Encyclopedia of Cancer [2 ed.] 9783540368472, 9783540476481, 9783540476498, 2008921484

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface To The First Edition
Preface To The Second Edition
Editor in Chief
Field Editors
List of Contributors
A
2ar
17-1A
A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease
A-Scan Ultrasonography
Definition
AAA+
Definition
AAMP
Definition
Characteristics
References
AAPC
AAV
Definition
Characteristics
AAV Genome Structure
AAV Life Cycles
Clinical Relevance
Are Wildtype AAVs Pathogenic in Humans?
Is There a Natural Connection Between AAV Infection and Cancer?
What are Recombinant AAV Vectors?
Is AAV Unique as a Human Gene Therapy Vector?
What are Recent Advances in AAV Vector Technology?
What are Clinically Relevant rAAV Applications in Cancer Treatment?
Anti-Angiogenesis
Immunotherapy
Tumor Suppressors
Suicide Gene Therapy
Drug Resistance
Repair Strategies
Purging of Tumor Cells from Autologous Transplants
RNAi
Future Applications
References
ABC Drug-Transporters
Definition
ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Superfamily
Definition
ABC Transporter
Definition
ABC Transporter Proteins
Definition
ABC-Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Human ABC-Transporters
ABC-Transporters and Multidrug Resistance of Cancer
ABC-Transporters as Anticancer Drug Targets
References
ABC Transporters (ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters)
Definition
ABL
Definition
Ablation
Definition
ABLES
Definition
ABVD
Definition
Characteristics
References
Accelerated Phase
Definition
ACD
Definition
ACDC
Acetaldehyde
Definition
Acetaldehydehydrogenase
Definition
Acetylation
Definition
N-Acetylcysteine
Definition
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Definition
Acetyltransferase
Definition
N-Acetyltransferase
Definition
ACF
Definition
Acharan Sulfate (AS)
Definition
Achneiform Rash
Definition
Acid Rain
Definition
Acidosis
Definition
Acinar Cells
Definition
Acites
Definition
Characteristic
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Aclarubicin
Definition
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Definition
Acquired Mutation
Definition
Acromegaly
Definition
ACRP30
ACTH
Definition
Actin
Definition
Actin Cytoskeleton
Actin Filament Severing
Definition
Actinic Keratosis
Definition
Actinomycin D
Definition
Activated Fibroblasts
Activated Natural Killer Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biology of NK Cells
Role of NK Cells in Human Cancer
Markers of NK Cells
NK Cell Receptors
NK Cell and Cytokines
Cytotoxicity of NK Cells against Tumor or Infected Cells
NK Cells and Cancer Immunotherapy
References
Activated Vitamin D
Activation Loop
Definition
Activator Protein-1 (AP-1)
Definition
Active
Active Cell Death
Active Immunity
Definition
Acute Granulocytic Leukemia
Acute Lung Injury (ALI)
Definition
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Clinical and pathologic features
Cytogenetic and Biological Features
Prognosis and Treatment
References
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Epidemiology
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms of AML
Prognostic Factors
Therapy
References
Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Laboratorial Presentation
Molecular Characterization
Modeling APL in Mice
Therapeutics
References
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Definition
Acute Toxicity Studies
Acyclovir
Definition
AD
Definition
ADAbp
ADA-CP
ADAM
Definition
ADAM10
Definition
ADAM17
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Expression and Regulation
Biological Function
Clinical Relevance
Summary
References
ADAM Molecules
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Metalloprotease Function
Adhesion Function
Signaling Function
Other Functions
References
Adaptive Immunity
Definition
Adaptive Response
Definition
Adaptor Proteins
Definition
ADAR
Definition
ADCC
Definition
Additive Effects
Definition
Adduct
Definition
Adducts to DNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for Using DNA Adducts as Biomarkers for Exposure and Adverse Effects
Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Adducts Compared to Other Biomarkers
Cellular Defense: Repair of DNA Adducts
Adduct Measurements in Disease Epidemiology
Association of DNA Adducts with Cancer Risk
Background DNA-adduct Levels: Sources, Variations and Cancer Risk Prediction
Contributions of DNA-adduct Measurements to Disease Etiology and Pathogenesis
References
Adenine Nucleotides
Definition
Adenocarcinoid
Definition
Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Adenomas
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Definition
Adenomatous Polyps
Adenomucinosis (DPAM)
Definition
Adenosine and Tumor Microenvironment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adenosine Deaminase
Definition
Adenovirus
Definition
Characteristics
Infection and Viral Transcription
Adenoviral Functions and Oncogenesis
Gene Therapy: First- and Second-Generation Adenoviral Vectors
“Gutless” Adenoviral Vectors
Replication-Competent Adenoviral Vectors for Cancer Gene Therapy
Adenovirus Vectors for Genetic Vaccination
References
Adenylyl Cyclase
Definition
Adherens Junctions
Definition
Adherens Junctions
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Implications in Cancer
References
Adhesion
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Adhesion Receptors
Adhesion and Cancer
Adhesion in Metastasis
Adhesion within The Tumor Mass
Malignant Tumor Cells in the Blood Stream: Adhesion to Blood Cells and Platelets
Adhesion in the Target Organ
Adhesion to Endothelial Cells (EC)
Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix Components
Adhesion and Drug Resistance
References
Adhesion Molecules
Definition
ADI
Adipocyte Complement-Related Protein of 30 kDa
Adipocyte C1q
Adipocytes
Definition
Adipocytic Tumors
Adipokine
Definition
Adiponectin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adiponectin and Carcinogenesis
Prostate Cancer
Breast Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Gastric and Colorectal Cancer
Leukemia
Mechanisms
AMPK
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and Signal Transducer and’Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3)
Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3beta/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Other Pathways
References
AdipoQ
Adipose Most Abundant Gene Transcript 1
Adipose Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Benign Adipose Tumors
Malignant Adipose Tumors
References
Adjuvant
Definition
Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Breast Cancer
Adjuvant Hormone Therapy
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Planning the Adjuvant Treatment: Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy
Prostate Cancer
References
Adjuvant Chemohormonal Therapy
Adjuvant Cytotoxic and Hormonal Therapy
Adjuvant Effect
Definition
Adjuvant Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
ADMET
Definition
ADMET Screen
Definition
Characteristics
References
Admixture Population
Definition
Adopted Orphan Nuclear Receptors
Adoptive Immunotherapy
Definition
Characteristics
Unmanipulated T Cells
Cytokine Induced Killer Cells
Lymphocyte Activated Killer Cells
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
NK Cells
Enhancing the Function of Adoptively Transferred’Cells
References
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
Adrencorticotropic Hormone
Definition
Adrenocortical Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology of Adrenocortical Cancer
Pathophysiology of Adrenocortical Cancer
IGF-II (Insulin-Like Growth Factor II)
beta-Catenin Activation in Adrenocortical Cancer
TP53
Diagnosis and Treatment of Adrenocortical Cancer
Clinical and Hormonal Investigations
Imaging of Adrenocortical Cancer
Pathology and Molecular Analysis
Prognosis of Adrenocortical Cancer
Treatment of Adrenocortical Cancer
References
Adrenocortical Tumors
Definition
Adrenomedullin
Definition
Characteristics
Adrenomedullin: Peptide and Gene Structure
Signal Transduction
AM Serves as a Common Language Between the Different Cellular Components of the Tumor Microenvironment
Concluding Remarks
References
Adriamycin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemical Properties
Clinical Aspects
Therapeutic Applications
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Toxicities
Pharmacological Mechanisms
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Mechanisms for Development of Cardiotoxicity
References
Adult-Onset Diabetes
Definition
Adult Stem Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Therapeutic Potential
Cancer Stem Cells
References
Adult T-cell Leukemia
Definition
Adult Tissue Stem Cells
Definition
Advanced Breast Cancer
Definition
AEL
Definition
Aerobic Glycolysis
Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast
Definition
Afaxin
Definition
Affinity-Matured IgG Response
Definition
Aflatoxin B1
Definition
Aflatoxins
Definition
Characteristics
Biotransformation
Carcinogenesis
Repair
Species/Tissue Susceptibility
References
Aflatoxin B1
Definition
AFP
AFP-L3
Definition
Agammaglobulinemia
Definition
AGEs
Definition
Aggressive Fibromatosis
Aggressive Fibromatosis in Children
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Approach
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Side Effects in Survivors
Conclusion
References
Aging
Definition
Characteristics
Aging
Epithelial Cancers
Cellular Senescence
Alterations in the Microenvironment
Tumor Progression in Aging
Implications for Treatment
References
Aging-Associated Inflammation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
Agranulocytosis
AHNP
Definition
AHR
Definition
AI
Definition
AIB1
AIE2
AIF
Definition
AIK
AIK2
AIK3
AIM1
AIM-1
AIPC
Definition
AIs
Definition
AIT
Definition
AJCC
Definition
Ajuba
Definition
AKT
Definition
Akt Signal Transduction Pathway
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Akt in Human Malignancy and Different Function of Akt Family Members
Signal Transduction
Akt Pathway as a Target for Cancer Intervention
References
ALA
Definition
5-ALA
ALAD
Definition
Alcohol Consumption
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Cancer of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC)
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Mechanisms of Alcohol Mediated Carcinogenesis
Acetaldehyde
Oxidative Stress
Altered Methyl Transfer
Reduced Retinoic Acid
Specific Mechanisms (Cirrhosis, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Estrogens)
References
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)
Definition
Alcohol Mediated Cancer
Definition
Alcoholic Beverages Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Cancer
Mechanisms of Alcohol Carcinogenicity
Conclusions
References
ALD
Definition
Aldehyde Dehydrogenases
Definition
Aldehydes
Definition
Aldo-Keto Reductase
Definition
Aldose Reductase
Definition
Alemtuzumab
Definition
ALK
Definition
ALK Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
ALK Protein – Structure, Distribution and Function in Normal Tissues
ALK Protein and Cancer
Full Length ALK
ALK Fusion Proteins
Therapeutic Options
References
Alkeran
Definition
Alkyl
Definition
Alkylating Agents
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Mechanism of Action
DNA Cross-Links
Molecular Pharmacology, Drug Resistance and Clinical Efficacy
Metabolism:
Toxicology
References
ALL
Definition
Allele Imbalance
Definition
Allelic Association
Allelic Loss
Definition
Allergen
Definition
Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
Definition
Allergic Asthma
Allergic Disease
Definition
Allergic Rhinitis or Conjunctivitis
Allergy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiological Studies
Biological Details
References
Allodynia
Definition
Allogeneic
Definition
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Allogeneic Cell Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale
Procedure
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Allogeneic Cellular Immunotherapy
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Allograft
Definition
Allograft Rejection
Definition
Allopurinol
Definition
Allylic Structures
Definition
Alpha-Actinin
Definition
Alpha1-Fetoglobulin
Alpha-Fetoprotein
Definition
Alpha-Fetoprotein – Historical
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Immunochemical Techniques
AFP in Pathology
Fetuin versus AFP
AFP in laboratory Animals
References
Alpha-Fetoprotein – Modern
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Alpha-Particles
Definition
Alpha-SMA
Definition
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)
Definition
Alternative Reading Frame
Alternative RNA Splicing
Definition
Alu Elements
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Function
Role in Human Cancer
References
ALVAC-CEA
Definition
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Definition
AMAP1
Definition
AME Transcription Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Amenorrhea
Definition
Ames Assay
Definition
Amidation
Definition
Amifostine
Definition
Amine Oxidases
Definition
Characteristics
Functions
References
D-Amino Acid
Definition
Amino Terminal End
Definition
Amino-Bisphosphonate
Aminoflavone
Definition
5-Aminolevulinic Acid
Definition
delta-Aminolevulinic Acid
Definition
AML
Definition
AML1
AML1/ETO
AML-1/ETO/CBFbeta/TEL in Chromosomal Translocations
Definition
AML1/EVI-1
AML1/MTG8
AMN107
Amosite
Definition
Amph II
Amphibian Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Amphipathic
Definition
Amphiphysin II
Amphiphysin-like
Amphiregulin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Amphiregulin Structure, Expression, and Function
References
Amphitropic Proteins
Definition
AMPK
Definition
AMPL
Amplaxin
Amplification
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Amplified in Breast Cancer 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Structure and Functional Domains
Functional Mechanisms
Physiological Function
Role in Cancer
References
Amrubicin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Preclinical Studies
Clinical Studies
Amrubicin Monotherapy
Amrubicin Combination Chemotherapy
Conclusion
References
Anaerobic
Analgesic
Definition
Analytic Epidemiological Study
Definition
Anaphase-Promoting Complex
Definition
Anaphylactic Shock
Definition
Anaplasia
Definition
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Definition
Anaplastic Carcinomas
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Genetics
Therapy
References
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
Definition
Anatomic Pathology
Definition
Anchorage-Independent
Definition
Anchorage-Independent Cell Growth
Definition
Anchorage-Independent Cell Transformation
Definition
Androgen
Definition
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Androgen Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure–Function Relationships between Different Domains of Androgen Receptor that are Required for its Transcriptional Acti
Regulation of Unliganded AR
Regulation of Ligand-Bound AR
Nongenomic Function of AR
Androgen Receptor in Human Physiology and Pathology
References
Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer
Definition
Androgens
Definition
Anemia
Definition
Anergy
Definition
Aneugen
Definition
Aneuploidy
Definition
Aneuploidy
Definition
Characteristics
Aneuploidy in Cancer
Aneuploidy as a “Driving Force” and not a “Consequence” in Cancer
Genetic Mechanisms of Aneuploidy in Cancer
Conclusions
References
Angiogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Angiogenesis Inhibiting Agents
Angiogenic Factors
Definition
Angiogenic Switch
Definition
Angiogenic/Angiostatic Chemokines
Angiosarcoma
Definition
Angiostatin
Definition
Angiotensin
Angiotensin II Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Angiotensin II Signaling in Carcinogenesis
Clinical Aspects
Epidemiological Study of the Effect of ACE Inhibitors on Cancer Risk
References
Aniline
Definition
Aniridia
Definition
Ankyrin Repeat
Definition
ANLL
Ann Arbor Staging System
Definition
Anoikis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Anoikis
Definition
Anomalous Pancreaticobiliary Ductal Junction
Definition
Anorexia
Definition
Anoxia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
In vitro Creation of Hypoxia and Anoxia
Causes and Consequences of Tumor Anoxia
The HIF and p53 Interaction Relevant to the Hypoxic and Anoxic Cellular Fate
Oxygen Sensing/Signaling Pathways Relevant to Anoxia
Therapeutic Implications of Anoxia
References
Anoxic
Ansamycin Class of Natural Product Hsp90 Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anti-Tumor Activity
References
Ansomia
Definition
Antagonism
Definition
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
ANTH
Definition
Anthocyanins
Definition
Anthracycline
Definition
Anthropogenic Activity
Definition
Anti-Angiogenic Drugs
Definition
Anti-HER2/Neu Peptide Mimetic
Synonyms
Definition
Receptor Characteristics
Her2 Regulation
AHNP Characteristics
Rational for Design of AHNP
AHNP
AHNP Analogs
AHNP as a Drug Carrier
AHNP in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Relevance to Cancer Therapy
Conclusions
References
Anti-human p185neu Receptor Immunoglobulin G1
Anti-idiotype Vaccination
Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies
Definition
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Side Effects of NSAIDs
References
Anti-Ro/SSA and Anti-La/SSB Antibodies
Definition
Antiangiogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for Antiangiogenesis for Therapy
Molecular and Cellular Players in Angiogenesis: Potential Targets for Antiangiogenesis
The Antiangiogenesis Strategy in Cancer Patients
Antiangiogenesis for Ocular Diseases
Mechanisms of Action of Antiangiogenic Agents
Biomarkers of Antiangiogenesis
Toxicity of Antiangiogenesis
Future Directions in Antiangiogenesis
References
Antiangiogenic
Definition
Antibodies to Self Antigens
Antibody
Definition
Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity
Definition
Antibody Fragments
Definition
Antibody Microarray
Definition
Anticancer Therapeutic Synergy
Definition
Anticipation
Definition
Antiestrogens
Definition
Antigen
Definition
Antigen of the Cromer blood group
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
Definition
Antigen–Antibody Complexes
Definition
Antihormonal Therapy
Definition
Antihormones
Definition
Antilipid Peroxidation
Definition
Antimetabolite
Definition
Antinuclear Antibody
Definition
Antioxidant
Definition
Antioxidant Capacity
Definition
Antioxidant Defenses
Definition
Antioxygen
Definition
Antiproliferative
Definition
Antipyretic
Definition
Antiradical
Definition
Antisense DNA Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Target Choice and Oligonucleotide Design
Delivery, Subcellular Trafficking, and Pharmacodynamics of ODNs
Clinical Applications of Antisense ODNs in Hematological Malignancies
Prospects for Antisense DNA Therapy
References
Antisense Nucleic Acid
Definition
Antiserum
Definition
Antitoxins
Definition
Antitumor Vaccines
Definition
Antizyme Inhibitor
Definition
Characteristics
References
AP-1
Definition
Characteristics
General Structure of the AP-1 Subunits
DNA Binding Domain
Transactivation Domain
Transcriptional and Posttranslational Control of AP-1 Activity
Transcriptional Activation
Regulation of AP-1 Activity
AP-1 in Physiology and Pathology
AP-1 Subunits in Cancer
Acknowledgments
References
AP2
Definition
Apactin (mouse)
APAF-1
Definition
APAF-1 Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
APAF-1 Gene Structure and Regulation
APAF-1 Protein Structure
Assembly and Structure of the Apoptosome
Positive and Negative Regulation of Apoptosome’Function
APAF-1 Expression and Apoptosome Regulation in Cancer
Apoptosome-Dependent and -Independent Pathways of Apoptosis in Normal and Neoplastic Cells
References
AP2-alpha
Definition
APC
Definition
APC/beta-Catenin Pathway
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
APC Gene in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genotype–phenotype Correlations
References
APC-Min Mouse
Definition
Apheresis
Definition
Aphidicolin
Definition
API4
Apical Surface
Definition
APL
Definition
apM1
APO-1
Definition
APO2 ligand
APO2L
Apoptogenic Death
Definition
Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Apoptosis-inducing Factor (AIF)
Definition
Apoptosis-Induction for Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Re-activation of Intracellular Pro-Apoptotic Systems
Inhibition of Intracellular Anti-Apoptotic Systems
Selective Delivery of Additional External Pro-Apoptotic Stimuli
Perspectives for Selectively Tipping the Apoptotic Balance in Cancer
Reference
Apoptosis Inhibitor 4
Apoptosis Pathways
Definition
Apoptosis Regulator Bcl2
Apoptosis Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Death Receptor Signaling
Mitochondrial Regulation of Apoptosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum Regulation of Apoptosis
Regulation of Apoptosis by Tumor Suppressors and Oncogenes
Apoptosis Regulation During Cancer Treatment
References
Apoptosome
Definition
Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor-1
Appendiceal Epithelial Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epithelial Appendiceal Neoplasms
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Syndrome
Treatment
Management in Absence of Peritoneal Dissemination
Management of Mucinous Neoplasms with Peritoneal Dissemination
Outcomes
Approaches to Management
A New Standard of Care
Summary of Changes in Management of Appendiceal Epithelial Neoplasms
References
Appendiceal Mucinous Tumor’of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Appendix
Definition
Appraisal Consultation Document
Definition
Aptamer
Definition
Aptamer Bioconjugates for Cancer Therapy
Characteristics
References
Apudomas
Definition
AR
Definition
9-beta-D-Arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) Monophosphate
Arachidonic Acid
Definition
Arachidonic Acid Pathway
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Fatty Acids as Dietary Precursors
Production of Eicosanoids – from AA and EPA by COX and LOX Pathways
Signaling by Eicosanoids
NSAIDS and Eicosanoid Signaling
Interactions with Cancer Signaling Pathways
References
Archaea
Definition
ARE
ARF
Definition
ARF Tumor Suppressor Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
p53-Dependent Functions of ARF
The ARF–MDM2–p53 Pathway
ARF and Replicative Senescence
p53-Independent Functions of ARF
ARF Negatively Regulates Ribosome Biogenesis
ARF and the Control of Transcription
Conclusion
References
Argentaffin Carcinoma
Arginase
Definition
Arginine
Definition
Characteristics
Arginine Metabolism
Nitric Oxide, Polyamines, Carcinogenesis, and Chemoprevention
Arginine and Cancer: Experimental Studies
Arginine and Cancer: Epidemiologic Studies
Arginine and Cancer: Clinical Aspects
References
Arginine-Depleting Enzyme Arginine Deiminase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to ADI-Treatment
Mechanisms of Anti-Tumor Activity of ADI
Clinical Trials
References
Argininosuccinate Lyase
Definition
ARK1
ARK2
Armadillo Family
Definition
Armed Viruses
Aromatase
Definition
Aromatase and its Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Composition
Distribution and Regulation
Expression
Aromatization Reaction
Type I Inhibitors of Aromatase
Formestane
Exemestane
Type II Inhibitors of Aromatase
Applications and Indications
References
Aromatic Amine
Definition
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Definition
Arp2/3
Definition
Arp2/3 Complex
Definition
Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization
ArrayCGH
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Applications
References
Arrhenoblastoma
Definition
Arsenic
Definition
Characteristics
History of Use
Paradox of Arsenic
Mechanisms of Action – Cancer Causing Effects of’Arsenic
Genotoxicity
Possible Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Aberrations in Signal Transduction
Arsenic as a Therapeutic Agent
References
Arsenic Trioxide
Definition
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Perspective
Xenobiotic Stress
Physiological Effects
A Link Between Environment and Cancer?
The Signaling Pathway
Gene Expression and Biological Pathways
Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity of AhR Ligands
AhR as a Pharmacological Target
References
Aryl sulfatase C
Arylamine
Definition
Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Acetylation Polymorphism
Clinical Relevance
References
Asbestos
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenic Action of Iron
Asbestos: A Vehicle for Iron
Asbestos: Usage and Banishment
References
ASK1
Definition
Askanazy
Definition
Askin Tumor
Definition
Asparagine
Definition
Aspiration Cytology
Aspirin
Definition
Asrocytoma
Definition
Assessment of Anaplasia of a Tumor
Assessment of the Degree of Tumor Differentiation
Association Study
Definition
Aster
Definition
Asthma
Astrocyte
Definition
Astrocytoma
Definition
Asymmetric Cell Division
Definition
Asymmetric Cytokinesis
Definition
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Definition
Ataxia-telangiectasia Mutated (ATM)
Ataxia-telangiectasia Variant 1 and Variant 2
ATF2
Definition
ATF6
Definition
Atheromatous Plaques
Definition
Atherosclerosis
Definition
ATL
Definition
ATM
Definition
ATM Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Functions and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic Disorders
Definition
Atopy
Atorvastatin
Definition
ATP
Definition
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
Definition
ATPase
Definition
ATR
Definition
Atrasentan
Definition
Attenuated Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Attributable Fraction
Definition
Attributable Risk
Definition
Attrition
Definition
Atypia
Definition
Atypical Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Atypical Mole Syndrome
Definition
Atypical Neurocytoma
Atypical Nevi (dysplastic nevi)
Definition
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
Definition
AUC
Definition
AURA
AurB
AurC
AURKB
AURKC
AURORA2
Aurora-A
Aurora-B
Definition
Aurora-C
Aurora Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Aurora Kinase as Target for Cancer Intervention
References
Autoantibodies
Definition
Characteristics
Autoantibodies Can Produce Tissue Injury and May Influence Tumor Behavior
Autoantibodies as Diagnostic and Prognostic Serologic Biomarkers of Cancer
References
Autoantigens
Definition
Autocrine
Definition
Autocrine Growth Factors
Definition
Autocrine Signaling
Definition
Autocrine Stimulation
Definition
Autografts
Definition
Autoimmune Diseases
Definition
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Definition
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Definition
Autoimmune Response
Definition
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Definition
Autoimmunity
Definition
Autoimmunity and Prognosis in Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Evidence for Autoreactivity in Patients with Cancer
Regulation of Autoreactivity
Immunotherapy May Induce Autoimmunity
Autoantigens as a Link Between Cancer and Autoimmunity
References
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation
Autologous (hematopoietic) Stem Cell Transplantation
Autologous Typing
Definition
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Autophagic Body
Definition
Autophagocytosis
Autophagosome
Definition
Autophagy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Biology of Autophagy
Signal Transduction
Autophagy and Programmed Cell Death
Autophagy and Cancer
References
Autoreactivity
Definition
Autosomal Dominant
Definition
Autotaxin
Definition
Auxiliary Tissue
Definition
Auxilin-2
Auxotrophy
Definition
Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2
Awd in Drosophila
Definition
Axin
Definition
Axon Guidance
Definition
Axonal Growth Cone
Definition
Aza-arenes
Definition
5-Azacytidine
Definition
5Upsi-Aza-2Upsi-Deoxycytidine
Definition
5-Azadeoxycytidine
5-aza-2′ Deoxycytidine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Contemporary Research
Clinical Research
References
Aza-epothilone B
Azathioprine
Definition
Aziridine
Definition
Azoxymethane
Definition
B
B Cell
Definition
B-1 Cells
Definition
B7 Molecules
Definition
B Symptoms
Definition
BAC
Definition
BACH1 Helicase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BACH1 and Hereditary Breast Cancer
BACH1 was Identified by its Direct Interaction with BRCA1
BACH1 is Mutated in Hereditary Breast Cancer Patients
BACH1 is Important for Mediating the DNA Damage Response
BACH1 is Required for DSBR
BACH1 and Fanconi Anemia
References
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Microbiological Background on BCG and Tuberculosis Vaccination
BCG in Cancer Immunotherapy
Mode of Action in Antitumor Activity
References
Bacteriophage
Definition
Bacteriophage Display
Baculoviral IAP-repeat Containing Protein 5
Baculovirus
Definition
BAD
Definition
BAF47
Bak
Definition
BAK1
Definition
BALT
Definition
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome
Definition
BAR Domain
Definition
BARD1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BARD1 Structure, Conservation, and Expression
Functions of the BARD1–BRCA1 Heterodimer
BRCA1-Indendent Tumor Suppressor Function of BARD1
BARD1 in Mitosis
Clinical Relevance
BARD1 Mutations in Cancer
References
Barrett Esophagus
Definition
Barrett High-grade Dysplasia
Definition
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Risk Factors and Therapy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Risk Factors and Therapy
References
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS)
Definition
Basal-like Breast Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Etiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Treatment
References
Basal Phenotype Breast Cancer
Basal-subtype Breast Cancer
Basal-type Breast Cancer
Basalioma
Definition
Base Excision Repair (BER)
Definition
Basement Membrane
Definition
Basic FGF
Definition
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Domain
Definition
Basolateral Surface
Definition
Basophil
Definition
BAX
Definition
bbc3
BCC
Definition
BCDF
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
B-cell Differentiation Factor
B-cell Interferon
B-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma-2 Gene (Bcl2)
B-cell Leukemias
B-cell Lymphoid Neoplasm
B-cell Lymphoma
Definition
B-cell Lymphoma Protein 2
B-cell lymphoproliferative Disorders/Diseases
B-cell Malignancy
B-Cell Response
Definition
B-cell Stimulating Factor-2
B-cell Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
What is a B-lymphocyte?
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement
Somatic Mutation and Class Switching
What is a B-cell Tumor?
Characteristics of B-cell Tumors
Immunogenetics of B-cell Lymphomas
References
BCG
Definition
Bcl2
BCL2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functions
Regulation
Bioactivity
References
Bcl-2 Binding Component 3
Bcl-2 Family Proteins
Definition
BCL3
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Molecular Function
Regulation
Expression
Physiological Function
Oncological Relevance
References
BCL-6
Definition
BCL6 Translocations in B-cell Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The BCL6 Gene and Gene Product
BCL6 Translocation Affecting the IG Loci
BCL6 Translocations Affecting Non-IG Loci
The 5´ Non-coding Region of BCL6 Undergoes Somatic Hypermutation
Clinical Relevance
References
BCL-x
Definition
Bcl-XL
Definition
BCNS
Definition
BCR-ABL1
Definition
Characteristics
A Somatic Mutation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells
Molecular Features of BCR-ABL1 Recombination
Complex BCR-ABL1 Rearrangements
Translocation-Associated Genomic Deletions
Detection of BCR-ABL1
What Causes BCR-ABL1?
BCR-ABL1 in Healthy Individuals
Why Breakpoint Cluster Regions?
Molecular Consequences of BCR-ABL1
Clinical Relevance
Anti-BCR-ABL1 Therapies
References
BCSG1
Definition
BDNF
Definition
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Definition
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Associated Childhood Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria
(Epi)-Genetics
BWSCR1
BWSCR2
Diagnostics
BWS Associated Tumors
Wilms Tumor
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Hepatoblastoma
Common Genetic Pathways
References
Beclin 1
Definition
Becquerel
Definition
Behcet Disease (BD)
Definition
Benign Tumor
Definition
Benzene and Leukemia
Definition
Characteristics
Benzene Toxicity and Carcinogenicity
Benzene Metabolism and Toxicity
Benzene, Chromosome Changes and Leukemia
References
Benzidine
Definition
Benzo(a)pyrene
Definition
Benzol
Definition
Benzo[a]pyrene Diol Epoxide (BPDE)
Definition
Benzoquinone ansamycin
Benzpyrene
Definition
Berlin Breakage Syndrome
Beta-2 Microglobulin (beta2 Microglobulin)
Definition
Beta-glucosidase
Beta Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta-hCG)
Definition
Betacellulin (BTC)
Definition
Betel Quid
Definition
Betulin
Definition
Betulinic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
References
Bevacizumab
Definition
bFGF
Definition
BGP, Biliary Glycoprotein
BH
Definition
BH3
Definition
BH3 Binding Pocket
Definition
BH3-Interacting Death Domain Agonist (Bid)
Definition
BH3-interacting Domain Death Agonist
BHD Syndrome
bHLH
Definition
bHLH-PAS Proteins
Definition
Biallelic Mutations
Definition
Bias
Definition
Bicalutamide
Definition
Bid
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Bid Molecule
Bid is a Pro-Death Sensor for Specific Protease Activation
Activation of Mitochondria by Bid
Bid as a Pro-Life Sensor for Cell Cycle Progression and’DNA Damage
Role of Bid in Oncogenesis
Summary
References
Bidirectional Differentiated Malignant Tumors
Definition
2,3´-Biindolinylidene-2,3´-diones
BIK Proapoptotic Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Protein Structure and Molecular Functions
Gene Structure, Expression, and Phenotypes
Relevance to Cancer Genetics and Therapy
References
Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis
Bile
Definition
Bile Acids
Definition
Characteristics
Toxicity of Bile Acids
Effects of Bile Acids on Organs
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Liver, Gallbladder, and Bile Ducts
Pancreas
References
Bile Duct
Definition
Bile Duct Adenoma
Bile Duct Carcinoma
Bile Duct Hamartoma Biliary Cystadenoma
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Benign Bile Duct Neoplasms
Malignant Bile Duct Neoplasms
References
Biliary Glycoprotein
Definition
Bin1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
BING2
Bioactivation
Definition
Bioactive Lipids
Bioavailability
Definition
Biochip
Bioconjugate
Definition
Biodribin
Biogenic Amines
Definition
Bioinformatics
Definition
Biologic Therapy
Definition
Biological Clock
Definition
Biological Markers
Biological Monitoring
Biological Response Modifiers
Definition
Biological Therapy
Biologically Effective Dose (BED)
Definition
Biologicals
Definition
Bioluminescence Imaging
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
About Luciferases
How is In Vivo Bioluminescence Detected?
Considerations to Maximize In Vivo Imaging Sensitivity
Oncology Model Applications
References
Bioluminescent Reporter Gene Assays
Biomarkers
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Types of Biomarkers
Biomarker Techniques and Fields of Application
References
Biomonitoring
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biomarkers of Exposure
Biomarkers of Effect
Biomarkers of Susceptibility
Ethical and Social Implications
References
Biopsy
Definition
Bioreductive Drug
Definition
Biosensor
Definition
Biosynthesis
Definition
Biotechnology
Definition
Biotechnology Derived Therapeutic Proteins
Biotin
Definition
Biotransformation
Definition
BiP/GRp78
Definition
BIR Domain
Definition
BIRADS
Definition
Birbeck Granule
Definition
BIRC5
Birt–Hogg–Dubé Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria
BHD Gene Mutations
Screening and Possible Treatment for BHD
References
Bispecific Antibodies
Definition
Characteristics
Generation of Bispecific Antibodies
Effector Cell Retargeting
Clinical Experience with Bispecific Antibodies
References
Bisphosphoglycerate
Definition
Bisphosphonates
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetic
Clinical Use
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (HCM)
Treatment of Bone Metastases
Prevention of Bone Metastases
Osteoporosis
Side Effects
References
BL
Definition
Bladder Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Tumor Biology and Genetics
Characteristics of Nonurothelial Cell Carcinomas
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Staging
Management of Noninvasive Disease
Management of Invasive and Metastatic Disease
References
Blast Crisis
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features
Biological Basis
References
Blast Phase
Definition
Blastocyst
Definition
Bleomycin
Definition
BLI
BLL
Definition
Blood–Brain Barrier
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The BBB Junctional Complexes
Permeability Properties of the BBB
In Vitro BBB Models
BBB in Disease
References
Blood Stasis due to Vital Energy Stagnancy
Definition
Bloom Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Description
BLM-Deficient Cells
BLM Gene
Frequency
BLM Protein
Mouse Models
Genetic Counseling
Therapy
References
Bloom-Torre-Mackacek Syndrome
Blue Dye
Definition
BM-40
BMP
Definition
BMS-247550
Body Mass Index
Definition
Bombesin (BBS)
Definition
Bone Loss, Cancer Mediated
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Bone Metastasis
Bone Physiology: Control of Normal Bone Remodeling
Bone is a Unique Environment for Metastasis
The Vicious Cycle of Osteolytic Metastasis
The Vicious Cycle of Osteoblastic Metastases
Osteolytic Multiple Myeloma
Osteolytic Metastasis from Breast Cancer
Osteoblastic Metastasis in Prostate Cancer
References
Bone Marrow
Definition
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)
Definition
Bone Morphogenetic Protein
Definition
Bone Neoplasms
Bone Resorption
Definition
Bone Sarcomas
Bone-seeking Malignant Phenotypes
Bone Sialoprotein
Bone Tropism
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Blood Circulation Patterns
Cellular Adhesive Interactions
Chemoattraction of Cancer Cells
Tissue Conditions Supporting the Growth of Cancer Cells
Alteration of Bone Microenvironment by Cancer Cells
References
Bone Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Diagnosis
Staging and Prognosis
References
Borderline Appendiceal Mucinous Tumor
BORIS
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BORIS Functions
BORIS in Cancers
Clinical Aspects
BORIS as a Cancer Biomarker
BORIS as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy
References
Bortezomib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacology
Clinical Aspects
In Cancer
In Graft Versus Host Disease and Immune Disorders
Other Uses
Future Directions
References
Bovine Papillomavirus
Definition
Characteristics
BPV Gene Products
E5
E6
E7
L1 and L2
BPV and Papillomas
BPV and Cancer
BPV and Equine Sarcoids
References
Bowen Disease
Definition
Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI)
Definition
Boyden Chambers
Definition
53BP
Definition
BR 27-29
Brachytherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Dose Rate
Dose Calculations
Implantation Techniques
Clinical Applications of Brachytherapy
Gynecologic Malignancies
Prostate Cancer
Other
References
Bracken Fern
Definition
Bradykinin
Definition
B-raf-1
BRAF1
B-Raf Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological Aspects of B-Raf Signaling
B-Raf Signaling and Tumor Development
B-Raf Structure and Regulation
B-Raf as a Therapeutic Target
References
B-Raf Somatic Alterations
Definition
Characteristics
History of the BRAF Proto-Oncogene
Chromosomal Aberrations
Somatic and Germ-Line Point Mutations
Amplification
References
Bragg (Curve) Peak
Definition
Brain Capillaries
Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Brain Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Classification and Pathology
Clinical Presentation of Brain Tumor Patients
Clinical Management of Brain Tumor Patients and’Prognosis
Complications of Therapy
References
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Definition
Branching Morphogenesis
Definition
BRCA1-associated Ring Domain (Gene/Protein) 1
BRCA1/BRCA2 Germline Mutations and Breast Cancer Risk
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Characteristics
Molecular and Cellular Characteristics
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2
Clinical Relevance
When to Take the DNA-test?
Why Take the DNA-test?
