Topics in Chinese History [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674434790

Table of contents :
FOREWORD
PREFACE
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
Schedule of Lectures
Reading Assignments
Outline of Lectures on Government and Law
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF CHINESE GOVERNMENT AND LAW
IMPORTANT WORKS IN CHINESE AND JAPANESE ON MILITARY SYSTEMS
CHINESE WORDS IN THE CHINA THAT WAS
Reading Assignments
NOTES ON BIBLIOGRAPHY AND GENERAL REFERENCES

Citation preview

TOPICS IN CHINESE HISTORY

HARVARD-YENCHING

INSTITUTE

STUDIES

VOLUME I V

T O P I C S IN CHINESE HISTORY

BY LIEN-SHENG

YANG

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE,

PRESS

MASSACHUSETTS 1950

COPYRIGHT, I 9 5 O , BY THE HARVARD-YENCHING INSTITUTE

D I S T R I B U T E D I N G R E A T B R I T A I N BY GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON

P R I N T E D IN T H E U N I T E D STATES O F AMERICA

FOREWORD

TTiis volume, t h e f o u r t h of the H a r v a r d - Y e n c h i n g I n s t i t u t e S t u d i e s , i s financed fro.:, the residue o f the funds granted during t h e war by t h e R o c k e f e l l e r Foundation f o r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f Chinese and Japanese d i c t i o n a r i e s . This s e r i e s i s d i s t i n c t from the H a r v a r d - Y e n c h i n g I n s t i t u t e Monograph S e r i e s and c o n s i s t s p r i m a r i l y o f b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s t u d i e s , granmars, r e f e r e n c e works, t r a n s l a t i o n s , and other study and research a i d s .

PREFACE I b i s s y l l a b u s contains o u t l i n e s o f l e c t u r e s , b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l notes, and reading assignments. I t has been prepared f o r a course c a l l e d " T o p i c s in Chinese H i s t o r y " covering the period from Shang times to about 1800. The f i r s t h a l f o f the course attempts a survey o f Chinese p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , and economic i n s t i t u t i o n s ; the second h a l f gives s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n to source m a t e r i a l s in Chinese and secondary m a t e r i a l s in C h i n e s e , J a p a n e s e , and Western languages. The syllabus i s published with the hope t h a t students o f Chinese h i s t o r y may find i t h e l p f u l . I am g r a t e f u l to Professor L. C. Goodrich o f Columbia Univers i t y for h i s permission to include here h i s valuable notes on the Dynastic H i s t o r i e s and for h i s suggestion o f several bibliographical items in Western languages. Harvard

University,

1950

L. S . Y.

vii

CONTENTS

Schedule of L e c t u r e s Reading Assignments, f i r s t term O u t l i n e s of L e c t u r e s I . Government and Law I I . Land Systems and Tax Systems I I I . Population and Social C l a s s e s IV. Family and Clan V. Conquest and Expansion VI. C i t y a s an I n s t i t u t i o n in Chinese C i v i l i z a t i o n

1 1-3 4-5 5-6 6-8 8-10 10-11 11-12

B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l Notes on the H i s t o r y of Chinese Government and Law

13-17

Important Works in Chinese and Japanese on M i l i t a r y Systems

18-23

Chinese Words in The China That Was

24-25

Reading Assignments, second term

26-28

B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l Notes and O u t l i n e s of L e c t u r e s I . Bibliography and General References I I . Dynastic and Other H i s t o r i e s I I I . The C l a s s i c s IV. Archaeological M a t e r i a l s and Old Documents V. Religion and Philosophy VI. L i t e r a t u r e and Fine A r t s

29-31 32-40 41-45 46-48 49-53 54-57

TOPICS IN CHINESE UISTOKY

ABBREVIATIONS

AHR

American Historical

Review

BEFEO

Bulletin

de l'Ecole

Frangaise

BMFEA

Bulletin

of the Museum of Far Eastern

BSOS

Bulletin

of the School

CHHP

Tsing Hua Journal

CYYY

Bulletin

of Oriental

Щ Щ.

of the Institute

(Academia S i n i c a ) FEQ

Far Eastern

HJAS

Harvard Journal

JAOS

Journal

KHCK

Kuo-hsileh

3(CS

Ssu-k'u

ch'iian-shu

SZ

Shigaku

zasshi

TG

TZyZ gakuhZ

TP

T'oung pao

YCHP

Yenching Journal

YLTT

Yung-lo

d'Extreme-Orient

f £

Antiquities

and African

Щ·^ of History

and

*ff % ffc

of Asiatic

Studies

of the American Oriental

ta-tien

^

Society

ЩЩ S9 ^

Щ

of Chinese

Philology J

Quarterly

chi-k'an

Studies

Studies

TOPICS IN CHINESE HISTORY Schedule of Lectures First 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

term - Six units of about four lectures each Government and law Land systems and tax systems Population and s o c i a l classes Family and clan Conquest and expansion Hie c i t y as an i n s t i t u t i o n in Chinese c i v i l i z a t i o n

Second term - Six units of about four l e c t u r e s each 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bibliography and general references Archaeological materials and old documents Early Classics as h i s t o r i c a l materials Dynastic and other h i s t o r i e s R e l i g i o n and philosophy L i t e r a t u r e and f i n e arts

A term paper o f twenty to t h i r t y pages w i l l be required f o r each term, due on the f i r s t day of the reading period. Reading Assignments I . Government and Law Henri Maspero, La Chine Antique, 1927, pp. 66-105 (La come t 1'administration des Tcheou Occidentaux). Wang Yu-ch'üan, "An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty," HJAS 12(1949). 134-187. K. S. L a t o u r e t t e , The Chinese, Their History and Culture, 1946, pp. 513-554 (government). Jean Escarra, Le Droit Chinois, 1936, pp. 7-30 ( l e s notions fondamentales), β ) . 87-105 ( l e s i n s t i t u t i o n s l e g i s l a t i v e s , apergu h i s t o r i q u e ) , pp. 267-282 ( l e s decisions j u d i c i a i r e s et 1'interpretation). Paul Ratchnevsky, Un Code des Yuan, 1937, pp. i i i - x x i v , pp. 1-23. I I . Land Systems and Tax Systems Henri Maspero, " L e s regimes f one i e r s en Chine, " Recueil de la Societe Jean Bodin, 1937, pp. 265-314. 'Ch'en Huan-chang, The Economic Principles of Confucius and

