Speak Malay
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‘K MALAY!
SPEAK
MALAY!
A course in simple Malay for English-speaking Malaysians EDWARD
S. KING,
B.A.(Hons.)
formerly Senior Lecturer in Linguistic Research, Language Institute, Pantai Valley
The book of the radio programme “Speak Malay!’ broadcast by Radio Malaya
EASTERN y
UNIVERSITIES IN
UNIVERSITY
ASSOCIATION
PRESS
SDN.
BHD.
WITH
OF LONDON
PRESS
LTD.
(a
SBN 340 07897 9 Seventh impression 1973 Copyright © 1960 Edward S. King All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without. permission in writing from the publisher. EASTERN UNIVERSITIES In Association with
PRESS
SDN.
BHD.
University of London Press Ltd.
Printed in Singapore by S’pore Offset Printing (Pte.) Ltd.
PREFACE This book has grown out of a series of programmes entitled “Speak Malay! which I wrote for Radio Malaya, and therefore shares both in the purpose and in the limitations of the Radio Course. The idea behind both the Radio Course and the present text-book is not only to provide the complete beginner with a properly graded course in simple spoken Malay, but also to help those English-speaking Asians who already know a littie bazaar Malay to improve and increase
their knowledge and bring it more into line with a standard acceptable to Malay ears. Both courses are designed to help students to avoid the worst errors of bazaar Malay, a lingua franca which most foreigners speak in the innocent belief that they are speaking real colloquial Malay. For convenience of reference I have grouped together some of the worst fallacies of bazaar Malay in Appendix D. The present volume, like the Radio Course, makes no pretence at completeness. The scope of the Radio Course was severely limited by the amount oftime avaiiable—five minutes a day for three months. It is clearly impossible to introduce a great deal of new material in the space of a five-minute broadcast, nor, indeed, is it desirable. It was therefore decided to concentrate on teaching a small but useful vocabulary together with the more important structures and patterns of spoken Malay, thereby providing the student with a solid basis on which to build for himself. I firmly believe that one of the main reasons for much of the bad Malay spoken in Malaya to-day is that in the past teachers have laid too much stress on vocabulary
and not enough on structure, that is, too many words and not enough sentences. This course is based entirely on the sentence, and it is there-
6
PREFACE
fore the sentences (Section A) of each lesson which are the most
important part of the course. An intelligent student who studies the sentences carefully should be able to deduce the grammar for himself. The method used is that of “unconscious assimilation’: that is to say that the student assimilates the language without realising it by means of the constant repetition of dozens of sentences all following the same pattern. Every new word is first introduced in a sentence or, more often, in several sentences. The word lists (Section B in each lesson) are given merely for the convenience of the student who wants to take stock of the new material he has learnt. The grammar sections (Section C in each lesson) are rather a commentary on the sentences than a systematic grammar of the language. The sentences are all-important and each set should be mastered before the student proceeds to the next lesson. This does not mean that they should be learnt by heart, but rather that they should be so thoroughly understood that it is no effort to rattle off others like them. The course is arranged into weeks, each of five lessons; in addition, at the end of each week comes a revision lesson with translation and other exercises intended partly to give further practice in what has been studied during the week and partly to test the new-found knowledge. A key to these exercises has been provided towards the end of the volume. Generally speaking, new structures are introduced on Mondays and Wednesdays, Tuesday and Thursday being used for practice in these new patterns and for the introduction of new vocabulary; Friday serves as a revision for the week’s work. Here and there it has been found necessary to depart from this plan, for example in the teaching of the numerals and the way to tell the time. To round off the book a number of appendices has been provided, each one dealing with some topic or other which for one reason or another was not dealt with in the body of the
PREFACE
7
course, Finally all the words in the course (about 650) together with all those in the appendices, bringing the total to nearer a thousand words, have been arranged into a Malay-English and an English-Malay vocabulary at the end of the book. My thanks are due to Radio Malaya, and in particular to Zainal Alam for his unstinting help and guidance in the preparation of the original radio series and to Felix Puerto for so gallantly fulfilling the role of guinea-pig in the experiment; to Tony Beamish for his advice and encouragement; and also to the staff of the Radio Malaya Station in Penang, who put in many long hours in the recording studio; to the University of London Press Ltd for being interested enough to publish the volume; and last, but by no means least, to my wife for her constant encouragement and support throughout the venture— without her it is doubtful whether anything would have come of it. If this book helps to awaken the interest of but a single student in the Malay language, and if it helps even a little in the wider spreading of the Bahasa Kébangsaan among Malayans, then my work will not have been in vain.
Kuala Lumpur
ES.K.
Hivith! s stove ain! 0
bne cgeogae! yale
od? of Inobeeey
“.
©
| ,
ai
oe
beetreie
se
D
+ oe ened =2
7
Wee 718
ivele: ‘
perly tage
Sve callow >O> W> Di-kédai Ww>
. Apa orang minum di-kédai makan itu? Ada orang minum teh, ada orang minum kopi, dan ada orang minum ayer. . Ada orang makan buah? Ada.
SPEAK
MALAY!
A. Buah apa orang makan di-kédai itu? B. Ada orang makan buah durian, ada orang makan buah manggis, dan ada orang makan buah rambutan. A. Sélamat tinggal! B. Sélamat jalan! (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Translate into Malay: (a) What’s your name? (b) My name is Ah Chong. I’m a Chinese. (c) Do you eat pork? Yes, I do. (d) Do you eat beef? No, I’m an Indian; Indians don’t eat beef. (e) What does that Chinese sell? (f) He sells books and newspapers. (g) Where is your father? My father is in Kuala Lumpur. (h) Has your son got a car? No, he hasn’t. (i) I’ve got a bicycle. I haven’t got a car. (j) That Malay’s got a bullock cart.
Third Week
LESSON
11: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Orang puteh itu suka makan nasi. Orang puteh ini tidak suka makan nasi. Orang India itu mahu makan nasi. Orang China ini tidak mahu makan nasi. Orang China boleh makan daging babi. Orang Mélayu tidak boleh makan. Saya suka minum teh. Saya ta’ suka minum kopi. Dia manu minum ayer. Dia ta’ mahu minum teh. Dia tahu bérchakap bahasa orang puteh. Saya ta’ tabu bérchakap bahasa China. Di-pasar saya ta’ boleh béli buah durian; buah durian
ta’ ada. Buah manggis ada; énche’
doleh béli buah manggis. Orang itu tidak suka makan buah durian.
That European likes eating rice. This European does not like eating rice. That Indian wants to eat rice. This Chinese does not want to eat rice.
Chinese can eat pork. Malays cannot eat it.
I like drinking tea. I don’t like drinking coffee. He wants to drink waiter. He doesn’t want to drink tea. He knows how to speak English. 1 dort know how to speak Chinese. In the market I couldn’t buy any durians, there weren't
any. There were some margosteens; you could have bought some of those. That man doesn't like eating durians.
48
SPEAK
Dia orang puteh; banyak orang puteh tidak suka makan buah durian. Siapa suka makan buah durian? Orang Mélayu suka makan. Saya ta’ boleh dudok di-Kuala Lumpur; saya ta’
MALAY!
He’s a European, a lot of Europeans don’t like eating durians. Who likes eating durians? The Malays do. I can’t stay in Kuala Lumpur; I haven't got a house.
ada rumah.
B. Word List
suka boleh
like can, be able
mahu tahu
dudok
sit; stay, live, dwell
want know (a fact); know how to
C. Grammar
(30) SUKA
MAKAN
Here we have two verbs dependent on one another. In English we have various ways of connecting two verbs together. Examples: he likes eating he can eat he wants fo eat In Malay, however, the process is much easier: all we have to do is to place the verbs side by side without any alteration in form and without the insertion of a preposition. (Cf. the other sentences in Section A of this lesson, containing the words suka, mahu, boleh, and tahu.)
(31) BAHASA
ORANG
PUTEH
More accurately bahasa Inggéris. Bahasa orang puteh, however, is, very commonly used to mean English in colloquial speech. Literally, of course, it means white man’s language.
SPEAK
(32) DI-PASAR
SAYA
MALAY!
49
TA’ BOLEH BELI BUAH
DURIAN
Remember what you were told in Grammar Section (9): there are no distinctions of tense or mood in Malay. It depends entirely on the context of the Malay sentence which tense we use to translate it in English. Cf. also énche’ boleh béli buah manggis which in this context requires the conditional perfect in English: you could have bought, etc.
(33) DUDOK
We have already had this word in its basic meaning of sit or sit down. It also means stay in the sense of staying in a hotel, for instance; not stay in the sense of staying behind, which is tinggal. Dudok also means to live in the sense of to dwell, not in the sense of being alive, which is hidup.
Third Week
LESSON
12: TUESDAY
A. Sentences
Kélmarin saya mahu béli buah durian di-pasar. Buah durian ta’ ada kélmarin.
Saya ta’ dapat béli. Hari ini saya chari buah durian. Hari ini ada buah durian. Saya dapat béli. Besok saya mahu béli ikan dan daging di-pasar. Apa énche’ mahu béli kélmarin di-pasar?
Yesterday I wanted to buy some durians in the market. There weren't any durians yesterday. I didn’t manage to buy any. Today I looked for durians.
Today there were some durians. I managed to buy some. Tomorrow I shall want to buy fish and meat in the market. What did you want to buy yesterday in the market?
50
SPEAK
Saya mahu béli ikan.
Enche’ dapat?
MALAY!
I wanted to buy fish. Did you get any?
Dapat.
Yes, I did.
Enche’ chuba béli buah
Did you try to buy mangosteens yesterday ? Yes, I did; (but) there weren't any mangosteens yesterday. Can you speak Chinese?
manggis ké!marin? Chuba; buah manggis ta’ ada kélmarin.
Enche’ tahu bérchakap bahasa China? Tidak; saya ta’ tahu.
No, I can’t.
Enche’ ta’ boleh makan di-
You can’t eat in that Chinese resiaurant. The man in that shop’s a
kédai makan China itu.. Orang kédai itu orang China.
Dia ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu.
Chinese (or: the shopkeeper’s a Chinese). He can’t speak Malay.
Térima kaseh.
Thank you very much indeed.
Baik-lah.
All right (or: O.K.).
‘B. Word List
kélmarin besok chari chuba térima -lah térima kasen
yesterday tomorrow seek, look for try receive emphatic particle thank you very much indeed
hari ini dapat
ikan orang kédai kaseh baik-lah hari
C. Grammar
(34) Revise the grammar of Lesson 11.
today get, receive, obtain; manage fish shopkeeper love (n.) all right, O.K. day
SPEAK
(35) HARI
MALAY!
51
INI
Literally, this day. (36) TERIMA
KASEH
Literally, receive (my) love. This expression is used much less by Malays than the English thank you. Strictly speaking it should be used only to thank someone for a very special favour. Malays indicate thanks more often with a gesture or a smile than with words. Baik-lah is often used where we would use thank you, in thanking a servant for bringing or doing something, for example. However, the use of térima kaseh is on the
increase, especially among
Malays who know
English, so it
will do no harm for the non-Malay to use it where he would say thank you in his own language.
(37) BAIK-LAH -lah added to a word emphasises it, so that baik-lah means something like very good, and like the English very good (cf. the military very good, Sir) it has come to mean all right, or O.K.
Third Week
LESSON
13: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Saya pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur. Saya datang dari Kuala Kangsar. Kélmarin saya datang dari Alor Sétar. Hari ini saya dudok di-Ipoh. Besok saya pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur.
I’m going to Kuala Lumpur. I come from Kuala Kangsar. Yesterday I came from Alor Star. Today I am staying in Ipoh. Tomorrow I am going to Kuala Lumpur.
52
SPEAK
MALAY!
Kélmarin Osman pérgi kapasar; dia mahu béli ikan.
Kélmarin ikan ta’ ada di-pasar. Osman datang dari pasar karumah saya. Saya ta’ ada ikan; Osman ta dapat béli.
?
Saya bagi surat kapada dia.
Saya dapat (or: térima) surat daripada dia. Besok saya ada ikan. Saya bagi ikan itu kapada Osman. Osman dapat ikan itu daripada
saya. Kélmarin saya dapat surat daripada anak saya di-Raub. Hari ini saya tulis surat kapada bapa saya diMélaka. Bapa saya mahu pérgi ka-Kuala Lipis. Dia ta’ ada kéreta; ta’ boleh pérgi hari ini. Dari-mana énche’ datang kélmarin ? Kélmarin saya datang dari Kota Baharu.
Yesterday Osman went to the market; he wanted to buy fish. Yesterday there wasn’t any fish in the market. Osman came from the market to my house. I didn’t have any fish; so Osman didn’t manage to buy any.
I give a letter to him (or: I give him a letter). I get (or: receive) a letter from him. Tomorrow I shall have some fish. Ill give the fish to Osman. Osman will get the fish from me. Yesterday I got a letter from my daughter in Raub. Today I wrote a letter to my father in Malacca. My father wants to go to Kuala Lipis. He hasn’t got a car; so he can’t go today. Where did you come from yesterday ? Yesterday I came from Kota Bharu.
SPEAK
B.
MALAY!
53
Word List
pérgi Kakapada Alor Sétar Mélaka Kota Baharu
go to to Alor Star Malacca Kota Bharu
datang dari daripada bagi dari-mana
come from from give; for where... from; from where; whence
C. Grammar
(34a) KA- and KAPADA Both these words mean to. Ka- is used before names of places, and kapada before words indicating people or animals. (35a) DARI and DARIPADA Both these words mean from. The difference is the same as that between ka- and kapada, i.e. dari is used before places and daripada before people and animals.
(36a) ALOR
SETAR,
MELAKA,
KOTA
BAHARU
Notice the difference in spelling between English and Malay. In practice, however, Alor Star and Kota Bharu usually keep the English spelling even in Malay texts. For the time being the student should stick to the more correct Malay spelling. (37a) PERGI
Usually pronounced pégi in careful speech. The -r- is pronounced normally only in excessively careful speech, such as might be used on very formal occasions, e.g. in the mosque. In rapid colloquial speech pérgi is pronounced either pi or gi. (38) KELMARIN
In ordinary conversation the -l- is usually silent. Pronounce the word—kémarin. Indeed, it is often so written.
54
SPEAK
MALAY! LESSON
Third Week
14: THURSDAY
A. Sentences He travels by car. I ride a bicycle. His father rides in a trishaw. That man travels by ship. We are travelling by train.
Dia naik kéreta. Saya naik béskal. Bapa dia naik becha. Orang itu naik kapal.
Kita naik kéreta api. Dia naik kéreta pérgi ka-Alor Sétar. Dia naik becha pérgi ka-rumah sakit. Dia naik kapal pérgi ka-Singapura.
He goes to Alor Star by car.
Baik kita bérchakap bahasa Mélayu. Baik dia tulis surat: kapada anak dia.
We had better speak Malay.
Becha! Mari ka-sini!
Enche’ mahu pérgi ka-mana? Saya mahu pérgi ka-pasar Mélayu. Dari-sana saya mahu pérgi ka-rumah sakit.
Baik-lah,
énche’,
Enche’
boleh naik becha saya pérgi ka-sana.
He goes to the hospital by trishaw. She goes to Singapore by ship.
Hed better write a letter to his son.
Trishaw! Come here! Where do you want to go to? | want to go to the Malay market. From there I want to go to the hospital. } All right, sir. You can go there in my trishaw.
Orang itu ta’ tahu tulis.
That man doesn’t know how to
Orang ini ta’ tahu bacha.
This man doesn’t know how to read.
write.
SPEAK
MALAY!
55
Bagi surat int kapada émak dia. Tulis surat kapada bapa énche’.
Give this letter to his mother.
Emak saya ta’ suka naik
My mother doesn’t like riding
béskal. Dia suka naik kéreta.
a bicycle. She likes travelling by car.
Write a letter to your father.
B. Word List naik becha Singapura mari! ka-mana
go up; ascend; mount; trayel by; ride (in, on) trishaw; rickshaw kapal ship Singapore baik had better, (39) come! (imperative) ka-sini (to) here; hither where... to; dari-sana from there; thence whither ka-sana_ (to) there; thither
C. Grammar (39) BAIK
KITA
BERCHAKAP
BAHASA MELAYU
Notice this use of baik. When prefixed to a sentence like this it corresponds in meaning to the English expressions had better, it wouldn’t be a bad idea if, etc. (40) NAIK KERETA The basic meaning of naik is go up, ascend. From this meaning comes (as in the case of monter in French) the derived meaning of getting into or on to some conveyance or other, hence to ride or to travel. The examples in Section A of this lesson should give a sufficient idea of the variety of translations naik may have in English. (41) MARI Datang is the only Malay verb with a special form for the imperative mood. (The mood used to give orders and commands.) Normally we simply use the plain form of the verb,
56
SPEAK
MALAY!
e.g. tulis surat, write a letter. Datang, however, is never used
like this, mari being used instead. In colloquial speech, especially in North Malaya, mari is used entirely in place of datang, which sounds a bit bookish. Nevertheless, the student is advised to reserve mari for giving orders, and datang for all other cases.
Third Week
LESSON
15: FRIDAY
A. Sentences
Saya mahu pérgi ka-rumah sakit tengok bapa saya. Di-Kuala Lumpur ada banyak wayang gélap. Saya mahu pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur tengok wayang gélap. Besok saya balek dari Kuala Lumpur. Saya naik kéreta api balek dari Singapura ka-Johor Baharu. Saya bélajar bahasa Mélayu. Besok bapa saya mula bélajar bahasa Mélayu. Orang China itu tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu? Tidak; dia mula bélajar hari ini. Saya mahu bélajar bahasa China dan bahasa Tamil.
I want to go to the hospital to see my father. Jn Kuala Lumpur there are many cinemas. I want to go to Kuala Lumpur to go to the cinema. Tomorrow J shall return from Kuala Lumpur. I returned from Singapore to Johore Bahru by train. Jam learning Malay. Tomorrow my father will begin to learn Malay. Does that Chinese know how to speak Malay? No, he’s beginning to learn today. I want to learn Chinese and
Tamil.
SPEAK
Baik €nche’ pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur bélajar di-sana.
Enche’ ada kéreta? Ada; saya naik kéreta pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur. Di-mana saya boleh béli kéreta? Baik €nche’ pérgi kaSingapura; di-sana boleh
béli. Bapa dia balek dari Kuala Lumpur besok. Dia naik apa balek ka-sini? Dia naik kéreta api balek ka-sini.
B. Word List tengok look at, see, watch gélap dark balek — return, go back come back bélajar Jearn di-sana_ there
MALAY!
57
You'd better go to Kuala Lumpur to learn them there. Have you got a car? Yes, I have; I'll go to Kuala Lumpur by car. Where can I buy a car? You'd better go to Singapore; you can buy one there.
His father is coming back from Kuala Lumpur tomorrow. How is he coming back here? He’s coming back here by train.
theatrical performance wayang gélap cinema Johor Baharu Johore Bahru mula begin wayang
C. Grammar
(42)
TENGOK
This word basically means /ook at, i.e. see with deliberation as in the case of seeing a film or a play. See in the sense of catch sight of or see without conscious effort is nampak in Malay. Examples: Saya nampak dia béli ikan. I saw him buy fish (i.e. because I just happened to be there and look in his direction).
58
SPEAK
MALAY!
Saya tengok dia béli ikan. I saw (i.e. watched) him buy fish. (43) DIA NAIK
APA
BALEK
KA-SINI?
Notice the construction—he mounting-what return hither? Notice too how the construction is mirrored in the reply: dia naik kéreta api baiek ka-sini, i.e. he mounting-train return hither.
Third Week
REVISION
LESSON C: WEEK-END
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences in Lessons 11-15. B. Word List Revise all the word lists in Lessons
11-15.
C. Grammar
Revise all the grammar sections (30-43) in Lessons 11-15. D. Exercises
(1) Make up thirty sentences using the words and sentence patterns you have already learnt. (2) Read aloud the following conversation between a trishaw pedaller and his customer: A. Becha! Mari ka-sini!
B. Baik-lah, nche’. Enche’ mahu pérgi ka-mana? A. Saya mahu pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur. Saya mahu tengok wayang gélap di-sana. B. Baik-lah, énche’. Baik énche’ naik becha saya.
SPEAK
MALAY!
59
(Later) B. Baik-lah, here.)
énche’.
Di-sini
wayang
gélap.
(Di-sini,
A. Baik-lah. Térima kaseh. Sélamat jalan. B. Sélamat tinggal, énche’. (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Translate into Malay: (a) How do you want to go to Singapore? (6) I want to go by train. (c) Don’t you want to go by car? (d) No, I don’t. I don’t like travelling by car. (e) My father returned from my mother’s house in Raub to-day. (f) This Malay boy wants to learn Chinese. (g) He’d better go to Kuala Lumpur and learn it there (h) My mother began to learn Tamil yesterday. (i) Can you speak English? No, I can’t. (j) I went to Singapore yesterday to buy a car (but) I couldn’t get one. (k) Write that Chinese a letter. (1) I received a letter from my mother to-day. (m) I gave him (some) durians to-day. (n) To-morrow I shall get a letter from there. (0) We’d better write him a letter.
LESSON
Fourth Week
16: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Satu (sa-). Sa-orang India. Sa-ekor lémbu. Sa-orang budak laki-laki. Dua orang budak laki-laki. Tiga orang budak laki-laki.
Empat ekor lémbu. Lima ekor lémbu. Satu, dua, tiga, émpat, lima. Dua orang Mélayu dan tiga orang India. Sa-orang China dan émpat orang Mélayu. Tiga ekor anjing dan lima ekor kuching. Sa-ekor lémbu, sa-ekor anjing dan sa-ekor kuching.
One. One Indian. One cow. One boy. Two boys. Three boys. Four cows. Five cows.
V2, 3. oo Two Malays and three Indians. One Chinese and four Malays. Three dogs and five cats. One cow, one dog and one cat.
B. Word List
satu (sa-) tiga lima ekor anjing
one three five tail; cl. for animals dog
dua émpat orang
two four classifier for human beings kuching cat
C. Grammar
(44) SATU This form of the word is used only before a noun which does not have a classifier (see below), and when counting: one, two,
SPEAK
MALAY!
61
three, etc. In other words satu is usually used only by itself. When it comes in front of another word, especially a classifier, it is shortened to sa-. (45) SA-ORANG
BUDAK
LAKI-LAKI
Normally a numeral cannot come directly in front of a noun in Malay. A classifier, that is a word which tells what class of
things we are talking about, must be inserted between the number and the noun enumerated. There are about forty of these classifiers, but fortunately we can manage very well with only four common ones, and we shall confine ourselves to these four for the moment. We shall learn one or two others later in the course, and a fuller list will be found in an appendix at the end of the book. Two of these four common classifiers refer to living creatures and two to inanimate objects. In this lesson we shall deal with the first two. We use classifiers to a limited extent in English, too. We speak of twenty head of cattle, three pints of milk, etc., but
most of our English ones are really expressions of quantity. The Malay ones, on the other hand, are more descriptive than quantitative. Orang, which itself means person, is used to connect numbers
to all words denoting persons. Strictly speaking, it should be used in front of itself, e.g. dua orang orang but this sounds a bit odd, and so Malays prefer to say simply dua orang, two people. Examples: sa-orang anak one child dua orang budak _——two youngsters tiga orang Mélayu three Malays émpat orang four people
62
SPEAK
MALAY!
(46) SA-EKOR
LEMBU Ekor basically means tail. Malays count animals by tails, not heads. This is possibly more logical, except perhaps in the case of a Manx cat or a guinea pig! Anyway, ekor is the classifier for all non-human living creatures of the animal kingdom. Examples: one cat sa-ekor kuching two cows dua ekor lémbu five dogs lima ekor anjing
Fourth Week
LESSON
17: TUESDAY
A. Sentences
Satu, dua, tiga, émpat, lima. Enam, tujoh, lapan, sémbilan, sa-puloh.
Sa-buah buku. Dua buah rumah. Tiga buah kéreta.
Empat buah kapal api. Lima buah Kéreta api.
Enam biji buah rambutan.
One book. Two houses. Three cars. Four steamships. Five railway trains.
Tujoh biji buah durian. Lapan biji buah limau. Sémbilan biji buah manggis.
Sa-puloh biji roti.
Six rambutans. Seven durians. Eight limes. Nine mangosteens. Ten loaves of bread.
Bérapa biji buah manggis énche’ mahu béli?
How many mangosteens do you want to buy?
SPEAK
Saya mahu béli sa-puloh biji buah manggis. Bérapa ekor kuching ada di-rumah énche’? Di-rumah saya ada tiga ekor kuching.
MALAY!
63
I want to buy ten mangosteens. How many cats are there in your house? In my house there are three
Enche’ ada bérapa orang
cats. How many children have you
anak? Saya ada sa-orang anak laki-laki dan sa-orang anak
got? I have one son and one daughter.
pérémpuan. Bérapa buah rumah énche’ ada? Saya ada énam buah rumah.
How many houses have you got? I’ve got six houses.
B. Word List énam
tujoh sémbilan eight buah ten biji steamship bread how much, how many Six
lapan sa-puloh kapal api roti bérapa
seven nine cl. for big things seed; cl. for small things
C. Grammar
(47) SA-BUAH
BUKU
Buah, which we have already had meaning fruit, is used as a classifier for large objects, anything from a book to a battleship. Oddly enough, though, it is not used as a classifier for fruit; biji (seed) is used instead. One fruit is sa-biji buah. See
(48) below. Examples: sa-buah buku Mélayu one Malay book dua buah kéreta
two cars
tujoh buah kapal api
seven steamships
64
SPEAK
(48) SA-BIJI
BUAH
MALAY!
RAMBUTAN
Biji (seed) is the classifier for small objects like rambutans,
golf balls, and so on. It is also the classifier for the word buah when it means fruit. Examples: sa-biji buah durian one durian one golf ball sa-biji bola golf (49) LAPAN
Lapan is the colloquial form of délapan, which is dropping out of use even in writing nowadays. (50) BERAPA
Bérapa (how much, how many) is requires a classifier. Examples: bérapa orang budak? how how bérapa ekor anjing? bérapa buah kapal? how bérapa biji roti? how
Fourth Week
treated as a numeral and many many many many
boys? dogs? ships? loaves?
LESSON
18: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Kélmarin saya naik kéreta pérgi ka-pasar. Apa énche’ mahu béli di-pasar? Saya mahu béli daging dan buah rambutan. Bérapa biji buah rambutan Enche’ béli? Sa-puloh biji.
Yesterday I went to the market by car. What did you want to buy in the market? I wanted to buy meat and some rambutans. How many rambutans did you buy? Ten.
SPEAK
MALAY!
65
Bérapa buah kédai makan ada di-pasar ? Ada tiga buah kédai makan di-sana. Sa-buah kédai makan Mélayu, sa-buah kédai makan China, dan sa-buah kédai makan India.
How many restaurants are there in the market? There are three restaurants there. Qne Malay restaurant, one Chinese restaurant, and one Indian restaurant.
Enche’ makan di-kédai makan
Did you eat in the Chinese restaurant?
China ? Makan. Bérapa orang China ada dikédai makan itu kélmarin? Ada sémbilan orang China makan nasi, dan tujoh orang China makan daging babi. Sa-bélas, dua-bélas, tiga-bélas.
Yes, I did.
How many Chinese were there in that restaurant yesterday? There were nine Chinese eating
rice, and seven Chinese eating pork. Eleven, twelve, thirteen.
Empat-bélas, lima-bélas. Enam-bélas, tujoh-bélas.
Fourteen, fifteen.
Lapan-bélas, sémbilan-bélas. Dua-puloh.
Eighteen, nineteen. Twenty.
Dua-bélas buah kéreta dan sémbilan-bélas buah kéreta lémbu. Dua-puloh ekor lémbu dan tiga-bélas ekor anjing. Sémbilan-bélas biji buah durian dan énam-bélas biji buah manggis. Dua-bélas orang India dan émpat-bélas orang puteh.
12 cars and 19 bullock carts.
S.M.—3
Sixteen, seventeen.
20 cows and 13 dogs. 19 durians and 16 mangosteens.
12 Indians and 14 Europeans.
66
SPEAK
MALAY!
B. Word List sa-bélas tiga-bélas lima-bélas tujoh-bélas
eleven thirteen jifteen seventeen
sémbilan-bélas
nineteen
dua-bélas émpat-bélas énam-bélas lapan-bélas dua-puloh
twelve fourteen sixteen eighteen twenty
C. Grammar
(51) -BELAS
Notice that the teens are formed simply by adding -bé/as to the units. Satu as usual takes its shorter form, sa-.
(52) Revise the grammar of Lesson 16 and Lesson 17.
Fourth Week
LESSON
19: THURSDAY
A. Sentences
Sa-puloh, dua-puloh, tigapuloh.
Ten, twenty, thirty.
Empat-puloh, lima-puloh,
Forty, fifty, sixty.
énam-puloh. Tujoh-puloh, lapan-puloh. Sémbilan-puloh, sa-ratus.
Seventy, eighty. Ninety, one hundred.
Dua-puloh, dua-puloh satu, dua-puloh dua. Dua-puloh tiga, dua-puloh
Twenty, twenty-one, twentytwo. Twenty-three, twenty-four.
émpat.
Dua-puloh lima, dua-puloh énam.
Twenty-five, twenty-six.
SPEAK
MALAY!
Dua-puloh tujoh, dua-puloh
Twenty-seven, twenty-eight.
lapan. Dua-puloh sémbilan, tigapuloh.
Twenty-nine, thirty.
67
Sémbilan-puloh sémbilan buah 99 bullock carts. kéreta lémbu. Tujoh-puloh énam biji buah 76 rambutans. rambutan. Lima-puloh tiga orang 53 Malays. Mélayu. Sa-ratus lapan-puloh émpat 184 Chinese. orang China. Sa-ratus tiga-puloh sémbilan 139 head of cattle. ekor lémbu.
Di-rumah sakit itu ada. saratus dua-puloh orang sakit. Ada sa-ratus lima-puloh lima orang pénumpang _ naik kéreta api ini. Ada lapan-puloh tiga orang pénumpang Mélayu, duabélas orang pénumpang India dan énam-puloh orang pénumpang China. Di-kédai kopi itu ada limabélas orang Mélayu dan énam orang China minum kop. Apa €énche’ béli di-pasar hari ini? Saya béli dua-puloh biji buah rambutan dan tiga ekor ikan.
In that hospital there are 120 patients.
There are 155 passengers travelling on this train. There are &3 Malay passengers, 12 Indian passengers, and 60
Chinese passengers.
In that coffee-shop there are 15 Malays and 6 Chinese drinking coffee. What did you buy in the market to-day? I bought 20 rambutans and 3 fish.
68
SPEAK
Enche’ béli télor? Béli. Saya béii dua-bélas biji télor. Apa lagi énche’ béli di-pasar? Apa lagi? Saya béli roti dan daging kambing.
MALAY!
Did you buy any eggs? Yes, I did. I bought 12 eggs.
What else did you buy in the market? What else? I bought some bread and some mutton.
B. Word List tiga-puloh lima-puloh tujoh-puloh sémbilan-puloh ratus télor
thirty fifty seventy ninety hundred egg
émpat-puloh forty énam-puloh_ sixty lapan-puloh eighty sa-ratus one hundred penumpang passenger lagi else, more, still, yet
C. Grammar
(53) TIGA-PULOH
The tens are formed by adding -puloh to the units. Again satu takes its short form sa-.
(54) DUA-PULOH
SATU
Above twenty the numbers are formed asin English by simple juxtaposition. The examples in Section A of this lesson will make this clearer than a long explanation.
SPEAK
69
MALAY!
Fourth Week
LESSON 20: FRIDAY
A. Sentences
Sa-orang Mélayu dan sa-orang India. Sa-ekor kuching dan sa-ekor anjing. Sa-biji roti dan sa-biji buah rambutan. Sa-buah kapal dan sa-buah kéreta api. Sa-bélas biji buah rambutan dan dua-bélas biji buah durian. Tiga-bélas buah kapal api dan émpat-bélas buah kéreta. Di-Alor Sétar ada lima buah wayang gélap. Di-kédai makan ini ada banyak orang makan nasi. Bérapa orang ada? Ada sa-bélas orang China, tujoh orang Mélayu dan émpat-bélas orang India. B.
One Malay and one Indian. One cat and one dog. One loaf of bread and one rambutan. One ship and one train.
11 rambutans and 12 durians.
13 steamships and 14 cars. In Alor Star there are five cinemas. In this restaurant there are a lot of people eating. How many are there ? There are 11 Chinese, 7 Malays, and 14 Indians.
Word List
No new words in this Lesson. C. Grammar
(55) Revise the grammar of Lessons 16-19.
70
SPEAK
Fourth Week
MALAY!
REVISION
LESSON
D: WEEK-END
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences in Lessons 16-20.
B.
Word List Revise all the word lists in Lessons 16-20.
