carcinogens
Chemically Induced Cell Transformation: Description and Mechanisms
Significance of Chemically Induced Neoplastic Transformation
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemoattractant Cytokine
Chemoattraction
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemokines
Chemokines and Cancer
Chemoattraction: A Key Process to Attract Cancer Cells to New Biological Niches
Other Biological Effects of Chemokines on Cancer Cells Apart from Chemoattraction
Chemokines Can Contribute to Regulate the Growth of Cancer Cells
Chemokines Can Contribute to Regulate the Survival of Cancer Cells
Chemokines Can Contribute to Regulate the Adhesion to New Sites in Cancer Cells
Chemokines Can Contribute to Control Protease Secretion in Cancer Cells
Chemokines Can Contribute to Control Angiogenesis in Cancer Cells
Therapeutical Aspects
Summary and Final Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemokine Receptor CXCR4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
See Also
Chemokines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemokinesis
Chemoprevention
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Chemoprotectants
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Synthetic Chemoprotectants
Natural Chemoprotectants
References
Chemoprotection
Chemoradiation
Chemoradiotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemoradiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Cancer
Chemo-Bioradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Gastric Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Anal Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Glioblastoma
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemoresistance
Chemosensibilization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemosensibilization of Tumors by Targeting P-gp
Inhibitors of P-gp Activity
Other Strategies to Inhibit P-gp
Chemosensibilization of Tumors by Triggering Apoptosis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chemosensitization
Chemotactic Cytokine
Chemotaxis
Chemotherapy
Definition
Characteristics
The Challenge
The Agents
Clinical Strategies
Supportive Care
Long-Term Effects of Cancer Treatment
Conclusions
References
CHETK
CHFR
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Activity in Cancer
Biomarker Potential
Conclusion
References
See Also
Childhood Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Causes
Normal Physiology and Tumor Biology
Clinical Manifestations
Testing
Treatment
Prognosis
Concluding Remarks
References
Childhood Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Causes and Risk Factors
Socioeconomic and Ethnic Factors
Infections
Radiation Exposure
UV Light Exposure
Genetic and Chromosomal Syndromes
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcome
Cross-References
References
Childhood Cancer and Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Definition
Characteristics
Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Central Nervous System Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Hereditary Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Genitourinary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Endocrine Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Sarcoma Predisposition Syndromes
Genodermatoses (Inherited Genetic Skin Disorders) with Cancer Predisposition
Leukemia/Lymphoma Predisposition Syndromes
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities
Miscellaneous
Cross-References
References
Childhood Cancer and Treatment-Related Toxicities
Definition
Risk awareness
Risk prevention
Death
Secondary Malignant Neoplasms
Cardiovascular Disease
Endocrine Complications
Thyroid Disorders
Gonadal Dysfunction
Neurocognitive Impairment
Socioeconomic Burden and Health Status
Cross-References
References
Children´s Brain Tumors
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Basic CAR Design
The Binding Domain
The Spacer Domain
The Transmembrane Domain
The Signaling Domains
The Four Generations of CARs
CAR T Cell Therapy: Challenges and Safety
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chimeric Antigen Receptor on T Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background on Manipulating T-Cell Responses to Cancer
Tumor-Specific CAR Development
Clinical Application of CAR-Specific T Cells
Improved Therapeutic Potential of CAR T Cells
Future Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chimeric Genes
Chimeric Immune Receptor
Chimeric Oncogenes
Chinese Medicine
Chinese Versus Western Medicine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Developing History
Theories and Principles
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Methods
Treatment Modalities
References
2-Chloro-2-deoxyadenosine
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine
ChoK
Cholangiocarcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Biology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Cross-References
References
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
Choline Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Choline Kinase Alpha and Human Tumorigenesis
References
Choline Phosphokinase
Choline-Ethanolamine Kinase
Chorioallantoic Membrane
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Angiogenesis
Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis
Cancer Progression
Cross-References
References
Chorioallantois
Choriocarcinoma
Choroidal Melanoma
C-HRAS
Chromate
Chromatin Modification
Chromatin Remodeling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects
Chromatin-Remodeling Complex
Histone Modifications
Histone Variant
Epigenetic Therapy
Cross-References
References
Chromium Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chromium: The Chemical Element and Its Ionic Species and Chemical Compounds
Important Commercial Uses of Chromium and Chromium Compounds
Biological Aspects of the Essentiality of Chromium(III) in Mammalian Cells
Exposure of Humans to Chromium Compounds
Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds
Chromium-Induced Cell Transformation
Chromium Carcinogenesis
Mechanisms of Chromium Carcinogenesis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chromium Tumorigenesis
Chromium(VI)
Chromium-Induced Carcinogenesis
Chromium-Induced Cell Transformation
Chromophore-Assisted Laser Inactivation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Advantages
Limitations
Application
Developments
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chromosomal Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Synonyms
Definition
Interphase FISH
Metaphase FISH
Cross-References
See Also
Chromosomal Instability
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Background
Chromosome Segregational Defects Lead to Chromosomal Instability
A Defective Response to DNA Damage Leads to Chromosomal Instability
Telomere Dysfunction May Lead to Chromosomal Instability
Cell Cycle Disturbances Result in Chromosomal Instability
Cross-References
References
Chromosomal Translocation t(8;21)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytogenetics and Morphology
AML1/MTG8
AML1/MTG8 in Leukemogenesis
Clinical Relevance and Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Chromosomal Translocations
Definition
Characteristics
Biology
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Risk Prediction in CLL
Symptoms and Signs of Active CLL
Treatment Strategies in CLL
Allo-HCT in CLL
Cross-References
See Also
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Prognosis
Therapy of CML
Chemotherapy Agents and Interferon Alpha
Imatinib
Dasatinib and Nilotinib as Second-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Second-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Newly Diagnosed Patients
Third-Line Inhibitors
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantion
References
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
COPD
Lung Cancer
Link to Decline in FEV1
COPD and Lung Cancer Associations
Possible Mechanisms of the COPD: Lung Cancer Risk
Summary
Cross-References
References
Ciliary Body Melanoma
CIN
Cip1
Cip-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 Ciz1
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Circadian Clock Induction
Definition
Characteristics
Relevance of Circadian Disruption for Cancer Processes
Circadian Clock Control of Cell Cycle
Circadian Disruption in Cancer Tissues
Physiologic Clock
Tumor Clock
Circadian Clock Induction
Cross-References
References
Circulating Cancer Cells (CCC)
Circulating Nucleic Acids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Basic Aspects
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Circulating Tumor Cells
Synonyms
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
CTC Detection and Characterization
Clinical Impact of CTC Detection
Cross-References
References
See Also
cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum
cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)
Cisplatin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Cisplatin and Cancer Treatment
Cisplatin-Induced Resistance
Inhibition of Drug Uptake and Decreased Intracellular Accumulation
Increased DNA Repair
Development of Cisplatin Analogs
References
Cisplatin-Refractory Germ Cell Tumors
Cisplatin-Resistant Germ Cell Tumors
cis-Platinum II
c-Jun Activation Domain-Binding Protein-1
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase
CK
CK2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Expression and Activity
Role in Carcinogenesis
Role in Drug Resistance
Targeting CK2
Cross-References
References
CKII
c-Kit
C-KRAS
Cladribine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Administration and Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Activity
Toxicity and Adverse Effects
Cross-References
References
CLARP
Class II Tumor Suppressor Genes
Definition
Characteristics
Evidence for a Class II Tumor Suppressive Activity
Class II Tumor Suppressor Identification
Mechanisms of Inactivation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Clastogenesis
Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid Protein
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
Clinical Cancer Biomarker
Clinical Cancer Biomarkers
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Tumor Markers
Prognostic/Predictive/Markers
Surrogate/Monitoring Markers
Miscellaneous Markers
References
Clinical Trial
Definition
Phase I Trials
Phase II Trials
Phase III Trials
References
See Also
CLL
CLN
Clu
Cluster of Differentiation 44
Cluster of Differentiation Antigen 135 (CD135)
Cluster of Differentiation Antigen 66 a
Cluster of Differentiation Antigens
Clusterin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
mRNA Isoforms and Protein Forms
Structure
Clu and Neurological Diseases
Clu and Cancer
References
CML
CMM2
CNAs
CNC
CNDF
Coactivator ACTR
Coagulation Factor II Receptor
Coagulation Factor II Receptor-Like 1
Coagulation Factor II Receptor-Like 2
Coagulation Factor II Receptor-Like 3
Coagulopathy
Definition
Characteristics
References
COE
Coffee Consumption
Definition
Characteristics
Coffee Constituents
Coffee Association with Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cohesin
Cohesin Pathway Dysregulation
Cohesins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Noncanonical Role of Cohesin
Cohesin and Human Diseases
Cohesin and Cancer
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Cohort Study
Definition
Cross-References
Coiled Bodies
Cold Surgery
Collapsin
Collier-Olf-EBF
Colloid Carcinoma
Colon Cancer
Colon Cancer Carcinogenesis in Human and in Experimental Animal Models
Definition
Characteristics
Precursor and Premalignant Lesions of CRC
Carcinogenic Pathways
Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence Type
HNPCC Type Pathway
``De Novo´´ Type Pathway
Colitic Cancer Pathway (Ulcerative Colitis Dysplasia Carcinoma Sequence)
Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis
Colonic Carcinogens
AOM/Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) Model for Colitis-Related Colon Carcinogenesis
Cross-References
References
Colon Cancer Classification
Definition
See Also
Colon Cancer Genomic Pathways
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Histopathological Characteristics
Genomic Alterations Involved
Chromosomal Instability Pathway
APC
KRAS
SMAD2, SMAD4 and DCC
p53
Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Pathway
Animal Models for the Study of Colon Carcinogenesis
Carcinogen-Induced Models
AOM
DSS
Genetic Models
APCMin
APC Transgenics
APC1638N
APC(Delta14/+)
Perspective
Cross-References
References
See Also
Colon Cancer Molecular and Targeted Experimental Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Molecularly Targeted Therapies
Targeting Cell Proliferation Signaling as an Anticancer Approach
Targeting EGF/EGFR Signaling
Monoclonal Antibodies Against EGFR
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling
Targeting MEK/MAPK Signaling
MET/Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) Signaling Pathway
Targeting Angiogenesis as an Anticancer Approach
Monoclonal Antibodies Against VEGF
VEGF Trap
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Targeting Apoptosis Signaling as an Anticancer Approach
Targeting Bcl-2 Family
IAP Antagonists
Targeting the Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway
Targeting CRC Stem Cells
Targeting Wnt Pathway Components
Targeting Notch Pathway Components
Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy
Cancer Vaccines
Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines
Peptide Vaccines
Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines
Viral Vector-Based Vaccines
Adoptive Cell Therapy
Immunomodulatory Strategy
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Colon Cancer Pathology of Hereditary Forms
Definition
Characteristics
Colorectal Cancer in Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer)
Colorectal Cancer in Familial Polyposis Syndromes
Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Juvenile Polyposis Coli Syndrome
Hamartomatous, Juvenile-Type Polyps
References
Colon Cancer Risk
Colorectal Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Aspirin
Sulindac
Coxibs
5-Aminosalicilate (5-ASA)
Metformin
Vitamin D
Selenium
The Future
Cross-References
References
See Also
Colorectal Cancer Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Screening Strategies for the Average-Risk Population
FOBT (Fecal Occult Blood Test)
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Double-Contrast Barium Enema
Preoperative Diagnosis of Colon Cancer
Preoperative (Neoadjuvant) Therapy
Surgical Therapy (with the Aim to Cure)
Cancers of the Cecum and Ascending Colon
Cancers of the Right Flexure and the Proximal Transverse Colon
Cancers of the Transverse Colon
Tumors of the Left Colonic Flexure
Tumors of the Descending Colon and Proximal Sigmoid Colon
Tumors of the Middle and Distant Sigmoid Colon
Further Constellations Influencing Surgical Strategy
Intra- and Postoperative Histopathological Diagnosis
Classification of Colorectal Cancers
Adjuvant Therapy
Follow-Up
Cellular and Molecular Features
Perspective
References
Colorectal Cancer Nutritional Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Relation Between Nutrition and Colon Cancer: Evaluation by an International Expert Group
Nutritional Factors Increasing the Risk of Colon Cancer
Red Meat and Processed Meat
Alcoholic beverages
Body and Abdominal Fatness
Adult Attained Height
Nutritional Factors Decreasing the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Physical Activity
Foods Containing Dietary Fibre
Other Factors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Colorectal Cancer Pathology
Definition
Characteristics
Localization
Macroscopy/Gross Morphology
Microscopy/Histomorphology
Histological Typing
Histologic Grading
Tumor Spread
Local Spread
Lymphatic Spread
Venous Spread
Perineural Spread
Extent of Resection and Lymph Node Dissection
Staging
Explanatory Notes Concerning the Application of the UICC TNM Classification
General Aspects
Primary Tumor
Regional Lymph Nodes
Distant Metastasis
Stage Grouping
Residual Tumor Classification
Tumor Regression Score
Prognosis
Histopathological Report
Cross-References
References
Colorectal Cancer Premalignant Lesions
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adenomas
Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence
Hyperplastic Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Cross-References
References
Colorectal Cancer Therapeutic Antibodies
Definition
Characteristics
Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer
Cetuximab (Erbitux) and Panitumumab (Vectibix): Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors
Bevacizumab (Avastin): Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Inhibitor
Ramucirumab (CYRAMZA): Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- Receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) inhibitor
Other Antibodies with Anti-CRC Activity
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Colorectal Cancer Vaccine Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Whole-Cell Vaccines (WCV)
Heat Shock Proteins (HSP)
Peptide and Protein Vaccines
Anti-idiotype Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
Recombinant Virus Vaccines
Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines
Outlook
References
Combinatorial Cancer Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Major Types of Combinatorial Cancer Therapy
Combinatorial Cancer Chemotherapy
Combined Modality Cancer Therapy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Combinatorial Selection Methods
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CASTing
REPSA
SELEX
Cross-References
References
Combined Modality Treatment
Comet Assay
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Modifications
Areas of Application
Genotoxicity Testing
DNA Repair
Biomonitoring
Cross-References
References
See Also
Comparative Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
History
Scientific Advancements
Need for New Models of Drug Development
Clinical Applications
Cross-References
References
Complement Cytolysis Inhibitor (Cli)
Complement-Associated Protein SP-40 (SP-40)
Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Complement-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Compound Screen
Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus
Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus
Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy In Vivo
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Congenic Mice
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Congenital Telangiectatic Erythema
Conjugated Linolenic Acids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
References
Connexins
Definition
Characteristics
Connexins as Tumor Suppressors
Connexins as a Therapeutic Target
Cross-References
References
Constitutive Androstane Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of CAR
Mechanism of Action
Regulators of CAR
CAR Targets
CAR and Carcinogenesis
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Constitutive Photomorphogenic-9 (COP9) Signalosome 5 (CSN5)
Contact Normalization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Contralateral Breast Cancer
Definition
Cross-References
Convection-Enhanced Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Application
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Coordination Compound
COP9/CSN5
Core Binding Factor A2
Corin (TMPRSS10)
Cortactin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Binding Partners
Function
Regulation
Role in Cancer
References
Cowden Disease
Cowden Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Features
Clinical Aspects
References
COX
COX-2
COX-2 in Colorectal Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
COX-2 and Colorectal Cancer Prevention
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
COX-2 Inhibitors
CpG Islands
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Preservation of CpG Islands
Clinical Relevance
Normal, Developmentally Regulated, CpG Island Methylation
Aberrant CpG Island Methylation in Cancer
Cross-References
References
CPT-11
Cr(VI)
Cr
cRaf
C-Raf
Cripto-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of Cripto-1, a Member of the EGF-CFC Protein Family
Cripto-1 During Embryonic Development and in Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells
Cripto-1 in Mammary Gland Development
Cripto-1 in Transformation, Tumorigenesis, and Angiogenesis
Transgenic Mouse Models Overexpressing CR-1 in the Mammary Gland
Expression of CR-1 in Human Carcinomas and Premalignant Lesions
Cross-References
References
c-Rmil
Crohn Colitis
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Crohn Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemoprevention of IBD-Related CRC
Mechanistic Explanations
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
CRP55
CRP-Ductin (Mouse)
CRT
Cryosurgery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cryobiology
Tumors Suitable for Cryosurgical Treatment
Indications for Cryosurgery
Cryosurgical Technique
Results of Treatment
Complications
Wound Infection
Venous Gas Embolism
Fracture
Epiphyseal Damage
Degenerative Osteoarthritis
Damage to Nerves
Prospects to the Future
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cryptotanshinone
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Antiangiogenesis
Antilymphangiogenesis
Anticancer Activities
References
Crypts
Definition
Cross-References
CSC
c-Src
CT4
CT6.1
CTAG
CTAG1
CTAG1A
CTAG1B
CTCF
CTCFL (Stands for CTCF-Like)
CTCF-T (Stands for CTCF-Testis Specific)
CTLA-8 in Rodents
CTLO
Cucurbitacin B
Definition
Characteristics
Chemical names
Activities on Cancer Cells
Mechanism of Action
Position of Cucurbitacin B
Adverse Effects
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cullin Ubiquitin E3 Ligases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Cullin-Containing Ubiquitin E3 Ligases
Cullin-RING Ubiquitin E3 Ligases (CRLs)
3D Culture
Curcumin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure-Activity Relationships
Bioavailability
Modulation of Cancer Cell Signaling Pathways
Induction of Cancer Cell Death
Clinical Trials
Cross-References
References
Cushing Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Guidelines
References
Cutaneous Desmoplastic Melanoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Microscopic Features
Clinical Features
Management
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cutaneous Neoplasms
Cyclin D
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of D Cyclins
CDK-Independent Activities of D-Type Cyclins
Clinical Relevance
References
Cyclin G-Associated Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
GAK and the Androgen Receptor
GAK and Prostate Cancer Progression
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKI1B)
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Discovery of CDKs
Members of the CDK Family
CDKs in Cancer and Other Human Diseases
Cross-References
References
Cyclins
Definition
Cross-References
Cyclooxygenase
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Cyclooxygenase (Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase 2)
Cyclophosphamide
Definition
Cross-References
Cylindromatosis
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
CYP 450arom
CYP450
Cystadenocarcinoma
Cystadenoma
Cystatins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Domain Structure
Gene Structure and Evolution
Function
Role in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cystatins A, B
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
Cross-References
Cystic Nephroma
Definition
Cross-References
Cytochalasin B
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Cytochrome P450
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Detoxification
Using CYPs to Improve Therapy
Genetic Polymorphisms
CYP2B6
CYP2C8
CYP2C9
CYP2C19
CYP2D6
CYP3A4
CYP3A5
Cancer Incidence
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cytokine
Definition
Cross-References
Cytokine Receptor
Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotherapy and Immunotoxin Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotherapy
Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotoxin Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Cytokine Toxin Fusions or Conjugates
Cytoplasmic Scaffolding Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Characteristics
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Cross-References
References
Cytosolic Transglutaminase
Cytotactin
Cytotoxic T Cells
Definition
Characteristics
Dendritic Cells Play a Major Role in the Induction of CD8 T Cell Responses
Activation of CD8 T cells
Cytotoxic Potential of Activated CD8 T Cells
Cross-References
References
Cytovillin
D
3-(1,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3 dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
DAC
Dacogen
Dactinomycin
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
DAF
Damage Response
DANCE, EVEC, UP50, FBLN-5
Dap160 (Dynamin-Associated Protein of 160 kDa)
DAP6
DARC
Daxx
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Basic Information
Subcellular Distribution of Daxx Protein
Daxx Mediates Stress-Induced Cell Death
In Unstressed Cells, Daxx Seems to Play an Antiapoptotic Role
Cross-References
References
DCIS
DcR3
DCX
DDP
DDS
Death
Death Receptors
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Death-Associated Protein 6
Decatenation G2 Checkpoint
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Biology
Clinical Implications
Cross-References
References
Decay-Accelerating Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Actions of DAF in Cancer
Perspectives in Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Decay-Accelerating Factor for Complement
Decitabine
Decoy Receptor
Definition
Cross-References
Decoy Receptor 3
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tissue Expression and Decoy Function of DcR3
Decoy Unrelated Novel Actions of DcR3
New Action Mechanisms of DcR3
Cross-References
References
See Also
Deferasirox
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pharmacological Properties
Tolerability
Synthesis
Iron
Iron and Cancer
Iron Chelation in Cancer Therapy
Deferasirox in Cancer Therapy
Deferasirox and Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Deferasirox and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
Deferasirox and the Wnt Signaling Pathway
Deferasirox and Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)
Interesting Case Report
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Deleted in Liver Cancer 1
Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional Characteristics
DMBT1 and Innate Immunity/Mucosal Protection
DMBT1 and Epithelial/Stem Cell Differentiation and Regenerative Processes
DMBT1 and Tumorigenesis
References
Deleted in Pancreatic Carcinoma Locus 4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
TGFbeta-Smad Signaling Cascade
Transcriptional Regulation Through Smads
What Makes DPC4/Smad4 Unique Among the Other Smad Family Members?
Which Human Tumors Show Alterations of the DPC4 Gene?
How Are Naturally Occurring DPC4 Mutations Interfering with the Smad Signaling Cascade
Does DPC4 Contribute to the Familial Risk for Pancreatic Cancer?
How Does DPC4 Contribute to Tumor Formation?
Cross-References
References
Dendritic Cells
Definition
Characteristics
Origin and Function
Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy
Dendritic Cells in Cancers
Cross-References
References
See Also
Dental Pulp Neoplasms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Inflammatory Pulp Reactions
Radiotherapy
Animal Investigations
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
2-Deoxy-5-azacytidine
Deoxyazacytidine
Dephosphorylating Enzyme
DES
Designer Foods
Desmoglein-2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Junctions
Desmosome
Desmoglein and Cancer
Adherens Junctions
Cross-References
References
Desmoid Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Cross-References
References
Desmoplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Desmoplastic Melanoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Pathological Features
Molecular Diagnosis
Molecular Genetics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Desmoplastic Tumor Microenvironment
Desmosomes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Desmosomal Cadherins
Armadillo Family
Plakin Family
Null Mutations in Mice
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Detachment-Induced Cell Death
Determination of Tumor Extent and Spread
Detoxication
Detoxification
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Variation
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Deubiquitinating Enzymes (DUBs)
Development Lymph Vessel
Development of New Lymphatic Vessels
Dezocitidine
D-factor
dFdC
DIA
Diabody
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Pharmacokinetics and Distribution
Agonistic Activity
Application of Diabodies
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Diagnostic Pathology
Dibasic Processing Enzyme
Diet
Dietary Carcinogens
Dietary Essential Minerals
Diethylstilbestrol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pharmacology
Initial Use and Early Epidemiologic Studies
Animal Studies
Neoplastic Effects in Humans
Nonneoplastic Effects in Humans
Mechanism of Toxicity
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Diferuloylmethane
Differentiation-Inducing Factor
Diffuse
Diffuse Astrocytoma
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
Subtypes of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Effusion Lymphoma
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Diffuse Large Cell
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large
Diffuse or Nodular
2,2-Difluoro-2-deoxycytidine
Dihydrogen Dioxide
3,4-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo(5,1-d)-as-tetrazine-8-carboxamide
3,4-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo [5,1-d]-as-tetrazine-8-carboxamide
3,4-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo(5,1-d)-1,2,3,5-tetrazine-8-carboxamide
Dihydrotestosterone Receptor
Dimethylfumarate
Definition
Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics
Characteristics
Biological Effects of FAEs In vitro
Drug Formulations of Currently Used Fumaric Acid Esters (FAEs)
Biological Effects of FAEs In vivo
Clinical Aspects and Future Perspectives
References
Dioxin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenic Activity
Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Dioxin Receptor
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV
Dipropylacetic Acid
Directed Migration
Directed Motility
Disintegrin Metalloproteases
Disordered Domain
Distal Intestinal Serine Protease (Mouse Only, TMPRSS8)
Distant Bystander Effect
Distant Bystander Effects
Distributed Stem Cells
DLC1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functions of DLC1
Negative Regulation of Cytoskeleton
Tumor Suppressive Effect
Clinical Relevance
Genetic Alteration
Epigenetic Silencing
Cross-References
References
See Also
DMBT1
DNA Damage
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Agents Causing Bulky, Structurally Distorting DNA Adducts
Nucleotide Base Damage
Single- and Double-Strand Breaks
Therapeutic Approaches
Cross-References
References
See Also
DNA Damage Response
Definition
Characteristics
Sources of Damage
Checkpoint Pathway
G1 Checkpoint
Intra-S-phase Checkpoint
G2/M Checkpoint
DNA Repair Responses
Excision Repair
Double-Strand Break Repair
Translesion Synthesis Repair
Interstrand DNA Cross-Link Repair
Arrest, Repair, or Die?
p53-Dependent Mechanisms
p53-Independent Mechanisms
Cancer Susceptibility
Cross-References
References
See Also
DNA Damage Response Genes
Definition
Characteristics
DNA Replication Polymerase Alterations in Cancer
DNA Repair Pathway Alterations in Cancer
DNA Damage Signaling Pathways in Cancer
References
See Also
DNA Damage Tolerance
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Nonreplicative DNA Polymerases
Translesion DNA Synthesis
Association with Cancer
References
DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Summary
Physiological Role of Apoptosis Induced by DNA Damage
Cross-References
References
See Also
DNA Damage-Triggered Death Signaling Pathways
DNA Demethylation
DNA Lesion
DNA Lesion Bypass
DNA Oxidation Damage
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
DNA Repair and Damage Processing
DNA Undermethylation
DNA Vaccination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Adjuvant Activity of DNA
Tailoring Immune Responses by DNA Vaccine Design
Formulation
Mixed Modality Vaccines
Results from Clinical Trials
References
DNA-Bound Carcinogens
DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog Subfamily C Member 15
DNAJC15
DNAJD1
DNF15S2
Docetaxel
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Dosage
Indications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Docking Proteins
Dormancy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Blocked Angiogenesis
Maintenance of Tumor Dormancy by Endogenous Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Escape from Tumor Dormancy by a Switch to the Angiogenic Phenotype
Experimental Analysis of the Angiogenic Switch in Human Dormant Cancers
Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenic Switching in Dormant Cancers
Other Forms of Tumor Dormancy
Immune Surveillance as a Cause of Tumor Dormancy
Hormonal Depletion as a Cause of Tumor Dormancy
Dormancy of Single Metastatic Tumor Cells
Future Directions
Biomarkers to Detect Dormant Tumors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Doublecortex
Doublecortin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Doxorubicin
DPC4
DPPIV
DR4 Antibodies
DR5 Antibodies
Draining Lymph Node
DRF
Drug Carriers
Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Characteristics of Vascular Walls of Cancer
Carriers for Drugs, Chemicals, and Nucleic Acids
Targeted Drug Delivery
Cross-References
References
See Also
Drug Delivery Vehicles
Drug Design
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification and Validation of Molecular Targets
Characterization of Molecular Targets
Compound Screening and Lead Optimization
Preclinical Optimization
Clinical Evaluation
Cross-References
References
See Also
Drug Development
Drug Discovery
Definition
Characteristics
Cancer Targets
Fusion Genes, Oncogenes, and Tumor Suppressors
Pathway Activations
Drug Types
Design and Screen the Drug Candidates
Characterize the Drug Candidates in Preclinical Models
Conclusions
References
Drug Metabolism
Drug Resistance
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
De Novo Drug Resistance
Acquired Drug Resistance
Drug Metabolism
Drug Efflux
Intracellular Changes in Drug Resistance
Drug Penetration
References
Drug Responses
Drug Targeting
Dry Eye Syndrome
Dry Mouth Syndrome
Dsg2
DS-ML
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Risk Factors
Classification
Treatment
DCIS in Men
Recurrence
References
Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
DUG (Rat Pdcd4)
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Definition
Characteristics
T1 and T2* DCE-MRI Techniques
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Clinical Findings
Evaluation of Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Conclusion
References
Dysgerminoma
Dysgerminomas - Dysgerminoma
Dysmyelopoietic Syndrome
Dysplasia
Definition
Cross-References
E
E Motif
ETV6
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Protein Domains
ETV6 Fusion Partners in Cancer
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Fusion Partners of ETV6
Transcription Factors and Other Fusion Partners of ETV6
The ETV6/RUNX1 Fusion
The MN1/ETV6 Fusion
The ETV6/ARNT Fusion
``Unproductive´´ ETV6 Fusions
Putative Tumor Suppressor Gene and Physiological Function
References
E100
E11 Antigen
E2A-PBX1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Wild-Type E2A and PBX1 Gene Products
Structure and Function of E2A-PBX1
References
E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase
Eag
Eag1
EAP1
Early B-Cell Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Potential Roles in Cancer
References
Early Detection
Early Genes of Human Papillomaviruses
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Preoperative Workup of an Adnexal Mass
Surgical Staging
Non-epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Surgical Staging and Treatment
Germ Cell Tumors
Immature Teratoma
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
Sex Cord Tumors
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors
Fertility Preservation
Conclusion
References
EBF
Ebnerin (RAt)
E-Box
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genes Containing E-Boxes and the bHLH Proteins That Control Them
Genes and Gene Products That Are Related to Growth Control and Cancer
How Do bHLH Proteins Bind to E-Boxes?