1

his Schoo 1, 1911, 2.497-533 (the Tsing-tien system), 648660 (later development of land tax), 669-682 (poll tax, etc.), 696-701 (excise taxes). Yang Lien-sheng, "Notes on the Economic History of the Chin Dynasty," HJAS 9.2(1946). 112-136, 151-174. III. Population and Social Classes Hans Bielenstein, "The Census of China during the Period 2-742 A.D.," BMFEA 19(1947). 125-163. Lionel Giles, "A census of Tun-huang," TP 16(1915).468-488. Ch'en Та, Population in Modern China, 1946, pp. 1-6 (Appraisal of Chinese historical population data), 57-59 (Migration), 72-73 (Population policy). C. F. Lung, "A Note on Hung Liang-chi: the Chinese Malthus, " T'ien Hsia Monthly 1( 1935).248-250. Martin Wilbur, Slavery in China during the Former Han Dynasty, 1943, pp. 17-49, 140-177, 237-252. IV. Family and Clan Han-yi Feng, "The Chinese Kinship System," HJAS 2.2(1937). 172-203 (Factors affecting the systems). K. S. Latourette, The Chinese, Their History and Culture, pp. 665-689 (Social life and organization). James Legge, The Li Κι, 1885, pp. 70-78, 222-227, 476-479. Nancy Lee Swann, Pan Chao, the Foremost Woman Scholar in China, 1932, pp. 82-99. V. Conquest and Expansion Ed. Chavannes, "Introduction to the Documents chinois decouverts par Aurel Stein dans les sables du Turkestan Oriental" (trans, from the French by Mme. Chavannes and Wilfred House), New China Review 4(1922).341-359, 427442. Also consult plates in the original work. Henri Maspero, "Etudes d'histoire d'Annam," BEFEO 18(1918). 11-28 (L'expedition de Ma Yuan). K. A. Wittfoge1 and Feng Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society, Liao, 1949, pp. 1-35. J. J. L. Duyvendak, "The true dates of the Chinese maritime expeditions in the early fifteenth century," TP 34(1939). 341-412.

2

VI. The City as an Institution in Chinese Civilization Owen Lattimore, "Origins of the Great Wall of China," Geographical Review 27(1937).529-549. Kato Shigeru, "On the hang or the associations of merchants in China," Mem. of the Research Dept. of the Töyö Bunko 8(1936).45-83. A. C. Moule, "Hie Wonder of the Capital," New China Review 3.1(1921).12-17; 3.3(1921).356-367. J. S. Burgess, The Guilds of Peking, 1928, pp. 13-36 (Introduction). VII. Reading Period Nicholas Trigault, The China That Was (trans, from the Latin by L. J. Gallagher, 1942), pp. 7-126. Rhea C. Blue, "The Argumentation of the Shih-huo chih," HJAS 11(1948). 37-62; 95-118.

3

I . Q i t l i n e of Lectures on Government and Law 1. Feudalism (Feng-chien Ы'0L. ) in ancient China. a. P o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , and economic aspects of feudalism. b. Origin (Wang Kuo-wei Щ Μ - , "Yin Chou chih-tu lun" !$L Ш Ψ) Ί & ; modification by Hu Hou-hsiian Щ. ) and purposes (for defense and expansion; a s rewards). c. Ranks of the nobles—the s o - c a l l e d Wu-teng ch'deh 3L Щ Щ- — s i g n i f i c a n c e of the t i t l e Wang 3L — r e l a t i v e position o f Ch'ing Щ>,

Ta-fu

^

, and Shih -L· .

d. A new phase of f e u d a l i s m — r o l e of the P r e s i d i n g C h i e f s (Pa Ί ^ )—Duke Huan o f C h ' i ^ %% (683-642 B\C.) and Duke Wgn of Chin Щ (634-627 B . C . ) . e. Ti and Huang-ti , new t i t l e s for new i n s t i t u tion. 2. Problems of the empire. a. How much centralization—the Chün-hsien system and i t s origin—number and s i z e of provinces and d i s t r i c t s . b. Enfeoffment in Han and l a t e r times—treatment of imperial princes ( r e s t r i c t i o n of their a c t i v i t i e s under the Ming). c. Problems concerning the succession to the throne—abdication in Chinese history—Empress dowager, in-laws, and eunuchs—Wu T s e - t ' i e n ^ f|'] ^ , the only real empress. d. The Emperor's a s s i s t a n t s — t h e number of m i n i s t e r s and s e c r e t a r i e s — t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y — t h e s h i f t of power from one group to another—censor and remonstrance (T'ai \

and Chien

%%).

e . Cliques and " p a r t y " p o l i t i c s — g e o g r a p h i c a l , p o l i t i c a l , and s o c i a l background—representation of vested i n t e r e s t s —Tang-ku'^ ^ j ^ in 166 and 169—cliques under the T'ang, Sung, and Ming. f . Channels to o f f i c e and power—civil service examinations— Ming-ching

and Chin-shih

i

under the T ' a n g —

Inprovement in administration under the Sung—Pa-ku V from the Ming—examination v s . other channels. g. Kuan ' f and li -fit —expert a d v i s e r s (Mu-liao Щ^Ат^ or Shih-yeh Щ> --fjjr ) to help the magistrates. h. Local government and the gentry—village heads and elders —their p r i v i l e g e s and d u t i e s . 3. Some generalizations on Chinese law. a. Confucianists and l e g a l i s t s — L i η

4

vs. /a

—influence

of family system and class system. b. Who was the law-maker—the ancient r u l e r s , the present ruler, and Heaven. c. The l i t e r a t i as i n t e r p r e t e r s of law—importance of precedents (Ku-shih and li ^ ' J )—interpretation in light of the Classics. d. Law may be modified and supplemented by human f e e l i n g (jen-ch'ing Α 'ff] ) and local customs. II. Outline of Lectures on Land Systems and Tax Systems 1. Controversy over the Ching-t'ien ffl system. a. Important references. b. Sane key terms—kung ig , chu Щ , and сИ'еЩ^; kung-t 'ien Лл and ssu-t'ien ; nan-mu and tung-mu ^ФА ; yuan-1' ien % f Щ Shih-liao yu shihhsüeh , 1945, pp. 449-468. 15(1948).387-402. Reopens discussion on an unsettled problem.