Interpreting a Negative Test Result
References
BRCT Domain
Definition
Breakpoint
Definition
Breakpoint Cluster Region
Definition
Breast Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Screening
Genetics
Molecular Biology
Treatment
New Treatments
References
Breast Cancer Genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
Definition
Characteristics
Protein
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Role in the Cellular Response to DNA Damage
Other Functions
Tumor Suppression by BRCA1 and BRCA2
Clinical Relevance
Breast Cancer Resistance Protein
Definition
Breast Conservation
Definition
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System
Definition
Breast Implant
Definition
Breast Reconstruction
Definition
Breast Reduction
Definition
Breast Regressing Protein 39 Kd
Breast Stem Cells
Definition
Breast Surgery
Definition
Breast Transillumination
Breslow Depth
Definition
BRG- and BRM-associated Factor, 47 kDa
Brilliant Yellow S
BRIP1
BRIT1 Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Significance of BRIT1 in the Development of Cancer
BRIT1 Function in DNA Damage Response
BRIT1 Function in Cell Cycle Control
References
BRM
Definition
BRMS1
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Functional Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
BRN-5547136
Broder Histological Classification
Definition
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)
Definition
Bromodomain
Definition
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites
Brown Adipose Tissue
Definition
brp-39
Brush Border
Definition
Bryostatin-1
Definition
Characteristics
Rationale for Targeting the PKC
Preclinical Activity of Bryostatin-1
Single Agent Activity of Bryostatin-1
Bryostatin-Based Combinations
Future Directions
References
BSA
Definition
B-Scan Ultrasonography
Definition
BSF-2
BTAK
BUB1
Definition
Bulk Minerals
Definition
Bulky
Definition
Burkitt Lymphoma
Definition
Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Lines
Definition
Bystander Effect
Definition
C
C33
C75
Definition
c-Abl
Definition
C.elegans cell death 4 homolog
CA19-9
Definition
CA125
Definition
Ca2+-activated Phospholipid Dependent Protein Kinase
Ca2+ ATPase
Definition
Ca2+-Release Channels
Definition
CaBP3
Cachexia
Definition
Characteristics
Weight Loss
Poor Appetite
Increased Metabolism and Energy Expenditure
Loss of Adipose Tissue
Loss of Muscle Protein
Treatment
References
Cachexia-inducing Agent
Caco-2
Definition
Cadherin 1
Definition
Cadherins
Definition
Cafe Au Lait Spots
Definition
Cajal Bodies
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
CAK1 Antigen
Cal
Definition
Calcineurin
Definition
Calcitonin
Definition
Characteristics
Biosynthesis
Biological Actions
Actions on Bone
Renal Actions
Central Actions
Other Actions
CT in Cancer
Mechanism of CT Action
Receptors
Receptor Isoforms
Modulation of CTR Specificity
CTR Signaling
G protein-Mediated Signaling
G Protein-Independent Signaling
Significance of CT–CTR axis in Cancer: Clinical Aspects
CT is “Oncogene” for Prostate Cancer but “Tumor Suppressor” for Breast Cancer
CT is an Angiogenic Factor
References
Calcitriol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Calcitriol and Cancer
Mechanisms
Role of Vitamin D or Calcitriol in Cancer Prevention or Therapy
Colon Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Other Malignancies
Note Added in Proof
References
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Definition
Characteristics
EF-Hand Motif Calcium-Binding Proteins
Annexins and Other non-EF-Hand Motif Proteins
Calreticulin-like Proteins
References
Calcium-binding Reticuloplasmin of Molecular Weight 55 kDa
CALI
Calnexin
Definition
Calpain
Definition
Characteristics
Calpain and Cell Proliferation
Calpain and Cell Migration
Calpain and Apoptosis
References
Calpastatin
Definition
Calreticulin
Definition
Calreticulin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of CRT
Functions of CRT in the Cell
CRT, a Lectin-like Molecular Chaperone in the ER
CRT, a Regulator of Ca2+ Homeostasis in the ER
Other Miscellaneous Functions of CRT In and Out of the ER
CRT and Development
CRT and Cancer
Expression of CRT in Cancer
Pathophysiological Relevance of CRT in Malignant Disease
CRT as a Tool for Cancer Therapy
References
Calsequestrin-like Protein
CAM
Definition
cAMP
Definition
cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB)
Definition
Campath-1H
Definition
Camptothecin
Definition
CAMs
CAMTA1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Canale-Smith Syndrome
Definition
Canals of Hering
Definition
Cancer
Definition
History
Characteristics
Types of Genetic Damage
Cellular Aspects
Sporadic Versus Familial Cancer
Polygenic Determinants of Risk
Cancer and Cadmium
Definition
Characteristics
References
Cancer Antigen
Definition
Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
Definition
Cancer Associated Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
Definition
Cancer Associated Antigen 27-29 (CA 27-29)
Definition
Cancer of B-lymphocytes
Cancer Cachexia Syndrome (CCS)
Definition
Cancer Causes and Control
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tobacco
Trends
Physical Activity
Trends
Weight Control and Obesity Prevention
Trends
Dietary Improvements
Dietary Fat
Red Meat
Calcium
Excess Caloric Intake
Whole Grains
Vitamin A and Carotenoids
Selenium
Vitamin D
Trends
Limitation of Alcohol Use
Safer Sex and Decreased Viral Transmission
Trends and Disparities
Sun Protection
Screening
Trends and Disparities
Conclusion
References
Cancer Cell-platelet Microemboli
Cancer Epidemiology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Cancer Epigenetics
Definition
Characteristics
DNA Hypermethylation
Histone Modification
DNA Hypomethylation
Epigenetic Alterations as Targets for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention
Cancer Genome Project
Definition
Cancer Germline Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification
Nomenclature
Regulation of Expression
Function
Clinical Studies
References
Cancer of the Large Intestine
Cancer-mediated Bone Loss
Cancer Networks
Definition
Cancer-Prone Genetically Modified Mouse Models
Definition
Cancer Registry
Definition
Cancer Stem Cells
Definition
Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Cancer Testis Antigens
Definition
Cancer (or Tumor) Stroma
Cancer Vaccines
Definition
Characteristics
T Lymphocytes
Tumor Cells
Peptides and Carbohydrates
Recombinant Vaccines Expressing Tumor Antigens
Anti-idiotype Vaccines
Dendritic Cell-based Vaccines
Conclusion
References
Cancer Without Disease
Cancers of Hormone-responsive Organs or Tissues
Cancer-Testis-Antigens
Definition
Candidat of Metastasis 1
Cannabinoids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Pathways Modulated by Cannabinoid Receptors
Palliative Effects of Cannabinoids in Cancer
Mechanism Involved in the Antiemetic Effect of Cannabinoids
Mechanism Involved in Appetite Stimulation by Cannabinoids
Mechanism Involved in the Analgesic Effect of Cannabinoids
Antitumoral Effects of Cannabinoids
Induction of Apoptosis
Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids as Antitumoral Agents
References
Cap
Definition
Cap-Binding Complex
Definition
Cap-Dependent Translation
Definition
Capecitabine
Definition
CapG
Definition
Capillary Hemangioblastoma
Definition
CAR
Carbonyl Reductases
Carboplatin
Definition
Carboxylesterase
Definition
Carboxypeptidase
Definition
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Protein Structure
The CEA Gene Family
Function of CEA in Normal and Cancerous Tissue
Clinical Aspects
References
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Definition
Carcinofetal Proteins
Carcinogen
Definition
Carcinogen Dosimetry
Definition
Carcinogen Macromolecular Adducts
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogen Metabolism Leading to Macromolecular Adduct Formation
Structural Modification of DNA to Form Carcinogen-DNA Adducts
Methods to Measure Carcinogen-DNA Adducts
Importance of DNA Adducts in Chemical Carcinogenesis
Significance of Carcinogen-Protein Adducts
Methods to Measure Carcinogen-Protein Adducts
Significance of Protein-Adducts
References
Carcinogen Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
History
Metabolism
Mechanisms
Cancers
References
Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Causes
Molecular Genetics
Clinical Relevance
Prevention
References
Carcinogenicity Studies
Definition
Carcinoid
Carcinoid Syndrome
Definition
Carcinoid Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Carcinoma
Definition
Carcinoma In Situ
Definition
Carcinoma of the Adrenal Cortex
Carcinoma with Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylation Cell Differentiation
Carcinomatosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
CARD
Definition
Cardiac Dysrhythmia
Definition
Cardiac Myxoma
Definition
Cardiac Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Clinical Features
Primary Tumors
Benign
Malignant
Secondary or Metastatic Tumors
Therapy and Prognosis
References –
Cardio-Facial-Cutaneous (CFC) Syndrome
Definition
Cardiomyopathy
Definition
Cardiotoxicity
Definition
Caretaker Genes
Definition
Caries
Definition
Carney Complex
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Carotene 15,15´-Oxygenase
Definition
beta-Carotene
Definition
Carotenes
Definition
Carotenoids
Definition
Characteristics
References
Cas
Definition
Case Control Association Study
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Potential Problems in Association Studies
References
Case–Control Association Analysis
Case–Control Study
Definition
CASH
CASP-8
Definition
Caspase
Definition
Caspase-3
Definition
Caspase-8
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Physiological Functions of Caspase-8
Caspase-8 and Cancer
References
Caspase-eight-related Protein
Caspase-9
Definition
Caspase Homologue
Caspase-like Apoptosis-regulatory Protein
CASPER
CASTing
Definition
Catalytic Domain
Definition
Catalytic Pocket
Definition
Catastrophe Promoter
Definition
Catechin
Catechins
Definition
Catechol Estrogen
Definition
Catenate
Definition
beta-Catenin
Definition
beta-Catenin Stabilization
Definition
Cathepsin-D
Definition
Characteristics
Apoptosis
Regulation
Cancer
Clinical Aspects
References
Cathepsins
Definition
Catheters
Definition
Caveolae
Definition
Caveolins
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
C-Bandless Chromosome
Definition
CBFA2
CBP/p300
Definition
CBP/p300 Coactivators
Definition
Characteristics
References
CBs
Definition
CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein α (CEBPA)
Definition
CCCTC-Binding Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CTCF Functions
Clinical Aspects
References
CCI-779
CCL5/RANTES
Definition
CCL20/MIP-3alpha
Definition
CCND1
Definition
CCR4
Definition
CCR6
Definition
CCRG-81045
CCV
Definition
CD1a
Definition
CD2AP
Definition
CD3 Complex
Definition
CD4
Definition
CD4+T-Cells
Definition
CD5 B Cells
Definition
CD8
Definition
CD8+ Cytotoxic T-Cells
Definition
CD8 T Cells
Definition
CD14
Definition
CD15
Definition
CD20
Definition
CD24
Definition
CD26
CD26/DPPIV in Cancer Progression and Spread
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CD30
Definition
CD33
Definition
CD34
Definition
CD39
Definition
CD44
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
CD45
Definition
CD52
Definition
CD55
CD57
Definition
CD62E
CD66a
Definition
CD73
Definition
CD82
Definition
CD95
Definition
CD95
Definition
CD99
Definition
CD156b Antigen
CD184
CD246
CD314
CD Antibody Microarray
Definition
CD Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CD Antigens Provide Immunophenotypes of Leukocytes
Classification of Leukemias Using CD Antigens
CD Antigens as Targets for Therapeutic Antibodies
Methods for Identification of CD Antigens
References
CdA
2-CdA
CDC
Definition
CDC7
Definition
CDC20
Definition
CDC25
Definition
CDC37
Definition
CDC42
Definition
CDDP
CD66e
CDH1
Definition
CDK
CDK1 Kinase
CDK2/cyclin A-associated protein p45
CDK4I
CDK Inhibitors
Definition
CDKN2
CDKN2A
Definition
CDKN2A
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of CDKN2A
Gene Structure of CDKN2A
Tumor Suppressor
P16 is a CDK Inhibitor
Role of the Alternative Reading Frame (ARF) Product
Senescence
Mouse Models
Clinical Aspects
CDKN2A Mutations and Melanoma
Multiple Primary Melanoma
CDKN2A Mutations and Non-Melanoma Cancers
Modifiers of Penetrance of CDKN2A Mutations
CDKN2a Polymorphisms as Low Risk Factors
CDKN2A and the Atypical Mole Syndrome
References
cDNA chips
CEA
CEA Gene Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression and Functions of CEA Family Members in Normal and Tumor Tissues
Expression and Functions of CEACAM1
Transcriptional Regulation
The Next Frontier
References
CEA-related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
CEA-Vaccine Virus
Definition
Ceacam1, Ceacam6, Ceacam7, Ceacam8
Definition
CEACAM1=BGP, C-CAM, CD66a
CEACAM5
CEACAM5=CEA,CD66e
CEACAM6=NCA, CD66c
CEACAM7=CGM2
CEACAM8=CGM6, CD66b
CEACAM1 Adhesion Molecule
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Properties of CEACAM1
CEACAM1 in Cancer
Loss of CEACAM1 Expression in Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression
Upregulation of CEACAM1 Expression in Malignant Diseases
CEACAM1 and Tumor Angiogenesis
Studying CEACAM1 in Cancer: Animal Models
References
C/EBPalpha
Definition
C/EBP Homologous Protein
Definition
CED
CED-3
Definition
CED-4
Definition
Celastrol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Properties
Potential Molecular Targets
Clinical Relevance
References
Celebra
Celebrex
Celecoxib
Synonyms
Characteristics
References
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Adhesion Molecules and the Cytoskeleton
Classification of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cadherins
Integrins
The Ig Superfamily
Selectins
Proteoglycans
Role of Adhesion Molecules in Cancer
The Metastatic Cascade
Adhesive Events in Metastasis
Other Cancer-Related Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules
References
Cell-Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
Definition
Cell Adhesion Receptors
Cell Biology
Definition
Characteristics
The Cell
Cell Division and Reproduction
Cell Proliferation
Cell Cycle
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Autophagy
Signal Transduction
Signaling Targets
Systems Biology
Cell Motility and Migration
Cytoskeleton
Signaling Regulation
Tumor Biology
Initiation and Promotion
Progression
Metastasis
Stem Cell Biology
Self-Renewal and Clonality
Potency
Environmental Regulation
Social Implications
References
Cell Block
Definition
Cell Cycle
Definition
Cell Cycle Arrest
Definition
Cell-Cycle Checkpoint
Definition
Cell-Cycle Targets for Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Restriction Point Control
Checkpoint Control
Clinical Relevance
References
Cell Differentiation
Definition
Cell Division
Definition
Cell Fate
Definition
Cell-free Circulating Nucleic Acids
Cell Lines
Definition
Cell Locomotion
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Definition
Cell Membrane
Definition
Cell Migration
Cell Motility
Cell Movement
Cell Polarity
Definition
Cell Scattering
Definition
Cell Signaling
Definition
Cell-Surface Receptors
Definition
beta-Cell Tumor of the Islets
Cellular Antigens
Cellular Atypia
Definition
Cellular Immortalization
Definition
Cellular Immunity
Definition
Cellular Self-Cannibalism
Cellular Senescence
Definition
Cellular Transformation Assay
Definition
CENP-E
Definition
Censoring
Definition
Central Cleavage
Definition
Central Nervous System
Definition
Central Neurocytoma
Central Neurofibromatosis
Centrocytic (Mantle Cell) Lymphoma
Centromere
Definition
Centrosome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Centrosome Duplication
Abnormal Amplification of Centrosomes and Chromosome Instability in Cancer
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Proteins and Centrosome Amplification
Centrosome Amplification and Cancer Chemotherapy
References
Ceramide
Definition
Characteristics
Formation of Ceramide
Ceramide-Induced Changes of Biological Membranes
Ceramide in Receptor-Mediated Signaling
Signaling Molecules Regulated by Ceramide
Ceramide in Mitochondria and Cell Death
Genetic Evidence for a Function of Ceramide in Apoptosis
Ceramide in gamma-Irradiation- and UV-A Light-Induced Apoptosis
Ceramide and Chemotherapy
Short Chain Ceramide
References
Ceramide Kinase (CerK)
Definition
Ceramide-1-Phosphate (C1P)
Definition
C-erb-B2
Cerebral Edema
Definition
Cerulenin
Definition
Cervical
Definition
Cervical Cancers
Definition
Characteristics
Symptoms
Pathology
Staging
Prognosis
Therapy
References
Cetuximab
Definition
c-FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein
Definition
c-FLIP
Definition
CG
cGMP
Definition
CGP57148
z Chain
Definition
Channels
Definition
Chaperone
Definition
Chaperonins
Definition
Charged Particle Therapy
Checkpoint
Definition
Checkpoint Kinases
Definition
Chelation Therapy
Chelator
Definition
Chelators as Anti-Cancer Drugs
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells
Desferrioxamine, an Iron Chelator with Some Anti-Cancer Activity
Other Chelators with Anti-Cancer Potential
PIH Chelators
The DpT Chelators: Dp44mT
Iron Chelation and Cell Cycle Control Molecules
Conclusions
References
Chemical Biology
Definition
Chemical Biology Screen
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Cell Types in Animals and the Tumors They Give Rise to
Carcinogens
Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Insights into Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis from Studies of Chemically Induced Neoplastic Transformation
Significance of Chemical Carcinogenesis
References
Chemical Castration
Definition
Chemical Genetic Screen
Chemical Mutagenesis
Chemical Tool
Definition
Chemically Induced Cell Transformation
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Growth of Normal Cells
Carcinogens
Chemically Induced Cell Transformation – Description and Mechanisms
Significance of Chemically Induced Neoplastic Transformation
References
Chemoattractant
Definition
Chemoattractant Cytokine
Chemoattraction
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemokines
Chemokines and Cancer
Chemoattraction: A Key Process to Attract Cancer Cells to New Biological Niches
Other Biological Effects of Chemokines on Cancer Cells Apart from Chemoattraction
Chemokines can Contribute to Regulate the Growth of Cancer Cells
Chemokines can Contribute to Regulate the Survival of Cancer Cells
Chemokines can Contribute to Regulate the Adhesion to New Sites in Cancer Cells
Chemokines can Contribute to Control Protease Secretion in Cancer Cells
Chemokines can Contribute to Control Angiogenesis in Cancer Cells
Therapeutical Aspects
Summary and Final Conclusions
References
Chemoembolization
Definition
Chemokine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Chemokine Receptor CXCR4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemokines
Definition
Chemokinesis
Chemoprevention
Definition
Chemoprotectants
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Synthetic Chemoprotectants
Natural Chemoprotectants
References
Chemoprotection
Chemoradiation
Chemoradiotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemoradiotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Gastric Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Chemoradiotherapy for Anal Cancer
Concluding Remarks
References
Chemorepulsive Cues
Definition
Chemoresistance
Definition
Chemosensibilization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemosensibilization of Tumors by Targeting P-gp
Inhibitors of P-gp Activity
Other Strategies to Inhibit P-gp
Chemosensibilization of Tumors by Triggering Apoptosis
References
Chemotactic
Definition
Chemotactic Cytokine
Chemotactic Factors
Definition
Chemotaxis
Definition
Chemotherapy
Definition
Chemotherapy of Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
The Challenge
The Agents
Clinical Strategies
Supportive Care
Long Term Effects of Cancer Treatment
Conclusions
References
Chest Tube
Definition
xi-(Chi)-Like Sequence
Definition
CHI3L1
Child-Pugh Score
Definition
Childhood Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Causes
Normal Physiology and Tumor Biology
Clinical Manifestations
Testing
Treatment
Prognosis
Concluding Remarks
References
Childhood Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Causes and Risk Factors
Genetic and Chromosomal Syndromes
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcome and Late Effects
References
Chimeric
Definition
Chimeric Antibodies
Definition
Chimeric Antigen Receptor on T Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background on Manipulating T-Cell Responses to Cancer
Tumor-Specific CAR Development
Clinical Application of CAR-Specific T Cells
Improved Therapeutic Potential of CAR+ T Cells
Future Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chimeric Genes
Chimeric Oncogenes
Chimeric Oncoproteins
Definition
Chimeric T Cell Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The TCR Format
The Single Chain Format
Chimeric T Cell Receptors with Primary and Costimulatory Signal
Clinical Aspects
References
Chimeric Transcripts
Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Oriental Medicine
Chinese versus Western Medicine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Developing History
Theories and Principles
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Methods
Treatment Modalities
References
Chitinase-3-like-1
CHK1
Definition
CHK2
Definition
2-chlorodeoxyadenosine
2-chloro-2´-deoxyadenosine
CHO Cells
Definition
Cholangiocarcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Biology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
References
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
Cholangiocytes
Definition
Cholangiosarcoma
Cholecystectomy
Definition
Cholecystitis
Definition
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Definition
Cholera Toxin
Definition
Cholestasis
Definition
Cholesterol
Definition
Chondrex
Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)
Definition
Chondrosarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
References
CHOP
Definition
Choroidal Melanoma
Christmas Factor
Definition
Chromate
Chromatid
Definition
Chromatin
Definition
Chromatin Modification
Chromatin Remodeling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects
Chromatin Remodeling Complex
Histone Modifications
Histone Variant
Epigenetic Therapy
References
Chromium(VI)
Chromium Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chromium, The Chemical Element, and its Ionic Species and Chemical Compounds
Important Commercial Uses of Nickel and Nickel Compounds
Biological Aspects of the Essentiality of Chromium (III) in Mammalian Cells
Exposure of Humans to Chromium Compounds
Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds
Chromium-Induced Cell Transformation
Chromium Carcinogenesis
Mechanisms of Chromium Carcinogenesis
References
Chromium-induced Carcinogenesis
Chromium-induced Cell Transformation
Chromium Tumorigenesis
Chromocenter
Definition
Chromodomain
Definition
Chromogranin A
Definition
Chromophore
Definition
Chromophore-Assisted Laser Inactivation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Advantages
Limitations
Application
Current Applications
Future Applications
Conclusions
References
Chromosomal Aberrations
Definition
Chromosomal Imbalance
Definition
Chromosomal Instability
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Background
Chromosome Segregational Defects Lead to Chromosomal Instability
A Defective Response to DNA Damage Leads to Chromosomal Instability
Telomere Dysfunction May Lead to Chromosomal Instability
Cell Cycle Disturbances Result in Chromosomal Instability
References
Chromosomal Rearrangement
Definition
Chromosomal Translocation t(9;22)
Definition
Chromosomal Translocation t(8;21)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytogenetics and Morphology
AML1/MTG8
AML1/MTG8 in Leukemogenesis
Clinical Relevance and Therapy
References
Chromosomal Translocations
Definition
Characteristics
Biology
Clinical Relevance
References
Chromosome
Definition
Chromosome Abnormality
Definition
Chromosome Band
Definition
Chromosome Condensation
Definition
Chronic Bronchitis
Definition
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Definition
Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
Chronic Liver Disease
Definition
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Risk Prediction in CLL
Symptoms and Signs of Active CLL
Treatment Strategies in CLL
Allo-HCT in CLL
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Definition
Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Definition
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
COPD
Lung Cancer
Link to Decline in FEV1
COPD and Lung Cancer Associations
Possible Mechanisms of the COPD - Lung Cancer Risk
Summary
References
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Definition
Chronic Phase
Definition
Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
Definition
Chronotherapeutics
Definition
CHRPE
Definition
Chrysotile
Definition
Chuvash Polycythemia (CP)
Definition
Chylothorax
Definition
C.I. 75300
Ciclosporin
Definition
Cilia
Definition
Ciliary Body Melanoma
CIN
Cip-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 Ciz1
Definition
Characteristics
References
Circadian
Definition
Circadian Clock
Definition
Circadian Clock Induction
Definition
Characteristics
Relevance of Circadian Disruption for Cancer Processes
Circadian Clock Control of Cell Cycle
Circadian Disruption in Cancer Tissues
Physiologic Clock
Tumor Clock
Circadian Clock Induction
References
Circadian Disruption
Definition
Circadian Pacemaker
Definition
Circadian Rhythm
Definition
Circular Dorsal Ruffles
Definition
Circulating Endothelial Cells (CECs)
Definition
Circulating Nucleic Acids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Aspects
Clinical Aspects
References
Circulating Progenitor Cells (CPCs)
Definition
Circulating Tumor Cells
Definition
Characteristics
CTC Detection and Characterization
Clinical Impact of CTC Detection
References
Circulating Tumor Microemboli (CTM)
Definition
Cirrhosis
Definition
CIS
Definition
Cis2His2 Zinc Finger
Definition
Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum
Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)
Cisplatin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Cisplatin and Cancer Treatment
Cisplatin-Induced Resistance
Inhibition of Drug Uptake and Decreased Intracellular Accumulation
Increased DNA Repair
Development of Cisplatin Analogs
References
Cisplatin-refractory Germ Cell Tumors
Cisplatin Resistant Germ Cell Tumors
Cis-Platinum II
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)
Definition
CK I
Definition
CK II
Definition
CKI
Definition
c-Kit
Cladribine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Administration and pharmacokinetics
Clinical activity
Toxicity and adverse effects
References
Clark Level
Definition
CLARP
Class II Tumor Suppressor Genes
Definition
Characteristics
Evidence for a Class II Tumor Suppressive Activity
Class II Tumor Suppressor Identification
Mechanisms of Inactivation
Clinical Relevance
References
Class III Histone Deacetylases
Class Switching
Definition
Classifier
Definition
Clastogen
Definition
Clastogenesis
Definition
Clathrin
Definition
Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis
Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue
Definition
Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney (CCSK)
Definition
Clearance
Definition
Cleavable Complex
Definition
Clinical Cancer Biomarkers
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Tumor Markers
Prognostic/Predictive/Markers
Surrogate/Monitoring Markers
Miscellaneous Markers
References
Clinical Pathology
Definition
Clinical Studies
Definition
Clinical Trial
Definition
CLL
CLN
Clonal
Definition
Clonal Proliferation
Definition
Clone
Definition
Clonogenic Survival Assay (CSA)
Definition
Clonorchis Sinensis
Definition
Cluster of Differentiation 44
Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Molecules
Definition
Clustering
Definition
CMC
Definition
CMF
Definition
CML
Definition
CMM2
CMMoL
Definition
c-Myc
Definition
CNAs
CNC
CNDF
cNOS
Definition
Coactivator ACTR
Coactivators
Definition
Coagulation Factor II Receptor
Coagulation Factor II Receptor-like 1
Coagulation Factor II Receptor-like 2
Coagulation Factor II Receptor-like 3
Coagulation Pathway
Definition
Coagulopathy
Definition
Characteristics
References
Co-chaperone
Definition
Cockayne Syndrome
Definition
Coding Region
Definition
Codon
Definition
Codon-Optimization
Definition
COE
Cofactor
Definition
Coffee Consumption
Definition
Characteristics
Coffee Constituents
Coffee Association with Cancer
References
Cohesins
Definition
Cohort Study
Definition
Coiled Bodies
Coiled-Coil Domain
Definition
Colchicine
Definition
Cold Surgery
Coley Toxin
Definition
Collagen
Definition
Collapsin
Collective Cell Invasion
Definition
Collier-Olf-EBF
Colloid Carcinoma
Colon Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Screening Strategies for the Average Risk Population
FOBT (Fecal Occult Blood Test)
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Double Contrast Barium Enema
Cancers of the Cecum and Ascending Colon
Cancers of the Right Flexure and the Proximal Transverse’Colon
Cancers of the Transverse Colon
Tumors of the Left Colonic Flexure
Tumors of the Descending Colon and Proximal Sigmoid Colon
Tumors of the Middle and Distant Sigmoid Colon
Further Constellations Influencing Surgical Strategy
Classification of Colorectal Cancers
Cellular and Molecular Features
Perspective
References
Colonoscopy
Definition
Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)
Definition
Colony Stimulating Factor-1
Definition
Colorectal Premalignant Lesions
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adenomas
Adenoma–Carcinoma Sequence
Hyperplastic Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
References
Combination Therapy
Definition
Combinatorial Chemistry
Definition
Combinatorial Libraries
Definition
Combinatorial Selection Methods
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
CASTing
REPSA
SELEX
References
Combined Modality Treatment
Comet Assay
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Modifications
Areas of Application
Genotoxicity Testing
DNA Repair
Biomonitoring
Cancer Susceptibility
References
Committed
Definition
Common Bile Duct
Definition
Common Fragile Sites
Definition
Common Melanocytic Nevi
Definition
Comorbidity
Definition
Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)
Definition
Comparative Genomics
Definition
Comparative Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
History
Scientific Advancements
Need for New Models of Drug Development
Clinical Applications
References
Complement
Definition
Complement Cascade
Definition
Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity
Definition
Complement-Mediated Cell Death
Definition
Complementarity Determining Region
Definition
Complementation Groups
Definition
Complete Cytoreduction
Definition
Complete Hematologic Remissions
Definition
Complex Karyotypic Changes
Definition
Compound Screen
Compounds from Organisms
Computed Tomography
Definition
Concatamerization
Definition
Concomitant
Definition
Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus
Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus
Conduit
Definition
Confidence Interval
Definition
Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy In Vivo
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Conformational Diseases
Definition
Confounding
Definition
Congenic Animal
Definition
Congenics
Congenital
Definition
Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelia
Definition
Congenital Lymphedema
Definition
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
Congenital Telangiectatic Erythema
Conjugated Double Bonds
Definition
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)
Definition
Conjugated Linolenic Acids
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
In-Vitro Studies
In-Vivo Studies
References
Conjugation
Definition
Conn Syndrome
Definition
Connexins
Definition
Characteristics
Connexins as Tumor Suppressors
Connexins as a Therapeutic Target
References
Connexon
Definition
Conservative Surgery
Definition
Conserved Region
Definition
Constant Region
Definition
Constitutive
Definition
Contact Inhibition
Definition
Contact Inhibition of Cell Division
Definition
Contact Normalization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Contralateral
Definition
Contralateral Breast Cancer
Contrast Agents
Definition
Convection Enhanced Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Application
Future Directions
References
Convection-Enhanced Delivery
Definition
Convergent Extension
Definition
COP1 (Constitutively Photomorphogenic 1)
Definition
Core Binding Factor A2
Core Fucose
Definition
Corepressor
Definition
Corin
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease
Definition
Cortactin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Binding Partners
Function
Regulation
Role in Cancer
References
Cortical Bone
Definition
Cortical Neurons
Definition
Corticosteroids
Definition
Corticotrophin
Definition
Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone
Definition
Cortisol
Definition
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
Definition
Cosinor
Definition
Costello Syndrome
Definition
Costimulation
Definition
Costimulatory Signal
Definition
Coumestans
Definition
gamma-Counter
Definition
Cowden Disease
Cowden Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Features
Clinical Aspects
References
COX
COX-2
Cox-2 inhibitors
Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Definition
Coxibs
Definition
CPD
Definition
CpG
Definition
CpG Islands
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Preservation of CpG Islands
Clinical Relevance
Normal, Developmentally Regulated, CpG Island Methylation
Aberrant CpG Island Methylation in Cancer
References
CPT-11
Cr(VI)
Cr6+
c-Rmil
cRaf
C-Raf
Cre/loxP
Definition
C-Reactive Protein
Definition
CREB-Binding Protein (CBP)/p300
Definition
CREB/cAMP Signaling
Definition
Cre-Lox Recombination
Definition
Cremophor EL
Definition
Cripto-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of Cripto-1, a Member of the EGF-CFC Protein’Family
Cripto-1 During Embryonic Development and in Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells
Cripto-1 in Mammary Gland Development
Cripto-1 in Transformation, Tumorigenesis and Angiogenesis
Transgenic Mouse Models Overexpressing CR-1 in the Mammary Gland
Expression of CR-1 in Human Carcinomas and Premalignant Lesions
References
Cripto-1 (Cr-1)
Definition
Crk
Definition
CRLR
Definition
Crocidolite
Definition
Crohn Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemoprevention of IBD-Related CRC
Wnt/beta-Catenin Pathway (Wnt Signaling)
Conclusions
References
Cross-links
Definition
Cross Match
Definition
Cross Priming
Definition
Cross-Sectional Study
Definition
Cross Talk
Definition
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
Definition
CRP55
CRP-ductin (mouse)
CRT
Cryofibrinogen
Definition
Cryosurgery
Definition
Cryosurgery in Bone Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cryobiology
Tumors, Suitable for Cryosurgical Treatment
Indications for Cryosurgery
Cryosurgical Technique
Results of Treatment
Complications
Wound Infection
Venous Gas Embolism
Fracture
Epiphyseal Damage
Degenerative Osteoarthritis
Damage to Nerves
Prospects to the Future
References
CSA
Definition
CSC
CSF
Definition
Csk
Definition
Csk-Binding Protein (Cbp)
Definition
c-Src
CT
Definition
CT4
CT Scan
Definition
C-Tail
Definition
CTCAE
Definition
CTCF
Definition
CTCFL
Definition
CTCF-T
Definition
CTL
Definition
C-type Lectins
Definition
CUB Domain
Definition
CUL4A (Cullin4A)
Definition
CUP
Definition
Curative
Definition
Curcumin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anti-Carcinogenic Activities
Effect on Cell Signaling Pathways
Clinical Trials
References
Curie
Definition
Cushing Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Guidelines
References
Cutaneous Desmoplastic Melanoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Microscopic Features
Clinical Features
Management
References
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL)
Definition
CX3CL1/Fractalkine
Definition
CX3CR1
Definition
Cx26
Definition
Cx32
Definition
CXC Chemokines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth
Tumor Cell Invasion and Metastasis
References
C-X-C Motif Chemokines
Definition
CXCL11/I-TAC
Definition
CXCL12
Definition
Cyclin B
Definition
Cyclin D
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of D Cyclins
CDK-Independent Activities of D Type Cyclins
Clinical Relevance
References
Cyclin-dependent Kinase
Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
Cyclin Dependent Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Discovery of CDKs
Members of the CDK Family
CDKs in Cancer and Other Human Diseases
References
Cyclin G-Associated Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
GAK and the Androgen Receptor
GAK and Prostate Cancer Progression
References
Cyclins
Definition
Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer
Definition
Cyclooxygenase
Cyclooxygenases (COX)
Definition
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
Definition
Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer
Synonyms
Characteristics
Cyclooxygenase-2 and Colorectal Cancer Prevention
Summary
References
Cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase
Cyclopamine
Definition
Cyclophosphamide
Definition
Cyclosporin A
Definition
CYFRA 21-1
CYLD
Definition
Cylindromatosis
Definition
CYP
Definition
CYP2E1
Definition
CYP450
CYP 450arom
CYP P-450 2D6
Definition
Cystadenocarcinoma
Cystatins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Domain Structure
Gene Structure & Evolution
Function
Role in Cancer
Conclusion
References
Cystatins A, B
Cystectomy
Definition
Cysteine Proteases
Definition
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
Cystic Nephroma
Definition
Cytarabine (1-arabinofuranosylcytosine)
Definition
Cytochalasin B
Definition
Cytochrome c
Definition
Cytochrome c Oxidase
Definition
Cytochrome P450
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Detoxification
Using CYPs to Improve Therapy
Genetic Polymorphisms
CYP2B6
CYP2C8
CYP2C9
CYP2C19
CYP2D6
CYP3A4
CYP3A5
Cancer Incidence
References
Cytochrome P450 (CYP)
Definition
Cytochrome p450 2 E1 (CYP2E1)
Definition
Cytochrome P-4502E1
Definition
Cytochrome P450 CYP-P450 3A4
Definition
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
Definition
Cytogenetic
Definition
Cytogenetic Alteration
Definition
Cytogenetic Analysis
Definition
Cytogenetic Karyotype
Cytogenetics
Definition
Cytokeratin 19 Fragments (CYFRA 21-1)
Definition
Cytokeratins
Definition
Cytokine
Definition
Cytokine Gene Transfer
Definition
Cytokine Receptor
Definition
Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotherapy and Immunotoxin Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotherapy
Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotoxin Therapy
References
Cytokinesis
Definition
Cytologist
Definition
Cytology
Definition
Cytolytic Synapse
Definition
Cytometry
Definition
Cytomorphology
Definition
Cytopathologist
Definition
Cytopenia
Definition
Cytoplasmic Scaffolding Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor
Cytoplasmic 7SL RNA
Definition
Cytoprotective Adjuvant
Definition
Cytoreduction
Definition
Cytoreductive Surgery
Definition
Cytoreductive Surgery
Definition
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Cytosol
Definition
Cytosolic Transglutaminase
Cytostasis
Definition
Cytostatic
Definition
Cytotactin
Cytotechnologist
Definition
Cytotoxic Carcinogen
Definition
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Definition
Cytotoxic T Cells (CTLs)
Definition
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Definition
Cytotoxins
Definition
Cytovilin
D
DAC
Dacogen
DAF
DAG
Definition
Diadzein
Definition
Daltons
Definition
Damage Response
DAMP
Definition
Danazol
Definition
DAP6
DAP-10
Definition
DAP-12
Definition
DARC
Darier Sign
Definition
Dasatinib
Definition
Data Over-Fitting
Definition
Daughter Cells
Definition
Daunorubicin
Definition
Daxx
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Basic Information
Subcellular Distribution of Daxx Protein
Daxx Mediates Stress-Induced Cell Death
In Unstressed Cells, Daxx Seems to Play an Antiapoptotic Role
References
DBCCR1
Definition
DCC
Definition
DCIS
Definition
DcR3
DCX
Definition
D-Dimer
Definition
DDP
DDS
De novo
Definition
Deacetylation
Definition
Death-associated protein 6
Death Domain
Definition
Death-Effector-Domain
Definition
Death-Inducing Signaling Complex
Definition
Death Receptor-3
Definition
Death Receptor Apoptosis Pathway
Definition
Death Receptors
Definition
Debulking Surgery
Definition
Decatenation G2 Checkpoint
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Biology
Clinical Implications
References
Decay-Accelerating Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Actions of DAF in Cancer (Tab.1)
Perspectives in Cancer Therapy (Table 2)
References
Decay-accelerating Factor For Complement
Decitabine
Decoy Receptor 3
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tissue Expression and Decoy Function of DcR3
Decoy Unrelated Novel Actions of DcR3 (Figure 1)
New Action Mechanisms of DcR3 (Figure 1)
References
DED
Definition
Dedifferentiation
Definition
Deeply Infiltrating Endometriosis
Definitive Therapy
Definition
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Reaction
Definition
Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumours 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional Characteristics
DMBT1 and Innate Immunity/Mucosal Protection
DMBT1 and Epithelial/Stem Cell Differentiation and Regenerative Processes
DMBT1 and Tumorigenesis
References
Deleted in Pancreatic Carcinoma Locus 4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
TGFβ-Smad Signaling Cascade
Transcriptional Regulation through Smads
What makes DPC4/Smad4 Unique among the Other Smad Family Members?