C. Grammar Revise all the grammar sections (44-54) in Lessons 16-19. D. Exercises
(1) Make up twenty sentences using the material you have so far learnt. Keep to the sentence patterns in the course; it is unwise to try to invent your own at this stage. (2) Read aloud the following conversation: A. Enche’ pérgi ka-mana kélmarin? B. Saya pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur. A. Apa énche’ buat di-Kuala Lumpur? B. Saya pérgi ka-sa-buah kédai makan China. A. Apa énche’ makan di-kédai makan itu? B. Saya makan nasi, daging babi dan tiga biji buah rambutan. A. Ada banyak orang di-kédai itu kélmarin? B. Ada. Ada émpat-bélas orang China makan nasi di-sana; dan lagi ada dua-tiga orang puteh minum kopi. Orang Mélayu dan orang India ta’ ada kélmarin.
A. Enche’ balek hari ini? B. Hari ini. Saya naik kéreta api balek ka-sini. A. Enche’ tidak naik kéreta balek ka-sini?
SPEAK
MALAY!
71
B. Tidak. Saya ta’ ada kéreta. Kéreta saya, saya jual kéimarin di-Kuala Lumpur. (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English.
(4) Insert the correct classifiers in the blanks: (a) Saya ada tiga —— kéreta. (6) Di-kédai itu ada lima —— Mélayu. (c) Ada €mpat —— pénumpang naik kéreta itu. (d) Bérapa —— buah durian énche’ béli di-pasar? (e) Bérapa —— kuching énche’ ada di-rumah énche’? (5) Read aloud (in Malay):
Sep ola] lon 23, 26, °33..44. 3557. OS. Liens, 80 84,150, 90.,93..95..99, 100, 106, 133,154. 167,178; 188, 190, 199. (6) Translate into Malay: (a) (5) (c) (d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i) (j)
How many children have you got? ve got two sons and three daughters. My father has two cars. I ate seven mangosteens yesterday. That Malay has thirty head of cattle. There are fifty-three passengers travelling on that train. That steamship has a hundred passengers. My mother bought twenty-four eggs in the Malay market. My daughter likes eating eggs. In this hospital there are 150 patients.
LESSON
Fifth Week
21: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Buah durian ini bérapa harganya? Buah durian ini harga-nya tujoh-puloh sen sa-biji. Buku ini bérapa harga-nya? Buku ini harga-nya dua ringgit lima-puloh sen. Bérapa duit énche’ ada? Saya ada sa-ringgit tiga-puloh tiga sen sahaja. Sa-puloh sen. Sa-kupang. Dua kupang. Buah durian itu bérapa _ harga-nya? Durian itu harga-nya énam kupang sa-biji. Dan buah durian bésar ini bérapa harga-nya? Buah durian bésar ini lapan kupang lima sa-biji. Daging lémbu itu bérapa harga-nya sa-kati? Daging l&mbu ini dua ringgit sa-kupang sa-kati. Baik-lah! Bagi saya tiga kati. Bérapa harga-nya itu?
How much are these durians ?
These durians are seventy cents each, How much is this book ? This book is $2.50.
How much money have you got? I’ve got only $1.33. Ten cents (South Malaya). Ten cents (North Malaya, esp.
Kedah and Penang). Twenty cents (North Malaya). How much are those durians? Those durians are sixty cents each (North). And how much are these big durians ? These big duriansare eighty-five cents each. How much is that beef a catty?
This
beef is $2.10
a catty
(North). All right. Give me three catties.
How much is that?
SPEAK
Tiga kati daging lémbu ini harga-nya énam ringgit tiga kupang. Daging kambing ta’ ada hari ini? Hari ini ta’ ada. Kélmarin ada. Daging kambing itu kélmarin bérapa harga-nya? Dua ringgit tiga kupang sa-kati. B. Word List harga harga-nya = ringgit kupang kati
price cost dollar ten cents catty*
MALAY!
73
Three catties of this beef cost $6.30. Haven't you got any mutton to-day ? Not to-day. I had some yester‘day. How much was tke mutton yesterday ? $2.30 a catty.
-nya
its, his, her
sen cent sahaja_ only bésar __ big, large, great duit
money
C. Grammar
(56) -NYA This is a “softened” form of dia, and may be used instead of
dia except when dia is the subject. Examples: buku-nya tengok-nya
his book look at him
In colloquial Malay, however, it is better to use -nya only as a possessive (e.g. buku-nya, his book). Harga-nya is a set expression meaning literally its price but corresponding almost to the English verb ‘“‘cost’’.
(57) SAHAJA Usually pronounced saja. * 3 catties— 4 pounds
S.M.—3*
74
SPEAK
MALAY!
(58) SA-KUPANG
Unless the student is living in North Malaya, especially in the states of Penang and Kedah, he had better avoid the use of this word, which is just not understood by the majority of southerners. Nevertheless do not forget the word, because you will hear nothing else in the North, and you will need to know how to use it if you are travelling or doing business in Penang or Kedah. For that reason it is included in the lessons from time to time to remind you of its existence.
Fifth Week
LESSON 22: TUESDAY
A. Sentences Enche’ pérgi ka-mana? Saya pérgi ka-pasar; saya mahu béli barang.
Apa énche’ mahu béli di-pasar ? Saya mahu béli daging lmbu_ dan buah manggis. Baik kita pérgi ka-kédai daging itu béli daging lémbu. Baik-lah. Daging lémbu ada hari ini? Ada. Ada banyak daging lémbu di-pasar hari ini. Daging lémbu énche’ bérapa harga-nya hari ini? Sa-ringgit lapan-puloh sen sa-kati. Murah sangat.
Where are you going? I’m going to the market; I want to do some shopping. What do you want to buy in the market ? J want to buy some beef and some mangosteens. We'd better go to that butcher’s shop and buy the beef.
Yes, all right. Have you got any beef to-day? Yes, we have. There’s a lot of beef in the market to-day. How much is your beef to-day ? $1.80 a catty. It’s very cheap.
SPEAK
75
MALAY!
Murah! Saya ingat sa-ringgit lapan kupang mahal sangat. Bukan mahal; murah. Daging saya daging nombor satu. Baik-lah. Bagi saya dua kati.
Cheap! I think $1.80 is very dear. It’s not dear; it’s cheap. My meat is the very best quality. All right, then. Give me two
Bérapa harga-nya dua kati? Tiga ringgit €nam-puloh sen. Sékarang baik kita pérgi ka-pasar buah-buah béli buah manggis.
How much is two catties? $3.60. Now we'd better go to the fruit market and buy the mangosteens. Have you got any mangosteens ? Yes, I have. They are thirty cents for ten. These mangosteens are very good; give me twenty of them. All right, sir. Twenty will cost
catties.
Enche’ ada buah manggis? Ada. Buah manggis harga-nya tiga-puloh sen sa-puloh biji. Buah manggis ini baik sangat; bagi saya dua-puloh biji. Baik-lah, énche’. Dua-puloh biji harga-nya €nam-puloh sen.
Enche’ mahu béli buah durian? Tidak. Hari ini saya ta’ mahu buah durian. B.
sixty cents.
Do you want any durians? No, I don’t want any durians today.
Word List
barang
thing, goods, luggage kédai daging butcher’s shop sangat very, very much nombor satu first class, best quality buah-buah — all kinds of fruit
béli barang murah mahal nombor sékarang pasar buahbuah
—_go_ shopping cheap dear, expensive number now fruit market
76
SPEAK
MALAY!
C. Grammar
(59) MURAH SANGAT Sangat (very) normally follows the adjective or adverb to which it refers. It can precede, but it is better when following. When used with a verb, however, in the meaning of very much, sangat usually goes before the verb. Example: saya sangat suka makan daging lémbu. I’m very fond of beef. (60) BUKAN
MAHAL;
MURAH
An adjective is normally negated by tidak, e.g. daging ini tidak mahal; but when the adjective negated is immediately “corrected” by another adjective (as here), we must use bukan in place of tidak.
(61) PASAR
BUAH-BUAH
Reduplication is common in Malay, and has various functions. We shall comment on each example as it occurs. In this case the reduplication, as often, indicates “‘all different kinds of”, and is appropriate here because in a fruit market we do not expect to find only one kind of fruit. Sometimes this particular expression adds a further suffix, -an, with no change in meaning, viz. (pasar) buah-buahan.
Fifth Week
LESSON 23: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Saya héndak béli buah manggis. Besok saya héndak pérgi ka-pasar.
I’m going to buy some mangosteens. Tomorrow I’m going to go to the market.
SPEAK
Orang itu héndak bacha buku saya. Saya héndak tulis surat kapada anak saya di-Alor Sétar.
MALAY!
io
That man is going to read my book. I'm going to write a letter to my son in Alor Star.
Besok saya nak pérgi ka-pasar.
Tomorrow I’m going to go to the market. Orang itu nak bacha buku saya. That man is going to read my book. Saya nak tulis surat kapada I'm going to write a letter to anak saya di-Alor Sétar. my son in Alor Star. Saya nak bacha buku itu. Saya mahu bacha buku itu.
I’m going to read that book.
Saya nak béli kéreta baharu. Saya mahu béli kéreta baharu.
I'm going to buy a new car. I want to buy a new car.
Besok babi Besok babi
Tomorrow I shall buy some pork in the Chinese market. Tomorrow I shall want to buy some pork in the Chinese market.
saya nak béli daging di-pasar China. saya mahu béli daging di-pasar China.
Enche’ nak ka-mana?
I want to read that book.
Where are you off to? Where are you off to? Nak ka-mana? I'm off to the hospital. Saya nak ka-rumah sakit. My friend is ill. I think he’s Kawan saya sakit. Saya ingat going to die. dia nak mati. nak pérgi Yesterday I was going to see Kélmarin saya him, but I had a lot of work, tengok dia, tétapi ada banyak and so I didn’t manage to go. kérja, ta’ dapat pérgi. But today his wife told me that Tétapi hari ini istéri dia kata he was going to die. kapada saya, dia nak mati.
78
SPEAK
B. Word List héndak (nak) going to, intend to, will, shall tétapi but istéri wife kata kapada_ fell, inform baharu new
MALAY!
kawan ingat mati kérja kata nak ka-
friend think, remember die, be dead work (n.) say to be off to
C. Grammar
(62) SAYA HENDAK BELI BUAH MANGGIS Héndak in front of another verb indicates the intention of performing whatever action is denoted by the verb in question. It gives the following verb an almost future meaning, and is in fact the nearest equivalent in spoken Malay to the English future tense. Its meaning corresponds very closely to the English to be going to. In colloquial speech héndak is almost always pronounced nak, and indeed is often so written. (63) HENDAK and MAHU These two words must not be confused. Mahu means and is never used in the future-sense of héndak.
(64) NAK
want
KA-MANA?
In this very common idiom the verb pérgi is omitted, as it often is when the preposition ka- is present. Nak followed by ka- is more or less equivalent to the English off to. (65) TETAPI
Colloquially usually pronounced tapi.
SPEAK
Fifth Week
MALAY!
a
LESSON 24: THURSDAY
A. Sentences
Bapa énche’ nak ka-mana kélmarin? Dia naik kéreta nak pérgi kaKuala Lumpur. Dia nak buat apa di-sana? Dia nak jual kéreta dia kapada sa-orang kawan dia. Macham mana dia nak balek ka-sini? Dia nak béli sa-buah kéreta baharu di-Kuala Lumpur.
Where was your father off to yesterday ? He was off to Kuala Lumpur by car. What is he going to do there? He’s going to sell his car to one of his friends. How’s he going to get back here ? He’s going to buy a new car in Kuala Lumpur.
Enche’ nak ka-mana sekarang? Where are you off to now? Saya nak ka-pasar béli barang. Barang apa énche’ nak béli? Saya nak pérgi ka-sa-buah kédai buku-buku, nak béli kalam, da’wat dan kértas tulis.
Apa énche’ nak buat déngan barang itu? Saya nak tulis surat kapada bapa saya di-Kota Baharu. Lépas itu, apa énche’ nak buat? Lépas itu saya nak makan nasi.
Enche’ nak makan di-rumah? Tidak, Saya nak makan di-sabuah kédai makan Mélayu. Di-mana kédai makan itu?
I'm off to the market to buy some things. What things are you going to buy ? I’m going to a bookshop to buy a pen, some ink and some writing paper.
What are you going to do with those things ? Im going to write a letter to my father in Kota Bharu. After that, what are you going to do? After that I’m going to eat. Are you going to eat at home ? No. I’m going to eat in a.Malay restaurant. Where is it?
80 Kédai
SPEAK
makan
itu
ada di-
pékan; énche’ mahu pérgi sama ? Mahu-lah. Saya sangat suka makan makanan Mélayu. Apa kita boleh makan dikédai makan itu? Kita boleh makan nasi déngan gulai. Bagus-lah. Saya sangat suka makan gulai Mélayu. Tétapi gulai di-kédai makan itu pédas sangat. Ta’ apa. Saya sangat suka makan makanan pédas.
MALAY!
It’s in the town; do you want to come too?
Rather! I am very fond of Malay food. What can we eat in that restaurant ? We can eat rice and curry. Splendid! I am very fond of Malay curry. But the curry in that restaurant is very hot. It doesn’t matter. Iam very fond of hot food.
B. Word List macham
kédai bukubuku kértas déngan lépas itu. sama
makanan bagus
kind, sort, like, ass anit
bookshop paper with after that, afterwards together (with), along (with), same, too food splendid, fine, beautiful, excellent
mana which macham mana how kalam pen da’wat ink kértas tulis writing paper lépas after, beyond pékan town pérgisama_ fo go too datang sama fo come too gulai curry pédas (pepper) hot ta’apa it doesn’t matter, not to worry
SPEAK
MALAY!
81
C. Grammar
(66) SA-ORANG KAWAN DIA Note the Malay construction. Translate: one of his friends. or a friend of his. (67) BUKU-BUKU All kinds of books. The same kind of reduplication that we had in pasar buah-buah, cf. above (61). In a bookshop we expect to find all kinds of books, and so the reduplication is appropriate here. (68) DI-RUMAH Literally, in the house, this is the usual expression for at home.
(69) ENCHE’
MAHU
PERGI
SAMA?
Notice the Malay idiom. Malays use pérgi (and not datang) here because the two men have not yet started out. When they arrive at their destination one of them will be able to say to the other, énche’ datang sama, you came too.
(70) PEDAS There are three words you will have to know in Malay to render the one English word hot, viz.: pédas hot, of curry, pepper, etc. nangat hot, in most other ways (this is the most usual word for hot) panas hot, of something that has been standing in the direct rays of the sun. Examples: Makanan ini There’s a lot Gulai Ceylon Ceylon curry
ada banyak lada; pédas sangat. of pepper in this food; it’s very hot. pédas sangat. is very hot.
82
SPEAK
MALAY!
Ayer ini hangat. This water is hot (because it has been boiled, etc.). Ayer ini panas. This water is hot (because it has been standing in the sun). Panas hari ini. It’s a hot day to-day (because the sun is beating mercilessly down, etc.). Hangat hari ini. It’s a hot day to-day (this implies that it is hot weather even though the sun is hidden behind dense clouds).
(71) TA’ APA One of the commonest expressions in everyday spoken Malay. Literally meaning not anything, it has come to have the same force as the French ¢a ne fait rien. In English it may be translated in a dozen different ways according to the context, e.g. it doesn’t matter, don’t bother, I couldn’t care less, not to
worry, etc., etc. Short for tidak apa, its corrupted bazaar form tidapa has given rise to the “English” word tidapathy, a word very expressive of the attitude of couldn’ t-care-less-ness that grips all of us from time to time!
Fifth Week
LESSON 25: FRIDAY
A, Sentences
Che’ Zainal nak-ka-mana? Saya nak ka-pasar. Saya boleh pérgi sama? eoleh-lah. Apa Che’ Mat nak béli?
Where are you going, Zainal ? I’m off to the market. Can I come too? Of course you can. What do you want to buy, Mat?
SPEAK
Saya nak béli kalam baharu di-sa-buah kédai buku-buku.
Baik-lah, mari kita pérgi. Kédai ini kédai buku-buku; boleh béli kalam di-sini. Kalam ini bérapa harga-nya? Kalam ini nombor satu;
harga-nya dua-bélas ringgit. Itu mahal sangat. Kalam murah ta’ada? Ada. Bérapa harga-nya kalam ini? Kalam ini murah sangat; harga-nya lima ringgit sa-batang. Baik-lah; saya nak béli sa-batang sahaja.
MALAY!
83
I am going to buy a new pen in a bookshop. All right; come on, let’s go. This shop’s a bookshop; you can buy pens here. How much is this pen? This pen’s a very good one; it costs $12.00. That’s very dear. Haven't you got any cheap pens? Yes, I have.
How much is this pen? These pens are very cheap; they are five dollars each. All right; I'll just buy one.
B. Word List Che’
Mr, Mrs, Miss
batang
cl. for stick-like objects
C. Grammar
(72) CHE’
ZAINAL
Che’ is the shortened form of énche’. Unlike
énche’, how-
ever, which as a title is used only before the names of men (although when meaning you it can be used of both sexes), che’ may be used also before the names of women; it therefore corresponds to the English courtesy titles Mr, Mrs, and Miss. The only difference is that Malays use this courtesy title more frequently than we do in English. Friends quite commonly address each other with it, where we in English would use Christian names, especially when a younger person is talking
84
SPEAK
MALAY!
to an older, or an inferior to a superior. A wife uses it to her husband, and a younger brother to an elder brother, for
example. (73) SA-BATANG
KALAM
Here we have another classifier. Batang is used as a classifier for stick-shaped objects, e.g. pens, pencils, walking-sticks, cigars, cigarettes, etc.
Fifth Week
REVISION
LESSON
E: WEEK-END
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences in Lessons 21-25. B.
Word List Revise al] the word lists in Lessons 21-25.
C. Grammar Revise all the grammar sections (56-73) in Lessons 21-25. D, Exercises
(1) Make up twenty sentences using what you have already learnt. (2) Read aloud the following couversation: A. Apa khabar, énche’?
B. Khabar baik. Enche’ nak ka-mana? A. Saya nak pérgi ka-pasar béli barang. Lépas itu saya nak pérgi ka-sa-buah kédai makan makan nasi. B. Saya boleh pérgi sama?
SPEAK
MALAY!
85
. Boleh-iah. . Apa énche’ nak béli di-pasar? . Saya nak béli ikan, daging dan buah durian.
W> >. Tétapi hari ini ikan mahal sangat; baik énche’ béli daging sahaja. A. Saya ta’ tahu ikan mahal sangat; istéri saya kata ikan murah di-pékan ini. . Tidak! Ikan di-sini mahal sangat.
. Baik-lah! Saya tidak nak béli. Di-mana ada sa-buah kédai makan Mélayu? Saya sangat suka makan gulai Mélayu. . Di-pasar Mélayu ada dua buah kédai makan baik. Kita boleh pérgi ka-kédai makan itu di-sana. Gulai kédai itu nombor satu. Saya nak pérgi sama makan di-sana. Boleh? . Boleh-lah! Mari kita pérgi makan sékarang. Lépas itu kita boleh béli barang kapada istéri saya. . Enche’ suka makan gulai pédas? Di-kédai itu gulai pédas sangat.
A. Suka-lah. Lagi pédas lagi baik.* B. Apa kita nak minum déngan gulai? A. Baik kita minum ayer sahaja. (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Read off the following prices in Malay, (i) in the southern way and (ii) in the northern way: $3.50; $10.25; $0.60; $56.70; $136.45 (5) Translate into Malay: (a) I’m going to the market to do some shopping; afterwards I’m going to have a meal in a Chinese restaurant. Do you want to come too? * Notice more...
”
this idiom:
lagi...
lagi...,
‘““The more...
The
86
SPEAK
MALAY!
(b) Rather! I’m very fond of Chinese food. Is the food good in that restaurant? (c) Where did you buy that new car? I bought it in Singapore yesterday. Do you want to ride (in it)? (d) Yesterday I got a letter from my mother in Seremban. She says that my father is in hospital in Kuala Lumpur. (e) How much is this book? It costs $15.00. That’s very dear. No, it isn’t dear; it’s cheap. This book is very good. (f) That European is very fond of very hot Malay curry. He says, ““The hotter, the better.” (g) I didn’t know Europeans ate curry. Oh yes, they do. Many Europeans are very fond of Malay food. th) Where are you going to-morrow? I’m going to Kuala Kangsar to see my sick father. My mother thinks he is going to die, but I think he’ll live. (i) This tea is very hot; I can’t drink (it). (j) This curry is very hot; he can’t eat (it).
Sixth Week
LESSON
26: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Hari ini hari apa? Hari ini hari isnen. Hari apa kélmarin? Kélimarin hari ahad. Esok hari apa? Esok hari sélasa.
What day is it today ? Today is Monday. What day was it yesterday? Yesterday was Sunday. What day will it be tomorrow ? Tomorrow will be Tuesday.
Hari ahad, hari isnen, hari sélasa.
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday.
Bérapa hari ada dalam satu minggu? Dalam satu minggu ada tujoh hari.
How many days are there in one week ? In a week there are seven days.
Enche’ pérgi ka-mana hari
Where did you go on Sunday?
ahad ? Pada hari ahad saya pérgi ka-
On Sunday I went to the pictures
pékan nak tengok wayang gélap. Apa énche’ nak buat hari ini?
Hari ini hari isnen; pada hari isnen saya sélalu pérgi ka-ofis. Besok hari sélasa; apa énche’ nak buat besok ? Besok saya nak pérgi karumah sa-orang kawan saya nak makan nasi.
in town.
What are you going to do today ? Today is Monday, on Monday I always go to the office. Tomorrow
is Tuesday}
what
are you going to do tomorrow ? Tomorrow I am going to the house of a friend of mine for dinner.
88
SPEAK
Lusa énche’ boleh datang karumah saya nak makan nasi? Boleh-lah! Térima kaseh, énche’. Sama-sama.
Bérapa hari ada dalam satu bulan? Ada lébeh-kurang tiga-puloh hari dalam satu bulan.
MALAY!
The day after tomorrow can you come to my house for dinner ? Certainly. Thank you very much. Not at all. How many days are there in one month ? There are approximately thirty days in one month.
B. Word List
hari isnen hari sélasa minggu ofis
Monday Tuesday week office
lébeh
more, in excess
lébeh-kurang
approximately, more or less the day after tomorrow on, at
lusa pada
hari ahad
Sunday
dalam
in, inside
sélalu always, usually sama-sama same to you; not at all; don’t mention it
kurang
less, minus
bulan esok
month; moon tomorrow
C. Grammar (74) ISNEN,
AHAD,
SELASA
These are really Malay forms of Arabic words. Ahad is from the Arabic ahad “‘one’’, isnen is from ithnain “two” and sélasa
comes from the Arabic thalatha “‘three’’,so that Sunday, Monday and Tuesday are really first, second, and third day respectively. (75) BESOK,
ESOK
These are simply alternative forms of the same word. There is no difference in meaning.
SPEAK
(76) SATU
MINGGU,
SATU
MALAY!
89
BULAN
Words like hari, minggu, and bulan are really expressions of quantity (of time) and therefore do not need a classifier. They are in fact almost classifiers themselves. As a result it is perfectly all right to use the full form of satu before them, although the shortened form sa- is also permissible. In this case satu is stronger than sa-, i.e.: satu hari sa-hari satu minggu sa-minggu satu bulan sa-bulan
one day a day = one week a week one month a month
(77) (RADA) HARI AHAD The preposition pada is the correct one for on or at when these two English prepositions precede expressions of time. Pada may, however, be omitted in speaking, although it should be retained in written Malay.
(78) SAYA PERGI KA-PEKAN NAK TENGOK WAYANG GELAP Notice the use of nak here. It is almost equivalent to the English to when to means in order to, i.e. with the intention of. Nak is very commonly used in such a context. It may be omitted, but the sentence sounds better with it in. Similar uses of nak will be discussed as we come to them. Here it expresses purpose or intention. (79) SAMA-SAMA This is the stock answer to térima kaseh.
90
SPEAK
Sixth Week
MALAY!
LESSON
27: TUESDAY
A. Sentences
Kélmarin dahulu hari ahad.
Kélmarin hari isnen. Hari ini hari sélasa. Besok hari rabu Lusa hari khamis.
The day before yesterday was Sunday. Yesterday was Monday. Today is Tuesday. Tomorrow will be Wednesday. The day after tomorrow will be Thursday.
Hari ahad, hari isnen, hari sélasa, hari rabu, hari khamis.
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday.
Hari apa énche’ bérchuti? Saya sélalu bérchuti pada hari ahad. Tiap-tiap hari ahad saya suka pérgi ka-Batu Féringgi. Di-mana Batu Féringgi itu ?* Ada di-Pulau Pinang. Apa énche’ buat tiap-tiap hari ahad di-Batu Féringgi? Saya pérgi ka-sana nak dudok di-pantai. Boleh bérénang di-sana? Boleh; tétapi ada banyak ular sélimpat; bérbahaya sikit nak bérénang.
What day do you have off? T always have Sunday off. Every Sunday I like to go to Batu Feringgi. Where is Batu Feringgi? It’s in Penang. What do you do every Sunday at Batu Feringgi? I go there and sit on the beach. Can one swim there? Yes, one can; but there are a lot of sea-snakes; it’s a bit dangerous to go swimming.
* itu here is used to mean “that one that you mentioned just now”, “that place you called Batu Feringgi,” or “that well-known Batu Feringgi.”’ Cf. Latin: ille Caesar, ‘that well-known chap Caesar.”
SPEAK
Sa-ribu. Dua ribu, tiga ribu, émpat ribu. Lima ribu, énam ribu, tujoh ribu. Lapan ribu, sémbilan ribu. Sa-puloh ribu. Sa-ribu sémbilan ratus limapuloh tujoh. Pada tahun sa-ribu sémbilanratus lima-puloh tujoh. B.
MALAY!
91
One thousand. 2000, 3000, 4000.
5000, 6000, 7000. 8000, 9000. 10,000. 1957: In the year 1957.
Word List
dahulu
previously, before, earlier, ago hari rabu Wednesday bérchuti be on leave, go on leave pulau island pantai beach, shore bérénang swim sélimpat braided-ribbon pattern in lace a little, a bit, rather sikit year tahun
kélmarin dahulu hari khamis tiap-tiap Pulau Pinang (buah) pinang ular ular sélimpat bérbahaya ribu sa-ribu
the day before yesterday Thursday every, each Penang (Island) areca nut, betel nut snake sea-snake dangerous thousand a thousand
C. Grammar (80) DAHULU
Almost invariably pronounced, and sometimes written, dulu. (81) HARI
RABU, HARI KHAMIS Rabu is a corruption of the Arabic arba’a (four) and khamis is from the Arabic khamsa (five).
92
SPEAK
(82) PULAU
MALAY!
PINANG
Literaily, Areca-Nut
Island. This really refers to the whole
island although it is often used without the Pulau to refer to the city of Georgetown. Locally, however, Georgetown is usually called Tanjong (point, headland), presumably because it is built on a point of land. People in Kedah, especially, always say saya nak pi Tanjong for I’m going to Penang.
(83) BERBAHAYA
SIKIT
Sikit used after an adjective has the force of rather, a bit.
(84) BERBAHAYA
SIKIT
NAK
BERENANG
“It’s a bit dangerous to go swimming’. Notice the construction: nak here has almost the meaning of the English ro used before an infinitive. Indeed, in modern Malay it is coming to be used more and more like that, especially in writing in the form héndak. Perhaps, however, the original meaning of “intention” is not far away in this case, if we remember that Malay is an elliptical language and often leaves out words which would be necessary in English, leaving the meaning to be “‘filled out” from the context. The original meaning here is probably—ir’s a bit dangerous (if you) intend to swim. Nevertheless, however we explain it, the fact remains that héndak in writing and nak in speaking frequently are used to join together two verbs or an adjective and a verb just like to in English. We should be on our guard against trying to be too profound in our analysis of another language; too often we run the risk of subconsciously putting our own thoughts into the minds of the people whose language we are studying. We must always deal with the facts as they are, and not try to interpret them in the light of some preconceived theory.
SPEAK
MALAY!
93
(85) RIBU
The formation of the thousands is just like that of the teens, tens and hundreds. Simply add ribu to the simple number. (86) PADA
TAHUN
1957
In English we have two ways of reading off such a group of figures. If 1957 is a number in arithmetic we usually read it, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven, but when it is the name of a year we say nineteen hundred and fifty-seven or nineteen fifty-seven. In Malay the second method is unknown; only the first method is used in both cases, except that when the number is the name of a sae the word tahun is almost always prefixed.
Sixth Week
LESSON
28: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Hari ini hari rabu. Besok hari khamis. Lusa hari juma’at. Hari sabtu.
Today is Wednesday. Tomorrow is Thursday. The day after tomorrow will be Friday. Saturday.
Hari ahad, hari isnen, hari sélasa. Hari rabu, hari khamis, hari juma’at, hari sabtu.
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday.
Pada satu hari bulan January.
On the first of January.
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
94
SPEAK
Pada tiga-puloh satu hari bulan August tahun sa-ribu sémbilan-ratus lima-puloh tujoh Malaya dapat kémérdekaan. Hari ini bérapa hari bulan? Hari ini dua-puloh lima hari bulan September tahun saribu sémbilan-ratus limapuloh lapan. Satu hari bulan January tahun baharu orang Inggéris. Saya nak bérchuti daripada énam hari bulan October sampai lima hari bulan November. Pada tahun sa-ribu sémbilanratus é€mpat-puloh satu orang Jépun datang kaMalaya. Pada tahun sa-ribu sémbilanratus émpat-puloh lima orang Inggéris balek kaMalaya. Pada tahun sa-ribu lima-ratus sa-bélas orang Portugis sampai ka-Mélaka. Pada tahun sa-ribu tujoh-ratus lapan-puloh énam Yang Mahamulia Sultan Kédah bagi Pulau Pinang kapada orang Inggéris. Bérapa bulan ada dalam satu tahun?
MALAY!
On
the 31st of August 1957 Malaya gained her independence.
What's the date today? Today is the 25th of September 1958.
The Ist of January is the English New Year. I shall be on leave from the 6th of October until the 5th of November. In the year 1941 the Japanese came to Malaya.
In the year 1945 the English came back to Malaya.
In the year 1511 the Portuguese arrived in Malacca.
In the year 1786 His Highness the Sultan of Kedah gave Penang Island to the English.
How many months are there in one year ?
SPEAK
Dalam satu tahun ada duabélas bulan. Bérapa hari ada dalam satu tahun? Dalam satu tahun ada tigaratus €nam-puloh lima hari.
MALAY!
95
In one year there are 12 months, How many days are there in one year ? In one year there are 365 days.
B. Word List hari juma’at kémérdekaan Jépun orang Jépun orang Portugis Kédah sultan
Friday independence Japanese (adj.) Japanese (n.) Portuguese (n.) Kedah sultan
hari sabtu. sampai
Saturday arrive, reach; until § Portuguese (adj.)
Portugis Yang Mahamulia
His Highness
C. Grammar (87) HARI
JUMA’AT
Jumaat is from the Arabic jama’ah which means assembly or gathering. Friday is, of course, the day when Muslims assemble or gather together at the mosque to pray. Hence hari juma’at for Friday.
(88) HARI SABTU Sabtu is from the Arabic sabt and is connected with the Hebrew shabbath both of which mean idleness. From this we get the English sabbath. Originally the Jews had their sabbath on Saturday (and indeed still have it then), the Christians changed it to Sunday just to be different, and were followed later by the Muslims, who fixed Friday as their day of rest. The old name sabtu, however, seems to have lost its real meaning by then, and so it has been retained to mean Saturday. Only the Jews, however, are really using it correctly.
96
SPEAK
MALAY!
(89) BULAN JANUARY The Malay calendar is the Muslim one and is based on the moon rather than the sun. The Malay months, therefore, do not correspond at all with the European months. For this reason the Malays in their dealings with other races are courteous enough to use the Western calendar. They use the English names of the months, usually preceded by the word bulan. For practical purposes there is no need for the nonMalay to learn the Malay names of the months of the Muslim calendar, although it would be considered a courtesy by the Malays if one did so. For this reason the Malay months have not been given in the body of this book, but will be found—for those interested enough to learn them—in the appendix on the Muslim calendar at the end of the book. (90) DATES
Study carefully the examples given of the Malay way of expressing dates. These examples will prove more useful than a long explanation. (91) KEMERDEKAAN
In colloquial language, and nowadays quite often in writing, this is usually substituted by the word mérdeka. Mérdeka is, strictly speaking, an adjective meaning independent, as may be seen from the phrase Malaya Mérdeka which means Independent Malaya and not the independence of Malaya. The student will be safer if he sticks to kémérdekaan for the noun and mérdeka for the adjective. He will then be less likely to make grammatical errors in their use.
SPEAK Sixth Week
MALAY! LESSON
97 29: THURSDAY
A. Sentences
Hari ini hari apa? Hari ini hari khamis. Hari ini bérapa hari bulan? Hari ini dua-puloh énam hari bulan September. Pada hari juma’at banyak orang Mélayu sémbahyang di-mésjid. Di-mana orang Inggéris sémbahyang? Orang Inggéris sembahyang di-géreja pada hari ahad.