A l s o СУУУ

k. Meng Shen J l · ^ . , "On the o r i g i n and growth of the system o f Eight Banners of the Manchus" ; Ч C m 6.3(1936).343-412. 1. Lo Erh-kang, Lu-ying m. Wang K'ai-yiin ^

J^'j

Щ

'

ping-chih

ί- f^

Ш

W

'Щ - f c &

, 1945.

(1832-1916), Hsiang-chün

chih

hsin-chih

> 1939.

in 16 ch.

n. Lo Erh-kang, Hsiang-chün I I . Works i n Japanese

1. A r t i c l e s by Hamaguchi Shigekuni ^ a.

f1L 1p Тбкуб, 10.2(1939). 167-387. "ff")

^ л Oiao I IBLlfL (1727-1814), Nien-erh shih cha-chi ^ ^I'J "f(L> 36 ch. Actually 24 h i s t o r i e s , including Ming shih. Ch'ien Ta-hsin Щ - k Bff (1728-1804), Nien-erh shih k'ao-i 100 ch. Ihe two T'ang h i s t o r i e s counted as one; Ming shih not included.

32 ch'

Wang Ming-sheng chüeh - t -fc jgL-jjj Щ 3. The ch'i-chu chu Chinese Traditional

(1722-1798), Shih-ch'i 100 ch.

fa 'Λ and the shih-lu ^ Historiography 88-93).

Wen Ta-ya chu- chu -fc f$ fa) ψ.

shih

shang-

(Cf. Gardner,

c . 629), Ta-T'ang ch'uang-yeh ch'ifc (Cf. Bingham, JAOS 5 7 . 4 ) .

Ming shih-lu 0Я % 4%., 2925 c h . , printed 1940. (Cf. W. Franke in Chung-Тё hsüeh-chih, 1943, Han Hs'iieh chi k'an, 1944, 1945; Wu Han ^ in CYYY 18(1948) .385-447.) Ch'ing shih-lu Biggerstaff, HJAS 4 . 2 . )

, 4485 e h . , printed 1937.

(Cf.

a i a n g Liang-ch'i fy ffc. J § £ (1722-1789), Tung-hua lu %% 32 ch. Including reigns from T'ien-ming t o Yungcheng. Based upon e a r l i e r versions of the Shih-lu. Wang Hsien-ch'ien S - & "tffc (1842-1918), Tung-hua Tung-hua hsü-lu % Щ Щ 195 ch. plus 399 ch. includes reigns from Ch'ien-lung to T'ung-chih.

39

lu and Hsu-lu

4. Ssu-ma Kuang

jlL> (1019-1086) and h i s successors

Ssu-ma Kuang, Tzu-chih t'ung-chien lg]_4Sfc , 294 e h . , K'ao-i ^ , 30 c h . (Cf. O t t o F r a n k e ' s long study of the Tzu-chih t'ung-chien and Tzu-chih t'ung-chien kang-mu and t h e i r successors, Berlin: Prussian Academy, 1930.) Tzü-chih t'ung-chien kang-mu Igj^fp Щ 59 e h . , by Chu Hsi (1130-1200) and d i s c i p l e s . (Cf. De Mailla, t r . , Histoire generale de la Chine.) Li T'ao (1114-1183), Hsd Tzu-chih t'ung-chien ch'angPien Ü < 520 e h . , supplement 60 ch. (Deals only with Sung, primary s o u r c e s . ) Pi Yuan % V%J (1730-1797), Hsü Tzu-chih t'ung-chien, 220 ch. Yiian Shu ^ Ш (1131-1205), T'ung-chien fct» f ^ i f , 47 ch.

chi-shih

pen-mo

5. Some important works en ancient h i s t o r y Chu-shu chi-nien rfi ^ i^JL)^ t 2 ch. t r a n s , by Biot (JA 1841-1842) and Legge (Chinese Classics, vol. 3). Kuo yü De Harlez). Chan Kuo ts'e^fi

1

21 ch. (incomplete and inaccurate t r a n s , by ЩЩ.

, 33 ch. ( p a r t l y t r a n s , by Hübotter).

Ma Su J b J f a (1621-1673), /

, 160 c h .

6. Two outstanding works on Chinese historiography (Cf. Chin tfi-fu Chung-kuo shih-hsüeh shih 1944 > PP· 223-254). Liu Chih-chi Щ; (661-721), Shih t'ung ch. Chang Hsiieh-ch'eng % Щ: (1738-1801). Wen-shih ^ L l f e j i k . 8 c h * ^ C £ · b i o ß · i n Hummel).