Which Human Tumors Show Alterations of the DPC4 Gene?
How are Naturally Occurring DPC4 Mutations Interfering with the Smad Signaling Cascade
Does DPC4 Contribute to the Familial Risk for Pancreatic Cancer?
How does DPC4 Contribute to Tumor Formation?
References
Deletion
Definition
Dendrimer
Definition
Dendritic Cell-Based Tumor Vaccines
Definition
Dendritic cells
Definition
Characteristics
Origin and Function
Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy
Dendritic Cells in Cancers
References
Densitometric
Definition
Dental Pulp
Definition
Dental Pulp Neoplasms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Inflammatory Pulp Reactions
Chead3
Radiotherapy
Animal Investigations
Clinical Relevance
References
Dentin
Definition
Denys-Drash Syndrome
Definition
Deoxyazacytidine
2′-Deoxy-5-azacytidine
Deoxycytidine Kinase
2-Deoxy-D-Glucose
Definition
Dermoid Cyst
Definition
DES
DES Daughters
Definition
DES Mothers
Definition
DES Sons
Definition
Descriptive Epidemiology
Definition
Desert
Definition
Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin
Definition
Designer Foods
Desmocollin
Definition
Desmoglein
Definition
Desmoglein-2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Junctions
Desmosome
Adherens Junctions
References
Desmoid Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
References
Desmoplakin
Definition
Desmoplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Desmoplastic
Definition
Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma
Definition
Desmoplastic Melanoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Pathological Features
Molecular Diagnosis
Molecular Genetics
References
Desmosomal Cadherins
Definition
Desmosomes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Desmosomal Cadherins
Armadillo Family
Plakin Family
Null Mutations in Mice
Clinical Relevance
References
Destruction Box
Definition
Detachment-induced Cell Death
Determination of Tumor Extent and Spread
Detoxification
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Variation
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Detoxication
Definition
De-ubiquitinase
Definition
De-ubiquitinating Enzymes
Definition
Development of New Lymphatic Vessels
Dexrazoxane
Definition
Dexrazoxane
Definition
Dezocitidine
dFdC
DHT
Definition
DIA
Diabetes
Definition
Diabetes Type 2
Definition
Diabody
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Pharmacokinetics and Distribution
Agonistic Activity
Application of Diabodies
Future Directions
References
Diacylglycerol
Definition
Diagnostic Biomarkers
Definition
Diagnostic Pathology
Dibasic Processing Enzyme
Dicer
Definition
DIE
Diet
Definition
Dietary Essential Minerals
Dietary Micronutrient
Definition
Dietary Supplement
Definition
Diethylstilbestrol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pharmacology
Initial Use and Early Epidemiologic Studies
Animal Studies
Neoplastic Effects in Humans
Non-Neoplastic Effects in Humans
Mechanism of Toxicity
Summary
References
Diferuloylmethane
Differentiation
Definition
Diffuse, Small Cleaved Cell Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
Subtypes of Diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma
Mediastinal (thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Effusion Lymphoma
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
References
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System
Definition
Diffusion
Definition
Diffusional Flux
Definition
2prime,2prime-Difluoro-2prime-deoxycytidine
Difluoromethylornithine
Definition
Dihydrogen Dioxide
Dihydrotestosterone Receptor
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
2-Dimensional Gel Replicon Mapping
Definition
Dimer Formation
Definition
Dimesna
Definition
Dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene
Definition
7, 12 Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
Definition
Dimethylfumarate
Definition
Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics
Characteristics
Biological Effects of FAEs In vitro
Drug Formulations of Currently Used Fumaric Acid Esters (FAEs)
Biological Effects of FAEs In vivo
Clinical Aspects and Future Perspectives
References
Dioxin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenic Activity
Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
References
Dioxin Receptor
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
Diphtheria Toxin
Definition
Diploid
Definition
Diplopia
Definition
Dipropyl-acetic Acid
Direct Repeats
Definition
Direct-Acting Carcinogen
Definition
Directed Migration
Directed Motility
DISC
Definition
Disintegrin Metalloproteases
Disordered Domain
Disposition
Definition
Distamycin-A
Definition
Distribution
Definition
Disulfide
Definition
Dithiol
Definition
dJ889N15.2
DKFZ
Definition
DKK
Definition
DLBCL
Definition
DLC1
Definition
Characteristics
Functions of DLC1
Negative Regulation of Cytoskeleton
Tumor Suppressive Effect
Clinical Relevance
Genetic Alteration
Epigenetic Silencing
References
DLT
Definition
DM
Definition
D-MAPP
Definition
DMBA
Definition
DMBA/TPA Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis Model
Definition
DMBT1
Definition
DNA
Definition
DNA Adducts
Definition
DNA Amplification
Definition
DNA Aptamers
Definition
DNA-Binding Domain
Definition
DNA-bound Carcinogens
DNA Damage
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Agents Causing Bulky, Structurally Distorting DNA Adducts
Nucleotide Base Damage
Single and Double Strand Breaks
Cancers Associated with Failure to Signal DNA Damage
Therapeutic Approaches
References
DNA Damage Responses
Definition
Characteristics
Sources of Damage
Checkpoint Pathway
G1 Checkpoint
Intra-S-phase Checkpoint
G2/M Checkpoint
DNA Repair Responses
Excision Repair
Double Strand Break Repair
Translesion Synthesis Repair
Interstrand DNA Crosslink Repair
Arrest, Repair, or Die?
p53-Dependent Mechanisms
p53-Independent Mechanisms
Cancer Susceptibility
References
DNA-Damage Tolerance
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Nonreplicative DNA Polymerases
Translesion DNA Synthesis
Association with Cancer
References
DNA Damage Triggered Death Signaling Pathways
DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Summary
Physiological Role of Apoptosis Induced by DNA Damage
References
DNA Demethylation
DNA Double Strand Breaks
Definition
DNA Double-Strand Break Repair
Definition
DNA Flexibility
Definition
DNA Glycosylase
Definition
DNA-Interstrand Crosslinks
Definition
DNA Lesion Bypass
DNA-Methyl-Transferases
Definition
DNA Methylation
Definition
DNA Microarray
Definition
DNA Mismatch Repair Mechanism
Definition
DNA Photoproduct
Definition
DNA-PK
Definition
DNA Repair
Definition
DNA Repair and Damage Processing
DNA Repair Capacity
Definition
DNA Replication
Definition
DNA Topoisomerases II
Definition
DNA Undermethylation
DNA Vaccination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Adjuvant Activity of DNA
Tailoring Immune Responses by DNA Vaccine Design
Formulation
Mixed Modality Vaccines
Results from Clinical Trials
References
DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog Subfamily C Member 15
DNAJC15
DNAJD1
DNF15S2
DNMTs
Definition
Docetaxel
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Dosage
Indications
References
DOCK180/ELMO
Definition
Docking Proteins
Definition
Domain
Definition
Domain Structure
Definition
Dominant
Definition
Dominant Negative
Donor Lymphocyte Infusion
Definition
Dopamine
Definition
Doppler Ultrasound
Definition
Dormancy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Blocked Angiogenesis
Maintenance of Tumor Dormancy by Endogenous Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Escape from Tumor Dormancy by a Switch to the Angiogenic Phenotype
Experimental Analysis of the Angiogenic Switch in Human Dormant Cancers
Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenic Switching in Dormant Cancers
Other Forms of Tumor Dormancy
Immune Surveillance as a Cause of Tumor Dormancy
Hormonal Depletion as a Cause of Tumor Dormancy
Dormancy of Single Metastatic Tumor Cells
Future Directions
Biomarkers to Detect Dormant Tumors
References
Dose-Dense Chemotherapy
Definition
Dose-Density
Definition
Dose Fall-off
Definition
Dose Homogeneity
Definition
Dose-Limiting Toxicity
Definition
Dose Rate
Definition
Dose-Response Curve
Definition
Double Minute
Definition
Double Strand Break
Definition
Doublecortex
Doublecortin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Double-Strand Break DNA Repair
Definition
Doxorubicin
Definition
DPC4
DPPIV
DR4 Antibodies
DR5
Definition
DR5 Antibodies
Draining Lymph Node
DRF
Drg-1
Definition
Drosophila Melanogaster
Definition
Drug Biodistribution
Definition
Drug Carrier
Definition
Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Characteristics of Vascular Walls of Cancer
Drug Carriers
Targeted Drug Delivery
References
Drug Design
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification and Validation of Molecular Targets
Characterization of Molecular Targets
Compound Screening and Optimization
Pre-Clinical Optimization
Clinical Evaluation
References
Drug Development
Drug Latency to Withdrawal
Definition
Drug Metabolism
Drug Resistance
Definition
Drug Resistant
Definition
Drug Targeting
Drug Tolerance
Definition
Dry Eyes Syndrome
Dry Mouth Syndrome
Dsg2
DSS1
Definition
DT40
Definition
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Risk Factors
Classification
Treatment
DCIS in Men
Recurrence
References
Ductal Carcinomas
Definition
Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
DUG
Definition
Dukes Classification
Definition
dUTP
Definition
DVL
Definition
Dwell Positions
Definition
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Definition
Characteristics
T1 and T2* DCE-MRI Techniques
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis
Clinical Findings
Evaluation of Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Conclusion
References
Dynamic Instability
Definition
Dynamin
Definition
Dysgerminoma
Definition
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Definition
Dysmenorrhea
Definition
Dysmyelopoietic Syndrome
Dysphagia
Definition
Dysphonia
Definition
Dysplasia
Definition
Dyspnea
Definition
Dystroglycan
Definition
E
E1-Activating Enzyme
Definition
E2F
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
E2F Transcription Factor
Definition
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase
Definition
E4 Ubiquitin Ligase
Definition
E5
Definition
E7
Definition
E11 Antigen, RTI40
E100
E-Cadherin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
E-cadherin and the Formation of Adhesion Junctions
Signals Elicited by the Loss of Cell Adhesion
E-Cadherin in Animal Models of Cancer
E-Cadherin in Human Cancer
Clinical Relevance
References
E2-Conjugating Enzyme
Definition
E Motif
E-Selectin
Definition
E-Selectin-Mediated Adhesion in Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance of E-selectin and its Ligands in Cancer
References
Eag
EAOC (Endometriosis Associated Ovarian Cancers)
Definition
EAP1
E2A-PBX1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Wild-type E2A and PBX1 Gene Products
Structure and Function of E2A-PBX1
References
Early B-cell Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Potential Roles in Cancer
References
Early Detection
Definition
Characteristics
Biomarker Consortium
Approaches
Early Detection Markers
References
Early Detection Biomarkers
Definition
Early Genes of Human Papillomaviruses
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Early Menopause
Definition
Early Virus Genes
Definition
Eaton-Lambert Syndrome
Definition
EBF
Ebnerin (rat)
E-Box
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genes Containing E-Boxes and the bHLH Proteins that Control them
Genes and Gene Products that are Related to Growth Control and Cancer
How do bHLH Proteins Bind to E-Boxes?
References
4E-BP1
Definition
4EBP-1
Definition
EBV
Definition
EC 2.7.11.1
EC50
Definition
Ecchymosis
Definition
ECM
Definition
ECMRIII
ECOG Performance Status
Definition
Ecological Study
Definition
ECSA
Ecteinascidin 743
Ectodermal
Definition
Ectodermal Dysplasias
Definition
Ecto-Enzymes
Definition
Ectopic Expression
Definition
Eczema
Edelfosine
Definition
Edible Salt
EDN
EDTA
Definition
EEN
Definition
EF-Hand
Definition
EF-Hand Proteins
Definition
Effectors
Definition
Efflux Pumps
Definition
Efflux Ratios
Definition
Eg5
EGF
Definition
EGF-CFC Protein Family
Definition
EGF Family
EGF-like Ligands
EGFR
Definition
EGFR Transactivation
Definition
EGP-2
EGP34
Egr-1 (Early Growth Response-1)
Definition
EH
Definition
Eicosanoid Signaling
Eicosanoids
Definition
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Definition
eIF4A
Definition
Eker Rat
Definition
ELAM-1
Electrical Coupling
Definition
Electrolytes
Definition
Electromagnetic (EM) Heating
Definition
Electromagnetic Fields
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence
Experimental Evidence
Clinical Relevance
References
Electrophiles
Definition
Electroporation
Definition
Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
Definition
Electrostatic Interaction
Definition
Elimination
Definition
ELISA
Definition
ELISPOT
Definition
Elk-1
Definition
Elongin
Definition
Elongin BC Complex
Definition
Characteristics
The VHL Tumor Suppressor Complex
SOCS-box Proteins and the Elongin BC Complex
Clinical Relevance
References
ELR+ /ELR-chemokines
Emboli
Definition
Embolization
Definition
Embryo-specific alpha-Globulin
Embryo-specific Alpha-Globulin
Embryonal Serum alpha-Globulin
Embryonal Serum Alpha-Globulin
Embryonic Stem Cells
Definition
EMI Domain
Definition
Emphysema
Definition
EMS1
EMT
Definition
Enchondroma
Definition
End Replication Problem
Definition
Endocan
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Endocannabinoids
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Endocrine Ablation
Definition
Endocrine or Antihormonal Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Endocrine-Related Cancers
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Prevalence
Clinical Presentation and Pathology
Pituitary Tumors
Thyroid Tumors
Parathyroid Tumors
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors
Adrenal Tumors
Ovarian Tumors
Testicular Tumors
Multiple Endocrine Gland Tumors
Carcinoids
Secondary Endocrine Malignancies
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
Treatment
Prognosis
Cancers of Endocrine Target Tissues
References
Endocrine-responsive Cancers
Endocurietherapy
Endocytosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Endocytosis and Signaling
Molecular Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
References
Endodermal
Definition
Endogenous
Definition
Endogenous Retrovirus
Definition
Endolysosomal Pathway
Endometrial Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Risk Factors
Classification
Pathogenesis Mechanisms
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Hormonal Therapy
Progestogens
Aromatase Inhibitors
References
Endometrial Carcinoma
Definition
Endometrioma
Definition
Endometrioma-benign Endometriotic Ovarian Cysts
Endometriosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathological Studies
Epidemiological Studies
Molecular Genetic Studies
References
Endometrium
Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Mechanisms
Signal Transduction by the Three Arms of the UPR
Clinical Relevance
References
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response
Definition
Endoproteolysis
Definition
Endoscopic-Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNAB)
Definition
Endosomal Compartments
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Endosomal Protein Sorting
Endostatin
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Structure and Function
Mechanism of Action
Genetic Variations
Preclinical Studies
Clinical Trials
References
Endothelial Cell Specific Molecule-1
Endothelial Cells
Definition
Endothelial Derived Gene-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
EG-1 in Human Cancer
Translational Aspects
References
Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs)
Definition
Endothelial Transglutaminase
Endothelin (ET)
Definition
Endothelin-2
Endothelin Converting Enzyme (ECE)
Definition
Endothelins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Endothelin Expression in Cancer
References
Endothelium
Definition
Endotoxins
Definition
Enediynes
Definition
Energy of Photon
Definition
Engineered Antibody
Enhancer
Definition
eNOS
Definition
Enterohepatic Recirculation
Definition
ENU
Definition
Enucleate
Definition
Enucleation
Definition
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Definition
Enzyme
Definition
Enzymic Mouth to Mouth Feeding
EOC
Definition
Eosinophil
Definition
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Definition
Ep
EPA
Definition
EpCAM
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Structure
Tissue Morphogenesis
Pattern of Tissue Expression
Normal Tissue
Abnormal Tissue
Paradox of Expression with Advance in Carcinomas
EpCAM Targeted Immunotherapy
Mechanism of Tumor Inhibition
Clinical Trials (Table 1)
Monospecific Murine Antibody
What are the Solutions?
Humanized Antibody
Bispecific Antibodies
In-vitro Cytotoxicity
Prolonged Anti-Tumor Immunity in-vivo
Clinical Trials (Table 2)
References
Ep-CAM
Ependyma
Definition
Ependymoma
Definition
Eph Receptors
Definition
Characteristics
Normal EPH Signaling
EPH Signaling in Cancer
References
Epidemiologic Studies
Definition
Epidemiology of Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Study Design
Risk Factors
References
Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
EGFR Activation and Downstream Signaling
Molecular Mechanisms of Targeted Therapies
EGFR Mutations
EGFR Inhibitors in GI Tumors
EGFR Inhibitor in Lung Cancer
References
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Definition
Epidermal Growth Factor-like Ligands
Synonyms
Definition
EGF-Like Ligands and Cancer
Brain Cancer
Breast Cancer
Carcinoma of the Lung
Colorectal Cancer
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)
References
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (EV)
Definition
Epidermoid
Definition
Epidermoid Carcinoma
Epigallocatechin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Targets of EGCG
General Anticancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols
Direct Molecular Targets of EGCG
Clinical Relevance
References
Epigastric
Definition
Epigen
Definition
Epigenetic
Definition
Epigenetic Asymmetry
Definition
Epigenetic Changes
Definition
Epigenetic Event
Definition
Epigenetic Gene Silencing
Definition
Characteristics
Epigenetics and Cancer
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling
Clinical Relevance
References
Epigenetic Mechanism
Definition
Epigenetic Modifications
Definition
Epigenetic Reprogramming
Definition
Epigenetic Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation
Epigenetic Abnormalities in Cancer
DNA Methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Epigenetic Therapy in Cancer
References
Epigenome
Definition
Epigenomics
Definition
Epilepsy
Definition
Epiphysis
Definition
Epipodophyllotoxins
Definition
Epiregulin
Definition
Epirubicin
Definition
Epistaxis
Definition
Epithelial Cadherin
Epithelial Cell
Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
Epithelial Growth Factors
Definition
Epithelial Tumorigenesis
Definition
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
References
Epithelioid
Definition
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma (EH)
Definition
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Definition
Epitope
Definition
Epitope Spreading
Definition
Epo
Epoetin
Epothilone B Analogue
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Preclinical Testing
Phase I Studies in Cancer Patients
Phase II Studies in Cancer Patients
Summary and Future Outlook
References
Epothilones
Definition
Epoxide Hydrolase
Definition
Epoxides
Definition
EPR
Definition
EPR Effect
Definition
EpRE
Definition
EPSCC
Definition
Epstein-Barr Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
In vitro Immortalization of Primary B Cells by EBV: The Growth Transcription Program
EBV Biological Cycle in Vivo
Viral Productive Cycle
Clinical Relevance
References
Epstein–Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
References
ER
Definition
ER-Associated Protein Degradation
Definition
ER Quality-Control
Definition
ER Stress
ERBB2
ERG
Definition
Erionite
Definition
ERK
Definition
ERK/MAP Kinase (ERK/MAPK)
Definition
Erlotinib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
ERM Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History, Structure, and Sequence
Regulation
Function, Distribution, Localization
The Expression and Functions of ERM Proteins in Cancer
References
ERp57
Definition
ERp60
Erythema
Definition
Erythema Multiforme Major
Definition
Erythematous Pruritic Macropapular Rash
Definition
Erythrocytosis
Definition
Erythroid Colony Stimulating Activity
Erythroleukemia
Definition
Erythroplakia
Definition
Erythropoiesis
Definition
Erythropoiesis Stimulating Factor
Erythropoietin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Erythropoietin Receptor
Definition
ES
Definition
ESA
Definition
ESF
ESFT
Definition
ESM-1
Esophageal Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
References
ESR2
Estradiol
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Sources of Estrogens
Role of Estrogens in Human Breast Carcinogenesis
Receptor-Mediated Pathway
Oxidative Metabolism of Estrogen
Estrogens as Inducers of Aneuploidy
References
17beta-Estradiol
Definition
Estramustine
Definition
Estrogen Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
What have We Learned from ER Knock-Out Mice?
Involvement of Estrogen Receptors in Physiology and Cancer
References
Estrogen Receptor Alpha ESR1
Estrogen Receptor Beta
Estrogen Synthase
Estrogenic Hormones
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Breast Cancer
Uterine, Cervical and Ovarian Cancer
Vaginal Adenocarcinoma
Hepatoma
Therapy
Breast Cancer
Uterine and Cervical Cancers
References
Estrogens
Definition
ET
Definition
ET-18-OCH3
Definition
ET-2
ET-743
ET-RA
Definition
ET-RB
Definition
Eta-1
Ethanol
Definition
Ether à-go-go Potassium Channels
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncogenic Potential of h-Eag1 Channels
Eag1 as a Diagnostic Marker
Eag1 as a Therapeutic Target
Mechanisms of Oncogenicity
Outline
References
Etiology
Etk
Definition
Etoposide
Definition
Ets
Definition
ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke)
Definition
Ets Transcription Factors
Definition
Characteristics
Ets Factors and Development
Regulation of Ets Protein Activities
Ets Proteins and Cancer
References
ETV6
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery
Protein Domains
ETV6 Fusion Partners in Cancer
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Fusion Partners of ETV6
Transcription Factors and Other Fusion Partners of ETV6
“Unproductive” ETV6 Fusions
Putative Tumor Suppressor Gene and Physiological Function
References
Euchromatin
Definition
Eukaryotic Initiation Factors (eIF)
Definition
Eutectic Temperature
Definition
Evans Syndrome
Definition
Everolimus
Definition
EVI-1
Definition
Ewing Sarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytogenetics and Gene Alterations
Aetiology
Therapy
References
Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors
Ewing Tumor
EWS
Definition
EWS-FLI (ets) Fusion Transcripts
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Properties of the EWS-FLI1 Fusion Transcript and Protein
EWS and Other Specific Human Translocations
Genesis of the Translocation
The EWS-FLI1 Fusion and the Pathogenesis of Ewing Sarcoma
Clinical Relevance
EWS-FLI1 (ets) in Diagnosis
EWS-FLI1 (ets) Fusion Type and Prognosis
EWS-FLI1 (ets) and Detection of Minimal Residual’Disease
EWS-FLI1 (ets) and Therapeutics
References
Ex Vivo Culture
Definition
Excentric Cleavage
Definition
Excess Relative Risk (ERR)
Definition
Exchange Factors
Definition
Exchangeable Apolipoprotein
Definition
Excipient Culture
Definition
Excitation
Definition
Excretion
Definition
Excretory Urography
Definition
Exfoliation of Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Cell Exfoliation in Neoplasia
Clinical Aspects
References
Exfoliative Erythroderma
Definition
Exobiotics
Exon
Definition
Exonic Splicing Enhancer (ESE)
Definition
Experimental Carcinogenesis
Experimental Metastasis
Definition
EXT Genes
Definition
External Granular Layer (EGL)
Definition
Extra Eleven-Nineteen Gene
Definition
Extracellular Domain (ECD)
Definition
Extracellular Matrix
Definition
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
Definition
Characteristics
References
Extracellular Nucleic Acids
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK)
Definition
Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy
Definition
Extrahepatic
Extralesional Excision
Definition
Extramedullary
Definition
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Definition
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Staging
Management
Prognosis
Genitourinary Tract
Urinary Bladder
Prostate
Gynecological Sites
Cervix
Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophagus
Colon and Rectum
Head and Neck Region
Larynx
References
Extrarenal
Definition
Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor
Definition
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
Definition
Extravasation
Definition
Extreme Hypoxia
Extrinsic Membrane Proteins
Definition
Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis
Definition
Ezrin-Radixin-Moiesin (ERM) Family
Definition
F
4F9
F-box and Leucine-rich Repeat Protein 1 – Fbxl1
FAB Classification
Definition
Fab Fragment
Definition
FAC
Definition
FACS
Definition
Factor Ia
Definition
Factor V
Definition
Factor VII
Definition
Factor VIII
Definition
Factor IX
Definition
Factor X
Definition
Factor XI
Definition
Factor XII
Definition
D-factor
FAD
Definition
FADD
Definition
FADD-like Antiapoptotic Molecule 1
FADD-like ICE
FAE
Definition
FAK
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Definition
Familial Breast Cancer
Definition
Familial Cancer
Definition
Familial Cancer Syndrome
Definition
Familial (constitutional) Panmyelocytopathy (type) Fanconi
Familial Hypoplastic Anemia Fanconi
Familial Polyposis Coli
Definition
FAMP
FANC Genes
Definition
FANCJ
Fanconi Anemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Leukemia
Solid Tumors
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (HNSCC)
SCC of the Vulva and Cervix
Liver Tumors
Other Tumors
FA Gene Involvement in Neoplastic Disease of Non-FA Individuals
References
FAP
Definition
Farnesyl Lipid
Definition
Farnesylated
Definition
Farnesyltransferase
Definition
FAS
Definition I
Definition II
Fas-associated Death Domain
Fas Associated with a Death Domain
Definition
FAS I
Definition
FAS II
Definition
Fas Ligand
Definition
Fasciclin I
Definition
Faslodex
Definition
FASN
FAT
Definition
Fatty Acid Synthase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
FAS in Normal Tissues
FAS and Cancer
FAS Inhibitors as Potential Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents
References
Fatty Acid Transport
Definition
Characteristics
Characteristics - Tumor
Mechanisms
References
n3 Fatty Acids
Definition
Fbl1
FcR
Definition
FDA
Definition
FDG
Definition
Fecal Immunochemical Test
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Fate of Hemoglobin in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract
Uses for FIT
Quantifiable FIT
Types of FIT Currently Available
Stool-Sampling Procedures
Biology of Bleeding from Colorectal Neoplasia
References
Fecal Occult Blood Test
Definition
Felty Syndrome
Definition
Female Sex Hormones
Definition
Feminization
Definition
Fenestration
Definition
FERM
Definition
FERM Domain
Definition
Fermentation Products
Definition
Ferredoxin Reductase
Definition
Ferritin
Definition
Ferruginous Bodies
Definition
FET
Definition
Fetal Hamartoma of the Kidney
alpha1-fetoglobulin
alpha-Fetoprotein
Definition
alpha-feto-protein
Feto-specific Proteins
Fetuin
Fetuin-A
FEV1
Definition
Fever
Definition
Fever of Obscure Origin
Fever of Unexplained Origin
Fever of Unknown Origin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cancer and Fever of Unknown Origin
Diagnosis
Prognosis of Cancer Associated with Fever of Unknown’Origin
Conclusion
References
FEV1/FVC Ratio
Definition
FGD1
Definition
FGF
Definition
FGFR3
Definition
FH
FHIT
Definition
Fibrin Degradation Products
Definition
Fibrin
Definition
Fibrinogen
Definition
Characteristics
References
Fibroadenoma
Definition
Fibroblast
Definition
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
Definition
Fibroblast Growth Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Fibroblasts
Definition
Fibrofolliculomas with Trichodiscomas and Acrochordons
Fibrogenesis
Definition
Fibroid
Definition
Fibromas
Fibromyoma
Fibronectin
Definition
Characteristics
Forms of Fibronectin
Functions
Structure
Fibronectin Polymorphism
Post-Translational Modifications
Alternative Splicing
Biological Significance of ED-B
Fibronectin Isoforms in Disease
Fibronectin Isoforms and Cancer
References
Fibrous Dysplasia
Definition
Fibulins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Fibulin-1
Fibulin-2
Fibulin-3
Fibulin-4
Fibulin-5
Fibulin-6
Conclusion and Perspective
References
Field Cancerization
Definition
Field Defect
Definition
Field Effect
Definition
FIGO
Definition
Filipodia
Definition
Final Appraisal Document
Definition
Finasteride
Definition
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
What is FNAB?
What Cellular Characteristics Do Cytologists Study in Order to Make a Microscopic Diagnosis of Cancer?