Di-mana orang Hindu (orang India) sémbahyang? Orang India sémbahyang dikuil Hindu. Di-mana orang China sémbahyang? Orang China sémbahyang ditokong China. Minggu lépas saya pérgi kaKuala Lumpur. Minggu ini saya nak tinggal di-Pulau Pinang. Minggu dépan saya nak pérgi ka-Singapura. Tahun lépas saya békérja diRaub. Tahun ini saya békérja diKuantan. S.M.—4
What day is it today? Today is Thursday. What's the date today? Today is the 26th of September. On Fridays a lot of Malays pray in the mosque. Where do the English pray? English people pray in church on Sundays. Where do the Hindus (Indians) pray? Indians pray in Hindu temples. Where do the Chinese pray? The Chinese pray in a Chinese temple. Last week I went to Kuala Lumpur. This week I’m going to stay in Penang. Next week I’m going to go to Singapore. Last year I was working in Raub. This year I am werking in Kuantan.
98
SPEAK
Tahun dépan saya nak pérgi ka-England bérchuti. Daripada hari isnen sampai hari juma’at saya békérja di-ofis. Tétapi pada hari sabtu dan hari ahad saya bérchuti. Pada hari sabtu saya sélalu pérgi ka-pantai nak bérénang. Tétapi pada hari ahad saya suka tinggal di-rumah bacha buku.
B. Word List sémbahyang pray; prayer géreja church tokong (Chinese) temple orang Hindu tahun lépas_ tahun dépan békérja
Hindu (n.) /ast year next year work (vb.)
MALAY!
Next year I’m going to England on leave. From Monday to Friday I work in the office. But on Saturday and Sunday I have a holiday. On Saturday I always go to the beach to swim. But on Sunday I like to stay at home and read a book.
mésjid kuil Hindu minggu lépas minggu dépan dépan
mosque (Hindu) temple Hindu (adj.) Jast week next week next; front
C. Grammar (92) DARIPADA...SAMPAI
Notice that we use daripada and not dari with expressions of time.
SPEAK
MALAY!
Sixth Week
99 LESSON
30: FRIDAY
A. Sentences
- Tujoh kosong énam lima. Sa-juta. Dua juta, tiga juta, émpat juta, etc. Tiga juta €nam-ratus limapuloh Japan ribu tujohratus tiga-puloh émpat. Satu tahun ada dua-bélas bulan. Satu bulan ada émpat minggu. Satu minggu ada tujoh hari. Satu hari ada dua-puloh émpat jam. Satu jam ada énam-puloh minit. Satu minit ada énam-puloh sa’at.
B. Word List empty; nought one million minute
kosong sa-juta minit
7065 (on the ’phone). One million. One million, two million, three million, four million, etc. 3, 658, 734.
One year has twelve months. One month has four weeks. One week has seven days. One day has 24 hours. One hour has 60 minutes. One minute has 60 seconds.
juta jam sa’at
million hours watch, clock second
C. Grammar
(93) SA-JUTA One million. The millions are formed quite normally with the word juta as in the examples in Section A.
100
SPEAK
Sixth Week
MALAY!
REVISION
LESSON
F: WEEK-END
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences in Lessons 26-30. B.
Word List
Revise all the word lists in Lessons 26-30.
C. Grammar Revise all the grainmar sections (74-93) in Lessons 26-30. D. Exercises (1) Make up thirty sentences using what you have so far learnt during the course. (2) Read aloud the following conversation:
. Apa khabar, énche’?
Khabar baik, énche’. Enche’ nak ka-mana? . Saya nak ka-pékan. . Apa énche’ nak buat di-pékan? . Saya nak béli sa-buah kéreta baharu. Tétapi énche’ ada sa-buah kéreta bésar. . Kéreta itu saya jual di-Ipoh pada hari sabtu lépas.
. Enche’ jual kéreta itu, dapat bérapa duit?
WD Wb > . Kéreta D>
itu saya dapat tiga-ribu lima-ratus ringgit. Kéreta itu bésar sangat, saya nak béli kéreta kéchil.* . Bérapa duit €nche’ mahu bagi nak béli kéreta baharu? . Saya ingat nak bagi émpat-ribu lébeh-kurang. boleh pérgi ka-pékan déngan énche’? Saya tahu di-mana énche’ boleh béli sa-buah kéreta baik sangat.
wDD> Saya
A. Boleh-lah. Térima kaseh, énche’. B. Lépas itu énche’ nak buat apa di-pékan? *kéchil: small little.
SPEAK
MALAY!
101
> . Saya ingat nak makan di-kédai makan China. Enche’ suka makan makanan China? Suka-lah.
. Baik énche’ pérgi sama; boleh makan déngan saya.
w D> Térima
kaseh, énche’.
A. Sama-sama.
(3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Translate into Malay: (a) Yesterday I sold my car in Kuala Lumpur; I got $4,500 (for it). (b) To-morrow I am going to buy a new car in Singapore; I am thinking of paying [bagi] $6,000 (for it). (c) The day before yesterday was Saturday; I was on leave (for) two days; I went to Batu Feringgi in Penang to swim. (d) A friend of mine said, “It’s rather dangerous to swim at Batu Feringgi; there’s a lot of sea-snakes there; you'd better just sit on the beach.” (e) Malays like eating areca nut, but Europeans don’t like eating it. (f) Kedah people do not say, “I am going to the Island of Penang’; they usually say, “I’m going (to) the Point.” (g) Many Malays do not like eating Chinese food; Chinese food has a lot of pork (in it). Malays cannot eat pork. (h) The town of Alor Star has about 50,000 people. (i) Malaya has approximately six million people. (j) England has more or less fifty million people.
Seventh Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kétujoh
Pélajaran Yang Ké-31: Hari
31: MONDAY
Isnen
A. Sentences
Pukul satu. Pada pukul satu saya sélalu makan nasi. Pada pukul dua saya balek kaOfis. Pada pukul tiga saya sélalu minum sa-chawan teh diofis. Pada pukul émpat saya sélalu pérgi ka-posofis. Pada pukul lima saya sélalu balek ka-rumah. Pada pukul énam saya sélalu mandi. Daripada pukul tujoh sampai puku! lapan saya sélalu bacha surat khabar. Pada pukul sémbilan saya makan nasi. Daripada pukul sa-puloh sampai pukul sa-bélas saya bacha buku. Pada pukul dua-bélas saya tidor. Pukul bérapa énche’ bangun pagi?
One o'clock. At one o'clock I always eat.
At two o'clock I go back to the Office. At three o'clock I always drink a cup of tea in the office. At four o'clock I always go to the Post Office. Atfive o'clock I always go home. At six o'clock I always have a bath. From seven o'clock until eight o'clock I always read the newspaper. At nine o'clock I have dinner. From ten o'clock until eleven 0 clock I read.
At twelve o'clock I go to bed.
What time do you get up in the morning ?
SPEAK
Saya bangun pada pukul tujoh pagi. Pada pukul bérapa énche’ makan pagi? Saya makan pagi pada pukul lapan. Pukul bérapa énche’ pérgi ka-ofis? Saya sélalu pérgi ka-ofis pada pukul sémbilan. Pukul bérapa énche’ balek? Saya sélalu balek pada pukul satu. Apa énche’ buat pada pukul sa-puloh kélmarin? Kélmarin pada pukul sa-puloh pagi saya békérja di-ofis.
B. Word List pélajaran lesson; education chawan posofis tidor pagi
cup post office sleep; go to Sleep; go to bed morning, in the
103
MALAY!
I get up at seven o'clock in the morning. At what time do you have breakfast ? I have breakfast at eight o'clock. Whai iime do you go to the office ? I always go to the office at nine o'clock. What time do you come home ? I always come home at one o'clock. What were you doing at ten o'clock yesterday ? Yesterday at ten o'clock in the morning I was working in the office.
pukul
— strike; beat; o'clock
mandi
have a bath; bathe,
bangun makan pagi
wash get up, rise have breakfast} breakfast
morning C. Grammar
(93a) MINGGU YANG YANG KE-31
KETUJOH;
PELAJARAN
The numbers we have had so far have been the simple numbers which grammarians usually call the cardinal numbers. Here we have our first examples of ordinal numbers, i.e. the
104
SPEAK
MALAY!
numbers which tell us, not how many things there are, but what order they are in. The English ordinal numbers are the series beginning first, second, third, etc. The Malay ordinals can be formed quite simply from the cardinals. We just prefix yang ké- to the cardinal to get the ordinal: tujoh sa-bélas dua-puloh
seven eleven twenty
yang kétujoh seventh yang késa-bélas_ _e/eventh yang kédua-puloh twentieth
The only irregularity is the word for first, which is not yang késatu but yang pértama. Pértama is from the Sanskrit word prathama which also means first. Note too that the ordinal numbers, being true adjectives, always follow the noun to which they are attached: buku yang pértama kapal yang kédua-ratus
the first book the two-hundredth ship
Observe the way in which these numbers are abbreviated in writing: instead of pélajaran yang kétiga-puloh satu (thirtyfirst lesson) we can write pélajaran yang ké-31 (31st lesson).
(94) PUKUL
SATU
Pukul really means “strike” or “stroke” and refers to the number of strokes on the gong outside the village police station, which was an old way of indicating time in Malaya. Here again the examples speak for themselves, so study the sentences in Section A carefully.
SPEAK
105
MALAY!
Seventh Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kétujoh
Pélajaran Yang Ké-32: Hari Sélasa
32: TUESDAY
A. Sentences
Pukul satu sa-téngah. Pukul bérapa sékarang? Sékarang pukul énam saténgah. Pukul bérapa énche’ bangun pagi ini? Pagi ini saya bangun pada pukul tujoh sa-téngah. Pada pukul bérapa énche’
pérgi ka-ofis pagi ini? Pagi ini saya lambat sikit; sampai ka-ofis pada pukul sémbilan sa-téngah.
Enche’ boleh datang karumah saya malam ini nak makan nasi? Boleh-lah. Térima kaseh. Pukul bérapa énche’ mahu saya datang ka-sana? Pada pukul lapan sa-téngah. Pada pukul bérapa siaran “Speak Malay” bérmula? Siaran “Speak Malay” bérmula hari-hari pada pukul énam sa-téngah. Malam sabtu pada pukul sémbilan sa-téngah saya nak pérgi tengok wayang gélap di-pékan. S.M.—4*
Half past one. What time is it now? It is now half past six. What time did you get up this morning ? This morning I got up at half past seven. What time did you go to the office this morning? This morning I was a bit late; I got to the office at half past nine. Can you come to my house this evening for dinner ? Rather! Thanks very much. What time do you want me to get there? At half past eight. At what time does the “Speak Malay” programme begin? The “Speak Malay” programme begins every day at 6.30. On Friday evening at 9.30 I'm
going to the cinema in town.
106
SPEAK
Hari sabtu pada pukul sapuloh pagi saya nak pérgi ka-Pulau Pinang nak béli
MALAY!
On Saturday morning at ten o'clock I'm going to Penang to do some shopping.
barang.
Malam-malam pada pukul lapan sa-téngah orang China itu pérgi ka-sékolah nak bélajar bahasaMélayu. Bérapa lama dia bélajar disana? Sa-jam sa-téngah; dia balek pada pukul sa-puloh. Pada pukul sa-puloh saténgah dia tidor. Tiap-tiap hari ahad dia déngar siaran “Speak Malay” daripada pukul sémbilan sampai pukul sémbilan sa-téngah pagi. Bila dia bérmula bélajar bahasa Mélayu? Sémbilan bulan dahulu;
stkarang dia pandai sangat.
Every evening at 8.30 that Chinese goes to school to learn Malay. How long does he study there ? An hour and a half; he goes home at ten o'clock. At half past ten he goes to bed. Every Sunday morning he listens to the ““Speak Malay” programme from nine o’ clock until half past nine.
When did he start learning Malay ? Nine months ago; now he’s very good at it.
B. Word List téngah lambat siaran
middle slow; late broadcast (n.);
programme malamevery night; malam every evening bérapa lama how long déngar hear; listen to pandai clever; good at
sa-téngah malam bérmula hari-hari stkolah lama bila
(a) half night, evening begin every day school long (of time); old (of things) when
SPEAK
MALAY!
107
C. Grammar
(95) PUKUL
SATU SA-TENGAH
Notice the way the half-hours are indicated.
(96) BERMULA A rather more correct form than mula which we had earlier.
(97) MALAM
SABTU
Friday evening: this is not a misprint! The Muslim day begins at sunset and not at midnight. This means that the period of darkness goes entirely with the following period of daylight and is not divided between the preceding and following daylight periods. Be very careful with this or you may find yourself turning up on the wrong evening for a dinner party! Malays, in their efforts to be polite and helpful to other races, often needlessly complicate matters by using these expressions in the English manner,
i.e. they use malam sabtu
to mean Saturday evening. Therefore when you receive an invitation, especially verbally, from a Malay to an evening function, it would be wise just to make certain which evening he does mean. When he realises that you do know the correct form, he will be delighted. (98) HARI-HARI,
MALAM-MALAM Here the reduplication implies “every’’, and this is the usual meaning when expressions of time are reduplicated. So also with: bulan-bulan every month tahun-tahun every year
108
SPEAK
MALAY!
Seventh Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kétujoh
Pélajaran Yang Ké-33: Hari Rabu
33: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
At a quarter past eight. Pada pukul lapan suku. A quarter to nine (or 8.45). Pukul lapan tiga suku. At a quarter to nine in the Pada pukul lapan tiga suku morning the train leaves here pagi kéreta api bértolak for Singapore. dari sini nak pérgi kaSingapura. What time does that train Pukul bérapa kéreta api itu arrive in Singapore? sampai ka-Singapura? It gets there at 11.15 p.m. Sampai ka-sana pada pukul sa-bélas suku malam. What time did you get up this Pukul bérapa énche’ bangun morning ? pagi ini? Last night I went to bed late Malam kélmarin saya tidor lewat; pagi ini saya lambat and so this morning I was bangun; pagi ini saya bangun slow getting up; this morning pada pukul tujoh tiga suku. T got up at a quarter to eight. Lambat-lah énche’! Pukul You were late! And what time bérapa énche’ sampai kadid you get to the office? ofis? Saya sampai pada pukul ] got there at 9.15. sémbilan suku. Tuan ta’ marah? Wasn't the boss angry ? Tidak marah. Dia séndiri No, he wasn’t. He got there at sampai pada pukul sémbilan 9.45 himself. tiga suku. Pukul lapan lima minit. Kéreta api dari-Singapura sampai ka-sini pada pukul tujoh dua-bélas minit.
Five (minutes) past eight. The train from Singapore arrives here at twelve minutes past seven.
SPEAK
Kéreta itu bértolak dari-sini
pada pukul tujoh dua-puloh tiga minit. Kéreta itu tinggal sa-bélas minit di-sini. Kapal térbang bértolak dari sini pada pukul dua émpatpuloh minit. Kapal térbang itu sampai kaHong Kong pada pukul duabélas lima-puloh minit malam. Matahari turun pada pukul énam lima-puloh dua minit. Matahari térbit pada pukul énam émpat-puloh minit. Pada pukul énam lima-puloh lima minit saya bangun s€ndiri. B.
MALAY!
109
It leaves here at 7.23.
It stops here for eleven minutes.
The aeroplane leaves here at 2.40 (or: at twenty to three). That aeroplane arrives in Hong Kong at ten to one in the morning.
The sun set at 6.52. The sun rose at 6.40.
Atfive to seven I got up myself.
Word List
suku
quarter
lewat tuan
late; too late lord; master;
boss}; sir; Mr dia séndiri he himself térbang _fly (vb.) matahari sun térbit rise (sun); be issued (book)
bértolak
to start; leave; set sail; move
marah séndiri saya séndiri kapal térbang turun
angry self J myself aeroplane go downj come down; descend; set (sun)
off
110
SPEAK
MALAY!
C. Grammar (99) PADA
PUKUL
LAPAN
SUKU,
PUKUL
LAPAN
TIGA SUKU Notice the method of indicating ‘‘a quarter past” and “a quarter to” the hour. Literally: at eight strokes (and a) quarter and at eight strokes (and) three quarters. (100) LEWAT,
LAMBAT
Both these words mean “late”. The main difference is that lewat implies being too late to do something or other (here: too late to get to work on time in the morning) whereas /ambat implies lateness through slowness (here the man was a bit slow and lazy about getting up). You would use /ewat, for instance, if you were trying to catch a train but arrived so late that you missed it. You would use /ambat if you had arranged to meet a friend on the station ten minutes before the train left, and you were eight minutes late for the appointment but still in time for both of you to catch the train. (101) TUAN
The original meaning of tuan is “lord” or “master”. It is used to refer to any Malay with a title higher than that of Enche’. A haji (a person who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca) is addressed as Tuan or Tuan Haji; so is a Saiyid (Syed), that is a man claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Certainly any higher person would be called Tuan. By courtesy and custom Europeans are usually called Tuan by Malays. Indeed, used by itself as sa-orang tuan it has come to mean a European official or business man, hence “‘boss’’. In Indonesia tuan has now ousted énche’ and is used as a general word for Mr or Sir, and like énche’ is used as a polite form for you. Now that the Federation is independent, there is a definite tendency to imitate the Indonesian usage, and this should be encouraged as it leads to simplicity and equality.
SPEAK
(102) PUKUL
DUA
MALAY!
EMPAT-PULOH
1i1
MINIT
Malay, like English, uses this “time-table”’ style of expressing minutes before the hour, but, also like English, it has another way which will be discussed in the next lesson.
Seventh Week
LESSON 34: THURSDAY
Minggu Yang Kétujoh
Pélajaran Yang Khamis
Keé-34:
Hari
A. Sentences
Pukul lima émpat-puloh minit. Kurang dua-puloh minit pukul énam. Kurang lima minit pukul émpat Ahmad sampai ka-rumah saya. Kurang dua-puloh minit pukul tujoh dia kéluar dari-rumah saya nak pérgi ka-pékan. Dia kata kapada saya dia nak pérgi tengok wayang gélap. Saya bértanya pukul bérapa wayang gélap bérmula. Dia ménjawab wayang gélap nak bérmula pada pukul tujoh suku. Saya bértanya: Saya boleh pérgi sama? Dia ménjawab: Boleh-lah! Saya kata: Nanti sa-kéjap, Che’ Ahmad.
Five-forty. Twenty minutes to six. Atfive minutes to four Ahmad arrived at my house. Af twenty to seven he left my house to go to town. He told me that he was going to the pictures. ‘/ asked him what time the picture began. He replied that the picture was going to begin at 7.15. I asked: Can I go with you?
He replied: Of course you can. I said: Just wait a moment, Ahmad.
112
SPEAK
Lépas itu saya bértanya: Pukul bérapa sékarang? Ahmad kata: sékarang kurang suku pukul tujoh. Baik kita pérgi lékas. Saya ménjawab: Baik-lah! Saya nak pérgi ambil duit sahaja. Kurang sa-puloh minit pukul tujoh kita kéluar dari-rumah saya, naik becha, pérgi kapékan. Pada pukul tujoh sa-puloh minit kita sampai kawayang gélap. Masa Ahmad bagi dua ringgit kapada orang becha, saya masok wayang gélap béli
tikit. Pada pukul tujoh suku kita dudok di-témpat kita. Gambar itu gambar Mélayu— baik sangat. Pada pukul sémbilan tiga suku kita kéluar dari wayang gélap. Lépas itu kita masok sa-buah kédai kopi nak minum kopi. Pada pukul sa-puloh saténgah kita naik becha nak balek.
MALAY!
Then I asked: What time is it now? Ahmad said: It’s a quarter to seven now. We'd better hurry.
I replied: All right. ?'m just going to get some money. At ten to seven we came out of my house, caught a trishaw and went to town. At ten past seven we arrived at the cinema.
While Ahmad was giving two dollars to the trishaw man, ]
went into the cinema and bought the tickets. Al a quarter past seven we were sitting in our places. It was a Malay picture, and a very good one. Al a quarter to ten we came out of the cinema. Then we went into a café for some coffee. At half past ten we got a trishaw to go home.
SPEAK
MALAY!
113
B. Word List kéluar come out; go out nanti wait lékas immediately; quickly masa _—_ time; while; when gambar picture, film tikit ticket masok
bértanya ménjawab sa-kéjap pérgi lékas ambil témpat
ask, inquire answer, reply a moment go at once; hurry take; get; fetch place
go in, come in, enter
C. Grammar (103) KURANG
DUA-PULOH
MINIT
PUKUL
ENAM
Literally: less twenty minutes six o’clock. This is the standard way of indicating minutes to the hour. Notice that in this case the minutes precede the hour whereas in the case of half hours, quarter hours and minutes past the hour it is the hour which comes first, followed by the minutes. (104) AMBIL
Usually pronounced, but seldom written, ambik. (105) MASA
Masa (time) means “when” when “when” means “while’’. Otherwise use bila. Examples: Masa saya tengok dia... While I was looking at him... Bila saya tengok dia... When I saw him... Masa saya di-London... When I was in London...
114
SPEAK
MALAY!
Seventh Week
LESSON
35: FRIDAY
Minggu Yang Kétujoh
Pélajaran
Yang
Hari
A. Sentences Kélmarin pada pukul sa-bélas pagi saya békérja di-ofis.
Ké-35:
Juma’at
Yesterday morning at eleven o’clock I was working in the office. Tiba-tiba sa-orang kawan saya Suddenly one of my friends masok. came in. Dia kata: Anak saya nak He said: My son is getting bérkahwin hari ini; nak ada married today; there’s going kénduri di-rumah saya to be a party at my house malam ini. tonight. Dia kata lagi: Enche’ boleh He went on to say: Can you datang ka-rumah saya malam come to my house tonight ini nak makan nasi? for dinner? Saya suka hati sangat. I was very pleased. Saya kata: Boleh-lah, énche’! J said: Of course I can! Thank Térima kaseh. you very much. Che’ Ahmad kata: Kéndurinak Ahmad said: The party's going bérmula pada pukui tujoh to begin at 7.15. suku. Lépas itu dia kéluar; saya Then he went out and I went on békérja lagi. working. Pada pukul tujoh lima minit =A? five past seven J got in my saya naik kéreta saya pérgi car and went to Ahmad’s ka-rumah Che’ Ahmad. house. Sampai ka-sana, saya tengok When I got there I saw that ada banyak orang di-rumah there were lots of people in itu. the house. Che’ Ahmad bérdiri di-luar Ahmad was standing outside rumah nantikan saya. the house waiting for me. Dia jémput saya masok. He asked me to come in.
SPEAK
Pada pukul lapan kita makan nasi. Sédap sangat. Pada pukul sa-bélas sa-téngah ada isti’adat bérsanding. Péngantin pérémpuan chantek sangat. Saya ingat péngantin laki-laki bésar hati sangat. Pada pukul dua-bélas saya naik kéreta balek ka-rumah saya.
Ob)
MALAY!
At eight o’clock we had dinner. It was very good. At half past eleven was the bersanding (sitting in state) ceremony. The bride was very pretty.
I think the bridegroom was very proud. At twelve o'clock I got into my car and went home.
B. Word List
tiba arrive bérkahwin get married; be married bésar hati proud bérdiri
—
stand (vb.); stand up ask, invite
jémput ist’'adat ceremony bérsanding sit in state side by side; bersanding péngantin bride; bridegroom péngantin laki-laki bridegroom
tiba-tiba kénduri hati suka hati di-luar nantikan sédap
suddenly feast; party liver pleased outside wait for tasty; good
(of food) péngantin pérémpuan chantek
bride pretty, beautiful
C. Grammar
(106) SUKA HATI, BESAR HATI The Malays, like the Elizabethans, believe that the liver is the seat of the emotions. Hence, where we have many similar expressions in English involving the word heart the Malays use hati instead. Don’t be misled into thinking that hati means
116
SPEAK
MALAY!
heart. The real word for heart is jantong. It is jantong that you discuss with the doctor and the butcher, but Aati with your lover! Further common expressions using hati: sakit hati angry susah hati worried, anxious kéchil hati Aurt (feelings)
(107) SAYA BEKERJA LAGI I went on working. Note this construction which is very common in colloquial Malay. So also dia kata lagi—he went on to say. (108) NANTI,
NANTIKAN
Nanti means to wait and nantikan means to wait for. In other words they are intransitive and transitive respectively.
(109) IsTI’ADAT BERSANDING The bersanding ceremony is the focal point of a Malay wedding. The bridal couple are regarded as king and queen for the day, and at some auspicious hour, often very late at night, they sit side by side (bérsanding) on a double throne (pélamin) and are honoured by all their friends and relations.
SPEAK
Seventh Week Minggu Yang Kétujoh
MALAY!
REVISION
117
LESSON
Pélajaran Ulang-kaji Hari Ahad
G:
G: WEEK-END Hari
Sabtu
dan
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences in Lessons 31-35. B. Word List
ulang-kaji
— revision
Revise all the word lists in Lessons 31-35.
C. Grammar Revise all the grammar sections (93-109) in Lessons 31-35. D. Exercises (1) Make up twenty sentences using what you have learnt. (2) Read aloud the following narrative, which is a continuation of the story told in Lesson 35, Section A: Pada pukul dua-bélas sa-puloh minit malam, saya sampai ka-rumah saya. Saya mandi; lépas itu saya tidor. Pagi ini saya bangun lewat sikit—pada pukul tujoh tiga suku. Lékas saya mandi, makan roti, minum kopi. Lépas itu saya naik kéreta nak pérgi ka-ofis. Pada pukul lapan tiga suku saya sampai ka-sana; tuan saya marah sangat.
Dia bérkata (same as kata), ““Enche’ datang lewat—suku jam!” Saya kata, “Tuan, malam kéimarin saya pérgi ka-rumah sa-orang kawan saya. Anak dia nak bérkahwin. Saya tinggal di-rumah dia sampai pukul dua-bélas malam nak tengok isti’adat bérsanding. Lewat saya balek karumah saya. Saya tidor pada pukul satu malam, lambat sikit bangun pagi ini.” Tuan saya orang baik. Dia kata,
“Baik-lah! Tétapi ada banyak kérja hari ini. Enche’ boleh tinggal di-ofis sampai pukul tujoh malam?” ménjawab, “Boleh-lah, tuan.” (3) Translate (2) above into English.
Saya
118
SPEAK
MALAY!
(4) Translate into Malay: (a) My daughter is getting married to-day; there will be a big party in the bridegroom’s house. (b) Many people will go there to see the bersanding ceremony at ten-thirty. (c) My daughter is very pretty; the bridegroom is very pleased. (d) I think we shall be going to bed late to-night. (e) This lesson is a revision lesson. (f) That Indian aeroplane arrived in Singapore at 11.57 p.m. (malam). (g) This morning I came late (say: late to come) to the office; my boss was very angry. (kh) Every day he tries to speak Malay with the Malays in the office; the more he tries, the better he is at speaking. (i) My boss is going to England on leave next month. (j) I don’t know where my book is. Can I look at yours? Of course you can.
Eighth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kédélapan
Pélajaran Yang Ké-36: Hari Isnen
36: MONDAY
A. Sentences Bapa saya sudah pérgi kaKuala Lumpur. Bapa saya bélum pérgi kaKuala Lumpur.
Enche’ sudah béli buah manggis? Sudah. Saya sudah béli sapuloh biji. Bapa énche’ sudah béli kéreta baharu? Bélum. Dia bélum béli.
Enche’ sudah bacha surat khabar hari ini? Bélum. Saya bélum béli surat khabar hari ini. Orang itu bélum bérmula bélajar bahasa Mélayu. Orang China itu pandai bérchakap bahasa Mélayu. Sa-tahun dahulu orang China itu ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu, tétapi sékarang dia sudah pandai. Makanan pagi saya sélalu siap pada pukul lapan. Makanan sudah siap, tuan.
My father has gone to Kuala Lumpur.
My father has not (yet) gone to Kuala Lumpur. Have you bought any mango_ steens? Yes, I have. I have bought ten.
Has your father bought a new car ? No, he hasn’t bought one yet. Have you read the paper today ? No, I haven't. I haven’t bought a paper today yet. That man has not yet begun to learn Malay. That Chinese is good at speaking Malay. A year ago that Chinese couldn’t speak Malay, but now he’s good at it. My
breakfast is always ready at eight o’ciock. The meal is ready, sir.
120
SPEAK
MALAY!
Che’ Ahmad sélalu sihat. Ahmad is always fit. Minggu lépas bapa saya sakit; Last week my father was ill; sékarang sudah sihat. now he is well. Kérja orang itu baik sangat. | That man’s work is very good. Mula-mula kérja orang itu Atfirst that man’s work was tidak baik; sékarang sudah not good; but it’s all right baik. now. Rumah orang itu sélalu kotor That man’s house is always very sangat. dirty. Kémarin ada kénduri di-rumah Yesterday there was a party in saya; pagi ini rumah saya my house; this morning the sudah kotor. house is dirty. B. Word List
sudah sihat kotor
finished; completed fit, well, healthy dirty
bélum not (yet) siap ready mula-mula at first; originally
C. Grammar (110) SUDAH
PERGI,
BELUM
PERGI
Sudah before a verb gives the verb more or less the meaning of the English perfect tense (either present, past, or future perfect); i.e. sudah pérgi, according to the context, may mean “has gone’, “had gone’, or “will have gone”. Bélum is substituted for sudah to give the negative form. Cf. (111). (111) SUDAH
PANDAI
Sudah, with its negative form bélum, has a slightly different meaning in English though not in Malay, when placed before an adjective. An adjective without sudah or bélum describes a state of affairs which may be considered as permanent, or rather as having existed for some time and likely to continue for a while at least. An adjective preceded by sudah describes a state of affairs which has only just come about; sudah plus
SPEAK
MALAY!
adjective, in other words, describes has only just started. E.g.:
Orang China itu pandai © bérchakap bahasa Mélayu.
121
a new
condition
which
That Chinese is good at speaking Malay.
[Here the plain pandai implies that the Chinese in question has always been good at Malay, still is good at it, and presumably always will be: he was probably born in Malacca, for instance. ] Sa-tahun dahulu orang China A year ago that Chinese itu ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa — couldn’t speak Malay, but Mélayu, tétapi sékarang now he’s good at it. sudah pandai.
{Here sudah pandai means that our Chinese friend’s cleverness is a fairly recent thing. A year ago he was no good at Malay, but since then he must have been working hard at it and has now reached the stage of being good at the language. }
The same difference exists between the other pairs of examples given in the sentences in Section A. Look closely at them and try to see why there is a sudah in one case and not in the other. (112) YANG KEDELAPAN This form is more common in writing than yang kélapan. The student should prefer the written forms of the ordinal numbers, since these numbers are not very much used in talking anyway. In spoken Malay minggu nombor lapan would be more usual,
122
SPEAK
MALAY!
Eighth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kédélapan
Pélajaran Yang Ké-37: Hari Sélasa
37: TUESDAY
A. Sentences
Hari ini saya nantikan saorang kawan saya datang. Kélmarin dia kata dia nak sampai ka-rumah saya pada pukul énam. Kita sudah bérsétuju nak pérgi tengok wayang gélap. Tétapi sékarang sudah pukul énam suku; dia bélum datang. Ah! Dia sudah datang. Ma’afkan saya, énche’. Saya sudah lewat. Ta ’apa-lah. Ada sa-téngah jam lagi. Tétapi saya sudah tuang teh; sékarang kita ta’ dan minum. Ta’ dan? Boleh-lah kita minum. Mana boleh? Naik becha sampai ka-wayang gélap— dua-puloh minit! Naik becha? Siapa nak naik becha ? Kita nak naik kéreta. Hari ini saya sudah béli. Itu kéreta Enche’? Saya ingat kéreta sewa.
Today I am waiting for a
friend of mine to come. Yesterday he said that he would arrive at my house at six o’clock. We have agreed to go to the pictures. But now it is a quarter past six, and he’s not yet come. Ah! Here he comes.
Forgive me. I am late.
That’s all right. We've still got half an hour. But I've made some tea, and now we haven't got time to drink it. No time ? Of course we can drink it. How can we? It’s twenty minutes in a trishaw to the cinema! In a trishaw ? Who’s going ina trishaw ? We're going by car. I bought one today. Is that your car? I thought it was a taxi.
SPEAK
Bukan! Saya sudah dapat lotéri; sudah béli sa-buah kéreta baharu.
Bagus-lah! Enche’ sudah dapat lotéri, boleh béli tikit saya. Boleh-lah! Lépas itu kita nak ka-sa-buah kédai makan nak makan nasi. Térima kaseh, énche’!
Buku ini saya sudah bacha; buku itu saya ta’ bacha lagi. Bapa saya ta’ pérgi kaSingapura lagi. Gambar “Hang Tuah”’ saya ta’ tengok lagi. Kawan énche’ sudah sampai? Tidak lagi. Dia nak sampai
esok.
123
MALAY!
No, it isn’t! I've won a lottery, so I’ve bought a new car.
Splendid! If youve won a lottery, you can pay for my ticket. Of course I can! And after that we'll go to a restaurant for a meal. Thank you very much! This book I have read; that book I have not yet read. My father has not gone to Singapore yet. I have not yet seen the picture of “Hang Tuah’’. Is your friend here yet? Not yet. He will arrive - tomorrow.
B. Word List
bérsétuju tuang tuang teh ta’ dan
ma’afkan agree pour out; make (tea) dan make tea sewa no time to (do) lotéri kéreta sewa taxi; hire-car dapat lotéri win a /Jottery
excuse (vb.);
forgive time to (do) hire lottery
C. Grammar
(113) TUANG TEH This is the correct expression for “make tea’. Although tuang means “‘pour out’’, tuang teh does not mean “pour out tea”; that would be banchoh teh, literally “mix tea”, i.e.