40

tf Щ , 20 t'ung-i

NOTES ON THE CLASSICS I . Conments by Modern Scholars 1. For conments from t r a d i t i o n a l p o i n t s of view, c o n s u l t Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature, 1922, pp. 1 - 9 . 2. For more c r i t i c a l comnents, c o n s u l t Gardner, Chinese Traditional Historiography, 1938: pp. 8 - 9 , note 2 on Shu ching; pp. 11-12, note 8 on Tso chuan; p . 55, note 66 on Shih ching; p. 56, note 67 on Ch'un-ch'iu and the Three Comnentaries; pp. 56-57, note 69 on Chou li, I li, and Li chi; pp. 57-58, note 70 cm I ching; pp. 59-60, note 74 on the Four Books. 3. Also consult: Fan Wen-Ian % jL : ft %% , Tokyo, 1936, e s p . pp. 61-89 (on the Wu ching ctäng-i JL SEand the Shih-son-ching chu-su ->c kfe ) and pp. 351-471 ( d i s c u s s i o n s on individual c l a s s i c s ) . I I . T r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o Western Languages 1. Most of the C l a s s i c s have been t r a n s l a t e d i n t o L a t i n , French, and English. 2. For e a r l y t r a n s l a t i o n s , see Wylie, pp. x x i v - x x v i i andCordier, Bibliotheca Sinica 2(1905) c o l s . 1363-1409; 4(1907-1908) c o l s . 3137-3138; and Supplement, 1924, c o l s . 3790-3798. 3. For t r a n s l a t i o n s a f t e r 1924, s e e G a r d n e r , Union List 68 (Waley, The Book of Songs, 1937); 72 (Lyall, Mencius, 1932); and 82 (Wilhelm, Li Gi, Das Buch der Sitte des alteren und jüngeren Dai, 1930). 4. For a new t r a n s l a t i o n of Lun-yu, see Waley, The Analects of Confucius, 1938. Also see Waley, " N o t e s on Mencius," Asia Major, New S e r i e s 1.1(1949) .99-108. For a new t r a n s l a t i o n of Ta-hsüeh and Chung-yung, see E.

41

R. Hughes, The Great Learning and the Mean-in-Act ion, 1943. For a very scholarly translation and textual criticism o f Shih ching by Karlgren, see BMFEA 14(1942), "Glosses on the Kuo feng Odes"; 16(1944) "Glosses on the Siao ya Odes" and "The Book of Odes, Kuo feng and Siao ya"; 17(1945) "The Book of Odes, Та ya and Sung"; and 18(1946) "Glosses « ι the Та ya and Sung Odes." Also see Karlgren, BMFEA 20(1948), 21(1949), "Glosses on the Book of Documents." III.

Indices

1. Yeh Shao-chün ^ № 1 : Shih-san-ching so-yin - f 5(arranged by number of strokes of f i r s t character), 1934. 2. Moriki KakuzS & ^ & : Shisho sakuin 2 v o l s . , 1921; and Gokyö sakuin 32 and 1938, 2 or 3 n.ore t o be published. Both Moriki are arranged by Japanese pronunciation characters. 3. Ku Chieh-kang Щ. Щ Щ : Shang-shu (by number of strokes), 1936.

^ iff? vols*., 1935 i n d i c e s by of Chinese

t'ung-chien

4. Harvard-Yenching Indices: No. 6, I li; No. 27, Li chi; No. 33, Chou li; No. 38, Works quoted in the Erh-ya chu-su. Supplements: 9, Mao Shih; 10, Chou I; 11, Ch'un-ch'iu and the three Conmentaries; 16, Lun-у'й; and 17, Meng-tzu. 5. Fraser and Lockhart, Index to the Tso chuan, 1930. Shigezawa Toshirö " f $.f and Sat5 Kyögen : Saden jimmei chimei sakuin fy ^

fa

(by number of strokes), 1935.

Dait5 Bunka Gakuin ^ Щ. : Sogö shunjü sashiden sakuin J^· ^ ^c? I ( a classif i e d index; the part on personal names and place names i s not identical with the above), 1935. IV. Classics Engraved in Stone The following summary i s based on Chang Kuo-kan's Я i g s t Li-tai shih-ching k'ao jfe Vi % % 3 v o l s . , 1930. (Also consult Gardner, Chinese Traditional Historiography, pp. 5963).

42

1. Han shih-ching: 175-183, in Lo-yang; included I ching, Shih ching, Shu ching (new text), I li, Ch'un-ch'iu with the Kung-yang Commentary, and Lun-y'u; each based upon the text of one school, although variations in texts of other schools were also indicated; written in the style called li shu or "clerkly style"; fragments preserved. 2. Wei shih-ching: c. 240- c. 248, in Lo-yang; included Shu ching, (archaic text), and Ch'un Ch'iu with Tso's Commentary (perhaps incomplete); in three kinds of writing—the clerkly style, seal characters, and a style supposed to be even more archaic; some fragments preserved. 3. T'ang shih-ching: 833-837, inCh'ang-an; included 12 Classics (Meng-tzu was not considered a classic in the T' ang period); in k'ai shu or "model script"; rather well preserved (printed text available). 4. Hou Shu shih-ching: 938-964, in Ch'eng-tu; 9 Classics and more than half of the Tso chuan were completed by 964; Tso chuan completed and Kung-yang chuan and Ku-liang chuan added in 1049; Meng-tzu added in 1124; both texts and comnentaries engraved; in the k'ai shu style; only fragmentary rubbings preserved. 5. Pei Sung shih-ching: 1040-1061, in K'ai-feng; included I ching, Shih ching, Shu ching, Chou li, Li chi, Ch'un-ch' iu, Hsiao-ching, Lun-y'u and Meng-tzu; in two styles, seal characters and model script; only a few fragments preserved. 6. Nan Sung shih-ching: 1135-1177, in Hang-chou, written by Kao-tsung with help from his Empress; included I ching, Shih ching, Shu ching, Ch'un-ch'iu with Tso chuan, and Li chi in model script; Lun-y'ü and Meng-tzu in hsing-shu or cursive style; fragments preserved. 7. Ch'ing shih-ching: 1791-1794, in Peking; included the Thirteen Classics, in model script; well preserved. V. Miscellaneous Notes 1. Ching chuan chu

, classics , early commentaries < commentaries

su, shu j^L» sub-commentaries, commentaries cm comnentaries.