Method
Palpation-Guided Aspirates
Deep Seated Aspirations
Complications and Contraindications
Diagnostic Accuracy and Yield
Diagnostic Utility of FNAB
Limitations of the FNAB Method of Study
References
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Definition
Firestorm Pattern
Definition
Characteristics
Contrast with Other Forms of Gene Amplification
Mechanism of Firestorm Formation
Relation of Patterns to Clinical Outcome
References
First-echelon Node
First-tier Node
FISH
Definition
FIT
Five Elements
Definition
FK-506
Definition
FKHL-16
FLAME-1
Flavin Monooxygenases
Definition
Flavonoids
Definition
Flavopiridol
Definition
Fli1-1
Definition
FLICE
FLICE Inhibitory Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Function
Modulation of c-FLIP Level
Role in Carcinogenesis
Implications in Cancer Therapy
References
Flow Cytometry
Definition
Characteristics
The Technology
Applications
Immunophenotyping (IP)
Transplant Support
DNA Ploidy and S Phase Fraction
Determining Treatment Efficacy
Newer and Future Applications
References
FLT
Definition
Fludarabine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical and Cellular Pharmacology
Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Activity
Clinical Applications
References
Fludarabine Phosphate
Fluid Phase Endocytosis
Fluorescein Angiography
Definition
Fluorescence
Definition
Fluorescence Cystoscopy
Definition
Fluorescence Diagnostics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Application
Detection of Early Lung Cancer by Fluorescence Bronchoscopy
Urinary Bladder
Other Organ Sites
References
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Definition
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Fluorochrome
Definition
Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography
Definition
Fluorouracil
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Determinants of Cell Sensitivity to 5-FU
Toxic Side-Effects
Capecitabine, an Orally Administered Prodrug of Fluorouracil
References
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Definition
Fluoxetine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Multiple Drug Resistance
MDR Reversal by Chemosensitization
Fluoxetine as a Multi-pump Chemosensitizer
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
Conclusions
References
Fluvastatin
Definition
FOBT
Definition
Focal Adhesion
Definition
Focal Adhesion Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
FAK Phosphorylation and Regulation
Focal Contact
Regulation of Focal Contacts
Signaling Pathways in Cancer
Cell Migration
Invasion
Cell Survival
Growth and Proliferation
Tumor Progression
Metastasis
FAK Overexpression
Cancer Therapy
References
Focal Complex
Definition
Focal Contact
Definition
Folate
Definition
FOLFIRI
Definition
FOLFOX
Definition
Folinic Acid
Definition
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Definition
Follicular Adenoma, Oncocytic Variant
Follicular Adenomas
Follicular Carcinoma
Follicular Carcinoma, Oncocytic Variant
Follicular Lymphoma
Definition
Follicular Thyroid Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Genetics
References
Folliculin
Food-derived Heterocyclic Amines
Definition
Food for Specified Health Use
FOR
Foreign Substances
Forkhead
Definition
Forkhead Box M1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Tissue
Definition
Formation of New Blood Vessels
Forward Chemical Genetics
Definition
FOS
Definition
Fossil Tree
FOX
Definition
FOXC2
Definition
FOXO1A
Definition
FOXO 3A
Definition
FPC
FRA3B
Definition
FRA16D
Definition
Fragile Histidine Triad
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Gene
The Protein
Bioactivity
Clinical Relevance
References
Fragile Sites
Definition
Characteristics
Categories of Fragile Site
Rare Fragile Sites
Common Fragile Sites
Molecular Basis of Fragile Site Expression
Rare Fragile Sites
Common Fragile Sites
Cellular Regulation of Common Fragile Site Instability
Clinical Relevance
Rare Fragile Sites
Common Fragile Sites
References
Fragile-X Syndrome
Definition
Fragilomics
Definition
Fragment Analysis
Definition
Frameshift Mutation
Definition
Free Radicals
Definition
Freeze Surgery
FRNK
Definition
FTC
Definition
5-FU
Fucosylation
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Fucosylation
Core Fucosylation and alpha-Fetoprotein
Fucosylation and Lewis Antigen
Fucosylated Haptoglobin and Pancreatic Cancer
References
alpha1-6 Fucosyltransferase
Definition
Fucosyltransferases
Definition
Fucoxanthin
Definition
Characteristics
Effect on Cancer Cell Growth
Apoptosis
Mechanism
Combination with Troglitazone
References
Fulvestrant
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mode of Action
Current Utilization of Fulvestrant
Administration and Tolerability
Future Uses of Fulvestrant
Summary
References
Fumarase
Fumarate Hydratase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features of HLRCC/MCUL
Mutations in the FH Gene
References
Functional Foods
Functional Vascular Stabilization
Fungus
Definition
Funnel Factors
Definition
Characteristics
Background of Molecular Human Carcinogenesis
Cell Signaling in Human Tumors
Searching for Funnel Factors: p-4E-BP1
Funnel Factors in Other Oncogenic Pathways
References
Furin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Fusin
Fusion Genes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Formation Of Fusion Genes
Clinical Relevance
References
Fusion Oncogenes
Fusion Proteins
FVC
Definition
FX
Definition
FZD
Definition
G
G1/S Transition
Definition
G Antigen
G2 Checkpoint Abrogation
Definition
G-protein Couple Receptor
Definition
G-Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular and Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
GA733-2
GABA
Definition
GADD45
Definition
GADD153
Definition
Gadolinium
Definition
GAGE Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Gain of Function p53
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Gain-of-Function Mutation
Definition
GAK
Galactorrhea
Definition
Galectin-3
Definition
Gallbladder Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
Descriptive Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Gallstones
Definition
GALT
Definition
Gametic Phase Disequilibrium
Definition
Gametogenic
Definition
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Definition
Gamma Delta (gammadelta) T Cells
Definition
Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase
Definition
Gamma Knife
Definition
Gamma-Ray Detection Probe
Definition
Gamma-Ray Induced Cancer
Ganciclovir
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Definition
Ganglioneuroma
Definition
Ganglioside Secretion
Definition
Gangliosides
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Cellular Ganglioside Expression in Cancer
Ganglioside Shedding in Cancer
Functional Properties
Immunosuppression
Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling
Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis
Conclusions
References
Gankyrin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
pRB and Gankyrin
p53 and Gankyrin
Miscellaneous
Clinical Aspects
References
GAP
Definition
Gap Junctions
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Galphaq
Definition
Gardner Syndrome
Definition
Galphas
Definition
Gastric Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Molecular Biology of Gastric Cancer
Familial Clustering of Gastric Cancer
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer
Diagnosis and Detection
Management
References
Gastric Carcinoma
Gastrin
Definition
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
GRP Receptors
Physiological Functions of GRP
GRP and Cancer
GRP and Lung Carcinoma
GRP and Prostate Carcinoma
GRP and Breast Cancer
GRP and Gastric Carcinoma
GRP and Pancreatic Carcinoma
GRP and Colorectal Carcinoma
GRP and Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors
Clinical Significance
References
Gastrinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
References
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Definition
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology and Clinical-Pathological Features of GIST
Diagnosis
Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in GIST
Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetic Alterations
Therapy
References
Gastrulation
Definition
Gatekeeper
Definition
Gatekeeper Position
Definition
Gaucher Disease
Definition
GBM
GBP28
GCL
Definition
GC-MS
Definition
GC/Post-GC Type B-Cell Tumors
Definition
GCSF
Definition
GCV
Definition
GDEPT
GDF
Definition
GDF15
GDP
Definition
GDP-Fucose
Definition
GEF
Definition
Gefitinib
Definition
Gelatin-Binding Protein 28
Gelatinase B
Geldanamycin
Definition
Gelsolin
Definition
Characteristics
Gelsolin and Cancer
Gelsolin Considered as a Tumor Suppressor
Gelsolin Considered as a Tumor Enhancer
References
Gelsolin Family
Definition
Gemcitabine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action and Resistance
Clinical Profile
Toxicity
Indications
Clinical Pharmacology
Future Perspective
References
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
Definition
GEMZAR
Gene Amplification
Definition
Gene Battery
Definition
Gene Directed Enzyme-Prodrug Therapy
Gene Expression Cassette
Definition
Gene Expression Profile
Definition
Gene Expression Profiling
Definition
Gene Gun
Definition
Gene Knockout
Definition
Gene Profile
Definition
Gene Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Transfer of Genes
Clinical Relevance
Reference
Gene Transfection
Definition
Gene-Environment Interaction
Definition
Genetic Association
Definition
Genetic Association Study
Genetic Epidemiology
Definition
Genetic Haplotype
Definition
Genetic Immunization
Genetic Instability
Definition
Genetic Knock-out
Definition
Genetic Polymorphism
Definition
Genetic Recombination
Definition
Genetic Susceptibility
Definition
Genetic Toxicology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Toxicology
Chemical, Viral, and Radiation Carcinogens
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Chemically Induced Morphological and Neoplastic Transformation and the Molecular Biology of Carcinogenesis/Cell Transformation and Human Cancer
References
Genetically Engineered Mice
Genetically Engineered Model
Definition
Genistein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Soy and Cancer
Cancer Prevention by Genistein
Mechanisms of Action of Genistein
Bioavailability and Safety
Other Indications
References
Genomic Imbalance
Definition
Characteristics
Genomic Imbalance Concept
Cancer as a Genetic Disease
Cause of Genomic Imbalance in Cancer
References
Genomic Imprinting
Definition
Characteristics
Imprinted Genes and their Regulation
Imprinting and DNA Methylation
Loss of Imprinting (LOI) in Cancer
References
Genomic Instability
Definition
Genomics
Definition
Genotoxic
Definition
Genotoxic Carcinogen
Definition
Genotoxicity Tests
Definition
Genotype
Definition
Geranylgeranyl
Definition
Geranylgeranylation
Definition
Germ Cell Layers
Definition
Germ Cell Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Risk Factors
Histological Classification
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Staging and Risk Stratification
Management
Seminomas
Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT)
Conclusions
References
Germinal Center
Definition
Germinal Stem Cells
Definition
Germinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Genetics
References
Germline Mutation
Definition
GI
Definition
Giant Cell Tumor
Definition
Gilbert Syndrome
Definition
Ginkgo Biloba
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
G. biloba Seeds
G. biloba Extract
References
Ginkgo Tree
Ginseng
Definition
GIST
GISTs
Definition
GJIC
Definition
GlcCer
Definition
Gleason Grading
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Gleevec
Definition
GLFG Bodies
Definition
Gli
Definition
GLI-Kruppel Family Member
GLI Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of GLI Activity in Response to HH Signaling
GLI Proteins in Cancer
References
Glioblastoma
Definition
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
The Genomic Abnormalities in GBM Tumors
Treatment of GBM Tumors
Current Status of GBM Research
References
Glioma
Definition
Glioma Retinae
Glivec
Definition
gamma Globulins
Definition
Glucagon
Definition
Glucagonoma
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Definition
Glucose
Definition
Glucuronic Acid
Definition
beta-Glucuronidase
Definition
Glucuronidation
Definition
Glut1
Definition
Glut4
Definition
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
Definition
gamma-Glutamylcystein Synthetase
Definition
Glutathione
Definition
Glutathione Conjugate Transporter RLIP76
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery of RLIP76
Clinical Significance
Drug Resistance
Heat-shock and Oxidative Stress
Radiation Toxicity
References
Glutathione Conjugates
Definition
Glutathione-S Transferase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Catalytic function
Signaling regulation
Cancer related
References
N-Glycan Chain
Definition
Glycans
Definition
Glycobiology
Definition
Characteristics
Glycan Structural Diversity is Theoretically Immense but Genetically Restricted
Glycans Evoke Antibody Responses
Glycans are Clinically Useful as Cancer Markers
TACAs are Recognized by Lectins on Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells
Human Retrovirus HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus) Induces Specific Glycan Biosynthesis
Selectin–Glycan Interactions Initiate Adhesion of Malignant Cells to Vascular Endothelium
Drugs may Inhibit Metastases by Blocking Selectin–Glycan Interactions
Concluding Sweet Remarks
References
Glycocalyx
Definition
Glycoconjugates
Definition
Glycoforms
Definition
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3
Definition
Glycolipids
Definition
Glycolysis
Definition
Glycoprotein
Definition
Glycoprotein-340
Glycosaminoglycans
Definition
Glycoside
Glycosphingolipids
Definition
Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol
Definition
Glycosylation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Glycosylation Alterations and Functions in Cancer
Glycans Used as Serological Markers in Cancers
Therapeutic Applications of Glycans in Cancers
References
Glycosylation, Aberrant
Definition
N- and O-Glycosylation
Definition
O-Glycosylation
Definition
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Linkage
Definition
Glycosyltransferase
Definition
Glycyrrhetinic Acid
Definition
Glypican 1
Definition
G2/M Arrest
Definition
G2/M Checkpoint
Definition
G2/M Cyclins
Definition
G2/M Transition
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Changes at the G2/M Transition
Triggering G2/M Transition
References
GMEM
GnRH
Definition
GnRH Analogs
Definition
Goldberg-Hogness Box
Definition
Gompertzian Growth Curve
Definition
Gonadal Mosaicism
Definition
Gonadal Neoplasms
Gonadotropes
Definition
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Good Laboratory Practices
Definition
Characteristics
Principles
Subpart A: General Provisions
Subpart B: Organization and Personnel
Subpart C: Testing Facility
Subpart D: Equipment Design
Subpart E: Testing Facility Operation
Subpart F: Test and Control Article Characterization
Subpart G: Protocol and the Conduct of the Non-clinical Laboratory Study
Subpart H & I: (Reserved)
Subpart J: Records and Data Reporting
Subpart K: Disqualification of Testing Facilities
References
Good Manufacturing Practices
Definition
Characteristics
Quality Assurance
Documentation and SOPs
FDA Quality Initiatives
Pharmaceutical Quality for the Twenty-First Century
Process Analytical Technology (PAT)
ICH Q8 Pharmaceutical Development
ICH Q9 Quality Risk Management
Quality System Approach to Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices
ICH Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality Systems
References
Gordon-Kosswig Melanoma System
Gorlin Syndrome
Definition
Government Drug Regulatory Agencies
Definition
gp36
gp90Hermes
gp170
GPCR
Definition
G6PD
Definition
gp-Fy
GPI PLD
Definition
GPI-Anchored Protein
Definition
GPI-Linked
Definition
Gp38k
Grade IV Astrocytoma
Grading of Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Basic Principles
Methods of Grading
Future Perspectives
References
Graft Acceptance and Rejection
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Clinical Relevance
References
Graft Acute Cellular Rejection
Definition
Graft Acute Vascular Rejection
Definition
Graft Chronic Rejection
Definition
Graft Hyperacute Rejection
Definition
Graft Primary Non-Function
Definition
Graft Tolerance
Definition
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Definition
Graft-Versus-Leukemia/Tumor
Definition
Granulocyte Elastase
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
Definition
Granulocytes
Definition
Granulocytopenia
Granulosa Cell Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Granzymes
Definition
Grape Seed Extract
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Activity
Health Beneficial Effects
Cardiovascular Diseases
Other Health Conditions
Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Efficacy
Clinical Studies
Conclusions
References
Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins
Definition
Graves Disease
Definition
GRB2
Definition
Grb2 Adaptor Protein
Definition
Green Tea
Definition
Green Tea Catechins
Definition
Green Tea Polyphenol
Groucho
Definition
Growth Arrest
Definition
Growth Factor
Definition
Growth Factor Receptors
Definition
Growth Guidance Cue
Growth Hormone
Definition
G-SE
Definition
GSH
Definition
GSK3
Definition
GSL
Definition
GSP
Definition
GST
Definition
GTP
Definition
GTP-Binding
Definition
GTP-Binding Proteins
GTPase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Ras Family
The Rho Family
The Rab Family
The Arf Family
The Ran Family
Regulation of GTPases
Clinical Implications
Signaling Pathways
References
GTPase-Activating Protein
Definition
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
Definition
Guanylate Cyclase
Definition
Guidance Cues
Definition
Gut Peptides
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Overview
Gastrin
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
Neurotensin
Somatostatin
References
Gynaecomastia
Gynecomastia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Gynecomazia
Gyrus
Definition
H
H-2
Definition
H60
Definition
H-CAM
H Enzyme
Definition
H731 (Human PDCD4 Variant 2, Cancer-related)
H3 (Rhesus Monkey)
HA
Definition
HACBP
Hageman Factor
Definition
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Definition
Half-life
Definition
Halsted Radical Mastectomy
Definition
Hamartin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hamartoma
Definition
Hamartomatous Polyposis
Definition
HAND Gene Family
Definition
Hand–Schüller–Christian Disease
Definition
Haploinsufficiency
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Disease Initiation Involving Haploinsufficiency
References
Haplotype
Definition
Haptens
Definition
Haptoglobin
Definition
Haptotaxis
Definition
Hardy–Weinberg Law
Definition
HARP
HAS
HAS1
Definition
HAS2
Definition
HAS3
Definition
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Definition
HAT
Definition
HAUSP
Definition
HAUSP De-Ubiquitinase
gammaH2AX
Definition
Hay Fever
HBBM
HB-EGF
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
HB-GAM
HBGF
HBGF-8
HBNF
HBNPF
HC-11 Cells
Definition
HC gp39
HCAEC
Definition
HCC
Definition
HCV
HD
Definition
HDAC Inhibitors
Definition
HDACs
Definition
HDM
HDMVEC
Definition
H&E Stain
Definition
HEA125
Health Technology Appraisal
Definition
Heat Shock Protein 90
Heat Shock Protein 70
Definition
HECT
Definition
Hedgehog
Definition
Hedgehog Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Hedgehog Signaling and Cancer
Hedgehog, Stem Cell Renewal and Cancer
Targeting Hedgehog Signaling for Therapeutics
References
HEK 293
Definition
HeLa Cells
Definition
Helicase
Definition
Helicobacter Pylori
Definition
Helix-Loop-Helix Domain
Definition
Helper CD4 T Cells
Definition
Helper T (Th) Cells
Definition
Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan
Definition
Hemangioblastoma
Definition
Hemangioendothelioma
Definition
Hemangioma
Definition
Hemangiosarcoma
Definition
Hematological Malignancies, Leukemias and Lymphomas
Definition
Characteristics
The Hematopoietic System
The WHO Classification
Major Myeloid Subclasses within the WHO Classification
Major Lymphoid Subclasses within the WHO Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Hematopoiesis
Definition
Hematopoietic Niche
Definition
Hematopoietic Progenitors
Definition
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Definition
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants
Definition
Hematopoietic System
Definition
Hematoporphyrin Derivative
Definition
Hematoxylin and Eosin
Definition
Hematuria
Definition
Heme
Definition
Heme-Oxygenase 1
Definition
Hemichannel
Definition
Hemihypertrophy
Definition
Hemizygous
Definition
Hemizygous Deletion
Definition
Hemochromatosis
Definition
Hemoglobin
Definition
Hemoglobinopathy
Definition
Hemosiderin
Definition
Henle–Koch Postulates
Hensin (Rabbit)
Heparan Sulfate
Definition
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Definition
Heparanase
Definition
Characteristics
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs)
Molecular Properties
Preferential Expression in Human Tumors
Involvement in Tumor Metastasis
Involvement in Tumor Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance
References
Heparanase Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
Inhibitors Targeting the Heparanase Substrate
Heparin, Chemically Modified Derivative and Nonanticoagulant Heparin
Sulfated Phosphomannopentaose
Oligomannurarate Sulfate-JG3
Suramin
Noncarbohydrate Substrate Mimetic Polymers
Inhibitors Targeting Heparanase
Small Molecules
Peptides Competing with the Heparin/HS Binding Domains of Heparanase
Antiheparanase Antibodies
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Heparin
Definition
Heparin-affin Regulatory Peptide
Heparin-binding Brain Mitogen
8-kDa Heparin-binding Glycoprotein
Heparin-binding Growth Associated Molecule
Heparin-binding Growth Factor 8
Heparin-binding Growth Factors
Heparin-binding Neurite Promoting Factor
Heparin-binding Neurotropic Factor
Hepatic Acinus
Definition
Hepatic Carcinoma
Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Diagnosis
Therapy
Clinical Outcome
References
Hepatic Ethanol Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hepatic Excretion
Definition
Hepatic Leukemia Factor (HLF)
Definition
Hepatic (Liver) Fixed Macrophages
Hepatic Stellate Cell
Definition
Hepatitis
Definition
Hepatitis B Virus
Definition
Hepatitis B Virus x Antigen Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hepatitis C Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Untranslated Regions
Structural Proteins
Non-structural Proteins
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Hepatoblastoma
Definition
Characteristics
Pathological Classification
Staging
Therapy and Outsome
Predictive Factors
Genetic and Molecular Characteristics
Cellular Characteristics
References
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Prognostic Staging System
Treatment
Prevention
References
Hepatocellular Carcinoma – Etiology, Risk Factors and Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Oncogenic and Environmental Factors
High-Risk Non-viral Liver Diseases
Viral Hepatitis-Induced HCC
Molecular Aspects of Hepatocarcinogenesis (Fig. 1)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis and Prevention
References
Hepatocyte
Definition
Hepatocyte Activator Inhibitor-1
Definition
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Definition
Hepatocyte Growth Factor-like Protein
Hepatocyte Stimulating Factor
Hepatocyte Stimulating Factor-III
Hepatolithiasis
Definition
Hepatoma
Hepatomegaly
Definition
Hepatosplenomegaly
Definition
Hepsin
Definition
HER2
Definition
HER-2/neu
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
HER3
Definition
Herceptin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Activity
Mechanisms of Activity
Molecular Level
Cellular Level
Mechanisms of Resistance
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Signaling
Akt Signaling
Extracellular Domain and Truncated Forms of HER-2
New Directions
References
Hereditary Breast Cancer
Definition
Hereditary Hamartosis Peutz-Jeghers
Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer
Definition
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer
Definition
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
Heregulin
Definition
HERG
Definition
Herniorrhaphy
Definition
Herpes Simplex Virus
Definition
Herpesvirus-Associated Ubiquitin-Specific Protease
Definition
Herpesvirus-Associated Ubiquitin-Specific Protease De-ubiquitinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
p53-Mdm2 Pathway
Implications in Cancer Therapy
References
Heterochromatin
Definition
Heterocromatic Regions
Definition
Heterocyclic Amines
Definition
Heterodimer
Definition
Heterodimeric Complex
Definition
Heteroduplex Analysis
Definition
Heterokaryon
Definition
Heterologous Growth Control
Hetero-oligomers
Definition
Heteroplasmy
Definition
Heterotrimeric G-Proteins
Definition
Heterotrimeric GTP-binding Proteins
Heterotrimeric Guanine Nucleotide-binding Proteins
Heterozygosity
Definition
Heterozygous
Definition
Hexabrachion
Hexavalent Chromium
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Uses and Sources
Epidemiology
Animal Studies
Cell Culture Studies
Role of Valence State, Uptake and Metabolism
Role of Solubility
Mechanism of Carcinogenicity
References
Hexavalent Chromium-induced Carcinogenesis
HFH-11B
HGF
Definition
HGF Activator
Definition
HGFL
gammaH2AX
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
HHV4
HHV8
Definition
HHV-8
Definition
HIF1
Definition
HIF-1
HIF1α
Definition
High Affinity Ca2+-binding Protein
High Content Screen
Definition
High-dose (Myeloablative) Chemotherapy
High-Dose Therapy with Stem-Cell Support
Definition
High Endothelial Venules
Definition
High-flow Microinfusion
High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging
High-Grade
Definition
High Grade/Undifferentiated MEC
High Mobility Group
Definition
High Throughput Screen
High Throughput Screening
High Throughput Screens
Definition
HILDA
Hindgut
Definition
HIPK2
Definition
HIP1r
Definition
Hirschsprung Disease
Definition
Hirsutism
Definition
Histiocytoid
Definition
Histiocytosis X
Histo-blood Group Lewis Antigens
Histocompatibility
Definition
Histocompatibility Antigens
Definition
Histocompatibility Testing
Definition
Histocultures
Definition
Histogram
Definition
Histologic Grading
Histology
Definition
Histone
Definition
Histone Acetylation
Definition
Histone Acetyltransferases
Definition
Histone Deacetylases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional Roles of Histone Deacetylases (HDACs)
HDACs and Cancer
HDAC Family Members
HDAC Inhibitors
Epigenetic Therapy
References
Histone Deacetylation
Definition
Histone Demethylases
Definition
Histone H4
Definition
Histone H2AX Phosphorylated at Serine 139
Histone Methylation
Definition
Histone Methyltransferase
Definition
Histone Modification
Definition
Characteristics
Histones and Chromatin
Histone Modifications
Histone Modifications and Cancer Prognosis
Epigenetic Therapy: HDAC Inhibitors
References
Histone Modifying Enzymes
Definition
Histone Proteins
Definition
Histones
Definition
Histopathological
Definition
HIV
Definition
HLA
Definition
HLA Class I
Definition
Characteristics
Bioactivity
Altered HLA Class I Phenotypes in Tumors
Functional Significance of HLA Class I Loss: Implications for Immune Evasion
References
HLH Domain
Definition
hMAWD: Human MAPK Activator with WD Repeats
HMEC-1
Definition
HMG-CoA Reductase
Definition
HMG-I/Y
Definition
HMGA1
Definition
HMGA2
Definition
HMTs
4-HNE
Definition
HNPCC
Definition
hnRNP M
Definition
HO-1
Definition
Hoarseness
Definition
Hodgkin Disease
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hodgkin Disease, Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Basic
Clinical
References
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Definition
Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg Cell
Definition
Characteristics
Associated Pathologies
Cellular Origin
Immunophenotype
Cell Differentiation and Function
Transforming Mechanisms of HRS Cells
References
Hoechst-33342 Dye
Definition
Hollow Fiber Assay
Definition
Characteristics
Methodology
References
Homeobox
Definition
Homeobox Genes
Definition
Characteristics
Hox Genes and Leukemia
Homeobox Genes and Solid Tumors
References
Homeostasis
Definition
Homeotic Genes
Definition
Homer Wright Rosette
Definition
Homing Peptides and Vascular Zip Codes
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Significance
Clinical Significance
References
Homing receptor
Homo Sapiens Mitotic Arrest Deficient-like 1 Protein
Homodimer
Definition
Homo- or Heterodimers
Definition
Homogeneously Staining Region
Definition
Homogenous Assays
Homogenous Time Resolved Fluorescence
Homolog
Definition
Homologous Recombination Repair
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Homologue of Synaptopodin
Homomeric Complex
Definition
Homophilic and Heterophilic Adhesion
Definition
Homoplasmy
Definition
Homotypic and Heterotypic Adhesion
Definition
Homozygous Deletion
Definition
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)
Definition
Hormonal Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
References
Hormonal Therapy
Definition
Hormonal Treatments
Definition
Hormone-induced Cancers
Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Definition
Hormone-related Cancers
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Definition
Hormone-Responsive Element
Definition
Hormones
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
The Receptor Concept
Endogenous Metabolic Activation of Steroids
Epidemiology and Animal Studies
Steroid Hormones
Prolactin
Insulin
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Thyroid Hormones
Hormonal Management of Cancer
References
Hornstein–Knickenberg syndrome
HOX
Definition
HOXA5 gene
Definition
HOXA9
Definition
HpaII Tiny Fragments (HTF) Islands
HPAEC
Definition
HPD
Definition
HPRT
Definition
hPTTG1
HPV
HRPC
Definition
HS1
Definition
HSC
Definition
HSD18
HSF
HSF-III
hSNF5
HSNF5/INI1
Definition
hSNF5/INI1/SMARCB1 Tumor Suppressor Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Chromatin Remodeling and the SWI/SNF Complex
hSNF5/INI1 Gene and Protein Structures
Biological Roles of hSNF5/INI1
Genetic Alterations of hSNF5/INI1 in Human Malignancies
Pathological and Clinical Aspects of hSNF5/INI-Deficient Tumors
Conclusion
References
HSP
Definition
Hsp60
Definition
Hsp90
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
As a Single Modality
In Combination with Radiotherapy
References
HSPG
Definition
HSR
Definition
HSV-TK/Ganciclovir Mediated Toxicity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Toxicity to HSV-TK-Expressing Cells
Toxicity to Non-HSV-TK-Expressing Cells (Bystander Effect)
Characteristics in Vivo
Experimental Tumors in Animals
Mechanism of the Bystander Effect in Vivo
Clinical Relevance
Improving Cancer Therapy with HSV-TK/GCV
References
hTERT
Definition
HTLV-1
Definition
HUCE
Definition
Human Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Human Cartilage Glycoprotein-39
Human ESP1-associated Protein 1
Human Herpes Virus 4
Human Herpesvirus 6
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Definition
Human Kallikrein 3
Human Lymphocyte Antigen
Definition
Human Non Sucrose Fermenting 5
Human Papillomaviruses
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Virus Particle
Virus Replication
Pathogenesis of Papillomavirus Infection
Bioactivity
Clinical Relevance
References
Human Pituitary Tumor-transforming Gene 1
Human Podoplanin
Human Symbols for Snail1 and Snail2: SNAI1,SNAI2
Human T-cell Leukemia Virus
Synonym
Definition
Characteristics
Leukemia
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
Neurologic Disease
Clinical Presentation
Pathology
References
Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Definition
Human Wart Virus
Humanized Antibodies
Definition
HUMARA
Humoral Immune Response
Definition
Humoral Immunity
Definition
Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 (HIP1)
Definition
Characteristics
Future
Significance
References
Hurthle Cell
Definition
Hurthle Cell Adenoma and Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Current and Past Controversies
References
Hutchinson-Weber-Peutz-Syndrome
HUVEC
Definition
HVEM
Definition
HVJ
Definition
HVJ-Envelope Vector
Definition
HVJ-Liposomes
Definition
Hyaluronan
Definition
Hyaluronan Receptor
Hyaluronan Synthases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Hyaluronan Synthases and Hyaluronan
Hyaluronan Synthases and Hyaluronan in Cancer
Proliferation and Tumor Growth
Invasion and Metastasis
Multidrug Resistance
References
Hyaluronic Acid
Definition
Hyaluronic Acid synthases
Hyaluronidase
Definition
Characteristics
HAase Expression in Cancer
HAase Functions in Cancer
Regulation of HAase Activity
Clinical Importance of HAase
Summary
References
Hybrid Genes
Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Hybridomas
Definition
Hydrogen Dioxide
Hydrogen Nuclei
Definition
Hydrogen Peroxide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenic Effects
Clinical Relevance
References
Hydrophilic
Definition
Hydroquinone
Definition
Hydroxyapatite
Definition
Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
5-HydroxyIndoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA)
Definition
Hydroxyl Group
Definition
Hydroxylapatite
Definition
14-Hydroxyldaunorubicin
4-Hydroxynonenal
Definition
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid (13-HODE)
Definition
2-Hydroxyoleic Acid
Definition
7-Hydroxystaurosporine
7-Hydroxystaurosporine, NSC 638850
Definition
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Hyperalgesia
Definition
Hypercalcemia
Definition
Hyperchlorhydria
Definition
Hyperdiploidy
Definition
Hypergastrinemia
Definition
Hyperglycemia
Definition
Hypericin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physical Properties
Clinical Applications
PDD of Cancers
PDT of Cancers
Preclinical Investigations
References
Hyperlipidemia
Definition
Hypermethylation
Definition
Hyperplasia
Definition
Hyperplastic growth
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Definition
Hyperthermia
Definition
Characteristics
Cytotoxic Effects
Physiologic Effects
Immunological Effects
Hyperthermia Physics
Delivery Modalities
Thermometry
Thermal Dosimetry
Clinical Hyperthermia
Radiation Therapy and Hyperthermia
Chemotherapy and Hyperthermia
Clinical Trials
References
Hypertrophy
Definition
Hypertrophy of Male Breast
Hypervariable Region
Definition
Hypodiploidy
Definition
Hypoechoic
Definition
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Definition
Hypomethylation
Definition
Hypomethylation of DNA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Hypospadias
Definition
Hypothalamus
Definition
Hypoxia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Phenotypes of Hypoxic Cells
Gene Regulation in Hypoxic Cells: Implications for Tumorigenesis
References
Hypoxia Inducible Factor
Definition
Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Hypoxic
Definition
Hysterectomy
Definition
I
IA4
IAP
Definition
IARC
Definition
IARC TP53 Database
Definition
Characteristics
TP53 Gene Mutations in Human Cancers
Database Structure and Content
Web Site and New Search Tools
Recommendation to Users
References
IkappaB
Definition
IkappaBalpha
Definition
IC50
Definition
ICAMs
Definition
Id1
Definition
Id Proteins
Definition
Idarubicin
Definition
Idiopathic Bone Infarction
Definition
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
Idiotype
Definition
Idiotype Vaccination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Field of Application
Formulation
Production
Clinical Aspects
Open Questions
References
Idiotypic Vaccination
IDO
I-FLICE
IFN
Definition
iFOBT
IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity
IGF
Definition
IGF-2
Definition
IGF-I
Definition
IGs
Definition
IHC
IISRE
Definition
IL-1
Definition
IL-12
Definition
Illegitimate Recombination
Definition
Image Cytometry
Definition
Imaginal Discs
Definition
Imatinib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
BCR-ABL and CML as a Target for Imatinib
Activity of Imatinib in CML
Mechanisms of Relapse/Resistance to Imatinib
Activity of Imatinib in Other Diseases
Conclusion
References
Imatinib Mesylate
Imiquimod
Definition
Immature B Cells
Definition
Immediate Early Genes
Definition
Immediate Early Stress Response
Immortalization
Definition
Immortalized
Definition
Immortalized Cells
Definition
Immune Adjuvants
Definition
Immune Complex
Definition
Immune Deviation
Definition
Immune Escape
Definition
Characteristics
Host Ignorance
Tumor Cell Adaptation
References
Immune Escape of Tumors
Definition
Immune Response
Definition
Immune Responses to Autoantigens
Immune Surveillance of Tumors
Definition
Immune System
Definition
Immunoassay
Definition
Immunoblotting
Definition
Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test
Immunocompetent
Definition
Immunocytochemistry
Definition
Immunodeficient Nude Mice
Definition
Immunodiffusion
Definition
Immunoediting
Definition
Characteristics
History
The Role of Interferons and Other Immune Components
The Role of Induced Immune Pressure
Evidence of Immunoediting in Human Cancer
References
Immunogenicity
Definition
Immunoglobulin
Definition
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Definition
Immunoglobulin Genes
Definition
Immunoglobulin Libraries
Definition
Immunoglobulins
Definition
Immunohistochemistry
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Techniques
Uses
Use in Research
Clinical Uses
Diagnosis
Intermediate Filaments
Nuclear Transcription Factors
Carcinoma
Melanoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Infectious Agents
Tumor Stage and Occult Metastases
Prognosis
Treatment Response
Targeted Therapy
References
Immunohistology
Immunoliposomes
Definition
Characteristics
Immunoliposome Types and Antibody Formats
Drugs and Targets
References
Immunologic Tolerance
Definition
Immunological Fecal Occult Blood Test
Immunophenotype
Definition
Immunophenotypic Determinants
Immunophenotyping
Definition
Immunophilins
Definition
Immunoprevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Immunoprevention of Viral Tumors
Immunoprevention of Tumors Unrelated to Infectious Agents
Immune Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention
Target Antigens of Cancer Immunoprevention
Clinical Developments
The Risks of Cancer Immunoprevention
References
Immunoprophylaxis
Immunoreceptor
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif
Definition
Immunoregulatory Aberrations
Immunoscreening cDNA Expression Libraries
Definition
Immunostimulatory Molecules
Definition
Immunosuppressed
Definition
Immunosuppression
Definition
Immunosuppressive Drugs
Definition
Immunotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nonspecific Immunotherapy
Specific Immunotherapy
References
Immunotoxin
Definition
Importin-Alpha-3
Definition
Importins
Definition
Imprinted Gene
Definition
Imprinting
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Clinical Relevance
References
In Situ Breast Cancer
In Situ Cancer or Carcinoma
In Situ Carcinoma
In Vitro
Definition
In Vitro Genetics
Definition
In Vivo
Definition
Inbred Lines
Inbred Strain
Definition
Incidence
Definition
Incidence Rate
Definition
Independent Prognostic Factor
Definition
Indian
Definition
Indirubin and Indirubin Derivatives
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Mechanism
Structure/Activity
References
Individual Susceptibility
Definition
Individualized Treatment
Individually Mutated Tumor Antigens
Definition
Indoleamine
Definition
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Enzymatic Properties, Tissue Distribution, and Regulation of Expression
IDO and Immune Suppression
IDO and Cancer
Clinical Relevance
IDO as a Prognostic Indicator for Human Cancer
Targeting IDO as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer Treatment
Implication of IDO for DC-based Cancer Immunotherapy
References
Indolent Lymphoma
Definition
Induction
Definition
Induction Chemotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Solid Tumors
Leukemia
References
Infection
Definition
Infectious Mononucleosis
Definition
Infiltration
Inflammation
Definition
Characteristics
References
Inflammatory Response and Immunity
Definition
Characteristics
An Overview of Inflammation
An Overview of Cancer
Interrelationship Between Inflammation and Cancer
Examples of Inflammation-Associated Cancers
Immunotherapeutic Strategies Against Cancer
References
Inflammatory Bowel Disease-associated Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
IBD-Associated CRC
Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma in Crohn Disease
Cancer risk Associated to Immunosuppressive Therapy in IBD
References
Inflammatory Cytokines
Definition
Inflammatory Response
Definition
Infratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Inherited Human Polycystic Kidney Disease
Inhibin
Definition
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Family
Definition
Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
Definition:
Inhibitor of FLICE
Inhibitors
Definition
Initial Area Under the Gadolinium Contrast Agent Concentration–Time Curve
Definition
Initiation
Definition
Initiation and Promotion
Definition
Initiation Codon
Definition
Initiation Factors
Definition
Initiator Caspases
Definition
INK4a
Definition
Characteristics
Structure of INK4b/ARF/INK4a Locus and Molecular Functions of INK4s/ARF
Roles in Tumorigenesis
Roles in Senescence
Activators of the p15INK4b/ARF/p16INK4a
Ras–Raf–p38MAPK Pathway
E2F
Myc Oncogene
Suppressors of p15INK4b/ARF/p16INK4a
AML1/ETO
p53
Polycomb Proteins
Future Directions
References
Innate Immune System
Definition
Innate Immunity
Definition
Innexins
Definition
iNOS
Definition
Inosine
Definition
Inositol Lipids
Definition
Characteristics
Hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to Generate Second Messenger Molecules
Binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to Specific Proteins
Generation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Other 3-Phosphorylated Inositol Lipids and Their Binding to Specific Intracellular Targets
Clinical Relevance
References
Inositol Polyphosphates
Definition
Inositol Tetrakisphosphate
Definition
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Definition
Inositoltrisphosphate
Definition
Insertional Mutagenesis
Definition
Insulator
Definition
Insulin
Definition
Insulin Receptor
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins
Definition
Insulin Resistance
Definition
Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins
Definition
Insulin-like Growth Factors
Definition
Characteristics
IGFs
IGF Receptors
IGFBPs
Mechanisms
Altered Expression of the IGF System Components in Tumor Cells
Syndrome of Hypoglycemia
Clinical Aspects
References
Insulinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Malignant Insulinoma
References
Integral Membrane Protein
Definition
Integrated Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Integrin
Definition
beta3 Integrin
Definition
Integrin-Mediated Death
Integrin Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling
Growth and Differentiation
Motility and Invasion
Survival
References
Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy
Definition
Intercellular Junctions
Definition
Interferon
Definition
Interferon-alpha
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Malignant Melanoma
Pancreas Carcinoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma/Leukemia/Multiple Myeloma
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Direct Effects of IFN-alpha
Radio- and chemosensitizing Effects
Antiangiogenic Effects
Immunogenic Effects
Immunomodulation
References
Interferon Gamma
Definition
Interferons Type I
Definition
Interleukin
Definition
Interleukin-1
Definition
Interleukin-1 beta
Definition
Interleukin-2
Definition
Interleukin-4
Definition
Characteristics
Bioactivity
Clinical Relevance
IL-4 and Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases
Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
References
Interleukin-6
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genes
Clinical Relevance
References
Interleukin-8
Definition
Interleukin-12
Definition
Intermediate
Definition
Intermediate Endpoint
Intermediate Junction
Internal Dose
Definition
Internalization
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Definition
Interphase Cytogenetics
Definition
Characteristics
References
Interstitial Cells of Cajal
Definition
Interstitial Space
Definition
Interstitual Microinfusion
Interstrand Cross Link
Definition
Intervention Study
Definition
Intestinal Absorption
Definition
Intestinal Permeability
Definition
Intestinal Type Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Intrabodies
Definition
Intracerebral Clysis
Intracerebral Microinfusion
Intraductal Carcinoma
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Tumors
Intralesional Excision
Definition
Intraocular Melanoma
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Definition
Intravasation
Definition
Intravesicular Instillation
Definition
Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis
Definition
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Intrinsically Unfolded Proteins
Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of Unstructured Proteins
Unstructured Proteins and Cancer
Other Roles in Cancer Biology
References
Intron
Definition
Invadopodia
Definition
Invasion
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Definition
Inverse PCR
Definition
Inversion
Ion Channels
Definition
Ionization
Definition
Ionizing Radiation
Definition
Ionizing Radiation Induced Cancer
Ionizing Radiation Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
IPL1
IPT/TIG Domain
Definition
IQGAP1 Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functions
IQGAP1 and Cancer
References
IRE1
Definition
IRES
Definition
IRF1
Definition
Irinotecan
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Position of Irinotecan
Adverse Effects
Metabolism and Excretion
Dosage Individualization
Role of Genetic Screening
References
gamma-irradiation
Definition
IRS
Definition
Ischemia
Definition
ISEL
Definition
Islet Cell Tumor
Definition
Islets of Langerhans
Definition
Isochromosome
Definition
Isodose
Definition
Isoflavones
Definition
Characteristics
History
Examples
Metabolism
Mechanisms
Diseases
References
Isoform
Definition
Isografts
Definition
Isopeptide Bonds
Definition
Isoprenoid
Definition
Isoprostanes
Definition
Isothiocyanates
Definition
Isotope
Definition
ITAM
Definition
Itch
Definition
ITIM
Definition
Ixabepilone
J
J1 220/200
JAK
Definition
JAK2
Definition
Japanese Silver Apricot
Jasmonates in Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Anticancer Activities of Jasmonates In Vitro and In Vivo
The Mechanisms of Action of Jasmonates in Cancer Cells
Biochemical Outcomes Shared by Jasmonate-Treated Plant and Animal Cells
Conclusions
References
Jaundice
Definition
Jaw Osteonecrosis
Definition
J-Domain
Definition
Jelly Belly
JFY1
JNK
JNK1
JNK2
JNK3
JNK Cascade
Definition
JNK Subfamily
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
JNK-Interacting Protein
Definition
JUN
Definition
Jun N-terminal kinase
Definition
Junctional Complex
Definition
K
Ktrans
Definition
K Cells
K Lymphocyte
KAI1
Kallikrein-related Peptidases
Kallikreins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Kallikrein Genes
The Role of Kallikreins in Tumor Progression
Kallikreins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers
References
Kaplan–Meier Product Limit Estimator
Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Censoring
Parametric, Semi-Parametric and Nonparametric Survival
Kaplan–Meier Product Limit Estimator
Comparing Survival Functions
References
Kaposi Sarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
Histology
Virus Involvement
Viral Strains
KSHV Latent Proteins
Neoplasms Associated with KSHV
KSVH and Immunity
Anti-Herpesviral Drugs
Treatment for KS
References
Karnofsky Performance Score
Definition
Karyoplast
Definition
Karyotype
Definition
KCNH1
KCS
Keap1
Definition
Kennedy Disease
Keratinocyte
Definition
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Keratodermas
Definition
Keratosis
Definition
Ket
Kew Tree
Ki-1
Ki1 Lymphoma
Ki-67
Definition
KIAA0413
Killer Cells
Kin-Cohort Study
Definition
Kinase
Definition
In vitro Kinase Assay
Definition
Kinesin
Definition
Kinesin-5
Kinesin Spindle Protein
Kinesin-like Protein KIF11
Kinetic Parameters
Definition
Kinetochore
Definition
Kinetochore Outer Plate
Definition
Kininogen
Definition
KiSS1
Definition
Characteristics
Does KiSS1 Suppress Metastasis of Other Human Cancers?