References
See Also
EBV
EC 2.7.11.1
E-Cadherin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
E-Cadherin and the Formation of Adhesion Junctions
Signals Elicited by the Loss of Cell Adhesion
E-Cadherin in Animal Models of Cancer
E-Cadherin in Human Cancer
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
ECMRIII
ECSA
Ecteinascidin 743
Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 2
Eczema
EDF
Edible Salt
EDN
Efferocytosis
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
The Efferocytic Process
Apoptotic Cell Death
Phagocyte Recruitment by Apoptotic Cells
Recognition of Apoptotic Cells by Phagocytes
Apoptotic Cell Engulfment
The Post-Phagocytic Immune Response
Diseases Caused by Malfunctioning Efferocytosis
Rheumatic Diseases
Atherosclerosis
Chronic Lung Diseases
Allograft Tolerance
Infection and Microbes
The Role of Efferocytosis in Cancer
Prospects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Eg5
EGF
EGF Family
EGF-Like Ligands
EGFR
EGP-2
EGP34
EHSH1 (EH Domain/SH3 Domain-Containing Protein)
Eicosanoid Signaling
Eicosanoids
Definition
Cross-References
ELA2
Elastase
ELAV1
Electrolytes
Electromagnetic Fields
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence
Experimental Evidence
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Electropermeabilization
Electroporation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physical Aspects
Experimental Electroporation for Nucleic Acid Delivery
Clinical Uses of Electroporation
Electrochemotherapy
Electrogenetherapy
Irreversible Electroporation
Cross-References
References
Eliminate Gynecomazia
ELISA
Definition
Cross-References
Elongin BC Complex
Definition
Characteristics
The VHL Tumor Suppressor Complex
SOCS-Box Proteins and the Elongin BC Complex
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Embryonal Carcinoma
Embryonal Serum Alpha-Globulin
Embryonal Serum α-Globulin
Embryonic Stem Cells
Definition
Cross-References
Embryo-Specific Alpha-Globulin
Embryo-Specific α-Globulin
Empirin
EMS1
Endocan
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Endocannabinoids
Endocrine Neoplasms
Endocrine Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
Hereditary Syndromes Associated with Endocrine Tumors
Endocrine Tumor Markers
Endocrine Syndromes Secondary to Functioning Neuroendocrine Tumors
Endocrine Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Hormonal Influences on Tumor Growth
Hormone-Sensitive Tumors
Late Effects of Cancer Therapy on the Endocrine System
Conclusion
References
Endocrine Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Estrogen Receptors
Therapeutic Strategies Based On ERα Targeting
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs)
Therapeutic Strategies Based On Estrogen Deprivation
Ovarian Ablation/Suppression
Aromatase Inhibitors
Resistance to Endocrine Therapy
Cross-References
References
Endocrine-Related Cancers
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Prevalence
Clinical Presentation and Pathology
Pituitary Tumors
Thyroid Tumors
Parathyroid Tumors
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors
Adrenal Tumors
Ovarian Tumors
Testicular Tumors
Multiple Endocrine Gland Tumors
Carcinoids
Secondary Endocrine Malignancies
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
Treatment
Prognosis
Cancers of Endocrine Target Tissues
Cross-References
References
See Also
Endocrine-Responsive Cancers
Endocurietherapy
Endocytosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Endocytosis and Signaling
Molecular Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Endolysosomal Pathway
Endometrial Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Risk Factors
Classification
Pathogenesis Mechanisms
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Hormonal Therapy
Progestogens
Aromatase Inhibitors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Endometrioma
Definition
See Also
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Mechanisms
Signal Transduction by the Three Arms of the UPR
Clinical Relevance
Glossary
References
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response
Endosomal Compartments
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Endosomal Protein Sorting
Endostatin
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Structure and Function
Mechanism of Action
Genetic Variations
Preclinical Studies
Clinical Trials
References
Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1
Endothelial Transglutaminase
Endothelial-Derived Gene-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
EG-1 in Human Cancer
Translational Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Endothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule 1 (ELAM1)
Endothelin-2
Endothelins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Endothelin Expression in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Endotoxin-Induced Factor in Serum
Engineered Antibody
Enlarged Breast Male
ENPP2
Enteropeptidase (TMPRSS15)
Enzymes
Enzymic Mouth to Mouth Feeding
Ep
EpCAM
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Structure
Tissue Morphogenesis
Pattern of Tissue Expression
Normal Tissue
Abnormal Tissue
Paradox of Expression with Advance in Carcinomas
EpCAM-Targeted Immunotherapy
Mechanism of Tumor Inhibition
Clinical Trials (Table1)
Monospecific Murine Antibody
What Are the Solutions?
Humanized Antibody
Bispecific Antibodies
Structure and Rationale for Development (Fig.2)
In Vitro Cytotoxicity
Prolonged Antitumor Immunity In Vivo
Clinical Trials (Table2)
Cross-References
References
See Also
Eph Receptors
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Eph Signaling
Eph Signaling in Cancer
References
Ephelide
Epidemiology of Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Study Design
Risk Factors
Cross-References
References
Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
EGFR Activation and Downstream Signaling
Molecular Mechanisms of Targeted Therapies
EGFR Mutations
EGFR Inhibitors in GI Tumors
EGFR Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
References
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
EGFR Structure
EGFR Ligands
EGFR Signal Transduction
EGFR Transactivation
EGFR in Cancer
Increased EGFR Ligand Production
Increased EGFR Protein Levels
EGFR Mutations
Impairment of EGFR Downregulation
EGFR Cross Talk with Other Receptors
Therapies Targeting EGFR
Summary
Cross-References
References
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors
Epidermal Growth Factor-like Ligands
Synonyms
Definition
EGF-like Ligands and Cancer
Brain Tumor
Carcinoma of the Lung
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)
Colorectal Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epidermoid Carcinoma
Epigallocatechin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Targets of EGCG
General Anticancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols
Direct Molecular Targets of EGCG
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epigenetic
Definition
Cross-References
Epigenetic Biomarker
Definition
Characteristics
Epigenetic Modifications
Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer
Prostate Cancer
GSTP1 DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer
Conclusion
References
Epigenetic Gene Silencing
Definition
Characteristics
Epigenetics and Cancer
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epigenetic Modifications
Definition
Cross-References
Epigenetic Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation
Epigenetic Abnormalities in Cancer
DNA Methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Epigenetic Therapy in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epigenomics
Definition
Characteristics
The Epigenome and Cancer
Technologies
Epigenomic Researches and Therapies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epithelial Cadherin
Epithelial Carcinogenesis
Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
Epithelial Tumorigenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Predisposing Factors
The Multistage Pathogenesis Model of Epithelial Tumorigenesis
Example of Multistage Carcinogenesis in Colorectal Cancer
The Role of Stem Cells in Epithelial Tumorigenesis
Epigenetic Changes and Epithelial Tumorigenesis
The Interaction of Cellular Microenvironment in Epithelial Tumorigenesis
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
Chronic Inflammation and Epithelial Cancers
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Epitheliasin (TMPRSS 2)
Epithelium
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Epo
Epoetin
Epothilone B Analogue
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Preclinical Testing
Phase I Studies in Cancer Patients
Phase II Studies in Cancer Patients
Summary and Future Outlook
Cross-References
References
Epothilones
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Epstein-Barr Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
In vitro Immortalization of Primary B Cells by EBV: The Growth Transcription Program
EBV Biological Cycle In Vivo
Viral Productive Cycle
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Cross-References
References
ER
ER Stress
ERBB
ErbB-1
ERBB2
Erlotinib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Erlotinib (Tarceva)
ERM Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History, Structure, and Sequence
Regulation
Function, Distribution, Localization
The Expression and Functions of ERM Proteins in Cancer
Cross-References
References
ERp60
Erythrocytosis
Erythroid Colony-Stimulating Activity
Erythroid Differentiation Factor
Erythroleukemia
Definition
Cross-References
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Factor
Erythropoietin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
ESA
ESE (EH Domain and SH3 Domain Regulator of Endocytosis)
E-Selectin-Mediated Adhesion and Extravasation in Cancer
Keywords
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Expression
Function
Clinical Relevance of E-Selectin in Cancer
Targeting E-selectin and Its Ligands
Soluble E-selectin as a Diagnostic Marker
E-selectin-Mediated Capture
E-selectin as a Receptor for Targeted Delivery
Cross-References
References
See Also
ESF
ESM-1
ESO1
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Treatment
Mechanisms of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Pathogenesis
Mutational Landscape of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Cross-References
References
See Also
Esophageal Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
ESR1
ESR2
Estradiol
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Sources of Estrogens
Role of Estrogens in Human Breast Carcinogenesis
Receptor-Mediated Pathway
Oxidative Metabolism of Estrogen
Estrogens as Inducers of Aneuploidy
References
Estren-Dameshek Syndrome (= Variant Form)
Estrogen Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
What Have We Learned from ER Knockout Mice?
Involvement of Estrogen Receptors in Physiology and Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Estrogen Receptor Alpha
Estrogen Receptor Beta
Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER-2 Negative
Estrogen Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
ER-Mediated Signaling
GPER-Mediated Signaling
Estrogen Signaling in Cancer
References
Estrogen Synthase
Estrogenic Hormones
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Breast Cancer
Uterine, Cervical, and Ovarian Cancer
Vaginal Adenocarcinoma
Hepatoma
Therapy
Breast Cancer
Uterine and Cervical Cancers
Cross-References
References
See Also
Estrogen-Replacement Therapy
ET
ET-2
ET-743
Eta-1
Ether à-go-go Potassium Channels
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncogenic Potential of h-Eag1 Channels
Eag1 as a Diagnostic Marker
Eag1 as a Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Marker
Mechanisms of Oncogenicity
Outline
Cross-References
References
Etidronate
Definition
Cross-References
Etiology of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Etoposide
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Ets Transcription Factors
Definition
Characteristics
Ets Factors and Development
Regulation of Ets Protein Activities
Ets Proteins and Cancer
References
ETS Variant Gene 6
Everolimus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Activity in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ewing Sarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytogenetics and Gene Alterations
Etiology
Therapy
References
Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors
Ewing Tumor
EWS-FLI (ets) Fusion Transcripts
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Properties of the EWS-FLI1 Fusion Transcript and Protein
EWS and Other Specific Human Translocations
Genesis of the Translocation
The EWS-FLI1 Fusion and the Pathogenesis of Ewing Sarcoma
Clinical Relevance
EWS-FLI1 (ets) in Diagnosis
EWS-FLI1 (ets) Fusion Type and Prognosis
EWS-FLI1 (ets) and Detection of Minimal Residual Disease
EWS-FLI1 (ets) and Therapeutics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Exfoliation of Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Cell Exfoliation in Neoplasia
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Exjade
Exobiotics
Exosomal MicroRNA
Exosomal miRNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biogenesis of Exosomes and Exosomal miRNA Packaging
Bio-functions of Exosomal miRNA in Cancer
Exosomal miRNAs in Cancer Diagnostic and Clinical Use
Cross-References
References
See Also
Exosomal Shuttle MicroRNA
Exosome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Cargo
Protein
Lipid
RNA
Trafficking
Exosomes in Cancer
Microenvironment
Immune System
Biomarkers
Cross-References
References
See Also
Experimental Carcinogenesis
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
Definition
Characteristics
References
Extracellular Nucleic Acids
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The ERK Activation Cascade
ERK Substrates
Termination of pERK Activity
Nuclear Translocation and Localization of ERK
Oncogene-Driven ERK Activation: A Therapeutic Target
Radiation Therapy and ERK Activation
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Extracellular Vesicles
Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Extrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Staging
Management
Prognosis
Genitourinary Tract
Urinary Bladder
Prostate
Gynecological Sites
Cervix
Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Colon and Rectum
Head and Neck Region
Larynx
References
Extreme Hypoxia
F
4F9
FADD-Like Antiapoptotic Molecule 1
FADD-Like ICE
Familial (Constitutional) Panmyelocytopathy (Type) Fanconi
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Familial Hypoplastic Anemia Fanconi
Familial Polyposis Coli
FAMP
Fanconi Anemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDSs)
Leukemia
Solid Tumors
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the Head and Neck (HNSCC)
SCC of the Vulva and Cervix
Liver Tumors
Other Tumors
FA Gene Involvement in Neoplastic Disease of Non-FA Individuals
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fanconi Pancytopenia
Fanconi Panmyelopathy
FAP
Farnesylation
Definition
See Also
Fas-Associated Death Domain
Faslodex
Fatty Acid Transport
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor
Mechanisms
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fbl1
FBLN-2
F-Box and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein 1
Fbxl1
FDG-PET
Definition
Characteristics
Principle
Instrumentation
Acquisition
Image Analysis
Qualitative
Semiquantitative
Image Reconstruction
Applications
Safety
Limitations
Conclusions
References
Fecal Immunochemical Test
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Fate of Hemoglobin in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Uses for FIT
Quantifiable FIT
Types of FIT Currently Available
Stool-Sampling Procedures
Biology of Bleeding from Colorectal Neoplasia
References
Fecal Occult Blood Test
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Fenretinide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Use of Fenretinide in Clinical Trials
Activity of Fenretinide in Nonmalignant Diseases
Conclusion
References
Ferroptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Modulating Ferroptosis Under Pathological Conditions
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fetal Exposure to Carcinogenic Agents
Fetal Hamartoma of the Kidney
Fetal Liver Kinase-2 (FLK2)
α1-Fetoglobulin
α-Fetoprotein
α-Feto-protein
Feto-Specific Proteins
Fetuin
Fetuin-A
Fever of Obscure Origin
Fever of Unexplained Origin
Fever of Unknown Origin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cancer and Fever of Unknown Origin
Diagnosis
Prognosis of Cancer Associated with Fever of Unknown Origin
Conclusion
References
FH
FHIT
Fibrinogen
Definition
Characteristics
References
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Inhibitors
Fibroblast Growth Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Fibrofolliculomas with Trichodiscomas and Acrochordons
Fibromyoma
Fibronectin
Definition
Characteristics
Forms of Fibronectin
Functions
Structure
Fibronectin Polymorphism
Posttranslational Modifications
Alternative Splicing
Biological Significance of ED-B
Fibronectin Isoforms in Disease
Fibronectin Isoforms and Cancer
Cross-References
References
Fibrosarcoma
Definition
See Also
Fibrosis and Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor-Stromal Cell Interactions
Lysyl Oxidases, Fibrosis, and Cancer
Tumor Suppressor Activity of LOX
References
Fibulins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Fibulin-1
Fibulin-2
Fibulin-3
Fibulin-4
Fibulin-5
Fibulin-6
Conclusion and Perspective
References
Fine Needle Aspiration
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
What Is FNAB?
What Cellular Characteristics Do Cytologists Study in Order to Make a Microscopic Diagnosis of Cancer?
Method
Palpation-Guided Aspirates
Deep-Seated Aspirations
Complications and Contraindications
Diagnostic Accuracy and Yield
Diagnostic Utility of FNAB
Limitations of the FNAB Method of Study
References
See Also
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Firestorm Pattern
Definition
Characteristics
Contrast with Other Forms of Gene Amplification
Mechanism of Firestorm Formation
Relation of Patterns to Clinical Outcome
Cross-References
References
See Also
First-Echelon Node
First-Tier Node
FISH
FIT
FKHL-16
FL
FLAME-1
Flavonoids
Definition
Cross-References
FLICE
FLICE-Inhibitory Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Function
Modulation of c-FLIP Level
Role in Carcinogenesis
Implications in Cancer Therapy
References
FLJ10796
FLJ33629
Flow Cytometry
Definition
Characteristics
The Technology
Applications
Immunophenotyping (IP)
Transplant Support
DNA Ploidy and S-Phase Fraction
Determining Treatment Efficacy
Newer and Future Applications
References
FLT3
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Gene
Ligand
FLT3 Mutations in Leukemia
Signaling Through FLT3
FLT3 Inhibitors
References
Fludarabine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Cellular Pharmacology
Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity
Clinical Applications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fludarabine Phosphate
Fluid Phase Endocytosis
Fluorescence Diagnostics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Application
Detection of Early Lung Cancer by Fluorescence Bronchoscopy
Urinary Bladder
Other Organ Sites
References
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Fluoro-Sorafenib
5-Fluorouracil
Fluorouracil
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Determinants of Cell Sensitivity to 5-FU
Toxic Side Effects
Capecitabine, an Orally Administered Prodrug of Fluorouracil
References
Fluoxetine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Multiple Drug Resistance
MDR Reversal by Chemosensitization
Fluoxetine as a Multi-pump Chemosensitizer
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fms-Like Tyrosine-Kinase 3
FNA
FNAC
FOBT
Focal Adhesion Kinase
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
FAK Phosphorylation and Regulation
Focal Contact
Regulation of Focal Contacts
Signaling Pathways in Cancer
Cell Migration
Invasion
Cell Survival
Growth and Proliferation
Tumor Progression
Clinical Impact
FAK Overexpression
Tumor Biomarker
Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Foeto-Protein
Folate Hydrolase
Follicular Adenoma, Oncocytic Variant
Follicular Carcinoma, Oncocytic Variant
Follicular Lymphoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Follicular Thyroid Adenomas
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Thyroid Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Genetics
References
Follistatin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Follistatin Structure
Function and Expression
Follistatin-Like Proteins
Role of Follistatin and Follistatin-Like Proteins in Malignancy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Follistatin-Like 1, FSTL1
Follistatin-Like 3, FSTL3
Follistatin-Like 4, FSTL4
Follistatin-Like 5, FSTL5
Follistatin-Related Gene, FLRG
Follistatin-Related Protein, FRP
Food
Food for Specified Health Use
Food-Borne Carcinogens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
N-Nitroso Compounds
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Acrylamide
Other Carcinogens Present in Food
Cross-References
References
See Also
Foreign Substances
Forkhead Box M1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Formation of New Blood Vessels
Fossil Tree
Found in Inflammatory Zone 3 (FIZZ3)
FPC
Fragile Histidine Triad
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The FHIT Gene Product
Clinical Relevance
Tumor Suppressor
Genome Caretaker
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fragile Sites
Definition
Characteristics
Categories of Fragile Site
Rare Fragile Sites
Common Fragile Sites
Molecular Basis of Fragile Site Expression
Rare Fragile Sites
Common Fragile Sites
Cellular Regulation of Common Fragile Site Instability
Clinical Relevance
Rare Fragile Sites
Common Fragile Sites
Cross-References
References
See Also
Free Radical
Free Radicals
Freeze Surgery
FS
FST
5-FU
Fucosylation
Definition
Characteristics
Finding of Fucosylation-Deficient Cancer Cell Lines
Clinical Significance of GMDS Mutation
Cross-References
References
See Also
α1-6 Fucosyltransferase
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Fucoxanthin
Definition
Characteristics
Effect on Cancer Cell Growth
Apoptosis
Mechanism
Combination with Troglitazone
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fulvestrant
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mode of Action
Current Utilization of Fulvestrant
Administration and Tolerability
Future Uses of Fulvestrant
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Fumarase
Fumarate Hydratase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features of HLRCC/MCUL
Mutations in the FH Gene
Cross-References
References
Functional Foods
Functional Vascular Stabilization
Funnel Factors
Definition
Characteristics
Background of Molecular Human Carcinogenesis
Cell Signaling in Human Tumors
Searching for Funnel Factors: eIF4E/4E-BP1
Other Essential Oncogenic Funnel Factors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Furin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Fusin
Fusion Genes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Formation of Fusion Genes
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Fusion Oncogenes
FUT8
G
G Antigen
G Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular and Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
G2/M Transition
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Changes at the G2/M Transition
Triggering G2/M Transition
Cross-References
References
See Also
GA733-2
GAGE Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Gain-of-Function p53
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
GAK
Gallbladder Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Descriptive Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Conclusions and Perspectives
Cross-References
References
See Also
Gamma Ray-Induced Cancer
Gangliosides
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Cellular Ganglioside Expression in Cancer
Ganglioside Shedding in Cancer
Functional Properties
Immunosuppression
Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling
Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Gangrene
Gankyrin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
pRB and Gankyrin
p53 and Gankyrin
Miscellaneous
Clinical Aspects
References
Gap Junctions
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Gardner Syndrome
Gastric Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Molecular Biology of Gastric Cancer
Familial Clustering of Gastric Cancer
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer
Diagnosis and Detection
Management
References
Gastric Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Therapy of Early Stage Gastric Cancer
Therapy of Advanced Gastric Cancer (AGC)
Antiangiogenic Therapy
Targeting Generic and Molecular Aberrations in AGC
HER2
MET
FGFR2
Novel Targets
References
Gastric Carcinoma
Gastrin
Definition
Characteristics
Processing and Distribution
Release
Receptors and Signalling Pathways
Biological Functions
Role in Disease
Cross-References
References
Gastrinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
GRP Receptors
Physiological Functions of GRP
GRP and Cancer
GRP and Lung Carcinoma
GRP and Prostate Carcinoma
GRP and Breast Cancer
GRP and Gastric Carcinoma
GRP and Pancreatic Carcinoma
GRP and Colorectal Carcinoma
GRP and Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors
Clinical Significance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology and Clinical-Pathological Features of GIST
Diagnosis
Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in GIST
Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetic Alterations
Therapy
References
GBM Therapy
GBP28
GDEPT
GDF15
Gefitinib
Definition
Characteristics
Gefitinib in Cancer Therapy
Gefitinib Sensitivity
Mechanism of Action
Cancer Resistance to Gefitinib
Conquering Cancer Resistance
List of Strategies to Conquer Gefitinib Resistance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Gefitinib (Iressa)
Gelatin-Binding Protein 28
Geldanamycin
Gelsolin
Definition
Characteristics
Gelsolin and Cancer
Gelsolin Considered as a Tumor Suppressor
Cross-References
References
See Also
Gemcitabine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Clinical Profile
Toxicity
Indications
Clinical Pharmacology
Future Perspective
Cross-References
References
GEMZAR
Gene Mutations
Gene Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Transfer of Genes
Clinical Relevance
References
Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Genetic Association Study
Genetic Immunization
Genetic Instability
Genetic Polymorphisms
Genetic Predisposition
Genetic Toxicology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Toxicology
Chemical, Viral, and Radiation Carcinogens
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Chemically Induced Morphological and Neoplastic Transformation and the Molecular Biology of Carcinogenesis/Cell Transformation and Human Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Genetic Variations
Genetically Engineered Mice
Genistein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Soy and Cancer
Cancer Prevention by Genistein
Mechanisms of Action of Genistein
Bioavailability and Safety
Other Indications
References
Genomic Imbalance
Definition
Characteristics
Genomic Imbalance Concept
Cancer as a Genetic Disease
Cause of Genomic Imbalance in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Genomic Imprinting
Definition
Characteristics
Imprinted Genes and Their Regulation
Imprinting and DNA Methylation
Loss of Imprinting (LOI) in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Genomic Instability
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Germinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Genetics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Giant Cell Tumor
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Giant Cell Tumor
Tumorigenesis of GCT
Clinical Management and Future Direction
References
Ginkgo biloba
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
G. biloba Seeds
G. biloba Extract
Cross-References
References
Ginkgo Tree
GIST
Gleason Grading
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Gleevec
GLI Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of GLI Activity in Response to HH Signaling
GLI Proteins in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Glial/Mesenchymal Extracellular Matrix Protein
GLI-Kruppel Family Member
Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy
Glioblastoma Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Current Treatment Regimen
Novel Therapies for GBM
Antiangiogenesis Therapy
Targeted Immunotoxins
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Proteasome and HDAC Inhibitors
Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for GBM
Gliadel Wafer
Brachytherapy
Stem Cell Therapeutics
Viral Therapeutics
Immunotherapy
Future Directions
References
Glioma Retinae
Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog 1
Gliomas
Glivic
Glucose Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
Glucose Transport
Fate of Glucose upon Entry into the Cell
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Glycogenesis (Glycogen Synthesis)
Energy Yield and Advantage of the Metabolism of Glucose in Cancer Cells
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
Glutathione Conjugate Transporter RLIP76
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery of RLIP76
Clinical Significance
Drug Resistance
Heat Shock and Oxidative Stress
Radiation Toxicity
References
Glutathione S-Transferase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Catalytic Function
Signaling Regulation
Cancer Related
References
Glutathione Transferases
Glycobiology and Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Glycan Structural Diversity Is Theoretically Immense but Genetically Restricted
Glycans Evoke Antibody Responses
Glycans Are Clinically Useful as Cancer Markers
TACAs Are Recognized by Lectins on Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells
Human Retrovirus HTLV-1 (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus) Induces Specific Glycan Biosynthesis
Selectin-Glycan Interactions Initiate Adhesion of Malignant Cells to Vascular Endothelium
Drugs May Inhibit Metastases by Blocking Selectin-Glycan Interactions
Concluding Sweet Remarks
References
Glycolysis
Glycolytic Inhibitors
Glycoprotein-340 (gp-340 Human)
Glycosphingolipids (Sialic Acid Containing)
Glycosylation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Glycosylation Alterations and Functions in Cancer
Glycans Used as Serological Markers in Cancers
Therapeutic Applications of Glycans in Cancers
References
GM
GMEM
GnRH, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Gonadal Neoplasms
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Good Laboratory Practices
Definition
Characteristics
Principles
References
Good Manufacturing Practices
Definition
Characteristics
Quality Assurance
Documentation and SOPs
FDA Quality Initiatives
Pharmaceutical Quality for the Twenty-First Century
Process Analytical Technology (PAT)
ICH Q8 Pharmaceutical Development
ICH Q9 Quality Risk Management
Quality System Approach to Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices
ICH Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality Systems
References
Gordon-Kosswig Melanoma System
Gorlin Syndrome
gp140 (Glycoprotein 140)
gp170
gp36
gp38
gp90
gp-Fy
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 11
Grading of Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Basic Principles
Methods of Grading
Future Perspectives
Cross-References
References
See Also
Graft Acceptance and Rejection
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Granulocyte Elastase
Granulocytopenia
Granulomatous Colitis
Granulosa Cell Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Grape Seed Extract
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Activity
Health Beneficial Effects
Cardiovascular Diseases
Other Health Conditions
Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Efficacy
Clinical Studies
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Graves Disease
Definition
Cross-References
Green Tea Cancer Prevention
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Green Tea Catechins
Green Tea Extract
Delayed Cancer Onset with Green Tea
Significance of Multiple Drinks per Day