43

2. Early uses of the words ching and chuan. Six Classics (Shih, Shu, I , Li, Yüeh, Ch'un-ch' iu, "t^f ^ %% ^ ) f i r s t mentioned in the chapter T'ienyiin j J (probably 3rd century B.C.) of Chuang-tzu. 3. Po-shih of the Five C l a s s i c s f i r s t appointed by Han Wu-ti. The t i t l e po-shih can be traced back t o 3rd century B.C. Cf. Wang Kuo-wei's "Han Wei po-shih k ' a o " Щ , Щ in h i s Kuan-fang chi-lin fa % · 4. Hie ku-w2n and chin-win ^ 5C. controversy. Centered on Shu ching (Shang-shu ), but a l s o involved many other c l a s s i c s in Han times: I ching—four chin-wen schools and one ku-wen school. Shih ching—three chin-wen schools and one ku-wen school, i . e . Mao shih. Chou li (or Chou Kuan Щ ) only ku-wen. I li—chin-w$n 17 p'ien jjfo ; ku-win 56 p'ien, now mixed up. Li chi—i.e. Hsiao Tai Li Chi - Ь ; Та Tai Li chi now incomplete; both were chin-wen, but p r e s e n t t e x t s mixed with ku-wen. Ch'un-ch'iu—Kung-yang chuan and Ku-liang chuan a r e chinwen; Tso chuan i s ku-w'en. Lun-yii—two chin-wen schools and one ku-wen school. Ku-wen and chin-wen schools d i f f e r e n t in t h e i r t e x t s and interpretations. 5. Wu ching cheng-i 170 ch., edited by K'ung Ying-ta and others in 638, revised in 642 and 651-653.

^MlljL

Shih-san-ching chu-su 416 ch. An expansion of the above (proposal made i n 994). Chu and su appeared s e p a r a t e l y in T'ang and Northern Sung times. E a r l i e s t e d i t i o n s of combined chu-su e x i s t e d c . 1200. 1815 e d i t i o n with c o l l a t i o n n o t e s ( ) by Juan Yiian fjO 7D (1764-1849). Ching-i k'ao ^ ^ 300 ch. A comprehensive b i b l i ographical work by Chu I - t s u n Щ. % (1629-1709). Cf. Teng and B i g g e r s t a f f , pp. 47-48. T'ung-chih-t'ang ching-chieh ji! Щ 138 t r e a t i s e s , mostly by Sung and Yuan s c h o l a r s (two T'ang, two Ming, and two C h ' i n g ) . Said to be compiled by Na-lan Ch'engte j^j (1655-1685), but a c t u a l l y done by another scholar.

44

Huang Ch'ing ching-chieh % fjjj^ 197 t r e a t i s e s ; 1400 eh.; conpiler Juan Yuan. 1860 ed. in 320 vols. hsü-pien 209 treatises; 1430 ch.; j b Щ (1842-1917). 1888 ed.

Huang Ch'ing ching-chieh conpiler Wang Hsien-ch'ien in 320 vols.

45

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND OLD DOCUMENTS (Only those archaeological materials bearing inscriptions are listed.) I. Bibliographical works and dictionaries: Jung Yuan , Chin-shih shu-lu mu 10 ch., 1930, revised ed. 1934. Shao Tzu-feng %

fl ,

i^L , Chia-ku shu-lu chieh-t' i ^

1 1 1 Ш

^

. 3 Ch., 1935.

Lo Fu-i

. "Tun-huang shih-shih chi-ku lu" ΐ

, Ling-nan hsueh-pao

Щ

7.2(1937).73-113 (100-112 biblio.). Ting Fu-pao

, Shuo-wen chieh-tzu ku-lin

^ . 1928, supplement, 1932 (including materials from the Chin-wen pien ^ and the Chia-kuwen pien V^ |Jg· Ufa ). II. Tortoise-shell and bone inscriptions: Herrlee G. Creel, The Birth of China, 1936; Studies in Early Chinese Culture, 1937. Works by Lo Chen-yu & and Wang Kuo-wei i - Щ Щ. (Cf. Creel, Studies in Early Chinese Culture, pp. 4-8). James M. Menzies and Frank H. Chalfant (Creel, ibid., pp. 26). Seven Collections of Inscribed Oracle Bone, ed. by R. S. Britton, 1938, as one example of sketch facsimiles by Chalfant. Tung Tso-pin ^

Vf- ^

, "Chia-ku-wen tuan-tai yen-chiu li"

^ < Wf ^ff ^ and his Yin-li p'u Kuo Mo-jo %f

№

(Creel, ibid., pp. 10-13) , 1945.

, Pu-tz'u t'ung-tsuan

Ь Щ

2Й.

>

1933. Hu Hou-hsiian "iifl

, Chia-ku hs'ueh Shang-shih lun-ts'ung

У -f Щ ^ %% % ( & 1 ) First series in 4 vols., 1944; Second series in 2 vols., 1945; Third series in 1 vol., 1945.

46

An-yang fa-chüeh pao-kao Reports of Excavations T'ien-yeh 1936.

k'ao-ku

-4c" at Anyang,

pao-kao

wen-1zu

chia-pien

or Preliminary 1923-1933.

X0 Φξ % %

%

, v o l . 1,

tj 7 i f \ %

Щ- " ί ^ .

, v o l . 2,

Chung-kuo k'ao-ku hsüeh-pao 1947; v o l . 3 , 1948. Yin-hsü

4 vols.,

^

, 1948.

I I I . E a r l y Bronze i n s c r i p t i o n s : Bernard K a r l g r e n , " Y i n and Chou i n Chinese B r o n z e s , " BMFEA 8(1936); "New S t u d i e s i n Chinese B r o n z e s , " BMFEA 9(1937); "Huai and H a n , " BMFEA 13(1941). W i l l i a m P . Y e t t s , The George Eumorfopoulos Collection, Bronzes, 2 v o l s . , 1929-1930; Cull Chinese Bronzes, 1939. Kuo Mo-jo, Liang-Chou chin-w2n-tz 'u ta-hsi x f ß J?) ^ , 1932, r e v i s e d e d . , 1935 ( p r e f a c e t r a n s , i n t o English by John C. Ferguson a t t h e end of t h e work). John C. Ferguson, Li-tai chu-lu chi-chin nu l ^ t - ^ fetf. % φ H > or Catalogue of the Recorded Bronzes of Successive Dynasties, 1938. Jung Keng %• Ttft -jj-; 1941.