How Does KiSS1 Suppress Metastasis?
Is KiSS1 a Marker of Metastasis?
Clinical Relevance
References
KIT
Definition
Kit/SCF-R
Kit/Stem Cell Factor Receptor in Oncogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular and Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Mastocytosis/Mast Cell Leukemia
Gastro-Intestinal Tumors
Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias
Germ Cell Tumors
Malignant Melanoma
Other Neoplastic/Malignant Lesions
Gene Transfer, Immunotherapy, Vaccination
References
Klatskin Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History and Classification
Epidemiology
Etiology and Risk Factors
Biology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Survival
References
KLK3
KLRK1
Knobloch Syndrome
Definition
Knock-Down
Definition
Knock-in
Definition
Knock-Out
Definition
Knock-out Mice
Knock-Out Mouse
Definition
Knockdown
Definition
Knudson Hypothesis
Definition
Koch’s Postulates
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Kostmann Syndrome
Definition
Kringle Domain
Definition
KSA
KSP
KSP Mitotic Spindle Motor Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Relevance to Cancer
References
Ku70
Definition
Kulchitsky Cell Carcinoma
Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor
Definition
Kupffer Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Kupffer Cells and Liver Disease
Relationship of Kupffer Cells to Primary and Secondary Liver Cancers
Kupffer Cell Cancers
References
Kuzbanian
Definition
Kv10.1
L
L-PAM
Definition
L&H
Definition
L&H Cells
Definition
Label-Free Analysis
Definition
Labile Factor
Definition
Lactate
Definition
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Definition
Lactoferricin Antiangiogenesis Inhibitor
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Perspectives
References
Lactoferrin
Definition
LAIR1
Definition
LAK
LAMB
Lamellar Phase
Definition
Lamellipodia
Definition
Laminin
Definition
Laminin-Receptor
Definition
Laminin Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Laminin Signaling
Laminin Receptors
Integrins
Nonintegrin Receptors
67 kDa Laminin Receptor and Integrins
Dystroglycan
References
Langerhans, Islets of
Definition
Langerhans Cell
Definition
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathology and Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Late Sequelae
References
Langerin
Definition
LAP
Definition
Laparoscopy
Definition
Lapatinib
Definition
Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor
Definition
Large Cell Medulloblastoma
Definition
Large-Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Definition
Large Granular Lymphocyte
Large Tumor Suppressor Gene
Laryngeal Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Changes in Laryngeal Carcinomas
Chromosome Abnormalities in Laryngeal Carcinomas
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Molecular Genetic Findings
References
Laser
Definition
Laser Capture Microdissection
Definition
Laser Diagnostics
Definition
Characteristics
References
Laser-induced Fluorescence Diagnosis LIFD
Latent TGF-beta Binding Protein
Definition
Lateral Gene Transfer
Definition
Lats in Growth Regulation and Tumorigenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
LD
LD50
Definition
LDL
Definition
LDL Receptor
Definition
Lead Chromate
Definition
Lead Exposure
Definition
Characteristics
Sources of Lead Exposure
Biological Markers of Lead Exposure
Lead Carcinogenesis: Possible Etiologic Mechanisms
Lead Exposure and Cancer Epidemiology
References
Lead Generation
Definition
Lead Optimization
Definition
Characteristics
Physicochemical Optimization
Pharmacokinetic Optimization
Toxicological Optimization
References
Leakage Radiation
Definition
Lean Body Mass
Definition
LECAM-2
Lecithin
Definition
Lectin
Definition
Leiomymatous Harmatoma of the Kidney
Leiomyoma
Definition
Leiomyomata
Leiomyosarcoma
Definition
Lentigines
Definition
Lentiginosis
Definition
Lentiginosis polyposa Peutz
Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis
Definition
Leptomeningeal Disease
Leptomeningeal Dissemination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Neuroimaging
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
References
Leptomeningeal Metastasis
Leptomeningeal Seeding
Leptomeninges
Definition
Lesion on Tongue, Lip and Other Areas in the Mouth
LET
Definition
Letterer–Siwe Disease
Definition
Leucopenia
Definition
Leucovorin
Definition
Leukemia
Definition
Leukemia Diagnostics
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Methods Applied in Leukemia Diagnostics
Cytomorphology and Cytochemistry
Immunophenotyping
Cytogenetics
Importance of Chromosome Analysis, Indication
Material
Conventional Chromosome Analysis Using Banding Techniques
Nomenclature – ISCN Cytogenetics
Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Interphase FISH
Metaphase FISH
Molecular Genetics
PCR
RT-PCR
Nested PCR
Real Time PCR
Mutation Screening
Fragment Analysis (Genescan)
Sequence Analysis
Diagnostic Procedures in Leukemia
Diagnostic Workup of AML
Monitoring of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
Cytogenetics
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Molecular Genetics
Cytomorphology
Immunophenotyping
Cytogenetics
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
Molecular Genetics
Cytomorphology
Immunophenotyping
Cytogenetics
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Molecular Genetics
Cytomorphology
Immunophenotyping
Cytogenetics
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Molecular Genetics
Cytomorphology
Immunophenotyping
Cytogenetics
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Molecular Genetics
Diagnostic Algorithm in AML
Diagnostic Algorithm in ALL
Diagnostic Algorithm in CML
Diagnostic Algorithm in CLL
Diagnostic Algorithm in MDS
References
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
LIF
LIF Receptor
LIF Over Expression and LIF Knockouts
Pleiotropic Effects of LIF
LIF and Oncogenesis
Clinical Aspects
References
Leukocyte Elastase
Leukocyte Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-2
Leukocyte Functional Antigens
Definition
Leukocyte Homing
Definition
Leukocyte Interferon
Leukocytes
Definition
Leukopenia
Leukoplakia
Definition
Leukotriene Receptors
Definition
Leukotrienes
Definition
Characteristics
References
Leustatin
Lewis Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Lewis Antigens in Cancer
References
Lewis Enzyme
Definition
Lewisx
Definition
Lexatumumab
Definition
LFS
Definition
LH-RH
Definition
LHRH
Definition
LHRH Agonists
Definition
LI Element
Definition
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria
Genetics
TP53 Germline Mutations
Type and Origin of TP53 Mutations
Tumor Spectrum in TP53 Mutation Carriers
Age Distribution in Relation to Tumor Type
Gender Distribution of Patients with TP53 Germline Mutations
Functional Consequences and Phenotype of Germline Mutations
Mutation Detection Methods and Results Interpretation
References
Lichenification
Definition
Lichenoid Dermatitis
Definition
Licorice
Definition
LIF
Life Table Estimates
Ligament of Treitz
Definition
Ligands
Definition
Steel Ligand Receptor
Light-Induced Fluorescence Endoscopy
Definition
Light Tomography
LIM Domain
Definition
LIM Domain Containing Preferred Translocation Partner in Lipoma
LIMD1
Definition
LINE
Definition
LINE-1 Elements
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Genomic Impact
Role in Human Cancer
References
Lineage
Definition
Lineage Differentiation Tumor Antigens
Definition
Lineage Restriction
Definition
Linear Accelerator
Definition
Linearly Patterned Programmed Cell Necrosis
Definition
Lingual Cancer
Linkage
Definition
Linkage Disequilibrium
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction to Linkage Disequilibrium
Measures of Linkage Disequilibrium
Estimation of Linkage Disequilibrium
Haplotype Blocks
Linkage Disequilibrium versus Linkage
Origins of Linkage Disequilibrium
Linkage Disequilibrium in Human Populations
Using Linkage Disequilibrium to Select Informative Markers
Utility of Linkage Disequilibrium to Genome-wide Association Studies
Other Uses of Linkage Disequilibrium in Cancer Research
References
N-Linked Glycan
Definition
O-Linked Oligosaccharide
Definition
Linoleic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
References
Lipid Mediators
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Lipid Peroxidation
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Lipid Phosphatases
Definition
Lipid Raft
Definition
Lipid Second Messengers
Lipid Therapy
Lipogenesis
Definition
Lipoma
Definition
Lipoma Preferred Partner
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
LPP and Tumors
Cell Biological Characteristics of the LPP Protein
LPP as a Transcriptional Coactivator
LPP as a Smooth Muscle Marker
References
Lipomas
Lipomatous Tumors
Lipophilic
Definition
Lipophilicity
Definition
Lipoprotein
Definition
Liposarcomas
Liposomal Chemotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Magic Bullet Concept
Drug Delivery Technology
Sterically Stabilized (Stealth) Liposomes
Ligand-Targeted Stealth Liposomes
Future Perspectives for Liposomal Chemotherapy
References
Liposomes
Definition
Lipoxygenase
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO)
Definition
Lisch Nodules
Definition
Liver
Definition
Liver Cancer
Liver Cancer – Molecular Biology
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Role of Viral Factors
Direct Mutagenic Role
Oncogenic Potential of the HBx Transactivator
Immunopathogenesis
Chromosomal Aberrations
Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes
Oncogenic Pathways
Conclusions
References
Liver Cell Carcinoma
Liver Cirrhosis
Definition
Liver Flukes
Definition
Liver Resection
Definition
Liver Transglutaminase and Gh
Liver Transplantation
Definition
LMP2
Definition
Lob 1
Definition
Lobular Involution
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anatomy of the Human Breast
Involution
Age-Related Lobular Involution
Factors Affecting Involution
Measurement of Involution
Failure to Involute
References
Local Ablation Therapy
Local Therapy
Definition
Local Treatment
Definition
Locoregional Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE)
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI)
Percutaneous Acetic Acid Injection (PAI)
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
Microwave Coagulation Therapy (MCT)
Comments
References
Locus
Definition
Log-Kill Hypothesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
LOH
Definition
LOI
Definition
Long Dispersed Nuclear Element
Definition
Long Terminal Repeat
Definition
Loss-of-Function Mutation
Definition
Loss of Heterozygosity
Definition
Lovastatin
Definition
Low Density Lipoprotein
Definition
Low Grade/Well Differentiated MEC
Low Molecular Weight G-Proteins
Low-Grade
Definition
LOX
LPP
LRF
Definition
LRP
LRP5/6
Definition
LS-80558
LTBP
Definition
LTR
Definition
Lucifer Yellow
Definition
Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Lugol Unstained Lesion
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenesis (Precursor of ESCC)
Multiple LULs
References
Luminal Epithelial Cells
Definition
Lunasin
Definition
Characteristics
References
Lung Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Etiology
Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis
Activation of Dominant Oncogenes
Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
Autocrine Growth Factors
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
References
Lung Carcinoma
Lung Colony Formation Assay
Definition
Lung Resistance-related Protein
Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
Luteotropic Hormone
Luteotropin
Lycopene
Definition
Lymph
Definition
Lymph Node
Definition
Lymph Node Metastases
Definition
Lymphadenopathy
Definition
Lymphangiogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Definition
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
Definition
Lymphatic Mapping
Definition
Lymphatic System
Definition
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Lymphedema
Definition
Lymphedema-Distichiasis
Definition
Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Definition
Lymphocytes
Definition
Lymphocytic and Histiocytic Cells
Definition
Lymphoepithelioma
Lymphogenic Metastatic Spread
Definition
Lymphoid Organs
Definition
Lymphokine-Activated Killer
Definition
Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell
Definition
Lymphokines
Definition
Lymphoma
Definition
Lymphoscintigraphy
Definition
Lymphotoxin
Definition
Lymphovascular Invasion
Definition
Lymphovenous Shunt
Definition
Lynch Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
References
Lysolecithin
Lysophosphatidate
Definition
Lysophosphatidylcholine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Lysosome
Definition
Lyve-1
Definition
M
Mphi
Definition
M&B 39831
MA-3, TIS (mouse Pdcd4)
Mach
MACH-related Inducer of Toxicity
Machado-Joseph Disease
Definition
Macro- and Microminerals
Macroautophagy
Macrolide
Definition
Macrometastasis
Definition
Macropain
Definition
Macrophage Stimulating 1 Receptor
Macrophage-Stimulating Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Biological Activities and Targets
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
MSP Receptor Signaling
Clinical Relevance
References
Macrophages
Definition
Characteristics
References
Maculae Adherents
MAD
Definition
MAD1
MAD1L1
Mad (Mxd)
Definition
MADH4
Magic Bullet
Definition
Magicin
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Definition
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery
Definition
Maidenhair Tree
Major Histocompatibility Antigens
Definition
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Definition
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I-related Chain Molecules
Major Life Event
Definition
Major Microtubule Organizing Center
Major Vault Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Vault Complex
Major Vault Protein (MVP)
Drug Resistance
Prognostic Significance
References
Malignancy-Associated Changes
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Malignancy of Small Round Blue Cell Type
Malignant Adrenocortical Tumor
Malignant Endocrine Tumors
Malignant Lymphoma: Hallmarks and Concepts
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
The Molecular Genetic Basis of NHL
Antigen Receptors in NHL
Immunoglobulin Receptor of B Cells:
T Cell Receptors in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas:
Gene Expression Profiling
Etiology
Cell Biological Features of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Basic Clinical Features of Malignant Lymphoma
References
Malignant Melanoma
Malignant Mesenchymal Nephroma of Infancy
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant Neoplasias Originating in Endocrine Tissues or their Target Organs
Malignant Neoplastic Changes of the Colon
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Definition
Malignant Pleural Effusion
Definition
Malignant Progression
Definition
Malignant Salivary Gland Cancer
Malignant Tumor
Definition
Malignant Tumors of the Endocrine Glands
MALT Lymphoma
Definition
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
40 kDa Mammary Gland Protein
Mammographic Breast Density and Cancer Risk
Definition
Characteristics
Effect of Mammography Screening
Benefits and Harms
Public Health Screening Recommendations
References
Mammographic Density
Definition
Characteristics
Mammographic Density and Risk of Breast Cancer
Factors Associated with Variations in Mammographic Density
Heritability of Mammographic Density
Summary and Conclusions
References
Mammotropic Hormone
Mammotropin
Mann–Whitney U-test
Definition
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
MAP Kinase
Definition
Characteristics
Members of the MAP Kinase Family
Structure of MAP Kinase Cascades
Signaling Via the MAP Kinase Cascades
The ERK1/2 Cascade
The p38 and JNK Cascades
The ERK5 Cascade
Regulation and Specificity Determination of MAP Kinases
Involvement of MAP Kinases in Cancer
References
Mapatumumab
Definition
MAPK
Definition
MAPK8
MAPK9
MAPK10
MAPs
MAR
Marginal Excision
Definition
Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphomas
Definition
Characteristics
Histology
Pathogenesis
Genetics
Deregulation of NF-kappaB: The Unifying Concept for MALT Lymphomagenesis?
Clinical Features, Prognosis and Therapy
References
Marijuana
MAR-syndrome
Maspin
Definition
Characteristics
The Role of Maspin in Epithelial Pathophysiology
The Molecular Mechanisms of Maspin
References
Mass Recovery
Mass Spectrometry
Definition
Mast Cell Growth Factor
Mast Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MC and Tumor Growth
MC and Tumor Angiogenesis
Conclusions
References
Mast Zellen
Mastectomy
Definition
Mastocytosis
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Classification
Therapy
References
Matricellular Proteins
Definition
Matrigel
Definition
Matriptase
Definition
Matriptase: Epithin, MT-SP1, suppression of tumorigenicity 14
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization
Definition
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF)
Definition
Matrix Metalloproteinase
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
Definition
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3
Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, -9
Definition
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor
Matrix Metalloproteinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Domain Structure
Zymogen Activation
Inhibition
Substrate Cleavage
Control of MMP Gene Expression
Clinical Relevance
References
Matrixins
Maturation Promoting Factor
Mature B-cell Tumors
Definition
Max
Definition
Maximum Tolerable Dose
Definition
Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)
Definition
MCA
Definition
MCC
Definition
Mch5
MCJ
MCL
Mcl-1
Definition
Mcl Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
MCM/P1 Proteins
Definition
MCP-1
Definition
MCPH1
Definition
MCT-1 Oncogene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
MCTS1
MDC
MDC1
Definition
MDM2
Definition
MDM Genes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MDM2
MDM2 and Human Tumors
MDM4
MDM4 and Human Tumors
References
MdmX
Definition
MDR
Definition
Mdr1 protein
MDS
Definition
2ME
2ME2
MEA II
Measles Virus
Definition
Mechanical Properties
Definition
Mechanical Stress
Definition
Mechanosensor
Definition
Mechanotransducer
Definition
Med28
Mediastinum
Definition
Medical Foods
Medullary Breast Carcinoma
Definition
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Definition
Medulloblastoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Significance
Medulloblastoma Stem Cells
Molecular Genetics and Biology
References
Melanin
Definition
Melanocortin Receptor
Definition
Melanocyte
Definition
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
Definition
Melanocytic Nevus
Melanocytic Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Melanocytoma
Melanoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics of Melanoma Susceptibility (Genetic Disorders Associated with Cancer Predisposition and Chromosomal Instability)
Molecular Abnormalities in Melanoma
Immunology
Rational Therapies
References
Melanoma Antigens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Classification
Tumor Specific Antigens
Tumor Specific Shared Antigens (CTA)
Antigens Encoded by Genes Overexpressed in Tumor Cells
Antigens Encoded by Differentiation Genes
Clinical Implications
References
Melanoma Associated Antigens
Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Clinical Aspects
Diagnostic Procedure
Therapy
Prognostic Relevance
References
Melanoma Vaccines
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Background
Tumor Immune Defence against Transplantable Tumors in Mouse Models
Culture of Melanoma-Specific Human T Cells and Identification of Melanoma Antigens
Rational Development of Melanoma Vaccine Strategies in Animal Models
Efficacy of Melanoma Vaccines in Clinical Trials
Barriers for the Successful Implementation of Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines
Summary and Future Perspective
References
Melanosomes
Definition
Melanotic Medulloblastoma
Definition
Melanotic Schwannoma
Definition
Melatonin
Definition
Characteristics
Melatonin Anticancer Action and Mechanisms
Nocturnal Melatonin Suppresson by Light at Night and Human Breast Cancer Risk
Clinical Cancer Trials with Melatonin
Summary and Conclusions
References
Melatonin Receptors
Definition
Melphalan
Definition
Melting Point Analysis
Definition
Membrane Fluidity
Definition
Membrane-Linked Docking Protein
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Signal Transduction by MLDP
Roles of Individual MLDP Family in Normal and Cancer Cells
FRS2/SNT
Dok
Transmembrane Adaptor Proteins (TRAPs)
Gab
IRS
References
Membrane Lipid Structure
Definition
Membrane-Lipid Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Heterogeneity of Membrane Lipids and Lipid Structures
Lipid-Protein Interactions in Membranes
Development
References
Membrane Permeability Transition
Definition
Membrane Potential
Definition
Membrane Transport Proteins
Membrane Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General Features
Pharmacological Relevance of Membrane Transporters
Role of Membrane Transporters in Drug Resistance
References
MEN 1
MEN 2
MEN II
Mendelian Distribution
Definition
Meningeoma
Definition
Meningioma
Definition
Menopausal Symptoms After Breast Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Treatment Options
Synthetic Hormonal Compound
Nonhormonal Therapies
Treatment of Urogenital Atrophy and Related Symptoms
Treatment of Bone Loss
Cardiovascular Complications
Conclusion
References
Menopause
Definition
Merlin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Mesalazine
Definition
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Definition
Mesenchymal Tumors
Definition
Mesenchyme
Definition
Mesenteric Fibromatosis
Mesna
Definition
Mesoblastic Nephroma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Histology and Genetics
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Mesoderm
Definition
Mesothelial Cells
Definition
Mesothelin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tissue Expression
Regulation
Function
Diagnostic Marker
Therapeutic Applications
References
Mesothelioma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Asbestos
SV40
Chromosome Changes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Diagnosis
Clinical Approaches
References
MET
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Features
Clinical Relevance
References
MET, 11C-Methionine
Definition
Metaanalysis
Definition
Metabolic Activation
Definition
Metabolic Capability
Definition
Metabolic Cooperation
Definition
Metabolic Detoxification
Definition
Metabolic Polymorphisms
Definition
Metabolic Polymorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility
Definition
Characteristics
History
Important Genetic Factors
Relevance of Pharmacogenetics
Ethnic Differences
Future
References
Metabolic Regulation of Cancer During Cellular Oxygen Deprivation
Metabolic Trapping
Definition
Metabolism
Definition
Metabolite
Definition
Metal Chelating
Definition
Metalloenzymes
Definition
Metalloprotease
Definition
Metalloprotease Disintegrin Cysteine-Rich
Metalloproteases
Definition
Metallothionein Enzymes
Definition
Metanephrogenic Blastema
Definition
Metaphysis
Definition
Metaplasia
Definition
Metastasis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
References
Metastasis Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
The Process of Metastasis
The TGF-beta Pathway and Other Well Established Metastasis Signaling Networks
Signaling Pathways Involved in Cytoskeletal Remodeling
Adhesion Molecules and Metastasis Signaling
Perspectives and Summary
References
Metastasis Suppressor Gene
Definition
Characteristics
How are Metastasis Suppressor Genes Identified?
Clinical Relevance
References
Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
References
Metastatic Cancer
Metastatic Colonization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Metastatic Tumors
Definition
Methazolastone
Methemoglobinemia
Definition
Methotrexate
Definition
Methoxyestradiol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
2-Methoxyestradiol
Methyl Groups
Definition
Methylation
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Aberrant DNA Methylation in Cancer
Hypomethylation
Hypermethylation
References
Methylation-Controlled J Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Methylation-Specific PCR
Definition
Methylation Status
Definition
Methylator Phenotype
Definition
Metrorrhagia
Definition
Mevalonate
Definition
Mga
Definition
MGC34538
MGC126245
MGC126246
MGC126806
MGC138284
MGF
MGP-40
MGUS
Definition
MHC
Definition
MHC I or MHC II
Definition
MHC-Restricted Antigen Recognition
Definition
MHF
Definition
MIC-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of MIC-1 Gene Expression
Serum MIC-1 Measurement as a Clinical Tool
Role of MIC-1 in Tumor Biology
References
MIC Molecules
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects of MIC Expression by Tumors
Clinical Aspects of Soluble MIC Molecules in Blood
Soluble MIC in Diagnosis of Cancer Disease
Soluble MIC in Staging of Cancer Disease
Soluble MIC in Cancer Prognosis and Monitoring of Cancer Disease
References
MICA, MICB
Definition
Micelles
Definition
Michaelis-Type Addition
Definition
Microadenomas
Microarray (cDNA) Technology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
cDNA Microarray Construction
Hybridization with Labeled cDNA
Scanning the cDNA Microarray Using a “Reader”
Image Analysis and Generation of cDNA Microarray’Data
Analysis of Large Scale cDNA Microarray Data
Application
Clinical Relevance
References
Microautophagy
Definition
Microbes
Definition
Microbubbles
Definition
Microcell
Definition
Microcell Hybrid
Definition
Microcell--Mediated Chromosome Transfer
Definition
Characteristics
References
Microcephalin
Microcirculation
Definition
Microcytoma
Microenvironment
Microenvironmental Niche
Definition
Microfold Cells
Definition
Microglia
Definition
Micrometastasis
Definition
Characteristics
Detection Techniques
Immunocytochemistry
Molecular Techniques
EPISPOT Assay
Cellular and Molecular Biology
Clinical Relevance
Bone Marrow
Peripheral Blood
Lymph Nodes
References
Microminerals
Definition
Micronucleus
Definition
Micronucleus Assay
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Microprocessor Complex
Definition
MicroRNA
Definition
Characteristics
miRNAs and Cancer
miRNAs as Tumor Suppressors and Oncogenes
miRNA Profiling and Cancer Diagnosis
References
Microsatellite
Definition
Microsatellite Instability
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Microsomes
Definition
Microspikes
Definition
Microtubule
Definition
Microtubule Associated Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
MAPs and Cancer
Cancer Predisposition
Cancer Development
Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis
Cancer Sensitivity/Resistance to Microtubule Targeting Drugs
References
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Definition
Microtubule Binding Proteins
Microtubule Network
Definition
Microtubule Stabilizing/Destabilizing Proteins
Microtubules
Definition
Micro-ultrasound Imaging
Midgut
Definition
Midkine
Definition
MIG-6
Migfilin
Definition
Migration
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Cell Migration: Rho-GTPases are Key Players
Rac
Cdc42
Rho
Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Milieu
Definition
Milky Spots
Mimetic Peptide
Definition
Min
Definition
Mind Bomb Homolog 2 (Mib-2)
Mineral Nutrients
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mineral Nutrients and Cancer
References
Mineralocorticoid
Definition
Minichromosome Maintenance
Definition
Minimal Residual Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Methods of Detecting MRD
Clinical Relevance
References
Minisatellite
Definition
Minodronate
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Effects of Minodronate on Endothelial Cells (ECs)
Effects of Minodronate on Tumor Cells in vitro
Effects of Minodronate on Tumor Cells in vivo
References
Minodronic Acid
Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
Definition
Mismatch Repair in Genetic Instability
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Consequences
Clinical Relevance
References
Missense Mutation
Definition
Mitochondria
Definition
Mitochondria Apoptogenic Factors
Definition
Mitochondria Apoptosis Pathway
Definition
Mitochondrial DNA
Definition
Characteristics
References
Mitochondrial Intrinsic Pathway
Definition
Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Apoptosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of MMP
Regulation of MMP
MMP and Cancer
Therapeutic Implications
References
Mitochondrium
Definition
Mitogen
Definition
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
Definition
Mitogen-Inducible Gene 6 in Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Signaling Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Mitogenic Carcinogen
Definition
Mitomycin C
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Form
Bioreductive Activation
Enzymatic Bioreductive Activation of MMC
NQO1
NQO1 and Mitomycin C In vitro
NQO1 and Mitomycin C in Anaerobic Conditions
NQO1 and Mitomycin C In vivo
Xanthine Oxidase/Dehydrogenase
NADPH-Cytochrome C P450 Reductase
Other Reductases
Analogues of MMC
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Use of MMC
Side Effects of MMC
References
Mitosis
Definition
Mitosis Promoting Factor
Definition
Mitotane
Definition
Mitotic Accumulation & Inhibition of Microtubule Polymerization
Definition
Mitotic Arrest-Deficient Protein’1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Mitotic Catastrophe
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Clinical Relevance
References
Mitotic Cell Death
Mitotic Checkpoint
Definition
Mitotic Spindle
Definition
Mixed Gliomas
Mixed Lineage Leukemia Protein
Definition
Miz-1
Definition
MJ
Definition
MK-1
MK-0683, SKI390
MLH1/3
Definition
MLL-ELL Leukemia
Definition
MLPLI
MLS/RCLS
Mlx
Definition
MM
Definition
MMAC1
Definition
MMP
Definition
MMP-3
MMPs
MNA
Definition
Mnt
Definition
Model Selection
Definition
Model Testing
Definition
Modifier Loci
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Rodent Models
Humans
Mechanisms
Perspectives
References
Modular Recombinant Transporters
Modular Transporters
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Objectives
Principles
Features
References
Module
Definition
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Definition
Mole
Molecular Cancer Epidemiology
Definition
Molecular Chaperones
Definition
Characteristics
HSP90 as an Anticancer Drug Target
References
Molecular Epidemiology
Definition
Molecular Genetics
Definition
Molecular Imaging
Definition
Molecular Memory
Definition
Molecular Mimicry
Definition
Molecular Morphology
Molecular Pathology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical and Clinical Background
Immunohistochemistry
In Situ Hybridization
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Future Developments
References
Molecular Shape
Definition
Molecular Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Gene Therapy
Nucleic Acid Constructs
Small Molecule Drugs
Antibody Therapy
References
Mom1
Definition
MOMP
Definition
Monoclonal Antibodies
Definition
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Antibody Structure
Monoclonal Antibody Generation
Clinically Relevant Anticancer Monoclonal Antibodies
Approved Anticancer Monoclonal Antibodies
Unmodified Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunoconjugates
Radioimmunoconjugates
Toxin Immunoconjugates
Drug Immunoconjugates
References
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Predictors of Progression from MGUS to MM
Distinguishing MGUS, SMM, and MM
MGUS Variants
Association of MGUS with Other Diseases
Antibody Activity of Mig and Associated Diseases
Aggregation and Deposition of Mig and Associated Diseases
Management of MGUS
References
Monocyte
Definition
Monogenic
Definition
Monokines
Definition
Monolayer Culture
Definition
Monomeric GTPases
Definition
Mononeuropathy
Definition
Monosomy
Definition
Monoubiquitination
Definition
Morpheaform
Definition
Morphogenesis
Definition
Morphogenic Differentiation
Definition
Morphological Cell Transformation
Definition
Mortality Stage
Definition
Mosaic
Definition
Mosaic Vessels
Definition
Mother Against Decapentaplegic, Drosophila, Homolog of 4
Motif
Definition
Motility
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Mouse
Mouse Double Minute 2
Definition
Mouse Double Minute Gene
Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus
Definition
Mouse Models
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Biological Relevance
Genetically Engineered Mice
Transgenic Animals
Conditional Transgenics
Inducible Systems
Spontaneous Recombination
Genetic Susceptibility
Inbred Strains
Mapping of Susceptibility Genes
Congenics
Recombinant Inbred-Lines and Other Types of Inbred Mice
Outbred Strains
Therapeutics
Xenografts
Molecular Imaging
References
Mouse Podoplanin
MPF
MPO
Definition
MPP2
MPS1
Definition
MRE11
Definition
MRI
Definition
MRIT
mRNA
Definition
mRNA Profiling
Definition
MRP
Definition
MSC
Definition
MSH2–6
Definition
MSP
MST
Definition
MST1
MST1R
MSTS Functional Evaluation System
Definition
MTOC
mTOR
Definition
MTS1
MTT Assay
Definition
MUC1
Definition
MUC1–20
Definitions
Mucin
Definition
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma
Definition
Mucinous Neoplasms
Definition
Mucins
Definition
Characteristics
References
Muclin (Mouse)
Mucocellular Layer
Definition
Mucoepidermoid Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Data
Histological Features
Epidemiology
Etiology
Staging Parameters
Treatment
References
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue Lymphoma
Definition
Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Definition
Mucositis
Definition
Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
Definition
Multi-domain Transporters
Multi-Marker Panels
Definition
Multicellular Layers
Definition
Multicellular Spheroids
Definition
Multidrug Resistance
Definition
Multidrug Resistance Proteins
Definition
Multidrug Resistance Transporters
Multidrug Transporter
Multilayered Post-Confluent Cultures
Definition
Multimeric Antibody Fragments
Multiple Cutaneous and Uterine Leiomyomatosis
Definition
Multiple Endocrine Adenopathy Type 1
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
MEN1 Mutations in Hereditary Endocrine Disorders
MEN1 Mutations in Sporadic Non-MEN1 Endocrine Tumors
Function of the MEN1 Protein (Menin)
Mouse Models for MEN1
Clinical Application
Acknowledgements
References
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Disease Aspects
Clinical Aspects
References
Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome
Multiple Myeloma
Definition
Multiple Osteochondromas
Definition
Multiplex Profiling Technologies
Definition
Multipolar Spindles
Definition
Multipotent
Definition
Multipotent Stem Cells
Definition
Multistep Development
Definition
Characteristics
History
Participating Genes
Minimum Requirements for Tumor Development
Clinical Relevance
References
Multivariate Statistics
Definition
Murine Double Minute 2
Definition
Mutagen
Definition
Mutagen Sensitivity
Definition
Characteristics
Overview of Human DNA Repair System
Inter-Individual Variations in DNA Repair Capacity Within General Population
Development of Mutagen Sensitivity Assay
Heritability of Mutagen Sensitivity
High Mutagen Sensitivity is a Genetic Susceptibility Factor for Cancer Development
References
Mutagenic
Definition
Mutated in Multiple Advanced Cancers 1
Definition
Mutation
Definition
Mutation Rate
Definition
Characteristics
Summary
References
Mutator Phenotype
Definition
Characteristics
Mutations and Cancer
Chromosomal Alterations in Human Cancers
Point Mutations in Human Cancer
Rarity of Spontaneous Mutations in Normal Cells
Historical Perspective
Tumor Evolution
Implications of a Mutator Phenotype
References
mutHLS
Definition
MUTYH-Associated Colorectal Polyposis
Definition
Characteristics
Inherited Predisposition to Colorectal Cancer
Inherited Mutations in MUTYH Predispose to Colorectal Tumors
The Pathway of MAP Tumorigenesis
The Phenotype of MAP
MUTYH Mutation Spectrum
Genetic Testing and Clinical Management of MAP
References
MVP
Definition
Myalgia
Definition
MYB
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Aspects
References
Myc-associated Protein X
Definition
N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
N-myc Downstream-regulated Gene, NDRG1
MYC Family
Definition
Myc Oncogene
Definition
Characteristics
Myc Structure and Function
Post-Translational Modifications and Regulation of Myc Turnover
Other Members of the Max-Interacting Network
Effects of Myc Activation
Consequences of Myc Deregulation
Tumors Associated with Myc
Targeting Myc as an Approach to Treat Cancer
Conclusion
References
MYCL
Definition
MYCN
Definition
Mycobacterium
Definition
Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Mycoplasma
Definition
MyD88
Definition
Myeloablative Megatherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Therapeutic Concept
Timing of Megatherapy within a Treatment Strategy
Which Drugs Can be Used for Megatherapy?
References
Myelocytomatosis
Definition
Myelodysplasia
Definition
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Treatment Options
References
Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia
Myeloid
Definition
Myeloid Leukemia of Down Syndrome (DS-ML)
Myeloid Suppressor Cells
Definition
Myeloperoxidases
Definition
Myeloproliferative Disease
Definition
Myelosuppression
Definition
Characteristics
Hematopoietic Growth Factor Support
Regulation of Neutrophil Cell Death
Conclusion
References
Myocardium
Definition
MyoD
Definition
Myoepithelial Cells
Definition
Myofibroblasts
Definition
Myofibromas
Myoma
Definition
Myomectomy
Definition
Myometrium
Definition
Myopodin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Myopodin Gene Expressed in Prostate but Deleted or Down Regulated in Prostate Cancer
Myopodin Expression and Relapses of Prostate Cancer
Mechanism of Myopodin Mediated Tumor Suppression
Myopodin Expressed in Muscles
References
Myotendinous Antigen
Myrosinase
Definition
Myxoid Liposarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Etiology
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prognosis
References
Myxoid Tumors
Definition
Myxoma
Definition
MZCL
Definition
MZL
Definition
N
NAALADase
NAD(P)H-Quinone Oxidoreductase
Definition
NADPH Oxidase
Definition
Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Definition
NAG-1
NAME
Nanometer
Definition
Nanoparticles
Definition
Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Treatment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles in Tumor Diagnostics
Tumor Detection
Profiling of Tumor Biomarkers
FISH
Nanoparticles in Anti-tumor Therapy
Liposomal Based Drug Delivery
Gene Delivery
References
Nanoshell
Definition
Nanotechnology
Definition
Characteristics
Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Cancer Imaging Contrast Agents
Nanoscale Cancer Therapeutics
Laboratory Nanoscale Cancer Diagnostics
Current Applications of Nanotechnology in Clinical’Medicine
References
Nano-treatment
Nano-typing
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
NAT
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Overall Purpose of NICE
Why Was NICE Established?
What Sort of Guidance Does NICE Produce?
Why Has NICE Been Controversial?
How Does NICE Reach Its Decisions?
What Impact Has NICE Had in Oncology?