Effective Cancer Preventive Amount per Day
Prevention of Cancer Recurrence
Green Tea as Synergist with Anticancer Drugs
Cross-References
References
Green Tea Polyphenol
GRIP1
Growth Differentiation Factor 15
Growth Factor Receptors
Growth Factor Toxin Fusions or Conjugates
Growth Factors
Growth Guidance Cues
Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GHRF)
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pituitary-Type GHRH Receptor
GHRH Expression
GHRH and Cancer
Splice Variants of GHRH Receptor (SVs) and Cancer
GHRH Antagonists
GHRH Agonists
Conclusion
References
Growth of New Lymphatic Vessels
GS
GTPase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Ras Family
The Rho Family
The Rab Family
The Arf Family
The Ran Family
Regulation of GTPases
Clinical Implications
Signaling Pathways
Cross-References
References
GTPases
GTP-Binding Proteins
Guanine-Rich Tandem DNA Repeats of Chromosomal Ends
Gut Microbiota
Definition
Characteristics
Dynamics of Gut Microbiota
Composition of Gut Microbiota
Tools for Evaluating Microbiota Diversity
Functions of Gut Microbiota
Immune Modulation
Obesity
Energy Uptake
Bile Acid Metabolism
Choline Metabolism
Protection Against Pathogenic Bacteria
Drug Metabolism
Alteration of Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Approach
Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer
References
Gut Peptides
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Overview
Gastrin
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Neurotensin
Somatostatin
Cross-References
References
Gynecomastia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Gynecomazia
H
[HOC6H3(OCH3)CH:CHCO]2CH2
[1-Hydroxy-2-(imidazo [1,2-a] pyridin-3-yl)ethylidene]-bisphosphonate
1,7-bis [4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione
(2-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxy-propyl) (Z)-octadec-9-enoate
H Antigens
gammaH2AX
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
H3 (Rhesus Monkey)
H731 (Human PDCD4 Variant 2, Cancer Related)
HAAs
HACBP
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
See Also
Hamartin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
HAMSV
Haploinsufficiency
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Disease Initiation Involving Haploinsufficiency
Cross-References
References
Ha-ras
HARP
Harvey Murine Sarcoma Virus Oncogene
HATs
HAUSP De-ubiquitinase
Hay Fever
HBBM
HB-EGF
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
HB-GAM
HBGF-8
HBGFs
HBNF
HBNPF
HBV
H-CAM
HCC
HCL
HCV
HDAC Inhibitors
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
HEA125
Head and Neck Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Anatomic and Histopathologic Classification
Risk factors
Molecular Pathogenesis
Workup
Staging
Treatment of HNSCC
Prognosis and Survival
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Heat-Shock Protein 90
Hedgehog Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Hedgehog Signaling and Cancer
Hedgehog, Stem Cell Renewal, and Cancer
Targeting Hedgehog Signaling for Therapeutics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Helicobacter Pylori in the Pathogenesis of Gastric Cancer
Definition
Epidemiology and the Pathogenic Role of H. pylori
Characteristics
Mechanisms of H. pylori-Induced Gastric Carcinogenesis
H. pylori-Induced Inflammation in the Gastric Epithelium
H. pylori-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in the Gastric Epithelium
H. pylori-Induced Methylation and Loss of Function of Key Genes in Gastric Epithelium
H. pylori Infection Induces Aberrant Activities of the Signaling Pathways in the Gastric Epithelium
Detection and Treatment for H. pylori Infection
References
Hematological Malignancies, Leukemias, and Lymphomas
Definition
Characteristics
The Hematopoietic System
The WHO Classification
Major Myeloid Subclasses Within the WHO Classification
Major Lymphoid Subclasses Within the WHO Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hemicentin, him4, FIBL6, HMCN1, FBLN-6
Henle-Koch Postulates
Hensin (Rabbit)
Heparanase
Definition
Characteristics
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs)
Molecular Properties
Preferential Expression in Human Tumors
Involvement in Tumor Metastasis
Involvement in Tumor Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance
References
Heparanase Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
Inhibitors Targeting the Heparanase Substrate
Heparin, Chemically Modified Derivative and Nonanticoagulant Heparin
Sulfated Phosphomannopentaose
Oligomannurarate Sulfate (JG3)
Suramin
Noncarbohydrate Substrate Mimetic Polymers
Inhibitors Targeting Heparanase
Small Molecules
Peptides Competing with the Heparin/HS-Binding Domains of Heparanase
Antiheparanase Antibodies
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Heparin-Affin Regulatory Peptide
Heparin-Binding Brain Mitogen
Heparin-Binding Growth Factor 8
Heparin-Binding Growth Factors
Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule
Heparin-Binding Neurite-Promoting Factor
Heparin-Binding Neurotropic Factor
Hepatic Carcinoma
Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Diagnosis
Therapy
Clinical Outcome
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hepatic Ethanol Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hepatic-Fixed Macrophages
Hepatitis B Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Hepatitis B Virus x Antigen-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hepatitis C Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Untranslated Regions
Structural Proteins
Nonstructural Proteins
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hepatoblastoma
Definition
Characteristics
Pathological Classification
Staging
Therapy and Outcome
Predictive Factors
Genetic and Molecular Characteristics
Cellular Characteristics
References
Hepatocarcinoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Prognostic Staging System
Treatment
Prevention
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Molecular Biology
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Role of Viral Factors
Direct Mutagenic Role
Oncogenic Potential of the HBx Transactivator
Immunopathogenesis
Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations
Oncogenic Signaling Pathways
Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling
Cell Cycle Control Pathways
PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway
Ras/Raf/MAPK Pathway
JAK/STAT Pathway
Conclusions
Cross-References
See Also
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Etiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Oncogenic and Environmental Factors
High-Risk Nonviral Liver Diseases
Viral Hepatitis-Induced HCC
Molecular Aspects of Hepatocarcinogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis and Prevention
References
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Like Protein
Hepatocyte-Stimulating Factor
Hepatocyte-Stimulating Factor-III
Hepatoma
HER1
HER-2/neu
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Herceptin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Activity
Mechanisms of Activity
Molecular Level
Cellular Level
Mechanisms of Resistance
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Signaling
Akt Signaling
Extracellular Domain and Truncated Forms of HER-2
New Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hereditary Hamartosis Peutz-Jeghers
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
Herpesvirus-Associated Ubiquitin-Specific Protease De-ubiquitinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
p53-Mdm2 Pathway
Implications in Cancer Therapy
References
Heterochromatin
Definition
Characteristics
Constitutive and Facultative Heterochromatin
Properties of Heterochromatin
Components Required for Heterochromatinization
Functions of Heterochromatin
Cross-References
References
Heterocyclic Amines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classes of HAAs
Metabolism of HAAs
Health Concerns of Food-Derived HAAs - Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity
Modulation of HCA Formation and HCA-Mediated Damage
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
Heterologous Growth Control
Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins
Heterotrimeric Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Proteins
Hexabrachion
1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl[1,2-b]furan-10,11-dione
(R)-1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-phenanthro(1,2-b)furan-10,11-dione
1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-(R)-phenanthro(1,2-b)furan-10,11-dione
Hexavalent Chromium
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Uses and Sources
Epidemiology
Animal Studies
Cell Culture Studies
Role of Valence State, Uptake, and Metabolism
Role of Solubility
Mechanism of Carcinogenicity
Cross-References
References
Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Carcinogenesis
Hexokinase 2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tissue Expression of Hexokinase II
Functional Properties of Hexokinase II
Regulation of Hexokinase II
Clinical Perspectives and Therapeutic Implications
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
HFH-11B
HGF
HGFL
HHV4
hIAP3
hIAP-3
HIES
HIF-1
High Affinity Ca-Binding Protein
High-Dose (Myeloablative) Chemotherapy
High-Flow Microinfusion
High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging
High-Grade/Undifferentiated MEC
High-Throughput Screening
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
HILDA
Histiocytosis X
Histo-Blood Group Lewis Antigens
Histocompatibility
Definition
Histocompatibility Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Histologic Grading
Histone Acetyltransferases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
HAT Families
HATs Functions and Complexes
Mutations of HATs in Cancer
Histone Acetyltransferases Inhibitors
Cross-References
References
Histone H2AX Phosphorylated at Serine 139
Histone Modification
Definition
Characteristics
Histones and Chromatin
Histone Modifications
Histone Modifications and Cancer Prognosis
Epigenetic Therapy: HDAC Inhibitors
Cross-References
References
HIV/AIDS-Associated Cancers
HIV-Associated Cancers
HIV-Associated Malignancies
HIV-Related Cancers
HKII
HLA Class I
Definition
Characteristics
Bioactivity
Altered HLA Class I Phenotypes in Tumors
Functional Significance of HLA Class I Loss: Implications for Immune Evasion
Cross-References
References
hMAWD: Human MAPK Activator with WD Repeats
HNPCC
Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg Cell
Definition
Characteristics
Associated Pathologies
Cellular Origin
Immunophenotype
Cell Differentiation and Function
Transforming Mechanisms of HRS Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hodgkin Disease
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Hodgkin Lymphoma, Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Basic
Clinical
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hollow Fiber Assay
Definition
Characteristics
Methodology
References
Homeobox Genes
Definition
Characteristics
Hox Genes and Leukemia
Homeobox Genes and Solid Tumors
References
Homing Peptides and Vascular Zip Codes
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Significance
Clinical Significance
Cross-References
References
Homing Receptor
Homo Sapiens Mitotic Arrest Deficient-Like 1 Protein
Homo Sapiens Nuclear Protein 1
Homogenous Assays
Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence
Homologous Recombination Repair
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Homologue of Synaptopodin
HOP-1
Hormonal Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Cross-References
References
Hormonal Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Breast Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Cross-References
Hormone Carcinogenesis
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Hormone Therapy
Hormone-Induced Cancers
Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Hormone-Related Cancers
Hormones
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
The Receptor Concept
Endogenous Metabolic Activation of Steroids
Epidemiology and Animal Studies
Steroid Hormones
Prolactin
Insulin
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Thyroid Hormones
Hormonal Management of Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hornstein-Knickenberg Syndrome
HpaII Tiny Fragments Islands
4-HPR
hPTTG1
HRAS
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Localization (in Homo sapiens)
Pseudogenes
HRAS Gene Structure
HRAS Regulatory Elements
p21 Protein Structure and Subcellular Localization
Biochemical Properties of p21 Protein
Functional Properties of p21 Protein
Tissue Expression of p21 Protein
HRAS and Cancer
HRAS and Familial Syndromes
HRAS and Other Pathological Conditions
References
HRAS1
HRAS1DX
HRPC
HRT
HSD18
HSF
HSF-III
hSNF5
HSNF5/INI1/SMARCB1 Tumor Suppressor Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Chromatin Remodeling and the SWI/SNF Complex
hSNF5/INI1 Gene and Protein Structures
Biological Roles of hSNF5/INI1
Genetic Alterations of hSNF5/INI1 in Human Malignancies
Pathological and Clinical Aspects of hSNF5/INI-Deficient Tumors
Conclusion
References
Hsp90
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
As a Single Modality
In Combination with Radiotherapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
HSV-TK-/Ganciclovir-Mediated Toxicity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Toxicity to HSV-TK-Expressing Cells
Toxicity to Non-HSV-TK-Expressing Cells (Bystander Effect)
Characteristics In Vivo
Experimental Tumors in Animals
Mechanism of the Bystander Effect In Vivo
Clinical Relevance
Improving Cancer Therapy with HSV-TK/GCV
Cross-References
References
See Also
HTF Islands
Hu Antigen R
Human
Human ESP1-Associated Protein 1
Human Herpesvirus 4
Human Herpesvirus 6
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Human Kallikrein 3
Human Non-Sucrose Fermenting 5
Human Papillomaviruses in Head and Neck Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
The Role of p16
References
197/15a (Human PDCD4 Variant 1)
Human Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1
Human Stem Cell Kinase-1 (STK1)
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Leukemia
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Neurologic Disease
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Cross-References
References
Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
HUMARA
Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1
Definition
Characteristics
HIP1
HIP1´s Original Link to Cancer
How Might HIP1 and HIP1r Use Clathrin-Mediated Trafficking to Promote Cancer?
Targeted Mutations of Murine Hip1 and Hip1r
HIP1 and HIP1r Have Restricted Patterns of Expression and Are Not Housekeeping Genes
HIP1 and Solid Tumors
Humoral Response to HIP1 Over-Expression
Over-Expression of HIP1 Is Sufficient to Transform Fibroblasts
Future
Significance
Cross-References
References
See Also
HuR
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General HuR Biology
The RNA-Binding Protein HuR (ELAV1)
HuR Cancer-Associated Targets (Pro-survival Network)
HuR-Mediated Response to Stress and Cancer Therapy
HuR as an Oncogene in Cancer
Conclusions
References
Hurthle Cell Adenoma and Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Current and Past Controversies
References
Hutchinson-Weber-Peutz Syndrome
HXK2
Hyaluronan Receptor
Hyaluronan Synthases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Hyaluronan Synthases and Hyaluronan
Hyaluronan Synthases and Hyaluronan in Cancer
Proliferation and Tumor Growth
Invasion and Metastasis
Multidrug Resistance
Cancer Stem Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
Hyaluronic Acid Synthases (HASs)
Hyaluronidase
Definition
Characteristics
HAase Expression as a Cancer Biomarker
Regulation of HAase Activity
HAase Functions in Cancer
HAase-Induced Signaling in Cancer Cells
HAase for Cancer Therapy
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hybrid Genes
Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Hydrogen Dioxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenic Effects
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
14-Hydroxydaunorubicin
2-Hydroxyoleic Acid
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Trials
Cross-References
References
7-Hydroxystaurosporine
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Hypercalcemic Type
Hypericin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physical Properties
Clinical Applications
PDD of Cancers
PDT of Cancers
Preclinical Investigations
Cross-References
References
See Also
Hypericum Extract
Hypericum Red
Hyperplasia
Definition
Cross-References
Hypersensitivity
Hyperthermia
Definition
Characteristics
Cytotoxic Effects
Physiologic Effects
Immunological Effects
Hyperthermia Physics
Delivery Modalities
Thermometry
Thermal Dosimetry
Clinical Hyperthermia
Radiation Therapy and Hyperthermia
Chemotherapy and Hyperthermia
Clinical Trials
References
Hypertrophy of Male Breast
Hypomethylation of DNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hypoxia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Phenotypes of Hypoxic Cells
Gene Regulation in Hypoxic Cells: Implications for Tumorigenesis
Cross-References
References
Hypoxia Sensing
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
I
IA4
IAP-3
IARC TP53 Database
Definition
Characteristics
TP53 Gene Mutations in Human Cancers
Database Structure and Content
Web Site and New Search Tools
Recommendation to Users
Cross-References
References
See Also
ICF Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Cytological Features
Immunodeficiency
Centromeric Instability
Facial Anomalies
Other Clinicopathological Features
Causative Genes and Molecular Background
Type-1 ICF Syndrome (ICF1)
Type-2 ICF Syndrome (ICF2)
Type-3 ICF syndrome (ICF3)
Type-4 ICF syndrome (ICF4)
Others (Type X)
Clinical Management
Similarity Between ICF Syndrome and Human Cancers
Cross-References
References
ICL670A
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
Idiotype Vaccination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Field of Application
Formulation
Production
Clinical Aspects
Open Questions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Idiotypic Vaccination
IDO
I-FLICE
iFOBT
IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity
IHC
IL-6
ILP1
Imatinib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BCR-ABL1 and CML as a Target for Imatinib
Activity of Imatinib in CML
Mechanisms of Relapse/Resistance to Imatinib
Activity of Imatinib in Other Diseases
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Imatinib (Gleevec)
Imatinib Mesylate
Imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazine-8-carboxamide, 3, 4-dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxo-
Immediate Early Stress Response
Immune Escape
Definition
Characteristics
Host Ignorance
Tumor Cell Adaptation
References
Immune Responses to Autoantigens
Immune-Mediated Suppression
Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test
Immunocytochemistry
Immunoediting
Definition
Characteristics
History
The Role of Interferons and Other Immune Components
The Role of Induced Immune Pressure
Evidence of Immunoediting in Human Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Immunoglobulin Rearrangements
Immunohistochemistry
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Techniques
Uses
Use in Research
Clinical Uses (Examples)
Diagnosis and Tumor Classification
Intermediate Filaments
Nuclear Transcription Factors
Cell Surface Membrane Markers
Carcinoma
Melanoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Infectious Agents
Tumor Stage and Occult Metastases
Prognosis
Treatment Response: Companion Diagnostics
Targeted Therapy
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Immunohistology
Immunoliposomes
Definition
Characteristics
Immunoliposome Types and Antibody Formats
Drugs and Targets
References
Immunological Fecal Occult Blood Test
Immunophenotypic Determinants
Immunoprevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Immunoprevention of Viral Tumors
Immunoprevention of Tumors Unrelated to Infectious Agents
Immune Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention
Target Antigens of Cancer Immunoprevention
Clinical Developments
The Risks of Cancer Immunoprevention
Cross-References
References
See Also
Immunoprophylaxis of Cancer
Immunoproteasome
Immunoreceptor
Immunosuppression and Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Communicative Barriers Inhibiting Anticancer Immunity
Checkpoint Inhibition of Anticancer Immune Responses
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4 (CTLA-4)
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1)
T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-Containing Protein-3 (TIM-3)
Lymphocyte-Activating Gene 3 (LAG3)
Regulatory Immune Cells that Contribute to Tumor Escape
T Regulatory Cells
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs)
Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Immunosurveillance of Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Development of the Cancer Immunosurveillance Theory
Basic Mechanism
Elimination
Equilibrium
Escape
Clinical Impact
References
Immunotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nonspecific Immunotherapy
Specific Immunotherapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Immunotoxins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Catalytic Activity
Developments
Cross-References
References
See Also
Imprinting
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Clinical Relevance
References
In Situ Breast Cancer
In Situ Cancer
In Situ Carcinoma
In Utero Exposure to Carcinogenic Agents
In Vitro Bystander Effect
In Vitro Genetics
In Vivo Bystander Effect
Indirect Effect
Indirubin and Indirubin Derivatives
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Mechanism
Structure/Activity
References
Individualized Treatment
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Enzymatic Properties, Tissue Distribution, and Regulation of Expression
IDO and Immune Suppression
IDO and Cancer
Clinical Relevance
IDO as a Prognostic Indicator for Human Cancer
Targeting IDO as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer Treatment
Implication of IDO for DC-Based Cancer Immunotherapy
References
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Induction Chemotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Solid Tumors
Leukemia
Cross-References
References
See Also
Infiltration
Inflammation
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (also includes Ulcerative Colitis)-Related Cancer
Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
IBD-Associated CRC
Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma in Crohn Disease
Cancer Risk Associated to Immunosuppressive Therapy in IBD
Cross-References
References
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence of Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC)
Screening
Multimodality Treatment
Molecular Biology of IBC
Cross-References
References
See Also
Inflammatory Response and Immunity
Definition
Characteristics
An Overview of Inflammation
An Overview of Cancer
Interrelationship Between Inflammation and Cancer
Examples of Inflammation-Associated Cancers
Therapeutic Strategies Against Cancer
References
Inflammosome
Definition
List of Abbreviations
Inflammasome Assembly
Inflammasome Core Proteins and Their Activation Signals
Inflammatory Caspases and ASC Adaptor
Possible Mechanisms for NLRP3 Co-activation
Expression of Inflammasomes in Many Cell Types
Inflammasome-Associated Diseases
References
Infusion of T Cells
INHBA
INHBB
INHBC
INHBE
Inherited Human Polycystic Kidney Disease
Inhibin-beta Chain
Inhibitor of FLICE
INK4A
Definition
Keyword Definitions
Characteristics
Structure of INK4b/ARF/INK4a Locus and Molecular Functions of INK4s/ARF
Roles in Tumorigenesis
Roles in Senescence
Activators of the p15INK4b/ARF/p16INK4a
Ras-Raf-p38MAPK Pathway
E2F
c-Myc
Suppressors of the p15INK4b/ARF/p16INK4a
AML1/ETO
p53
Polycomb Proteins
Long Noncoding RNA in INK4b-ARF-INK4a Regulation
Cross-References
References
See Also
Innate Immunity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Barriers
Anatomical Barriers
Physiological and Chemical Barriers
Biological Barriers
Cellular Components of Innate Immunity
Phagocytes
Cell-Based Innate Immune Recognition
Cell-Based Innate Immune Effectors
Humoral Components of Innate Immunity
Humoral-Based Innate Immune Recognition
Humoral-Based Innate Immune Effectors
Conclusion
References
Inositol Lipids
Definition
Characteristics
Hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to Generate Second Messenger Molecules
Binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to Specific Proteins
Generation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Other 3-Phosphorylated Inositol Lipids and Their Binding to Specific Intracellular Targets
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Insulin Receptor
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Insulin Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Insulin Signaling and Cell Growth
Insulin Signaling and Glucose Metabolism
Insulin Signaling and Aging
References
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Signaling
Insulin-Like Growth Factors
Definition
Characteristics
IGFs
IGF Receptors
IGFBPs
Mechanisms
Altered Expression of the IGF System Components in Tumor Cells
Syndrome of Hypoglycemia
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Insulinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Malignant Insulinoma
Cross-References
See Also
Integrated Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Integrin Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling
Growth and Differentiation
Motility and Invasion
Survival
References
Integrin-Mediated Death
Interferon-Alpha
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Malignant Melanoma
Pancreas Carcinoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma/Leukemia/Multiple Myeloma
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Direct Effects of IFN-α
Radio- and Chemosensitizing Effects
Antiangiogenic Effects
Immunogenic Effects
Immunomodulation
References
Interleukin-17
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Binding of IL-17 to IL-17 Receptors
Gene Expression of IL-17
Role of IL-17 in Cancer
IL-17 and Its Pathway as a Therapeutic Target
Conclusion
References
Interleukin-4
Definition
Characteristics
Bioactivity
Clinical Relevance
IL-4 and Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases
Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
References
Interleukin-6
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genes
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Intermediate Endpoint
Intermediate Junction
Intermediately or Poorly Differentiated Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Internalization
Interphase Cytogenetics
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Intersectin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
ITSN and Cancer
Future Studies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Interstitial Microinfusion
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Gene Regulation
Biology
Clinical Implications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Intestinal Metaplasia
Definition
Characteristics
Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia
Epidemiology
Etiology Related to Gastric Cancer
Molecular Biology
Management
Barrett Esophagus
Epidemiology
Etiology Related to Esophageal Cancer
Molecular Biology
Management
Cross-References
References
Intestinal Organoids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of Intestinal Stem Cell Markers
Intestinal Stem Cell Cultures
The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche
Mouse Colonic Organoids
Intestinal Cancer Organoids
Human Colonic Organoids
Research and Clinical Applications of Intestinal Organoids
Organoids from Other Organ Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Intestinal Sphere
Intracerebral Clysis
Intracerebral Microinfusion
Intraductal Carcinoma
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Tumor
Intraocular Melanoma
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Intrinsically Unfolded Proteins
Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of Unstructured Proteins
Unstructured Proteins and Cancer
Other Roles in Cancer Biology
Cross-References
References
See Also
3D In Vitro Culture
Invadosome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Invadosome Formation and Signaling
Biological Functions of Invadosomes
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Invasion
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Ion Channels
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Features and Biophysical Properties of Ion Channels Involved in Cancer
Ion Channels in Pathogenesis of Cancer
Potential Roles of Ion Channels as Biomarkers and Targets in Cancer
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Ionizing Radiation (IR)-Induced Protein-8 (XIP-8)
Ionizing Radiation Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Ionizing Radiation-Induced Cancer
IPL1
iPS Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Reprogramming and iPS Cells
iPS Cell Technology
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
iPSCs
IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Protein
IQGAP1 Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functions
IQGAP1 and Cancer
Cross-References
References
Irinotecan
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Position of Irinotecan
Adverse Effects
Metabolism and Excretion
Dosage Individualization
Role of Genetic Screening
Cross-References
References
See Also
Iron-Regulated Necrosis
Islet Cell Tumor
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Islet Cell Tumors
Islet Cell Tumors (Pancreatic NET)
Isoflavones
Definition
Characteristics
History
Examples
Metabolism
Mechanisms
Diseases
References
(-)-1-Isothiocyanato-4(R)-(methylsulfinyl) Butane
Ixabepilone
J
J1 220/200
JAB1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Function
Jab1/CSN5 Works as a Coactivator of Gene Transcription
Jab1/CSN5 as a Modulator of Intracellular Signaling
Jab1/CSN5 Regulation of Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
Jab1/CSN5 Act as an Inhibitor of DNA Checkpoint and Damage Repair
Jab1/CSN5 Regulation of Angiogenesis Pathway
Regulation of Jab1/CSN5 Activity
Jab1/CSN5 in Cancer
References
Japanese Silver Apricot
Jasmonates in Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Anticancer Activities of Jasmonates In Vitro and In Vivo
The Mechanisms of Action of Jasmonates in Cancer Cells
Biochemical Outcomes Shared by Jasmonate-Treated Plant and Animal Cells
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Jelly Belly
JFY1
JmjC Domain-Containing Protein 3
JMJD3
JNK Subfamily
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
JNK1
JNK2
JNK3
Jumonji Domain-Containing Protein 3
Juvenile Type
K
K Cells
K Lymphocyte
KABUK2
Kahler Disease
KAI1
Kallikrein-Related Peptidases
Kallikreins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Kallikrein Genes
The Role of Kallikreins in Tumor Progression
Kallikreins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers
References
Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimator
Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Censoring
Parametric, Semi-parametric, and Nonparametric Survival
Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimator
Comparing Survival Functions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Kaposi Sarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
Histology
Virus Involvement
Viral Strains
KSHV Latent Proteins
KSVH and Immunity
Anti-Herpesviral Drugs
Treatment for KS
Cross-References
References
See Also
KCNH1
KCS
KDM6
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
KDM6A
KDM6B
KDM6C
Kennedy Disease (KD)
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Ket
Kew Tree
Ki-1
Ki1 Lymphoma
KIAA0413
Kidney Cancer Diagnosis
Kidney Cancer Therapy
Killer Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Member 1
Killer Cells
Kinesin Spindle Protein
Kinesin-5
Kinesin-Like Protein KIF11
Kinetochore-Microtubule Interactions
Definition
Characteristics
Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and Cancer
Cross-References
References
Kinome_766
KIP1
KI-RAS
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homologue
KISS1
Definition
Characteristics
How Does KISS1 Suppress Metastasis?
Is KISS1 a Marker of Metastasis?