, Shang Chou i-ch'i t'ung-k'ao o r The Bronzes of Chou and Shang,

IV. Stone and miscellaneous

Jf) 2 vols.,

inscriptions:

Wang Ch'ang (172 5-1806), Chin-shih ts'ui-pien £00 160 c h . , supplement 21 p l u s 4 ch.

^

Lu Tseng-hsiang f $ (1833-1889), Pa-ch'iung-shih shih pu-cheng 7 4 j J . *f Я Щ J £ , 1 3 0 ch. Edouard C h a v a n n e s , Mission septentrionale, 1909. Ting Fu-pao, Ku-ch'ien

archeologique

dans

la

ta tz'u-tien

A. B. C o o l e , A Bibliography Peking, 1940.

on Far Eastern

7v chinChine

, 1937. Numismatics,

V. Han wooden documents: Chavannes, Les documents chinois decouverts par Aurel dans les sables du Turkestan oriental, 1913.

47

Stein

Lo Chen-yü and Wang Kuo-wei, Liu-sha

chui-chien

f j j » ^ v o l s . , supplement 1 v o l . , 1914. Chang Feng t f j f y - , Han Chin hsi-ch'ui mu-chien Щ Lao Kan

f i ^ ^

in

two

arts

fjf» hui-pien

1931

fc ffi ' t № P ' · , Chü-yen Han-chien k'ao-shih % 4 v o l s . , t e x t ; 2 v o l s . , coimients, 1943.

VI. Tun-huang m a t e r i a l s : P e l l i o t , Les grottes de Touen-Houang, Peintures et sculptures bouddhiques des epoques des Y/ei, des T'ang et des Song, 1920-1924. L i o n e l G i l e s , " D a t e d Chinese M a n u s c r i p t s in t h e S t e i n Coll e c t i o n , " Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, v o l s . 7-11 (1935-1943). Lionel G i l e s , Six Centuries at Tun-huang, 1944. VII. Ming and C h ' i n g documents: J . K. Fairbank a n d S . Y. Teng, "On the Transmission of C h ' i n g documents," HJAS 4 . 1 ( 1 9 3 9 ) . 1 2 - 4 6 ; "On t h e Types and Uses of C h ' i n g documents," HJAS 5 . 1 ( 1 9 4 0 ) . 1 - 7 1 .

48

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY I . Ancient p h i l o s o p h e r s ' c r i t i c i s m s of one another a . E s t i m a t e s by a l l i e d p h i l o s o p h e r s o r opponents, i n jspite of e x a g g e r a t i o n and d i s t o r t i o n , r e f l e c t p o s i t i o n o f b o t h t h e c r i t i c and the one c r i t i z e d . I l l u s t r a t i o n : The Mohists accused t h e C o n f u c i a n i s t s of being sympathetic w i t h " r e b e l s . " Mo-tzu, ch. 39, Fei-ju II ^ S%> > d i s c u s s e d by Kuo Mo-jo %^ ~Λ· i n h i s Shih p'ip'an shu 1945, pp. 63-108, I b i s c h a p t e r of Mo-tzu has been t r a n s l a t e d by A l f r e d Forke, Ш Ti, 1922, pp. 395-412 ( V e r u r e t e i l u n g der Konfuzianer I I ) , -and by Yi-pao Mei, The Ethical and Political Works of Motse, 1929, pp. 200-211 (Anti-Confucianism). b. Five important c r i t i q u e s — t w o p r e - Q i ' i n and t h r e e Han: 1. Chuang-tzu, ch. 30, T'ien-hsia, -^.""p . T r a n s , i n Aids to the Study of Chinese Philosophy, compiled by L. C. P o r t e r , 1934, (quoted by Derk Bodde i n h i s t r a n s , o f Fung Y u - l a n ) ; a l s o p a r t l y t r a n s , i n the Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China, 1939, by A. Waley, pp. 261-262, "Chuang-tzu on Shen T a o . " 2 . Hsün-tzu, c h . 6, Fei shih-erh-tzu -f ·==- -5" Trans, i n Aids to the Study of Chinese Philosophy as " A g a i n s t t h e Twelve P h i l o s o p h e r s " b u t i n The (torfes of Hsün-tzu by Η. H. Dubs, 1928, pp. 76-80, a s " A g a i n s t the Ten P h i l o s o p h e r s , " based upon the Han-shih uiai-chuan , o m i t t i n g the s e c t i o n on Tzu-ssu and Mencius. This s e c t i o n i s t r a n s , in Three Hays of Thought in Ancient China, pp. 260-261, "Hsün-tzu on Mencius." Dubs i n h i s t r a n s , ( p . 76) has mixed up t h e g e n e r a l i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h i s c h a p t e r with d i s c u s s i o n s on the f i r s t two p h i l o s o p h e r s . The problem of Wu-hsing 3*in r e l a t i o n to Tzu-ssu and Mencius has not been s e t t l e d (Cf. a r t i c l e s in the Ku-shih pien 5). 3. Huai-nan hung-lieh or Huai-nan tzu, ch. 21, Yao-liieh , d i s c u s s e s h i s t o r i c a l background of a n c i e n t p h i l o s o p h e r s . Not t r a n s , in the Tao, the Great Luminant by Evan Morgan, 1935.