124
SPEAK
MALAY!
“mixing the tea, milk and sugar together in the cup’. Banchoh is also used for making drinks like coffee which are often in powder form and have to be mixed with milk or water before being drunk. Instead of tuang teh and banchoh kopi, however, one can say buat teh, and buat kopi.
(114) MANA BOLEH? A very common colloquial expression meaning literally something like “how can?”’, an expression which has become quite common also in Malayan English. It may have many translations in English, such as, ‘““What a ridiculous idea!”’, “What on earth are you talking about ?’’, “Absolute nonsense”’ and so on, according to the context and the tone of voice in which it is uttered.
(115) TIDAK
LAGI
These two words are often used together in colloquial language instead of the more formal bélum which is felt by some Malays as being rather bookish.
Eighth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kédélapan
Pélajaran Yang Ké-38: Hari Rabu
38: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Enche’ nak pérgi ka-pasar. Ada-kah énche’ nak pérgi kapasar? Ada.
You are going to the market. Are you going to the market?
Ta’ ada.
No.
Yes.
SPEAK
Ada-kah énche’ tahu bérchakap bahasa China? Ada. Saya bélajar lama diHong Kong. Ada-kah énche’ suka makan daging babi? Ta’ ada. Saya orang Mélayu; saya ta’ boleh makan daging babi. Ada-kah €nche’ nak pérgi kaPulau Pinang? Ada. Saya nak béli barang di-sana. Ada-kah énche’ sudah béli sabuah kéreta baharu? Ta’ ada. Saya ta’ ada banyak duit tahun ini. Ada-kah énche’ dudok diKuala Lumpur? Ada. Sudah lima tahun saya dudok di-Kuala Lumpur. Ada-kah énche’ békérja di-ofis Tuan Brown? Ta’ ada. Saya békérja di-ofis Che’ Sulaiman. Ada-kah orang itu orang China? Ada. Dia orang Hokkien. Ada-kah nama orang China itu Ah Kau?
125
MALAY!
Can you speak Chinese ?
Yes, I can. I studied it for a long time in Hong Kong. Do you like eating pork ?
No, I don’t. ma can’t eat pork.
Malay; I
Are you going to Penang?
Yes, 1am. I’m going to do some shopping there. Have you bought a new car?
No, I haven't. I haven't got much money this year. Do you live in Kuala Lumpur ?
Yes, I do. I’ve been living in Kuala Lumpur for five years. Do you work in Mr Brown’s office ? No, I don’t. I work in Mr
Sulaiman’s office. Is that man a Chinese? Yes, he is. He’s a Hokkien. Is his name Ah Kau?
Ta’ ada. Nama dia Ah Kim.
No, it isn’t. His name is Ah Kim.
Ada-kah dia tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu?
Can he speak Malay?
126
SPEAK
Ada. Sudah lama dia dudok di-Malaya. Ada-kah dia suka makan gulai pédas sangat? Ta’ ada.
MALAY! Yes, he can. He has been living in Malaya for a long time. Does he like eating very hot curry? No, he doesn’t.
B. Word List No new words.
C. Grammar (116) ADA-KAH There are several ways of forming questions in Malay. The easiest of these we have already learnt to use, viz. keep the statement form and raise the voice at the end of the sentence in talking, and write a question mark in writing. Another easy way is by keeping the statement form but prefixing it with the words ada-kah which literally means something like “is it (true) that .. .?” (Cf. French questions beginning with est-ce que.) Notice how answers are given to questions beginning with ada-kah: we say simply ada if the answer is in the affirmative and ta’ ada if the answer is negative. The examples in Section A speak for themselves; but pay special attention to the free English rendering in each case.
(117) SUDAH LIMA TAHUN SAYA DUDOK DI-KUALA LUMPUR; SUDAH LAMA DIA DUDOK DI-MALAYA
Notice the construction exemplified in these two sentences. Sudah may be used even with a noun (/ima tahun) if the sense permits. Literally these two sentences mean (a) finished five years I live in K.L. and (6) completed long time he live in Malaya.
SPEAK
127
MALAY!
Eighth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kédélapan
Pélajaran Yang Khamis
39: THURSDAY Ké-39:
Hari
A. Sentences
Dia nak pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur-kah? Dia nak bacha buku itu-kah? Dia-kah nak bacha buku itu? Dia nak bacha-kah buku itu? Dia nak bacha buku itu-kah? Buku itu-kah dia nak bacha?
Enche’-kah nak béli sa-buah kéreta baharu? Ikan ini murah-kah? Ikan ini-kah murah?
Dia datang-kah? Datang. Ta’ datang. Bapa dia-kah nak béli kéreta di-Singapura? Bapa dia. Dia datang-kah pada pukul sémbilan sa-téngah? Ta’ datang. Dia nak datang pada pukul sa-puloh. Pukul sa-puloh-kah dia nak datang? Pukul sa-puloh. Budak ini-kah énche’ tengok di-pékan? Budak ini.
Is he going to Kuala Lumpur ?
Is Is Is Is Is
he going he going he going he going that the read?
to read that book ? to read that book? to read that book? to read that book ? book he’s going to
Is it you who are going to buy a new car? Ts this fish cheap? Ts this fish cheap ? Is he coming ? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. Is it his father who’s going to buy a car in Singapore? Yes, it is.
Is he coming at half past nine ?
No, he isn’t. He is going to come at ten o'clock. Is it at ten o’clock that he’s coming ? Yes, it is. Is this the boy you saw in town ? Yes, it is.
128
SPEAK
MALAY!
B. Word List
-kah
question particle
C. Grammar
(118) -KAH Here we have another common method of forming questions in Malay. We simply add -kah to the end of the sentence, or more accurately we add -kah to the most important word in the sentence, i.e. the word about which the question is really being asked. Cf. the first batch of examples in Section A. Pay special attention to the English translations of these examples. Notice too (cf. the last batch of examples) how answers are given to such questions. If the answer is “‘yes”, the word to
which the -kah is added is repeated in the answer with or without other words. The examples given will make this clear. If the answer is “no”, the answer will contain tidak, bukan or bélum (or any of their alternative forms) according to the structure of the original statement.
Eighth Week
LESSON 40: FRIDAY
Minggu Yang Kédélapan
Pélajaran Yang Hari Juma’at
Ké-40:
A. Sentences
Kélmarin sa-orang kawan saya di-Kuala Lumpur sudah mati. Orang itu bélum mati.
Orang itu tidak mati lagi.
Yesterday a friend of mine in Kuala Lumpur died.
That man has not yet died—or that man is not yet dead. ditto
SPEAK
MALAY!
Ada-kah énche’ sudah bacha_ buku ini? Ta’ ada. Saya bélum bacha. Ta’ ada. Saya ta’ bacha lagi. Ada-kah énche’ suka makan gulai pédas? Ada. Saya sangat suka makan. Ada-kah €nche’ suka makan buah durian? Ta’ ada. Banyak orang puteh ta’ suka makan. Dia-kah nak datang malam ini? Dia. Dia nak sampai pukul lapan tiga suku. Malam ini-kah dia nak datang? Malam ini.
129
Have you read this book ? No, I haven't read it yet. ditto _—Do you like eating hot curry?
Yes, J do; I like it very much. __—Do you like eating durians? No, I don’t. Many Europeans don’t like them. Js he coming tonight? Yes, he is. He'll arrive at a quarter to nine. Js it to-night he’s coming? Yes.
B. Word List No new words.
C. Grammar (119) Revise the sections 110-118).
Eighth Week Minggu Yang Kédélapan
grammar
of
Lessons
REVISION LESSON Pélajaran Ulang-kaji Hari Ahad
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences of Lessons 36-40. B.
Word List
Revise all the word lists of Lessons 36-40. S.M.—)
36-39 (Grammar
H:
H: WEEK-END Hari
Sabtu
dan
130
SPEAK
MALAY!
C. Grammar Revise all the grammar sections (110-118) of Lessons 36-39. D.-EXercises.
(1) Make up twenty questions using the three different ways you have learnt and give the answers to them. (2) Put each of the following statements into question form three different ways: (a) Orang itu orang China.
(b) Enche’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Tamil. (c) Bapa dia nak datang esok.
(d) Emak énche’ sudah mati. (e) Dia sudah dapat surat daripada bapa dia. (3) Read aloud the following conversation:
A. Apa khabar, énche’? B. Khabar baik. Apa khabar bapa énche’? A. Bapa saya sihat sangat, tétapi sa-orang kawan saya sudah sakit. Dia sudah masok rumah sakit di-Kuala Lumpur. Kita ingat dia nak mati. . Dia ta’ mati lagi?
. Bélum. Saya ingat dua tiga hari lagi dia nak mati. Orang kata kapada saya bapa énche’ sudah sakit; apa khabar dia? Khabar baik sangat. Minggu lépas dia sakit sangat; dia masok rumah sakit di-Ipoh, tétapi sékarang dia sudah baik; dia sudah kéluar dari rumah sakit nak balek ka-rumah. Dia sudah béli sa-buah kéreta baharu, sékarang dia nak pérgi ka-Singapura nak bérchuti tiga minggu di-sana. . Bagus-lah! Di-mana dia nak tinggal di-Singapura? a> . Dia nak tinggal di-rumah sa-orang kawan saya.
. Ada-kah orang itu orang India?
SPEAK
MALAY!
131
B. Ta’ ada. Kawan saya itu orang puteh. Dia ada sabuah rumah di-pantai; bapa saya boleh dudok di-pantai tengok laut (sea).
A. Dia nak bérénang-kah ? B. Bapa saya-kah? Tidak bérénang.
bérénang.
Dia
ta’
tahu
(4) Translate the conversation in (3) into English.
(5) Translate into Malay: (a) Can your mother swim? No, she can’t. (6) Can that Indian speak English? No, he can’t. He can
only speak Tamil. (c) Che’ Ahmad’s father is dead.
(d) Has your father bought that big house in Ipoh? No. (e) At first he couldn’t speak Malay, but last year he went to school every day to learn. Now he 1s very good at speaking Malay. (f) That Chinese has been livin, in Malaya for a long time but he is no good at (speaking) Malay. (gz) Malaya is now independent. (A) Singapore is not yet independent. (i) I have been learning Chinese for three years, but I am not yet good at speaking it. (j) Do you like sitting on the beach watching the sea? Yes, I*do:
Ninth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késémbilan
Pélajaran Yang Ké-4] : Hari Isnen
41: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Orang itu kéna dénda sa-ratus ringgit. Orang itu kéna hukum gantong. Orang itu sudah kéna tangkap.
Orang itu kéna luka. Orang itu kéna hukum pényjara.
That man incurred a fine of $100, or, that man was fined $/00. That man incurred sentence of hanging, or, that man was sentenced to be hanged. That man has incurred arrest, or, that man has been arrested, or, that man is under arrest.
That man was wounded. That man was sentenced to
prison. That man has died of a disease (lit. has died incurring disease). Jari dia sudah Juka kéna pisau. | His finger is cut with a knife, or, he’s cut his finger with a
Orang itu sudah mati kéna pényakit.
knife
Orang itu sudah mati kéna langgar kéreta.
That man has been killed through being knocked down by a car.
Saya kéna pérgi ka-pasar nak béli barang.
I must go to the market to do some shopping, or, I’ve got to go to the market to do some shopping.
SPEAK
Enche’ kéna bagi dia dua-
MALAY!
133
You've got to give him twelve
bélas ringgit. dollars. Kita kéna pérgi ka-ofis pada = We’ ve got to go to the office at pukul lapan sa-téngah pagi. half past eight in the morning. Suka-ta’-suka dia kéna pérgi
ka-ofis juga.
Whether he likes it or not, he’s
got to go to the office.
Suka-ta’-suka dia kéna bélajar
Whether he likes it or not, he’s
bahasa Inggéris juga. Suka-ta’-suka kita kéna bérmalam di-Ipoh juga. Suka-ta’-suka énche’ kéna békérja juga. Dia suka-ta’-suka, bapa saya sudah pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur juga.
got to learn English. Willy-nilly we had to spend the night in Ipoh, Whether you like it or not, you've got to work. Whether he likes it or not, my - father has gone to Kuala Lumpur.
B. Word List kéna
incur, be affected
by kéna dénda_ be fined kéna hukum ve sentenced kéna hukum be sentenced to gantong death kéna tangkap be arrested kéna luka _—_be wounded pénjara prison, gaol jari finger langgar collision suka-ta’-suka willy-nilly bérmalam spend the night
dénda
fine (D.)
hukum gantong hukum gantong tangkap luka pényakit pisau kéna langgar kéreta juga
sentence hang sentence of death catch, arrest wound disease, illness knife be run over by a car all the same
134
SPEAK
MALAY!
C. Grammar (120) KENA DENDA In the first two groups of examples in Section A we meet the word kéna in its basic meaning, i.e. incurring or being affected by something. The student will have noticed that the most natural way of translating this meaning into English is by the use of the English passive voice. We may almost say that kéna is used to form the passive in colloquial Malay, especially where the occurrence is something unpleasant. Strictly speaking Malay makes no distinction whatever between active and passive in its verbs, but it may help the English speaking student to think of kéna in this way. In the third group of examples we see kéna in its extended meaning of obligation or duty. Could this perhaps be because duty is so often unpleasant? In both cases the examples will teach you more than a long explanation; so study them carefully.
(121) SUKA-TA’-SUKA...(JUGA) This is a very useful expression which may have various translations in English. Suka-ta’-suka is usually followed at the end of the sentence by juga, a word to which it is difficult to assign a single meaning in English. In these sentences it means something like a// the same [whether he likes it or not he’s got to go to the office all the same] but it does not really need to be translated into English, although it is necessary in Malay. We shall have more to say about juga later; for the moment only use it in this construction and you will not come to grief.
SPEAK
MALAY!
135
Ninth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késémbilan
Pélajaran Yang Ké-42: Sélasa
42: TUESDAY Hari
A. Sentences
Nak ka-mana, énche’? Saya nak ka-rumah sakit nak tengok bapa saya. Bapa énche’ sakit-kah? Sakit-lah. Kélmarin dia térjatoh tangga; kaki dia sudah patah. Kasehan dia! Dia kéna tinggal lama-kah di-rumah sakit? Kita ta’ tahu lagi. Tétapi doktor kata lébeh-kurang tiga minggu. Bapa énche’ orang tua-kah? Bukan tua, bukan muda; dia bérumor lima-puloh tahun. Bagus. Saya ingat sa-kéjap lagi dia sudah baik. Sékarang saya kéna pérgi karumah sa-orang kawan, tétapi pétang ini saya ingat nak pérgi tengok bapa énche’ séndiri, boleh-kah? Boleh-lah! Bapa saya dudok sa-orang di-rumah sakit; dia nak suka hati sangat nak tengok énche’.
Where are you off to? /’m off to the hospital to see my father. Ts your father ill? Yes. Yesterday hefell downstairs and broke his leg. Poor fellow! Has he got to stay long in hospital?
We don’t know yet. But the doctor says about three weeks. —_/s your father an old man? Neither old nor young; he’s fifty years old. That’s fine. I should think he'll soon be well again. Now TI’ve got to go to a friend’s house, but this evening I was thinking of going to see your father myself. Will that be all right ? Of course it will. My father’s all by himself in the hospital; he will be delighted to see you.
136
SPEAK
Pagi ini saya bacha dalam surat khabar, sa-orang
péngganas komyunis kéna tembak di-Négéri Sémbilan. Sudah mati-kah? Sudah. Kalau dia ta’ kéna tembak, téntu dia kéna hukum gantong. Saya déngar dua orang péngganas lagi sudah kéna tangkap. Sudah. Dua orang itu muda sangat; nak kéna hukum pénjara sahaja. Jari énche’ sakit-kah?
Sakit. Pagi tadi sudah luka kéna pisau chukor saya. Baik énche’ pakai pisau chukor lektrik; jari ta’ kéna luka. Pisau chukor lektrik mahal sangat—saya ta’ tahan bélanja. Mahal-lah; tétapi pissu chukor lektrik tidak bérbahaya.
MALAY!
This morning I read in the paper that a communist terrorist had been shot in Negri Sembilan. Ts he dead? Yes, he is. If he hadn’t been shot, he would certainly have been sentenced to be hanged. I hear that two other bandits were arrested. Yes, they were; those two were very young; they'll only be sentenced to prison. Ts there something wrong with your finger ? Yes. I] cut it this morning with
my razor. You'd better use an electric razor, then you won't cut your fingers! Electric razors are very dear; I can’t afford one. Yes, they are; but they're not dangerous.
B. Word List
térjatoh = fall down téryatoh tangga fall downstairs kaki leg, foot kasehan pity
tangga
Stairs, Staircase,
patah doktor
ladder broken, fractured doctor
muda
young
SPEAK
kasehan dia! tua bérumor
4 poor fellow! old (of people) to be aged; to be
old péngganas terrorist, bandit komyunis communist négéri State (n.), country kalau if téntu certain, certainly pagitadi this morning (refers to the past only) lektrik electric tahan
hold out, stand,
last (vb.), endure
MALAY!
7
sa-kéjap lagi pétang
soon afternoon, evening
tembak shoot Négéri Sémbilan Negri Sembilan tadi just now chukor shave pisau chukor pakai bélanja tahan - bélanja
razor use; wear, put on expense, cost to be able to afford
C. Grammar (122) TERJATOH
TANGGA
Literally: fell the stairs. There is no need for a preposition in such a sentence in Malay. The simple juxtaposition of the two words is sufficient. (123) TUA-LAMA
Normally tua is used with people and /ama with things. Sometimes however, we find /ama used with people. It then means ‘‘old’’ in the sense of ‘“‘previous”’, “‘ex-”. Examples: kawan tua an old friend (i.e. a friend who is an old 9
kawan lama
oe
man) an old friend (i.e. a friend one has known for a long time, but who may still be
young) guru lama saya S.M.—5*
my old teacher (i.e. the teacher I had when I was at school)
138
SPEAK
(124) PETANG
MALAY!
INI
Pétang means afternoon and that part of the evening which is still in daylight. Evening after dark is malam. (125) NEGERI SEMBILAN Literally: Nine States. Negri Sembilan consists of nine small states joined together into one unit. The ruler is elected and is not a Sultan or a Raja; he is called Yang di-Pértuan Bésar, i.e. he who has been made the great lord. Perlis is ruled by a Raja, Malacca and Penang have Governors, and all other states are ruled by sultans. The Paramount Ruler of the whole Federation of Malaya is called the Yang di-Pértuan Agong, i.e. he who has been made the general lord. He too is elected, but by the other rulers.
(126) CHUKOR This word is transitive. That is to say, it means
“‘to shave
someone else”. To shave oneself is bérchukor. Examples: Orang China itu sudah chukor dia. That Chinese has shaved him. Pagi-pagi saya bérchukor pada pukul tujoh. I shave at seven o’clock every morning.
Ninth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késémbilan
Pélajaran Yang Ké-43: Hari Rabu
43: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Déngan siapa énche’ nak pérgi? Siapa nak datang malam ini makan nasi?
Who are you going with? Who’s coming to dinner this evening ?
SPEAK
Apa €nche* sudah béli hari ini? Apa €énche’ nak kata kapada dia? Buku mana énche’ sudah bacha? Di-pékan mana dia dudok? Ada siapa-siapa dalam rumah itu? Ada apa-apa dalam poket énche’? Buku mana-mana énche’ boleh bacha. Ada-kah siaza-siapa sudah datang nak tengok énche’? Ada-kah siapa-siapa dalam bilek saya? Ada-kah apa-apa sudah térjatoh dari meja itu? Ada-kah apa-apa dalam poket budak itu? Dia ta’ boleh dudok di-pékan mana-mana di-Négéri Kédah. Ta’ ada siapa-siapa di-sini
MALAY!
139
What What him Which
have you bought today ? are you going to say to ? book have you read?
In which town does he live ?
Is there anybody in that house ? Ts there anything in your pockets ? You can read any book. Has anyone come to see you? Is there anybody in my room? Has anything fallen table ? Ts there anything in pocket ? He’s not allowed to town in Kedah. There isn’t anybody
off that that boy’s live in any
here now.
sékarang.
Hari ini ta’ ada apa-apa dipasar. Apa ada dalam kotak itu? Ta’ ada apa-apa dalam kotak itu.
There’s nothing in the market today. What is there in that box ? There is nothing in that box.
Buku ini, di-kédai mana-mana
You can buy this bock in any shop.
boleh béli.
140
SPEAK
MALAY!
B. Word List siapa-siapa anyone, anybody mana-mana any (adj.) bilek room, bedroom Négéri Kédah Kedah
apa-apa poket meja kotak
anything pocket table (small) box
C. Grammar
(127) SIAPA,
APA,
MANA
Siapa and apa are interrogative pronouns meaning who (or whom), and what respectively. Mana is an interrogative adjective meaning which, and, like all adjectives in Malay, follows
its noun. (128) SIAPA-SIAPA,
APA-APA,
MANA-MANA
When these interrogative words are reduplicated they lose their interrogative meaning, but retain their grammatical nature, i.e. the first two are still pronouns and the third one remains an adjective. When doubled in this way they become indefinite pronouns and an indefinite adjective respectively. In this use they are very close in meaning and usage to the English indefinite pronouns and adjectives beginning with any. They are alike in usage because they can, as in English, only be used in negative and interrogative sentences. In English, in positive sentences, any-words are changed to some-words, e.g. we say someone is coming not anyone is coming. These some-words are dealt with differently in Malay. The examples given in Section A should make the usage of these reduplicated forms clear.
SPEAK
MALAY!
141
Ninth Week
LESSON
44: THURSDAY
Minggu Yang Késémbilan
Pélajaran Khamis
Yang
Ké-44:
Hari
A. Sentences
Siapa-pun tidak sampai lagi. Siapa-pun tidak tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu di-sini. Apa-pun ta’ sédap di-kédai makan itu. Apa-pun ta’ kéna chukai. Di-kédai mana-pun ta’ boleh dapat buku itu.
Di-rumah mana-pun ta’ ada orang China. Dikédai mana-mana pun boleh béli barang itu. Di-mana-mana pun ta’ boleh dapat. Siapa-siapa pun boleh pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur. Siapa pun ta’ boieh pérgi kaSingapura hari ini. Apa-apa pun boleh pakai nak buat kérja ini.
Sa-orang pun ta’ ada dalam rumah itu. Hari ini di-pasar sa-biji buah manggis pun ta’ ada. Lémbu ini sa-ekor pun bélum mati.
Nobody has yet arrived. Nobody knows how to speak Malay here. Nothing is worth eating in that restaurant.
Nothing is dutiable (lit. nothing incurs duty). You can’t get that book in any shop (or: in no shop can you - get that book). There are no Chinese in any of the houses.
You can buy those things in any shop. You can’t get them anywhere.
Anybody can go to Kuala Lumpur. Nobody can go to Singapore today. You can use anything you like to do this job.
There isn’t a soul inside that house. Today in the market there isn’t a single mangosteen. Not one of these cattle has yet died.
142
SPEAK
Kalam sa-batang pun saya ta’ ada. Rokok sa-batang pun dia ta’ ada. Hari ini rokok sa-batang pun saya tidak isap lagi. Kampong itu sudah térbakar; sa-buah rumah pun ta’ ada lagi. Duit dia sudah habis. Satu sen pun ta’ ada lagi. Siaran ini sudah habis. Satu minit pun ta’ ada lagi.
MALAY!
I haven't got a single pen. He hasn't got a single cigarette. I haven’t smoked a single cigarette yet today. That village has been burned down; there isn’t a single house left. His money’s all gone. He hasn't got a cent left. This programme is over. There isn’t a minute left.
B. Word List chukai duty, tax rokok cigar, cigarette sa-hatang a cigar, a rokok cigarette kampong _ village, compound habis finish, finished sudah habis all gone, over
kéna be dutiable, be chukai taxable isap to smoke térbakar to be burned down, catch fire -pun ef. (129, 130).
C. Grammar
(129) SIAPA
PUN
TIDAK
SAMPAI
The interrogatives siapa, apa, and mana become equivalent to the English no-one (or nobody), nothing and no (adj.) when they are combined with pun and one of the various words meaning not. Often they may be reduplicated at the same time with no change in meaning. Without the not (tidak, etc.) they have the same meaning as they do without the pun, that is anyone, anything, and any. The examples in Section A will make this clearer than a long explanation here.
SPEAK
(130) SA-ORANG
PUN
143
MALAY!
TA’ ADA
Here, pun means something like the English even, i.c. even one person there is not. This idiom is very common; study the examples in Section A carefully, and you will see how it works.
Ninth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késémbilan
Pélajaran Yang Hari Juma‘at
45: FRIDAY Ké-45:
A. Sentences
Orang salah itu kéna dénda dua-ratus ringgit. Dua orang péngganas komyunis sudah kéna hukum gantong. Dua orang pénjahat sudah kéna tangkap. Kaki orang itu sudah luka kéna pisau. Pagi ini hidong saya sudah luka kéna pisau chukor. Sékarang saya kéna pérgi kapasar nak béli barang. Pada pukul lapan dia kéna pérgi ka-sékolah nak bélajar bahasa Mélayu. Siapa nak datang pada pukul sémbilan tiga suku? Apa dia nak buat besok diSingapura? Di-rumah mana dia dudok sékarang?
The guilty man was fined $200. Two communist terrorists have been sentenced to death. Two bandits have been arrested.
That man has cut his leg with a knife. This morning I cut my nose with a razor. I’ve got to go to the market now to do some shopping. At eight o'clock he’s got to go to school to learn Malay. Who’s coming at a quarter to nine ? What’s he going to do tomorrow in Singapore? Which house is he living in now ?
144
SPEAK
Ada siapa-siapa dalam rumah énche’? Ada apa-apa saya boleh buat di-Singapura ? Siapa pun tidak mahu datang ka-sékolah ini. Apa-apa pun ta ada di-pasar hari ini. Hari ini buku mana-mana pun boleh bacha. Hari ini surat sa-puchok pun ta’ada.
MALAY!
Is there anybody in your house ? Is there anything I can do in Singapore ? Nobody wants to come to this school. There’s nothing in the market to-day. Today you can read any book you like. There wasn’t a single letter today.
B. Word List
salah hidong
wrong, guilty nose
pénjahat puchok
bandit, terrorist cl. for letters
C. Grammar
(131) Revise the grammar of Lessons 41-44.
Ninth Week
REVISION
Minggu Yang Késémbilan
Pélajaran
LESSON
Ulang-kaji
I: WEEK-END
I: Hari
Sabtu
dan
Hari Ahad
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences in Lessons 41-45.
B. Word List Revise all the word lists in Lessons 41-45. C. Grammar
Revise all the grammar sections (120-130) in Lessons 41-44.
SPEAK
MALAY!
145
D. Exercises
(1) Make up twenty sentences using what you have already learnt.
(2) Read aloud the following conversation:
A. Ada-kah énche’ sudah bacha surat khabar hari ini? B. Ada. Saya bacha ada dua orang péngganas sudah kéna tembak di-Négéri Sélangor; dua orang lagi sudah kéna tangkap. . Dua orang lagi itu nak kéna hukum apa? . Ta’ tahu lagi. Saya ingat dua orang itu nak kéna hukum gantong. Dua orang itu bukan orang muda. . Ada apa-apa lagi-dalam surat khabar hari ini? > wm . Ada-lah. Ada sa-buah kampong térbakar. Sa-buah rumah pun ta’ ada lagi. Sa-ratus orang kéna luka. Banyak orang sudah masok rumah sakit. . Di-mana-kah kampong itu? sudah térlupa (forget). Saya ingat kampong itu di-mana-mana di-Négéri Kélantan.
o> Saya
. Kasehan orang kampong itu!—Apa lagi ada dalam surat khabar?
. Saya sudah bacha, ada sa-orang kawan saya di-Ipoh sudah bérkahwin kélmarin. Isti’adat bérsanding dia bagus sangat. Apa-apa lagi ta’ ada hari ini. (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Translate into Malay: (a) That old man has been fined $200. Poor fellow!
(b) Have you anything to declare? (Say: have you anything incurring duty ?) (c) No, not one of these things is dutiable. (2) His father has been run over and killed by a car.
146
SPEAK
MALAY!
(e) Five communist terrorists have been sentenced to death; three more have been sentenced to gaol. (f) Yesterday in Selangor not one terrorist was arrested. (g) I couldn’t buy that book anywhere. (h) Not one of these durians is tasty. (i) In this village not one person can speak Malay. (j) There is nothing in that box. (kK) In this box there are fifty cigarettes. (1) I haven’t got a single cigarette left. (m) She hasn’t received a single letter to-day. (n) There is nobody in my room. (o) He has cut his nose with a razor.
Tenth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késapuloh
Pélajaran Yang Ké-46: Hari Isnen
46: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Di-atas meja ini ada lima buah buku. Kuching itu sudah naik kaatas meja saya. Buku saya sudah térjatoh dariatas meyja. Rumah orang itu ada di-atas sa-buah gunong tinggi. Kéreta api ini tidak boleh naik ka-atas gunong itu. Orang ini sudah mati térjatoh dari-atas rumah tinggi itu.
On this table there are five books. The cat has climbed on to my table. My book has fallen off the table. That man’s house is on top of a high mountain. This train can’t climb to the top of that mountain. This man was killed by falling from the top of that high building.
Di-bawah meja ini ada sa-ekor kuching. Kuching itu bérlari ka-bawah meja nak tangkap sa-ekor tikus. Sékarang tikus itu sudah bérlari dari-bawah meja; kuching nak ikut. Tikus sudah bérlari kabélakang sa-buah lémari bésar. Sékarang dia bérsémbunyi di-. bélakang lémari itu.
Under this table there is a cat. The cat ran under the table to catch a mouse.
Now the mouse has run from under the table; and the cat’s going to follow him. The mouse has run behind a big cupboard.
Now he’s hiding behind the cupboard.
148
SPEAK
Kuching sudah nampak; tikus sudah bérlari dari-bélakang lémari. Sékarang kuching dudok dibélakang lémari; tikus dudok di-dépan. Lambat-lambat kuching datang dari-bélakang kadépan lémari. Sékarang tikus itu sudah takut; sudah lari dari-dépan lémari. Tikus itu sudah naik ka-atas meja; kuching chari dibawah; ta’ boleh nampak tikus. Sékarang tikus sudah lompat dari-atas meja, masok kadalam lobang dia. Dari-dalam lobang dia, dia boleh nampak kuching. Di-dalam lobang itu tikus ta’ boleh kéna luka.
MALAY!
The cat’s seen him; the mouse
has run from behind the cupboard. Now the cat’s sitting behind the cupboard and the mouse’s sitting in front (of it). Slowly the cat is coming from behind to the front of the cupboard. Now the mouse is frightened; he’s run away from the front of the cupboard. The mouse has climbed on to the table; the cat’s looking for him underneath, but he can’t see him. Now the mouse has jumped off the table and gone into his hole. From inside his hole, he can see the cat. Inside his hole the mouse cannot be hurt.
B. Word List
atas ka-atas
top to the top (of), on to
gunong bawah
mountain underneath (n.)
lari ikut
run away follow; according 10
di-atas on the top (of), on dari-atas from the top (of), off tinggi tall, high bérlari = run tikus bélakang lémari dépan _
rat, mouse back, behind (n.) cupboard front
SPEAK
MALAY!
bérsémbunyi lambat-
hide (intrans.)
takut
lambat obang
slowly hole
lompat
149
fear (vb.), be afraid, frightened jump
C. Grammar (132) ATAS,
BAWAH,
BELAKANG,
DEPAN
The easiest way to deal with these words, and several others like them which we shall learn in the course of the next few lessons, is to think of them as nouns rather than as. prepositions. They then mean “‘top’’, “underside”, “‘back” and “‘front”’ respectively. They can be used by themselves, especially in colloquial speech, as if they were prepositions indicating position. Examples: atas meja on the table bawah lémari under the cupboard bélakang rumah _ behind the house. dépan saya in front of me but more correctly they should always be used with one of the three prepositional prefixes, ka-, di-, dari-. The choice of prefix is quite easy to make. When the meaning is that of “rest’’, “staying still in one place’, the correct prefix is di-: di-atas meja ada tiga buah buku on the table are three books di-bawah lémari ada sa-ekor tikus under the cupboard is a mouse When motion towards something is implied, the correct prefix is ka-: dia pérgi ka-bélakang rumah he went (to) behind the house saya masok ka-dalam rumah I went into the house
150
SPEAK
MALAY!
Note carefully the difference between dia bérjalan ka-bélakang rumah he walked behind (i.e. to the back of) the house and
dia bérjalan-jalan di-bélakang rumah he was walking (about) behind the house (i.e. he could not be seen from the front) The use of dari- is more obvious to English speakers because we normally use from in the same way. Notice however: saya ambil buku dari-atas meja I took the book from (the top of) the table buku térjatoh dari-atas meja the book fell off the table Bearing all this in mind the student will see that the real meanings of these words, atas, bawah, etc. are really those of nouns, i.e. di-atas means “‘on the top (of), ka-atas means “‘to the top (of), and dari-atas really means “from the top (of)’, and so on in the case of the other variable prepositions, as we
may call them for want of a better into Malay, we must first of all exact meaning of the English. We rest, motion towards or motion English preposition. It will then the right form in Malay.
word. When putting English consider very carefully the must ask ourselves whether away from is meant by the be quite easy for us to pick
SPEAK
MALAY!