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Kit/SCF-R
Kit/Stem Cell Factor Receptor in Oncogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular and Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Mastocytosis/Mast Cell Leukemia
Gastrointestinal Tumors
Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias
Germ Cell Tumors
Malignant Melanoma
Other Neoplastic/Malignant Lesions
Gene Transfer, Immunotherapy, and Vaccination
Cross-References
References
Klatskin Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History and Classification
Epidemiology
Etiology and Risk Factors
Biology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Survival
Cross-References
References
KLK3
Klotho Tumor Suppressor
Definition
Characteristics
Klotho and Cancer
Klotho Expression in Cancer
Reduced Expression of Klotho in Cancer
Mechanisms Mediating Klotho Silencing
Klotho Expression as a Prognostic Factor
Klotho Blood Levels and Cancer
Klotho Functional Variants in Cancer
Cellular Targets of Klotho in Cancer Cells
IGF-1 Pathway
FGF Pathway
Wnt/beta-Catenin
TGF-beta1
Klotho: A Potent Inhibitor of Cancer Development and Progression
Klotho Structure-Function Relationships in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
KLRK1
Knockout Mice
Knudson Hypothesis
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Koch´s Postulates
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
kpm-Mammalian LATS2
KRAS
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of the KRAS Gene
KRAS Protein
KRAS in Cancer
Cancer Treatments Based on KRAS
Cross-References
References
KRAS in Colorectal Cancer Therapy
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
KRAS1
KRAS2
KRAS2A
KRAS2B
KRAS4A
KRAS4B, NS
KSA
KSP
KSP Mitotic Spindle Motor Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Relevance to Cancer
Cross-References
References
Ku70-Binding Protein 1
Kulchitsky Cell Carcinoma
Kupffer Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Kupffer Cells and Liver Disease
Relationship of Kupffer Cells to Primary and Secondary Liver Cancers
Kupffer Cell Cancers
References
Kupffer Cells
Kv10.1
L
L Antigen Family Member 2
Lactoferricin Antiangiogenesis Inhibitor
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Perspectives
Cross-References
References
LAGE-2
LAGE2B
LAK
LAMB
Laminin Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Laminin Signaling
Laminin Receptors
Integrins
Nonintegrin Receptors
67kDa Laminin Receptor and Integrins
Dystroglycan
References
LANA-1 (Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen-1)
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology and Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Late Sequelae
References
Langerhans Cells
Lapatinib (Tyverb)
Large Cell Immunoblastic
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Large Granular Lymphocyte
Large Tumor Suppressor
Laryngeal Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Changes in Laryngeal Carcinomas
Chromosome Abnormalities in Laryngeal Carcinomas
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Molecular Genetic Findings
References
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Diagnosis
Laser-Induced Hyperthermia
Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Functions
Episome Persistence
Transcription and Chromatin-Associated Factors Interaction
Apoptosis and Cell Cycle
LANA and RTA Regulation
Remarks and Overview
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lats in Organ Size Regulation and Cancer
Synonyms
Characteristics
The Lats/Hippo Pathway
Clinical Significance
Cross-References
References
See Also
LCH
LD
Lead Exposure
Definition
Characteristics
Sources of Lead Exposure
Biological Markers of Lead Exposure
Lead Carcinogenesis: Possible Etiologic Mechanisms
Lead Exposure and Cancer Epidemiology
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lead Optimization
Definition
Characteristics
Physicochemical Optimization
Pharmacokinetic Optimization
Toxicological Optimization
References
Leiomyoma
Leiomyomatous Hamartoma of the Kidney
Leiomyosarcoma
Definition
Cross-References
Lentigineses
Lentiginosis polyposa Peutz
Lentivector
Lentiviral Vectors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Composition of LVs
LV Infection of Various Mammalian Cell Types
Application of LV in Cancer Therapy
Tumor Vaccines
DC Vaccines
T Cell Vaccines
Conclusions
References
Leptomeningeal Disease
Leptomeningeal Dissemination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Neuroimaging
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
References
Leptomeningeal Metastasis
Leptomeningeal Seeding
Lesion on Tongue
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
LIF
LIF Receptor
LIF Overexpression and LIF Knockouts
Pleiotropic Effects of LIF
LIF and Oncogenesis
Clinical Aspects
References
Leukemia Initiating Cells
Leukemia Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Surface Phenotype of LSCs
Altered Self-Renewal Capacity
Prolonged Survival and Evasion of Apoptosis
Clonal Evolution of LSCs
LSCs and Their Niche
Clinical Relevance and Molecular Targeting of LSCs
Cross-References
References
See Also
Leukemic Stem Cells
Leukocyte Elastase
Leukocyte Interferon
Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 2 (LECAM2)
Leukopenia
Leukotrienes
Definition
Characteristics
References
Leustatin
Lewis Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Lewis Antigens in Cancer
References
Lexatumumab
Leydig Cell Tumor
Definition
See Also
LHRH, LH-Releasing Hormone
LIF
LIFD
Life Table Estimates
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria
Genetics
TP53 Germline Mutations
Type and Origin of TP53 Mutations
Tumor Spectrum in TP53 Mutation Carriers
Age Distribution in Relation to Tumor Type
Gender Distribution of Patients with TP53 Germline Mutations
Functional Consequences and Phenotype of Germline Mutations
Mutation Detection Methods and Results Interpretation
Cross-References
References
LIM Domain Containing Preferred Translocation Partner in Lipoma
LINE-1 Elements
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
L1 Retrotransposition in Healthy Cells
Genomic Impact
Role in Human Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lingual Cancer
Linkage Disequilibrium
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction to Linkage Disequilibrium
Measures of Linkage Disequilibrium
Estimation of Linkage Disequilibrium
Haplotype Blocks
Linkage Disequilibrium Versus Linkage
Origins of Linkage Disequilibrium
Linkage Disequilibrium in Human Populations
Using Linkage Disequilibrium to Select Informative Markers
Utility of Linkage Disequilibrium to Genome-Wide Association Studies
Other Uses of Linkage Disequilibrium in Cancer Research
Cross-References
References
See Also
Linoleic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lip
Lipid Mediators
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Lipid Peroxidation
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Lipid Raft
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Isolation Techniques
Serving as Signaling Platforms
In Regulation of Apoptosis
As Cancer Drug Targets
Conclusion
References
Lipid Replacement Therapy
Lipid Second Messengers
Lipid Therapy
Lipocalin
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Lipoma-Preferred Partner
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
LPP and Tumors
Cell Biological Characteristics of the LPP Protein
LPP as a Transcriptional Coactivator
LPP as a Smooth Muscle Marker
References
Lipomas
Lipomatous Tumors
Liposarcomas
Liposomal Chemotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Magic Bullet Concept
Drug Delivery Technology
Sterically Stabilized (Stealth) Liposomes
Ligand-Targeted Stealth Liposomes
Future Perspectives for Liposomal Chemotherapy
References
5-Lipoxygenase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pharmacology
Localization
5-LOX and Tumorigenesis
5-LOX-Mediated Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis
5-Lox and Hypoxia
Epigenetic Regulation of 5-LOX
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
Lipoxygenase
Live Cell Imaging
Definition
Characteristics
Microscopic Techniques
Methods in Live-Cell Imaging
Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
TIRF
STED
The Future Is Super-Resolution
Cross-References
References
Liver Cancer
Liver Cell Carcinoma
Liver Transglutaminase
LNA (Latency Nuclear Antigen)
5-LO
Lobular Involution of the Breast
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anatomy of the Human Breast
Involution
Age-Related Lobular Involution
Factors Affecting Involution
Measurement of Involution
Failure to Involute
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Local Ablation Therapy
Locoregional Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI)
Percutaneous Acetic Acid Injection (PAI)
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
Microwave Coagulation Therapy (MCT)
Comments
References
Log-Kill Hypothesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN)
Low Molecular Weight G Proteins
Low-Grade/Well-Differentiated MEC
5-LOX
LOX
18:1 LPA
LPA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Species of LPA
Synthesis and Metabolism of LPA
Wound Healing
Reproductive System
Nervous System
Hair Growth
Cancer
Atherosclerosis
Envenomation by Loxosceles Spiders
References
LPC
LPP
LRF, Luteinizing Hormone (LH)-Releasing Factor
LRP
LS-80558
LSCs
Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lugol-Unstained Lesion
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenesis (Precursor of ESCC)
Multiple LULs
References
Lunasin
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lung Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Etiology
Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis
Activation of Dominant Oncogenes
Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
Autocrine Growth Factors
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Prevention
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lung Cancer and Smoking Behavior
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence and Mortality
Prognosis
Cigarette Smoke
Active Smoking
The Trends in Smoking Prevalence in the UK, the USA, and Japan as an Example
Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Appendix
Dietary Factors
Air Pollution and Indoor Pollution
Radon Exposure
Occupational Exposure Other Than Radon Exposure
Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in Smoking Behavior
Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in the Metabolism of Cigarette Smoke
References
Lung Cancer Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Screening Strategies for Lung Cancer
Staging Workup of Lung Cancer
Staging of Lung Cancers
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Early-Stage NSCLC (Stages I-II)
Stage I
Stage II
Locally Advanced Resectable NSCLC (Stage IIIA)
Locally Advanced Unresectable NSCLC (Stage IIIB)
Metastatic NSCLC (Stage IV)
Genetics of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
Mesothelioma
Perspective
Cross-References
References
Lung Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Lung Cancer Survival Rates
Age, Sex, and Race Patterns of Lung Cancer
Etiology of Lung Cancer
Overview of Causes of Lung Cancer
Tobacco Exposure
Radon Gas and Asbestos
Future Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence
Cross-References
References
Lung Cancer Pharmacogenomics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
EGFR as a Target for Lung Adenocarcinoma
ALK as a Target for Lung Adenocarcinoma
DNA Damage Response (DDR): A Biological Rationale for Predictive Models in NSCLC
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lung Cancer Staging
Definition
Characteristics
Noninvasive Staging
CT of the Thorax
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Thorax
Positron Emission Tomography Scan
Imaging for Distant Metastases
Invasive Staging
Bronchoscopy
Endobronchial Ultrasound
Transthoracic Needle Aspiration
Endoscopic Ultrasound
Mediastinoscopy
Extended Mediastinoscopy
Anterior Mediastinotomy
Cervical Lymph Node Staging
Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
Tissue for Staging: What and How Much Is Enough?
Molecular Staging: The Final Frontier?
Conclusion
References
Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
EGFR TKIs for NSCLC with EGFR Mutation
EGFR TKIs for NSCLC with Unknown EGFR Mutation Status
EGFR TKIs in Maintenance Treatment for Advanced NSCLC
Targeted Agents in Combination with Chemotherapy
Resistance to EGFR TKIs
Target Therapy with Monoclonal Antibodies for NSCLC
Future Direction
References
Lung Carcinoma
Lung Resistance-Related Protein
Luteotropic Hormone
Luteotropin
LV
Lymphadenectomy
Definition
Characteristics
Lymphangiogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Lymphoepithelioma
Lymphokine Activated Killer
Lynch Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Management
References
Lysine (K) Acetyltransferases (KATs)
Lysine (K)-Specific Demethylase 6A
Lysine (K)-Specific Demethylase 6B
Lysolecithin
Lysophosphatidic Acid
Lysophosphatidylcholine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Lysophospholipase D
M
4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzenesulfonamide
M&B 39831
MA-3, TIS (Mouse Pdcd4)
MabThera (Non-US Countries)
Mach
Machine Learning
MACH-Related Inducer of Toxicity
Macro- and Microminerals
Macroautophagy
Macropain
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1
Macrophage Stimulating 1 Receptor
Macrophages
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See also
Macrophage-Stimulating Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Biological Activities and Targets
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
MSP Receptor Signaling
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Macula Adherens
Maculae Adherentes
MAD1
MAD1L1
MADH4
MAGE-A11
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MAGE-11 Protein
Regulated Expression
Steroid Hormone Receptor Coregulator
Target for Prostate Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
MAGEA11 Gene
Magicin
Maidenhair Tree
Maintenance Chemotherapy
Definition
Cross-References
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I-Related Chain Molecules
Major Microtubule Organizing Center
Major Vault Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Vault Complex
Major Vault Protein (MVP)
Drug Resistance
Prognostic Significance
Cross-References
References
Male Breast Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Risk Factors
Treatment
Molecular Characterization
References
Malignancy of Small Round Blue Cell Type
Malignancy-Associated Changes
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Malignant Adrenocortical Tumor
Malignant Breast Carcinoma
Malignant Endocrine Tumors
Malignant Lymphoma: Hallmarks and Concepts
Definition
Characteristics
Basic Clinical Features of Malignant Lymphoma
Etiology
Classification
The Molecular Genetic Basis of NHL
Antigen Receptors in NHL
The Immunoglobulin B Cell Receptor:
T Cell Receptors in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas
Gene Expression Profiling
Cell Biological Features of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Cross-References
References
See Also
Malignant Mesenchymal Nephroma of Infancy
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant Neoplasias Originating in Endocrine Tissues or Their Target Organs
Malignant Neoplastic Changes of the Colon
Malignant Neoplastic Changes of the Lung or Bronchus
Malignant Pleural Effusion
Malignant Prostate Carcinoma
Malignant Salivary Gland Cancer
Malignant Skin Tumors
Malignant Tumors of the Endocrine Glands
MALT Lymphoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
MammaPrint Test
Definition
Who is Eligible for the MammaPrint Test?
How Does the MammaPrint Test Work?
Cross-References
See Also
Mammographic Breast Density and Cancer Risk
Definition
Characteristics
Effect of Mammography Screening
Benefits and Harms
Public Health Screening Recommendations
Cross-References
References
Mammographic Density
Definition
Characteristics
Mammographic Density and Risk of Breast Cancer
Factors Associated with Variations in Mammographic Density
Heritability of Mammographic Density
Summary and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Mammotropic Hormone
Mammotropin
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Immunophenotype
Symptoms and Clinical Findings
Paraclinical Findings
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Disease Staging
Prognostic Factors
Course of Disease
Treatment
Stem-Cell Harvest and Purging
High-Dose Therapy with Autologous Stem-Cell Support (ASCT)
ASCT Conditioning Regimens
Maintenance
Second-Line Treatment
Summary
References
MAP Kinase
Definition
Characteristics
Members of the MAP Kinase Family
Structure of MAP Kinase Cascades
Signaling Via the MAP Kinase Cascades
The ERK1/2 Cascade
The p38 and JNK Cascades
The ERK5 Cascade
Regulation and Specificity Determination of MAP Kinases
Involvement of MAP Kinases in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
MAP3K
Mapatumumab
MAPK10
MAPK8
MAPK9
MAPs
MAR
MAR Syndrome
Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma
Definition
Characteristics
Histology
Pathogenesis
Genetics
Deregulation of NF-kappaB: The Unifying Concept for MALT Lymphomagenesis?
Clinical Features, Prognosis, and Therapy
References
Marijuana
Maspin
Definition
Characteristics
The Role of Maspin in Epithelial Pathophysiology
The Molecular Mechanisms of Maspin
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mass Recovery
Mast Cell Growth Factor
Mast Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MC and Tumor Growth
MC and Tumor Angiogenesis
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Mastocytosis
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Classification
Therapy
References
Mastzellen
Matriptase: Epithin, MT-SP1, Suppression of Tumorigenicity 14
Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6)
Matriptase-3 (TMPRSS7)
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor
Matrix Metalloproteinase-3
Matrix Metalloproteinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Domain Structure
Zymogen Activation
Inhibition
Substrate Cleavage
Control of MMP Gene Expression
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Matrixins
Maturation-Promoting Factor
Mature/Immature
MBP1, UPH1, H411, EFEMP2, FBLN-4
Mch5
MCJ
MCL
Mcl Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mcl-1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
MCPH1
MCT-1 Oncogene
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
See Also
mda-6
MDC
MDM Genes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MDM2
MDM2 and Human Tumors
MDM4
MDM4 and Human Tumors
Cross-References
References
See Also
MDM2
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery and Significance
Function
Structure
MDM4 (Also Known as MDMX)
Structure/Function Relationships
The N-Terminal p53-Binding Pocket
Nuclear Import and Export Sequences
The Acidic Domain
The Zinc Finger
The RING Finger
Regulation
Autoregulatory Feedback Loop
Protein Turnover
Regulation by Protein-Protein Interactions
Regulation by Posttranslational Modification
DNA Damage Signaling
Survival Signaling
Interaction with Other Proteins: Substrates and Regulators
MDM2 in Cancer
Drug Target
Further Information
References
Mdr1 Protein
2ME
2ME2
MEC
Med28
Medical Foods
Medullary Thyroid Cancer Targeted Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Therapeutic Targets in MTC
Ret and Angiogenesis-Related RTKs
Other Targets
RTK Inhibitors
Perspectives
References
Megapain/UCDEN (Ubiquitin Conjugate Degrading Endopeptidase)
MEK Kinases
Melanocytic Nevus
Melanocytic Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Melanocytoma
Melanoma
Melanoma Antigen Family A-11
Melanoma Antigen Gene Protein-11
Melanoma Antigen-A11
Melanoma Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Classification
Tumor-Specific Antigens
Tumor-Specific Shared Antigens (CTA)
Antigens Encoded by Genes Overexpressed in Tumor Cells
Antigens Encoded by Differentiation Genes
Clinical Implications
References
Melanoma Drug Treatment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemotherapeutics for Melanoma Treatment
Dacarbazine
Fotemustine
Temozolomide
Nab-Paclitaxel
Immunotherapeutics for Melanoma Treatment
IL-2
Interferon Alfa
Ipilimumab
PD-1 Inhibitors
Target-Based Therapeutics for Melanoma Treatment
Drugs Targeting Melanoma Cells Carrying Mutation in the B-RAF Gene
Vemurafenib
Dabrafenib
Drug Targeting MEK Protein
Trametinib
Drugs Targeting Melanoma Cells Carrying Mutations in the C-KIT Gene
Newer Treatments
Cross-References
References
Melanoma Therapy
Melanoma Vaccines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Background
Tumor Immune Defense Against Transplantable Tumors in Mouse Models
Culture of Melanoma-Specific Human T Cells and Identification of Melanoma Antigens
Rational Development of Melanoma Vaccine Strategies in Animal Models
Efficacy of Melanoma Vaccines in Clinical Trials
Barriers for the Successful Implementation of Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines
Summary and Future Perspective
References
Melanoma-Associated Antigen-A11
Melanoma-Associated Antigens
Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Clinical Aspects
Diagnostic Procedure
Therapy
Prognostic Relevance
Cross-References
References
Melatonin
Definition
Characteristics
Melatonin Anticancer Action and Mechanisms
Nocturnal Melatonin Suppression by Light at Night and Human Breast Cancer Risk
Clinical Cancer Trials with Melatonin
Summary and Conclusions
References
Membrane Microdomain
Membrane Raft
Membrane Transport Proteins
Membrane Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General Features
Pharmacological Relevance of Membrane Transporters
Role of Membrane Transporters in Drug Resistance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Membrane-Linked Docking Protein
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Signal Transduction by MLDP
Roles of Individual MLDP Family in Normal and Cancer Cells
FRS2/SNT
Dok
Transmembrane Adaptor Proteins (TRAPs)
Gab
IRS
Cross-References
References
See Also
Membrane-Lipid Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diversity of Membrane-Lipid Composition and Structure
Mechanisms Involved in Membrane-Lipid Therapy
MLT Drugs that Target the Cell Plasma Membrane
Destabilization of Membrane Structure, as Occurs with Anticancer Drugs Like Anthracyclines and Hexamethylene Bisacetamide (HMBA)
Hyperfluidization of the Lipid Membrane
Lipid-Raft Microdomain Remodeling
Changes in Membrane-Lipid Composition
Regulation of Enzyme Activities that Modulate Lipids
Lipid Replacement Therapy Is Used to Restore Damaged Lipids Through Supplementation with Membrane Phospholipids and Antioxidan
MLT Drugs that Target the Nucleus
Lipid-Mediated Regulation of Nucleic Acid Function
The Regulation of Gene Expression to Alter Membrane-Lipid Composition
MLT Drugs Target Protein-Lipid Interactions
Development of Membrane-Lipid Therapy Drugs and Ongoing Studies
Cross-References
References
MEN1
MEN1B
MEN4
Menopausal Symptoms After Breast Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Treatment Options
Synthetic Hormonal Compound
Nonhormonal Therapies
Treatment of Urogenital Atrophy and Related Symptoms
Treatment of Bone Loss
Cardiovascular Complications
Conclusion
References
Merlin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Mesenteric Fibromatosis
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Histology and Genetics
Treatment
Prognosis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mesothelin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tissue Expression
Regulation
Function
Diagnostic Marker
Therapeutic Applications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mesothelioma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Asbestos
Chromosome Changes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Diagnosis
Clinical Approaches
Cross-References
References
See Also
MET
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Features
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Meta-Analysis
Definition
Cross-References
Metabolic Polymorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility
Definition
Characteristics
History
Important Genetic Factors
Relevance of Pharmacogenetics
Ethnic Differences
Future
References
Metabolic Reprogramming
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Metabolic Reprogramming: Some Basic Changes
Aerobic Glycolysis
Upregulation of Components of Aerobic Glycolysis
Upregulation of ``Upstream´´ Components in Aerobic Glycolysis
Upregulation of ``Downstream´´ Components in Aerobic Glycolysis
Lactate as a Signaling Molecule
Aerobic Glycolysis and Anabolic Side Pathways
Glutamine (Gln) and the Switch of the TCA Cycle to Subserving De Novo Lipogenesis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Metal Complex
Metal Compound
Metal Drugs
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History of Metals in Anticancer Medicine
Platinum(II) Drugs: Best Sellers in Cancer Therapy
Platinum(IV) Drugs: A Prodrug Strategy
Arsenic Trioxide: Rediscovery of an Old Drug
Ruthenium: Anticancer Agents with Reduced Side Effects
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Metal-Based Drug
Metallodrug
Metalloprotease Disintegrin Cysteine Rich
Metaplasia
Metastasis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Cross-References
References
Metastasis Suppressor Gene
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Cross-References
References
See Also
Metastatic Breast Cancer Experimental Therapeutics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Gene Therapy
Vaccine Therapy
Chemotherapeutic and Biological Agents
Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Metastatic Cancer
Metastatic Colonization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Metastatic PDAC
Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Methazolastone
2-Methoxyestradiol
Methoxyestradiol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Methylase
Methylation
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Aberrant DNA Methylation in Cancer
Hypomethylation
Hypermethylation
References
Methylation-Controlled J Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
4-Methylsulfinylbutyl Isothiocyanate
Methyltransferases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
DNMTases
DNA Methylation Patterns in Normal and Cancer Cells
Types of Mammalian DNMTases
Structure and Function of Mammalian DNMTases
RNA MTases
Histone Methyltransferases (HMTases)
References
Metronomic Chemotherapy
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Origin
Mechanisms of Action
Clinical Settings
Advantages
Drawbacks
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Metronomic Scheduling
MGC126245
MGC126246
MGC126806
MGC138284
MGC34538
MGF Receptor
Mib-2
MIC Molecules
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects of MIC Expression by Tumors
Clinical Aspects of Soluble MIC Molecules in Blood
Soluble MIC in Diagnosis of Cancer Disease
Soluble MIC in Staging of Cancer Disease
Soluble MIC in Cancer Prognosis and Monitoring of Cancer Disease
Cross-References
References
MIC-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of MIC-1/GDF15 Gene Expression
Serum MIC-1/GDF15 Measurement as a Clinical Tool
Role of MIC-1/GDF15 in Tumor Biology
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Microadenomas
Microarray
Microarray (cDNA) Technology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
cDNA Microarray Construction
Hybridization with Labeled cDNA
Scanning the cDNA Microarray Using a ``Reader´´
Image Analysis and Generation of cDNA Microarray Data
Analysis of Large-Scale cDNA Microarray Data
Application
Clinical Relevance
References
Microcell-Mediated Chromosome Transfer
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Microcephalin
Microcystin-LR
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor-Promoting Activity in Rat Liver
Inhibition of Specific [H]okadaic Acid Binding
Inhibition of Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A
Cellular Biochemical Response
Structure-Function Relationship of Microcystins
Crystal Structure of PP1-Microcystin-LR Complex
Cross-References
References
Microcytoma
Microglia
Micrometastasis
Definition
Characteristics
Detection Techniques
Immunocytochemistry
Molecular Techniques
EPISPOT Assay
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Clinical Relevance
Bone Marrow
Peripheral Blood
Lymph Nodes
References
Micronucleus Assay
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
MicroRNA
Definition
Characteristics
miRNAs and Cancer
miRNAs as Tumor Suppressors and Oncogenes
miRNA Profiling and Cancer Diagnosis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Microsatellite Instability
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MAPs and Cancer
Cancer Predisposition
Cancer Development
Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis
Cancer Sensitivity/Resistance to Microtubule Targeting Drugs
References
Microtubule-Binding Proteins
Microtubule-Stabilizing/Microtubule-Destabilizing Proteins
Micro-Ultrasound Imaging
MIG-6
Migration
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Cell Migration: Rho-GTPases Are Key Players
Rac
Cdc42
Rho
Summary
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
See Also
MIHA
Milky Spots
Mind Bomb Homologue 2
Mineral Nutrients
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mineral Nutrients and Cancer
References
Minerval
Mini-gut
Mini-intestine
Minimal Residual Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Methods of Detecting MRD
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Minodronate
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Effects of Minodronate on Endothelial Cells (ECs)
Effects of Minodronate on Tumor Cells In Vitro
Effects of Minodronate on Tumor Cells In Vivo
Cross-References
See Also
Minodronic acid
Mismatch Repair in Genetic Instability
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Consequences
Clinical Relevance
References
Mitochondrial DNA
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Apoptosis
Synonym
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of MMP
Regulation of MMP
MMP and Cancer
Therapeutic Implications
References
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional Role in Cancers
BRAF
MEKK1
Other MAP3K Linked to Cancer Biology
Conclusions and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases p42 and p44
Mitogen-Inducible Gene 6 in Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Mitomycin C
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Form
Bioreductive Activation
Enzymatic Bioreductive Activation of MMC
NQO1
NQO1 and Mitomycin C In Vitro
NQO1 and Mitomycin C in Anaerobic Conditions
NQO1 and Mitomycin C In Vivo
Xanthine Oxidase/Dehydrogenase
NADPH-Cytochrome C P450 Reductase
Other Reductases
Analogues of MMC
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Use of MMC
Side Effects of MMC
References
Mitotic Arrest-Deficient Protein 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Mitotic Catastrophe
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Clinical Relevance
References
Mitotic Cell Death
Mixed Gliomas
MK-0683
MK-1
MKKK
MLPLI
MLS
MM
MMC6-amino-1,1a,2,8,8a,8b-hexahydro-8-(hydroxymethyl)-8a-methoxy-5-methyl-azirino[2, 3:3, 4] pyrrolo[1, 2-a]indo
MMP
MMP-3
MMPs
MOAB HER2
Modifier Loci
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Rodent Models
Humans
Mechanisms
Perspectives
References
Modular Nanotransporters
Modular Recombinant Transporters
Modular Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Objectives
Principles
Features
Cross-References
References
See Also
Modulation of Colon Carcinogenesis
Mole
Molecular Chaperones
Definition
Characteristics
HSP90 as an Anticancer Drug Target
Cross-References
References
See Also
Molecular Imaging
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Imaging Probes
Imaging Modalities
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy
Ultrasound
Optical Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography
Hybrid Techniques
Cross-References
References
Molecular Morphology
Molecular Pathology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical and Clinical Background
Immunohistochemistry
In Situ Hybridization
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Future Developments
Cross-References
References
Molecular Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Gene Therapy
Nucleic Acid Constructs
Small Molecule Drugs
Antibody Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Applications of Mabs for Cancer Therapy
``Naked´´ (Unmodified) Mabs Which Interfere with Growth-Controlling Mechanisms
Tumor Killing via Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Interference with Tumor Vasculature
Antibodies to Lymphocyte Antigens Applied to Modify Antitumor Immunity via Check-Point Inhibition
Drug Immunoconjugates
Toxin Mab Constructs
Radioimmunotherapy
Bispecific Antibodies
Induction of an Immune Response by Mabs to Tumor Antigens
Anti-idiotypic Antibodies
Therapeutic Vaccination with Tumor Cells Expressing Mab-Derived scFv Fragments at Their Surface
Combination Therapy
Complications of Mab-Based Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Monoclonal Antibody c-erb-2
Monoclonal Antibody HER2
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
MGUS Variants
Association of MGUS with Other Diseases
Antibody Activity of mIg and Associated Diseases
Aggregation and Deposition of mIg and Associated Diseases
Predictors of Tumor Progression
Management of MGUS and Development of Early Treatment Strategies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mononeuropathy
Mononuclear Phagocytes
Mother Against Decapentaplegic, Drosophila, Homolog of 4
Motility
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Mouse Double Minute Gene
Mouse Inbred Lines
Mouse Models
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Biological Relevance
Genetically Engineered Mice
Transgenic Animals
Conditional Transgenics
Inducible Systems
Spontaneous Recombination
Genetic Susceptibility
Inbred Strains
Mapping of Susceptibility Genes
Congenics
Recombinant Inbred Lines and Other Types of Inbred Mice
Outbred Strains
Therapeutics
Xenografts
Molecular Imaging
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mouse Xenograft Models
MPF
MPP2
MRD
MRIT
mRNA Translation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
mRNA Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Initiation of Translation (Fig.2)
Polypeptide Elongation
Termination of Translation
Some mRNAs Code More than One Protein
mRNAs Contain Regulatory Elements
Other mRNA Features: Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES)
Future Prospects
Cross-References
References
MRP
MSAT - Metronomic Scheduling of Anticancer Treatment
MSCs
MSLN
MSP
MST1
MST1R
MTase
MTOC
mTOR
MTS1
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma
Mucins
Definition
Characteristics
References
Muclin (Mouse)
Mucocele of the Appendix
Mucocutaneous Myxoma
Mucoepidermoid Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Data
Histological Features
Epidemiology
Etiology
Staging Parameters
Treatment
References
Multidrug Resistance Transporters
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
Multidrug Transporter
Multigene Array
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Multimeric Antibody Fragments
Multimodality Cancer Therapy
Multiple Endocrine Adenopathy Type 1
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
MEN1 Mutations in Hereditary Endocrine Disorders
MEN1 Mutations in Sporadic Non-MEN1 Endocrine Tumors
Function of the MEN1 Protein (Menin)
Mouse Models for MEN1
Clinical Application
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome
Multiple Myeloma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Immunobiology of MM
Molecular Biology of MM
Gene Expression Profiles (GEP) in MM
Clinical Treatment of MM
Cross-References
See Also
Multistep Development
Definition
Characteristics
History
Participating Genes
Minimum Requirements for Tumor Development
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mutagen Sensitivity
Definition
Characteristics
Overview of Human DNA Repair System
Inter-Individual Variations in DNA Repair Capacity Within General Population
Development of Mutagen Sensitivity Assay
Heritability of Mutagen Sensitivity
High Mutagen Sensitivity Is a Genetic Susceptibility Factor for Cancer Development
References
Mutation Rate
Definition
Characteristics
Summary
References
Mutator Phenotype
Definition
Characteristics
Mutations and Cancer
Chromosomal Alterations in Human Cancers
Point Mutations in Human Cancer
Rarity of Spontaneous Mutations in Normal Cells
Historical Perspective
Tumor Evolution
Implications of a Mutator Phenotype
Cross-References
References
MUTYH-Associated Colorectal Polyposis
Definition
Characteristics
Inherited Predisposition to Colorectal Cancer
Identification of an Unusual (G:CT:A) Mutator Phenotype in Family N
Inherited Mutations in MUTYH Predispose to Colorectal Tumors
The Pathway of MAP Tumorigenesis
The Phenotype of MAP
MUTYH Mutation Spectrum
Genetic Testing and Clinical Management of MAP
References
MYB
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Aspects
References
MYC Oncogene
Definition
Characteristics
Myc Structure and Function
Posttranslational Modifications and Regulation of Myc Turnover
Other Members of the Max-Interacting Network
Effects of Myc Activation
Consequences of Myc Deregulation
Tumors Associated with Myc
Targeting Myc as an Approach to Treat Cancer
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Myeloablative Megatherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Therapeutic Concept
Timing of Megatherapy Within a Treatment Strategy
Which Drugs Can Be Used for Megatherapy?