49

4. Ssu-ma Τ'an & i t , -К fk 0 in Shih chi 130. Trans, in Aids to the Study of Chinese Philosophy. Also see Chavannes, Se-ma Ts'ien l . x i i i - x x . 5. Han shu, c h . 30, I-wen chih -К ^ : on the Ten or Nine Schools. The most comprehensive review. Trans, in Aids to the Study of Chinese Philosophy. Partly trans, by E. R. Hughes, Chinese Philosophy in Classical Times, 1942, 309-312. Also see Hu Shih, Щ % fa % t - % "ffe , appendix to his Chung-kuo che-hsüeh-shih ta-kang ty ^ v o l . 1, 1919. c. Brief c r i t i c i s n s l i k e that of Mencius on Yang-tzu and Mo-tzu, and Hsün-tzu, ch. 21, Chieh-pi Щ (Dubs, pp. 257-280, "The Removal of Prejudices"). I I . Buddhist and Taoist Canons a. History of their compilation 1. Ono Gemnyö % 2. Fukui Köjun jfa

, Bussho kaisetsu v o l . 12, % f& H|f ,

PP.

j i

|δ] , Tung-she η ) and Ssu-fu " F o u r groups of conmentaries" (T'ai-hsuan ^ч , T'ai-p'ing ip- , T'ai-ch'ing , and Cheng-i - )· 2. Tao tsang ( r e p r i n t in 1120 v o l s . , by the Conmercial P r e s s in 1926). Cheng-t'ung д£. && Tao-tsang, compiled c . 1445, in 5305 ch. ( v o l s . 1 - 1 0 5 7 ) . Wan-li "Jf, Hsu tao-tsang, supplement in 1605, in

51

180 ch. ( v o l s . 1058-1120). San-tung and Ssü-fu. Each of the San-tung twelve d i v i s i o n s — p e n - w e n , shen-fu chüeh

, ling-t'u , wei-i

Φί , chi-chuan

&% ·

^

c o n s i s t s of , yu-

i f ] , p'u-lu

, fang-fa , tsan-sung

'Λ

,

chieh-lü

, chung-shu , and

&

piao-tsou

3. Tao-tsang chi-yac^ Щ , compiled by Ho Lunghsiang ^Ь , 1906. 287 t i t l e s (114 n o t i n t h e Tao-tsang). With p r e f a c e s in the name o f L a o - t z u , Kuanyin t a - s h i h ( i . e . , Avalokitesvara), etc. C o m p i l e r ' s p r e f a c e c l a i m s t o have been based on a comp i l a t i o n of the same t i t l e by P ' e n g Ting-ch' i u 'M.^. (1645-1719), with new supplements. d . Modern c a t a l o g u e s and i n d i c e s 1. N a n j δ Bunyu

2.

3.

4.

5.

, Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka ^ Щ 2^ ^C 0 Щ » Oxford, 1883, r e - e d . TSkyo, 1929. Ogiwara U n r a i ^ff ^ > Daizökyö Nanjd mokuroku hosei sakuin * ^ >(,£ g ^ , 1930. Höbögirin F a s c i c u l e a n n e x e . Tables du Taishö Issaikyö, nouvelle edition du canon bouddhique chinois, 1931. Tables of works, a u t h o r s and t r a n s l a t o r s , sanskrit-pali t i t l e s , etc. Fo-tsang tzu-mu yin-fk ^ ^ 0 "Combined i n d i c e s t o t h e a u t h o r s and t i t l e s of books and c h a p t e r s in f o u r c o l l e c t i o n s Buddhist l i t e r a t u r e , " Harvard-Yenching Index S e r i e s 11, in 3 v o l s . , 1933. : Shöwa höbö sömokuroku Λ Ш,- ί} in 3 v o l s . , 1929-1934, C a t a l o g u e s of t h e T a i s h o ed. and o t h e r c o l l e c t i o n s o f B u d d h i s t l i t e r a t u r e , i n c l u d i n g e a r l y ms. copies.

6. L. Wieger, Taoisme, v o l . 1, 1911, c o n t a i n s l i s t and t r a n s l a t i o n of t i t l e s i n the Tao-tsang. 7 . Tao-tsang tzu-mu yin-t$ Θ "Combined i n d i c e s t o the a u t h o r s and t i t l e s of books i n two c o l l e c t i o n s of T a o i s t l i t e r a t u r e , " Harvard-Yenching Index S e r i e s

52

23, 1936.

Includes t i t l e s in the Tao-tsang

chi-yao.

I I I . Controversy and truce among Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism P. P e l l i o t , "Meou-tseu ou l e s doutes l e v e e s , " TP 19(1919). 255-433. J. R. Ware, "Wei Shou on Buddhism," 7P 30(1933).100-181. J . R. Ware, " T h e Wei shu and Sui shu on T a o i s m , " JAOS 53 (1933).215-250, 54(1934).290-294. P. P e l l i o t , BEFEO 3.325-327; 6.379; 8.515-517 (on the Hua Ни ching КЩ Ш ). Wang Wei-ch'eng i . Щ , ^ № % Щ . КШ 4.2(1934).1-122. Kenneth К. S. Ch'en, " B u d d h i s t - T a o i s t Mixtures in the Pashih- i-hua t'u"HJAS 9.1(1945).1-12. Seng-yu Щ

(445-518), Hung-ming chi

Tao-hsüan

i n 14 ch.

chi

%Ы&f\ ^

(596-667), Kuang hung-ming

in 30 ch., 10 sec. (p'ien Tokiwa D a i j ö dökyö

Щ %

^

£

Ш

).

, Shina ni okeru bukkyo to

-k. ,s

4fr

Щ.

V. >\%%к

jukyö

i ^ t f c

,

1930. Matsumoto Bunsaburö W?

'-iL

Щ

^

i.%5,

^

·-

у

his Bukkyö

Ь

shiron

1929.

Kubota Ryöon iL щ T'ang Yung-t'ung Fo-chiao-shih

Tf ü , Shina judöbutsu köshöshi Ъ - t y -1943· -Щ Han Wei Liang Chin Nan-pei-ch'ao ->| £ £ fo -Jb , 1938.

Persecution o f Buddhism under san-wu i-tsung Л

Τ

^

· j^?

:

1. bnp. T'ai-wu

(424-452) o f Northern Wei (446).

2. Emp. Wu (561-578) o f Northern Chou. 577 Northern C h ' i ) . 3. Emp. Wu (841-846) o f T'ang 4. Einp. Shih-tsung

%

(575 Northern Chou;

(845).

(954-959) of Late Chou (955).

J . J. M. De Groot, Sectarianism and Religious Persecuin China, 1903, pp. 27-77 (many mistakes in t r a n s 1 ation).