151
Tenth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késapuloh
Pélajaran Yang Ké-47: Sélasa
47: TUESDAY Hari
A. Sentences
Di-sa-bélah rumah saya ada sa-buah kédai kop).
Dia bérjalan ka-sa-bélah rumah itu. Orang itu sudah bérpindah dari-sa-bélah rumah kita. Di-antara dua-buah rumah ini ada sa-buah kédai makan. Kéreta dia sudah pérgi kaantara dua-buah kéreta bas. Sa-buah kéreta bésar sudah kéluar dari-antara dua-buah rumah itu. Kéreta dia sudah bérhénti diténgah jalan. Sa-orang mata-mata sudah pérgi ka-téngah jalan nak bérchakap déngan dia. Mata-mata itu sudah suroh dia bawa kéreta dari-téngah jalan. Sékarang dia bawa kéreta katépi jalan. Kéreta sudah bérhénti ditépi jalan. Mata-mata itu marah sangat; dia bérchakap déngan orang itu.
By the side of (next door to) my house there is a coffee shop. He is walking towards the side of that house. That man has moved from beside (from next door to) our house. Between these two houses there is a restaurant. His car has gone in between two buses. A big car has come out from between those two houses.
His car has stopped in the middle of the road. A policeman has gone into the middle of the road to speak to him. The policeman has told him to drive his car away from the middle of the road. Now he’s driving the car to the side of the road. The car has stopped at the side of the road. The policeman is very angry; he’s talking to the man.
{52
SPEAK
Sékarang mata-mata itu tulis nama orang itu ka-dalam buku. Sa-kéjap lagi mata-mata itu bagi dia bawa kéreta daritépi jalan.
Saya ingat orang itu nak kéna dénda. Saya dudok di-Pulau Pinang déngan bapa saya. Dia nak potong roti ini déngan pisau bésar. Kélmarin saya bérchakap déngan dia di-ofis. Déngan siapa énche’ nak pérgi tengok wayang gélap? Saya nak pérgi déngan saorang kawan saya.
MALAY!
Now the policeman is writing the man’s name in his book. After a little while the policeman lets him drive his car away from the side of the road. I think the man will be fined. / live in Penang with my father.
He’s going to cut this bread with a big knife. Yesterday I was talking with him (or to him) in the office. Who are you going to the pic-
tures with ? I’m going with a friend of mine.
B. Word List sa-bélah
beside, next door to, next to kéreta bas bus bérhénti — stop (vb.)
mata-mata policeman bawa bring, carry, lead, take (a person) tépi side, edge
bérpindah antara bas téngah suroh
move (house) between, among bus middle tell, order, command
bawa kéreta drive a car
C. Grammar
(133) SA-BELAH,
TEPI, TENGAH
These are all variable prepositions and are treated just like those we studied in (132) in Lesson 46, q.v.
SPEAK
(134) KERETA
MALAY!
153
BAS, BAS
Kéreta bas is the more correct form in writing but the simple bas is probably more common in speech. Bas is, of course, just a phonetic spelling of the English word. (135) DENGAN
Déngan is a genuine preposition and as such invariable. Notice that it is always used after bérchakap and translates either to or with in the English.
Tenth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késapuloh
Pélajaran Yang Ké-48: Hari Rabu
48: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Orang itu pandai, ta’ mahu békérja juga.
Although that man is clever, he doesn’t want to work (or: That man is clever, (but) he doesn’t want to work all the
Orang itu orang China; pandai bérchakap bahasa Mélayu juga. Ta’ ada orang tengok dia, dia békérja juga. Kopi itu ta’ ada gula, dia minum juga.
Although that man is a Chinese, he is very good at speaking Malay. Although no one was looking at him, he was working. Although there isn’t any sugar in the coffee, ne’s drinking it (all the same). Although this boy can speak
same).
Budak ini tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu, ta’ mahu bérchakap juga.
Malay, he doesn’t want to.
154
SPEAK
MALAY!
Dia ta’ mahu pérgi tengok guru bésar, pérgi juga.
Although he didn’t want to go and see the headmaster, he did go all the same.
Dia dudok di-Malaya tiga hari sahaja, tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu pula!
Although he’s been in Malaya only three days, he can speak Malay! Although he’s only a little boy, he can (actually) speak five languages! Although that man wasn’t guilty, he got fined! Although this boy didn’t do any work, he passed the examina-
Dia budak kéchil, tahu
bérchakap lima bahasa pula! Orang itu tidak salah, kéna dénda pula! Budak ini ta’ békérja, lulus dalam pépéreksaan pula!
tion!
Budak ini ta’ suka bérmain Just imagine! This boy doesn’t bola sepak pula! like playing football! Orang China itu pandai That Chinese is good at speaking Tamil. Fancy that! bérchakap bahasa Tamil pula! Orang pérémpuan ini ta’ suka This woman doesn’t like wearpakai pakaian chantek pula! ing pretty clothes. Would you believe it! Boleh-kah saya bérchuti besok, Can I have the day off totuan? Boleh juga. morrow, sir? Well, yes, I SUPPOSE SO. Enche’ mahu pérgi tengok Do you want to go to the picwayang gélap? Mahu juga. tures? Well, yes, I don’t mind. Makanan ini sédap juga. This food isn’t bad (i.e. it’s quite good). Budak ini pandai-kah ? Pandai Is this boy clever? Yes, he is juga. quite bright, I suppose.
SPEAK
MALAY!
155
B. Word List
gula pula pépéreksaan
sugar guru bésar headmaster cf. (137) and (138) lulus dalam pass (exams) examination bérmain play (vb.)
sepak pakaian
kick clothes, clothing
bola sepak
football
C. Grammar
(136) ORANG
ITU
PANDAI,
TA’ MAHU
BEKERJA
JUGA
Notice this idiomatic way of rendering the English a/though. There are other ways, but this is the commonest in conversation. The English although-clause becomes the main clause in the Malay sentence, and juga is tacked on to the end of what would be the main clause in English. We do something very similar in colloquial English when we use the words a// the same or after all. The examples in Section A should be studied carefully; they will be clearer than a long explanation. (137) ORANG
ITU
TIDAK
SALAH,
KENA
DENDA
PULA!
Pula is used in place of juga in the construction dealt with in (136) above, when the clause containing it expresses considerable surprise or indignation. Cf. the examples in Section A. (138) BUDAK
INI TA’ SUKA
BERMAIN
BOLA
SEPAK
PULA!
Pula at the end of a sentence without any although-clause simply expresses great surprise or indignation. It has no precise equivalent in English; one just chooses something that seems to suit the context, e.g. “fancy that!” “just imagine!” and so on. Look carefully at the examples in Section A.
(139) BOLEH JUGA Juga, added in this way to a word, has what might be called a softening effect on the meaning. Especially when the resulting
156
SPEAK
MALAY!
sentence is the answer to a question, it suggests a certain reluctance on the part of the speaker. If you ask your Malay teacher whether you can say so and so in Malay, and he says, “*Boleh”’ or “‘Boleh-lah’’, you are quite safe in doing what you suggest because it will be right. If, on the other hand, he says “Boleh juga’, he means something like, “Well, I suppose you could because you’re not a Malay; but no Malay would ever say that because it is wrong and sounds very stupid!” He would be tar too polite ever to say that in so many words. So, if you are wise, you will treat “boleh juga” in such circumstances as if it were identical in meaning with “tidak boleh”. Once again, the examples in Section A speak louder than words. Study them carefully and try to get the feel of juga from them. (140) LULUS
DALAM
PEPEREKSAAN
Qne usually passes in an examination in Malay.
Tenth Week
LESSON
49: THURSDAY
Minggu Yang Késapuloh
Pélajaran Khamis
Yang
Ké-49:
Hari
A. Sentences
Orang itu sakit térok, mahu pérgi békérja pula!
Although that man is seriously ill, he still insists on going to work!
Orang. itu kéna tembak, ta’ mati pula! Orang itu kéna langgar kéreta, balek bérjalan kaki pula!
That man got shot, but he’s not
dead. That man was run over by acar, but he walked home all the same!
SPEAK
Guru bésar suroh dia tulis karangan, dia ta’ tulis juga. Budak ini békérja kuat, ta’ lulus dalam pépéreksaan juga. Boleh-kah saya pinjam sa-ratus ringgit kapada énche’? Boleh juga. Tétapi saya bukan orang kaya; orang miskin. Buku ini saya ta’ mahu lagi; boleh-kah saya bagi kapada énche’? Boleh-lah. Térima kaseh. Lama saya ingat nak bacha buku itu.
Apa ada di-dalam sémua tong bésar itu? Di-dalam tong itu ada sémua barang saya. Masa saya bérchuti, saya simpan sémua barang didalam tong bésar. Sékarang saya sudah balek nak békérja di-sini. Baik kita buka tong ini dahulu. Sémua buku saya ada didalam. Wah! Ayer sudah masok kadalam tong; buxu sudah basah!
MALAY!
157
Although the headmaster told him to write an essay, he didn’t write one. Although this boy worked hard, he didn’t pass the examination. Can I borrow a hundred dollars from you? Well, yes, I suppose you can. But I'm not a rich man, ’'m poor. I don’t want this book any more; can I give it to you?
You certainly can! Thank you very much. I’ve been thinking of reading that book fora long time. What's in all those big boxes?
In those boxes is all my luggage. While I was on leave, I put all my things away in big boxes. Now I have come back to work here. We'd better open this box first. It’s got all my books in. Oh dear! Water has got into the box, and the books are wet!
158
SPEAK
Saya simpan di-témpat kéring, sudah basah juga! Tong itu di-sana sudah basahkah? Basah juga. Tétapi tong itu ta’ apa; ada pinggan mangkok sahaja di-dalam. Ada tiga-buah tong lagi; sudah basah-kah ? Bélum. Ayer ta’ sampai tong itu. Mujor-lah! Sémua pakaian saya ada di-dalam tiga-buah
MALAY!
Although I put them in a dry place, they’ve got wet all the same! Has that box over there got wet ? A bit wet. But that box doesn’t matter; it’s only got crockery in it.
There are three other boxes; have they got wet? No. The water didn’t reach those boxes. That’s lucky! All my clothes are in those three boxes.
tong itu.
B. Word List térok
acute, severe, arduous karangan essay, composition békérja kuat work hard pinjam
kapada _—_borrow from miskin poor tong (big) box, crate buka open (vb.) dahulu first (adv.) basah wet pinggan plate, dish pinggan mangkok crockery
sakit térok seriously ill bérjalan kaki to walk, go on foot kuat strong kaya rich sémua all simpan put away; keep, store (vb.)
wah! kéring mangkok mujor mujor-lah!
oh dear! dry bowl lucky, fortunate that’s lucky!
SPEAK
MALAY!
159
C. Grammar (141) BERJALAN
KAKI
Although bérjalan is very often used by itself to mean walk, its real meaning is to be under way and can be used of vehicles in motion. Example:
Kéreta bérjalan chépat. The car is going fast. When there is any emphasis on the wa/king idea, the word kaki (foot) is usually added. In the sentence given in Section A above, there is considerable surprise shown that a man run over by a car should be able to return home on his own two feet. Hence the sentence is made more emphatic by adding both kaki and pula.
(142) PINJAM
KAPADA
Note that in Malay one borrows to someone, not from someone. (Cf. French: emprunter a quelqu’un). Lend is either Pinjamkan, which is a bit bookish, or more colloquially, bagi pinjam. Examples:
Boleh-kah é€nche’ pinjamkan saya sa-ratus ringgit? or Boleh-kah énche’ bagi saya pinjam sa-ratus ringgit ? Can you lend me a hundred dollars? (143) BAGI In addition to its meaning of give, bagi is also used to render the English /et, allow, make, etc. in the formation of what grammarians like to call causative verbs. A few examples will suffice: bagi dia datang bagi dia tulis surat bapa dia bagi dia pérgi kasékolah
let him come make him write a letter his father sent him (i.e. made him go) to school
160
SPEAK
bagi saya pérgi tengok wayang gélap Bagi pinjam
MALAY!
allow me to go to the pictures
[cf. (142)], therefore,
really means,
not /end,
but allow to borrow, which comes to the same thing. (144) SEMUA Although this word would be regarded as an adjective in English, it is not so regarded in Malay. It is a noun or pronoun meaning something like “the totality of”, and for this reason
it goes in front of its noun, and does not follow as an adjective would.
Tenth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késapuloh
Pélajaran Yang Hari Juma’at
50: FRIDAY Ké-50
A. Sentences Di-dalam kotak ini ada sapuloh batang rokok. Siapa buboh rokok itu kadalam kotak? Saya nak ambil sa-batang rokok dari-dalam kotak. Di-atas meja ini ada tigabuah buku bésar. Sa-buah buku lagi sudah térjatoh dari-atas meja. Sékarang buku itu ada dibawah meja. Saya nak ambil buku itu dari-
atas lantai.
In this box there are ten cigarettes.
Who put those cigarettes into the box? I’m going to take a cigarette from the box. On this table there are three big books. One more book has fallen off the table. The book is now under the table. I'm going to pick up the book from the floor.
SPEAK
MALAY!
161
Di-sa-bélah rumah kita ada sa-buah kédai buku-buku. Di-tépi jalan kita dudok ada parit bésar. Di-dalam parit itu ada banyak ayer. Kélmarin ada sa-orang budak China térjatoh ka-dalam parit. Budak itu térjatoh ka-dalam parit, tidak luka juga.
By the side of our house is a bookshop. By the side of the road we live in is a large drain. In the ditch there is a lot of water. Yesterday a Chinese boy fell into the drain.
Budak itu budak kéchil, dia
Although he was a little boy, he knew how to swim. Although his clothes got wet, his body wasn’t harmed. Although this Indian isn’t clever, he can speak Chinese!
tahu bérénang juga. Pakaian dia sudah basah,
badan dia ta’ kéna luka juga. Orang India ini tidak pandai, tahu bérchakap bahasa China pula! Boleh-kah saya bérchuti lima hari? Boleh juga. Boleh-kah saya jémput énche’ makan nasi di-rumah saya? Boleh-lah! Térima kaseh. Apa kita nak makan? Kita nak makan makanan Mélayu; énche’ suka makankah? Suka juga; tétapi saya lagi suka makan makanan China.
S.M.—6
Although that boy fell into the drain, he wasn’t hurt.
Can I have five days’ leave? Yes, / suppose so. Can I invite you to dinner in my house ? Rather! Thank you very much. What are we going to eat? We’re going to have Malay food; do you like it? Yes, I do quite like it; but 1 prefer Chinese food.
162
SPEAK
B. Word List buboh put parit ditch, drain lagi suka prefer
MALAY!
lantai badan
floor body
C. Grammar (145) Revise the grammar of Lessons 46-49.
Tenth Week
REVISION
Minggu Yang Késapuloh
Pélajaran
LESSON
Ulang-kaji
J:
J: WEEK-END Hari
Sabtu
dan
Hari Ahad
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences of Lessons 46—50. B.
Word List Revise all the word lists of Lessons 46-50.
C. Grammar Revise all the grammar sections (132-144) of Lessons 46-49.
D. Exercises
(1) Make up thirty sentences using what you have learnt so far, and especially what you have learnt in Lessons 46-50. (2) Read aloud the following brief conversation:
A. Enche’ sakit-kah? Kélmarin énche’ ta’ datang kaofis. B. Sakit juga. Kélmarin saya bérjalan di-tépi jalan; tibatiba datang sa-buah kéreta bésar; saya ta’ nampak, térjatoh ka-dalam parit.
SPEAK
MALAY!
163
A. Kélmarin ada banyak ayer di-dalam parit. Pakaian énche’ sudah basak-kah? B. Sudah. Badan saya ta’ kéna luka juga. Tétapi dcktor kata baik saya tinggal di-rumah nak tidor kélmarin. Saya ta’ mahu datang ka-ofis.
(3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Translate into Malay: (a) Although that man is an Indian he is very good at speaking Chinese. (6b) This Chinese boy doesn’t like eating pork, would you believe it? (c) Although the mouse ran into his hole under the cupboard, the cat caught him. (d) Do you like English food? I don’t mind it; but I prefer Malay food. (e) Would you like to go to the pictures? Would I!? I haven’t been to the pictures for a long time. Thank you very much. (f) I’ve put fifty cigarettes in this box. Do you want to smoke? (zg) My father is very old; he doesn’t like to see women smoking cigarettes. (h) Although his mother is an old woman she smokes fifty cigarettes a day! (i) Although Malay curry is very hot, many Europeans like eating it. (j) Is that curry hot? Yes, I suppose it is rather.
Eleventh Week
LESSON
Minggu
Pélajaran Yang Ké-51: Hari
Yang Késabelas
51: MONDAY
Isnen
A. Sentences Pérgi tengok apa orang itu buat! Sélalu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu! Tengok! Orang itu sudah térjatoh dari-atas bumbong rumah itu. Siapa orang itu? Bawa dia kapada saya. Mari ka-sini! Saya nak bérchakap déngan énche’. Mari ka-rumah saya pada pukul lima sa-téngah.
Jangan bérchakap déngan orang itu. Mari lékas. Jangan lengah disini. Jangan datang pada pukul émpat; mari pada pukul lima. Pérgi-lah ka-rumah dia, jémput dia ka-rumah kita nak makan nasi. Mari-lah ka-rumah saya pada pukul sémbilan sa-téngah. Jangan-lah pérgi sékarang; kita bélum makan nasi.
Go and see what that man is doing!
Always speak Malay!
Look! That man has fallen off the roof of that house. Who is that man? Bring him to me. Come here! I want to talk to you. Come to my house at half past five. Don’t speak to that man.
Come on quickly. Don’t hang about here. Don’t come at four o'clock; come at five. Just go to his house, and ask him to our house for dinner.
Do come to my house at half past nine. Oh, don’t go now; we haven't
had dinner yet.
SPEAK
Jangan-lah bérchakap bahasa China déngan orang ini; dia ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa China. Jangan-lah pakai baju lama itu; béli-lah baju baharu.
MALAY!
165
OA, don’t speak Chinese to this man; he can’t speak Chinese. Don't wear that old coat; buy a new one.
Baik énche’ pérgi kaYou'd better go to Singapore Singapura besok. tomorrow. Baik énche’ jangan pérgi You'd better not go to the pictengok wayang gélap. tures. Baik kita sélalu bérchakap We'd better always speak bahasa Mélayu sahaja. Malay only. Baik énche’ jangan béli You'd better not buy a new kéreta; baharu énche’ ta’ada_ car; you haven't got enough chukup duit. money.
B. Word List bumbong lengah
roof idle (vb.); hang about
jangan baju chukup
don’t coat, jacket, blouse enough, sufficient
C. Grammar (146) GIVING
ORDERS
IN MALAY
There are many ways of giving orders in Malay, and we shall now begin to deal with them in ascending order of politeness. Each new form should be thought of as more polite than the preceding one.
(a) The simplest and most direct way to give a command is to use the plain and simple verb without any additions: pérgi! béli baju baharu! bawa dia ka-sini!
go! buy anew coat! bring him here!
166
SPEAK
MALAY!
The negative of this (English don’t) is formed jangan before the verb: jangan pérgi! jangan béli kéreta! jangan makan!
by placing
don't go! don’t buy a car! don’t eat (it)!
The only exception to this rule is the verb datang, which is only used in commands when negative; in the positive form the word mari is usually substituted: mari ka-sini! jangan datang malam ini!
come here! don’t come to-night!
In this connexion cf. (41) in Lesson 14.
(b) The force of a command is softened slightly, and thereby made more polite, if we add to the verb, when the command is positive, and to the jangan, when the command is negative,
the particle -/ah. pérgi-lah! mari-lah ka-rumah saya! jangan-lah lengah!
oh, do go! do come to my house! oh, don’t hang about!
(c) Politer still is the form we have already learned in (39) in Lesson 14, viz. prefixing the word baik to the verb; the negative of this is baik jangan: Baik énche’ pérgi ka-Tanjong. Baik jangan tulis surat itu.
You’d better go to Penang. You'd better not write that letter.
Study the examples in Section A above and try to feel the difference between the various forms. We shall discuss still more polite forms in the next lesson.
SPEAK
167
MALAY!
Eleventh Week
EESSON
Minggu Yang Keésabelas
Pélajaran Sélasa
S22 TUESDAY Yang Ké-52:
Hari
A. Sentences
Mari-lah kita bérchakap bahasa Mélayu hari ini. Mari-lah kita pérgi tengok wayang gélap di-pékan. Mari-lah kita bérbual-bual. Mari-lah kita makan nasi dikédai makan itu. Mari-lah kita pérgi ka-mésjid nak sémbahyang.
Enche’ boleh datang karumah saya pétang ini?
Come on, let’s speak Malay today. Come on, let’s go to the pictures in town. Come on, let’s have a chat. Come on, let’s eat in that restaurant. Come on, let’s go to the mosque for prayers. _Please come to my house this afternoon (or, of course: can you come to my house this afternoon ?).
Boleh chuchi kéreta saya hari ini? Boleh, tuan.
Clean my car to-day, will you please ? MESSI:
Boleh bawa saya sa-gélas ayer séjuk? Boleh, tuan.
Please bring me a glass of cold
Ta’ payah buat kérja ‘tu hari ini. Ta’ payah pérgi ka-kédai itu; besok saya nak pérgi s€ndiri. Ta’ payah tuang teh sékarang; saya nak kéluar. Ta’ payah tulis surat kapada dia; besok dia nak datang séndiri.
There is no need to do that job today. Don't bother to go to that shop; I'll go myself tomorrow.
water.
Yes, sir.
Don’t bother to make tea now;
I'm just going out. Don’t bother to write hima letter; he’s coming himself
tomorrow.
168
SPEAK
MALAY!
Jangan tidak bérchakap bahasa Mélayu di-rumah itu. Jangan tidak datang ka-rumah saya pada pukul sémbilan. Jangan tidak pérgi tengok Tokong Ayer Itam di-Pulau Pinang. Jangan sa-kali-kali pérgi karumah orang itu. Jangan sa-kali-kali masok saorang ka-dalam hutan. Jangan sa-kali-kali buka kotak itu di-sana.
Whatever you do, don’t fail to speak Malay in that house. At all costs come to my house at nine o'clock. Don’t miss going to see the Ayer Itam Temple in
Masa énche’ datang dari-Ipoh ka-Alor Sétar, jangan tidak singgah di-rumah saya diKuala Kangsar. Jangan tidak déngar siaran “Speak Malay” hari-hari pada pukul énam sa-téngah.
When you are coming from Ipoh to Alor Star, don’t forget to call in at my house in Kuala Kangsar. Don’t fail to listen to the “Speak Malay” programme every day at 6.30.
B.
Penang. Whatever you do, don’t go to that man’s house. Don’t ever go into the jungle by yourself. Don’t open that box over there, whatever happens.
Word List
bérbual-bual gélas ta’ payah sa-orang hutan
have a chat glass there’s no need, don’t bother alone, by oneself jungle, forest
chuchi séjuk sa-kali jangan sakali-kali singgah
clean (vb.) cold once
don’t ever call in, stop off
SPEAK
MALAY!
169
C. Grammar
(147) GIVING
ORDERS
IN MALAY (cont.)
(a) Mari-lah kita corresponds to the rather friendly English form “come on, let’s do such and such’’. See the examples in
Section A above. (5) Probably the easiest and neatest way of giving a polite command in Malay is to ask if the person is able to do something instead of telling him baldly to do it. Boleh used in this way is more or less equivalent to the English “‘please’’. (c) Ta’ payah, “there is no need to’, is a good way of politely telling or asking someone not to do something. Once again see the examples in Section A above. (148) JANGAN
TIDAK
In Malay, as in English, double negatives cancel each other out quite mathematically. Jangan tidak, therefore, does not mean don’t but do, and a very emphatic do indeed. It corresponds more or less to “‘don’t fail to” in English.
(149) JANGAN
SA-KALI-KALI
This is more or less the opposite, or rather the negative, of jangan tidak. The English examples in Section A will make this clear. Kali really means time (in the sense of occasion); sa-kali means once; so jangan sa-kali-kali (the reduplication is for emphasis) means “don’t even once” or “don’t ever’. Kali is a useful word:
S.M.—6*
sa-kali dua kali
once twice
tiga kali
three times, etc.
170
SPEAK
MALAY!
Eleventh Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Késabélas
Pélajaran Yang Ké-53: Hari Rabu
53: WEDNESDAY
A. Sentences
Saya pun nak pérgi juga. Saya nak bacha buku ini; dia pun nak bacha juga. Besok dia nak pérgi ka-Raub; lusa saya pun nak pérgi juga.
I’m going I’m goving and he’s Tomorrow the day
too. to read this book; going to read it too. he’s going to Raub; after tomorrow I'm
Besok dia nak pérgi ka-Raub; saya pun nak pérgi sama.
Tomorrow he’s going to Raub, and I’m going too (i.e. ’'m going with him). He’s going to eat; andI’m going to eat too. He’s going to eat, and I’m going to eat with him.
going too.
Dia nak makan nasi; saya pun nak makan nasi juga. Dia nak makan; saya pun nak
makan nasi sama. Buku ini saya nak bacha; buku itu pun saya nak bacha juga.
I’m going to read this book: and I’m going to read that book too.
Makanan orang puteh saya ta’ suka makan; makanan India pun saya ta’ suka makan juga. Gambar itu saya sudah tengok; gambar ini pun saya sudah tengok juga. Saya sudah nampak orang itu; orang ini pun sudah saya nampak juga.
I dor’t like European food; and I don’t like Indian food either. I have seen that film; I’ve also seen this one. T have seen that man; I have seen too.
this man
SPEAK
Hari ini saya nak pérgi kasana; besok pun nak pérgi juga. Kérja ini boleh buat besok; lusa pun boleh juga. Boleh buat macham
ini;
MALAY!
171
I’m going there today; and I’m also going there tomorrow. You can do this job tomorrow; or the day after tomorrow would be all right too. You can do it this way, and you can do it that way too. You can go this way, and you can go that way too. Don’t do it like this; and don’t don’t do it like that either.
macham itu pun boleh juga. Boleh pérgi ikut ini; ikut itu pun boleh pérgi juga. Jangan buat macham ini; macham itu pun jangan buat juga. Makanan Mélayu sédap Malay food is very tasty; Chinese food is tasty too. sangat; makanan China pun sédap juga. Orang ini orang China; orang This man’s a Chinese; so is that one. itu pun orang China juga. That fruit’s a durian; and so is Buah itu buah durian; buah this one. ini pun buah durian juga. My father’s coming tomorrow, Bapa saya nak datang besok; and my mother’s coming émak saya pun nak datang with him. sama. B. Word List
pun... juga also, too macham itu
/ike that, that
ikut itu
way that way (direction)
macham ini like this, this way ikut ini this way (direction)
7/2?
SPEAK
MALAY!
C. Grammar (150) SAYA PUN NAK PERGI JUGA Pun followed by juga expresses the English also or too, or, in a negative sentence, either. The pun is attached to the word referred to by the also, the whole group then being placed at the head of the sentence. The word to which pun is attached may be almost any part of speech; most commonly it is attached to the subject or object of a sentence or to an adverbial phrase. The juga is placed right at the end. The examples in Section A should be carefully studied as they should make this point clear. (151) JUGA/SAMA Notice the difference in meaning between such sentences as: Saya pun nak pérgi juga. I’m also going (i.e. 1 am going to the same place but not with the other person mentioned.) and: Saya pun nak pérgi sama. I'm going too (i.e. I am going with the other person mentioned).
Eleventh Week
EESSON
54: THURSDAYS
Minggu Yang Késabélas
Pélajaran Khamis
Yang
Ké-54:
Hari
A. Sentences
Apa énche’ buat? Saya chuba nak buka tong bésar ini; tong itu pun kéna
buka juga.
What are you doing ? I’m trying to open this big box; I’ve got to open that one too.
SPEAK
Boieh-kah saya tolong énche’? Boleh-lah. Susah sangat nak buka tong dua-buah ini. Saya ingat, baik énche’ jangan buka macham itu. Macham itu boleh juga; tétapi baik buka macham ini. Saya ingat, macham ini pun boleh juga. Boleh-kah ? Boleh-lah! Macham itu pun boleh buka juga. Apa ada dalam tong ini? Barang énche’-kah? Barang saya. Baharu saya balek dari-England. Saya bérchuti di-sana. Baik-lah, tong ini sudah térbuka sékarang. Wah! Ayer sudah masok kadalam tong. Barang saya sudah basah. Ka-dalam tong ini pun ayer sudah masok juga. Tong itu ta’ apa. Pakaian saya sahaja ada di-dalam tong itu. Pakaian boleh chuchi. Dalam tong ini ada buku saya; buku ta’ boleh chuchi. Saya sudah marah sunggoh. Barang ini saya sudah simpan di-témpat kéring. Orang sudah aleh.
MALAY!
173
Can I help you? Yes, please. These two boxes are very difficult to open. ! don’t think you should open them like that. I suppose you could do it that way, but it'd be better to open them this way. I think we could do it this way too, couldn’ t we?
Yes, of course. We could open them that way too. What’s in these boxes? Your luggage? Yes. I've just come back from England. I was on leave there.
Good. This box is open now. Oh, dear! The water has got into the box. My things are wet.
The water’s got into this box as well. That box doesn't matter. That one’s only got my clothes in.
Clothes can be washed. In this box are my books, and I
can’t wash those. I'm very angry. I put these things away in a dry place. Somebody's moved them.
174
SPEAK
MALAY!
Bila saya nak pérgi kaEngland saya kata kapada orang di-sini jangan sa-kalikali aleh barang saya daritémpat kéring itu.
When I was just off to England, I told the people here not to move my things on any account from the dry place.
Sékarang barang saya sudah habis; apa-apa pun ta’ boleh buat. Bila saya pérgi ka-England nak bérchuti, barang saya pun sudah basah juga. Saya pun marah juga. Apa-apa pun ta’ boleh buat. Lain kali saya nak simpan dirumah sa-orang kawan. Saya pun nak buat macham itu juga.
Now my things are ruined, and I can’t do anything about it. When I went to England on leave my things got wet as well. I was angry too. There wasn’t anything I could do about it. Next time, I shall store them in a friend’s house. I'll do the same.
B. Word List
tolong térbuka aleh lain kali
help (vb.) — open (adj.) move (tr.) next time, another
susah sunggoh
difficult real, really, very}
lain
true different
time
C. Grammar (152) PAKAIAN
BOLEH
CHUCHI
This sentence defies analysis in terms of English grammar. It is a good example of the absence in Malay of both active and passive voices. Literally, “clothes can clean’, you can translate it how you like; here the English passive seems most appropriate: “clothes can be cleaned”, but one might argue that the subject has been left out (if that really means any-
SPEAK
MALAY!
175
thing!) and that “clothes, (you) can clean (them)” would be more correct. However one analyses it, the fact remains that the Malay sentence says, “clothes can clean”, and the best thing to do is get used to that idea. Such sentences are not only possible but common in Malay, although they are impossible in English.
Eleventh Week
LESSON
Mingeu Yang Késabélas
Pélajaran Yang Hari Juma’at
55: FRIDAY Ké-55:
A. Sentences
Masa énche’ dudok di-Malaya, When you are living in Malaya, sélalu bérchakap bahasa always speak Malay. Mélayu. Pérgi ka-sékolah hari-hari pada Go to school every day at half pukul tujoh sa-téngah pagi. past seven in the morning. Jangan balek sa-bélum pukul Don’t come back before two dua pétang. o'clock in the afternoon. Jangan békérja macham itu; Don’t work like that; always sélalu békérja macham ini. work like this. Jangan-lah pérgi lagi; bapa Don’t go yet} my father would saya mahu bérchakap déngan like to speak to you. énche’. Pérgi-lah sékarang tengok apa Please go now and see what he dia buat. is doing. Boleh tuang teh sékarang? SaWould you mind making the kéjap lagi saya nak kéluar. tea now? I’m going out ina minute. Boleh chuchi kéreta saya hari Would you cleanmy car tcday, ini? Besok saya nak kéluar. please? I’m going out tomorrow.
176
SPEAK
MALAY!
While you're on leave in Perlis, Masa énche’ bérchuti didon’t miss going to see the Négéri Pérlis, jangan tidak island of Langkawi. pérgi tengok Pulau Langkawi. While you’re on leave in China, Masa énche’ bérchuti dimake sure you speak Négéri China, jangan tidak bérchakap bahasa China. Chinese. Whatever you do, don’t go to Jangan sa-kali-kali pérgi kathat restaurant; the food’s kédai makan itu; makanan no good. ta’ sédap. On no account go and see that Jangan sa-kali-kali pérgi film. tengok wayang gélap itu. Besok bapa saya nak datang; Tomorrow my father’s comlusa €mak saya pun nak ing; the day after, my datang juga. mother’s coming, too. Besok dia nak pérgi ka-Kuala Tomorrow he’s going to Kuala Lumpur; lusa pun dia nak Lumpur and the day after pérgi juga. he’s going again. Buah durian saya suka makan; I like durians and | also like buah manggis pun suka mangosteens. makan juga. B. Word List sa-bélum
before (time)
Négéri Pérlis
Perlis
Négéri China
C. Grammar
(153) Revise the grammar of Lessons 51-54.