References
Native Conformation
Definition
Natural Chemoprotectants
Definition
Natural Killer Cell Activation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cytokine Activation of NK cells
Activation of Natural NK Cytotoxicity by Tumor Cells
Activated NK Cells in Cancer Therapy
Acknowledgments
References
Natural Killer Group 2D
Natural Products
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Natural Products Drug Discovery
Natural Product Anticancer Drugs
References
Natural Yellow 3
Naturally Disordered Proteins
Naturally Occurring Antibodies
Definition
Naturally Unfolded Proteins
Naturally Unstructured Proteins
NBCCS
Definition
NBS1
Definition
NBT
Definition
NCA-160
Definition
NCI 60 Cell Line Screen
Definition
NCoA3
Ndks
NDP Kinases
NDPKs
NEBD
Definition
Neck Dissection
Definition
Necrosis
Definition
Neddylation
Definition
Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Needle Biopsy
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Definition
Negative Predictive Value
Definition
Negative Resection Margins
Definition
Nek2
Definition
Characteristics
References
Nemosis
Definition
Characteristics
Possible Significance of Nemosis
References
Neoadjuvant
Definition
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Neoangiogenesis
Definition
Neobladder
Definition
Neocarcinostatin
Definition
Neocentromere
Definition
Neohormone
Definition
Neoplasia
Definition
Neoplasms with Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Differentiation
Definition
Neoplastic Cell Transformation
Definition
Neoplastic Development
Definition
Neoplastic Meningitis
Neovascularization
Definition
Nephroblastoma
Synonym
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Clinical Aspects
Treatment
References
NER
Definition
Nerve Growth Factor
Definition
Nested PCR
Definition
NET
Neurabin II
Definition
Neural Stem Cells
Definition
Neuro-Cardio-Facial-Cutaneous Syndromes
Definition
Neuro-Oncology: Primary CNS Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Classification
Clinical and Radiological Presentation
Etiology
Molecular Pathogenesis
Current Management
Future Directions
Molecular Therapy: Molecular Based Diagnostics-Prognosis-Targeted Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy: Novel Biologicals and Therapeutic Delivery
Biological Imaging
Conclusions
References
Neuroblastoma
Definition
Characteristics
References
Neurocytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
References
Neuroectodermal Tumor
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Epidemiology
Natural History
Carcinoids
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas (Islet Cell Tumors)
Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Treatment of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
References
Neuroendocrine Cells
Definition
Neuroendocrine Gland
Definition
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria for Entering the NET Category
Prognostic Classification Concepts of NETs
Genetics
NETs of the Pancreas
NETs of the Stomach and the Oesophagus
NETs of the Small Intestine, Colon and Rectum
NETs of the Lung
Carcinoid Tumors
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Thymic NETs
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)
NET (Merkel Cell Carcinoma) of the Skin
References
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Neuroepithelioma
Definition
Neurofibroma
Definition
Neurofibromatosis 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Aspects
Genetics
Neurofibromin
Gene Mutations in NF1 Related Tumors
NF1 Gene Mutations in Cancer
References
Neurofibromatosis 2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Aspects
Genetics
Merlin Protein
References
Neurofibromin
Definition
Neurologically Eloquent
Definition
Neuromedin
Definition
Characteristics
NMB in Human Cancer
NMU in Human Cancer
Clinical Relevance
References
Neuronectin
Neuropathy
Definition
Neuropeptide Y
Definition
Neuropeptides
Neuropilin
Definition
Neuropilin Ligand
Neurotensin
Definition
Neurotoxicity
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Neurotrophic factors
Neurotrophins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Neutropenia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Hematopoiesis
Neutrophil Disorders
Neutrophil Growth Factors
References
Neutrophil
Definition
Neutrophil Elastase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
NE Gene and Its Variations
NE and Cancer Development
NE and Cancer Progression and Prognosis
NE as Cancer Therapeutic Target
Possible Mechanisms of NE in Cancer Development and Progression
Carcinogen Exposure Enhancer
Apoptosis Inhibitor
Invasion and Metastasis Promoter
Cancer Promoting Gene Derepressor
NE Suppresses Granulopoiesis of Hematopoietic Cells
References
Neutrophil Granulocytes
Definition
Neutrophil Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes
Definition
Neutrophils
Definition
Nevi
Definition
Nevocellular Nevus
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Definition
Nevus
Definition
Nevus of Ota
Definition
Newcastle Disease Virus
Definition
NFkappaB
Definition
NF1
NF2
NF2 Gene Product
NGF
Definition
NGF Family
NHL
Definition
NHS
Definition
Nibrin
Definition
NICE
Definition
NICE Blight
Definition
Nickel Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nickel, the Chemical Element, and its Ionic Species and Chemical Compounds
Important Commercial Uses of Nickel and Nickel Compounds
Exposure of Humans to Nickel Compounds
Genotoxicity of Nickel Compounds
Nickel-Induced Cell Transformation
Nickel Carcinogenensis
Mechanisms of Nickel Carcinogenensis
References
Nickel-induced Cell Transformation
Nickel Oxide
Definition
Nickel Subsulfide (Ni3S2)
Definition
Nickel Tumorigenesis
Nicotine
Definition
Nicotine Addiction
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome
Drug Tolerance
Early Onset of Addiction
References
Nicotine Dependence
Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome
Definition
NIH-3T3 Cells
Definition
NIH3T3 Transformation Assay
Definition
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Nilotinib
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Implications of Nilotinib in Treatment of Imatinib-Resistant CML
Development and Preclinical Studies with Nilotinib
Nilotinib Resistance
Clinical Assessment of Nilotinib
Future Prospects
References
Nipple Construction
Definition
Nitric Oxide
Definition
Characteristics
Chemistry and Biological Synthesis of NO
Biochemical Basis of NO Action
Cancer and NO
Role of NO in Initiating Cancer
Role of NO in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor’Growth
NO and Tumoricidal Activity
Action of NO on Cellular Respiration
Clinical Relevance
References
Nitric Oxide Synthases
Definition
Nitrogen-containing Bisphosphonate
Nitrogen Mustards
Definition
N-Nitrosamine
Definition
Nitrosamines
Definition
Nitrosoureas
Definition
NK
Definition
NK Cell Induction
NK Cell Stimulation
NKG2D
NKG2D Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The NKG2D Receptor
NKG2D Ligands
NKG2D and Cancer Immunosurveillance
Tumor Escape
References
NM23 Metastasis Suppressor Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
NM23-H1 and Family Members
Mechanism of Metastasis Suppression
Biochemical Activities
Binding Proteins
Downstream Gene Expression Alterations
Translational Development
References
NMP22
Definition
NMR
Definition
NNK
Definition
Nodal Involvement
Definition
NOD-SCID
Definition
Non-adaptive Immunity
Definition
Non-essential Amino Acid
Definition
Non-genotoxic Carcinogen
Definition
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Definition
Non-homologous End Joining
Definition
Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Definition
Non-invasive Breast Cancer
Non-ionizing Radiation
Definition
Non-Lamellar Phase
Definition
Non-myeloablative
Definition
Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Definition
Non-Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Diagnosis and Staging
Pathology and Biology
Treatment and Outcome
Particular Histotypes
Future Issues
References
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Definition
Non-syntenic
Definition
Non-Viral Vector for Cancer Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Liposomes
Polymers
Virosomes
Fusion-Liposomes
HVJ-Envelope Vector
References
Nonparametric
Definition
Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Nonsense Mutation
Definition
Nonspecific Cross Reacting Antigen
Definition
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Definition
Characteristics
Types of NSAIDs
Mechanism of Action
Cancer Chemoprevention
Colorectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Conclusions
References
Noonan Syndrome
Definition
Nootropic
Definition
Normoxia
Definition
Norton-Simon Hypothesis
Definition
Characteristics
The Log-kill Model
Gompertzian Growth Kinetics
Norton-Simon Hypothesis
References
Notch Signaling
Definition
Notch/Jagged Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Bi–Directional, Jagged1-Mediated Signaling
Clinical Relevance
T-Cell Leukemia
Cervical Carcinoma
B-Cell Leukemia
Mammary Carcinoma
Prostate Carcinoma
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Induced T-Cell Leukemia
Cross-Talk Between Signaling Pathways
Notch as a Potential Therapeutic Target
References
NPM
Definition
NPM–ALK
Definition
NQO1
Definition
4-NQO
Definition
NR1C
NR3C4
Nrf2
Definition
NSC-638850
NSC-684766
NSC-710428
NSC-312887
NSC-362856
NSC-10514-F
NSCLC
Definition
Nuclear Atypia
Definition
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown
Definition
Nuclear Export Signal
Definition
Nuclear Factor-kappaB
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Nuclear Hormone Receptors
Definition
Nuclear Imaging
Definition
Nuclear Localization Signal
Definition
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Definition
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Definition
Nuclear Pore Complex
Definition
Nuclear Receptor
Definition
Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3
Nuclear Translocation
Definition
Nucleolin
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Nucleolin Function as a Phosphoprotein
Nucleolin Function of Cell Cycle and Ribosomal Biogenesis
The Role for Nucleolin in Cancer
Role of Nucleolin in B-cell Lymphomas
Nucleolin’s Interaction with Cellular Protein, p53, and Rb
Nucleolin’s Interaction with Other Factors
References
Nucleolus
Definition
Nucleophile
Definition
Nucleoporin
Definition
Characteristics
The Nucleocytoplasmic Transport
Nucleoporins
Nucleoporins and Cancer
References
Nucleoside Analogs
Definition
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases
Nucleoside Transporters
Definition
Nucleosomal DNA Fragments
Nucleosome Remodeling
Nucleosomes
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function of Nucleosomes
Origin of Circulating Nucleosomes
Metabolism of Circulating Nucleosomes
Relevance of Circulating Nucleosomes
Clinical Aspects of Circulating Nucleosomes in Blood
Circulating Nucleosomes in Noncancerous Diseases
Circulating Nucleosomes in Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer Disease
Circulating Nucleosomes in Prognosis of Cancer Disease
Circulating Nucleosomes in Therapy Monitoring of Cancer Disease
References
Nucleotide Base
Definition
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Global Genome Repair
Transcription-Coupled Repair
Excision and Gap Filling
Clinical Relevance
References
Nude Mice
Definition
NUP98-HOXA9 Fusion
Definition
Characteristics
Mouse Models of Leukemogenesis
Human Models of NUP98-HOXA9 Leukemogenesis
Proposed Mechanism of Leukemic Transformation by the NUP98-NUP98 Fusion
Aberrant Transcriptional Activity
Stabilization of HOXA9 Protein Expression
Depletion of NUP98 from the NPC in Cells Expressing NUP98-HOXA9
References
NUPR1
Nur77
Definition
Nutraceuticals
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nutraceuticals and Cancer
References
Nutrition Assessment
Definition
Nutrition Screening
Definition
Nutrition Status
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Assessment of Nutrition Status
Nutrition Intervention
Benefit of Maintenance of Nutrition Status
References
NWTSG
Definition
O
O/E
O6-Alkylguanine-Alkyltransferase
Definition
Oat Cell Carcinoma
Oat Cell Lung Cancer
Definition
Obesity
Definition
Obesity and Cancer Risk
Definition
Characteristics
Trends in Obesity
Obesity and Cancer Risk
Obesity-Related Cancers
Cancers Likely Related to Obesity
Other Cancers
Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Risk
References
Observational Study
Definition
Occult Cancer
OCP
Definition
Octreotide
Definition
Oculodermal Melanocytosis
Definition
ODC
Definition
Odontoblasts
Definition
Odynophagia
Definition
8-OHdG
Definition
Okadaic Acid
Definition
OKT3
Definition
Oleanolic Acid
Definition
Olefins
Definition
Olf
Olfactory Neuronal Transcription Factor
Olfactory/Early B-cell Factors
Oligoastrocytomas
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
Oligodendroglioma
Definition
Characteristics
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Radiologic Appearance
Pathologic Features
Tumor Grading
Mixed Gliomas
Genetics
Therapy
References
Oligomerization Domain
Definition
Oligonucleotide
Definition
Oligosaccharides
Definition
Ollier Disease
Definition
OM
Definition
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Definition
Omental Immune Aggregates
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Cellular Composition
Vascularization
Function
Tumor Cell Adherence and Metastases
References
Omentum
Definition
Omentum-associated Lymphoid Tissue
Omeprazole
Definition
Oncoantigen
Definition
Oncocyte
Definition
Oncodevelopmental Proteins
Oncofetal Antigen
Definition
Characteristics
Alpha-Fetoprotein: Role as an Oncofetal Antigen
Carcinoembryonic Antigen: Role as an Oncofetal Antigen
5T4 Oncofetal Antigen
References
Oncofetal Antigens
Oncogene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncogene Cooperation
References
Oncogene Addiction
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Multistage Carcinogenesis and Oncogene Addiction
Evidence for Oncogene Addiction
Mechanisms of Oncogene Addiction
Future Directions and Clinical Applications
Identification of the Critical Oncogene or “Achilles’ Heel” in Specific Human Cancers
Combination Therapy
Conclusion
References
Oncogene-induced Senescence
Definition
Oncogene Transduction
Oncogenic Viruses
Definition
Oncologic Surgical Pathology
Oncolytic Adenovirus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General Description
Mechanism
Clinical Applications
Future Directions
References
Oncolytic Therapy with Viruses
Oncolytic Virotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Viruses as Therapeutics: Clinical Trials of Oncolysis
Targeting Viruses to Tumor Cells
“Armed” Oncolytic Viruses
Perspectives
References
Oncolytic Virus
Definition
Oncolytic Virus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Selectivity and Cancer-Targeting Mechanisms
Efficacy and Anti-Cancer Mechanisms
Virus Species
References
Onconase
Definition
Oncopeptidomics
Definition
Characteristics
Peptides
Peptide Biomarker
Peptide Biomarker Discovery
Challenges and Limitations in Oncopeptidomics
Conclusion
References
Oncoplastic Surgery
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Background
Clinical Impact of Oncoplastic Surgery
Summary
References
Oncoprotein 18
Definition
Oncostatin M
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncostatin M Protein Structure
Oncostatin M Ligand-Receptor Interactions
Oncostatin M Signaling
Clinical Relevance of Oncostatin M in Cancer
References
Oncostatin M Precursor
ONYX Vector
Definition
Oocyte
Definition
Open Biopsy
Open Reading Frame
Definition
Opportunistic Infections
Definition
Opsonin
Definition
Opsonization
Definition
Opsonize
Definition
OptiBerry
Definition
Optic Glioma
Definition
Optical Mammography
Synonyms
Characteristics
Description
Application
References
Oral Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Progression
Genetics
Treatment
References
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Genetics
Premalignancy
Clinical Features
Pathology
Treatment and Management
Future Directions
References
Orchiectomy
Definition
ORG 2766
Definition
Organ Cultures
Definition
Organotypic Cultures
Definition
Origin of Replication
Definition
Origin Replication Complex
Definition
Orlistat
Definition
Ornithine Cycle
Definition
Ornithine Decarboxylase
Definition
Ornithine Transcarbamylase
Definition
Orphan GPCR
Definition
Orphan Nuclear Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
References
Orthologue
Definition
Orthotopic
Definition
Orthotopic Model
Definition
OSF-1
OSM
Osmotic Pump
Definition
Osteoblast
Definition
Osteoblast Specific Factor
Osteoblast-specific Factor-2
Osteoblastic Bone Disease
Osteoblastic Bone Lesion
Definition
Osteoblastic Metastasis
Definition
Osteochondroma
Definition
Osteochondromyxoma
Definition
Osteoclast
Definition
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Osteolysis
Definition
Osteolytic Bone Disease
Osteolytic Metastasis
Definition
Osteoma
Definition
Osteomimicry
Definition
Osteonectin
Definition
Osteopetrosis
Definition
Osteopontin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
OPN Gene Structure and Regulation of Gene Expression
OPN Protein Structure and Interaction with Other Proteins
Functions of OPN in the Context of Cancer
OPN-Mediated Cell Adhesion
OPN-Mediated Cell Migration and Invasion
OPN-Mediated Cell Survival/Resistance to Apoptosis
OPN and Angiogenesis
OPN and Metastasis
OPN Expression in Human Tumors and Prognostic Significance
References
Osteoporosis
Definition
Osteoprotegerin
Definition
Osteosarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Treatment
Metastases
Recurrence
Genetics
Future
References
Osteosynthesis
Definition
Ototoxicity
Definition
Outer Edge of the Tumor Mass
Definition
Ovarian Ablation
Definition
Ovarian Adenocarcinomas
Definition
Ovarian Cancer
Definition
Characteristics
References
Ovarian Function Suppression
Definition
Ovarian Steroid Hormones
Definition
Ovarian Stroma
Definition
Ovarian Surface Epithelium
Definition
Ovarian Teratoma
Definition
Ovarian Tumors During Childhood and Adolescence
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Histology and Biology
Clinical Diagnosis
Surgical Therapy
Adjuvant Therapy
References
Overexpression
Definition
Ovulation
Definition
Oxaliplatin
Definition
Oxidation
Definition
Oxidative DNA Damage
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Oxidative Metabolism
Definition
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Definition
Oxidative Stress
Definition
Characteristics
Oxidative Stress is Involved in Oncogenesis
Increased Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells
Therapeutic Perspectives of Oxidative Stress Modulation
References
Oxidized
Definition
Oxidized Phospholipids
Definition
Oxidoreductase
Definition
8-Oxoguanine
Definition
Oxygen Free Radicals
Definition
Oxygen Partial Pressure Distribution in Tumor
Oxygen Tension Distribution in Tumor
Oxygenation of Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathomechanisms of Tumor Hypoxia
Methods of Measurement
Clinical Relevance
Tumor Oxygenation as a Prognostic Parameter
Modulation of Tumor Oxygenation
References
Oxygenation Status and Tumor Oxygen Level
P
P6 Protocol
Definition
p8
p8 Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Establishment and Progression
p8 and Cell Cycle Regulation
p8 and Apoptosis
Conclusion
References
p14ARF
Definition
p16
p16INK4
p16INK4A
p19ARF
Definition
p21 (Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1)
Synomyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cell Cycle Inhibition by p21
Positive Regulation of Proliferation by p21
Binding of p21 to Target Proteins
Regulation of p21 Expression and Activity
Role of p21 in p53 Pathway
Role of p21 in Differentiation and Senescence
Role of p21 in Apoptosis
Tumor-Suppressing Function of p21
Clinical Relevance
References
p28
p40AIS
p51
p53
Definition
p53 Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Structure and Function
Roles in Development
Role in Cancer: Tumor Suppressor or Oncogene?
Clinical Relevance p63 and p73-Prognosis and Chemosensitivity
Concluding Remarks
References
p63 – TP63
p73
Definition
p73 – TP73
p94
p185neu
p300
Definition
p300/CBP-interacting Protein
p/CIP
P-glycoprotein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
PAC
Definition
PACE
Paclitaxel
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
References
Paget Disease
Definition
PAH
Definition
Paired Basic Amino Acid Cleaving Enzyme
PAK1
Definition
PALB2
Definition
Palliative
Definition
Palliative Care
Palliative Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Palliative Radiotherapy
Palliative Chemotherapy
Hormonal Therapy
Conclusion
References
Palmitoylated
Definition
PAMPA
Definition
Pancreas
Definition
Pancreas Cancer, Clinical Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
Anatomy
Etiology (Cause of the Disease)
Pathology
Symptoms
Making the Diagnosis
Staging of the Disease
Prognosis
Treatment
Familial Pancreatic Cancer
References
Pancreatic Cancer, Basic and Clinical Parameters
Definition
Characteristics
Pathology
Staging
Genetics
Cytogenetics
Oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Epigenetic Changes
Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer
Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Abdominal Ultrasound
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer
References
Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Targets for Therapy
Definition
Characteristics
Oncogenes
K-Ras Oncogene
Signaling Pathways of Ras
Raf-MAPK
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Pathway
Nuclear Factor kappaB
Ras Family GTPases
Tumor Suppressor Genes
CDKN2A/INK4A/p16
SMAD4 and TGF-beta
p53
Growth Factors
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR)
Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinases
Matrix Metalloproteinases
References
Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells
Definition
Characteristics
References
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Definition
Pancreatic Islet Cells
Definition
Panitumamab
Definition
Pannexins
Definition
Characteristics
References
Panzem
PAP Smear
Definition
Papain
Definition
Papanicolaou Test
Definition
Papillary Carcinoma
Papillary Carcinoma, Oncocytic Variant
Definition
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Definition
Papilloma
Definition
PAR
Definition
PAR1
PAR1
PAR2
PAR3
PAR4
Paracentesis
Definition
Paracetamol
Definition
Paracrine
Definition
Paracrine Stimulation
Definition
Paraesthesia
Definition
Parallel Gene Expression Analysis
Paralogue
Definition
Parametric
Definition
Paraneoplastic Neuropathy
Definition
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Definition
Parathyroid Glands
Definition
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Protein Structure
Regulation of PTHrP Expression
Normal Functions
PTHrP and Cancer
References
Paresthesia
Definition
Parity
Definition
Parkinson Disease
Definition
Parosteal Lipoma
Definition
PARP
Definition
PARP Inhibitors
Definition
Particle-induced Cancer
Definition
Introduction
Particle Size and Form
Deposition and Clearance of Particles in the Lungs
Mechanisms
References
Particulate Matter
Definition
Parvovirus
Definition
Passive Cell Death
Definition
Passive Immunity
Definition
Passive Targeting
Definition
Patch-Clamp Technique
Definition
Patched
Definition
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern
Definition
Pathogenesis
Definition
Pathological Tumor Cell-Platelet Interaction
Pathology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pathologic Factors Involved in the Prognostication of Human Neoplasms
Techniques in Diagnostic Pathology
References
Pathway Addiction
Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment
Definition
PAX
Definition
PAX5
Definition
Paxillin
Definition
PBPC
Definition
PBX
Definition
PCNA
Definition
PCP
Definition
PCR
Definition
PCSK3
PCT
Definition
PD-ECGF
PDCD4/Pdcd4
PDD
Definition
PDF
PDGF
Definition
PDGFR
Definition
PDK1
Definition
PDMP
Definition
PDZ Domain
Definition
PDZ Ligand
Definition
PEA3
Definition
PEBP2αB
PEComas
Definition
PEG
Definition
Pegylated Interferons
Definition
Pegylation
Definition
Pemphigus
Definition
Penetrance
Definition
Pentakisphosphate
Definition
Characteristics
Inositol Phosphates Family
Inositol Pentakisphosphate (IP5)
IP5 Intracellular Functions
IP5 Anti-Cancer Properties
Mechanism of Action of IP5
Clinical Perspective of IP5
References
PEP Syndrome
Definition
Peptide
Definition
Peptide Vaccines for Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Principles of Antitumor Immunity
Tumor Antigens for T Lymphocytes
Selection of Peptides for Vaccination
Immunization Strategies Using Synthetic Peptides
Remaining Challenges for Developing Effective Antitumor Peptide Vaccines
References
Peptidomimetic
Definition
Perforin
Definition
Performance Status
Definition
(Peri-) Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Pericardium
Definition
Pericellular Matrix
Definition
Pericyte
Definition
Periodontium
Definition
Periostin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Peripheral Lymph Node Addressin Molecule
Definition
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
Definition
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Peripheral Neurofibromatosis
Definition
Peripheral Neuropathy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mononeuropathies and Plexopathies
Paraneoplastic Neuropathies
Toxic, Treatment-Related Neuropathies
References
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Peritoneal Debulking Surgery
Definition
Peritoneal Dissemination
Definition
Peritoneal Malignancy
Peritoneal Metastasis/Dissemination
Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinoma
Definition
Peritoneal Tumor
Peritonectomy
Definition
Peritoneovenous Shunt
Definition
Peritoneum
Definition
Peritoneum as the First Line of Defense
Definition
PERK
Definition
Perlman Syndrome
Definition
Permeases (for Import Systems)
Peroxisome
Definition
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PPARα
PPARbeta/bdelta (NUC1, FAAR)
PPARgamma
References
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Definition
Personalized Cancer Medicine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Why is Personalized Medicine Important in Cancer?
To what Extent is Cancer Medicine Already Personalized?
The Future of Personalized Medicine in Cancer
The Challenges for Achieving Personalized Medicine
Summary
References
Personalized Medicine
Definition
Pertussis Toxin
Definition
PEST Sequence
Definition
PET
Definition
PET/CT, Integrated Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Definition
Petechiae
Definition
Peutz-Jeghers-Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Lentiginosis (Pigment Spots)
Hamartomatous Polyposis
Increased Risk for Malignant Tumors
Pathogenesis
Therapy
Screening Recommendations
References
Peutz-Touraine-Syndrome
Peyer Patches
Definition
pgp-1
PH Domain
Definition
Phaeochromocytoma
Definition
Phage
Definition
Phage Display
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Development of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for’Cancer
Identification Cancer-Specific Antigen, Interacting Partners and Immune Response
References
Phagemid
Definition
Phagocyte
Definition
Phagocytic Glycoprotein-1
Phagocytosis
Definition
Phakomatoses
Definition
Pharmacodynamics
Definition
Pharmacogenetics
Definition
Pharmacogenomics in Multidrug Resistance
Definition
Characteristics
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
ABC Transporters
ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein/MDR1)
ABCC1 (MRP1/GS-X pump) and ABCC2 (MRP2/cMOAT)
ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR1/ABCP)
Perspectives
References
Pharmacogenotype
Definition
Pharmacokinetic Profile
Definition
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Drug Development
Definition
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Characteristics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Demonstrating the PK-PK-Clinical Relationship
Conclusions
References
Pharmacophore
Definition
Characteristics
References
Pharmafoods
Phase I and II Clinical Trials
Definition
Phase 1 Enzymes
Definition
Phase I Metabolism
Definition
Phase II Biotransformation Enzymes
Definition
Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes
Definition
Phase 2 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
Definition
Phase 2 Enzymes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
References
Phase II Metabolism
Definition
Phase 2 Proteins
Definition
Phenomics
Definition
Phenotype
Definition
Phenotype-Orientated Screens
Definition
Phenylalanine Mustard
Definition
Phenylalanine Nitrogen Mustard
Definition
Phenylaminopyrimidine
Definition
Pheocromocytoma
Definition
Philadelphia Chromosome
Definition
Phlegm Dampness
Definition
Phorbol Ester
Definition
Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate
Definition
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10
Definition
Phosphatase
Definition
Phosphatidic Acid
Definition
Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-Kinase
Definition
Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Definition
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Phosphatidylinositol Lipids
Definition
Phosphatidylserine
Definition
Phosphodiesterase
Definition
Phosphoinositide-Dependent Kinase-1
Definition
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphoinositides
Definition
Phospholipase
Definition
Phospholipase A1
Definition
Phospholipase A2
Definition
Characteristics
Function
Regulation
Cancer Relevance
References
Phospholipase C
Definition
Phospholipase D
Definition
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition
Phospholipids
Definition
Phosphoprotein Enriched in Diabetes/Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes-15kDa
Definition
Phosphorylation
Definition
Photoactivation
Definition
Photocarcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer
Ultraviolet Radiation-induced Skin Cancer or Photocarcinogenesis
Oxidative Stress and Photocarcinogenesis
DNA Damage and Photocarcinogenesis
p53 and Photocarcinogenesis
Inflammation, Immunosuppresion and Photocarcinogenesis
Defects in Signaling Pathways and Photocarcinogenesis
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Photochemical Reaction Type-I
Definition
Photochemical Reaction Type-II
Definition
Photochemoprevention
Definition
Characteristics
References
Photodamage
Definition
Photodynamic Diagnostic
Definition
Photodynamic Laser Therapy
Photodynamic Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Perspective
Principle of PDT
Available Photosensitizers
Principles of Clinical Application
Molecular Mechanisms
References
Photodynamic Tumor Therapy
Photofrin
Definition
Photolithography
Definition
6,4-Photoproduct
Definition
Photosensitivity
Definition
Photosensitizer
Definition
Photothermal Ablation
Definition
Phthalocyanines
Definition
Phytoalexin
Definition
Phyto-Cannabinoids
Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cancer Chemopreventive Mechanisms
References
Phytoestrogens
Definition
Characteristics
Potential Benefits of Phytoestrogens
Potential Drawbacks of Phytoestrogens
References
PIAS
Definition
PIBIDS
Definition
PI3-K
Definition
PI3K Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PI3K Classification and Signaling Pathways
Class IA PI3K
Class IB PI3K
Class II PI3K
Class III PI3Ks
Class I PI3Ks
Class II PI3Ks
Class III PI3Ks
PI3K Signaling Pathways
Negative Regulation of PI3K Signaling Pathways
Main Phenotypes Induced by PI3K Signaling Pathways
PI3K Signaling and Cell Growth
PI3K Signaling, Tumorigenesis, and Cancers
PI3K, Insulin Signaling, and Diabetes
Future Directions
References
PIK3CA Oncogene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
Clinical Relevance
References
PI3-Kinase
PIM-1
Definition
PIN
Definition
Pineal Gland
Definition
p16INK4A
Definition
Pinocytosis
PI-PLC
Definition
Pirarubicin
Definition
Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1
PJS
PKA
Definition
PKB
Definition
PKC
Definition
PL74
PLA2
Definition
PLAB
Placebo
Definition
Placenta Growth Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Placental-derived Growth Factor
Definition
Placental Growth Factor
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features
Pathological Features
Molecular Etiology
References
Plakin Family
Definition
Plakoglobin
Definition
Plakophilin
Definition
Plant-derived Agents
Plaques
Definition
Plasma Cell Neoplasm
Plasma Cells
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
Definition
Plasmacytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Plasmalemma
Definition
Plasmamembrane Microdomains
Definition
Plasmin
Definition
Plasminogen Activating System
Definition
Characteristics
The Plasminogen Activating System in Cancer Progression
Clinical Significance of PAS Components Expression in’Cancer
PAS as Target for Anticancer Therapy
References
Plasminogen-Related Growth Factors
Definition
Plasticity
Definition
Platelet
Definition
Platelet-Activating-Factor
Definition
Platelet-derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
Definition
Characteristics
Genes
Bioactivity
Clinical Relevance
References
Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor
Definition
Platinating Agents
Platinum Antitumor Agents
Platinum Antitumor Compounds
Platinum Complexes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mode of Action
Bioactivation
Formation of Platinum-DNA Adducts
Cellular Response
Mechanisms of Resistance
Reduced Accumulation
Increased Inactivation
Increased Adduct Tolerance and Failure of Apoptotic Pathways
Increased Repair
Approved Platinum Complexes
Cisplatin
Carboplatin
Oxaliplatin
Nedaplatin
Lobaplatin
Heptaplatin
New platinum Complexes Under Development
Platinum(IV) Complexes
Sterically Hindered Platinum Complexes
Multinuclear Platinum Complexes
Platinum Complexes with Bioreactive Ligands
References
Platinum Drugs
Platinum-Refractory Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance
Treatment of Patients with Cisplatin-Refractory GCTs
Drugs with No or Minor Activity in Refractory GCTs (Table 1)
Active Agents (Table 2)
Salvage Surgery
References
Platyfish-Swordtail Melanoma
Pleckstrin Homology Domains
Definition
Pleiotrophin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Pleiotropy
Definition
Pleura
Definition
Pleural Biopsy
Definition
Pleural Effusion
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Thoracentesis
Treatment
Therapeutic Thoracentesis
Chest Tube Drainage
Pleurodesis
Mechanical Pleurodesis
Other Treatment Options
References
Pleurectomy
Definition
Pleurodesis
Definition
Pleuroperitoneal Shunting
Definition
Plexiform Neurofibroma
Definition
Plexin Ligand
Plexins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Plexin Function
Plexins in Tumor Biology
Plexin D1
B-Plexins
References
Plexopathy
Definition
PlGF
PLK
Definition
Ploidy
Definition
PLP
Pluripotency
Definition
Pluripotent
Definition
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Definition
PLXN
PMA
Definition
PML
Definition
PML Bodies
Definition
PML Nuclear Bodies
Definition
PML-RARalpha
Definition
PMS1/2
Definition
PNAd
Definition
PNET
Definition
Pneumothorax
Definition
Podophyllotoxins
Definition
Podoplanin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Podoplanin Expression in Human Tumors
Regulation
Podoplanin and Tumor Invasion
Podoplanin and Metastasis
Podoplanin as a Marker for Tumor-Associated Lymphatic Vessels
Conclusions
References
POEMS Syndrome
Definition
Point Mutation
Definition
Polo-Like Kinase
Definition
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase
Definition
Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation
Definition
Characteristics
Catalytic Function of PARP-1 and Life Cycle of Poly (ADP-Ribose)
Molecular Functions Related with Regulation of DNA Strand Breaks and of DNA Repair
Molecular Functions Related with the Maintenance of Genomic Stability
Molecular Functions Related with DNA Replication
Molecular Functions Related with Gene Expression
Molecular Functions Related with Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Changes
Cellular Functions
Clinical Relevance
Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment
Therapy
References
Poly-Drug Chemotherapy
Definition
Polyadenylation
Definition
Polyamines
Definition
Polyaromatic Compounds
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Definition
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Definition
Polycomb
Definition
Polycomb Group
Definition
Characteristics
PcG Protein Complexes
PcG Proteins and Stem Cell Maintenance
PcG Proteins in Human Malignancies and Their Clinical Relevance
References
PolyComb Group Genes
Definition
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Anthropogenic Origin and Carcinogenicity
Molecular Mode of Action
References
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Features
ADPKD
ARPKD
Molecular Basis
ADPKD
ARPKD
Cilia and PKD
Animal Models
Therapy and Perspective
References
Polycythemia
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Polycythemia Vera
Definition
Polygenic
Definition
Polygenic Diseases
Definition
Polymers
Definition
Polymorphism
Definition
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Elastase
Polyneuropathy
Definition
Polypeptide
Definition
Polyphenols
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Studies
Clinical Studies
References
Polyubiquitination
Definition
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Definition
Population-based Cancer Research
Population Candidate Gene Association Study
Porfimer Sodium
Definition
Porphyrin
Definition
Portal Hypertension
Definition
Positional Cloning
Definition
Positive Nodes
Definition
Positive Predictive Value
Definition
Positron Emission Tomography
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Principle of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Radiolabeled Biomarkers for PET Imaging Specifically Addressing Metabolic Pathways or Target Molecules
Clinical Applications of PET and PET/CT
Differentiation of Benign from Malignant Tumors and’Detection of the Primary Tumor (Cancer of Unknown Primary)
Staging of Cancer, Prognostic Potential of PET
Assessment of Response to Therapy
Restaging of Cancer, Detection of Recurrence
Radiation Treatment Planning
PE……T for Anticancer Drug Development
References
Post Surgical Systemic Therapy
Postcode Prescribing
Definition
Postirradiation Sarcoma
Postischemic Reperfusion
Definition
Postlabeling
Definition
Postnatal Stem Cells
Postreplication Repair
Posttranslational Modification
Definition
Pou Transcription Factors
Definition
Pox Viruses
Definition
pp60c-Src
pp60v-Src
PPARgamma
Definition
PPARs
Definition
ppb
Definition
ppm
Definition
PPNAD
Definition
pPNET
Definition
PR
Definition
pRb
Definition
Pre-invasive Breast Cancer
Pre-mRNA
Definition
Pre-mRNA Splicing
Definition
Characteristics
Spliced Forms in Cancer
Therapeutic Intervention
References
Pre-replicative Complex
Definition
Precancerous Lesions
Definition
Preclinical Drug Safety Evaluation
Preclinical Imaging
Definition
Preclinical Safety Testing
Preclinical Studies
Definition
Preclinical Testing
Synonyms
Definitions
Characteristics
Discovery Phase
Phase I Clinical Study
Phase II and III Clinical Studies
References
Predictive Biomarkers
Definition
Prednisone
Definition
Preleukemia
Premature Menopause
Definition
Preneoplastic Changes
Definition
Preneoplastic Lesions
Definition
Characteristics
Some Experimental Models of Preneoplastic Lesions
Human Preneoplasia
Genetic Predisposition to Neoplasia
Clinical Relevance
References
Prentice Criteria
Definition
Prenylation
Definition
Preoperative Chemotherapy
Prevalence
Definition
Prevention
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Definition
Primary Cancer Prevention
Definition
Primary Cancer Site
Definition
Primary Care Trust
Definition
Primary Chemotherapy
Primary Cilium
Definition
Primary Dissemination
Definition
Primary Hepatic Carcinoma
Primary Liver Cancer
Primary Lymphedema
Definition
Primary Myelofibrosis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Historical Perspective
Disease Mechanisms
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics
Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
References
Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease
Definition
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Definition
Primary Systemic Therapy
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Definition
Proaccelerin
Definition
Procarcinogen
Definition
Procaspase
Definition
Processed Pseudogene
Definition
Processing
Definition
Proconvertin
Definition
Prodrug
Definition
Progenitor Cells
Definition
Progesterone
Definition
Progesterone Receptor
Definition
Progesterone Response Elements
Definition
Progestin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Significance
References
Progestogens
Definition
Prognosis
Definition
Prognostic Biomarker
Definition
Programmed Cell Death
Definition
Programmed Cell Death 4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Suppressor Activity
Control of Translation
Transcriptional Controls
Induction of Apoptosis
Roles in Cell Differentiation
Clinical Aspects
References
Progression
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Stem Cell and Metastasis
The Tumor Stroma and Metastasis
The Metastatic Cascade: Effector and Suppressor Molecules
Clinical Relevance
References
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy
Definition
Prohormone Convertase
Prolactin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Pituitary Prolactin Secretion and Its Regulation
Prolactin Structure and Activation of Cellular Signaling
Biological Effects of Prolactin
Disease States Related to Prolactin
Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinoma
Prolactin and Breast Cancer
References
Proliferation
Definition
Proline
Definition
Promoter
Definition
Promoter Hypermethylation
Definition
Promotion
Definition
beta Propeller
Definition
Prophylactic Mastectomy
Definition
Prophylactic Vaccine Therapy
Definition
Proproteins
Definition
2-Propylpentanoic Acid
Prosome
Definition
Prospective Study
Definition
Prostaglandins
Definition
Prostaglandins
Definition
Characteristics
Biosynthesis
Regulation of Prostaglandins Synthesis and Degradation
Prostaglandin Signaling Pathway
Prostaglandin Signaling Pathway in Cancer
References
Prostanoid
Definition
Prostate Cancer, Clinical Oncology
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Etiology
Tumor Biology and Genetics
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Staging
Management
References
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
PSMA Expression
Enzymatic Functions of PSMA
Does PSMA have a Signaling Function?