References
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Causative Factors
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Classification
Cytogenetic Findings
Prognosis
Treatment Options
Supportive Care
Epigenetic Agents (Epigenetic Therapy)
Immunosuppressive Agents (Immunotherapy)
Intensive Chemotherapy and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (Chemotherapy)
Cross-References
References
Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia
Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1
Myeloid Leukemia of Down Syndrome
Myeloma
Myelosuppression
Definition
Characteristics
Hematopoietic Growth Factor Support
Regulation of Neutrophil Cell Death
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Myofibroma
Myoma
Myopodin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Myopodin Gene Expressed in Prostate but Deleted or Downregulated in Prostate Cancer
Myopodin Expression and Relapses of Prostate Cancer
Mechanism of Myopodin Mediated Tumor Suppression
Myopodin Expressed in Muscles
References
Myotendinous Antigen
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Etiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Myxoid Neurofibroma
N
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide
NA1/NA2
NAALADase
NAB
NaCHOleate
NAD-Dependent Deacetylase Sirtuin-1
Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
NAG-1
NAME
Nanocapsules
Definition
Cross-References
Nanoformulations
Nanomedicine
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
An Example of Cancer Cell-Specific Nanocapsule Design
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Treatment
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles in Tumor Diagnostics
Tumor Detection
Profiling of Tumor Biomarkers
FISH
Nanoparticles in Antitumor Therapy
Liposomal-Based Drug Delivery
Gene Delivery
References
Nanospheres
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Nanospherical Formulations
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Nanoemulsions
Micelles
Inorganic Nanoparticles
Multistage Particles
Viral Nanoparticles
Advantages of Nanosphere Formulations over Conventional Drug Delivery Strategies 2
Conclusions
References
Nanotechnology
Definition
Characteristics
Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Cancer Imaging Contrast Agents
Nanoscale Cancer Therapeutics
Laboratory Nanoscale Cancer Diagnostics
Current Applications of Nanotechnology in Clinical Medicine
References
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
NAT
Natural Immunity
Natural Killer Cell Activation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytokine Activation of NK Cells
Activation of NK Cytotoxicity by Tumor Cells
Activated NK Cells in Cancer Therapy
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
See Also
Natural Killer Group 2D
Natural Products
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Parameters of Natural Products
Natural Product Drug Discovery
Natural Product Anticancer Drugs
Cross-References
References
See Also
Natural Yellow 3
Naturally Disordered Proteins
Naturally Unfolded Proteins
Naturally Unstructured Proteins
NBCCS
NBK (Natural Born Killer)
NCA-160
NCI60_003316
NCoA3
ncRNA
Necroptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History of Discovery
Cellular Features of Necroptosis
Necroptosis-Inducing Factors
Necroptosis Activation Mechanisms
TNFα-Induced Necroptosis
Genotoxic Stress-Induced Necroptosis
TLR-Mediated Necroptosis
Necroptosis Induced by Other Stimulations
Necroptosis in Health and Disease
Necroptosis in Health
Necroptosis in Disease
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
See Also
Necrosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Causes
Pathogenesis
Necrosis: Classification
Regulation of Necrosis: Necroptosis
Necrosis in Cancer
Cytotoxic Drugs and Necrosis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Needle Biopsy
Nek2
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Nemosis
Definition
Characteristics
Possible Significance of Nemosis
References
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (Neoadjuvant Therapy)
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
See Also
Neoplastic Meningitis
Neovascularization
Nephroblastoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Clinical Aspects
Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Nestin
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Distribution and Roles in Normal Cells
Expression and Roles in Nonneoplastic Disease
Expression and Roles in Tumor Growth
Nestin as a Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Marker
Expression and Roles in Angiogenesis
References
NET
Neuroblastoma
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Neurocytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Cross-References
References
Neuroectodermal Tumor
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Epidemiology
Natural History
Carcinoids
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas (Islet Cell Tumors)
Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Pathological Diagnosis
Biochemical Diagnosis
Imaging Diagnosis
Treatment of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Surgery
Radiofrequency Ablation
Liver Embolization
Irradiation Therapy
Systemic Treatment
New Agents
Cross-References
References
See Also
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria for Entering the NEN Category
Prognostic Classification Concepts of GEP-NENs
Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET)
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC)
Mixed Adeno-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (MANEC)
Genetics
NENs of the Pancreas (PanNEN)
NENs of the Stomach and the Esophagus
NENs of the Small Intestine, Colon, and Rectum
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung
Carcinoid Tumors
Pulmonary Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)
Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)
NEC of the Skin (Merkel Cell Carcinoma)
Cross-References
References
See Also
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Neuroepithelioma
Neurofibromatosis 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Aspects
Genetics
Neurofibromin
Gene Mutations in NF1-Related Tumors
NF1 Gene Mutations in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Neurofibromatosis 2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Aspects
Genetics
Merlin Protein
References
Neurokinins
Neuromedin
Definition
Characteristics
NMB in Human Cancer
NMU in Human Cancer
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Neuronectin
Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF)
Neuro-oncology: Primary CNS Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Classification
Clinical and Radiological Presentation
Etiology
Molecular Pathogenesis
Current Management
Future Directions
Molecular Therapy: Molecular-Based Diagnostics-Prognosis-Targeted Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy: Novel Biologicals and Therapeutic Delivery
Biological Imaging
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Neuropathy
Neuropeptides
Neuropilin Ligands
Neuroprotection
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Neurotrophic Factors
Neurotrophins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Neutropenia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Hematopoiesis
Neutrophil Disorders
Neutrophil Growth Factors
References
Neutrophil Elastase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
NE Gene and Its Variations
NE and Cancer Development
NE and Cancer Progression and Prognosis
NE as Cancer Therapeutic Target
Possible Mechanisms of NE in Cancer Development and Progression
Carcinogen Exposure Enhancer
Apoptosis Inhibitor
Invasion and Metastasis Promoter
Cancer-Promoting Gene Derepressor
NE Suppresses Granulopoiesis of Hematopoietic Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
Neutrophil Elastase 2
Neutrophil Expressed (ELANE as the official gene symbol)
Nevi
Nevocellular Nevus
Nevus
New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1
Nexavar
NF1
NF2
NF2 Gene Product
NF-kappaB
NGF Family
NGRD2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Nickel Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nickel, the Chemical Element, and Its Ionic Species and Chemical Compounds
Important Commercial Uses of Nickel and Nickel Compounds
Exposure of Humans to Nickel Compounds
Genotoxicity of Nickel Compounds
Nickel-Induced Cell Transformation
Nickel Carcinogenesis
Mechanisms of Nickel Carcinogenesis
References
Nickel Tumorigenesis
Nickel-Induced Cell Transformation
Nicotine Addiction
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome
Drug Tolerance
Early Onset of Addiction
References
Nicotine Dependence
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Nilotinib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Implications of Nilotinib in Treatment of Imatinib-Resistant CML
Development and Preclinical Studies with Nilotinib
Nilotinib Resistance
Clinical Assessment of Nilotinib and FDA Approval
Future Prospects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Nitric Oxide
Definition
Characteristics
Chemistry and Biological Synthesis of NO
Biochemical Basis of NO Action
Cancer and NO
Role of NO in Initiating Cancer
Role of NO in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth
NO and Tumoricidal Activity
Action of NO on Cellular Respiration
Clinical Relevance
References
Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonate
NK Cell Induction
NK Cell Stimulation
NKG2D
NKG2D Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The NKG2D Receptor
NKG2D Ligands
NKG2D and Cancer Immunosurveillance
Tumor Escape
Cross-References
References
See Also
N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene, NDRG1
Nodularin
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor-Promoting Activity in Rat Liver
Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 1 and 2A
Expression of Early Response and TNF-α Genes
Nodularin-Related Agent Motuporin
References
Nonclassical Apoptosis
Noncoding RNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Noncoding RNAs
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)
RNA Interference (RNAi)
siRNA
microRNA (miRNA)
rasiRNA
Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
Noncoding RNAs and Cancer
Noncoding RNAs and therapy
References
Noninvasive breast Cancer
Nonprimary APC Mutation Colorectal Cancer
Non-Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Diagnosis and Staging
Pathology and Biology
Treatment and Outcome
Particular Histotypes
Future Issues
Cross-References
References
See Also
Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Survival Rates
KRAS and EGFR Mutations
BRCA1 Expression
BRCA1 mRNA Levels and EGFR Mutations in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer
Median Survival
Progression-Free Survival
EGFR-Addicted Lung Cancers
Screening of EGFR Mutations for Individualizing Treatment with Erlotinib
Acquired Drug Resistance by Mutation of the T790 Residue in EGFR (T790M)
Conclusion
References
Nonspecific Cross-Reacting Antigen with a Mw of 160kD
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Definition
Characteristics
Types of NSAIDs
Mechanism of Action
Cancer Chemoprevention
Colorectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Conclusions
References
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Nontargeted Effect
Non-Targeted Effects
Nonviral Vector for Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Liposomes
Polymers
Virosomes
Fusion Liposomes
HVJ Envelope Vector
Cross-References
References
See Also
Norton-Simon Hypothesis
Definition
Characteristics
The Log-Kill Model
Gompertzian Growth Kinetics
Norton-Simon Hypothesis
References
Notch/Jagged Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Bidirectional, Jagged1-Mediated Signaling
Clinical Relevance
T-Cell Leukemia
Cervical Carcinoma
B-Cell Leukemia
Mammary Carcinoma
Prostate Carcinoma
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)-Induced T-Cell Leukemia
Cross Talk Between Signaling Pathways
Notch as a Potential Therapeutic Target
Cross-References
References
NPC
NPP2
NR1C
NR1I3
NR3C4
NRSTS
NS3
NSC-10514-F
NSC-312887
NSC362856
NSC-638850
NSC-684766
NSC-710428
Nuclear Factor-KappaB
Nuclear Factor-kappaB
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group I, Member 2 (NR1I2)
Nuclear Receptors
Nucleic Acid-Based Biomarkers
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Cancer Biomarkers
DNA-Based Cancer Biomarkers
RNA-Based Cancer Biomarkers
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Nucleolin
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Nucleolin Function as a Phosphoprotein
Nucleolin Function in the Cell Cycle and Ribosomal Biogenesis
The Role for Nucleolin in Cancer
Role of Nucleolin in B-Cell Lymphomas
Nucleolin´s Interaction with Cellular Proteins: p53 and Rb
Nucleolin´s Interaction with Other Factors
References
Nucleoporin
Definition
Characteristics
The Nucleocytoplasmic Transport
Nucleoporins
Nucleoporins and Cancer
References
Nucleosome Remodeling
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Global Genome Repair
Transcription-Coupled Repair
Excision and Gap Filling
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
NUP98-HOXA9 Fusion
Definition
Characteristics
Mouse Models of Leukemogenesis
Human Models of NUP98-HOXA9 Leukemogenesis
Proposed Mechanism of Leukemic Transformation by the NUP98-NUP98 Fusion
Aberrant Transcriptional Activity
Stabilization of HOXA9 Protein Expression
Depletion of NUP98 from the NPC in Cells Expressing NUP98-HOXA9
References
NUPR1
Nutraceuticals
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nutraceuticals and Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Nutrition Status
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Assessment of Nutrition Status
Nutrition Intervention
Benefit of Maintenance of Nutrition Status
Cross-References
References
See Also
Nutritional Factors
Nutritional Prevention of Colon Cancer
NY ESO 1
NY-ESO-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Immunogenicity
NY-ESO-1-Derived Epitopes
Clinical Trials
Acknowledgments
Cross-References
References
O
1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-sn-glycero-3-phosphate
42-O-(2-hydroxyethyl) Rapamycin
O/E
Oat Cell Carcinoma
Obesity and Cancer Risk
Definition
Characteristics
Trends in Obesity
Obesity and Cancer Risk
Obesity-Related Cancers
Cancers Likely Related to Obesity
Other Cancers
Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Risk
References
Occult Cancer
Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma
2OHOA
2-OHOA
Okadaic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor-Promoting Activity on Mouse Skin
Tumor-Promoting Activity in Rat Glandular Stomach
Crystal Structure of PP1-Okadaic Acid Complex
Biochemical Significance
Okadaic Acid Relatives
References
Further Reading
1-oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid
Olf
Olfactory Neuronal Transcription Factor
Olfactory/Early B-cell Factors
Oligoastrocytomas
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Oligodendroglioma
Definition
Characteristics
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Radiologic Appearance
Pathologic Features
Tumor Grading
Mixed Gliomas
Genetics
Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
o-LPA
Omental Immune Aggregates
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Cellular Composition
Vascularization
Function
Tumor Cell Adherence and Metastases
References
Omentum-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
OncoArray
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Oncodevelopmental Proteins
Oncofetal Antigen
Definition
Characteristics
Alpha-Fetoprotein: Role as an Oncofetal Antigen
Carcinoembryonic Antigen: Role as an Oncofetal Antigen
5T4 Oncofetal Antigen
Cross-References
References
Oncofetal Antigens
Oncofetal Stroma
Oncogene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncogene Cooperation
Cross-References
References
See Also
Oncogene Addiction
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Multistage Carcinogenesis and Oncogene Addiction
Evidence for Oncogene Addiction
Mechanisms of Oncogene Addiction
Future Directions and Clinical Applications
Identification of the Critical Oncogene or ``Achilles´ Heel´´ in Specific Human Cancers
Combination Therapy
Conclusion
References
Oncogene Transduction
Oncologic Surgical Pathology
Oncology Models in Mice
Definition
Characteristics
Radiation and Chemically Induced Cancer Models
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
Transgenic Mice
Gene Targeting
Conditional and Inducible Systems
Humanized Mice
Xenograft Models
Subcutaneous
Orthotopic
Sub-renal Capsule
Cross-References
References
Oncolytic Adenovirus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General Description
Mechanism
Clinical Applications
Future Directions
References
Oncolytic Virotherapy
Oncolytic Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Selectivity and Cancer-Targeting Mechanisms
Efficacy and Anticancer Mechanisms
Virus Species
Cross-References
References
Oncopeptidomics
Definition
Characteristics
Peptides
Peptide Biomarker
Peptide Biomarker Discovery
Challenges and Limitations in Oncopeptidomics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Oncoplastic Surgery
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Background
Clinical Impact of Oncoplastic Surgery
Summary
References
Oncostatin M
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncostatin M Protein Structure
Oncostatin M Ligand-Receptor Interactions
Oncostatin M-Mediated Signal Transduction
Regulation of Oncostatin M and Oncostatin M Receptor Expression
Clinical Relevance of Oncostatin M in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Oncostatin M Precursor
Oncotype DX
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
ONO-5920
OPN
Optimal Treatment for Women with Ovarian Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Screening and Early Diagnosis
Primary Surgery
Tumor Boards and Multidisciplinary Care
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Initial Chemotherapy
Early-Stage Disease
Advanced-Stage Disease
Surveillance and Survivorship Issues
Treatment at Time of Recurrence
Palliative Care
Cross-References
References
See Also
Oral Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology and Etiology
Progression
Genetics
Treatment
Cross-References
References
See Also
Organometallic Drug
Orphan Nuclear Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
OSF-1
Osf2
OSM
OSRC
Osteoblastic Bone Disease
Osteoblastic Bone Lesion
Definition
Cross-References
Osteoblastic Lesions of the Bone
Osteoblast-Specific Factor
Osteoblast-Specific Factor-2
Osteochondroma
Definition
Cross-References
Osteoclast
Definition
Cross-References
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Osteolysis
Definition
Cross-References
Osteolytic Bone Disease
Osteolytic Lesions of the Bone
Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
OPN Gene Structure and Regulation of Gene Expression
OPN Protein Structure and Interaction with Other Proteins
Functions of OPN in the Context of Cancer
OPN-Mediated Cell Adhesion
OPN-Mediated Cell Migration and Invasion
OPN-Mediated Cell Survival/Resistance to Apoptosis
OPN and Angiogenesis
OPN and Metastasis
OPN Expression in Human Tumors and Prognostic Significance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Osteoporosis
Definition
Cross-References
Osteosarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Treatment
Metastases
Recurrence
Genetics
Future
References
OTS-8
Out-of-Field Effect
Ovarian Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Staging
Epidemiology
Markers
Etiology
Molecular Mechanisms
Prognostic Indicators
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Cancer Chemoresistance
Definition
Characteristics
Symptoms and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Chemoresistant Disease
Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance
Mechanisms of Taxane Resistance
Circumventing Resistance
Cancer Stem Cells in Chemoresistance
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Cancer Chemotherapy
Definition
Characteristics
First-Line Chemotherapy
Taxane and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Novel Taxane Approaches
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Maintenance Chemotherapy
Second-Line Therapy and Recurrent Disease
Platinum-Sensitive Recurrence
Platinum-Resistant Recurrence
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Cancer Clinical Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
Natural History
Screening and Early Diagnosis
Prevention
Primary Surgery of Ovarian Cancer
Primary Chemotherapy of Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Primary Chemotherapy of ``Early-Stage´´ Ovarian Cancer
Second-Line Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer
Future Directions in the Management of Ovarian Cancer
References
Ovarian Cancer Drug Resistance
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Resistance to Platinum Drugs
Translational Research Bridges Cellular Drug Resistance and Clinical Outcome
References
Ovarian Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Characteristics
References
Ovarian Cancer Hormonal Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Hormones and Ovarian Cancer Etiology
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Ovarian Cancer Risk
Estrogens as Causative Factors
Progesterone as a Protective Factor
Progesterone and Estrogen Receptors as Prognostic Factors
Androgens as Causative Factors
Gonadotropins and GnRH as Risk Factors
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Their Receptors in Ovarian Cancer
GnRHs and Their Receptors in Ovarian Cancer
Hormonal Treatment
Aromatase Inhibitors
Antiandrogenic Drugs
GnRH Agonists
Selective ER Modulators
Anti-progestin Mifepristone in Ovarian Cancer
Progesterone in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Combination Hormonal Therapy
Tamoxifen Combined with Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer
Tamoxifen Combined with a GnRH Agonist in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
GnRH Agonists Combined with Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy in Ovarian Cancer
Combination of Progesterone and Other Hormonal Therapies in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Progesterone Combined with Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer
Contraindications to Hormonal Agents
Conclusions and Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy
Definition
Characteristics
MAbs for the Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer
Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125, MUC16)
Folate Receptor Alpha (FRα)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Vaccines for the Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer
Cellular Vaccines
Vaccines Based on Defined Antigenic Substrates
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Cancer Pathology
Synonyms
Characteristics
General Classification of Ovarian Cancers
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Serous Carcinoma
Endometrioid Carcinoma
Clear Cell Carcinoma
Mucinous Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Mixed Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumor
Sex Cord Stromal Tumors
Granulosa Cell Tumor
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
Steroid Cell Tumors Not Otherwise Specified
Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules
Germ Cell Tumors
Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Yolk Sac Tumor
Embryonal Carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Polyembryoma
Metastatic Tumors to the Ovary
Selected Diagnostic Markers
Staging of Ovarian Cancer
References
Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification of Ovarian Cancers
Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Ovarian CSCs
Biology of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
Clinical Significance of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells
Controversies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Ovarian Cancer-Initiating Cells
Ovarian Carcinoma
Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
Definition
Classification of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
Stages
Markers
Treatments
Cross-References
See Also
Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Ovarian Serous Carcinoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Ovarian Small Cell Carcinoma
Ovarian Small Cell Carcinoma Hypercalcemic Type
Definition
Cross-References
Ovarian Stromal and Germ Cell Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Tumor Markers
Isolated Adnexal Mass
Hormonal Symptoms
Abdominal Pain
Advanced Disease
Surgery
Postoperative Treatment
Stromal Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
Non-dysgerminoma Germ Cell Tumor Chemotherapy
Dysgerminoma Chemotherapy
Resection of Residual Masses
Posttreatment Prognosis and Follow-Up
Recurrent and Refractory Disease
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ovarian Tumors During Childhood and Adolescence
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Histology and Biology
Clinical Diagnosis
Surgical Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Oxidative Necrosis
Oxidative Stress
Definition
Characteristics
Oxidative Stress is Involved in Oncogenesis
Increased Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells
Therapeutic Perspectives of Oxidative Stress Modulation
Differential Effects of Oxidative Stress in Normal and Cancer Cells
Use of Antioxidant Agents in Cancer Patients
Anticancer Agents Increase Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells
Using Oxidative Stress Modulators as Anticancer Agents
Increasing the Therapeutic Index of Anticancer Agents by SOD Mimics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Oxygen Partial Pressure Distribution in Tumor
Oxygen Sensing
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Oxygenases (PHD)
Factor-Inhibiting HIF (FIH)
Histone Demethylases
DNA/RNA Demethylases
O2-Utilizing Enzymes in Other Biological Reactions
Concluding Remarks
References
Oxygen Tension Distribution in Tumor
Oxygen Toxicity
Oxygenation of Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathomechanisms of Tumor Hypoxia
Detection of Tumor Hypoxia
Clinical Relevance
Tumor Oxygenation as a Prognostic Parameter
Modulation of Tumor Oxygenation
Cross-References
References
Oxygenation Status and Tumor Oxygen Level
Oxytosis
P
p/CIP
p14
p16
p16
p16INK4A
p16
p16
p185neu
p19
p21
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Cycle Inhibition by p21
Positive Regulation of Proliferation by p21
Binding of p21 to CDK and PCNA
Regulation of p21 Expression and Activity
Role of p21 in p53 Pathway
Role of p21 in Differentiation
Role of p21 in Senescence
Role of p21 in Apoptosis
Role of p21 in Cell Migration
Clinical Relevance
Tumor-Suppressing Function of p21
Tumor-Promoting Function of p21
Summary
Cross-References
References
p21(RAS)
p27
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
p27 Is a Strong Tumor Suppressor
Regulatory Mechanism for Degradation of p27
Phosphorylation Modifies the Functions of p27
p27 and Nuclear Export Molecules
Cytoplasmic Displacement of p27
p27 and Cell Migration
Conclusion
References
p27KIP1
p300/CBP-Interacting Protein
p40AIS
p51
p53
p53 Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Structure and Function
Roles in Development
Role in Cancer: Tumor Suppressor or Oncogene?