China
SPEAK
MALAY!
Eleventh Week
REVISION
Minggu Yang Késabélas
Pélajaran
17 LESSON
Ulang-kaji
K:
K: WEEK-END Hari
Sabtu
dan
Hari Ahad
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences of Lessons 51-55. B.
Word List
Revise all the word lists of Lessons 51-55.
C. Grammar Revise all the grammar sections (146-152) of Lessons 51-54. D, Exercises
(1) Make up thirty sentences using what you have learnt. (2) Read aloud the following conversation: A. Apa khabar?
B. Khabar baik. Enche’ nak ka-mana? A. Saya nak ka-séteshen (station) kéreta api. Bapa saya nak sampai dari-Ipoh. Dua tiga hari lagi, émak saya pun nak sampai juga. Emak énche’ tidak sampai déngan bapa?
>.
Tidak. Emak saya ada banyak kérja di-sékolah, ta’ boleh datang sama. B. Di-mana sékolah émak énche’?
> . Sékolah
itu di-Ipoh. Emak saya guru bésar sékolah itu. B. Emak saya pun guru bésar juga. Sékolah dia di-Bukit Mértajam. Bapa énche’ ta’ mahu nanti di-Ipoh sampai émak boleh datang?
A. Mahu juga. Tétapi émak saya kata kapada dia: Sudah lama anak kita ta’ tengok bapa; jangan sakali-kali nantikan saya. Pérgi-lah sékarang. Sa-kéjap lagi saya pun boleh pérgi juga.
178
SPEAK
MALAY!
B. Sékarang sudah pukul lapan. Pukul lapan sa-puloh minit kéreta api nak sampai. Baik énche’ jangan lengah di-sini. Pérgi-lah sékarang. Jangan sa-kali-kali bagi bapa nantikan énche’. (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English. (4) Translate into Malay: (a) My son wants to eat that durian, and your son wants
to eat it too. (b) My father is going to the pictures and my mother is going with him; tomorrow I’m going too. (c) Whatever you do, don’t help that boy; although he is clever, he doesn’t want to work. (d) Don’t fail to see the film of ““Hang Tuah”’; it is a good film. (e) Would you mind driving my car? My hands (tangan) are sore and I can’t drive myself. (f) Do come to our house for dinner tonight. (g) The railway station at Alor Star is smali, and so is the station at Kangar in Perlis. (h) Don’t bother to clean the car today; I’m on holiday tomorrow.
(i) I have been to Singapore twice. (j) He can also speak Chinese.
Twelfth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kéduabélas
Pélajaran Yang Ké-56: Hari Isnen
56: MONDAY
A. Sentences
Pasal apa orang itu mahu pérgi ka-pékan? Kérana dia mahu béli barang.
Sébab dia mahu béli barang. Pasal apa énche’ tidak béli kéreta baharu? Kérana duit saya ta’ chukup. Pasal apa énche’ ta’ mahu bélajar bahasa China? Sébab saya ta’ bérapa pandai bélajar bahasa asing. Pasal apa bapa énche’ sudah masok rumah sakit? Kérana dia sakit dalam pérut.
Pasal apa istéri Enche’ ta’ béli ikan itu? Sébab ikan itu mahal sunggoh; kita ta’ tahan bélanja. Pasal apa orang China itu pandai bérchakap bahasa Mélayu? Kérana dia dudok lama diMalaya—lébeh-kurang duapuloh tahun.
Why does that man want to go to town? Because he wants to do some shopping. Because he wants to do some shopping. Why don’t you buy a new car? Because I haven’t got enough money. Why don’t you want to learn Chinese ? Because I'm not very good at learning foreign languages. Why has your father gone into hospital ? Because he’s got stomach trouble, Why didn’t your wife buy that fish? Because it was very dear, and
we couldn't afford it. Why is that Chinese so good at speaking Malay ?
Because he has been living in Malaya for a long time— about twenty years.
180
SPEAK
Enche’ tahu-kah pasal apa budak itu ta’ lulus (dalam) pépéreksaan ? Saya ingat dia ta’ lulus kérana dia ta’ bérapa rajin. Bapa dia pun sa-macham juga. Bapa dia ségan sangat. Saya ta’ tahu pasal apa émak saya bélum sampai dariKuantan. Barangkali kérana dia ada banyak kérja di-rumah. Dia kéna balek bérjalan kaki sébab dia ta’ ada duit lagi. Tuan saya marah sangat kérana saya lambat sampai ka-ofis.
MALAY! Do you know why that boy did not pass the examination ?
J think he didn’t pass because he wasn’t very hardworking. His father’s just the same. He’s very lazy. J don’t know why my mother hasn't yet arrived from Kuantan. Perhaps it’s because she has got a lot of work at home. He had to walk home because he hadn’t got any money left. My boss was very angry because I was late getting to the office. Saya ta’ tahu pasal apa dia ta’ J didn’t know why he hadn't yet datang lagi; anak saya pun arrived; and my son didn’t ta’ tahu juga. know either. Pasal apa énche’ tidak datang Why didn’t you come to my ka-rumah saya sa-malam? house last night ? Sébab saya sudah démam; saya Because I got fever; I had to go kéna tidor. to bed. B. Word List
pasal
concerning, about
pasalapa
why
sébab
cause, motive;
kérana
because
ta’ bérapa pérut sa-macham ségan sa-malam_
because not very stomach the same lazy /Jast night
asing rajin
separate; foreign diligent; hardworking perhaps fever; have a fever
barangkali démam
SPEAK
181
MALAY!
C. Grammar
(154) WHY? and BECAUSE
There are numerous words for why and because in Malay, but pasal apa and kérana or sébab are the most common in the colloquial language. Kérana and sébab are interchangeable. From the examples given in Section A it will be obvious that these words are used in just the same way as their English counterparts.
Twelfth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kéduabélas
Pélajaran Yang Ké-57: Sélasa
57: TUESDAY Hari
A. Sentences
Bila bapa énche’ nak sampai? Dia nak sampai esok pada pukul sa-puloh pagi. Bila énche’ datang kaMalaya? Saya datang pada tahun saribu sémbilan-ratus limapuloh émpat. Bila énche’ nak balek kaEngland nak bérchuti? Saya nak pérgi ka-England tahun dépan nak bérchuti énam bulan. Bila Malaya dapat kémérdekaan ? Malaya sudah mérdeka pada bulan August tahun lépas.
When will your father arrive? He’s arriving at ten o'clock tomorrow morning. When did you come to Malaya? I came in 1954.
When are you going back to England on leave ? I’m going to England next year for six months’ leave. When did Malaya get her independence ? Malaya became independent in August last year.
182
SPEAK
Bila ériche’ nak bayar hutang énche’? Saya nak bayar hutang saya pada akhir bulan. Bila énche’ dapat gaji énche’? Biasa-nya saya dapat-gaji saya pada akhir bulan. Pasal apa énche’ ta’ minta gaji tiap-tiap minggu ? Sudah minta; tuan saya ta’ bagi juga; dia lagi suka bayar gaji orang dia pada akhir bulan. Pasal apa? Dia kata, sébab macham itu sénang lagi. Bukan sénang; susah. Macham itu orang sélalu bérhutang. Saya bérsétuju; macham itu saya ta’ boleh simpan duit. Pasal apa énche’ mahu simpan
duit? Sébab saya bukan orang gaji kérajaan; tuan saya ta’ bagi penshen. Baik énche’ dapat gaji tiaptiap minggu; simpan duit dalam posofis. Saya bérsétuju; saya nak minta sa-kali lagi.
MALAY!
When are you going to pay your debts ?
I'll pay my debts at the end of the month. When do you get your salary? Usually I get my salary at the end of the month. Why don’t you ask for your salary every week ? I did; but my boss wouldn't give it; he prefers to pay his employees’ wages at the end of the month, Why ? He says because it’s easier that way. It’s not easy, it’s difficult; in that way people are always in debt. I agree; in that way I can’t save any money. Why do you want to save money ? Because I’m not a government servant, my boss doesn’t give a pension.
You'd better get your pay every week and save some money in the post office. I agree; I'll ask him again for (ihe
SPEAK
B.
183
MALAY!
Word List
bayar akhir biasa-nya
pay (vb.) end usually
sénang bérsétuju orang gaji penshen sa-kali lagi
easy agree servant, employee pension again, once more
hutang gaji
debt salary, wages, pay
minta
ask for, demand
bérhutang
indebted, be in debt simpan duit save money kérajaan government
C. Grammar
(155) There is nothing in the sentences in section A of this lesson which is not self-explanatory.
Twelfth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kéduabélas
Pélajaran
A. Sentences Orang yang saya tengok dipékan—orang China. Orang yang bagi saya buku ini nak datang sa-kali lagi minggu dépan. Budak yang lulus dalam pépéreksaan—budak India. Ada-kah énche’ tengok orang China yang datang kélmarin ka-rumah kita? Di-mana buku yang saya buboh ka-atas meja didalam bilek énche’?
58:
Yang
WEDNESDAY
Ké-58:
Hari
Rabu
The man whom I saw in town was a Chinese. The man who gave me this book is coming again next week. The boy who passed the ex-
amination is an Indian boy. Did you see the Chinese who came to our house yesterday? Where is the book which I put on the table in your room?
184
SPEAK
MALAY!
Di-dalam surat yang saya dapat kélmarin bapa saya kata dia nak sampai hari ini.
In the letter which I received yesterday my father says he will arrive today.
Orang yang datang esok pada pukul énam ka-rumah saya itu orang Mélayu. Nama kampong yang térbakar pada akhir bulan Jépas itu Kampong Bahagia.
The man who is coming to my house at six o'clock tomorrow is a Malay. The name of the village which was burned down at the end of last month is Kampong Bahagia. The year in which J arrived in Malaya was 1950.
Tahun yang saya sampai kaMalaya itu tahun sa-ribu sémbilan-ratus lima-puloh.
Yang bésar itu saya ta’ mahu; yang kéchil pun ta’ mahu
juga. Saya mahu bacha buku itu; boleh énche’ bagi kapada saya? Yang mana? Yang merah-kah,
yang hijau-kah? Yang merah saya ta’ mahu; yang hijau pun ta’ mahu juga. Bagi saya yang biru. Yang ini-kah? Yang itu. Tétapi yang ini bukan biru; yang ini hiyau. Di-mana yang murah? Yang ini mahal. Yang murah ta’ ada-kah ?
That big one I don’t want; I
don’t want the small one either. I want to read that book; please give it to me.
Which one ? The red one or the green one? I don’t want the red one, and I don’t want the green one either. Give me the blue one. This one ? Yes, that one. But this one isn’t blue; this one is green. Where are the cheap ones? These(ones)are dear; haven’t you got any cheap ones?
SPEAK
MALAY!
185
B. Word List yang biru
who, whom, which, that (rel.) blue
merah hijau
red green
C. Grammar (156) YANG as a relative pronoun
Yang, which we have already had as an indicator of ordinal numerals as well as in a number of set expressions, is used more or less like the English relative pronouns who, whom, which, that. It may be the subject or object of the clause it introduces: orang yang datang the man who comes (subj.) orang yang saya nampak the man whom I saw (obj.) Yang is never used in conjunction with a preposition. If the English sentence would lead one to expect a preposition in the Malay, the preposition is either left out, or the problem is settled by phrasing the sentence differently in Malay: tahun yang saya sampai ka-Malaya the year (in) which I arrived in Malaya {In this case notice that we can also say in English: the year I arrived in Malaya. I.e. we can leave out both the preposition and the pronoun. ]
meja témpat saya buboh buku itu the table on which I put the book [témpat, “‘place’’, is used as a kind of relative word indicating spatial relationship].
oT) DANG nT When the clause introduced by yang is very long, there is a definite danger with the looseness of Malay sentence structure that we may forpet that we are in the middle of a relative clause and that we may end up by getting irretrievably lost in the
186
SPEAK
MALAY!
sentence. Therefore, when the relative clause is getting too long for comfort, Malay reminds us of what is going on by, as it were, tying the loose ends together with the word itu, which 1s piaced at the end of the clause. The relative clause then stands within verbal ‘brackets’, the bracketing words being yang, at the beginning, and itu, at the end. This itu refers, not to the word immediately before it, but to
the whole clause which it ends. If the clause would end in itu or ini, anyway, then there is no need to add a second itu. Study carefully the second batch of examples in Section A. (158) YANG plus ADJECTIVE When yang is used alone with an adjective the effect is the same as using THE. . . ONE in English. Bésar means “‘big’’, but yang bésar means “‘the big one’’. Similarly yang mana, yang itu and yang ini mean “which one’’, “that one” and “this one” respectively. Look carefully at the third batch of examples in Section A. (159) Omission of YANG
In English we can omit the relative pronoun in speaking except when it is the subject ofits clause. For instance, although we cannot omit the who in “the man who came’’, we can omit
the pronoun in “the man (whom) I saw” or “the book (which) I read it:in’”. In Malay, too, yang is often omitted where it can be in English, and also even when it is the subject provided that no ambiguity results. Examples: buku saya bacha _ the book I read rumah kita dudok
the house we live in
For the time being, however, until the student has a greater
SPEAK
MALAY!
187
feeling for the language, it would be better not to omit yang, as the dangers of ambiguity are great. Yang, can, of course, never be omitted in the adjectival construction described in (158).
Twelfth Week
LESSON
59: THURSDAY
Minggu Yang Kéduabélas
Pélajaran
Yang
Ké-59:
Hari
Khamis
A. Sentences
Rumah bésar. Rumah yang bésar. Dia sudah béli sa-buah rumah bésar. Dia sudah béli rumah yang bésar.
A big house. A big house. He’s bought a big house.
He’s bought a big house.
Saya sudah jual kéreta yang ~=—‘I’ve sold the small car; ’'m kéchil; saya nak béli yang going to buy a big one. bésar. Orang yang bodoh ta’ suka Stupid people don’t like workbékérja kuat. ing hard. Orang yang sakit pun ta’ suka _ Sick people don’t like working békérja kuat juga. hard either. Orang ini sudah sakit; bawa
dia ka-rumah sakit yang baharu. Saya sangat suka makan makanan China yang sédap. Orang China yang gémok ini bapa budak China yang kurus itu.
This man’s been taken ill; take
him to the new hospital. I’m very fond of tasty Chinese food. This fat Chinese is the father of that thin Chinese boy.
188
SPEAK
Kéreta baharu yang bésar itu kéreta bapa saya. Buku hijau yang kéchil ini buku émak dia. Orang tua yang gémok itu émak budak muda -yang kurus ini. Orang yang bodoh sangat ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa séndiri. Bapa saya nak naik kéreta yang bésar sunggoh itu pérgi ka-Kota Baharu. Orang itu orang yang baik sunggoh. Orang yang datang ka-sékolah kita itu orang yang jahat sangat.
Buku yang ini buku yang baik sa-kali. Budak ini budak yang rajin sakali di-dalam sékolah kita. Kéreta ini kéreta yang mahal sa-kali: harga-nya sa-pulohribu ringgit. Buku ini buku yang bérguna sa-kali.
B.
MALAY!
That big new car is my father’s.
This small green book is his mother’s. That fat old woman is this thin young lad’s mother.
Very stupid people do not know how to talk their own language. My father’s going to Kota Bharu in that really big car. That man is a really good fellow.
The man who came to our school is a really wicked person. This book is a really excellent book. This boy is the most industrious boy in our school. This car is the most expensive: it costs ten thousand dollars. This book is the most useful one.
Word List
bodoh
stupid
kurus
thin
bérguna
useful
gémok jahat
fat wicked
SPEAK
MALAY!
189
C. Grammar (160) RUMAH
BESAR,
RUMAH
YANG
BESAR
The difference between these two phrases is that the yang in the second one throws the emphasis on to the adjective. If we say, dia sudah béli sa-buah rumah bésar (he has bought a big house), we are more interested in the house than in its size, whereas when we say, dia sudah béli rumah yang bésar, we mean that we knew that the man was going to buy a house, and that out of all the houses he might have bought, he’s bought a big one. That is, we are more interested in the size than in the house.
(161) RUMAH
SAKIT
YANG
BAHARU
Here the noun is a compound noun and, although the yang could be omitted, the phrase sounds better with the yang. It is better Malay to insert yang between a compound noun and its adjective. (162) MAKANAN
CHINA
YANG
SEDAP
When a noun is qualified by more than one adjective, the last one normally has yang in front of it. The sensitive student will realise that there is practically no difference between this construction and the one mentioned
(163) ORANG
YANG
BODOH
in (161).
SANGAT
When the adjective qualifying a noun is itself qualified by an adverb, yang is placed before the adjective. It could be omitted, but it is better Malay to retain it. (164) BUDAK
YANG RAJIN SA-KALI Note this way of indicating a superlative: YANG plus adjective plus SA-KALI.
190
SPEAK
MALAY!
Twelfth Week
LESSON
Minggu Yang Kéduabélas
Pélajaran Yang Hari Juma’at
60: FRIDAY Ké-60:
A. Sentences
Pasal apa orang itu tidak makan daging babi? Dia tidak boleh makan daging babi kérana dia orang Mélayu. Pasal apa énche’ sudah datang ka-Pulau Pinang? Saya sudah datang ka-sini sébab saya mahu tengok bapa saya di-rumah sakit. Pasal apa dia ta’ lulus dalam pépéreksaan ? Dia ta’ lulus kérana dia ta’ chukup rajin. Bila énche’ nak masok sékolah ménéngah ? Saya nak masok sékolah ménéngah Inggéris tahun dépan. Bila énche’ béli kéreta yang baharu itu? Kéreta yang baharu ini saya béli bulan lépas. Orang China yang mahu béli kéreta saya yang lama itu nak datang lagi sa-kali pada pukul lima sa-téngah.
Enche’ nak jual yang lamakah? Saya ingat yang baharu.
Why doesn’t that man eat pork ? He can’t eat pork because he’s a Malay.
Why have you come to Penang ? I have come here because | want to see my father in hospital. Why didn’t he pass the examination ? He didn’t pass because he didn’t work hard enough. When are you going to the secondary school ? I’m going to the English secondary school next year.
When did you buy that new car? I bought this new car last month, The Chinese who wants to buy my old car is coming again at half past five.
You’re going to sell the old one, are you? I thought it was the new one.
SPEAK
19]
MALAY!
Yang baharu-kah? Tidak! Saya ta’ mahu jual yang baharu. Sékolah yang baharu ini stékolah réndah; yang lama itu sékolah ménéngah. Rumah yang bésar sa-kali itu sékolah tinggi.
The new one? No! I don’t want to sell the new one.
This new school is a primary school; that old one is a secondary school. That extremely large building is the university.
B. Word List ménéngah sékolah tinggi
secondary
réndah
low; primary
university
C. Grammar
(165) Revise the grammar of Lessons 56-59.
Twelfth Week
REVISION
Minggu Yang Kéduabélas
Pélajaran
LESSON
Ulang-kaji
L: WEEK-END L:
Hari
Sabtu
dan
Hari Ahad
A. Sentences
Revise all the sentences of Lessons 56-60. B.
Word List
Revise all the word lists of Lessons 56-60. C. Grammar
Revise all the grammar sections (154-164) of Lessons 56-59.
192
SPEAK
MALAY!
DyeExercises (1) Make up fifty sentences using what you have learnt during the course. (2) Read aloud the following conversation:
A. Apa khabar, énche’? B. Khabar baik, énche’. Siapa orang yang saya tengok kélmarin itu di-luar rumah énche’? . Itu bapa saya. Kélmarin pada pukul émpat saya dudok di-luar rumah; tiba-tiba bapa saya sampai dari-Kuala Lumpur.
B. Enche’ ta’ tahu-kah dia nak datang? . Tidak. Saya bértanya kapada bapa, pasal apa dia ta’ tulis surat nak bagi saya tahu pukul bérapa dia nak datang. . Apa dia kata? . Dia kata dia ta’ boleh bagi saya tahu, sébab dia ta
tahu séndiri. Dia datang sahaja kérana dia mahu saya tengok kéreta yang baharu. Dia béli daripada saorang puteh yang nak pérgi ka-England bérchuti. Orang puteh itu guru bésar sa-buah sékolah ménéngah Inggéris di-Négéri Sélangor. Bérapa lama bapa énche’ nak tinggal di-sini? . Saya ta’ tahu lagi. Bapa saya sudah démam; doktor kata dia kéna tidor dua tiga hari. Lépas itu dia boleh balek ka-Kuala Lumpur. . Boleh-kah saya datang ka-rumah énche’ nak tengok bapa énche’?
A. Boleh-lah. Mari-lah énche’ pétang ini. (3) Translate the conversation in (2) into English.
SPEAK
MALAY!
(4) Read aloud the following conversation between a student of Malay, and Zainal, his munshi:
193
Felix,
Apa khabar, Felix? Khabar baik, Che’ Zainal.
Boleh Felix kata kapada saya, bila Felix bérmula nak bélajar bahasa Mélayu? Boleh. Saya ingat saya bérmula nak bélajar bahasa Mélayu lébeh-kurang tiga bulan dahulu.
Macham mana bahasa Mélayu kita? Felix ingat sénang-kah nak bélajar? Bahasa Mélayu bukan bahasa sénang, bukan bahasa susah. Kalau orang mahu bélajar bahasa asing, kéna békérja kuat. Tétapi kalau orang suka békérja kuat, saya ingat bahasa Mélayu sénang nak bélajar. Pasal apa énche’ mahu bélajar bahasa Mélayu? Tahun lépas Malaya sudah mérdeka. Bahasa Mélayu itu nak jadi (become) bahasa...er... bahasa..., apa orang Mélayu panggil (call) “‘national language” ? Orang Mélayu kata “‘bahasa kébangsaan’”’. Térima kaseh. Bahasa Mélayu nak jadi bahasa kébangsaan kita. Saya ingat sémua orang yang dudok di-Malaya kéna bélajar bahasa kébangsaan kita. Orang Mélayu pun, orang India pun, orang China pun ta’ apa. Kita sémua mahu jadi orang Malaya. Kalau kita tidak bélajar bahasa Mélayu, macham mana kita nak jadi orang Malaya? . Saya bérsétuju déngan énche’. Enche’ bélajar bahasa Mélayu tiga bulan sahaja, tahu bérchakap_ baik sunggoh juga. FE; Saya ta’ tahu bérchakap banyak lagi, tétapi saya nak bélajar lagi. Saya sudah béli buku Mélayu nak bacha. S.M.—7
194
SPEAK
MALAY!
Z. Buku yang mana énche nak bacha? F. Saya nak bacha Hikayat Hang Tuah. baik-kah ? Z. Baik sunggoh.
Buku
itu
(5) Translate the conversation in (4) into English. (6) Translate into Malay: (a) That school is a secondary school. (b) Although he is headmaster of a Chinese secondary school, he can’t speak Mandarin (bahasa Mandarin). (c) That large green car is my father’s. (d) The film we saw last night in town was a very good Malay picture. (e) The communist terrorists who were sentenced to death last month are now dead. They were hanged in Pudu Gaol. (f) Because Malaya is now independent, we must all learn the National Language. (g) Boys are learning the National Language in the primary schools; they are learning it in the secondary schools too. (h) Give me that bock, please. Which one? The blue one. (i) Chinese, Malays, Indians—all are Malayans. (j) The Europeans are beginning to go home because their work in Malaya is finished. (k) Why don’t you learn English? Because I am not very good at learning foreign languages. (/) English and Malay are very useful languages. (m) What time is it now? It is twenty to eleven. (n) In what year did Malaya gain her independence? In the year 1957. (0) I was born (jadi) on the 26th of March 1925.
SPEAK
MALAY!
195
(p) How many cigarettes are there in that box? There are forty-seven. (q) How many letters did you receive this morning? I got four. (r) This boy can’t write his own name! (s) This boy has been taken ill. Take him to the hospital in a trishaw; he can’t walk. (t) The bride whom we saw at the bersanding ceremony last week was very pretty.
THE
KEY
AND OTHER
TO THE TRANSLATION
EXERCISES REVISION
CONTAINED
IN THE
LESSONS
REVISION LESSON A Exercise D (2)
In the Market Is this a Malay market? No, it isn’t; it’s a Chinese market. Is that man a Chinese? Yes, he is.
What is he selling? He is selling meat. What meat is he selling? Pork, beef and mutton. Where does he sell that meat? In a shop.
What is this man selling in this shop? He is selling books and newspapers.
Malay books and newspapers? He’s a Chinese. He sells Chinese books and newspapers.
Od wD Or Wp W> D> No.
Exercise D (3)
(a) Apa dia jual di-kédai itu? (6) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
Budak pérémpuan itu orang China. Budak laki-laki ini orang puteh. Budak pérémpuan India ini makan nasi dan daging kambing. Di-mana kédai itu? Budak laki-laki China itu tulis apa? Dia tulis surat. Di-mana dia béli daging babi? Orang pérémpuan itu orang Mélayu. Orang pérémpuan Mélayu itu béli daging kambing di-kédai itu.
SPEAK
MALAY!
REVISION
LESSON
197 B
Exercise D (3)
Hullo, how are you? I’m fine, thanks.
D> >wb
Where is there a Malay restaurant? There’s a Malay restaurant in the Malay market. Are there many people in that restaurant (lit. shop; it is unnecessary to repeat the makan ‘“‘ad nauseam” once we have established the fact that the shop is an eating-shop). Yes, there are. There’s a lot of Malays in that restaurant.
What do they eat? that restaurant there are people eating rice, there are people eating mutton, and there are people eating beef.
ww>In 0>
What do they drink there? drink tea, some drink coffee, and some drink water. (Notice this more idiomatic English way of translating a series of ada orang’s.) Some
Is there anybody eating fruit? Yes.
WD w>
What fruit do people eat in that restaurant? Some eat durians, some eat mangosteens, and some eat rambutans.
oe
Cheerio! Bye-bye!
Exercise D (4)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Siapa nama énche’? Nama saya Ah Chong. Saya orang China.
Enche’ makan daging babi? Makan.
Enche’ makan daging lémbu? Dak; saya orang India; orang India tidak makan daging lémbu. (e) Orang China itu jual apa? (f) Dia jual buku dan surat khabar. (g) Bapa énche’ di-mana? Bapa saya (ada) di-Kuala Lumpur. (h) Anak énche’ ada kéreta? Ta’ ada. (i) Saya ada béskal. Saya ta’ ada kéreta. (j) Orang Mélayu itu ada kéreta lémbu.
198
SPEAK
MALAY!
REVISION LESSON C Exercise D (3)
A. B.
Trishaw! Come here! All right, sir. Where do you want to go to?
A. B.
I want to go to Kuala Lumpur. I want to go to the pictures there. All right, sir. You’d better get in my trishaw.
(Later)
B.
O.K., sir. Here is the cinema.
A. B.
Good. Thank you. Good-bye. Good-bye, sir.
Exercise D (4)
(a) Enche’ mahu naik apa pérgi ka-Singapura? (6) Saya mahu naik kéreta api.
(c) Enche’ ta’ mahu naik kéreta? (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (/) (m) (n) (0)
Ta’ mahu. Saya ta’ suka naik kéreta. Bapa saya balek dari rumah émak saya di-Raub hari ini. Budak Mélayu ini mahu bélajar bahasa China. Baik dia pérgi ka-Kuala Lumpur bélajar di-sana. Emak saya mula bélajar bahasa Tamil kélmarin. Enche’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Inggéris? Ta’ tahu. Kélmarin saya pérgi ka-Singapura béli kéreta; ta’ dapat béli. Tulis surat kapada orang China itu. Hari ini saya térima surat daripada émak saya. Saya bagi buah durian kapada dia hari ini. Besok saya dapat surat daripada dia. Baik kita tulis surat kapada dia. REVISION LESSON D
Exercise D (3)
Where did you go to yesterday I went to Kuala Lumpur. What did you do in Kuala Lumpur? I went to a Chinese restaurant.
What did you eat in that restaurant? rice, pork, and three rambutans.
wd D> I ate wD
SPEAK
MALAY!
199
Were there a lot of people in the restaurant yesterday? Yes. There were fourteen Chinese eating there; also* there were two or three** Europeans drinking coffee. There weren’t any Malays and Indians yesterday.
>w
Did you come back today? Yes, I did. I returned here by train.
Didn’t you return here by car? I haven’t got a car. I sold my Lumpur.
ie sit tlie No.
car yesterday
in Kuala
Exercise D (4) (a) Saya ada tiga BUAH kéreta.
(6) (c) (d) (e)
Di-kédai itu ada lima ORANG Mélayu. Ada €mpat ORANG pénumpang naik kéreta itu. Bérapa Bir buah durian énche’ béli di-pasar? Bérapa EKoR kuching énche’ ada di-rumah énche’“
Exercise D (5)
Tiga, tujoh, sémbilan, sa-bélas, Empat-bélas, tujoh-bélas, lapanbélas, dua-puloh tiga, dua-puloh énam, tiga-puloh tiga, émpatpuloh émpat, lima-puloh lima, lima-puloh tujoh, énam-puloh lapan, tujoh-puloh tujoh, tujoh-puloh sémbilan, lapan-puloh, lapanpuloh émpat, lapan-puloh énam, sémbilan-puloh, sémbilan-puloh tiga, sémbilan-puloh lima, sémbilan-puloh sémbilan, sa-ratus. Sa-ratus énamfj, sa-ratus tiga-puloh tiga, sa-ratus lima-puloh émpat, sa-ratus énam-puloh tujoh, sa-ratus tujoh-puloh lapan, saratus lapan-puioh lapan, sa-ratus sémbilan-puloh, sa-ratus s¢mbilanpuloh sémbilan. *dan lagi: (lit. and more) means also, furthermore. **dyq-tiga: (lit. two-three) means two OR three, i.e. there is no need to translate the English or in such a context in Malay.
+Sa-ratus nam: English says one hundred AND six: Malay does not use
dan in such a context.
200
SPEAK
MALAY!
Exercise D (6)
(a) Bérapa orang anak énche’ ada? (b) Saya ada dua orang anak laki-laki dan tiga orang anak pér€mpuan. (c) Bapa saya ada dua buah kéreta. (d) Saya makan tujoh biji buah manggis kélmarin. (e) Orang Mélayu itu ada tiga-puloh ekor lémbu. (f) Ada lima-puloh tiga orang pénumpang naik kéreta api itu. (g) Kapal api itu ada sa-ratus orang pénumpang. (h) Emak saya béli dua-puloh émpat biji télor di-pasar Mélayu. (i) Anak pérémpuan saya suka makan télor. (j) Di-rumah sakit ini ada sa-ratus lima-puloh orang sakit.
REVISION LESSON E Exercise D (3)
Hullo, how are you? I’m fine thanks. Where are you off to? I’m going to go to the market to do some shopping. After that I’m going to a restaurant for a meal. Can I come too? Yes, of course. What are you going to buy in the market?
I’m going to buy fish, meat and some durians. But fish is very dear today; you'd better just buy the meat.
I didn’t know fish was very expensive; my wife said fish was cheap in this town. No, it isn’t. Fish here is very expensive.
All right. I won’t buy any. Where is there a Malay restaurant? I’m very fond of Malay curry. In the Malay market there are two good restaurants. We can go to that restaurant over there. Their curry is first class. I'll come with you and eat there. Do you mind?
PD wD w > wD U> >wD >
Of course not. Come on; let’s go and eat now. After that we can do the shopping for my wife. Do you like hot curry? In that restaurant the curry is very hot.
SPEAK
A. B. A.
MALAY!
201
You bet! The hotter the better.* What shall we drink with the curry? We'd better just drink water.
Exercise D (4)
()
{Southern way] Tiga ringgit lima-puloh sen; sa-puloh ringgit dua-puloh lima sen; énam-puloh sen; lima-puloh énam ringgit tujoh-puloh sen; sa-ratus tiga-puloh énam ringgit Empat-puloh lima sen. (ii) [Northern way] Tiga ringgit lima kupang; sa-puloh ringgit dua kupang lima; énam kupang; lima-puloh énam ringgit tujoh kupang; sa-ratus tigapuloh énam ringgit émpat kupang lima.
Exercise D (5)
(a)
(6) (c)
Saya nak ka-pasar béli barang; lénas itu saya nak makan nasi di-sa-buah kédai makan China. Enche’ mahu pérgi sama? Mahu-lah. Saya sangat suka makan makanan China. Makanan baik di-kédai makan itu? Di-mana énche’ béli kéreta baharu itu? Saya béli kélmarin di-
Singapura. Enche’ mahu naik? (d) Kélmarin saya dapat surat daripada émak saya di-Sérémban.
(e)
(f) (g)
(A) () (J) *
Dia kata bapa saya ada di-rumah sakit di-Kuala Lumpur. Buku ini bérapa harga-nya? Harga-nya lima-bélas ringgit. Itu mahal sangat. Bukan mahal; murah. Buku ini baik sangat. Orang puteh itu sangat suka makan gulai Mélayu pédas sangat. Dia kata, “‘Lagi pédas lagi baik.” Saya ta’ tahu orang puteh suka makan gulai. Suka-lah. Banyak orang puteh suka makan makanan Melayu. Enche’ nak pérgi ka-mana besok? Saya nak ka-Kuala Kangsar tengok bapa sakit saya. Emak saya ingat dia nak mati, tapi saya ingat dia nak hidup. Teh ini hangat sangat; saya ta’ boleh minum. Gulai ini pédas sangat; dia ta’ boleh makan. Note the construction S.M.—7*
202
SPEAK
MALAY!