53

L I T E R A T U R E AND FINE

ARTS

I . Major Anthologies 1. Shih ching—considered 2. Ch'u tz'ä

as a C l a s s i c .

Works on this " grandfather of anthologies"

are ^ ^— l i s t e d in a s p e c i a l section o f the Ssu-k'u, ch. 148. (For a general survey, see Arthur Waley, The Temple and Other Poems, 1923, pp. 9 - 2 9 . )

Ch'u-tz'u chang-εΚά Щ % Q , 1 7 ch. by Wang I 2nd C. A.D., including poetry by the compiler. Ch'u-tz

Ü

'u pu-chu

, 17 ch. byHung Hsing-tsu

• A Ufa %% (1090-1155). Ch'u-tz'u (1130-1200). XXj j ^ · ching.

8 ch. by Chu Hsi

chi-chu

Application of the categories fu, pi, and hsing , borrowed from Mao's commentary to the Shih

3. Wen hsüan compiled by Hsiao T*ung ^fjfj f&b(Prince Oiaoming 0fl 501-531), o r i g i n a l l y in 30 ch., divided i n t o 60 by L i Shan % ( d . 689) and f i v e o t h e r T ' a n g commentators. (Georges Margoulies, Le "Fou" dans le WenSiuan, 1925.) Harvard-Yenching Index No. 26, to authors and t i t l e s , to works quoted in the coimientaries.

and

4. Wön-yüan ying-hua Щ , 1000 eh., compiled by Li Fang ^ (925-996) and othe rs under imperial order, 982987. A continuation o f the hsüan. One of the Four Big Compilations o f the Sung dynasty. 5. Yüeh-fu shih-chi ^ f f i l ^ f Jjt , 100 ch., compiled by Kuo Mao-ch'ien \ \ (12th C . ) . Most important c o l l e c t i o n of song-words to tunes ( o r i g i n a l l y ) played in the Academy o f Music (under the Han). Also songs o f e a r l i e r and l a t e r date (to T'ang). 6. Hua-chien chi & ftfl % % in c. 940. mostly from Szechuan.

10 eh., compiled by Chao Ch'ung-tso 500 poems (tz'u\S\ ) by 18 authors,

7. Yuan ch'ü hsüan Щ

( f l · c. 1600).

, 100 plays, ed. byTsang Mou-hsiln Most popular anthology o f

54

ch'u.

8. Ch'üan Shang-ku San-tai >

λΚ

Ch'in

Han San-kuo Liu-ch'ao

^ - Щ - ^ М - К

741 c h

''

wen -jt compiled

by Yen K'o-chün Ц (1762-1843) ( R e l i a b l e ) . Harvard-Yenching Index No. 8, to authors. 9. Ch'üan Han San-kuo Chin Nan-pei V§7

"frf

ch'ao shih

>^

in 54 ch., compiled by Ting Fu-pao

Щ -j-

pub. 1916. (Sources not usually indicated.) Harvard-Yenching Index No. 39, to authors. 10. Ch'uan T'ang shih %%% 900 ch., compiled by P'eng Tingch'iu *j]L (1645-1719) and others under imperial order in 1703. Based upon e a r l i e r compilation, T'ang-yin t'ungch'ien /I f^f by Hu Chen-heng ^ % of the Ming period (only a part of Hu's compilation was p r i n t e d ) . Contains over 48,900 poems by over 2200 authors. 11. Ch'uan T'ang wen fH^ 1000 ch., compiled by Hsü Sung (1781-1848) and others under imperial order in 1814. Also includes works of the Five Dynasties. 12. Ku-wen-tz'u lei-tsuan 75 eh., compiled by Yao Nai (1731-1815). Standard c o i p i l ation by a master of the T'ung-ch'eng Jfffl-tfyi. school. 13. P'ien-t'i 'Jt

wen-ch'ao (1769-1841).

-ff

M*

31

ch"

ЬУ U

С*180"10

£

I I . Some Important Conventions in Chinese Literature 1. Tsai-tao ij^C and/or yen-chih ( c o l l e c t i v i s m vs. individualism). Chou Tso-jen )Щ J^. , Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsueh te yuan-liu ή> Щ < Щ W yfr What i s tao? Confucian moralism, Taoist naturalism (Basile Alexeiev, La litterature chinoise, six conferences auCol lege de France et au Musee Guimet, 1937), or Buddhist enlightenment (Ch' a n v e r s e s ; Ts'ang-lang shih-hua lfk.^ %% by Yen Yii Sjij , f l . c. 1200). 2. Fu, pi, and hsing: Chu Tzu-ch' ing ^ fa r f , f f t , Ct("ТЪе narrative, the metaphorical, and the a l l u s i v e elements in Chinese l i t erature") CHHP 7.3(1937).567-609. Early interpretations of the Shih.

55

Four types o f allusions traced back at least to the Ch'utz 'Ü. Later influences: Po Chü-i's (772-846) ^ Chen ^ (779-831). Erh-nan mi-chih Ü

H?

Д % %

fj

l e t t e r to his f r i a i d tfian , attributed to Chf.a Tao

(788-843).

Su Shih (1036-1101) Shui-tiao ko-t'ou tlfj and comments said to have been made by the Emperor Shentsung. Chang Hui-yen (1761-1802) Tz'u hs'üan tS] , Ch'ang-chou school ^ "/tj JJ^ . I I I . Rise and Fall of Various Forms of Art and Literature 1. Natural growth. From the masses to the l i t e r a t i and from the l i t e r a t i to the masses. Geographical and socio-economic factors. Patronage. Outside influences on music, poetry (tcme-conscious a f t e r contact with Sanskrit), drama, painting, etc. Mutual influences from a l l i e d arts. "Geniuses come in clusters" (A. S. Kroeber, Configuration of Culture Growth), what the Chinese c a l l pei-ch'u Щ or ping-ch'u -it-i. 2. Exhaustion of p o s s i b i l i t i e s . Ku Yen-wu's "ЗК (1613-1682) theory of changes in poetry, Jih-chih lu g J& 11, ^ *