Clinical Relevance of p63 and p73: Prognosis and Chemosensitivity
Concluding Remarks
References
p63
p73
p8
P8 Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Establishment and Progression
p8 and Cell Cycle Regulation
p8 and Apoptosis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
p94
PA2.26
PA700
PACE
Paclitaxel
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
References
PADIs
PADs
PAF
Paired Basic Amino Acid-Cleaving Enzyme
Palladium Antitumor Agents
Palladium Antitumor Compounds
Palladium Drugs
Palladium-Based Anti-Cancer Therapeutics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Palladium
Palladium Complexes
The Interaction of Palladium Complexes with DNA
Palladium Complexes in Clinical Trials
Palladium-103 Brachytherapy
The Use of Palladium in Complementary Medicine
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Palladium-Based Drugs
Palliative Care
Palliative Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Palliative Radiotherapy
Palliative Chemotherapy
Hormonal Therapy
Conclusion
References
Pancreas Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anatomy
Etiology (Cause of the Disease)
Pathology
Symptoms
Making the Diagnosis
Staging of the Disease
Prognosis
Treatment
Familial Pancreatic Cancer
Cross-References
References
Pancreatic Cancer Basic and Clinical Parameters
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Staging
Genetics
Cytogenetics
Oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Epigenetic Changes
Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer
Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Abdominal Ultrasound
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer
Cross-References
References
Pancreatic Cancer Biology and Management
Definition
Characteristics
Human Pancreas
Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
Causes of Pancreatic Cancer
Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Self-Defense Against Cancer in Our Body
Expectation of Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (Prognosis)
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Pancreatic Cancer Biomarkers
Definition
Characteristics
Tumoral/Peri-tumoral Biomarkers
Core Biopsy-Based Analysis
Aspiration-Based Analysis
Pancreatic Juice
Serum/Plasma
Cellular
Other Body Fluids
Importance of an Optimal Testing Population
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pancreatic Cancer Desmoplastic Reaction and Metastasis
Definition
Characteristics
Desmoplastic Stroma and Pancreatic Cancer Progression
Desmoplastic Stroma and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer
Conclusion
References
Pancreatic Cancer Development and Regeneration
Definition
Characteristics
Functional Morphology of the Pancreas
Endocrine Component
Exocrine Component
Epithelial Duct Cells
Cellular Events During Embryonic Development of the Pancreas
Signaling Pathways During Development
Hedgehog (Hh) Pathway: Gli TFs
Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-b) Pathway: Smad TFs
Notch-Rbpj
Wnt Pathway: TCF/LEF TFs
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Pathway: FGF, EGF, IGF, NEGF, PDGF, and Eph TFs
Retinoic Acid (RA) Pathway and RAR TFs
Regeneration in the Mature Pancreas
References
Pancreatic Cancer Metastases
Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Management
Surgical Treatment
Palliative Treatment
Genetic and Molecular Background
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Pancreatic Cancer Onset and Course
Pancreatic Cancer Pathogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology and Histological Classification
Progression of Pancreatic Cancer
Oncogenes
Tumor Suppressors
Growth Factors and Other Signaling Pathways
References
Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells
Definition
Characteristics
References
Pancreatic Cancer Molecular Targets for Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Oncogenes
KRAS Oncogene
Signaling Pathways of Ras
Raf-MAPK
Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase (PI3K) Pathway
Nuclear Factor kappaB
Ras Family GTPases
Tumor Suppressor Genes
CDKN2A/INK4A/p16
SMAD4 and TGF-beta
p53
Growth Factors
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR)
Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinases
Matrix Metalloproteinases
References
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Metastasis
Pancreatitis
Definition
Characteristics
Causes and Diagnosis
Types of Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Genetic Basis of Pancreatitis
PRSS1
SPNIK1
CFTR
CTRC
CASR
Experimentally Induced Pancreatitis
Pancreatic Cancer and Pancreatitis
Cross-References
References
See Also
Pannexins
Definition
Characteristics
References
Panzem
Papanicolaou Test
Definition
Cross-References
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
PAR
PAR1
PAR2
PAR3
PARAHOX
Definition
Parallel Gene Expression Analysis
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Protein Structure
Regulation of PTHrP Expression
Normal Functions
PTHrP and Cancer
References
PARP Inhibitors
Definition
Cross-References
Particle-Induced Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Particle Size and Form
Deposition and Clearance of Particles in the Lungs
Mechanisms
Cross-References
References
See Also
Pathological Tumor Cell-Platelet Interaction
Pathology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathologic Factors Involved in the Prognostication of Human Neoplasms
Techniques in Diagnostic Pathology
References
Pathology of Malignant Ovarian Tumors
Pathway Addiction
Paxillin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Binding Partners
Regulation and Function
Other Paxillin Isoforms and Paxillin-Related Proteins
Cross-References
References
Paxillin α
PC Pathogenesis
PCA3
Definition
Characteristics
PCA3 gene
PCA3 as a Biomarker for Prostate Cancer
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
PCSK3
PDCD4
PD-ECGF
PDF
PDT
PDT-Induced Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Role of Mitochondria in PDT-Induced Apoptosis
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Complex
Role of Intracellular Signaling Pathways
Single Versus Two-Photon PDT
Translational Relevance
References
See Also
PEBP2αB
Pediatric Brain Cancers
Pediatric Brain Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Classification of Brain Tumors in Children
Biology of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Gliomas/Astrocytomas
Ependymomas
Medulloblastomas
PNETs
Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT)
Germ Cell Tumors
Craniopharyngiomas
Choroid Plexus Tumors
Meningiomas
Pediatric Brain Tumors Associated with Heritable Genetic Conditions
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Workup and Staging of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Staging of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Surgical Resection
Studies Required in Workup of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Special Considerations
Therapeutic Approaches
Surgical Resection
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Approach to Therapy in Specific Tumor Types
Malignant Brain Tumors in Infants and Young Children
Gliomas
Ependymomas
Medulloblastomas
PNETs
Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT)
Germ Cell Tumors
Craniopharyngiomas
Choroid Plexus Tumors
Meningiomas
References
Pediatric Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors
Pediatric HIV/AIDS
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
Determinants of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
Determinants of Disease Progression in Pediatric HIV/AIDS
Epidemiological Data of Malignancies in HIV-Infected Children
Risk Factors of Malignancies in HIV-Infected Children
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Pemetrexed
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Pentakisphosphate
Definition
Characteristics
Inositol Phosphate Family
Inositol Pentakisphosphate (IP5)
IP5 Intracellular Functions
IP5 Anticancer Properties
Mechanism of Action of IP5
Clinical Perspective of IP5
References
Peptide Biomarkers
Definition
Characteristics
Peptide Biomarker Discovery
Cross-References
See Also
Peptide Vaccines for Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Principles of Antitumor Immunity
Tumor Antigens for T Lymphocytes
Selection of Peptides for Vaccination
Immunization Strategies Using Synthetic Peptides
Remaining Challenges for Developing Effective Antitumor Peptide Vaccines
References
Peptidylarginine Deiminase Enzymes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
PAD Isoforms and Targets
PAD 1, 2, and 3
PAD4-Mediated Histone Tail Citrullination: An Emerging Role for PADs in Gene Regulation and Inflammation
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETosis)
p53-PAD4 Pathway: Regulating Chromatin Decondensation and Apoptosis
Role of PADs in Cancer Pathogenesis
PAD4
PAD2
PAD Inhibitors Block Cancer Progression
PAD-Mediated Citrullination: Linking Inflammation with Cancer Progression?
Conclusion
References
Periostin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Peripheral Neurofibromatosis
Peripheral Neuropathy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mononeuropathies and Plexopathies
Paraneoplastic Neuropathies
Toxic, Treatment-Related Neuropathies
References
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Peritoneal Dissemination
Peritoneal Malignancy
Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinoma
Peritoneal Tumor
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PPARα
PPARbeta/delta (NUC1, FAAR)
PPARgamma
Cross-References
References
Personalized Cancer Medicine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Why Is Personalized Medicine Important in Cancer?
To What Extent Is Cancer Medicine Already Personalized?
The Future of Personalized Medicine in Cancer
The Challenges for Achieving Personalized Medicine
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Lentiginosis (Pigment Spots)
Hamartomatous Polyposis
Increased Risk for Malignant Tumors
Pathogenesis
Therapy
Screening Recommendations
References
Peutz-Touraine Syndrome
P-Glycoprotein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
pgp-1
Phage Display
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Development of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for Cancer
Identification of Cancer-Specific Antigen, Interacting Partners, and Immune Response
Cross-References
References
See Also
Phagocytic Glycoprotein-1
Pharma Foods
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics in Multidrug Resistance
Definition
Characteristics
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
ABC Transporters
ABCB1 (P-Glycoprotein/MDR1)
ABCC1 (MRP1/GS-X Pump) and ABCC2 (MRP2/cMOAT)
ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR1/ABCP)
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
See Also
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Drug Development
Definition
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Characteristics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Demonstrating the PK-PK-Clinical Relationship
Conclusions
References
Pharmacophore
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Phase 2 Antioxidant Enzymes
Phase 2 Conjugation Enzymes
Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes
Phase 2 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
Phase 2 Proteins
Phase II Enzymes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Multiple Isoforms with Some Phase 2 Enzymes
Functions of Phase 2 Enzymes
Regulation of Phase 2 Enzymes by Nrf2
Nrf2 Activation by Inducers of Phase 2 Enzymes
Cross-References
References
See Also
Pheochromocytoma
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Clinical presentation
Adrenal Incidentaloma
Genetics
Neurofibromatosis 1
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Paraganglioma Syndromes
Biochemical Evaluation
Imaging
Treatment
Preoperative Management
Operative Approach
Postoperative Management
Histopathological and Molecular Markers of Malignant Disease
Management of Malignant Disease
Genetic Testing
References
Phosphatase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classes Based on the Optimum pH Condition
Classes Based on the Substrate
Phosphatases and Cancer
PTEN
PP2A
PP5
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs)
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3-kinase)
Phosphatidylinositol-Binding Clathrin Assembly Protein
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase
Phospholipase A2
Definition
Characteristics
Function
Regulation
Cancer Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Phospholipase D
Definition
Characteristics
Hydrolysis and Transphosphatidylation Reactions
PLD Isoforms
Regulation of PLD Activity
Targets of PLD-Generated PA
Phospholipase D and Cancer
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Photocarcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer
Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer or Photocarcinogenesis
Oxidative Stress and Photocarcinogenesis
DNA Damage and Photocarcinogenesis
p53 and Photocarcinogenesis
Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Photocarcinogenesis
Defects in Signaling Pathways and Photocarcinogenesis
Conclusions and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
See Also
Photochemoprevention
Definition
Characteristics
References
Photodynamic Diagnostics
Photodynamic Laser Therapy
Photodynamic Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Perspective
Principle of PDT
Available Photosensitizers
Principles of Clinical Application
Molecular Mechanisms
Cross-References
References
Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Apoptosis
Photodynamic Tumor Therapy
Photo-Induced DNA Damage
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
UV-Induced Formation of Bipyrimidine Photoproducts
UVA Mediated Oxidation Reactions
Other Reactions Induced by Exogenous Photosensitizers
Detection of DNA Photodamage in Cells and Skin
Repair of DNA Photodamage
Skin Carcinogenesis
Cross-References
References
Photothermal Ablation
Photothermal Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Principles of Photothermal Therapy
Heat Generation in a Laser-Tissue Interaction
Cell Death Mechanisms in Photothermal Therapy
Selective Photothermal Therapy with the Aid of Nano-sized Particles
Applications of Photothermal Therapy in Cancer Treatment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Photothermal Treatment
Ph-positive Chronic Leukemia
Phyto-cannabinoids
Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Cancer Chemopreventive Mechanisms
Cancer Chemopreventive Activity in Rodents
Clinical Trials
Cross-References
References
Phytoestrogens
Definition
Characteristics
Potential Benefits of Phytoestrogens
Potential Drawbacks of Phytoestrogens
Cross-References
References
PI3K Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PI3K Classification and Signaling Pathways
Class IA PI3K
Class IB PI3K
Class II PI3K
Class III PI3Ks
Class I PI3Ks
Class II PI3Ks
Class III PI3Ks
PI3K Signaling Pathways
Negative Regulation of PI3K Signaling Pathways
Main Phenotypes Induced by PI3K Signaling Pathways
PI3K Signaling and Cell Growth
PI3K Signaling, Tumorigenesis, and Cancers
PI3K, Insulin Signaling, and Diabetes
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
PI3-Kinase
PI-3-Kinase
PICALM
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PICALM Is Involved in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
PICALM Is Necessary for Clathrin Assembly at the Trans-Golgi Network
The Role of PICALM in Normal Hematopoiesis and Iron Homeostasis In Vivo and In Vitro
PICALM and Malignant Hematopoiesis
A Potential Role for PICALM in Alzheimer Disease
References
PIK3CA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Clinical Relevance
References
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
PIM Protein Kinase Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Expression and Activity
Role in Carcinogenesis
PIM Kinases and Protein Synthesis
Role in Drug Resistance
PIM Kinases as Therapeutic Targets
Cross-References
References
Pinocytosis
Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1
PJS
PKC
PL74
PLAB
Placenta Growth Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Placental Growth Factor
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features
Pathological Features
Molecular Etiology
References
Plant-Derived Agents
Plasma Cell Disorder
Plasmacytoma
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Imaging Studies
Treatment
Follow-Up Outpatient Care and Progression to MM
Medical and Legal Pitfalls
Basic Research
Cross-References
References
See Also
Plasminogen-Activating System
Definition
Characteristics
The Plasminogen-Activating System in Cancer Progression
Clinical Significance of PAS Components Expression in Cancer
PAS as Target for Anticancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Platelet
Synonyms
Definition
See Also
Platelet-Activating-Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
Definition
Characteristics
Genes
Bioactivity
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) Inhibitors
Platinating Agents
Platinum Antitumor Agents
Platinum Antitumor Compounds
Platinum Complexes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mode of Action
Bioactivation
Formation of Platinum-DNA Adducts
Cellular Response
Mechanisms of Resistance
Reduced Accumulation
Increased Inactivation
Increased Adduct Tolerance and Failure of Apoptotic Pathways
Increased Repair
Approved Platinum Complexes
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Oxaliplatin
Nedaplatin
Lobaplatin
Heptaplatin
New Platinum Complexes Under Development
Platinum(IV) Complexes
Sterically Hindered Platinum Complexes
Multinuclear Platinum Complexes
Drug Delivery Conjugates with Platinum Complexes
References
Platinum Drugs
Platinum-Refractory Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance
Treatment of Patients with Cisplatin-Refractory GCTs
Drugs with No or Minor Activity in Refractory GCTs
Active Agents
Salvage Surgery
References
Platyfish-Swordtail Melanoma
Pleiotrophin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Pleural Effusion
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Thoracentesis
Treatment
Therapeutic Thoracentesis
Tunneled Pleural Catheter
Pleurodesis
Mechanical Pleurodesis
Other Treatment Options
Chemotherapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Pleurodesis
Plexin Ligands
Plexins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Plexin Function
Plexins in Tumor Biology
Plexin D1
B Plexins
Cross-References
References
Plexopathy
PLG61
PLP
PLXN
PMP
Podoplanin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Podoplanin Expression in Human Tumors
Regulation
Podoplanin and Tumor Invasion
Podoplanin and Metastasis
Podoplanin as a Marker for Tumor-Associated Lymphatic Vessels
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Podosomes and Invadopodia
POEMS Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
Pol I Transcription
Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation
Definition
Characteristics
Catalytic Function of PARP-1 and Life Cycle of Poly(ADP-Ribose)
Molecular Functions Related with Regulation of DNA Strand Breaks and of DNA Repair
Molecular Functions Related with the Maintenance of Genomic Stability
Molecular Functions Related with DNA Replication
Molecular Functions Related with Gene Expression
Molecular Functions Related with Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Changes
Cellular Functions
Cytoprotection and Maintenance of Genomic Stability
Cell Death Induction
Clinical Relevance
Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment
Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Polyamines
Definition
Characteristics
Polyamine Metabolism and Transport
Polyamine Levels and Cancer Cell Growth
Mechanisms of Polyamine Upregulation in Cancer
Development of Polyamine Analogs for Cancer Chemotherapy and Their Mechanism of Action
Polyamines and DNA Promoter Methylation
Polyamine Pathway in Cancer Chemoprevention
Cross-References
References
Polyaromatic Compounds
Polycomb Group
Definition
Characteristics
PcG Protein Complexes
PcG Proteins and Stem Cell Maintenance
PcG Proteins in Human Malignancies and Their Clinical Relevance
References
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anthropogenic Origin and Carcinogenicity
Molecular Mode of Action
Cross-References
References
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features
ADPKD
ARPKD
Molecular Basis
ADPKD
ARPKD
Cilia and PKD
Animal Models
Therapy and Perspective
Cross-References
References
Polycythemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Elastase
Polyneuropathy
Polyomavirus Enhancer Binding Protein 2αB
Polyphenols
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Studies
Clinical Studies
Cross-References
References
See Also
Polyserase (TMPRSS9)
Polyunsaturated Fats
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PUFA Intake and Cancer Risk
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating omega-3-PUFA Anticancer Activity
Omega-3 PUFAs Regulate Membrane Lipid Composition and Structure
Omega-3 PUFAs and Bioactive Hydroxylated Polyunsaturated Metabolites
Binding of Omega-3 PUFAs and of Their Bioactive Lipid Mediators to Fatty Acid Receptors
Omega-3 PUFA-Based Therapeutic Strategies and Clinical Trials in Cancer
Cross-References
References
Population Candidate Gene Association Study
Population-Based Cancer Research
Positron Emission Tomography
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Principle of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radiolabeled Biomarkers for PET Imaging Specifically Addressing Metabolic Pathways or Target Molecules
Clinical Applications of PET and PET/CT
Differentiation of Benign from Malignant Tumors and Detection of the Primary Tumor (Cancer of Unknown Primary)
Staging of Cancer, Prognostic Potential of PET
Assessment of Response to Therapy
Restaging of Cancer, Detection of Recurrence
Radiation Treatment Planning
PET for Anticancer Drug Development
Cross-References
References
See Also
Postirradiation Sarcoma
Postnatal Stem Cells
Postreplication Repair
Postsurgical Systemic Therapy
pp60
pp60
PPAR
pRB
Preclinical Drug Safety Evaluation
Preclinical Safety Testing
Preclinical Testing
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery Phase
Phase I Clinical Study
Phase II and III Clinical Studies
References
Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)
Preinvasive Breast Cancer
Preleukemia
Pre-mRNA Splicing
Definition
Characteristics
Spliced Forms in Cancer
Therapeutic Intervention
Cross-References
References
See Also
Preneoplastic Lesions
Definition
Characteristics
Some Experimental Models of Preneoplastic Lesions
Human Preneoplasia
Genetic Predisposition to Neoplasia
Clinical Relevance
References
Preoperative Chemotherapy
Presenilin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Function
PS/gamma-Secretase-Mediated Notch Signaling and Cancers
gamma-Secretase-Independent Functions of Presenilins
References
See Also
Prevention
Primary Chemotherapy
Primary Liver Cancer
Primary Myelofibrosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Historical Perspective
Disease Mechanisms
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
References
Primary Systemic Therapy
Probiotics and Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Use of Probiotic in Cancer Management
Probiotic Formulations
Future Prospects
Limitations Association with Probiotics Application
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Progestin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Significance
Cross-References
References
Progestogen
Programmed Cell Death
Programmed Cell Death 4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Suppressor Activity
Control of Translation
Control of Transcription
Induction of Apoptosis
Control Mechanisms of PDCD4 Expression
PDCD4 in ROS, Inflammation, and Infection
Roles in Cell Differentiation
Clinical Aspects
References
Programmed Form of Necrotic Cell Death
Programmed Necrosis
Progression
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Stem Cell and Metastasis
The Tumor Stroma and Metastasis
The Metastatic Cascade: Effector and Suppressor Molecules
Clinical Relevance
References
Prohormone Convertase
Prolactin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pituitary Prolactin Secretion and Its Regulation
Prolactin Structure and Activation of Cellular Signaling
Biological Effects of Prolactin
Disease States Related to Prolactin
Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinoma
Prolactin and Breast Cancer
References
Proppins
2-Propylpentanoic Acid
Prosome
Prostaglandins
Definition
Characteristics
Biosynthesis
Regulation of Prostaglandin Synthesis and Degradation
Prostaglandin Signaling Pathway
Prostaglandin Signaling Pathway in Cancer
Cross-References
References
Prostate Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Risk for Prostate Cancer
Symptoms for Prostate Cancer
Screening
Cross-References
Further Reading
Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention
Prostate Cancer Chemotherapy
Definition
Characteristics
Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Docetaxel (Taxotere) Chemotherapy
Bone Targeting
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Angiogenesis
Apoptosis
Other Chemotherapy Agents
Cabazitaxel Chemotherapy
Nutraceuticals
Conclusion
References
Prostate Cancer Clinical Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Etiology
Tumor Biology and Genetics
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Staging
Management
References
Prostate Cancer Designed Treatment
Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Slow Development of Prostate Cancer
The Detection Process
Deciding That Diagnosis Is Likely to Be Beneficial
Survival
Non-survival Considerations
Active Surveillance
5-Alpha-Reductase Therapy
At-Risk Patients
Screening
Calculators
Testing for Prostate Cancer
PSA Detection of Coexisting Prostate Cancer
Attempts to Improve PSA Detection of Prostate Cancer
PSA and 5-Alpha-Reductase Therapy
PSA Blood Test in Detection of Future Prostate Cancer
PCA3 Post-Prostatic Massage Urine Test
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI)
Biopsy
Initial Biopsy
Repeat Biopsies
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Prostate Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Characteristics
Global Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer
Age-Specific Risk of Prostate Cancer
Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer
Etiology of Prostate Cancer
Finasteride and Prostate Cancer
Dietary Fat and Prostate Cancer
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Prostate Cancer
Genetic Risk for Prostate Cancer
Nutritional Supplements and Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer and Sexual Activity
Screening for Prostate Cancer
Zinc and Survival of Prostate Cancer
References
Prostate Cancer Experimental Therapeutics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Gene Therapy
Vaccine Therapy
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Antiandrogen Therapy
Photodynamic Therapy
Other Agents
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Prostate Cancer Genetic Toxicology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Evidence from Migrant Studies
Candidate Causative Agents
Metabolic Activation in the Prostate
Genetic Damage in the Prostate
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Prostate Cancer Hormonal Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Hormonal Management of Prostate Cancer
Androgen Receptor Biology in Prostate Cancer
Novel Hormonal Compounds for Prostate Cancer Treatment
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Prostate Cancer Molecular Carcinogenesis
Prostate Cancer Molecularly Targeted Therapies
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Epidermal Receptor Growth Factor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Inhibitors
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors
PI3K/mTOR/Akt Inhibitors
Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists
Epigenetic Pathway Inhibitors
Antiapoptotic Protein Inhibitors
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Pathway Inhibitors
Conclusion
References
Prostate Cancer Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Androgens and Prostate Cancer Prevention
Selenium and Vitamin E
Green Tea
Pomegranate
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Prostate Cancer Radionuclide Imaging
Definition
Characteristics
Bone Scintigraphy
Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies
Positron Emission Tomography
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose
Novel Positron-Emitter Radiotracers
11C-Acetate
11C-Choline and 18F-Fluorocholine
Androgen Receptor Imaging
Molecular Imaging
Prostate Lymphoscintigraphy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Prostate Cancer Radionuclide Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Indications and Contraindications for Radionuclide Therapy in Bone Pain Management
Administration, Efficacy, and Toxicity of Radionuclide Therapy
Radiopharmaceuticals
89Strontium Chloride
153Samarium Lexidronam
186Rhenium HEDP
188Rhenium HEDP
Advantages of Radionuclide Therapy
New α-Particle-Emitting Radiopharmaceutical Radium Dichloride (Ra-223)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Prostate Cancer Stem Cells
Definition
Characteristics
Assays to Identify PCSC
Markers of PCSC
Origin of PCSC
Implications for Prostate Cancer Treatment
References
Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells
Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis
Targeting Cell Signal Pathways
Targeting Bone Metastasis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Prostate Carcinoma
Prostate Tumor
Prostate-Specific Antigen
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
PSA as Diagnostic Marker
Percent-Free PSA
PSA, %fPSA for Staging and Grading
PSA for Recurrence of PCa
Monitoring After Radical Surgery
Use of PSA to Monitor Radiation Therapy
PSA Monitoring After Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Conclusion and Future
Cross-References
References
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PSMA Expression
Enzymatic Functions of PSMA
Does PSMA Have a Signaling Function?