PSMA and Imaging
PSMA as a Therapeutic Target
References
Protease Activated Receptor Family
Definition
Characteristics
Melanoma
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Lung Cancer
Colon Cancer
References
Protease Activated Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Protease Signaling
Definition
Proteases
Definition
Proteasomal Cleavage
Definition
Proteasome
Definition
Proteasome Inhibitors
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms Mediating Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in MM Cells
Clinical Relevance
New Proteasome Inhibitor NPI-0052
References
Proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 10
26S Proteasome
Definition
26S Proteasome Regulatory Subunit p28
Protein Array
Protein DATA Bank
Definition
Protein Disulfide Reductase
Protein Disulphide Isomerase
Definition
Protein-fragment Complementation Assays
Definition
Protein Kinase
Definition
Protein Kinase B
Definition
Protein Kinase C
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Activation
PKC-Binding Proteins
Bioactivity
PKC in Cancer
Clinical Relevance
References
Protein Kinase C Family
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
PKC Expression in Cancer
PKC Activation in Carcinogenesis
Targets of PKC and its Cancer-Related Functions
PKC as a Target in Cancer Therapy
References
Protein Microarray
Definition
Protein Stabilization
Definition
Protein-tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Proteinase
Definition
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-3 (PAR3)
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-4
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Proteinase-Activated Receptors
Definition
References
Proteinchip
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Technologies
Analytical Approaches
Applications in Cancer Research
Challenges and Perspectives
References
Proteins
Definition
14-3-3 Proteins
Definition
Proteoglycan
Definition
Proteoglycanase
Proteoglycans
Definition
Proteolysis
Definition
Proteolytic Processing
Definition
Proteome
Definition
Proteomic Techniques
Definition
Proteomics
Definition
Characteristics
Subproteomes and their Advantages
Common Protein Profiling Methods
Proteome Informatics
Clinical Aspects
References
Prothrombotic, Proinflammatory, and Proadhesive Endothelium
Definition
Protoadjuvant Therapy
Proton Beam Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physical Properties
Biological Properties
Clinical Aspects
Uveal (choroidal) Melanoma
Sarcomas of the Skull Base and Spine
Head and Neck Cancers
Lung Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Prostate Cancer
Childhood Cancers
Miscellaneous
Facilities and Costs for Proton Beam Therapy
References
Proton Radiation Therapy
Proton Therapy
Proto-oncogene
Definition
Protoporphyrin IX
Definition
Provirus
Definition
Prox-1
Definition
Proximal-type Epithelioid Sarcomas
Definition
Proximate Carcinogen
Definition
Prozac
Prune
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Inhibition
References
PS 341
PSA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
PSA as Diagnostic Marker
Percent free PSA
PSA, %fPSA for Staging and Grading
PSA for Recurrence of PCa
Monitoring After Radical Surgery
Use of PSA to Monitor Radiation Therapy
PSA monitoring After Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Conclusion and Future
References
Pseudarthrosis
Definition
Pseudogene
Definition
Pseudokinase
Definition
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Definition
Pseudomonas Exotoxin
Definition
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Definition
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Synonym
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Historical Perspective
Natural History
Appendiceal Origin
Pathological Classification
Presentation
Staging Systems
Cytoreductive Surgery
Rationale for Intra-Peritoneal Chemotherapy
Prognosis
Palliative Treatment Options
Basic Science
References
PSG1–11
Definition
PSI Domain
Definition
PSMA
PSMD10
PSTT
Ptaquiloside
Definition
PTB Domain
Definition
PTC
Definition
PTCH
Definition
PtdIns
Definition
PtdIns 3-kinase
P-TEFb
Definition
PTEN
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Somatic Mutation of PTEN
Germline Mutation of PTEN
Biochemical Functions
Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Signaling
How is the Pathway PI3K/PTEN Relevant to Cancer?
Conservation of the PI3K/PTEN Pathway in Caenorhabditis Elegans
Loss of PTEN Deregulates PI3K Signaling
PTEN as a Cell Cycle Regulator
PTEN as a Regulator of Cell-Death
PTEN as a Regulator of Cell Motility and Adhesion
PTEN as a Regulator of Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance and Therapeutic Implications
References
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Pterophyllus Salisburiensis
PTGF-beta
PTHLH
PTHrP
PTKIs
PTPase
Definition
PTPC
Definition
PTTG1
Definition
Pulsed Dye Laser
Definition
PUMA
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery and Function
Regulation
Clinical Considerations
References
Purging
Definition
Purine Analogues
Putative NF-kappa-B-activating protein 002N
PVHL
Definition
Pyelography
Definition
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
Pyrimidine
Definition
Pyrophosphate
Definition
Q
Qi
Definition
Qigong
Definition
QSAR
Quadriradial Chromosomes
Definition
Quality Adjusted Life Year
Definition
Quality of Life
Definition
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Quantitative Trait Loci
Quantum Dots
Definition
Quasispecies
Definition
Quaternary Structure
Definition
Quercetin
Definition
Quinones
Definition
R
R2
Rab
Definition
Rac
Definition
RAC3
RACE
Definition
RAD50
Definition
RAD51
Definition
RAD54
Definition
Radiation Biology
Definition
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Radiation
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
Interaction with Living Cells
Clinical Issues
References
Radiation Dose
Definition
Radiation-Induced Neoplastic Transformation
Radiation-Induced sarcomas
Radiation-Induced Sarcomas After Radiotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carcinogenesis
Dose–Effect Relation
Megavoltage or Orthovoltage Radiotherapy
Latent Period
Histological Findings
Age and RIS
Incidence
Genetic Findings
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Radiation Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Radiation Pneumonitis
Definition
Radiation-Resistant DNA Synthesis
Definition
Radiation Sensitivity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Radiation Sensitivity or “Adverse Radiation Effects”
References
Radiation Therapy
Definition
Radical
Definition
Radical Mastectomy
Definition
Radio-Immunodetection
Definition
Radio-Isotope Therapy
Radio-Labeled Tracer
Definition
Radioactive Seed Therapy
Radioactivity
Definition
Radiobiology
Definition
Radiochemotherapy
Radioimmunoconjugates
Definition
Radioimmunotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Principle of RIT
Tumor Characteristics
Monoclonal Antibody and Tumor Antigen
Radionuclides
RIT in Malignant Lymphoma
References
Radiological Response Criteria
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Developments
Strengths of Radiological Response Criteria
Limitations of RECIST
Future Developments and Possible Solutions
References
Radiomimetic
Definition
Radionuclide
Definition
Radioresistant DNA Synthesis
Definition
Radiosensitivity
Definition
Radiosensitization
Definition
Characteristics
Evaluation of a Radiosensitization Effect
Mechanisms of Radiosensitization
References
Radiosensitizer
Definition
Radiotherapy
Definition
Radon
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Occurrence
Exposure Situations
Population Under Risk
Health Hazards
Mechanisms
References
Radon Daughter Products
Radon Decay Products
Radon Progeny
Rae-1
Definition
RAEB
Definition
RAET
Definition
Raf
Definition
Raf-1
Raf Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Raf Signaling
Raf Function
Raf in Cancer
Raf Pathway Inhibitors
References
RAFB1
Rafts
Definition
RAGE
Definition
Ral
Definition
Ral Interacting Protein 76kDa
Raman Scattering
Definition
Ran
Definition
Randomization
Definition
RANK–RANKL Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
RANK(L) Function in Bone Remodeling
RANK(L) Signaling
RANK(L) and the Vicious Cycle of Bone Metastases
Additional Functions of RANK(L) in Cancer Cells
References
RANKL
Definition
Rap1
Definition
Rap1 and Sipa-1
Definition
Characteristics
Biological Functions of Rap1
Interference with Ras-Mediated ERK Activation
Activation of MAP Kinases and Other Signaling Pathways
Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Migration
Regulation of Rap1 Signal by Spa-1
Rap1 and Spa-1 in Leukemia
Rap1 and Spa-1 in Cancer Metastasis
Clinical Aspects
References
Rapamycin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Discovery of Rapamycin
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism(s) of Sensitivity and Resistance
Clinical Activity of Rapamycins
References
Rare Fragile Sites
Definition
RAS
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
RAS Activation
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Ras Association Domain Family 1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
RASSF1A as a Tumor Suppressor Gene
RASSF1A Methylation as a Cancer Biomarker
Functional Characterization of RASSF1A
Conclusion
References
RAS Gene
Definition
Ras-Homologous Proteins
RAS Transformation Targets
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
RAS Proteins Affect Gene Transcription via Cytoplasmic Effectors
Identification of RAS Transformation Targets
A Selected List of RAS Transformation Targets
Clinical Relevance
References
Rasburicase
Definition
RasGEF
Definition
RAS-Regulated Genes
Ras-Related Small GTPases
RAS-Responsive Genes
RASSF1
Rat Podoplanin
RB1
Definition
RB2/p130
Definition
Reactive Oxygen Species
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemistry of Major ROS
Generation and Scavenger of ROS
Oxidative Stress
Clinical Aspects
References
Reactive Species Overload Diseases
Definition
Reactive Stroma
Definition
Real-Time PCR
Definition
RecA
Definition
RecA/Rad51-like Proteins
Definition
Recall Bias
Definition
Receptor
Definition
Receptor-Associated Coactivator 3
Receptor Clustering
Definition
Receptor Cross-Talk
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Survival Signaling/p53 and Suppressor Cross-Talk
Signaling to Angiogenesis
Integrin: Growth Factor Receptor Cross-Talk
References
Receptor Interactions
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phoshatase Beta/Zeta
Definition
Receptor for Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 alpha
Receptor for TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
Definition
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological RTKs Activation
Deregulation of RTKs in Malignant Cells
Clinical Relevance
References
Receptors with Empty Ligand-Binding Pockets
Receptors with no Ligand-Binding Pocket
Receptors Regulated by Ligands
Receptors with Structural Ligands
Recessive
Definition
Recessive Oncogenes
Reciprocal Translocation
Definition
RECK Glycoprotein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Recombinant
Definition
Recombinant Inbred
Definition
Recombinant T Cell Receptor
Recombinant Therapeutics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Recombinase Activating Gene-2
Definition
Recombination
Definition
Record-Linkage Study
Definition
Recurrence
Definition
Recycling
Definition
Redifferentiation
Definition
Redistribution
Definition
Redox Cycling
Definition
Redox Reaction
Definition
Reduced
Definition
Reduced Intensity Conditioning (RIC) Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation
Definition
Reduced Penetrance
Definition
Reductases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Carbonyl Reduction by SDRs and AKRs
The “Pro”
Reductases Protect Against Lung Cancer
Clinical Aspects
The “Contras”
Reductases in Chemotherapy Resistance
Cardiotoxicity
Clinical Aspects
References
Reduction
Definition
Reduction/Oxidation
Definition
Reed-Sternberg Cells
Definition
Regeneration
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Regional Disease
Definition
Regulator of Extracellular Matrix Integrity
Regulatory T Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Markers of Treg Cells
Treg Cell in Cancer and their Antigen Specificity
Suppressive Mechanisms of Treg Cells
Manipulation of the Number or Suppressive Function of Treg Cells
References
REL
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Aspects
References
Relapse
Definition
Relative Risk
Definition
Relaxation
Definition
Relaxin
Definition
Characteristics
References
Remission
Definition
Remodeling
Definition
Renal Carcinoma
Definition
Characteristics
Early Diagnosis
Treatment
Types of Renal Cancer
Renal Cancer Genes
Types of Inherited Renal Cancer
Clinical Features of Renal Cancer Suggesting Hereditary Renal Cancer
Mechanisms of Development of Inherited Renal Cancers
References
Renal-Cell Carcinoma
Definition
Renal Excretion
Definition
Reovirus
Definition
Reoxygenation
Definition
Repair of DNA
Definition
Characteristics
Reversal of Base Damage
Removal of Damage
Repair of DNA and Cancer
Repair of DNA Strand Breaks
References
Repeat Dose Toxicity Studies
Definition
Reperfusion
Definition
Repetitive DNA
Definition
Replication
Definition
Replication-Activated Adenovirus
Replication-Competent Adenovirus
Replication-Dependent Histone Genes
Definition
Replication Factories and Replication Foci
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Protein Composition of Replication Factories
Regulation of the Formation of Replication Factories
Clinical Relevance
References
Replication Fork
Definition
Replication Licensing System
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Composition
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Replication Origin
Definition
Replication-Selective Adenovirus
Replication-Selective Viruses
Replication Sites
Replicative DNA Lesion Bypass
Replicative DNA Polymerase
Definition
Replicon
Definition
Replisome
Definition
Reporter Gene Assays
Definition
Repressor Complex
Definition
Reproductive Toxicology Studies
Definition
REPSA
Definition
Reserve Cell Carcinoma
Residual Disease
Resistance
Definition
Resistance Modulation
Resistance Reversion
Respiration Rate
Definition
Respiratory Burst
Definition
Respiratory Chain
Definition
Response Elements
Definition
Restenosis
Definition
Resting Energy Expenditure
Definition
Resting NK Cell
Definition
Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning
Definition
Characteristics
Application
Identification of Low Level DNA Amplification in Human Cancers
Global Scanning for DNA Methylation Changes in Human Cancers
Detection of Imprinted Genes
References
Restriction Point
Definition
Resveratrol
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Relevance
References
RET
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Knockout Mice
Clinical Relevance
Mutations Found in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Mutations Found in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
References
Rete Ovarii
Definition
Reticulin
Retinoblastoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis of Rb
Presentation and Family History
Therapy and Prognosis
Second Tumors
Molecular Genetics
Rb is Caused by Two Mutations
Structure of the RB1 Gene
Spectrum of RB1 Gene Mutations
Genotype–Phenotype Associations
Genomic Alterations Associated with the Progression of Rb
Risk Prediction and Genetic Testing
References
Retinoblastoma Protein, Biological and Clinical Functions
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The RB1 Gene Encodes the pRB Protein
pRB is Post-Translationally Modified
Phosphorylation of pRB
Acetylation of pRB
Functions of pRB
Cell Cycle Control
Differentiation and Development
Apoptosis
Clinical Relevance
Inactivation of RB1 Initiates Retinoblastoma Development
RB1 Loss in Other Cancers
References
Retinoblastoma Protein, Cellular Biochemistry
Definition
Characteristics
pRb and Its Family Members
Cell-Cycle Regulation of pRb
Role in Terminal Differentiation
Other Targets of pRb
Animal Models
Summarizing Remarks
References
Retinoic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Retinoic Acid Receptors
Definition
Retinoid Receptor Cross-Talk
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Retinoids
Retinoid Receptors
Retinoid Acid Receptors (RARs)
Rexinoid Receptors (RXRs)
Retinoid Receptors Cross-talk During Carcinogenesis
References
Retinoid X Receptor
Definition
Retinoids
Definition
Retinol
Definition
Retromer
Definition
Retroperitoneum
Definition
Retrospective Study
Definition
Retrotransposition
Definition
Retroviral Insertional Mutagenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
Provirus Structure
Tumor Types
LTRs Regulate Transcription of Host Genes Near the Insertion Site
Promoter Insertion
Enhancer Activation
Protein Fusion
Transcript Stabilization
Cloning of Insertion Sites
Common Integration Sites
Randomness of Insertion
References
Retroviral Insertional Tagging
Retroviral Transduction
Retrovirus
Definition
Reverse Chemical Genetics
Definition
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition
Reverse Transcription PCR
Definition
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Definition
Rexinoids
Definition
RGD
Definition
RGD, 18F-Galacto-RGD
Definition
RGS Proteins
Definition
Rhabdoid Tumor
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics
References
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
References
RHAMM
Definition
Rheb
Definition
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
Rheumatoid Factor
Definition
Rho
Definition
Rho Family Proteins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Functions
Clinical Relevance
References
Ribavirin
Definition
Ribonucleotide Reductase
Definition
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase1
Definition
Ribosome
Definition
Richter Syndrome
Definition
Rigaud and Schmincke Types of Lymphoepithelioma
RING
Definition
RING Finger Domain
Definition
RIS
RISC
Definition
Risk Factor
Definition
Rituximab
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Administration
Indications
Adverse Events
Clinical Trials with Rituximab Monotherapy
Clinical Trials with Rituximab Combination Regimens
References
RLIP76
Definition
RNA Interference
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
RNA Interference as a Research Tool
RNA Interference as a Novel Therapeutic Agent Against Cancer
Prospects and Obstacles Regarding RNAi Therapeutics
References
RNA Silencing
Definition
RNA Tumor Virus
Definition
RNAi
RNP Complex
Definition
Robo
Definition
ROCK
Definition
ROD-ZW10-Zwilch Complex
Definition
ROI
Definition
RON
Definition
Ron Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression and Function
Ligand
Signaling Through Ron
Ron Overexpression in Multiple Tumor Types
Ron Variants
Ron-Dependent Transformation
Transgenic Mouse Models Overexpressing Ron
Ron Loss in Murine Tumor Models
Oncogenic Ron Signaling
Ron as a Therapeutic Target in Human Cancer
References
ROS
Definition
ROS Accumulation
Definition
ROS Scavenger
Definition
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome
Definition
RT-PCR
Definition
Rule of Five
Definition
Runx1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Expression and Regulation
RUNX1 in Leukemia
References
Runx-1
Definition
RUNX1/CBFA2T1
RUNX1/MDS1/EVI1
RUNX1/RUNX1T1
S
S1P
Definition
S-9
Definition
S-Phase
Definition
S-Phase Checkpoint
Definition
S-Phase Damage-Sensing Checkpoints
Definition
Characteristics
References
S-Phase Kinase-associated Protein 2
S-Phase Promoting Factor
Definition
S-100 Protein
Definition
SAAB
Definition
SAGE
Definition
SAHA
Definition
Salisburia Adiantifolia
Salisburia Macrophylla
Salivary Agglutinin (SAG, Human)
Salivary Gland Malignancies
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology/Risk Factors
Staging/Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi
Definition
Salt Intake
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Gastric Cancer
References
Salting
Sanctuary Site
Definition
Sandwich ELISA
Definition
SAPKalpha
SAPKbeta
SAPKgamma
Sarcoid
Definition
L-Sarcolysin
Definition
Sarcoma
Definition
SBP
Definition
SCA1
Definition
Scaffold Proteins
Definition
Scatter Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The SF Family
SF Receptor (The c-Met Proto-oncogene Product)
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
SF Producer and Responder Cell Types
Regulation of SF Production
Biologic Responses Induced by SF and Their Regulation
SF and c-Met Participate in Various Physiologic and Pathologic Processes
Development
Oncogenesis
Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance
References
Scavenge Free Radicals
Definition
Scavenger Cells
Definition
SCF
Definition
SCF-R
scFv
Definition
SCH52365
Schirrous (archaic)
Schistosomas Hematobium
Definition
Schwannoma-derived Growth Factor
Schwannomin
SCID
Definition
Scid Mice
Definition
SCID Mouse Model
Definition
Scintigraphy
Definition
SCLC
Definition
Sclerosing Angiogenic Tumor
Sclerosing Endothelial Tumor
Sclerosing Epithelioid Angiosarcoma
Sclerosing Interstitial Vascular Sarcoma
Screening Toxicity
Definition
SDF-1
Definition
SDF-1alpha
SDGF
SEA Domain
Definition
Seckel Syndrome
Definition
Second Malignant Neoplasm (SMN)
Second Messenger
Definition
Second Primary Cancers
Second Primary Malignancy (SPM)
Second Primary Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Causal and Risk Factors
Shared Etiologic Exposure
Genetic Predisposition
Therapy-Related Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
References
Second-Tier/Third-Tier Lymph Node
Definition
Secondary Amenorrhea
Definition
Secondary Cancer Prevention
Definition
Secondary Cancer Site
Definition
Secondary Dissemination
Definition
Secondary Hypogonadism
Definition
Secondary Lymphedema
Definition
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Definition
Secondary Metabolites
Secondary Structure
Definition
Secondary Tumor
Secondhand Tobacco Smoke
Definition
Secosteroid
Definition
Secretagogues
gamma-Secretase
Definition
Secreted Phosphoprotein 1
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Gene Organization
Protein Structure
Functional Properties
Animal Models
SPARC in Cancer
References
Secretor Enzyme
Definition
Securin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Securin Function
Securin Function in Tumor Development
References
“Seed and Soil” Theory of Metastasis
Definition
Characteristics
Historical Development of the “Seed and Soil” Theory
Recent Evidence Shows that the “Seeds” Can Even Prepare the “Soils”
References
Seer
Definition
SELDI-TOF MS
Definition
Selectins
Definition
Selection Template
Definition
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Definition
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs
Selenium
Definition
Characteristics
References
Selenocysteine
Definition
Selenoenzyme
Definition
SELEX
Definition
Self-Renewal
Definition
Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
Definition
Sella Turcica
Definition
SEMA
SEMA Domain
Definition
Semanová II syndrome
Semaphorin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Subclasses
Structure and Processing
Brief History of the Semaphorin Family
Semaphorins and the Composition of their Receptors
Neuropilins
Plexins
Plexin Signaling
Brief History of Semaphorins in Cancer Research
Different Mechanisms may Account for Semaphorin Functions in Cancer Biology
References
Semaphorin Receptors
Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor
Sendai Virus
Definition
Senescence
Definition
Senescence Accelerated
Definition
Senescence and Immortalization
Definition
Characteristics
Senescence
Immortalization
Relevance of Senescence and Immortalization to Cancer
A Cell Division Counting Mechanism
Telomerase
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Clinical Relevance
References
Senescence-associated Chronic Inflammation
Senile Involution
Sensorineural
Definition
Sentinel Lymph Nodes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
General anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system
The Sentinel Node
Lymphatic Mapping
Sentinel Node Biopsy
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Concluding Remarks
References
Sentinel Node
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Sentinel Node Procedure
Clinical Relevance
Immunology of the Sentinel Node
References
Sentinel Node Biopsy
Definition
Sentinel Vessels
Definition
SEP
Definition
Separin
Definition
Sequence Identification
Definition
Sequestered
Definition
Ser/Thr-Phosphorylation
Definition
SERCA
Definition
Serex
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Serine Elastase
Serine Protease
Definition
Serine Protease Inhibitor
Definition
Serine Protease Inhibitor-like Domain
Serine Proteases (Type II) Spanning the Plasma Membrane
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of Activity
Biological Responses
Expression in Cancer
Clinical Relevance
References
Serine/Threonine Kinase
Definition
Serine-Threonine Kinase Receptor-Associated Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Serological Analysis of cDNA Expression Libraries
Definition
Seropositive
Definition
Serotonin
Definition
Serotypes
Definition
Serpin
Definition
Sertoli Cell
Definition
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
Definition
Serum
Definition
Serum-Ascites Albumin Concentration Gradient
Definition
Serum Biomarkers
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Beta Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-„hCG)
Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
Cancer Associated Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
CA 27-29
CA-125
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Cytokeratin 19 Fragments
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP)
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
YKL-40
References
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Definition
Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice
Definition
Severe Hypoxia
Sex Cord Stromal Tumors
Definition
Sex Hormone
Definition
Sex Hormone Dependent Cancers
Definition
Sezary Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Staging and Treatment
References
sFRP
Definition
SH2/SH3 Domains
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
SH2/src Homology 3
SH2 Domain
Definition
SH3 Domain
Definition
SHANK
Definition
Shark Cartilage
Definition
Characteristics
References
Shc
Definition
Shedding of Cells
Shimada System
Definition
Short Hairpin RNA
SHP-1
Definition
SHP-2
Definition
SH3P9
shRNA
Sialoglycoconjugates
Definition
Sialyl Lewis-a/x Determinants
Definition
Sialyltransferases
Definition
Sicca Complex
Definition
Sicca Syndrome
Signal Sequence
Definition
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
Signal-Transducer Proteins
Definition
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription in Oncogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
STATs in Cytokine and Growth Factor Induced Signaling
Bioactivity
STAT Activation During Progression of Human Cancer
Targeting STATs for Cancer Therapy
Targeting the Tumor Cell
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment
Summary
References
Signal Transduction
Definition
Characteristics
Receptors
Targets of Signaling Pathways
Signal Transduction in Cancer Pathogenesis
Signal Transduction in Cancer Therapy
References
Signal Transduction Cross-Talk
Definition
Signal Transduction Inhibitor-571
Signaling Cascades
Definition
Signalosome
Definition
Silencing Mediator of Retinoid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor
Definition
Simian Virus 40
Definition
Simulation
Definition
SIN3A
Definition
Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay (SCGE)
Single Cell Invasion
Definition
Single Cell Microgel Electrophoresis Assay
Single-chain Fv Dimer
Single-Chain Fv Fragment
Definition
Single Dose Toxicity Studies
Definition
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Definition
Single Stranded Conformation Analysis
Definition
Siomycin A
Definition
SIOP
Definition
Sipa-1 (Spa-1)
Definition
Sipple Syndrome
Sir2-like Proteins
siRNA
Definition
siRNA
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Delivery
Nonspecific Immune Stimulation
Off-Target Interference
References
SIRS
Definition
SIRTs
Sirtuins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Biochemical Features of Sirtuins
Cellular Functions of Sirtuins
Sirtuins and Cancer
Sirtuin Inhibitors and Activators
References
Sister Chromatid Exchange
Definition
Sister-Chromatids
Definition
Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Definition
Site-specific Drug Delivery
Sivelestat
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Clinical Aspects
Clinical Application in Practice
Application to Cancer Treatment as Molecular Targeting Therapy
References
Sjögren Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Presentation
Involvement of Exocrine Glands
Extraglandular Involvement
Diagnosis
SS is Diagnosed on the Basis of Either European Classification
Laboratory Abnormalities
Anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB Antibodies
Anti-CENP-H Antibodies and SS
Pathogenesis
Immunopathology
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
Immune-Mediated Tissue Destruction
Immunopathogenesis (Summary)
Treatment and Prognosis
SS and HCV
SS Cause Lymphoma?
SS and Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Future Directions
References
Skeletal Complications (skeletal-related events)
Skeletal-Related Events
Definition
Skeletal Secondary Tumors
Skeletrophin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Ski
Definition
Skin Cancer
Definition
Skin Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Genetic Basis of Skin Carcinogenesis
Initiation
Promotion
Cellular and Molecular Basis
Relevance to Human Disease
References
Skin Prick Testing
Definition
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy
Definition
Skinny Needle
Skipper-Schabel Model
Skipper-Schabel-Wilcox Model
Skp2
Definition
SL-1
SLD
Definition
SLE
Definition
SLex
Definition
Slit
Definition
Characteristics
Slit function in the Nervous System
Slit-Robo Signaling
Slit function Outside the Nervous System
Slit proteins and Cancer
Slit and Medulloblastoma
References
Sloughing of Cells
Slu
Slug
Definition
SM
Definition
SM-5887
SMA
Definition
SMA- and MAD-related Protein 4
SMAC/Diablo
Definition
SMAD
Definition
SMAD4
Smad Binding Element
Definition
SMAD-4/DPC4
Smad Proteins in TGFbeta Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography
Small Bowel Mesentery
Definition
Small Cell Carcinomas
Definition
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Definition
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Small GTPases
Definition
Small GTP-binding Proteins
Small Interfering RNA
Definition
Small Molecule
Definition
Small Molecule Drugs
Definition
Characteristics
Differences to Large Molecule Drugs
High Throughput Screening
Structure Determination and Modeling
Physicochemical Properties and Drug Uptake
Drug Formulations
Side Effects
Some Examples for the Mechanism of Cancer Drug Action
Systemic Effects of Tumor Growth
References
Small-Molecule Inhibitors
Definition
Small Molecule Screens
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Types of Screens
“Small” Molecules
Screening Technology and Tools
Screening Assays
The Screening Epilog
Conclusions
References
Small Round-cell Tumor
SMARCB1
Definition
SMAX1
Smelting
Definition
SMN
Definition
Smoking
Definition
Smoothened
Definition
SMR (Soluble Mesothelin-related Proteins)
SMRT Co-repressor
Definition
SN-38
Definition
Sna
SNAG
Definition
Snail Transcription Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Organization
Transcriptional Repression
Regulation of Expression and Functional Activity
Additional Snail Functions
Clinical Significance
References
SNAILH (Human)
SNCA
Definition
SNCB
Definition
SNCgamma
Definition
snoRNA
Definition
SNP
Definition
SNP Array
Definition
snRNA
Definition
snRNP
Definition
SOCS
Definition
SOD
Definition
Sodium Chloride
Solar Light Induced Cancer
Solar Ultraviolet Light
Definition
Characteristics
Effects of Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Light on Skin
DNA Damage Induced by Solar Ultraviolet Light
Mutations Induced by Solar Ultraviolet Light
Protection Against Photocarcinogenesis
Hereditary Disorders with Increased Photocarcinogenesis
References
Solitary Bone Plasmacytoma
Solitary Extramedullary/Extraosseous Plasmacytoma
Solitary Plasma Cell Myeloma
Solute Carrier Transporters
Definition
Somatic Cells
Definition
Somatic Cross-Over Point Mapping
Definition
Somatic Hypermutation
Definition
Somatic Recombination of V, D’and J Segments
Somatic Stem Cells
Somatic Tissue
Definition
Somatostatin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Somatostatin Secretion and Gene Expression
Somatostatin Receptors (sst)
Molecular Basis of Somatostatins Antiproliferative Effects
Clinical Relevance
Somatostatin Analogue Therapy
Somatostatin Receptor Imaging and Radiotherapy
General Clinical Applications
References
Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy
Definition
Somatostatinoma
Definition
Somatostatinoma Syndrome
Definition
Somatotropin Release Inhibiting Factor
Sonic
Definition
Sonic Hedgehog
Definition
Sorafenib
Definition
SOX18
Definition
Soy Isoflavonoids
Definition
Soy Phytoestrogen
Soy Proteins
Definition
Sp
Definition
Sp-Like Proteins
Definition
SPARC
SPB, in Yeast
SPC1
Specific Immunotherapy for Melanoma
Specificity
Definition
Spectral Karyotyping
Definition
Characteristics
Advantages of SKY
Disadvantages
Clinical Significance
References
Spectral Unmixing
Definition
Spermatocytes
Definition
Spheroids
Definition
Sphinganine
Definition
Sphingolipid Metabolism
Definition
Characteristics
Poly-Drug Chemotherapy and Multi-Drug Resistance
Chemotherapy via Ceramide Control
Immunological Attack Against Cancer Cells
Mechanisms of Sphingolipid Antineoplastic Action
References
Sphingolipids
Definition
Sphingomyelinase
Definition
Sphingomyelins
Definition
Sphingosine
Definition
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
Definition
Spinal and Bulber Muscular Atrophy (SBMA)
Spindle Assembly Checkpoint
Definition
Spindle Pole Apparatus
Definition
Spindle Pole Body
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1
Definition
Spinophilin
Definition
Spirometry
Definition
Spleen
Definition
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Definition
Splice Variant
Definition
Spliceosome
Definition
Splicing
Definition
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Definition
Sporadic
Definition
Sprouty
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Regulation of the Activity of Sproutys
Deregulation of Spry Expression in Cancer
Ability of Sprys to Inhibit Cancer
References
Spry
Sputum Cytology
Definition
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Etiology
Diagnosis and Clinical Features
Disease Management
Molecular Aspects
References
SR Proteins
Definition
Src
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Domain Structure
Subcellular Localization
Interacting Proteins
Cellular and Molecular Aspects
Clinical Relevance
References
SRC-3
Src8
Src Family Tyrosine Kinase
Definition
Src Homology 2
Src Homology Domain
Definition
Src Kinase
Definition
SRC-Homology Domains
Definition
SRCR Superfamily
Definition
SREBP
Definition
SRF
Definition
srGAPs
Definition
SRIF
St. John’s Wort
Definition
Stage
Definition
Staging of Tumors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Purpose
Methods
Perspectives
References
Standardization
Definition
STAT
Definition
Stathmin
Definition
Statins
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Effects of Statins in Vitro
Statins in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer
References
Staurosporine
Definition
Characteristics
Kinase Inhibition
Staurosporine in Apoptosis
Anti-tumor Activity
References
Stefins
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physiological and Pathological Roles
Stefins in Cancer
References
Stem Cell
Definition
Stem Cell Factor
Definition
Stem-Cell Harvest and Purging
Definition
Stem Cell Hypothesis in Cancer
Definition
Stem Cell Markers
Definition
Characteristics
Methods Used to Detect Stem Cell Markers in Cancer Biology
Clinical Applications
References
Stem Cell Niche
Definition
Stem Cell Plasticity
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Metaplasia
The Bone Marrow and Tumor Stroma: Clinical Relevance
References
Stem Cell Telomeres
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Stem Cells
Definition
Characteristics
Tissue Renewal and Models of Cellular Hierarchy
Stem Cell Division
Stem Cell Markers and Identification Problems
Stem Cell Location and the Niche
The Concept of Stemness and “Immortal” DNA Strands
Regulation of Stem Cell Numbers
Properties of Stem Cells Which Favor Tumorigenesis
Evidence that Human Tumors Arise from Stem Cells
Cancer Stem Cells
Clinical Implications of Cancer Stem Cells
References
Stem-like Cancer Cells
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification
Clinical Implications
Stent
Definition
Steradian
Definition
Stereocenter
Definition
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Definition
Sterile-alpha-Motif
Steroid Hormone Receptor Coactivators
Definition
Steroid Hormone Receptors (SHR)
Definition
Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3
Steroid-Refractory Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Definition
Steroid Sulfatase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation of STS
STS in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer (HDBC)
STS Inhibitors
References
Steroid Sulfohydrolase
Steroidogenesis
Definition
Steryl Sulfohydrolase
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Definition
STI-571
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Physicochemical Properties
Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Applications
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
Other Diseases
Side Effects
Resistance to STI-571
Low Concentrations in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
References
STI571 STI-571
Sticker Sarcoma
Definition
Stilbenes
Definition
STK5
STK6
STK7
STK12
STK13
STK15
STMY1
Stomach Cancer
Stomatitis
Definition
STR1
STRAP
Streptavidin
Definition
Stress
Definition
Characteristics
Possible Pathways of an Association of Stress and Cancer Risk
Methodological Problems
Findings
Conclusion
References
Stress-activated Protein Kinase
Stress Response
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
References
Stressful Life Event
Definition
Stressor
Definition
Striatonigral Medium Spiny Neurons
Definition
Stroma
Definition
Stromagenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Stromal Cell Response
Stromal Cells
Definition
Stromal-derived Factor 1 Alpha (SDF1alpha)
Definition
Stromal Progression
Stromatogenesis
Stromelysin-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Enzymatic Properties of Stromelysin-1
Regulation of Stromelysin-1
Stromelysin-1 and Cancer
References
Structural Biology
Definition
Characteristics
References
Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes Protein
Definition
Structural Vascular Stabilization
STS
Stuart-Prower Factor
Definition
Subacute Toxicity Studies
Definition
Subarachnoid Space
Definition
Subarachnoidal Spread
Subcellular Compartments
Definition
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid
Definition
Substrate Channeling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Key Features
The Prototypical Paradigm
Details
Mechanisms
References
Subtractive Hybridization
Definition
Subtype AML-M7
Subunit Vaccine
Definition
Sugar-Remodeling System
Definition
Sugarbaker
Definition
SUI1 Domain
Definition
Suicide Gene
Definition
Suicide Gene Therapy
Definition
Sulcus
Definition
Sulfasalazine
Definition
Sulfatases
Definition
Sulfate Group
Definition
Sulfatide
Definition
Sulfation
Definition
6-Sulfatoxymelatonin
Definition
Sulfokinases
Sulforaphane
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Actions and Pharmacology
Mechanisms of Action
Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Summary
References
Sulfotransferases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Sulfotransferases and Cancer
References
SULT
Definition
SULT1A1
Definition
SULT1E1
Definition
Sumoylation
Definition
Sun Light Induced Cancer
Sunbeds
Definition
Sunitinib
Definition
Superantigens
Definition
Supercooled Phase
Definition
Supercooling
Definition
Superoxide Dismutase
Definition
Superoxide Radical
Definition
Supervised Classification
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
Caveats and Recommendations
References
Supervised (Machine) Learning
Supportive Care
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Supportive Care Needs Require an Individualized Approach
Patients and Carers are Key Members of the Supportive Care Team
A Multidisciplinary and Coordinated Approach
The Development of an Evidence Base to Interventions to Improve Supportive care Outcomes
Conclusion
References
Suppressive T Cells
Suppressor of Fused
Definition
Suppressor of Invasion, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis
Suppressor T Cells
Definition
Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Role of SOCS-1 in Cancer
SOCS-3 in Human Cancer
SOCS-2 in Malignant Diseases
References
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Definition
Supraparamagnetic Nanoparticle
Definition
Suramin
Definition
Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Definition
Surface Glycoproteins
Definition
Surface Molecules
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Definition
Characteristics
Detection Principle of SPR Biosensor
Properties of the SPR Biosensor
Biomedical Applications
Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA)
High-Throughput Screening (HTS)
Proteomics Research
References
Surgery
Definition
Surgical Biopsy
Definition
Surgical Debulking
Definition
Surgical Menopause
Definition
Surgical Pathology
Surgical Trauma and Cancer Recurrence
Definition
Characteristics
Trauma and Inflammation
Laboratory Investigations
Clinical Applications
References
Surrogate Endpoint
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Role of Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer Research
Methods of Validation
Caveats in the Use of Validated Surrogate Endpoints
References
Surrogate Endpoint Biomarker
Surrogate Endpoints
Surrogate Outcome
Survival
Survivin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Functional and Cellular Characteristics
Clinical Relevance
References
Susceptibility Loci
Sustained Release
Definition
SV40
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Replication
Clinical Relevance
References
SVA Repeat
Definition
SWI/SNF
Definition
SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily b, member1
SWISS-PROT
Definition
Syk
Syk Tyrosine Kinase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Distribution and Function
Experimental Evidence for a Tumor/Metastasis Suppressor Role of Syk
Mechanism of Syk Activation and Signaling
Clinical Studies of Syk Expression and Activity
References
Sympathetic Ganglia Neurons
Definition
Symptom Management
Definition
Synaptic Vesicle Recycling
Definition
Synaptopodin
Definition
Synchronizer
Definition
N-Syndecan
Definition
Syndecans
Definition
Synergism
Definition
Synergistic
Definition
Syngeneic
Definition
Synovial Sarcoma
Definition
Characteristics
References
Syntenic
Definition
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic Chemoprotectants
Definition
Synuclein
Definition
Characteristics
Synuclein Expression in Cancer
Role in Tumor Progression
References
Synuclein alpha
Definition
Synuclein beta
Definition
Synuclein gamma
Definition
Systemic Antibody-directed Radionuclide Therapy
Systemic Chemotherapy
Definition
Systemic Clearance
Definition
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Definition
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
Systemic Spread of Cancer
Systemic Therapy
Systemic Treatment or Therapy
Definition
Systems Biology
Definition
T
T
Definition
T Cell
Definition
T Cell Receptor Complex
Definition
TH1 Cells
Definition
TH2 Cells
Definition
TH3 Cells
Definition
T Helper
Definition
T Helper Lymphocytes
Definition
T-Helper 1 Response
Definition
T-Loop
Definition
T Lymphocyte
Definition
T-lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis
T-PLL
Definition
T-Prolymphocytic Leukemia (T-PLL)
Definition
TAA
Definition
TACE
Definition
TAK
Definition
Takatsuki Disease
Definition
Tall Cell Variant of Papillary Carcinoma
Definition
TAM
Definition
Tamoxifen
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Adjuvant Therapy
Chemoprevention
Mechanism of Action
Side Effects
References
Tamponade
Definition
Tankyrase-2: TNKL, TNKS2, TANK2
Tankyrases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structure
Intracellular Distribution
Binding Partners
Functions
Telomere Elongation
Cell Division Control
Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake
Clinical Aspects
References
TAP
Definition
TARC
Definition
Tarceva
Target Cells
Definition
Target-Based Screen
Definition
Targeted Deletion
Definition
Targeted Drug Delivery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Intratumoral Drug Administration
Liposomal Drug Delivery
Tumor-Activated Prodrug Therapy (TAP)
Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Folate-Targeted Drug Delivery
Transferrin Targeted Drug Delivery
Albumin-Drug Conjugate for Targeted Delivery
References
Targeted Drug Design
Targeted Radioimmunotherapy
Targeted Therapy
Definition
Targeted Viruses
Definition
Targeting, Active
Definition
Tat
Definition
TAT Protein of HIV
Definition
Characteristics
Transcriptional Regulation: Control of HIV Replication
AIDS-Associated Pathologies: A Direct Contribution by Tat
Conclusion
References
TATA Box
Definition
TATI
Definition
Tau
Definition
Taurodont
Definition
Tax
Definition
Tax Binding Protein-181
Tax Helper Protein (GLI2)
Taxane
Definition
Taxol
Definition
Characteristics
Mode of Action
Clinical Pharmacology
Antitumor Activity
Absorption and Excretion
Toxicity
Structurally and Functionally Related Compounds
Structurally Related Compounds
Nontaxane, Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents
References
Taxotere
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Chemistry
Mechanisms of Action
Clinical Use
References
TBI
Definition
T-body
TBP
Definition
TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
T-Cell ALL
Definition
T-Cell Antigen Receptor
Definition
T-Cell Clone
Definition
T-Cell Hybrids
Definition
T-Cell Receptor
Definition
T-Cell Response
Definition
Characteristics
References
T-Cell Zones
Definition
T-cells Recognizing Autoantigens
Tcf/LEF
Definition
TCL1
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Characteristics of the T-PLL
Cytogenetic and Molecular Characteristic of the TCL1 Locus
Animal Models
TCL1 Protein
TCL1 Expression in Normal and Pathological Tissues
Conclusions
References
TCR
Definition
TCRα and TCRβ
Definition
TDA
Definition
TDGF-1
Technical Knockout
Definition
Characteristics
Isolation of Genes in Apoptosis
Clinical Aspects
References
TEL
Definition
TEL-AML1
Definition
Telangiectasia Macularis Eruptive Perstans
Definition
Telomerase
Definition
Characteristics
What Are Telomeres and What Do They Do?