REVISION LESSON F Exercise D (3)
A. B.
Hullo, how are you? I’m fine. Where are you off to?
A. B.
I’m off to town. What are you going to do in town?
A. B.
I’m going to buy a new car. But you’ve got a big car.
A. B.
That car I sold in Ipoh last Saturday. (When) you sold that car, what did you get for it?
A.
For that car I got $3,500. That car was very big, I’m going to buy a small car. How much do you want to pay for the new car?
B. A. B.
I’m thinking of paying about four thousand. Can I come to the town with you? I know where you can buy a very good car.
A. B.
Yes, of course. Thanks very much. Afterwards what are you going to do in town?
A. B.
I was thinking of eating in a Chinese restaurant. Are you fond of Chinese food? Yes, I am indeed.
A. B.
You'd better come too; you can eat with me. Thank you very much.
A.
Don’t mention it.
Exercise D (4)
(a) Kélmarin saya jual kéreta saya di-Kuala Lumpur; saya dapat émpat-ribu lima-ratus ringgit. (6) Besok saya nak béli kéreta baharu di-Singapura; saya ingat nak bagi €nam-ribu ringgit. (c) Kélmarin dahulu hari sabtu; saya bérchuti dua hari; saya pérgi ka-Batu Féringgi di-Pulau Pinang nak bérénang. (d) Sa-orang kawan saya kata, ““Bérbahaya sikit nak bérénang diBatu Féringgi; ada banyak ular sélimpat di-sana; baik énche’ dudok di-pantai sahaja.”’ (e) Orang Mélayu suka makan buah pinang, tétapi orang puteh tidak suka makan.
SPEAK
MALAY!
203
(f) Orang Kédah tidak kata, “Saya nak pérgi ka-Pulau Pinang”; sélalu kata, “Saya nak pérgi ka-Tanjong” [or “Saya nak pi Tanjong’). (g) Banyak orang Mélayu tidak suka makan makanan China: makanan China ada banyak daging babi; orang Mélayu ta’ boleh makan daging babi. (h) Pékan Alor Sétar ada lébeh-kurang lima-puloh-ribu orang. - () Malaya ada lébeh-kurang énam juta orang. (j) England ada lébeh-kurang lima-puloh juta orang.
REVISION LESSON G Exercise D (3)
At ten past twelve at night I arrived at my house. I had a bath and after that { went to bed. This morning I got up a bit late—at a quarter to eight. Straightaway I had my bath, ate some bread and drank some coffee. Then I got into my car to go to the office. At a quarter to nine I arrived there; my boss was very angry. He said: “You are late—a quarter of an hour!” I said, “Sir, last night I went to the house ofa friend of mine. His son was getting married. I stayed at his place until twelve o’clock at night to see the bersanding ceremony. I went to bed at one o’clock in the morning, and was a bit late getting up this morning.” My boss is a good fellow. He said, ‘All right! But there’s a lot of work today. Could you stay in the office until seven o’clock in the evening ?”’ I replied, “Certainly, sir.” Exercise D (4)
(a) Anak pérémpuan saya nak bérkahwin hari ini; nak ada kénduri bésar di-rumah péngantin laki-laki. (b) Banyak orang nak pérgi ka-sana nak tengok isti’adat bérsanding pada pukul sa-puloh sa-téngah. (c) Anak saya chantek sangat; péngantin laki-laki suka hati sangat. (d) Saya ingat kita nak tidor lewat malam ini. (e) Pélajaran ini pélajaran ulang-kaji. (f) Kapal térbang India itu tiba ka-Singapura pada pukul sabélas lima-puloh tujoh minit malam. (g) Pagi ini saya lambat nak datang ka-ofis; tuan saya sakit hati sangat.
204
SPEAK
MALAY!
(h) Hari-hari dia chuba bérchakap bahasa Mélayu déngan orang Mélayu di-ofis; lagi dia chuba, lagi dia pandai bérchakap. (i) Tuan saya nak pérgi ka-England bulan dépan nak bérchuti. (j) Saya ta’ tahu di-mana buku saya. Boleh tengok buku énche’? Boleh-lah. REVISION LEssoN H Exercise D (2)
(a) Orang itu orang China?
Ada-kah orang itu orang China? Orang itu orang China-kah?
(b) Enche’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Tamil? Ada-kah énche’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Tamil?
Enche’ tahu-kah bérchakap bahasa Tamil? (c) Bapa dia nak datang esok? Bapa dia-kah nak datang esok? Ada-kah bapa dia nak datang esok?
(d) Emak énche’ sudah mati? Ada-kah émak énche’ sudah mati?
Emak énche’ sudah mati-kah? (e) Dia sudah dapat surat daripada bapa dia? Ada-kah dia sudah dapat surat daripada bapa dia? Dia sudah dapat surat-kah daripada bapa dia? Exercise D (4) Hullo, how are you? I’m fine, thanks. How is your father? My father’s very fit, but a friend of mine is ill. He’s gone into hospital in Kuala Lumpur. We think he’s going to die. He’s not dead yet?
wW wD >D
>
No. I think he will be in two or three days’ time. I was told that your father is ill; how’s he getting on? He’s doing very nicely. Last week he was very ill, and went into hospital in Ipoh, but now he’s better. He’s come out of hospital to go home again. He’s bought himself a new car, and now he’s going to Singapore for three weeks’ holiday there. Good show! Where is he staying in Singapore? He’s going to stay with a friend of mine.
SPEAK
MALAY!
205
Is he an Indian? My friend is a European. He has a house on the beach; my father wili be able to sit on the beach and look at the sea. Will he go swimming? My father? No, he won’t. He can’t swim.
D> No. A. B.
Exercise D (5) Ada-kah €mak énche’ tahu bérénang? Ta’ ada. Orang India itu tahu-kah bérchakap bahasa Inggéris? Ta’ tahu. Dia tahu bérchakap bahasa Tamil sahaja. Bapa Che’ Ahmad sudah mati. Bapa énche’ sudah-kah béli rumah bésar itu di-[Ipoh? Bélum. Mula-mula dia ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Mélayu, tétapi tahun lépas hari-hari dia pérgi ka-sékolah héndak bélajar. Sékarang dia sudah pandai sangat nak bérchakap bahasa Mélayu. Sudah lama orang China itu dudok di-Malaya, tétapi dia tidak pandai bérchakap bahasa Meélayu. Sékarang Malaya sudan mérdeka. Singapura bélum mérdeka. Sudah tiga tahun saya bélajar bahasa China, tétapi saya ta’ pandai lagi nak bérchakap. Ada-kah énche’ suka dudok di-pantai nak tengok laut? Ada.
REVISION LESSON I
Exercise D (3)
Have you read the paper today? Yes. I read that two bandits have been shot in Selangor, and
two more have been captured. What will happen to the other two? I don’t know yet. I should think they’ll be sentenced to death. They are not young men.
ee ae a
Was there anything else in the newspaper today? Oh, yes. A village has been burned down. A hundred people were injured. A lot of people are in hospital. Where was the village? I’ve forgotten. I think it was somewhere in Kelantan.
206
SPEAK
MALAY!
A.
What a shame for the villagers!—What
B.
newspaper ? J read that a friend of mine in Ipoh got married yesterday. Her bersanding ceremony was very fine. There’s nothing else today.
else was there in the
Exercise D (4)
(a) Orang tua itu sudah kéna dénda dua-ratus ringgit. Kasehan dia!
(b) Enche’ ada apa-apa kéna chukai? (c) Ta’ ada. Barang ini satu pun ta’ kéna chukai. (d) Bapa dia sudah mati kéna langgar kéreta. (e) Lima orang pénjahat komyunis sudah kéna hukum gantong; tiga orang lagi sudah kéna hukum pénjara. (f) Kélmarin di-Négéri Sélangor sa-orang péngganas pun ta’ kéna tangkap. (g) Buku itu di-mana-mana pun saya ta’ boleh béli. (h) Buah durian ini sa-biji pun ta’ sédap. (i) Di-kampong ini sa-orang pun tidak tahu bérchakap bahasa Melayu. (j) Dalam kotak itu apa pun ta’ ada. (k) Dalam kotak ini ada lima-puloh batang rokck. (/) Sa-batang rokok pun saya ta’ ada lagi. (m) Hari ini surat sa-puchok pun dia bélum térima. (nm) Siapa pun ta’ ada dalam bilek saya. (0) Hidong dia sudah luka kéna pisau chukor.
REVISION LESSON J
Exercise D (3) A.
Have you been ill? You didn’t come to the office yesterday?
B.
Yes, I was rather poorly. Yesterday I was walking along the side of the road, when suddenly a big car came along; I didn’t see it and fell into the drain.
A.
There was a lot of water in the drains yesterday. Did you get your clothes wet? Yes, I did. But my body was not harmed, however. But the doctor said I'd better stay at home in bed yesterday. I didn’t want to come to the office.
SPEAK
MALAY!
207
Exercise D (4)
(a)
6
(d) (e)
(f) (g)
(h) (i)
Orang itu orang India, pandai bérchakap bahasa China juga. Budak China ini ta’ suka makan daging babi pula! Tikus lari ka-dalam lobang dia di-bawah lémari, kuching tangkap juga. Enche’ suka makan makanan Inggéris? Suka juga; tétapi saya lagi suka makan makanan Mélayu. Enche’ mahu-kah pérgi tengok wayang gélap ?Mahu-lah! Sudah lama saya ta’ pérgi tengok wayang gélap. Térima kaseh. Saya sudah buboh lima-puloh-batang rokok ka-dalam kotak
ini. Enche’ mahu isap-kah ? Bapa puan Emak pula! Gulai
saya sudah tua sangat; dia ta’ suka tengok orang pérémisap rokok. dia orang tua, dia isap lima-puloh-batang rokok sa-hari Mélayu
pédas sangat, banyak orang puteh suka makan
juga.
(j)
;
Gulai itu pédas-kah ? Pédas juga.
REVISION LESSON K
Exercise D (3)
Hullo! Hullo! Where are you off to? I’m going to the railway station. My father is arriving from Ipoh. In two or three days, my mother will be coming too. Isn’t your mother arriving with your father? No. My mother has a lot of work at school, and she can’t come with him. Where is your mother’s school? It’s in Ipoh. My mother is the headmistress of the school. mother is a headmistress too. Her school is at Bukit Mertajam. Doesn’t your father want to wait in Ipoh until your mother can come?
mwwD wW D> > > My =
Well, yes, he did want to. But my mother said to him, “Our son hasn’t seen his father for a long time; for goodness’ sake don’t wait for me. Go now, and I’Il soon be able to go too.”
208 B.
SPEAK
MALAY!
It’s now eight o’clock. The train’s arriving at ten past eight. You'd better not hang about here. Whatever you do, don’t keep your father waiting for you.
Exercise D (4)
(a) Anak saya mahu makan buab durian itu; anak énche’ pun mahu makan juga. (b) Bapa saya nak pérgi tengok wayang gélap; émak pun nak pérgi sama. Esok saya pun nak pérgi juga. (c) Jangan sa-kali-kali tolong budak itu; dia pandai, ta’ mahu békérja juga. (d) Jangan tidak pérgi tengok gambar “Hang Tuah’’; gambar itu gambar baik. (e) Boleh-kah énche’ bawa kéreta saya? Tangan saya sakit; ta’ boleh bawa séndiri. (f) Mari-lah ka-rumah kita nak makan nasi malam ini. (g) Séteshen kéreta api di-Alor Sétar kéchil; séteshen di-Kangar di-Négéri Pérlis pun kéchil juga. (h) Ta’ payah chuchi kéreta hari ini; esok saya nak bérchuti. (i) Dua kali saya sudah pérgi ka-Singapura. (j) Bahasa China pun dia tahu bérchakap juga.
REVISION LESSON L
Exercise D (3)
A. B.
Hullo, how are you? I’m fine, thanks. How are you? Who yesterday outside your house?
A.
That was my father. At four o’clock yesterday I was sitting outside the house, when suddenly my father arrived from Kuala Lumpur. Didn’t you know he was coming?
was
that man
I saw
No. I asked my father why he didn’t write a letter to let me know what time he was coming. What did he say?
a
He said he couldn’t let me know, because he didn’t know himself. He only came because he wanted me to see the new car. He bought it from a European who was going to England on
SPEAK
MALAY!
209
leave. The European was the headmaster of an English secondary school in Selangor. How long is your father staying here?
I don’t know yet. My father has caught a fever, and the doctor says he must stay in bed for two or three days. After that he can go back to Kuala Lumpur. Can I come to your house and see your father?
Of course. Come this afternoon.
Exercise D (5) Hullo, Felix! Hullo, Zainal! Can you tell me, Felix, when you began learning Malay ? Yes. I think I began to learn Malay about three months ago.
IN a IN
1N
How do you find this Malay language of ours? Do you think it’s easy to learn, Felix? Malay is neither easy nor difficult. If you want to learn a foreign language, you have to work hard. But if you like working hard, I think Malay is easy to learn. Why do you want to learn Malay? Last year Malaya became independent. Malay is going to become our...er...our..., what do the Malays say for “national language’’ ? The Malays say, “bahasa kébangsaan”’.
m™N Thank you. Malay is going to be our national language. I think that everybody who lives in Malaya should learn our national language. Malays, Indians, or Chinese, it doesn’t matter. We all want to be Malayans. If we don’t learn Malay, how are we going to become Malayans?
I agree with you. Although you have been studying Malay for only three months, you can speak it really well. I can’t talk much yet, but I’m going to go on learning. I’ve bought a Malay book to read.
aN
Which book are you going to read? I’m going to read the Hikayat Hang Tuah. Is that a good book? Yes, very good.
210
SPEAK
Exercise
MALAY!
D (6)
(a) Sékolah itu sékolah ménéngah. (b) Dia guru bésar sa-buah sékolah ménéngah China, dia ta’ tahu bérchakap bahasa Mandarin pula! (c) Kéreta hijau yang bésar itu kéreta bapa saya. (ad) Gambar yang kita tengok sa-malam di-pékan itu gambar Mélayu yang baik sunggoh. (e) Péngganas komyunis yang kéna hukum gantong bulan lépas itu, sudah mati sékarang. Orang itu kéna gantong di-Pénjara Pudu.
(f) Kérana sékarang Malaya sudah mérdeka, kita kéna sémua bélajar bahasa kébangsaan itu. (g) Budak laki-laki bélajar bahasa kébangsaan di-sékolah réndah; di-sékolah ménéngah pun bélajar juga. (h) Boleh bagi saya buku itu. Yang mana? Yang biru. (i) Orang China, orang Mélayu, orang India, sémua orang Malaya. (j) Orang puteh bérmula nak balek sébab kérja orang puteh diMalaya sudah habis. (k) Pasal apa énche’ tidak bélajar bahasa Inggéris? Kérana saya ta’ bérapa pandai nak bélajar bahasa asing. () Bahasa Inggéris dan bahasa Mélayu bahasa yang bérguna sunggoh. (m) Pukul bérapa sékarang? Sudah pukul sa-puloh émpat-puloh muinit.
(n) Pada tahun yang mana Malaya dapat kémérdekaan ? Pada tahun sa-ribu sémbilan-ratus lima-puloh tujoh. (0) Saya jadi pada dua-puloh énam hari bulan March tahun sa-ribu sémbilan-ratus dua-puloh lima. (p) Bérapa batang rokok ada di-dalam kotak itu? Ada émpatpuloh tujoh batang. (q) Bérapa puchok surat énche’ térima pagi tadi? (r) Budak ini ta’ tahu tulis nama séndiri pula! (s) Budak ini sudah sakit. Bawa dia naik becha pérgi ka-rumah sakit. Dia ta’ boleh bérjalan kaki. (t) Péngantin pérémpuan yang kita tengok di-isti’adat bérsanding minggu lépas itu, chantek sunggoh.
APPENDIX
A
CLASSIFIERS The following is a list of the most examples of their use. (1) BATANG
common
classifiers
with
(stem)
This classifier is used with long stick-like objects. Examples: sa-batang rokok a cigarette sa-batang tongkat a walking-stick sa-batang Jari a finger
(2)
BENTOK
(curve)
This classifier is used for ring- and hook-shaped objects. Examples: sa-béntok kail a fish-hook sa-béntok chinchin a ring (3) BIDANG
(broad)
This classifier is used with hides, sails, mats and land. Examples: sa-bidang kajang a palm leaf mat sa-bidang tanah a stretch of land (4) Bist (seed) This classifier is very common object. Examples: sa-biji télor sa-biji buah durian sa-biji chawan
and is used of almost any small
an egg a durian a cup
(5) BILAH (narrow strip)
This classifier is quite common like objects. Examples: sa-bilah pisau sa-bilah pédang sa-bilah gigi
and is used with sharp or knife-
a knife a sword a tooth
212
SPEAK
MALAY!
(6) BUAH (fruit) This is one of the commonest classifiers, being used with aimost any large inanimate object. Examples: sa-buah buku a book sa-buah kapal a ship sa-buah kéreta a car sa-buah kérusi a chair (7) BUTIR (a grain) This classifier may be used of fruits, coconuts, gems and eggs. Examples: sa-butir pisang a banana sa-butir nvior a coconut sa-butir pérmata a jewel sa-butir télor an egg In ali these cases, however, biji could be used instead of butir. (8) EKOR (tail) This is the classifier for all living creatures except plants and human beings. Examples: sa-ekor kuching a cat sa-ekor burong a bird sa-ekor laba-laba a spider sa-ekor ikan a fish sa-ekor ular a snake
(9) HELAI (colloquially LA) This is a very common leaves, paper. Examples:
sa-hélai sa-hélai sa-hélai sa-hélai sa-hélai
kain rumput rambut daun kértas
classifier for cloth, clothing, grass, hair,
a length of cloth; a sareng a blade of grass one strand of hair a leaf a sheet of paper
(10) KAKI (foot, leg) This is not a very commen classifier, but it can be used with flowers, insects and umbrellas. Examples: sa-kaki bunga a flower sa-kaki payong an umbrella
SPEAK (11) KAYU
MALAY!
213
(wood)
Used with kain (cloth) this words means “roll”. Example: Sa-kayu kain a roll of cloth
(12) KEPING (piece) This classifier is quite common and is used of things that come in pieces or lumps. Examples: sa-keping roti a piece of bread sa-keping daging sa-képing kértas (13) KUNTUM
a piece of meat a piece of paper
(bud)
This is the normal classifier for flowers. Example: sa-kuntum bunga a flower
(14) ORANG (person)
This is one of the commonest beings. Examples: sa-orang budak sa-orang tukang kébun
classifiers and is used of human a youngster a gardener
When it would occur in front of itself, orang is usually omitted. Examples: sa-orang (orang) China a Chinese sa-orang (orang) pérémpuan a woman sa-orang (orang) a person (15) PATAd
(broken)
This classifier is used of words and phrases. Example: sa-patah pérkataan a word (16) PINTU (door)
A classifier for houses arranged in rows or terraces—shophouses for instance. Example: sa-pintu rumah a (terrace) house
214
SPEAK
MALAY!
(17) POTONG (cut off) This is used of things cut in slices. Examples: sa-potong daging a slice of meat (cf. English “a cut off the joint’) sa-potong roti a Slice of bread (18) PUCHOK
(shoot, bud)
This is quite a common Examples: sa-puchok jarum sa-puchok sénapang sa-puchok surat (stub) This classifier is used candles, etc. Examples: sa-puntong rokok
classifier for needles, guns and letters. a needle a gun a letter
(19) PUNTONG
for the
sa-puntong lilin
butt-ends
of cigars,
cigarettes,
a cigar-butt; a cigarette-end a candle-end
(20) RAWAN
Used of fishing-nets. Example: sa-rawan jala
a casting-net
(21) TANGGA (ladder) This word is used as a classifier for Malay-style houses which are raised off the ground and entered by means of a ladder or staircase. Example: sa-tangga rumah Mélayu a Malay house (22) TANGKAI
(stalk, stem)
This classifier is used of flowers. Example: sa-tangkai bunga a flower (23) URAT (strand)
Used of thread. Example: sa-urat bénang
a strand of thread, a piece of thread
(24) UTAS (string) A classifier for things in strings. Examples: sa-utas tali a rope sa-utas bénang a skein of thread
APPENDIX
MALAY
NAMES
B
AND
TITLES
Most Malay personal names are Arabic in origin and the system of naming a person follows the Judaeo-Arabic system. Malays do not have surnames or family names. A man has his own name followed by that of his father, the two being joined together by the word bin (Arabic: ibn; Hebrew: ben; Aramaic: bar); a woman has the same arrangement except that in her case the two
names are joined by the word binti (Arabic: bint). Bin means ‘“‘son of” and binti means ‘“‘daughter of”. Cf. in the Bible “Simon Bar Joseph’’—Simon the son of Joseph. Suppose a man, /brahim, has a son called Yusuf and a daughter called Habsah. The son will be known as Yusuf bin Ibrahim and the daughter as Habsah binti Ibrahim. When Yusuf gets married and has a son called, say, Arshad, the son (i.e. Jbrahim’s grandson) will be known as Arshad bin Yusuf. \f Habsah marries a man called /shak, and bears a son called Muhammad, this grandson of /brahim’s wiil be known as Muhammad bin Ishak. In other words all trace of connexion with /brahim is erased by the third generation. When we address Malays in English, we should be careful which name we use after Mr or Mrs. In the above family, Yusuf is known as Mr Yusuf not as Mr Ibrahim. Habsah, when married, will be called Mrs Ishak in English. In Malay all the above names (or any other name for that matter) may carry the prefix Che’: Che’ Ibrahim Che’ Yusuf Che’ Habsah
Mr Ibrahim Mr Yusuf Miss Habsah riage); Mrs marriage)
(before
mar-
Ishak
(after
Notice that in Malay a woman retains her own name when married. It is only when spoken of in English that she should be addressed as Mrs Ishak. Che’ may be used of both sexes, but Enche’
216
SPEAK
MALAY!
is usually only used with the names of men. When it is used by itself to mean “‘you”’, of course, it may refer to either sex. Now, if /brahim fulfils his religious duty and makes a successful pilgrimage to Mecca, on his return he will be known as Haji Ibrahim (i.e. Pilgrim Ibrahim) and is entitled to be addressed as Tuan. His children bask in reflected glory, for they will now be known as Che’ Yusuf bin Haji Ibrahim and Che’ Habsah binti Haji Ibrahim respectively. Another group of people entitled to be addressed as Tuan are the Saiyids. A Saiyid (Syed) is of Arab descent and claims to be descended directly from the Prophet Muhammad. He puts the prefix Saiyid before his name, e.g. Saiyid Yusuf bin Saiyid Ibrahim, and is addressed as Tuan or Tuan Saiyid. A Téngku (prince or princess) should normally be addressed as Téngku, but in conversation Tuan would probably be acceptable to most. Malay titles are legion but the above information should be sufficient for everyday purposes.
APPENDIX
THE
MALAY
C
CALENDAR
The Malays use the Muslim calendar which is lunar in origin and is therefore eleven days short of the solar year. As in most Muslim countries, these lunar months are usually known by their Arabic names, although one or two months which are connected with important Islamic festivals have also acquired Malay names which are more commonly used. The months, which have 29 and 30 days alternately, do not correspond in any way with the solar months; indeed, a complicated mathematical process is involved in converting Muslim dates to Christian dates and vice versa. The names of the months are: (1) Muharram (2) Safar (3) Rabi’-il-awal for: Bulan Maulud: the month in which the Prophet Muhammad was born]. (4) Rabi’-il-akhir (5) Jamad-il-awal (¢) Jamad-il-akhir (7) Réjab (8) Sha’aban (9) Ramdzan [or: Bulan Puasa: the fasting month] (10) Shawal [or: Bulan Raya: the month of feasting which follows the fast] (11) Dzu’-l-kaedah (12) Dzu’-l-hejah
30 days 29 days
30 29 30 29 30 29
days days days days days days
30 days
29 days 30 days 29 days
APPENDIX
MALAY
D
SOLECISMS
This appendix deals with some of the common fallacies of Bazaar Malay. These forms are used by many people who are labouring under the delusion that they are speaking “‘colloquial” Malay. Malays only use these forms when talking down to foreigners under the mistaken impression that they are easier to understand. If a Malay uses these forms in conversation with you, try to persuade him that you know better. if a nor-Malay tells you that any of these forms are.correct, you should at once become suspicious of anything else he tells you about the language because his knowledge of Malay will definitely be below standard. No Malay would ever use these ugly forms in conversation with another Malay, except jocularly. This kind of Malay is no better than pidgin. (1) BANYAK
This word does not mean “‘very’’. “Very good” is not banyak baik, but baik sangat or baik sunggoh. Banyak is a noun, not an adverb. To say banyak baik is as bad as saying “plenty good”’ in English. (2) PUNYA
This word, which is rarely heard at all in real Malay, is often used in Bazaar Malay in imitation of a Chinese construction to indicate possession. Examples: saya punya rumah my house dia punya bapa punya kéreta _his father’s car
These forms are quite incorrect. You should say: rumah saya my house kéreta bapa dia his father’s car (3) SAMA Sama is often used in Bazaar Malay to indicate a direct or indirect object: saya tengok sama dia I saw him saya bagi duit sama dia I gave him the money
SPEAK
MALAY!
219
This usage is wrong. There is no need for the word at all in the first example; in the second it should be either left out (with a change in word order) or changed to kapada:
saya tengok dia saya bagi dia duit or: saya bagi duit kapada dia
I saw him J gave him the money
(4) KASI Kasi does not mean “to give’; it means ‘‘to castrate’’. It is difficult to understand how such an unpleasant word has come to be used so frequently with an entirely wrong meaning. In written Malay the correct word for “to give” is béri or bérikan. These, however, sound a bit bookish and are usually replaced in real colloquial Malay by bagi. . (5) BILANG
;
Bilang does not mean “to say”; it means “‘to count’. Therefore such a sentence as saya sudah bilang sama dia I said to him should be saya sudah kata kapada dia
I said to him
(6) PERGI This word is not pronounced “piggy” or “‘pigi” or “‘piki’’. The -r- is silent in all but very formal speech. The normal pronunciation is pégi (with the stress on-gi). In very rapid speech it becomes pi or gi. (7) BIKIN Bikin has no meaning at all. It cannot be used as a synonym for buat. (8) TADA
This is another word which does not exist in real Malay. In Bazaar Malay, however, it is used in place of both tidak and ta’ ada. This usage is wrong. The glottal catch in fa’ ada is never omitted by a Malay speaker, and the short form of tidak is either ta’ or dak according to the context.
220
SPEAK
MALAY!
(9) MAHU Mahu should never be used to form a future tense; the correct form for this is héndak (colloquially: nak). Cf. Grammar sections (62) and (63) in Lesson 23.
(10) KECHIL This word is not pronounced “kitchy”. In careful speech it is pronounced exactly as spelt and in colloquial language it usually becomes kéchik or kéchi’.
(11) SA-TENGAH This is often used in Malayan English to mean “‘a whisky and soda’’, i.e. half a tot. In English pronunciation this has become “stinger”, which is all right in English. Don’t, however, import this pronunciation back into Malay. In rapid speech the -a- of sausually drops out and so this word is usually pronounced sténgah, but never stinger.
APPENDIX
INDONESIAN
E
SPELLING
The system of spelling used in Indonesia differs in several respects from that used in Malaya. The reason for this is that the Malays learned the Roman Alphabet from the British, while the Indonesians acquired it ftom the Dutch. The two spelling systems therefore reflect the two different sources of European influence. Since there are large numbers of Indonesian books and periodicals at present available in Malaya, anyone who is really interested in the Malay language should take the trouble to acquaint himself with the spelling used by our neighbours across the water. As I write this, a discussion is going on between delegates from Malaya and Indonesia on the possibility of establishing a unified spelling system for the two countries, and it seems likely that some agreement will be reached. In any case, a unified spelling is bound to come one day. Nevertheless, even when a unified spelling is an established fact, it will be many years before a complete change-over can be made, and a knowledge of the two current spelling systems will remain a necessity for the serious student of the language. Basic Differences The biggest source of difference between the two current spelling systems is the fact that in Dutch the letter J stands for the sound of the English letter y (used as a consonant). For instance, the Dutch word ja (yes) is pronounced ya. This, then, is the value that 7 has in Indonesia and as a result another spelling has had to be found for the j of jahat, which in Indonesia is spelt djahat. Ch in Dutch is pronounced like the ch in the Scots word loch or the kh of the Malay word Khabar. This is the value of ch in Indonesia, e.g. Khabar is spelt chabar. Thus another spelling is needed for the ch of chari, which in Indonesia is spelt tari.
UD)
SPEAK
MALAY!
Let us now run through the major differences: Malay
Examples
Indonesian
tj
jahat chari
djahat tjari
yi
J
yang
jang
sh
SJ
kh
ch
Shaikh khabar
Sjaich chabar
j
dj
ch
Minor Differences (1) Hyphenated prefixes and suffixes such as di-, ka-, -nya, -lah and -kah are written as one word with the word to which they are attached in Indonesian:
Malay di-pasar harga-nya biasa-nya dia tahu-kah? baik-lah
Indonesian
dipasar harganja bisanja dia tahukah? baiklah
(2) Where Malay writes é, Indonesian has e; and where Malay has e, Indonesian writes é: Malay bésar péngganas meja Indonesia
(3) Malay
Indonesian besar
pengganas médja Indonésia
ka- and sa- (as prefixes) are written ke- and se- in
Indonesian:
Malay ka-pasar ka-dalam sa-orang sa-biji
Indonesian
kepasar kedalam
seorang sebidji
SPEAK
MALAY!
223
(4) Where Malay has -e- and -o-, Indonesian often has -i- and -u-, especially in final syllables: Malay chantek
bilek burong chukor
Indonesian tjantik bilik burung tjukur
(5) Ayer (water) is spelt air in Indonesian.
Example of Indonesian Spelling Study carefully the following transliteration into Indonesian spelling of Exercise D (2) in Revision Lesson G (page 117) and compare it with the original Malay spelling: Pada pukul duabelas sepuluh minit malam, saja sampai kerumah saja. Saja mandi; lepas itu saja tidur. Pagi ini saja bangun léwat sikit —pada pukul tudjuh tiga suku. Lékas saja mandi, makan roti, minum kopi Lepas itu saja naik keréta nak pergi keofis. Pada pukul lapan tiga suku saja sampai kesana; tuan saja marah sangat. Dia berkata, “‘Entjik datang léwat—suku djam!” Saja kata, “Tuan, malam kelmarin saja pergi kerumah seorang kawan saja. Anak dia nak berkahwin. Saja tinggal dirumah dia sampai pukul! duabelas malam nak téngok istiadat bersanding. Léwat saja balik kerumah saja. Saja tidur pada pukul satu malam, lambat sikit bangun pagi ini.” Tuan saja orang baik. Dia kata, ““Baiklah! Tetapi ada banjak kerdja hari ini. Entjik boleh tinggal diofis sampai pukul tudjuh
malam?”
Saja mendjawab, ‘“‘Boléhlah, tuan.”
APPENDIX
CLASSIFIED This Appendix words
arranged
VOCABULARIES
contains a number according
to
F
topics.
of short vocabularies You
are
of essential
recommended
to work
through these lists of words making up at least two sentences for each word to help you to remember them. Colours
Warna
yellow, kuning white, puteh light (of colours), muda dark (of colours), tua e.g. light blue, biru muda dark red, merah tua
black, hitam blue, biru brown, chokélat green, hijau grey, kélabu red, merah saffron, kunyit Parts of the Body
Bahagian Badan
arm, léngan
leg, kaki
chest. dada ear, telinga
mouth, mulut nail, kuku
eve, mata
neck, leher nose, hidong thumb, ibu jari toe, jari kaki tooth, gigi waist, pinggang
face, muka finger, jari foot, kaki hair, rambut
hand, tangan head, képala
Clothing belt, tali pinggang brassiére, baju dalam (pendek)
coat, baju dress (woman’s), gaun gloves, sarong tangan
handkerchief, sapu tangan hat (general term), topi hat (Malay style), songkok
Pakaian
Jacket, baju nighidress, baju tidor panties (women’s), séluar dalam pyjamas, baju tidor sarong, kain; kain sarong shirt, baju kémeja shoes, kasut
shorts, séluar pendek
SPEAK
sleeve, tangan slip (woman’s), baju dalam
(panjang) socks, sarong kaki (pendek) stockings, sarong kaki (panjang) tie, tali leher
MALAY!
trousers, séluar panjang turban, sérban underpants, séluar dalam undervest, baju dalam long, panjang short, pendek
Animals, Birds, Insects, etc. Binatang, Burong, Sérangga,
Animals, Binatang buffalo, kérbau cat, kuching civet-cat, musang
cow, lémbu (bétina) dog, anjing elephant, gajah gibbon, wak-wak goat, kambing horse, kuda house-lizard (gecko), chichak lion, singa monkey, kéra mouse, tikus mouse-deer, pélandok ox, lémbu (jantan) pig, babi rat, tikus snake, ular tiger, harimau; rimau
d.s.b.*
crow, burong gagak duck, itek goose, angsa turkey, ayam Bélanda Insects, etc., Sérangga, d.s.b. ant, sémut bee, lébah
beetle, kumbang centipede, lipan cicada, riang-riang cockroach, lipas fire-fly, kélip-kélip fly, lalat hornet, tébuan mantis, chénchada mason-bee, angkut-angkut mosquito, nyamok scorpion, kala
spider, laba-laba wasp, pényéngat
white ants, anai-anai
Birds, Burong chicken, ayam
* d:s.b. is short for dan sa-bagai-nya (and things like that) which is equivalent to etcetera.