PSMA and Imaging
PSMA as a Therapeutic Target
References
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Prostatic Carcinoma
Protease-Activated Receptor Family
Definition
Characteristics
Melanoma
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Lung Cancer
Colon Cancer
References
Protease-Activated Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
26S Proteasome
Proteasome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structural and Functional Organization of the Proteasome
The 26S Proteasome
The 20S Core Particle
The 19S Regulatory Particle
Assembly of Proteasomes
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Ubiquitin-Independent Functions of the Proteasome
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
Ubiquitin-Independent Functions of the Proteasome
Proteasomes in Normal Cell Biology
The Cellular Contexts of Proteasome Function
Cellular Distribution of Proteasomes
Immunoproteasomes
Proteasomes in Cancer Cell Biology
Proteasomes and the Cellular Hallmarks of Cancer
Apoptosis Control and Resistance
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Immunoproteasomes
Cancer Genes, Hereditary Cancer Syndromes, and the Proteasome
Proteasomal Regulation of Cancer Genes
Proteasomal Regulation by Cancer Genes
Cancer Cachexia
Targeting the Proteasome in Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
20S Proteasome Catalytic Core Particle
Proteasome Complex
Proteasome Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for Therapeutic Utility of Targeting Proteasome
Proteasome and Its Functional Inhibitors
Mechanisms Mediating Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in MM Cells
Blockade of Pro-Survival Signaling
Induction of Proapoptotic Signaling
Clinical Relevance
New Proteasome Inhibitor NPI-0052/Marizomib
Cross-References
References
See Also
19S Proteasome Regulatory Particle
Protein Acetyltransferases (PATs)
Protein Arginine Deiminases
Protein Array
Protein Disulfide Reductase
Protein Kinase C Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
PKC Expression in Cancer
PKC Activation in Carcinogenesis
Targets of PKC and Its Cancer-Related Functions
PKC as a Target in Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Protein Kinases
Definition
Characteristics
Chemical Activity
Classification
Protein Interaction Domains
Regulation
Function
Structure
Deregulation
Pharmacological Strategies
Kinomics and Profiling
Future Direction
References
See Also
Protein Synthesis
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-3
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Proteinchip
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Technologies
Analytical Approaches
Applications in Cancer Research
Challenges and Perspectives
References
14-3-3 Proteins
Definition
Cross-References
Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Proteoglycanase
Proteomics
Definition
Characteristics
Subproteomes and Their Advantages
Common Protein Profiling Methods
Proteome Informatics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Protoadjuvant Therapy
Proton Beam Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physical Properties
Biological Properties
Clinical Aspects
Uveal (Choroidal) Melanoma
Sarcomas of the Skull Base and Spine
Head and Neck Cancers
Lung Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Prostate Cancer
Childhood Cancers
Miscellaneous
Facilities and Costs for Proton Beam Therapy
Cross-References
References
Proton Radiation Therapy
Proton Therapy
Protracted Low-Dose Chemotherapy
Proviral Integration of Moloney Virus
Prozac
Prune
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Inhibition
References
PS
PS 341
PSEN1
PSEN2
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Historical Perspective
Natural History
Appendiceal Origin
Pathological Classification
Presentation
Staging Systems
Cytoreductive Surgery
Rationale for Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Prognosis
Palliative Treatment Options
Basic Science
Cross-References
References
PSMA
PSMD10
PSTT
PtdIns 3-Kinase
PTEN Hamartoma-Tumor Syndrome
Pterophyllus salisburiensis
PTGF-b
PTHLH
PTHrP
PTKIs
PTN
PTTG1
PUFAs
PUMA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery and Function
Regulation
Clinical Considerations
Cross-References
References
See Also
Purine Nucleoside
Putative NF-Kappa-B-Activating Protein 002N
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
Pyroptosis
Definition
Characteristics
List of Abbreviations
Inducing Agents for Pyroptosis
Caspase 1-Activated Cellular Responses in Pyroptotic Cells
Contrasts Between Pyroptosis and Apoptosis
Function of Pyroptosis
References
Q
QSAR
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
Quantitative Trait Loci
Quinone Methide Friedelane Tripterene (2R,4aS,6aS,12bR,14aS,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,4a,6a,9,12b,14a-hexamethyl-11-oxo-1,
R
R2
RAC3
RAD001
RAD001 (Everolimus)
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Radiation
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
Interaction with Living Cells
Clinical Issues
References
Radiation Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Radiation Sensitivity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Radiation Sensitivity or ``Adverse Radiation Effects´´
References
Radiation Therapy
Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE)
Radiation-Induced Neoplastic Transformation
Radiation-Induced Sarcomas
Radiation-Induced Sarcomas After Radiotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenesis
Dose-Effect Relation
Megavoltage or Orthovoltage Radiotherapy
Latent Period
Histological Findings
Age and RIS
Incidence
Genetic Findings
Treatment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Radioactive Seed Therapy
Radiochemotherapy
Radioimmunotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Principle of RIT
Tumor Characteristics
Monoclonal Antibody and Tumor Antigen
Radionuclides
RIT in Malignant Lymphoma
Cross-References
References
See Also
Radioisotope Therapy
Radiological Response Criteria
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Developments
Strengths of Radiological Response Criteria
Limitations of RECIST
Future Developments and Possible Solutions
References
Radioprotective Molecules
Radioprotectors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Necessity of Radioprotectors in Cancer Radiotherapy
Necessity of Radioprotectors Against Population Exposure
Radiation-Induced Damaging Species
DNA Is a Critical Target of Ionizing Radiations
Mechanisms of DNA Radioprotection
Natural DNA Radioprotectors
Pharmaceutical Radioprotectors
Ethyol (Amifostine) as Radioprotector
Cross-References
References
Radiosensitivity
Radiosensitization
Definition
Characteristics
Evaluation of a Radiosensitization Effect
Mechanisms of Radiosensitization
References
Radiosensitizer
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Target-Based Radiosensitizers
Signaling Molecules as Targets
DNA Damage Response as a Target
Tumor Microenvironment as a Target
Cross-References
References
See Also
Radiotherapy
Radon
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Occurrence
Exposure Situations
Population Under Risk
Health Hazards
Mechanisms
References
Radon Daughter Products
Radon Decay Products
Radon Progeny
1-radyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
RAF
Raf Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Raf Signaling
Raf Function
Raf in Cancer
Raf Pathway Inhibitors
References
Raf-1
RAFB1
Ral-Interacting Protein 76kDa
RANDAM-2
RANK - Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB, TNFRSF11A, OFE, ODFR, TRANCE-R, ODAR, and CD265
RANKL - Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB Ligand, TNFSF11, OPGL, ODF, TRANCE, and CD254
RANK-RANKL Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
RANKL Function in Bone Remodeling
RANKL Signaling
RANKL and the Vicious Cycle of Bone Metastases
Additional Functions of RANKL in Cancer Cells
References
Rap1 and Sipa-1
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Functions of Rap1
Interference with Ras-Mediated ERK Activation
Activation of MAP Kinases and Other Signaling Pathways
Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Migration
Regulation of Rap1 Signal by Spa-1
Rap1 and Spa-1 in Leukemia
Rap1 and Spa-1 in Cancer Metastasis
Clinical Aspects
References
Rapamune
Rapamycin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery of Rapamycin
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism(s) of Sensitivity and Resistance
Clinical Activity of Rapamycins
Cross-References
References
See Also
RAS Activation
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
RAS-Association Domain Family 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
RASSF1A as a Tumor Suppressor Gene
RASSF1A Methylation as a Cancer Biomarker
Functional Characterization of RASSF1A
Conclusion
References
RAS Genes
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
RAS Homologous Proteins
RAS Pathway-Responsive Transcriptome
RAS Transformation Targets
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
RAS Proteins Affect Gene Transcription via Cytoplasmic Effectors
Identification of RAS Transformation Targets
A Selected List of RAS Transformation Targets
Clinical Relevance
References
RASH1
RASK2
RAS-Regulated Genes
RAS-Related Small
RAS-Responsive Genes
RASSF1
RB
RB1
RB/p105
RCC
RCLS
rDNA Transcription
rDNA-Derived Therapeutic Proteins
RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Alternative Splicing of REST
Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Glioma
Sarcoma
Melanoma
Medulloblastoma
Neuroblastoma
Conclusion
References
See Also
Reactive Oxygen Species
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemistry of Major ROS
Generation and Scavenger of ROS
Oxidative Stress
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Receptor Cross-Talk
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Survival Signaling/p53 and Suppressor Cross-Talk
Signaling to Angiogenesis
Integrin: Growth Factor Receptor Cross-Talk
Cross-References
References
See Also
Receptor for CXCL12
Receptor for Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Alpha
Receptor Interactions
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Development
Target: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
Target: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR)
Target: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR)
Target: Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR)
Molecular Mechanisms
Specificity and Potency
Cross-References
References
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological RTKs Activation
Deregulation of RTKs in Malignant Cells
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Receptor-Associated Coactivator 3
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Receptors
Definition
Characteristics
Receptor Classification
Extracellular Receptors
Intracellular Receptors
References
Receptors Regulated by Ligands
Receptors with Empty Ligand-Binding Pockets
Receptors with No Ligand-Binding Pocket
Receptors with Structural Ligands
Recessive Oncogenes
RECK Glycoprotein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Recombinant Therapeutics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Rectal Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Presentation
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Surgery
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy
Salvage and Palliative Therapy
Survivorship
Cross-References
References
Rectal Carcinoma
Rectal Tumor
Reductases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carbonyl Reduction by SDRs and AKRs
The ``Pro´´
Reductases Protect Against Lung Cancer
Clinical Aspects
The ``Contras´´
Reductases in Chemotherapy Resistance
Cardiotoxicity
Clinical Aspects
References
Regeneration
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Regorafenib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Preclinical and Phase I Activity of Regorafenib
Activity of Regorafenib in mCRC
Activity of Regorafenib in GIST
Activity of Regorafenib in Other Solid Organ Tumors
References
Regulator of Extracellular Matrix Integrity
Regulatory T Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Markers of Treg Cells
Treg Cell in Cancer and their Antigen Specificity
Suppressive Mechanisms of Treg Cells
Manipulation of the Number or Suppressive Function of Treg Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
Rel
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
See Also
Relaxin
Definition
Characteristics
References
Renal Cancer
Renal Cancer Clinical Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Renal Cancer Classification
Genetics
Tumor Biology and Implications for Treatment
Clinical Presentation
Incidental Findings
Local Findings
Metastatic Findings
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Localized Disease
Metastatic Disease
Cross-References
References
See Also
Renal Cancer Diagnosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis by Symptoms
Diagnosis by Blood Test
Diagnosis by Imaging
Diagnosis by Biopsy
Staging
Pathological Diagnosis (Histologic Subtype)
Diagnosis of Metastases
Follow-Up
Cross-References
References
See Also
Renal Cancer Genetic Syndromes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Early Diagnosis
Treatment
Types of Renal Cancer
Renal Cancer Genes
Types of Inherited Renal Cancer
Clinical Features of Renal Cancer Suggesting Hereditary Renal Cancer
Mechanisms of Development of Inherited Renal Cancers
Cross-References
References
See Also
Renal Cancer Molecular Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Genetics of RCC
Therapy
Molecular Therapy for RCC
Experimental Molecular Therapy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Renal Cancer Pathogenesis
Characteristics
Papillary Type 1 Renal Cell Carcinoma
Papillary Type 2 Renal Cell Carcinoma
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Oncocytoma
Clinical Presentation
Staging
Treatment
Cytokine Therapy
Angiogenesis Inhibition
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
mTOR Inhibitors
Temsirolimus
Everolimus
Concluding Comments
Cross-References
References
See Also
Renal Cancer Pharmacologic Therapy
Renal Cancer Targeted Therapies with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cancer
Depletion of Growth Factor as Treatment Modality
Inhibition of a Master Regulator: mTOR
Treatment Challenges
References
Renal Cancer Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Planning of Treatment
Operative Tumor Removal
The Small Renal Mass: Nephron-Sparing Surgery Versus Experimental Therapy
Active surveillance and watchful waiting
Operative Therapy of Metastatic Disease
Drug Therapy of Metastatic Disease
Other Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Renal Cancer Treatment
Definition
Characteristics
Treatment of Localized Renal Cancer
Surgical Treatment
Nonsurgical Treatment Options, Known as ``Mini-invasive´´
Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cancer
Immunotherapy
Target Therapies
References
Renal Cancer Trends in Molecularly Targeted Therapies
Definition
Characteristics
Research Priorities
Mechanisms of Acquired VEGFR Therapy Resistance
New Targets, Particularly Those Within the Tumor
Predictive and Surrogate Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)
Combination Versus Sequential Therapy
Mechanisms of Response
References
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis
Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy
Repair of DNA
Definition
Characteristics
Reversal of Base Damage
Removal of Damage
Repair of DNA and Cancer
Repair of DNA Strand Breaks
References
Replication Factories and Replication Foci
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Protein Composition of Replication Factories
Regulation of the Formation of Replication Factories
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Replication Sites
Replication-Activated Adenovirus
Replication-Competent Adenovirus
Replication-Selective Adenovirus
Replication-Selective Viruses
Replicative DNA Lesion Bypass
Reproductive System Cancers
REPSA
Reserve Cell Carcinoma
Residual Disease
Resistance Modulation
Resistance Reversion
Resistance to Chemotherapy
Resistin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Discovery
Molecule Structure
Distribution
Blood Levels
Biological Effects
Effect on Carbohydrate Metabolism or Insulin Sensitivity
Effect on Lipid Metabolism
Effect on Food Uptake
Effect on Body Weight or Obesity
Effect on Inflammation
Effect on Atherosclerosis
Effect on Bone Metabolism
Effect on Growth of Cancerous and Normal Cells
Regulation
Nutritional Regulation
Hormonal Regulation
Cytokine Regulation
Transcription Factor Regulation
Genetic Regulation
Cross-References
References
Resistin-Like Molecule Gamma (RELMgamma)
Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning
Definition
Characteristics
Application
Identification of Low-Level DNA Amplification in Human Cancers
Global Scanning for DNA Methylation Changes in Human Cancers
Detection of Imprinted Genes
References
Resveratrol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
RET
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Knockout Mice
Clinical Relevance
Mutations Found in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Mutations Found in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
References
Reticulin
Retinoblastoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis of Rb
Presentation and Family History
Therapy and Prognosis
Second Tumors
Molecular Genetics
Rb Is Initiated by Two Mutations
Structure of the RB1 Gene
Spectrum of RB1 Gene Mutations
Genotype-Phenotype Associations
Genomic Alterations Associated with the Progression of Rb
Risk Prediction and Genetic Testing
Cross-References
References
See Also
Retinoblastoma1
Retinoblastoma Protein, Biological and Clinical Functions
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The RB1 Gene Encodes the pRB Protein
pRB Is Posttranslationally Modified
Phosphorylation of pRB
Acetylation of pRB
Functions of pRB
Cell Cycle Control
Maintenance of Genome Integrity
Differentiation and Development
Apoptosis
Clinical Relevance
Inactivation of RB1 Initiates Retinoblastoma Development
RB1 Loss in Other Cancers
References
Retinoblastoma Protein, Cellular Biochemistry
Definition
Characteristics
pRb and Its Family Members
Cell-Cycle Regulation of pRb
Role in Terminal Differentiation
Other Targets of pRb
Animal Models
Summarizing Remarks
References
Retinoblastoma Susceptibility Protein
Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene
Retinoic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Regulation
RA Homeostasis
Delivery of RA to Its Nuclear Receptors
Other Regulatory Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Retinoid Acid Receptors - RAR
Retinoid Receptor Cross-Talk
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Retinoids
Retinoid Receptors
Retinoid Acid Receptors (RARs)
Rexinoid Receptors (RXRs)
Retinoid Receptors Cross-Talk During Carcinogenesis
Cross-References
References
Retinoid X (Rexinoid) Receptors - RXR
Retinoids
Definition
Characteristics
Retinoid Metabolism
Retinoid Signaling in Normal Cells
Retinoids in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
Retinoids and Stem Cells
Retinoids and Cancer
Retinoids in Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
Retroviral Insertional Mutagenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Provirus Structure
Tumor Types
LTRs Regulate Transcription of Host Genes near the Insertion Site
Promoter Insertion
Enhancer Activation
Protein Fusion
Transcript Stabilization
Cloning of Insertion Sites
Common Integration Sites
Randomness of Insertion
References
Retroviral Insertional Tagging
Retroviral Transduction
Rhabdoid Tumor
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
References
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Rho Family Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Functions
Clinical Relevance
References
Rho-GTPase-Activating Protein 7
RhumAb Recombinant Humanized Anti-HER-2 Monoclonal Antibody
rhuMabHER2
Ribonuclease 5
Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Targeted RIPs for Cancer Therapy
Clinical Trials
Cross-References
References
Rigaud and Schmincke Types of Lymphoepithelioma
RING Finger Protein 196
RIS
Rituxan (US)
Rituximab
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Administration
Indications
Adverse Events
Clinical Trials with Rituximab Monotherapy
Clinical Trials with Rituximab Combination Regimens
Cross-References
References
See Also
RLIP76
RNA Interference
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
RNA Interference as a Research Tool
RNA Interference as a Novel Therapeutic Agent Against Cancer
Prospects and Obstacles Regarding RNAi Therapeutics
References
RNA Polymerase I Transcription
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Machinery
Regulation of Activity
Link to Carcinogenesis
Therapeutic Targeting of rRNA Biogenesis
Cross-References
References
RNAi
RNase A Family 5
RNF116
RNF196
Ron Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression and Function
Ligand
Signaling Through Ron
Ron Overexpression in Multiple Tumor Types
Ron Variants
Ron-Dependent Transformation
Transgenic Mouse Models Overexpressing Ron
Ron Loss in Murine Tumor Models
Oncogenic Ron Signaling
Ron as a Therapeutic Target in Human Cancer
References
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
rRNA Synthesis
RTI40
RTP, cap43, rit42, TDD5 (Mouse), Ndr1 (Mouse), Bdm1 (Rat)
Runx1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression and Regulation
RUNX1 in Leukemia
Cross-References
References
See Also
RUNX1/CBFA2T1
RUNX1/MDS1/EVI1
RUNX1/RUNX1T1
S
S(1-5), T16, EFEMP1, FBLN-3
S-100 Proteins
S100 Proteins
Definition
Characteristics
S100 and Its Role in Cancer
S100B
S100P
S100A1
S100A2
S100A3
S100A4
S100A7
S100A8/9
S100A10
S100A11
S100A13
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
SAAB
SAC
SAHA
Salicylate
Salisburia adiantifolia
Salisburia macrophylla
Salivary agglutinin (SAG, Human)
Salivary Gland Malignancies
Definition
Characteristics
Anatomy and Physiology
Epidemiology and Risks
Diagnosis
Staging/Classification
Treatment
Conclusions
References
Salt Intake
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Gastric Cancer
References
Salting
SAPKα
SAPKbeta
SAPKgamma
Saporin
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Targeted Saporin for Cancer Therapy
Clinical Trials
Cross-References
References
Scaffold Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Roles of Scaffold Proteins
Components of Scaffold Complexes
Structural Characteristics of Scaffold Proteins
Compartmentalization of MAPK Signaling by Scaffold Proteins, Time, Space, and Biological Specificity
Scaffold Proteins in DNA Ddamage Sensing and Repair Responses
Cross-References
References
See Also
Scatter Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The SF Family
SF Receptor (The c-Met Proto-oncogene Product)
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
SF Producer and Responder Cell Types
Regulation of SF Production
Biologic Responses Induced by SF and Their Regulation
SF and c-Met Participate in Various Physiologic and Pathologic Processes
Development
Oncogenesis
Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
SCF Receptor
SCF-R
SCGE
SCH52365
Schwannoma-Derived Growth Factor
Schwannomin
Scirrhous
Sclerosing Angiogenic Tumor
Sclerosing Endothelial Tumor
Sclerosing Epithelioid Angiosarcoma
Sclerosing Interstitial Vascular Sarcoma
Sclerosing Stromal Cell Tumor
SDF-1α
SDGF
Sdi1
Second Malignant Neoplasm SMN
Second Primary Cancer SPC
Second Primary Cancers
Second Primary Malignancy SPM
Second Primary Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Causal and Risk Factors
Shared Etiologic Exposure
Genetic Predisposition
Therapy-Related Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Cross-References
References
See Also
Secondary Metabolites
Secondary Tumor
Secretagogues
gamma-Secretase
Secreted Phosphoprotein 1
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Gene Organization
Protein Structure
Functional Properties
Animal Models
SPARC in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Securin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Securin Function
Securin Function in Tumor Development
Cross-References
References
See Also
``Seed and Soil´´ Theory of Metastasis
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Development of the ``Seed and Soil´´ Theory
Evidence Shows that the ``Seeds´´ Can Even Prepare the ``Soils´´
References
SEL-12
Selective Effect
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Selenium
Definition
Characteristics
References
SELEX
SEMA
Semanov II Syndrome
Semaphorin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Subclasses
Structure and Processing
Brief History of the Semaphorin Family
Semaphorins and the Composition of Their Receptors
Brief History of Semaphorins in Cancer Research
Mechanistic Principles Underlying Semaphorin Functions in Cancer Biology
Mechanistic Principle I: Semaphorins Engage in Cross Talk with VEGF Signaling
Mechanistic Principle II: Semaphorins Act to Regulate Integrin Function
Mechanistic Principle III: Semaphorins May Act Through Complexes of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Plexins
Mechanistic Principle IV: Semaphorins May Act as Regulators of the Immune Response
Mechanistic Principle V: Evasion of Apoptosis Through Blockade of Dependence Receptor Signaling
Mechanistic Principle VI: Regulation of Cellular Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species
Cross-References
References
See Also
Semaphorin Receptors
Semaxanib (SU5416)
Seminoma
Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Senescence and Immortalization
Definition
Characteristics
Senescence
Immortalization
Relevance of Senescence and Immortalization to Cancer
A Cell Division Counting Mechanism
Telomerase
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Senescence-Associated Chronic Inflammation
Senile Involution
Sentinel Lymph Node
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic System
The Sentinel Node
Lymphoscintigraphy
Sentinel Node Biopsy
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
See Also
Sentinel Node
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Sentinel Node Procedure
Clinical Relevance
Immunology of the Sentinel Node
Cross-References
References
SEREX
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
Serine Elastase
Serine Protease Inhibitor-Like Domain
Serine Proteases (Type II) Spanning the Plasma Membrane
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Activity
Biological Responses
Expression in Cancer
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Serine-Threonine Kinase Receptor-Associated Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
Serum Biomarkers
Definition
Characteristics
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Beta Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta-hCG)
Cancer-Associated Antigen 15-3
Cancer-Associated Antigen 19-9
Cancer-Associated Antigen 27-29
CA125
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Cytokeratin 19 Fragments
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP)
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
YKL-40
Cross-References
References
See Also
Seven in Absentia Homologue
Severe Hypoxia
Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors - Granulosa Cell Tumors
Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors with Annular Tubules
Sezary Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Staging and Treatment
References
See Also
SH2/SH3 Domains
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
SH2/Src Homology 3
SH3 Domains
SH3p17
SH3p18
SH3P9
Shark Cartilage
Definition
Characteristics
References
Shedding of Cells
Short Hairpin RNA
shRNA
SIAH
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) in Health and Disease
Protein Can Be Poly-ubiquitinylated and Targeted for Proteasomal Degradation
SIAH Structure
Regulation of SIAH Expression
Regulation of SIAHs
Role for SIAHs in Tumorigenesis
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Sicca Complex
Sicca Syndrome
Side Population Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Side Population Cells in Cancer
Targeting Cancer SP Cells
References
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription in Oncogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
STATs in Cytokine and Growth Factor-Induced Signaling
Bioactivity
STAT Activation During Progression of Human Cancer
Targeting STATs for Cancer Therapy
Targeting the Tumor Cell
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Signal Transduction
Definition
Characteristics
Receptors
Targets of Signaling Pathways
Signal Transduction in Cancer Pathogenesis
Signal Transduction in Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Signal Transduction Inhibitor-571
Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog 1
SIMA135 (Subtractive Immunization M(+)HEp3 Associated 135 kDa Protein)
Simian Virus 40
Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay
Single-Cell Microgel Electrophoresis Assay
Single-Chain Fv Dimer
SIR2L1
SiRNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Delivery
Nonspecific Immune Stimulation
Off-Target Interference
Cross-References
References
See Also
siRNA
Sirolimus
SIRT1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Function of SIRT1 in Cancer
Molecular Substrates of SIRT1
Regulation of SIRT1
Small Molecule SIRT1 Activators
Conclusion
References
Sirtuin 1
Site-Specific Drug Delivery
Sivelestat
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Clinical Aspects
Clinical Application in Practice
Application to Cancer Treatment as Molecular Targeting Therapy
References
Sjögren Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Presentation
Involvement of Exocrine Glands
Extraglandular Involvement
Diagnosis
SS Is Diagnosed on the Basis of the European Classification
Laboratory Abnormalities
Anti-Ro/SSA and Anti-La/SSB Antibodies
Anti-CENP-H Antibodies and SS
Pathogenesis
Immunopathology
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
Immune-Mediated Tissue Destruction
Immunopathogenesis (Summary)
Treatment and Prognosis
SS and HCV
SS Cause Lymphoma?
SS and Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Skeletal Complications (Skeletal-Related Events)
Skeletal Metastasis
Skeletal Secondary Tumors
Skeletrophin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
SKI390
Skin Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Skin Structure and Cancer Frequency
Epidermal Skin Cancers
Dermal Skin Cancers
Skin Cancer of the Subcutis
Multistep Cancer Theory and Ultraviolet Radiation (UV Light)
Genetic Predispositions (Familial Skin Cancers)
Cross-References
References
See Also
Skin Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Basis of Skin Carcinogenesis
Initiation
Promotion
Cellular and Molecular Basis
Relevance to Human Disease
References
Skinny Needle
Skipper-Schabel Model
Skipper-Schabel-Wilcox Model
Skp2
SL-1
Slit
Definition
Characteristics
Slit Function in the Nervous System
Slit-Robo Signaling
Slit Functions Outside the Nervous System
Slit Proteins and Cancer
Slit and Medulloblastoma
Cross-References
References
See Also
Sloughing of Cells
SM-5887
SMA- and MAD-Related Protein 4
Smad Proteins in TGF-Beta Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
SMAD4
Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) at the Highly Aggressive Pole of the Spectrum of NENs
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology of SCLC
Clinical Presentation
Staging of SCLC Patients
Therapy
Limited Stage of SCLC
Prophylactic Cranial Radiation
Extensive-Stage SCLC
Recurrent SCLC
Management of Brain Metastases
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Small Cleaved Cell Lymphoma
Small GTP-Binding Proteins
Small Interfering RNA
Small Molecule Drugs
Definition
Characteristics
Differences to Large Molecule Drugs
High-Throughput Screening
Structure Determination and Modeling
Physicochemical Properties and Drug Uptake
Drug Formulations
Side Effects
Some Examples for the Mechanism of Cancer Drug Action
Systemic Effects of Tumor Growth
Cross-References
References
See Also
Small Molecule Screens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Screens
``Small´´ Molecules
Screening Technology and Tools
Screening Assays
The Screening Epilog
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Small Round Cell Tumor
SMARCB1
SMAX1
SMR
Snail Transcription Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Organization
Transcriptional Repression/Activation
Regulation of Expression and Functional Activity
Additional Snail Functions
Clinical Significance
Cross-References
References
SOCS
Sodium Chloride
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Solar Light-Induced Cancer
Soluble ATP-Dependent Non-Lysosomal Proteolytic System
Soluble Mesothelin-Related Proteins
Somatic Recombination of V, D, and J Segments
Somatic Stem Cells
Somatocrinin
Somatoliberin
Somites
Definition
Sonochemotherapy
Sonodynamic Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physical Mechanisms of Ultrasound-Induced Antineoplastic Activity
Chemical Mechanisms of Ultrasound-Induced Antineoplastic Activity
Classes of Sonosensitizers: Reactive Oxygen Species Agents
Classes of Sonosensitizers: Cytoskeletal-Directed Agents
Classes of Sonosensitizers: Vascular Disrupting Agents
Classes of Sonosensitizers: Echo Contrast Agents
Comparison of Sonodynamic Therapy to Photodynamic Therapy
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Sorafenib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Therapeutic Range
Molecular Targets of Sorafenib
Complex Mechanism of Raf as a Target of Sorafenib
Non-Raf Molecular Targets of Sorafenib
Sorafenib Resistance
Trial of the Sorafenib-Based Combination Therapy
Conclusion
References
Sorafenib (Nexavar)
Sorafenib [INN]
Sorafenibum
Soy Phytoestrogen
SPARC
Spasmolytic Polypeptide SP/TFF2
SPB
SPC1
Specific Immunotherapy for Melanoma
Spectral Karyotyping
Definition
Characteristics
Advantages of SKY
Disadvantages
Clinical Significance
References
Sphacelus
S-Phase Damage-Sensing Checkpoints
Definition
Characteristics
References
S-Phase-Kinase-Associated Protein 2
Sphingolipid Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
Polydrug Chemotherapy and Multidrug Resistance
Chemotherapy via Ceramide Control
Immunological Attack Against Cancer Cells
Mechanisms of Sphingolipid Antineoplastic Action
Cross-References
References
See Also
Spinal and Bulber Muscular Atrophy (SBMA)
Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Arrest Mechanism
Known Components
Mechanism of Mitotic Inhibition
SAC Control
Attachment Model
Tension Model
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint in Cancer
Causes of a Weakened Checkpoint
Therapeutic Targeting of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
Pharmacologic Strategies
Biological Strategies
References
Spindle Pole Body
Spinesin (TMPRSS5)
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase
Sprouty
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Regulation of the Activity of Sproutys
Deregulation of Spry Expression in Cancer
Ability of Sprys to Inhibit Cancer
Cross-References
References
Spry
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Diagnosis and Clinical Features
Disease Management
Molecular Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Src
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Domain Structure
Subcellular Localization
Interacting Proteins
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Src Homology 2
SRC-1: NCOA1
SRC-2: NCOA2
SRC-3
SRC-3: NCOA3
Src8
SSRIs
Stage IA-C Ovarian Cancer
Staging of Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Purpose
Methods
Perspectives
References
See Also
STARD12
START Domain-Containing Protein
STAT
STAT3
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
STAT3-Targeted Genes
STAT3 in Oncogenesis
STAT3 Overexpression and Constitutive Activation in Human Cancers
STAT3 as a Therapeutic Target
Conclusion
References
Staurosporine
Definition
Characteristics
Kinase Inhibition
Staurosporine in Apoptosis
Antitumor Activity
References
Steel Ligand Receptor
Stefins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological and Pathological Roles
Stefins in Cancer
References
Stem Cell Factor
Stem Cell Imaging
Definition
Characteristics
Markers of Adult SCs in Candidate Tissues
Conventional Imaging of SCs
Possibility of a Cancer SC
A Candidate Example: Prostate
New Methodologies: Toward a Biophysical Imaging Approach
Cross-References
References
Stem Cell Markers
Definition
Characteristics
Methods Used to Detect Stem Cell Markers in Cancer Biology
Clinical Applications
Cross-References
References
See Also
Stem Cell Mobilization
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Stem Cell Plasticity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Metaplasia
The Bone Marrow and Tumor Stroma: Clinical Relevance
References
Stem Cell Telomeres
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Stem-Like Cancer Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification
Clinical Implications
Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3
Steroid Receptor Coactivators
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional Domains
Molecular Mechanisms
Dysregulations of SRCs in Cancers
Roles of SRCs in Tumor Growth and Progression
SRCs as Prognostic Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Drug Targets
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Steroid Receptor Coactivators (SRCs): Nuclear Receptor Coactivators (NCOAs)
Steroid Sulfatase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of STS
STS in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer (HDBC)
STS Inhibitors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Steroid Sulfohydrolase
Steroid Tumor
Steroid X Receptor (SXR)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
SXR in Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Colon Cancer
Other Cancers
Antitumorigenic Properties of SXR
SXR as a Therapeutic Target
Cross-References
References
Steryl Sulfohydrolase
STI571
STI-571
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physicochemical Properties
Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Applications
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
Other Diseases
Side Effects
Resistance to STI-571
Low Concentrations in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Cross-References
References
Sticker Sarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Stivarga
STK12
STK13
STK15
STK5
STK6
STK7
STMY1
Stomach Cancer
STR1
STRAP
Stress
Definition
Characteristics
Possible Pathways of an Association of Stress and Cancer Risk
Methodological Problems
Findings
Conclusion
References
Stress Response
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Life or death decisions under stress
Relevance for cancer progression and therapy
Cross-References
References
Stress-Activated Protein Kinase
Stress-Induced Bystander Effect
Stroma
Stromagenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Stromal Cell Response
Stromal Progression
Stromatogenesis
Stromelysin-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Enzymatic Properties of Stromelysin-1
Regulation of Stromelysin-1
Stromelysin-1 and Cancer
References
Structural Biology
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Structural Vascular Stabilization
STS
Subarachnoidal Spread
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid
Substrate Channeling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Key Features
The Prototypical Paradigm
Details
Mechanisms
References
Further Reading
Subtype AML-M7
Suicide Gene Therapy
Definition
Cross-References
Sulfated Glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2)
Sulfokinases
Sulforaphane
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Actions and Pharmacology
Mechanisms of Action
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Summary
References
Sulfotransferases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Sulfotransferases and Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
Sunitinib (Sutent)
Sunlight-Induced Cancer
Supervised Classification
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Caveats and Recommendations
Cross-References
References
See Also
Supervised Learning
Supportive Care
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Supportive Care Needs Require an Individualized Approach
Patients and Carers Are Key Members of the Supportive Care Team
A Multidisciplinary and Coordinated Approach
The Development of an Evidence Base to Interventions to Improve Supportive Care Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Suppressive T Cells
Suppressor of Invasion, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis
Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Role of SOCS-1 in Cancer
SOCS-3 in Human Cancer
SOCS-2 in Malignant Diseases
Cross-References
References
See Also
Surface Molecules
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Definition
Characteristics
Detection Principle of SPR Biosensor
Properties of the SPR Biosensor
Biomedical Applications
Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA)
High-Throughput Screening (HTS)
Proteomics Research
Cross-References
References
See Also
Surgical Pathology
Surgical Trauma and Cancer Recurrence
Definition
Characteristics
Trauma and Inflammation
Laboratory Investigations
Clinical Applications
References
Surrogate Endpoint
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Role of Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer Research
Methods of Validation
Caveats in the Use of Validated Surrogate Endpoints
Cross-References
References
See Also
Surrogate Endpoint Biomarker
Surrogate Outcome
Survivin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional and Cellular Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Susceptibility Loci
SV40
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Replication
Clinical Relevance
References
SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix-Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin Subfamily b, Member 1
Syk
Syk Tyrosine Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Distribution and Function
Experimental Evidence for a Tumor/Metastasis Suppressor Role of Syk
Mechanism of Syk Activation and Signaling
Clinical Studies of Syk Expression and Activity
Cross-References
References
SYLD (syld709613 Protein)
Synovial Sarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
References
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synuclein
Definition
Characteristics
Synuclein Expression in Cancer
Role in Tumor Progression
References
Systemic Antibody-Directed Radionuclide Therapy
Systemic Spread of Cancer
Systemic Therapy
T
T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement
T-Cell Response
Definition
Characteristics
References
T-Cells Recognizing Autoantigens
t(8;21)
t(8;21)(q22;q22)
T1α2
TACE
Tachykinins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tachykinin Genes
Tachykinin Receptors
Implications of Tachykinins in Malignancies
Breast Cancer
Lung Cancer
Brain Cancer
Colon Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Melanoma
Hematopoietic Malignancies
Aprepitant for the Treatment CINV
Cross-References
References
See Also
Takatsuki Disease or PEP Syndrome
Tamoxifen
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Adjuvant Therapy
Chemoprevention
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects
References
Tankyrases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Intracellular Distribution
Binding Partners
Functions
Telomere Elongation
Cell Division Control
Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
Tanshinone C
Tarceva
Targeted Drug Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Intratumoral Drug Administration
Liposomal Drug Delivery
Tumor-Activated Prodrug (TAP) Therapy
Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Folate-Targeted Drug Delivery
Transferrin-Targeted Drug Delivery
Albumin-Drug Conjugate for Targeted Delivery
Cross-References
References
See Also
Targeted Drug Design
Targeted Radioimmunotherapy
Targeted Toxins
Targeted Viruses
Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cancer Stem Cells Are Resistant to Radiation Therapy
Cancer Stem Cells Are Resistant to Chemotherapy
Cancer Stem Cells Have Deregulated Embryonic Signaling Pathways
Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Cross-References
References
Targeting Tumor-Initiating Cells
Tasigna
TAT Protein of HIV
Definition
Characteristics
Transcriptional Regulation: Control of HIV Replication
AIDS-Associated Pathologies: A Direct Contribution by Tat
Conclusion
References
Tax Binding Protein-181
Tax Helper Protein
Taxol
Definition
Characteristics
Mode of Action
Clinical Pharmacology
Antitumor Activity
Absorption and Excretion
Toxicity
Structurally and Functionally Related Compounds
Structurally Related Compounds
Nontaxane, Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents
References
Taxotere
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemistry
Mechanisms of Action
Clinical Use
Cross-References
References
See Also
T-body
TCC
2,3,7,8-TCDD
TCDD
TCL1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Characteristics of the T-PLL
Cytogenetic and Molecular Characteristic of the TCL1 Locus
Animal Models
TCL1 Protein
TCL1 Expression in Normal and Pathological Tissues
Conclusions
References
TDA
TDGF-1
Technical Knockout
Definition
Characteristics
Isolation of Genes in Apoptosis
Clinical Aspects
References
Telomerase
Definition
Characteristics
What Are Telomeres and What Do They Do?