Why Do Telomeres Shorten?
What is Cellular Senescence?
If You Can Stop the Shortening of Telomeres Will This Prevent Cellular Aging?
Can Telomerase be Used as a Product to Extend Cell Lifespan?
Cell and Molecular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
Could Telomerase be the “Achilles Heel” of Cancer?
Will Inhibiting Telomerase Restore the Senescence Program in Cancer Cells and if so Will This Therapy Cure Cancer?
Will Telomerase Activity be Useful in Cancer Diagnostics?
Have any Telomerase Therapeutic Agents been Identified and what are the Potential Complications of such Strategies?
References
Telomere
Definition
Telomere Length
Definition
Telomeric Repeats of Stem Cells
TEM7
Definition
Temodal
Temodar
Temoget
Temozolomide
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Temozolomide and MGMT
Mismatch DNA Repair and Temozolomide Response
Repair of N7-Methylguanine and N3-Methyladenine DNA Lesions
References
Temsirolimus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism of Action
Activity in Cancer Models
Activity in Clinical Trials
References
Tenascin-C
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Organization
Induction and Processing
Interaction Partners
Cell Rounding and Tumor Cell Proliferation
Metastasis
Angiogenesis
Phenotype of Tenascin-C Knockout Mice and Cancer
Clinical Aspects
References
Tensin2
Definition
Tensional Homeostasis
Definition
Characteristics
References
TEP1
Definition
Teratocarcinoma
Definition
Teratocarcinoma-derived Growth Factor-1
Teratogenic
Definition
Teratoma
Definition
N- or C-Terminal Processing
Definition
Terminally Differentiated Cells
Definition
Tertiary Cancer Prevention
Definition
Tertiary Structure
Definition
Testicular Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Non-Seminomatous Germ-Cell Tumors (NSGCT)
Low-Stage (IIA/B) NSGCT
Clinical Stages IIC and III
Seminomatous Germ-Cell Tumors
Clinical Stage I Seminoma
Low-Stage (Clinical Stage IIA/B) Seminoma
Clinical Stage IIC and III
Salvage Chemotherapy, High-Dose Chemotherapy
Genetics
Future Directions in TC
References
Testicular Feminization TFM
Testicular Germ Cell Tumor
Testicular Tumors
Testosterone
Definition
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Tetracopeptide Repeat TPR Domains
Definition
Tetraploidization
Definition
Tetraspanin
TF
Definition
TFF
TFIIH
Definition
TG2
Definition
TGc
TGF
Definition
TGFalpha
Definition
TGF-beta
Definition
TGF-β Activation
Definition
TGF-β-Regulated and Epithelial Cell-Enriched Phosphatase
Definition
TGF-β Superfamily
Definition
Th1
Definition
Th2
Definition
Th1 Immune Response
Definition
Th2 Immune Response
Definition
Thalidomide and its Analogues
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Action
Multiple Myeloma
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Solid Malignancies
Future Directions
References
Therapeutic Active Targeting
Definition
Therapeutic Cloning
Definition
Therapeutic Efficacy
Definition
Therapeutic Passive Targeting
Definition
Therapeutic Vaccine Therapy
Definition
Therapeutic Viruses
Thiazolidin
Synonyms
Characteristics
References
Thiazolidinediones
Definition
Thiazolidinone
Thin Needle
Thiol
Definition
Thiol-Protease Inhibitors (Cytoplasmic alpha- and beta-TPIs)
Thioredoxin
Definition
Thioredoxin is Identical to ADF Adult T cell Leukemia Derived Factor
Thioredoxin Reductase
Definition
Thioredoxin System
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Thiostatins
Thiotepa
Definition
Third-Generation Bisphosphonate
Third-Generation Nitrogen-containing Bisphosphonate
Thoracentesis
Definition
Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy
Definition
Three-Dimensional Tissue Cultures
Definition
Characteristics
Multicellular Spheroids
Culture
Diffusion Limited Growth, ECM and Differentiation
Dissociation, Histology and Other Study Methods
Cell Proliferation
pH and Metabolite Gradients
Cancer Biology
Drug Effects and Multicellular Resistance
Drug Transport
Individualized Therapy
Multicellular Layers (MCL, Multilayered Cell Cultures, MCC)
Multilayered Post-Confluent Cultures (MPCC)
Co-Cultures of Tumor and Normal Cells
Histocultures
Organotypic Cultures
Organ Cultures and Tissue Engineering
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Three-Stage Phenomenon
Definition
Thrombin
Definition
Thrombin Receptor
Thrombin Receptor-like 1
Thrombin Receptor-like 2
Thrombin Receptor-like 3
Thrombocyte
Definition
Thrombocytopenia
Definition
Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Definition
Thrombopoietin
Definition
Thrombosis
Definition
Thrombospondin
Definition
Characteristics
Classification
Mechanism
References
Thrombotic Cancer Cell Emboli
Definition
Thromboxane
Definition
Thrombus
Definition
Thymidine Phosphorylase
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Thymocytes
Definition
Thymoma
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Classification
Treatment and Prognosis
References
Thymus
Definition
Thymus-Dependent Lymphocyte
Definition
Thyroglobulin
Definition
Thyroid Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
General Features
Role of Ionizing Radiation
Genetic Aberrations
RET Gene Changes
References
Thyroid Follicle
Definition
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Activator Molecule 1
Thyroid Hormone Receptors
Definition
Thyroid Lobectomy
Definition
Thyroid Receptor Interacting Protein 6
Definition
Thyroidectomy
Definition
Tiam1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tight Junction
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tight Junction Protein-1
TIG-IPT
Definition:
TIL
Time-of-Flight
Definition
Time Resolved Fluorescence
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology in Drug Discovery
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Time-to-Event Analysis
TIMP
Tissue Engineering
Definition
Tissue Factor
Definition
Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tissue Kallikreins
Tissue Proliferation
Tissue Regeneration
Definition
Tissue Spectroscopy
Tissue Stem Cells
Tissue-transglutaminase
Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator
Tissue Typing
Definition
TJP-1
TKO
Definition
TLR4
Definition
TMPRSS1
Definition
TMPRSS10
Definition
TMPRSS2/ERG Fusions
Definition
Characteristics
References
TNF
Definition
TNF-alpha
Definition
TNF-alpha in HIV Infection
Definition
Characteristics
Physiopathological Role of TNF-alpha in HIV Infection
Relationships Between HIV Replication and TNF-alpha
Role of TNF-alpha in NeuroAIDS
Role of TNF-alpha in Cachexia, Opportunistic Infections and Tumors
Clinical Relevance of Molecules Inhibiting TNF-alpha Synthesis
References
TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
TRAIL and Its Cell Surface Receptors
Organization of TRAIL-Induced Apoptotic Signaling
Mechanisms to Attenuate TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis
Augmentation of TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis
Clinical Potential for TRAIL Therapy
Perspectives
References
Tobacco
Definition
Tobacco Addiction
Tobacco Carcinogenesis
Definition
Characteristics
Tobacco Products and Human Cancer
Tumor Induction in Laboratory Animals
Chemistry of Tobacco Smoke
Mechanisms of Tumor Induction
References
Tobacco Dependence
Tobacco-Related Cancers
Definition
Characteristics
Tobacco as a Carcinogen
Cancers Related with Tobacco
Evidence for Other Cancers
Passive Smoking
Conclusions
References
Tobacco-Related Lung Cancer
Definition
Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines
Definition
Tolbutamide
Definition
Tolbutamide Intravenous Test
Definition
Tolerance
Definition
Tolfenamic Acid
Definition
Toll-Like Receptors
Definition
Characteristics
TLRs and Cancer Treatment
References
Tongue Cancer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Pathology and Genetic Aberration
Clinical Features
Subclinical Nodal Metastasis
TNM Staging and Prognostic Factors
Pretreatment Assessment
Treatment Options
Controversy of Elective Neck Dissection Versus Observation of N0 Neck
Outcome of Treatment
References
Tonsils and Adenoids
Definition
Topoisomerase II
Definition
Topoisomerase II-DNA Cleavage Complexes
Definition
Topoisomerase III
Definition
Topoisomerases
Definition
TOR
Definition
Torisel
Definition
Torsade de Pointes
Definition
Totipotent
Definition
Totipotent Stem Cells
Definition
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Definition
Toxicity
Definition
Toxicity Testing
Toxicokinetics
Definition
Toxicological Carcinogenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
History
References
Toxicological Pathologist
Definition
Toxicology
Definition
TP
TP53
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Upstream of p53: Signaling of DNA Damage
Downstream of p53: Cell-Cycle Control, Apoptosis and DNA Repair
Clinical Relevance
References
TP73L
tPA
Definition
TPA
Definition
TR-FRET
TRA-8
Trabectedin
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Trabectedin-DNA Adducts
Biological Activity
Clinical Studies
References
Trabecular Bone
Definition
Trace Elements
Definition
TRAF-1
Definition
TRAF2
Definition
Traffic ATPases
TRAIL
Definition
TRAIL Receptor Antibodies
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Mapatumumab (anti-DR5)
Lexatumumab (anti-DR5)
TRA-8 (CS1008)
Perspectives
TRAM-1
Trans-Golgi Network
Definition
Transabdominal Metastasis/Dissemination
Trans Activating Protein
Definition
Transactivation
Definition
Transactivation Domain
Definition
Transarterial
Definition
Transarterial Chemoembolization
Definition
Transcoelomic Metastasis
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms of Transcoelomic Metastasis
Models of Metastasis
Cell Detachment
Peritoneal Fluid and Anatomy
Ascites: A Metastatic Milieu
Immune Evasion
Tumor Implantation
Clinical Aspects
References
Transcript
Definition
Transcription
Definition
Transcription-Coupled Repair
Definition
Transcription Factor
Definition
Transcription Factory
Definition
Transcriptional Complex
Definition
Transcriptional Coregulators
Definition
Transcriptional Memory
Definition
Transcriptional Regulation
Definition
Transcriptional Silencing
Definition
Transcriptome
Definition
Transdifferentiation
Definition
Transduction
Definition
Transduction of Oncogenes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Identification of Cellular Oncogenes
Mechanism of Oncogene Transduction
Lessons from Retroviral Transduction of Oncogenes
References
Transfection
Definition
Transformation
Definition
Transforming Gene
Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
Definition
Transforming Growth Factor Beta
Definition
Characteristics
TGF-beta Receptors and Signaling Mechanisms
Latency TGF-beta
Matrix Association and Release of TGF-beta
LTBPs: Expression and Functions
Activation of Soluble and Extracellular Matrix Forms of Latent TGF-beta
TGF-Beta and LTBP Knockout Mice
Perspective
References
Transforming Retroviruses
Definition
Transgene
Definition
Transgenic
Definition
Transgenic Animal
Definition
Transgenic Mice
Definition
Transglutaminase-2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
TG2 and Apoptosis
TG2 in Drug Resistance and Metastasis
Clinical Relevance
References
Transglutaminase Type-2
Transient Amplifying Cells
Definition
Transin-1
Transit Amplifying Cells
Definition
Transition
Definition
Transition Metals
Definition
Transitional Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluations
Staging (1997 AJCC-UICC, TNM Staging)
Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer
Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer
Treatment of Metastatic Bladder Cancer
References
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Renal Pelvis
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Ureter
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
Definition
Translation
Definition
Translation Initiation Complex
Definition
Translesion DNA Polymerases
Definition
Characteristics
References
Translesion Synthesis
Definition
Translin
Definition
Translocase
Definition
Translocation
Definition
Translocation ETS Leukemia Gene
Translocation Non-homologous
Definition
Translocation Reciprocal
Definition
Translocation t(14;18)
Definition
Transmembrane
Definition
Transmembrane 4 Superfamily Protein
Transmembrane Domain
Definition
Transmembrane Protein Type I
Definition
Transmembrane Protein Type II
Definition
Transmembrane Signaling
Definition
Transmigration Assay
Definition
Transphosphorylation
Definition
Transplacental Carcinogen
Definition
Transporter Nomenclature
Definition
Transporters
Definition
Transposon
Definition
Transpupillary Thermal Therapy
Definition
Transurethral Resection
Definition
Transversion
Definition
Trastuzumab
Definition
betaTrCP
Definition
Treatment-refractory Germ Cell Tumors
Trefoil Factors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
TFF Discovery and Expression
TFF in Mucosal Repair and Protection
TFF in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer Progression
Aberrant Expression of TFF as Clinical Markers of the Neoplasia
Conclusions
References
Trefoil peptides
Treg
Definition
Tremolite
Definition
TRF1-interacting, ankyrin-related ADP-ribose polymerases
TbetaRI and TbetaRII
Definition
Tribbles Homologue 3
Definition
Trichilemmoma
Definition
Trichostatin A
Definition
Trichothiodystrophy
Definition
Trident
Trifunctional Antibody
Definition
Triglyceride
Definition
4´,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone
3,4´,5-Trihydroxystilbene
Trinucleotide Repeat
Definition
Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Definition
Tripterine
Trisomy
Definition
Trivalent Chromium (Cr+3)
Definition
Trk Family Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
Definition
TRK-A
Definition
Troglitazone
Definition
TROP-1
Trophoblast
Definition
Tropism
Definition
Tropomyosin
Definition
Trousseau Syndrome
Definition
Trp63
Trp73
Trx
Definition
Trypsin
Definition
Tryptase
Definition
TSC
Definition
TSC1
TSH
Definition
TSH
Definition
TSH Receptor
Definition
TSP
Definition
TSR
Definition
TTF-1
Definition
tTGase
Tuberin
Definition
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
Identification and Characterization of the TSC Genes
TSC1 and TSC2 Act as Tumor Suppressor Genes
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Pulmonary TSC
Role of hamartin and Tuberin in the mTOR Pathway
mTOR and other Hamartoma Syndromes
Rodent Models of Tuberous Sclerosis
References
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1
Tuberous Sclerosis Syndrome
Definition
Tubulin
Definition
Tubulin Interacting Proteins
Tubulogenesis
Definition
Tumor
Definition
Tumor Antigens
Definition
Tumor-Associated Angiogenesis
Definition
Tumor-Associated Antigen
Definition
Tumor Associated Carbohydrate Antigens
Definition
Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts
Definition
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Definition
Characteristics
Macrophages
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
TAM Recruitment
TAM Express Selected M2 Protumoral Functions
Modulation of Adaptive Immunity by TAM
Conclusion
References
Tumor-Associated Stromal Progression
Tumor Cell Invasion
Tumor Cell-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects and Therapy
References
Tumor Cell-platelet Aggregate
Tumor Cell-Platelet Interaction
Tumor Endothelial Cell
Definition
Tumor–Endothelial Communication
Tumor–Endothelial Cross-talk
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Adhesion Molecules in Tumor–Endothelial Cross-talk Mediating Extravasation
Tumor–Endothelial Cross-talk Leading to Prothrombotic Endothelial Activation
Conclusion
References
Tumor Glucose Metabolism
Tumor Grading
Tumor-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Definition
Tumor Infiltrating T Cells
Definition
Tumor-Initiating Cells
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Definition
Tumor Markers
Definition
Tumor Matrix
Definition
Tumor Metabolism
Definition
Tumor Microenvironment
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Definition
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Definition
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Converting Enzyme
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
Definition
Tumor Pathology
Tumor Progenitors
Tumor Progression
Definition
Tumor Promoter
Definition
Tumor Promotion
Definition
Tumor-Reinitiating Cells
Tumor-Repopulating Cells
Tumor-Specific Stroma
Definition
Tumor Spread
Tumor Staging
Definition
Tumor Stroma
Definition
Tumor Suppression
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Aspects
References
Tumor Suppressor
Definition
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
What was the Evidence for Tumor Suppressors?
Retinoblastoma – The First Suppressor
Are There Other Tumor Suppressors and What Cellular Role do They Normally Play?
Clinical Relevance
References
Tumor-Transforming 1
Tumor Typing
Tumor Vessel Density
Definition
Tumor Xenografts
Definition
Tumoricidal
Definition
Tumorigenesis
Definition
TUNEL
Definition
Tunicamycin
Definition
Characteristics
Structure and Function
Anti-viral Effect of Tunicamycin
Apoptosis Induction by Tunicamycin
Tunicamycin Increases Effects of Anti-cancer Agents
Tunicamycin Enhances Death Ligand TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis
Normal Cellular Toxicity of Tunicamycin
References
Turban Tumor Syndrome
Definition
Turcot Syndrome
Definition
Characteristics
Clinical Criteria
Genetics
PMS2 Gene
Microsatellite Instability
Clinical Aspects
References
Turmeric Yellow
TUTR1
Two-Hit Model
Definition
Two-Step Carcinogenesis
Definition
TXBP181
Type I Cystatins
Type-1 Hypersensitivity
Type I Interferon
Type I Programmed Cell Death
Typical Neurocytoma
Tyrosine
Definition
Tyrosine Kinase
Definition
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
Definition
Tyrosine Phosphorylation
Definition
U
Ubiquitin
Definition
Ubiquitin-directed Protein Degradation
Definition
Ubiquitin Ligase
Definition
Ubiquitin Ligase SCF-Skp2
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Regulation
Clinical Significance
References
Ubiquitination
Definition
Characteristics
Cellular Regulation
Clinical Relevance
p53 and HPV-Associated Cervical Carcinoma
von Hippel Lindau (VHL) Disease
beta-Catenin Turnover in Colorectal Tumors
Degradation of p27, a CDK Inhibitor
Cbl and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Degradation
Fanconi Anemia
Proteasome inhibitors
Summary
References
Ubiquitous
Definition
Ubiquitous Immunopoietc Polypeptide
Definition
UCH
Definition
UCN-01 Anticancer Drug
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Inhibition of Chk1 Kinase and G2 Checkpoint Abrogation by UCN-01
Mechanisms of UCN-01 Induced Tumor Cell Death
References
UDP
Definition
UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase
Definition
UGT
Definition
Ulcerative Colitis
Definition
Ultimate Carcinogen
Definition
Ultrasound
Definition
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Ultrasound Micro-Imaging
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Two- and Three-Dimensional Anatomical Imaging
Doppler Blood Flow Imaging
Contrast-Enhanced Imaging
References
Ultratrace Minerals
Definition
Ultraviolet Light
Definition
Ultraviolet Radiation
Definition
Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Cancer
Umbilical Cord Blood
Definition
Uncertain or Unknown Histogenesis Tumors
Definition
Characteristics
Distinctive Tumors of Uncertain Histogenesis
Synovial Sarcoma
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor
Neoplasms with Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Differentiation (Pecomas)
Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (Pnet)
Capillary Hemangioblastoma
Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma
Myxoid Tumors
Other (Benign) Tumors
References
Uncoupling Protein-1
Definition
Unfolded Domain
Unfolded Protein Response
Definition
Unipotent Stem Cells
Definition
Unrip: Unr-interacting Protein
Unstructured Domain
Untranslated Region
uPA
Definition:
p53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis
Definition
Uranium
Definition
Uranium Miners
Definition
Characteristics
Uranium Mining
Miners’ Cohorts
Exposures
The Risk of Lung Cancer
Histopathologic Findings
The Risk of Cancers Other than Lung Cancer
Conclusion
References
Urea Cycle
Definition
Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase
Definition
Urine Cytology
Definition
Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
Definition
Uroplakins
Definition
Urothelial Cancer
Definition
Urothelial Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definitions
Characteristics
Distribution, Histology, and Clinical Course
Causes
Therapy
Diagnosis and Monitoring
Molecular Genetics
References
Urothelial Carcinoma, Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Therapy
Genetics
References
Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ
Definition
Urothelial Nodular Invasive Carcinoma
Definition
Urothelial Papillary Superficial Carcinoma
Definition
Urothelial Tumor
Urothelium
Definition
Ursolic Acid
Definition
Urticaria Pigmentosa
Definition
USP
Definition
USP44
Definition
Uterine Artery Embolization
Definition
Uterine Fibroid
Definition
Uterine Leiomyoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Uterine Leiomyoma, Clinical Oncology
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Incidence
Gross Features
Microscopic Features
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cytogenetic Changes
References
Utrafine Particles
Definition
UV Radiation
Definition
Characteristics
Cancers of the Skin
Epidemiological Evidence of the Carcinogenic Potential of UV Radiation
Host Factors
UV Radiation as an Environmental Risk Factor
Intraocular Melanoma
Biological Effects of UV Radiation Relevant to Carcinogenesis
DNA Damage
Cellular Damage
Differential Effects of UVA and UVB
Changes in the Immune Response
Drug-Induced Photosensitivity
Cancer Preventive Effects of UV Radiation
Indoor Tanning and Cancer
References
UVC Light
Definition
Uveal Melanoma
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Diagnosis
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Modalities
Treatment Options
Pathology
Systemic Evaluation and Metastasis
Prognostic Factors
Systemic Therapy and Future Directions
References
Uveal Tract
Definition
Uvomorulin
UV-Signature Mutation
Definition
V
V-erb-B2
V-raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1
Vaccine Therapy
Definition
Valproic Acid
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Valproic Acid Affects Cell Behavior by Multiple Mechanisms
Valproic Acid Inhibits Histone Deacetylase Activity
Valproic Acid Interferes with MAPK Signaling
Valproic Acid Affects the Beta-Catenin Pathway
Valproic Acid may Influence Additional Pathways
References
Vanadium
Definition
Characteristics
Vanadium in Cancer Treatment
Chemopreventive/Anticancer Mechanisms
Future Direction
References
VANGL
Definition
Variable Number Tandem Repeats
Definition
Variant Allele
Definition
Variant Isoforms
Definition
Vascular Disrupting Agents
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Vascular Disrupting Agents
The Biologic Approach
Small Molecule VDAs
Flavonoids Agents
Tubulin Binding Agents
VDAs as Adjuvants to Conventional Therapy
References
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Synonyms
Characteristics
VEGF Family
VEGF-Receptor Family
VEGF in Vasculogenesis and Physiological Angiogenesis
Clinical Relevance
VEGF in Pathophysiological Angiogenesis
VEGF/VEGF Receptor System: Therapeutic Opportunities
References
Vascular Maturation
Vascular Normalization
Definition
Vascular Permeability Factor
Vascular remodeling
Vascular Stabilization
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Normal Vascular Hierarchy
Vascular Destabilization and Activation of Angiogenesis
Vascular Stabilization
Clinical Implications
References
Vascular Targeted Therapies
Vascular Targeting Agents
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Mechanisms
Clinical Aspects
References
Vascular Targeting Agents
Vasculogenesis
Definition
Vasculogenic Mimicry
Definition
Characteristics
Introduction
Current Status of Studies on VM in Tumors
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying VM
Dedifferentiation of Tumor Cells is the Key to Formation of VM Channels
Linearly Patterned Programmed Cell Necrosis and Three-Stage phenomenon
The Effect of Local Tumor Microenvironment on the Formation of VM Channels
Clinical Significance of VM
Advances and Challenges
VM and Lymphagenesis in Tumors
VM-Targeted Therapy
References
Vasoactive Intestinal Contractor
Vasoconstrictor
Definition
Vasodilation
Definition
Vasostatin
Definition
VCAM-1
Definition
V(D)J Recombination
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanism
Clinical Aspects
References
VE-Cadherin
Definition
Vector
Definition
VEGF
Definition
VEGF-C
Definition
VEGFR
Definition
VEGFR-2
Definition
VEGFR-3
Definition
Verapamil
Definition
Verner-Morrison Syndrome
Definition
Vesicle Trafficking
Definition
V-Gene
Definition
VHL
Definition
Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
Definition
Villin 2
Vinblastine
Definition
Vinca Alkaloids
Definition
Vincristine
Definition
Vinorelbine
Definition
VIPoma
Definition
Viral Oncogene
Definition
Viral Oncology Epigenetics
Definition
Characteristics
Host Epigenetic Changes Due to Viruses and Virus-Associated Cancers
Kaposi Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus
Epstein Barr Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK Virus and JC Virus)
Adenovirus
Human T Cell Lymphotrophic Viruses
Epigenetic Alterations in the Virus Due to the Host
Conclusions
References
Viral Vector-mediated Gene Transfer
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
Virilization
Definition
Virology
Definition
Characteristics
Tumor Virus Epidemiology
Immunosurveillance and Viral Oncogenesis
Tumor Viruses
Herpesviridae
Epstein-Barr Virus
EBV-Encoded microRNAs
Burkitt Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lymphoproliferative Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients
Other Tumors
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus
Polyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B Virus
Flaviviridae
Hepatitis C Virus
Retroviridae
Human T lymphotropic Virus-1
References
Virosomes
Definition
Virotherapy
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Oncolytic Adenoviruses and Cancer Gene Therapy
CRAds in Human Clinical Trials and the Limitations
CAR-Deficiency on Tumor Cells Results in the Poor Infectivity of Ad Agents
Infectivity Enhanced CRAd Agents-Retargeting CRAds to Tumor Cells
Tumor Specific CRAd Agents – Using a Tumor Specific Promoter to Drive Specific Viral Replication
A Double Targeted CRAd for Ovarian Cancer
Future Directions for Improvements
References
Virtual High Throughput Screen
Definition
Virus-like Particles
Definition
Virus Therapy of Cancer
Virus Vector
Definition
Virus Vector-mediated Gene Transfer
Viruses
Definition
Vital
Definition
Vitamin A
Definition
Vitamin C
Definition
Vitamin D
Definition
Characteristics
Mechanisms
Conclusions
References
Vitamin D Receptor
Definition
Vitamin E
Definition
Vitiligo
Definition
Vitrification
Definition
VLP
Definition
VM-targeted Therapy
Definition
VNTR
Definition
Volume of Distribution
Definition
von Hippel-Lindau
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Definition
von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Features
Role in Diseases – Clinical, Molecular and Cellular Characteristics
Clinical and Molecular Features
Classical Clinical Definition
Germline Mutations
Genotype/Phenotype Correlation
Sporadic Tumors
Somatic Mutations
Cellular/Functional Features
Applications in Diagnosis and Clinical Management
Remaining Questions
References
von Recklinghausen Disease
Definition
von Willebrand Factor
Definition
Vorinostat
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Background
Mechanism of Antitumor Action
Clinical Studies
Activity of Vorinostat in Non-oncology Indications
References
Voxel
Definition
v-Src
vWF
Definition
W
WA
WAGR Syndrome
Definition
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
Definition
Walker A Motif
Definition
Warburg Effect
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and the Warburg Effect
Tumor Suppressors and the Warburg Effect
Oncogenic Activation of the Warburg Effect
Does the Warburg Effect Contribute to Tumorigenicity?
Clinical Aspects and Summary
References
Warts (wts) – Drosophila lats
WARTS (WTS) – mammalian LATS1
N-WASp
Definition
WD Repeats
Definition
Wegener Granulomatosis
Definition
T1- and T2-Weighted Images
Definition
T1-Weighted
Definition
T2-Weighted
Definition
Well-differentiated Neurocytoma
Wermer syndrome
Wharton Jelly
Definition
Whey Acidic Protein
Definition
Whipple Triad
Definition
White Blood Cell
Definition
WHO
Definition
WHO Grade IV Astrocytoma
Wide Excision
Definition
Wild-type
Definition
Wilms Tumor
Definition
Characteristics
How Common is Wilms Tumor?
What Causes Wilms Tumor?
Clinical Characteristics
Is Wilms Tumor One Disease?
Molecular Characteristics of Wilm Tumor
Treatment of Relapsed Wilms Tumor and Future Therapeutic Possibilities
Heritability and Screening
References
Wilms Tumor Anaplasia
Definition
Wilms Tumor Suppressor Gene
Definition
WIN
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Definition
Withaferin A
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
References
muMEN1
Wnt
Definition
Wnt/beta-Catenin Pathway
Definition
Wnt Signaling
Definition
Characteristics
Wnt Proteins
Wnt Signaling Pathways
Other Ligands and Receptors that Directly Regulate Wnt Signaling
References
Working Level
Definition
Working Level Month
Definition
Working Level Months (WLM)
Definition
Wound Healing
Definition
Wound Healing Assay
Definition
Wox1
Wright-Giemsa Stain
Definition
WT1
Definition
WTIP
Definition
WW Domains
Definition
WWOX
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
The Gene
The Protein
Biological Role
References
X
X Chromosome Inactivation
Definition
Xanthine Oxidase
Definition
Xanthophylls
Definition
Xenobiotic Biotransformation
Xenobiotic Metabolism
Xenobiotic Receptor
Xenobiotic
Definition
Xenobiotics
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Origin of Xenobiotics
Metabolism of Xenobiotics
Effects of Xenobiotics
Interactions
Individual Variability
Xenobiotics and Cancer
Exploitation of Knowledge about Xenobiotics and XMEs
References
Xenogeneic
Definition
Xenograft
Definition
Xenograft Models
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Definition
Characteristics
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) Subgroups
Clinical Aspects
Cellular Parameters
Molecular Parameters
Animal Models
Other NER-Related Syndromes
References
Xerophthalmia
Xerostomia
XIAP
Definition
Xiphophorus
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Genetics of Melanoma Formation
The Xmrk Oncogene
UV-Induced Tumors
Carcinogen-Induced Tumors
Further Information
References
XME
Definition
X-Ray Crystallography
Definition
X-ray Induced Cancer
XRF
Definition
Y
YAC
Definition
Yin and Yang
Definition
Yinxing
YKL-40
Definition
YM-529
YM-529/ONO-5920
Yondelis
Z
Z′ factor
Zeolite
Definition
Z-Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Connections to Other Assay Data Quality Indicators
Z′-factor and Lower Limit of Detection of an Assay
References
Zinc-Finger Proteins
Definition
Zinc Transporters
Definition
ZO-1
Definition
Zoledronic Acid
Definition
Characteristics
Structural Characteristics
In vitro Activities of Zoledronic Acid and Mechanisms of Action
Antitumor and Bone Resorption Activity of Zoledronic Acid in Preclinical Models
Clinical Aspects
References
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Definition
Zonula Adherens
Zonula Occludens Protein-1
Synonyms
Definition
Characteristics
Molecular Biology of ZO-1
Regulation and Function of ZO-1
ZO-1 in Cancer
References
ZRP1
Definition
Zymogen
Definition
Zyxin
Definition
ZZANK1