Why Do Telomeres Shorten?
What Is Cellular Senescence?
If You Can Stop the Shortening of Telomeres, Will This Prevent Cellular Aging?
Can Telomerase Be Used as a Product to Extend Cell Lifespan?
Cell and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Could Telomerase Be the ``Achilles Heel´´ of Cancer?
Will Inhibiting Telomerase Restore the Senescence Program in Cancer Cells and If So Will This Therapy Cure Cancer?
Will Telomerase Activity Be Useful in Cancer Diagnostics?
Have Any Telomerase Therapeutic Agents Been Identified and What Are the Potential Complications of Such Strategies?
Cross-References
References
See Also
Telomeric Repeats of Stem Cells
Temodal
Temodar
Temoget
Temozolomide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Temozolomide and MGMT
Mismatch DNA Repair and Temozolomide Response
Repair of N7-Methylguanine and N3-Methyladenine DNA Lesions
References
Temsirolimus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Activity in Cancer Models
Activity in Clinical Trials
Cross-References
References
See Also
Temsirolimus (Torisel)
Tenascin-C
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Organization
Induction and Processing
Interaction Partners
Cell Rounding and Tumor Cell Proliferation
Metastasis
Angiogenesis
Phenotype of Tenascin-C Knockout Mice and Cancer
Clinical Aspects
References
Tensional Homeostasis
Definition
Characteristics
References
Teratocarcinoma-Derived Growth Factor-1
Teratoma
Testicular Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT)
Low-Stage (IIA/B) NSGCT
Clinical Stages IIC and III
Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
Clinical Stage I Seminoma
Low-Stage (Clinical Stage IIA/B) Seminoma
Clinical Stages IIC and III
Salvage Chemotherapy, High-Dose Chemotherapy
Genetics
Future Directions in TC
Cross-References
References
See Also
Testicular Feminization (TFM)
Testicular Germ Cell Tumor
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Risk Factors
Histological Classification
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Staging and Risk Stratification
Management
Seminomas
Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Testicular Tumors
Testosterone-Repressed Prostate Message 2 (TRPM-2)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Tetraspanin
TG2
TGc
TGF-beta-Stimulated Clone 36, Tsc-36
Theragnostics
Theranostics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Component
Therapeutic Component
Other Components
Impact
Cross-References
References
Therapeutic Prevention
Therapeutic Viruses
Thiazolidin
Synonyms
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Thiazolidinone
Thin Needle
Thiol-Protease Inhibitors
Thioredoxin System
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Thiostatins
Third-Generation Bisphosphonate
Third-Generation Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonate
Thoracentesis
Three-Dimensional Culture
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Comparison of 3D and 2D Cultures
Advantages of 3D Cultures in Cancer Biology
3D Culture Models for Drug Sensitivity Screening
3D Models of Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer
Conclusion
References
Three-Dimensional Tissue Cultures
Definition
Characteristics
Multicellular Spheroids
Culture
Diffusion Limited Growth, ECM, and Differentiation
Dissociation, Histology, and Other Study Methods
Cell Proliferation
pH and Metabolite Gradients
Cancer Biology
Drug Effects and Multicellular Resistance
Drug Transport
Individualized Therapy
Multicellular Layers (MCL) or Multilayered Cell Cultures (MCC)
Multilayered Post-Confluent Cultures (MPCC)
Cocultures of Tumor and Normal Cells
Histocultures
Organotypic Cultures
Organ Cultures and Tissue Engineering
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Thrombin Receptor
Thrombin Receptor-Like 1
Thrombin Receptor-Like 2
Thrombin Receptor-Like 3
Thrombocyte
Thrombospondin
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
TSP-1 and TSP-2 as Inhibitors of Tumor Angiogenesis
Mechanism
Cross-References
References
See Also
Thymidine Phosphorylase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Thymoma
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Classification
Treatment and Prognosis
References
Thyroid Cancer Treatment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Radioactive Iodine: Targeted Therapy
Thyroglobulin: A Tumor Marker for Surveillance
Thyroid Hormone Replacement and TSH Suppression
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Vandetanib
Cabozantinib
Sorafenib
Lenvatinib
Conclusion
Cross-References
Thyroid Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
General Features
Role of Ionizing Radiation
Genetic Aberrations
RET Gene Changes
Cross-References
References
See Also
Thyroid Carcinoma Treatment
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Activator Molecule 1
Tiam1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
TIF2
Tight Junction
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tight Junction Protein-1
TIL
Time of Flight
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Time-Resolved Fluorescence
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology in Drug Discovery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Time-to-Event Analysis
TIMPs
Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tissue Kallikreins
Tissue Proliferation
Tissue Spectroscopy
Tissue Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Defining the ``Stem Cell´´ Concept
Distinctive Features of Tissue Stem Cells
Tissue Stem Cells and Cancer
Tissue Stem Cells and ``Cancer Stem Cells´´
Cross-References
References
Further Reading
Tissue Transglutaminase
Tissue-Specific Stem Cells
TJP-1
TKIs
TLR4
Definition
Characteristics
TLR4 and Cancer
TLR4 Expression and Cancer
Endogenous TLR4 Ligands and Cancer
TLR4 as a Target for Cancer Therapy
TLR Agonists for Cancer
TLR Antagonists
References
T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis
TMPRSS11-13 (Human Genes)
TMPRSS2/ERG Fusions
Definition
Characteristics
References
TMPRSS4
TMZ
TNBC
TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
TRAIL and Its Cell Surface Receptors
Organization of TRAIL-Induced Apoptotic Signaling
Mechanisms to Attenuate TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis
Augmentation of TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis
Clinical Potential for TRAIL Therapy
Perspectives
Cross-References
References
See Also
TNF-α in HIV Infection
Definition
Characteristics
Physiopathological Role of TNF-α in HIV Infection
Relationships Between HIV Replication and TNF-α
Role of TNF-α in NeuroAIDS
Role of TNF-α in Cachexia, Opportunistic Infections, and Tumors
Clinical Relevance of Molecules Inhibiting TNF-α Synthesis
References
TNK
Tobacco Addiction
Tobacco Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Tobacco Products and Human Cancer
Tumor Induction in Laboratory Animals
Chemistry of Tobacco Smoke
Mechanisms of Tumor Induction
References
Tobacco Dependence
Tobacco-Related Cancers
Definition
Characteristics
Tobacco as a Carcinogen
Cancers Related with Tobacco
Evidence for Other Cancers
Passive Smoking
Conclusions
References
Toll-Like Receptors
Definition
Characteristics
TLRs and Cancer Treatment
Cross-References
References
Tongue Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Pathology and Genetic Aberration
Clinical Features
Subclinical Nodal Metastasis
TNM Staging and Prognostic Factors
Pretreatment Assessment
Treatment Options
Controversy of Elective Neck Dissection Versus Observation of N0 Neck
Outcome of Treatment
Cross-Reference
References
See Also
Topoisomerases
Definition
Characteristics
Topoisomerase Families
Molecular Mechanism
Cellular Functions
Topoisomerase Inhibition and Cancer Therapy
References
Torisel
Toxicity Testing
Toxicogenomics
Definition
Characteristics
Genomics
Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Applications in Toxicology
Epigenomics
Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Applications in Toxicology
Transcriptomics
Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Applications in Toxicology
Proteomics
Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Applications in Toxicology
Metabolomics
Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Application to Toxicology
References
Toxicological Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Cross-References
References
See Also
TP53
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Upstream of p53: Signaling of DNA Damage
Downstream of p53: Cell Cycle Control, Apoptosis, and DNA Repair
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
TP63
TP73
TP73L
TPI
TRA-8
Trabectedin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Trabectedin-DNA Adducts
Biological Activity
Clinical Studies
References
Trace Elements
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traffic ATPases
TRAIL
TRAIL Receptor Antibodies
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Mapatumumab (Anti-DR5)
Lexatumumab (Anti-DR5)
TRA-8 (CS1008)
Perspectives
TRAM1
TRAM-1
Transabdominal Dissemination
Transabdominal Metastasis
Transcoelomic Metastasis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Transcoelomic Metastasis
Models of Metastasis
Cell Detachment
Peritoneal Fluid and Anatomy
Ascites: A Metastatic Milieu
Immune Evasion
Tumor Implantation
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Transdifferentiation
Transduction of Oncogenes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of Cellular Oncogenes
Mechanism of Oncogene Transduction
Lessons from Retroviral Transduction of Oncogenes
Cross-References
References
See Also
Transfer of T Cells
Transforming Gene
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta
Definition
Characteristics
TGF-beta Receptors and Signaling Mechanisms
Latency TGF-beta
Matrix Association and Release of TGF-beta
LTBPs: Expression and Functions
Activation of Soluble and Extracellular Matrix Forms of Latent TGF-beta
TGF-beta and LTBP Knockout Mice
Perspective
Cross-References
References
See Also
Transfusion of T Cells
Transgenic Mice
Transgenic Mouse
Definition
Characteristics
Methodology
Random Versus Targeted Gene Insertion
Knockout Mice
Tissue-Specific Knockout Mice (The Cre/loxP System)
References
Transglutaminase Type-2
Transglutaminase-2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
TG2 and Apoptosis
TG2 in Drug Resistance and Metastasis
Clinical Relevance
References
Transin-1
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluations
Staging (1997 AJCC-UICC, TNM Staging)
Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer
Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer
Treatment of Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Cross-References
References
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Renal Pelvis
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Ureter
Translesion DNA Polymerases
Definition
Characteristics
References
Transmembrane 4 Superfamily Protein
Transmembrane Protease Serine 1-13: Hepsin (TMPRSS 1)
Transplacental Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Transplacental Carcinogens
Mechanisms of Cancer Causation
References
Trask (Transmembrane and Associated with Src Kinases)
Trastuzumab
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Antibody
Molecular Target of Trastuzumab
Murine Anti-HER2 Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) 4D5
Clinical Indications
HER2 Status
Mechanisms of Action of Trastuzumab
Mechanisms of Trastuzumab Resistance
Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Cross-References
References
Treatment-Refractory Germ Cell Tumors
Trefoil Factors
Synonyms
Keywords
Definition
Characteristics
TFF Discovery and Expression
TFF in Mucosal Repair and Protection
TFF in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer Progression
Aberrant Expression of TFF as Clinical Markers of the Neoplasia
Conclusions
References
Trefoil Peptides pS2/TFF1
Treg
TRF1-Interacting, Ankyrin-Related ADP-Ribose Polymerases
TR-FRET
Trident
4,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone
3,4,5-Trihydroxystilbene
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Breast Cancer Treatment by Radiotherapy
Radiation and Metastases Development
Biomarkers of TNBC Poor Responders
Cross-References
References
Tripterine
TROP-1
Trophectoderm
Definition
Cross-References
Trp63
Trp73
Trx
TSC
TSC1
tTGase
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
The Genetic Basis of TSC
The Molecular Pathology of TSC
Targeted Therapy for TSC
References
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1
Tubulin-Interacting Proteins
Tumor Antigens
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Antigens Classification, Expression, and Immune Response
Cross-References
References
Tumor Cell Invasion
Tumor Cell-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects and Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Tumor Cell-Platelet Aggregate
Tumor Cell-Platelet Interaction
Tumor Glucose Metabolism
Tumor Grading
Tumor Markers
Tumor Metabolism
Tumor Microenvironment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Complex Regulatory Circuits
The Yin-yang (Double Edged Sword) Interplay in the Tumor Microenvironment
Vicious Cycles in the Tumor microenvironment
The Nontumor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment may Express a Different Phenotype than Their Counterparts at Distant Sites
Site Specific Metastasis and the Metastatic Microenvironment
Dormant Micrometastasis and Microenvironmental Control
The Tumor Microenvironment as Target in Cancer Therapy
Cross-References
References
See Also
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Sources
Genes and Proteins
Biological Functions
Anti-TNF Therapy
Molecular Mechanisms
Activation of the IKK/NF-kappaB and the MAPK/AP-1 Pathways
Induction of Apoptosis
Conclusion
References
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Converting Enzyme
Tumor Pathology
Tumor Progenitors
Tumor Rejection of Non-Irradiated Tumor Areas
Tumor Spread
Tumor Staging
Tumor Suppression
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
What Was the Evidence for Tumor Suppressors?
Retinoblastoma: The First Suppressor
Are There Other Tumor Suppressors and What Cellular Role Do They Normally Play?
Clinical Relevance
Cross-References
References
See Also
Tumor Typing
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Definition
Characteristics
Macrophages
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
TAM Recruitment
TAM Express Selected M2 Protumoral Functions
Modulation of Adaptive Immunity by TAM
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Tumor-Associated Stromal Progression
Tumor-Endothelial Communication
Tumor-Endothelial Cross-Talk
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adhesion Molecules in Tumor-Endothelial Cross-Talk Mediating Extravasation
Tumor-Endothelial Cross-Talk Leading to Prothrombotic Endothelial Activation
Conclusion
References
Tumor-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Tumor-Initiating Cells
Tumor-Reinitiating Cells
Tumor-Repopulating Cells
Tumor-Transforming 1
Tunicamycin
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Antiviral Effect of Tunicamycin
Apoptosis Induction by Tunicamycin
Tunicamycin Increases Effects of Anticancer Agents
Tunicamycin Enhances Death Ligand TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis
Cross-References
References
Turban Tumor Syndrome
Turcot Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Criteria
Genetics
PMS2 Gene
Microsatellite Instability
Clinical Aspects
References
Turmeric Yellow
TUTR1
TXBP181
Type I Cystatins
Type I Interferon
Type-1 Hypersensitivity
Typical Neurocytoma
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cross-References
References
U
Ubiquitin Ligase SCF-Skp2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Significance
References
Ubiquitination
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
p53 and HPV-Associated Cervical Carcinoma
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Disease
beta-Catenin Turnover in Colorectal Tumors
Degradation of p27, a CDK Inhibitor
Cbl and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Degradation
Fanconi Anemia
Induced Degradation of PML-RARα in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Summary
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ubiquitous TPR Motif Protein UTY
Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat, X Chromosome
Ubiquitously Transcribed TPR Protein on the X Chromosome
Ubiquitously Transcribed TPR Protein on the Y Chromosome
Ubiquitously Transcribed X Chromosome Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein
Ubiquitously Transcribed Y Chromosome Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein
UCN-01 Anticancer Drug
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Inhibition of Chk1 Kinase and G2 Checkpoint Abrogation by UCN-01
Mechanisms of UCN-01-Induced Tumor Cell Death
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Ultrasound Microimaging
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Two- and Three-Dimensional Anatomical Imaging
Doppler Blood Flow Imaging
Contrast-Enhanced Imaging
Cross-References
References
See Also
Ultrasound Therapy
Ultraviolet Light-Induced DNA Damage
Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cancer
Uncertain or Unknown Histogenesis Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Distinctive Tumors of Uncertain Histogenesis
Synovial Sarcoma
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor
Neoplasms with Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Differentiation (PEComas)
Hemangioblastoma
Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma
Myxoid Tumors
Other (Benign) Tumors
Cross-References
References
See Also
Unfolded Domain
Unfolded Protein Response and Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
The Key Players of the UPR Pathway
Activation and Function of the IRE1α-XBP1 Branch
Activation and Function of the PERK-eIF2α Branch
Activation and Function of the ATF6 Branch
The Role of UPR in Cancer Development
UPR in the Survival and Death of Cancer Cells
UPR and Inflammation
UPR and Cancer Angiogenesis
UPR and Cancer Dormancy
Targeting UPR in Cancer Therapy
Promote Apoptosis by Increasing ER Stress and UPR Activation in Cancer Cells
Promote Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Adaptive Function of UPR
Cross-References
References
UNII-9ZOQ3TZI87
Unrip: Unr-interacting Protein
Unstructured Domain
UPA
Uranium Miners
Definition
Characteristics
Uranium Mining
Miners´ Cohorts
Exposures
The Risk of Lung Cancer
Histopathological Findings
The Risk of Cancers Other than Lung Cancer
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
See Also
Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Urothelial Cancer Molecular Therapy
Urothelial Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Distribution, Histology, and Clinical Course
Molecular Subtypes and Tumor Stem Cells
Causes
Therapy
Diagnosis and Monitoring
Molecular Genetics
Epigenetics
Cross-References
References
Urothelial Carcinoma, Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Urothelial Tumor
Uterine Cancer
Uterine Fibroid
Uterine Fibroma
Uterine Leiomyoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical, Epidemiological, and Histological Characteristics
Cellular Characteristics
Molecular Genetic and Cytogenetic Characteristics
Heritability and Genetic Epidemiological Characteristics
Cross-References
References
See Also
Uterine Leiomyoma, Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Gross Features
Microscopic Features
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cytogenetic Changes
References
Uterus Cancer
UTX
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction: Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Modifications
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
UTX/KDM6A is a H3K27 Demethylase
UTX Demethylase Target Specificity
UTX Associates with Histone Methyltransferases
UTX is a Specific Epigenetic Regulator
UTX Targets the Retinoblastoma Pathway
UTX Has JmjC Domain-Independent Functions
UTX Controls Life Span Through the Insulin/IGF-1 Pathway
UTX is a Tumor Suppressor Gene
A Two-Hit Model of UTX/UTY Inactivation
UTX Mutations were Identified in Various Tumor Types
Inhibition of UTX Demethylase Activity in IDH Mutated Cells
UTX and Tumorigenesis Through Notch and Rb
Cross-References
References
UTY, Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat Gene on the Y Chromosome
UV Radiation
Definition
Solar and UV Radiation
Characteristics
Cancers of the Skin
Epidemiological Evidence of the Carcinogenic Potential of UV Radiation
Host Factors
Solar UV Radiation as an Environmental Risk Factor
Biological Effects of UV Radiation Relevant to Carcinogenesis
DNA Damage
Cellular Damage
Differential Effects of UVA and UVB
Changes in the Immune Response
Drug-Induced Photosensitivity
Cancer Preventive Effects of UV Radiation
UV-Emitting Tanning Devices
Characteristics of UV-Emitting Tanning Devices
Evidence of the Carcinogenic Potential
References
Uveal Melanoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Diagnosis
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Modalities
Treatment Options
Pathology
Systemic Evaluation and Metastasis
Prognostic Factors
Systemic Therapy and Future Directions
References
Uvomorulin
V
V(D)J Recombination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
References
Valproic Acid
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Valproic Acid Affects Cell Behavior by Multiple Mechanisms
Valproic Acid Inhibits Histone Deacetylase Activity
Valproic Acid Interferes with MAPK Signaling
Valproic Acid Affects the Beta-Catenin Pathway
Valproic Acid May Influence Additional Pathways
Cross-References
References
See Also
Vanadium
Definition
Characteristics
Vanadium in Cancer Treatment
Chemopreventive/Anticancer Mechanisms
Future Direction
References
Vascular Disrupting Agents
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Vascular Disrupting Agents
The Biologic Approach
Small Molecule VDAs
Flavonoid Agents
Tubulin-Binding Agents
VDAs as Adjuvants to Conventional Therapy
Cross-References
References
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Synonyms
Characteristics
VEGF Family
VEGF Receptor Family
VEGF in Vasculogenesis and Physiological Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance
VEGF in Pathophysiological Angiogenesis
VEGF/VEGF Receptor System: Therapeutic Opportunities
Cross-References
References
See Also
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) Inhibitors
Vascular Maturation
Vascular Permeability Factor
Vascular Remodeling
Vascular Stabilization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Vascular Hierarchy
Vascular Destabilization and Activation of Angiogenesis
Vascular Stabilization
Clinical Implications
References
Vascular Targeted Therapies
Vascular Targeting Agents
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Vascular-Targeted Therapies
Vasculogenic Mimicry
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Current Status of Studies on VM in Tumors
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying VM
Dedifferentiation of Tumor Cells Is the Key to Formation of VM Channels
Linearly Patterned Programmed Cell Necrosis and Three-Stage Phenomenon
The Effect of Local Tumor Microenvironment on the Formation of VM Channels
Clinical Significance of VM
Advances and Challenges
VM and Lymphogenesis in Tumors
VM-Targeted Therapy
References
Vasoactive Intestinal Contractor
Vasopressin
Definition
See Also
VDAs
VEGF
VEGF Trap
Velcade
v-erb-B2
Vesical Cancer
VHL
VHL Tumor Suppressor Gene
VIC
Villi
Definition
Villin 2
Viral Oncology Epigenetics
Definition
Characteristics
Host Epigenetic Changes Due to Viruses and Virus-Associated Cancers
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK Virus, and JC Virus)
Adenovirus
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses
Epigenetic Alterations in the Virus Due to the Host
Conclusions
Cross-References
See Also
Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Virology
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Virus Epidemiology
Immunosurveillance and Viral Oncogenesis
Tumor Viruses
Herpesviridae
Epstein-Barr Virus
EBV-Encoded microRNAs
Burkitt Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lymphoproliferative Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients
Other Tumors
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus
Polyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B Virus
Flaviviridae
Hepatitis C Virus
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1
Cross-References
References
See Also
Virotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncolytic Adenoviruses and Cancer Gene Therapy
CRAds in Human Clinical Trials and the Limitations
CAR Deficiency on Tumor Cells Results in the Poor Infectivity of Ad Agents
Infectivity-Enhanced CRAd Agents Retargeting CRAds to Tumor Cells
Tumor-Specific CRAd Agents: Using a Tumor-Specific Promoter to Drive Specific Viral Replication
A Double-Targeted CRAd for Ovarian Cancer
Future Directions for Improvements
Cross-References
References
See Also
Virus Vector
Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer
Vitamin D
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
v-Ki-ras2
Vomeroglandin (Mouse)
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Cross-References
See Also
Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Features
Role in Diseases: Clinical, Molecular, and Cellular Characteristics
Clinical and Molecular Features
Classical Clinical Definition
Germline Mutations
Genotype/Phenotype Correlation
Sporadic Tumors
Somatic Mutations
Cellular/Functional Features
Applications in Diagnosis and Clinical Management
Remaining Questions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Von Recklinghausen Disease
Vorinostat
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Mechanism of Antitumor Action
Clinical Studies
Activity of Vorinostat in Non-oncology Indications
Cross-References
References
VP-16
VPF
v-raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1
v-Src
VTAs
W
WA
Waf1
Warburg Effect
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and the Warburg Effect
Tumor Suppressors and the Warburg Effect
Oncogenic Activation of the Warburg Effect
Does the Warburg Effect Contribute to Tumorigenicity?
Clinical Aspects and Summary
Cross-References
References
Warts (wts)-Drosophila Lats
WARTS (WTS)-Mammalian LATS1
WD-Repeat Proteins Interacting with Phosphoinositides
Well-Differentiated Neurocytoma
Wermer Syndrome
Wilms Tumor
Wilms´ Tumor
Definition
Characteristics
How Common Is Wilms´ Tumor?
What Causes Wilms´ Tumor?
Clinical Characteristics
Is Wilms´ Tumor One Disease?
Molecular Characteristics of Wilms´ Tumor
Treatment of Relapsed Wilms´ Tumor and Future Therapeutic Possibilities
Heritability and Screening
Cross-References
References
WIN
WIPI
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Autophagy
The Mechanism of Autophagy
Autophagy, WIPI, and Cancer
Human WIPI Proteins
WIPI-1 Puncta-Formation Assessment to Monitor Autophagy
Outlook: WIPI as New Targets for Anticancer Therapy?
References
Withaferin A
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Wnt Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Wnt Proteins
Wnt Signaling Pathways
Other Ligands and Receptors that Directly Regulate Wnt Signaling
Cross-References
References
See Also
WWOX
Definition
Characteristics
The Gene
New Genetic Findings
The Protein
Biological Role
In Normal Cells
In Cancer Cells
Cross-References
References
See Also
X
X Box Repressor (XBR)
Xenobiotic Biotransformation
Xenobiotic Metabolism
Xenobiotic Receptor
Xenobiotics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Origin of Xenobiotics
Metabolism of Xenobiotics
Effects of Xenobiotics
Interactions
Individual Variability
Xenobiotics and Cancer
Exploitation of Knowledge About Xenobiotics and XMEs
References
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Definition
Characteristics
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) Subgroups
Clinical Aspects
Cellular Parameters
Molecular Parameters
Animal Models
Other NER-Related Syndromes
Cross-References
References
See Also
Xerophthalmia
Xerostomia
XIAP
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Functions
Gene and Regulation
XIAP and Cancer
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
See Also
Xiphophorus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics of Melanoma Formation
The Xmrk Oncogene
UV-Induced Tumors
Carcinogen-Induced Tumors
Further Information
Cross-References
References
See Also
X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis
XLP2
X-Ray-Induced Cancer
Y
Yinxing
YM-529
Yolk Sac Tumor
Yondelis
Z
Z-Factor
Definition
Characteristics
Connections to Other Assay Data Quality Indicators
Z-Factor and Lower Limit of Detection of an Assay
References
ZO-1
Zoledronic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Characteristics
In Vitro Activities of Zoledronic Acid and Mechanisms of Action
Antitumor and Bone Resorption Activity of Zoledronic Acid in Preclinical Models
Clinical Aspects
Cross-References
References
See Also
Zolinza
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Zonula Adherens
Zonula Occludens Protein-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Biology of ZO-1
Regulation and Function of ZO-1
ZO-1 in Cancer
Cross-References
References
See Also
ZZANK1