Malayan Geography Federation of Malaya, Pérsékutuan Tanah Mélayu
Johore, négéri Johor Kedah, négéri Kédah Kelantan, négéri Kélantan S.M.—8
‘Umu Bumi Malaya Malacca, négéri Mélaka Negri Sembilan, Négéri Sémbilan Pahang, négéri Pahang Penang (State), négéri Pinang Penang (Island), Pulau Pinang
226
SPEAK
Perak, négéri Perak Perlis, négéri Pérlis Province Wellesley,* Sa-bérang
Pérai Selangor, négéri Sélangor Trengganu, négéri Téréngganu bay, télok confluence, kuala estuary, kuala
fort, kota hill, bukit headland, tanjong island, pulau ungle, hutan; rimba mountain, gunong
peninsula, séménanjong point, tanjong river, sungai rubber, gétah
MALAY! rubber estate, kébun gétah
rubber-tapper, pénuris gétah rubber-tree, pokok gétah (to) tap rubber, turis gétah tree, pokok rice (growing), padi rice (uncooked), béras rice (cooked), nasi rice-field, bendang; sawah tin, bijeh timah
tin-mine, lombong bijeh timah cloud, awan dew, €mbun floods, ayer bah lightning, kilat mist, kabut rain, hujan storm, ribut thunder, gémuroh
* Now included in the State of Penang. House and Garden Rumah dan Kébun
House, Rumah chick (window blind), bidai door, pintu
drain, parit fence, pagar garden, kébun gardener, tukang kébun roof, bumbong storey, tingkat verandch (European style), béranda verandah (Malay style), sérambi wall (outside wall), tembok wall (partition wall), dinding
window, tingkap dining-room, bilek makan chair, kérusi fork, garfu knife, pisau spoon, chamcha table, meja
bed-room, bilek tidor bed (general term), témpat tidor bed (European style), katil bed (sleeping platform as used in servants’ quarters), pangking blanket, sélimut bulu mattress, tilam
mosquito-net, kélambu pillow, bantal sheet, sélimut wardrobe, lémari
bathroom, bilek ayer; bilek mandi bucket, timba dipper, timba soap, sabun tap, pili toilet (W.C.), jamban towel, tuala water, ayer
kitchen, dapor bowl, mangkok
SPEAK cook (n.), kuki crockery, pinggan mangkok cup, chawan frying-pan, kuali kettle, cherek maidservant, arnah
Food and Cooking NOUNS:
bean, kachang beef, daging lémbu bread, roti butter, méntega cabbage, kobis cheese, keju chicken, ayam chillies, chabai
coffee, kopi crab, kétam curry, gulai duck, itek egg, télor
fish, ikan flour, tépong French beans, kachang bunchis lady’s fingers, kachang béndi meat, daging milk, susu mutton, daging kambing onion, bawang peas, kachang hijau pepper, lada potato, ubi; ubi kéntang pork, daging babi prawn, udang rice (growing), padi rice (uncooked), béras
MALAY! plate, pinggan Saucer, piring stove, dapor wash the clothes, chuchi kain wash up the dishes, chuchi pinggan
Makanan Dan Masak rice (cooked), nasi sago, sagu salt, garam sova beans, kachang Jépun soya sauce, tauyu
sugar, gula tapioca, ubi kayu tea (liquid), teh tea (in leaf form), daun teh
- vinegar, chuka ADJECTIVES:
bitter, pahit cold, séjuk hot (temperature), hangat hot (peppery), pédas raw, méntah
ready, siap ripe, masak
sour, masam sweet, manis
tasteless, tawar tasty, sédap VERBS:
boil, rébus cook, masak Sry, goreng
roast, panggang
22),
APPENDIX
MALAY-ENGLISH
G
VOCABULARY
The following vocabulary contains all the words in the course arranged alphabetically. The Arabic numerals in round brackets, e.g. (123), refer to the grammar sections in the body of the course. If you find a number like this next to a word in the vocabulary, it means that it is definitely unsafe to use that word without first consulting the appropriate grammar section. ada, to be, to exist; to have; (22)
agong, general ahad, cf. hari ahad akhir, end
aleh, to move (transitive) Alor Sétar, Alor Star (36a) ambil, to take; to fetch, to get amah, maidservant anak, child, offspring, son, daughter anak laki-laki, son anak pérémpuan, daughter angkut-angkut, mason-bee
angsa, goose
antara, between, among (133) apa, what (12) apa-apa, anything (128) apa khabar? how are you? (19) api, fire asing, separate (adj.); foreign atas, top (132) awan, cloud ayam, chicken ayam Bélanda, turkey (lit. Dutch chicken)
ayer, water ayer bah, floods
anjing, dog
babi, pig bacha, to read badan, body
bagi, to give; for; to let, allow; to make, cause (143) bagi pinjam, to lend (142) (143) bagus, splendid, fine, beautiful, excellent bahagian, part baharu, new, newly; only just, only then bahasa, language bahasa China, Chinese
bahasa Inggéris, English (31) bahasa kébangsaan, national language bahasa Mélayu, Malay bahasa orang puteh, English (31) bahasa Tamil, Tamil
baik, good; had better (39) baik-lah, all right, O.K. (37) baju, coat, jacket, blouse baju dalam, undervest baju dalam panjang, (woman’s) slip baju dalam pendek, brassiére
baju kémeja, shirt
SPEAK
baju tidor, nightdress; pyjamas balek, fo return, to go back, to come back; to go home, to come home banchoh, to mix; to make (coffee, cocoa); to pour out (tea); (113)
banchoh kop, to make coffee banchoh teh, to pour out the tea bangun, fo ger up, to rise bantal, pillow banyak, a lot of; much, many (25): cf. Appendix D (1) bapa, father barang, thing, goods, luggage barangkali, perhaps bas, bus (134) basah, wer bawa, fo bring, to carry, to lead; to take a person bawa kéreta, to drive a car bawah, underneath (132) bawang, onion bayar, to pay becha, rickshaw, trishaw bekérja, to work békérja kuat, to work hard bélah, cf. sa-bélah bélajar, to learn, to study bélakang, back, behind (132) bélanja, expense, cost béli, to buy
béli barang, to go shopping bélum, not, not vet (110-111)
bénang, thread béndang, rice-field, padi-field béntok, curve; cl. for rings and hooks béranda, verandah (European style) bérapa, how much, how many (S0) bérapa lama, how Jong (in time) béras, rice (uncooked but not grow-
ing) bérbahaya, dangerous bérbual-bual, to have a chat bérchakap, fo talk, to speak bérchukor, to shave (oneself); to have a shave
229
MALAY!
bérchuti, to be on leave, to go on leave bérdiri, ro stand, to stand up bérenang, to swim berguna, useful bérhénti, to sop bérhutang, indebted; to be in debt, to owe bérjalan, to walk, to go, to be under way (141)
bérjalan-jalan, to walk about bérjalan kaki, ro walk. to go on foot bérkahwin, married; to be married, to get married bérkata, fo say bérlari, to run bérmain, to plav
bérmalam, to spend the night bérmula, to begin (96) bérpindah, ro move (house) bérsanding, to sit side by side in state; bersanding (109) bérsémbunyi, to Aide (intransitive) bérsétuju, fo agree bértanya, to ask, to inquire bértolak, to start, to leave; to set sail; to move off bérumor, to be aged. . merorbe! bie
(years, etc.) old bésar, big, large, great bésar hati, proud (in a good sense)
(106) besok, to-merrow béskal, bicycle
bétina, female, feminine (13) biasa-nya, usually
bidai, chick, window-blind bidang, broad, cl. for sails, mats, etc. biji, seed; cl. for small objects, (48)
bijeh timah, tin, tin ore bikin, cf. Appendix bila, when
D (7)
bilah, narrow strip; cl. for knives efc.
bilang, to count; cf. Appendix D (5)
230
SPEAK
bilek, room, bedroom bilek ayer, bathroom
bilek makan, dining-room bilek mandi, bathroom bilek tidor, bedroom binatang, animal biru, blue bodoh, stupid bola, ball bola golf, golf-ball bola sepak, football boleh, can, to be able buah, fruit; cl. for large objects (47) buah-buah, a/l kinds of fruit buah-buahan, all kinds of fruit buah durian, durian buah limau, /ime buah manggis, mangosteen buah pinang, areca nut, betel nut buah pisang, banana
chabai, chillies chamcha, spoon chantek, pretty, beautiful chari, to seek, to look for chawan, cup chénchada, mantis chépat, fast, quick, quickly cherek, kettle chichak, house-lizard, gecko China, China, Chinese
chinchin, ring
dada, chest
daging, meat, flesh daging babi, pork daging kambing, mutton daging lémbu, beef dahulu, previously, before, earlier, ago, first dak, no (7); cf. tidak
MALAY! buah rambutan, rambutan buat, to make, to do buboh, to put, to place budak, youngster; boy; girl budak laki-laki, boy budak pérémpuan, girl buka, fo open bukan, no, not (2)
bukit, Aill buku, book bulan, month; moon
bulan-bulan, every month bulan dépan, next month bulan lépas, /ast month bumbong, roof bunga, flower burong, bird burong gagak, crow (n.) butir, (a.) grain; cl. for fruits, gems,
etc.
chokélat, brown chuba, fo try chuchi, to clean chuchi kain, to wash the clothes, to do the washing chuchi pinggan, to wash the dishes;
to do the washing-up chuka, vinegar chukai, duty, tax; customs chukor, to shave (transitive) chukup, enough, sufficient
dalam, in, inside dan, and; time to (do) dan lagi, also, in addition, furthermore dan sa-bagai-nya, and so on, etcetera dapat, to get, to obtain; to manage to; to receive
SPEAK
MALAY!
231
dapat lotéri, to win a lottery
di-, in, at (14)
dapor, kitchen
dia, he, she; him, her; his, her (17) dia séndiri, he himself; she herself
dari, from (35a) (92) dari-mana, where ... from; from where; whence daripada, from (35a) (92)
dari-sana, from there; thence datang, to come (41)
"
datang sama, to come too Selaunt
daun, leaf
Cvtorins
daun teh, tea (dry leaves) da’wat, ink délapan, eight délapan-bélas, eighteen délapan-puloh, eighty
démam, fever; to have a fever dénda, fine (n.) déngan, with
déngar, to hear; to listen to dépan, next; front (132)
ekor, fail; cl. for animals (46) émak, mother émbun, dew émpat, four émpat-bélas, fourteen émpat-puloh, forty
di-luar, outside
di-mana, where dinding, (partition) wall di-rumah, at home di-sana, there; over there
di-sini, here doktor, doctor
d.s.b. (dan sa-bagaienya), etc. dua, two dua-bélas, twelve dua-puloh, twenty
dudok, to sit; to stay, to live, to dwell (33) duit, money dulu, previously, before, earlier, ago, first durian, cf. buah durian
énam, six énam-bélas, sixteen
énam-puloh, sixty énche’, you, your (17) (27) esok, to-morrow
géreja, church
gajah, elephant gaji, salary, wages, pay gambar, picture gantong, fo hang
gigi, tooth
garam, salt
goreng, to fry
garfu, fork gaun, (woman’s) dress gélas, glass gélap, dark gémok, fat gémuroh, thunder
gula, sugar gulai, curry
gétah, rubber gi, fo go
gunong, mountain
guru, teacher guru bésar, headmaster, headmistress
232)
SPEAK
habis, finish, finished harga, price harga-nya, cos? (56) hari, day
hari ahad, Sunday hari-hari, every day hari isnen, Monday hari ini, to-day hari juma’at, Friday hari khamis, Thursday harimau, tiger hari rabu, Wednesday
hari sabtu, Saturday hari sélasa, Tuesday hangat, hor (general term) (70)
MALAY!
hélai, cl. for cloth, clothes; cf. Appendix A héndak, fo be going to, to intend to, will, shall (62) hidong, nose hidup, fo live, (to be) alive (33) hijau, green Hindu, Hindu (adj.) hitam, black hujan, rain hukum, sentence (legal) hukum gantong, sentence of death (by hanging) hutan, jungle, forest hutang, debt
hati, liver; “heart” (106)
ibu jari, thumb ikan, fish ilmu bum, geography ikut, to follow; according to ikut ini, this way (direction) ikut itu, thar way (direction) ingat, to think; to remember
Inggéris, English (adj.) ini, this, these isap, to smoke isnen, cf. hari isnen istéri, wife istiadat, ceremony itek, duck itu, that, those
jadi, to become; to be born jahat wicked
jari kaki, toe jarum, needle
jala, casting-net
jémput, to ask, to invite
jalan, road, way jam, hour; watch, clock jamban, toilet, W.C.
Johor, Johore Johor Baharu, Johore Bahru
India, India, Indian (adj.)
jangan, don’r (146) jangan sa-kali-kali, cf. (149) jangan tidak, cf. (148) jantan, male, masculine (13) jantong, heart (106)
jari, finger
Jépun, Japan, Japanese (adj.)
jual, to sell juga, all the same (121) (136) (137) (139) juma’at, cf. hari juma’at juta, million
SPEAK
MALAY}!
233
K ka-, to (34a)
kéchil hati, Aurt (of feelings)
kabut, mist kachang, bean
Kédah, Kedah kédai, shop
kachang béndi, /ady’s fingers kachang bunchis, French beans kachang hijau, peas kachang Jépun, soya beans -kah, question particle (118)
kédai buku-buku, bookshop
kail, fish-hook
kain, cloth; sarong kain sarong, sarong kajang, palm frond; cadjan, attap kaki, foot, leg; cl. for flowers kala, scorpion kalam, pen
kalau, if kali, time, occasion ka-mana, where... to; whither kambing, goat kampong, village; compound kapada, to (34a)
kapal, ship kapal api, steam-ship kapal térbang, aeroplane karangan, essay, composition ka-sana, (to) there, thither kaseh, love (n.)
kasehan, pity kasehan dia!, poor fellow! kasi, cf. Appendix D (4) ka-sini, (to) here, hither kasut, shoe kata, fo say kata kapada, to fell, inform kati, catty (one and one-third pounds avoirdupoids) katil, bed (European style) kawan, friend kaya, rich kayu, wood, roll (of cloth) kébangsaan, national kébun, garden, estate kébun gétah, rubber estate kéchil, /ittle, small S.M.—8*
kédai daging, butcher’s shop kédai kopi, coffee-shop; café kédai makan, restaurant
keju, cheese kélabu, grey kélambu, mosquito-net Kélantan, Kelantan kélip-kélip, firefly kélmarin, yesterday kélmarin dahulu, the day before yesterday kéluar, fo go out, to come out kémérdekaan, independence kéna, to incur, to be affected by (120) kéna chukai, (to be) duitable, (to be) taxable kéna dénda, to be fined kéna hukum, fo be sentenced (to) kéna hukum gantong, to be sentenced to death kéna langgar kéreta, to get run over kéna luka, to be wounded, to be injured kéna tangkap, so be arrested, to get caught kénduri, feast; party
képala, head képing, piece, lump kéra, monkey kérajaan, government kérana, because
kérbau, buffalo kéreta, vehicle; car; cart kéreta api, railway train kéreta bas, bus kéreta lémbu, bullock cart kéreta sewa, taxi; hire-car kéring, dry kérja, work (n.) kértas, paper
234
SPEAK
MALAY!
kértas tulis, writing-paper kérusi, chair kétam, crab khabar, news khabar baik, I’m fine (19) khamis, cf. hari khamss kilat, lightning kita, we, us; our (17) kobis, cabbage komyunis, communist (adj.) kopi, coffee kosong, empty; nought, nil, zero kota, fort Kota Baharu Kota Bharu kotak, (small) box
kotor, dirty kuala, estuary, confluence kuali, frying-pan kuat, strong kuching, cat kuda, horse kuil, (Hindu) temple kuki, cook (n.) kuku, (finger-, toe-) nail kumbang, beetle kuning, yellow kuntum, bud; cl. for flowers kunyit, saffron kupang, ten cents (North Malaya) kurang, Jess, minus (103) kurus, thin
laba-laba, spider lada, pepper lagi, else, more, still, yet lagi... lagi..., the more...
lébeh-kurang, approximately, more or less leher, neck lékas, immediately, at once; quickly lektrik, electric lémari, cupboard, wardrobe lémbu, ox, cow lengah, to idle, to hang about
the
more... lagi suka, to prefer -lah, emphatic particle (37) lai, cl. for cloth, clothing, etc., cf. Appendix A lain, different lain kali, next time, another time laki-laki, male, masculine (13) lalat, fly (n.) lama, long (of time); old (of things) (123) lambat, late; slow (100) lambat-lambat, slowly langgar, collision lantai, floor lapan, eight lapan-bélas, eighteen lapan-puloh, eighty lari, fo run away laut, sea lébah, bee lébeh, more, in excess
léngan, arm
lépas, after, beyond; last (preceding) lépas itu, after that, afterwards lewat, late, too late (100) lilin, candle lima, five lima-bélas, fifteen lima-puloh, fifty limau, cf. buah limau lipan, centipece lipas, cockroach lobang, hole
lombong, mine lombong bijeh timah, tin-mine lompat, to jump lotéri, lottery
lulus dalam, to pass (examinations) lusa, the day after to-morrow
SPEAK
ma’afkan, to excuse, to forgive macham, kind, sort; like, as, as if
macham ini, like this, this way macham itu, /ike that, that way macham mana, how mahal, dear, expensive Mahamulia, cf. Yang Mahamulia mahu, to want; cf. Appendix D (9) makan, fo eat
makanan, food makan pagi, breakfast; to have breakfast malam, wight, evening (97) (124) malam-malam, every night, every evening
Malaya, Malaya mana, which mana-mana, any (adj.) (128) mandi, to have a bath; to bathe; to wash
manggis, of. buah manggis mangkok, bowl manis, sweet marah, angry mari, ro come (41) masa, time; while, when (105) masak, ripe; to cook
masam, sour
235
MALAY!
matahari, sun mata-mata, policeman mati, fo die; to be dead; dead meja, table Mélaka, Malacca Mélayu, Malay (adj.) ménéngah, secondary (education) ménjawab, fo answer, to reply méntah, raw méntega, butter merah, red mérdeka, independent (91) mésjid, mosque minggu, week minggu dépan, next week minggu lépas, last week minit, minute (n.) minta, to ask for, to demand minum, to drink miskin, poor muda, young mujor, lucky, fortunate mujor-lah!, that’s lucky! muka, face mula, to begin (96) mula-mula, at first; originally mulut, mouth murah, cheap
masok, fo go in, to come in, to enter
musang, civef-cat
mata, eye
muzium, museum
naik, to go up, to ascend; to mount; to ride (in, on) (40) nak, to be going to, to intend to; will,
négéri, Négéri Négéri Négéri Négéri Neégéri Négéri Négéri Négéri Négéri
shall (62) nak ka-, to be off to (64)
nama, name nampak, to see, to catch sight of (42) nanti, to wait (108) nantikan, fo wait for (108)
nasi, rice (cooked)
State, country China, China Johor, Johore Kédah, Kedah Kélantan, Kelantan Mélaka, Malacca Pahang, Pahang Perak, Perak Pérlis, Perlis Pinang, Penang
236
SPEAK
Négéri Sélangor, Selangor Négéri Sémbilan, Negri Sembilan
(125) Négéri Téréngganu, Trengganu nombor, number
ofis, office orang, man, woman, person; cl. for human beings (45) orang China, a Chinese orang gaji, servant, employee orang Hindu, a Hindu
orang India, an Indian
MALAY!
nombor satu, first-class, best quality -nya, his, her, its (56) nyamok, mosquito nyior, coconut
orang kédai, shopkeeper orang laki-laki, man orang Mélayu, a Malay orang pérémpuan,
woman
orang Portugis, a Portuguese orang puteh, a European orang sakit, sick person; patient (n.)
orang Jépun, a Japanese
pada, on, at (time) padi, rice (growing) pagar, fence pagi, morning pagi tadi, this morning (refers only to the past) pahit, bitter pakai, to use; to wear, to put on pakaian, clothes, clothing panas, hort (sun) (70) pandai, clever, good at
panggang, fo roast pangking, bed; wooden sleeping platform as used in servants’ quarters, etc,
panjang, long pantai, beach, shore parit, ditch, drain
pasal, pasal pasar, pasar pasar pasir,
concerning, about apa, why market, bazaar buah-buah, fruit-market buah-buahan, fruit-market sand
patah, broken, fractured; cl. for words and phrases
payah, cf. ta’ payah payong, umbrella pédang, sword pédas, hot (of curry) pékan, town pélajaran, lesson; education
pélajaran ulang-kaji, revision lesson pélamin, bridal throne (109) pélandok, mousedeer pendek, short péngantin, bride; bridegroom péngantin laki-laki, bridegroom péngantin pérémpuan, bride péngganas, terrorist; bandit pénjahat, ferrorist; bandit pénjara, prison, gaol penshen, pension pénumpang, passenger
pénuris gétah, rubber-tapper pényakit, disease, illness pényéngat, wasp pépéreksaan, examination
SPEAK
pérémpuan, female, feminine (13) pérgi, to go; cf Appendix D (6) pérgi lékas, to go at once; to hurry pérgi sama, to go too pérkataan, word Pérlis, Perlis pérmata, jewel pérsékutuan, federation; federal pértama, first (93a) pérut, stomach
pétang, afternoon, evening (124) pi, to go (especially in Kedah and the North generally)
pili, tap (n.) pinang, cf. buah pinang Pinang, Penang pinggan, plate, dish pinggan-mangkok, crockery pinjam (kapada), to borrow (from) (142) pinjamkan, to lend (142) pintu, door; cl. for terrace houses
MALAY!
237
pisang, cf. buah pisang pisau, knife pisau chukor, razor poket, pocket pokok, tree pokok gétah, rubber-tree Portugis, Portuguese (adj.) posofis, post office potong, to cut off; slice, cf. Appendix A (17) puchok, shoor, bud; cl. for letters, needles and guns
pula, cf. (137) (138) pulau, island Pulau Pinang, Penang (Island) (82) pukul, ro strike, to beat; o'clock (94) pun, cf. (129) (130) ... pun... juga, also, too (150) puntong, stub, butt-end, cf.
Appendix A punya, cf. Appendix D (2) puteh, white
piring, saucer
rabu, cf. hari rabu raja, prince; rajan rajin, diligent; hardworking rambut, hair rambutan, cf. buah rambutan ratus, hundred rawan, cl. for fishing-nets, cf. Appendix A rébus, to boil réndah, low; primary (education) riang-riang, cicada
sa-, one; a, an (44)
sa’at, second (time) sa-bélah, beside, next-door to, next to (133)
ribu, thousand ribut, storm rimau, tiger
rimba, jungle, forest ringgit, dollar rokok, cigar, cigarette
roti, bread; loaf rumah, house, building rumah sakit, hospital
rumput, grass
sa-bélas, eleven sa-bélum, before (time) Sa-bérang Pérai, Province Wellesley sabtu, cf. hari sabtu
238
SPEAK
MALAY!
sabun, soap sagu, sago
sélalu, always, usually, often
sahaja, only
sélamat jalan, good-bye (26)
sa-juta, one million
sélamat tinggal, good-bye (26)
sa-kali, once
Sélangor, Selangor sélasa, cf. hari sélasa sélimpat, braided ribbon pattern in lace; cf. ular sélimpat sélimut, sheet
sa-kali lagi, once more; again sa-kéjap, a moment sa-kéjap lagi, soon sakit, i/l, sick sakit hati, angry sakit térok, seriously ill salah, wrong, guilty sama, together (with), along (with); same; too; cf. Appendix D (3) sa-macham, the same sa-malam, last night sama-sama, same to you; not at all, don’t mention it (79) sampai, to reach, to arrive; until sangat, very, very much (59) sa-orang, alone, by oneself sa-puloh, ten sapu tangan, handkerchief sa-ratus, one hundred sa-ribu, one thousand sarong, sheath sarong kaki panjang, stockings sarong kaki pendek, socks sarong tangan, gloves sa-téngah, a half; cf. Appendix D
(11) satu, one (44) sawah, rice-field, padi-field saya, I, me; my (17) saya séndiri, J myself sébab, cause, motive; because sédap, tasty; good (of food) ségan, lazy séjuk, cold sékarang, now sékolah, school sékolah ménéngah, secondary school sékolah réndah, primary school sékolah tinggi, university
sélamat, peace; safety (26)
sélimut bulu, blanket séluar dalam, panties (women’s); underpants (men’s) séluar panjang, trousers séluar pendek, shorts sémbahyang, to pray; prayer sémbilan, nine sémbilan-bélas, nineteen sémbilan-puloh, ninety séménanjong, peninsula sémua, ail (144) s€mut, ant
sen, cent sénang, easy sénapang, gun
séndiri, self sepak, to kick sérambi, verandah (Malay style) sérangga, insect sérban, turban séteshen, station sewa, to hire siap, ready siapa, who, whom
Slapa-siapa, anyone, anybody (128) siaran, broadcast (n.); (radio) programme sihat, fit, well, healthy sikit, a little, a bit; rather (83) simpan, fo put away, to keep, to store simpan duit, to save money singa, lion Singapura, Singapore singgah, to call in, to stop off songkok, hat (Malay style)
SPEAK
MALAY!
sudah, finished, completed (110) (111) sudah habis, al/ gone, over (adv.) suka, to like suka hati, pleased, happy suka-ta’-suka, willy-nilly (121) suku, quarter sultan, sultan
sungal, river sunggoh, real, really, very; true
ta’, no, not (7)
tawar, fasteless
ta’ apa, it doesn’t matter (French: ¢a ne fait rien) (71) ta’ bérapa, not very tada, cf. Appendix D (8)
tébuan, hornet teh, tea (to drink) télinga, ear télok, bay télor, egg
ta’ dan, no time to (do) tadi, just now tahan, to ho!d out, to stand, to endure; to last
tahan bélanja, to be able to afford tahu, to know (a fact); to know how to
tahun, year tahun dépan, next year tahun lépas, /ast year
surat, letter surat khabar, newspaper suroh, fo tell, 10 order, to command
susah, difficult susah hati, worried, anxious susu, milk
tembak, to shoot, to fire tembok, (outside) wall témpat, place témpat tidor, bed (general term) téngah, middle (133) tengok, to look at, to see, to watch
(42) téntu, certain, certainly tépi, edge, side (133)
tahun-tahun, every year
tépong, flour
tak, no, not (7)
térbakar, to be burned down; to
takut, to fear, to be afraid;
catch fire térbang, to fly
frightened tali, string, rope, cord tali leher, necktie tali pinggang, belt tanah, land, earth Tanah Mélayu, Malaya tangan, hand, arm; sleeve tangga, ladder; stairs, staircase, Cl. for Malay style houses on stilts tanjong, headland, point Tanjong, Georgetown; Penang (82) tangkai, stalk, stem; cl. for flowers tangkap, fo catch, to arrest ta’ payah, there’s no need to; don't bother to (147c)
tapi, bur tauyu, soya-bean sauce
239
térbit, ro rise (of the sun); to be issued (of books) térbuka, open (adj.) térima, to receive térima kaseh, thank you (36)
térjatoh, to fall down térjatoh tangga, to fall downstairs térlupa, fo forget térok, acute, severe, arduous tétapi, but
tiap-tiap, every, each tiba, fo arrive tiba-tiba, suddenly tidak, no, not (7) tidor, to sleep; to go to sleep; to go
to bed
240
SPEAK
tiga, three tiga-bélas, thirteen tiga-puloh, thirty tikit, ticket tikus, rat, mouse tilam, mattress
timba, bucket, pail; dipper tinggal, to stay, to remain (33) tinggi, high, tall tingkat, storey
tingkap, window tokong, (Chinese) remple tolong, to help tongkat, walking-stick toni, har (general term)
MALAY! tua, old (of people) (123); dark (of colours) tuala, towel tuan, lord, master; boss; sir, Mr (101) tuang, to pour out; to make (tea) (113) tuang teh, to make tea tujoh, seven tujoh-bélas, seventeen tujoh-puloh, seventy tukang kébun, gardener tulis, to write
turun, to go down; to come down, to descend; to set (of the sun)
ubi, potato ubi kayu, tapioca ubi kéntang, potato udang, prawn ulang-kaji, revision
ular, snake ular sélimpat, sea-snake urat, strand; cl. for thread utas, skein, string; cl. for things in
wah!, oh dear! wak-wak, gibbon warna, colour
wayang, theatrical performance wayang gélap, cinema
yang, who, whom, which, that
Yang di-Pértuan Bésar, the Ruler of Negri Sembilan
(156-159) Yang di-Pértuan Agong, Paramount Ruler (the King of Malaya)
zaman,
fime
strings; cf. Appendix A
Yang Mahamulia, His Highness yang pértama, first (93a)
APPENDIX
ENGLISH-MALAY
H
VOCABULARY
See the remarks at the beginning of Appendix G; they apply here also. a, an, Sa-, satu, q.Vv.
able, to be, boleh about (concerning), pasal according to, ikut acute, térok addition, in, dan lagi aeroplane, kapal térbang affected by, to be, kéna (120) afford, to be able to, tahan bélanja afraid, to be, takut after, lépas after that, \épas itu afterwards, \épas itu again, sa-kali lagi aged, to be, bérumor ago, dahulu, dulu agree, bérsétuju alive, to be, hidup (33) all, sémua (144) all gone, sudah habis allow, bagi (143) all right, baik-lah alone, sa-orang along (with), sama Alor Star, Alor Sétar (36a)
a lot (of), banyak (25) also, dan lagi (150)
back, bélakang (132)
ball, bola banana, buah pisang bandit, péngganas, pénjahat
always, sélalu among, antara (133) and, dan angry, marah; sakit hati (106)
animal, binatang another time, lain kali answer (vb.), ménjawab ant, sémut
anxious, susah hati (106) any (adj.), mana-mana (128) anybody, siapa-siapa (128) anyone, Siapa-siapa (128) anything, apa-apa (128) approximately, \ébeh-kurang arduous, térok areca nut, buah pinang arm, tangan; léngan arrive, sampai, tiba as, macham ascend, naik (40) as if, macham ask (inquire), bértanya ask (invite), jémput ask for, minta at, di- (14); pada (77) at first, mula-mula attap, kajang
bathe (wash), mandi bathroom, bilek ayer, bilek mandi bay, télok bazaar, pasar
242
SPEAK
be, ada (22) be able, boleh heach, pantai
be alive, hidup bean, kachang beat (vb.), pukul beautiful, bagus; chantek (pretty) be burned down, térbakar because, kérana, sébab become, jadi bed, témpat tidor (general term); katil (European style); pangking (sleeping platform as found in servants’ quarters) bedroom, bilek; bilek tidor bee, lébah
beef, daging lémbu beetle, kumbang before (formerly), dahulu, dulu
MALAY!
blouse, baju blue, biru body, badan boil (vb.) rébus book, buku bookshop, kédai buku-buku born, to be, jadi borrow (from), to, pinjam (kapada)
(142) boss, tuan box (big), tong box (small), kotak boy, budak; budak laki-laki brassiére, baju dalam pendek bread, roti breakfast (vb. and n.), makan pagi bridal throne, pélamin bride, péngantin; péngantin pérémpuan
before (place), dépan (132) before (time), sa-bélum begin, bérmula, mula (96) behind, bélakang (132) below, bawah (132)
bridegroom, péngantin; péngantin laki-laki bring, bawa broad (of shoulders), bidang, cf. Appendix A
belt, tali pinggang
broadcast (n.), siaran
be married, bérkahwin beneath, bawah (132) bersanding, bérsanding (109) best quality, nombor satu beside, sa-bélah (133)
broken, patah
betel nut, buah pinang better, had, baik (39) between, antara (133) beyond, \épas bicycle, béskal big, bésar bird, burong bit, a, sikit bitter, pahit black, hitam blanket, sélimut bulu
brown, chokélat bucket, timba bud, kuntum, puchok, cf. Appendix
A buffalo, kérbau building, rumah bullock-cart, kéreta lémbu burned down, to be, térbakar bus, bas; kéreta bas but, tétapi, tapi butcher’s shop, kédai daging butt-end, puntong, cf. Appendix A butter, méntega buy, béli by oneself, sa-orang
SPEAK
cabbage, kobis cadjan, kajang café, kédai kopi call (vb.), panggil call at, singgah call in, singgah can (vb.), boleh candle, lilin car, kéreta carry, bawa cart, kéreta
casting-net, jala cat, kuching catch (vb.), tangkap
catch fire, térbakar catty, kati cause, sébab
cent, sen ten cents, sa-puloh sen (S. Malaya)
ten cents, sa-kupang (N. Malaya) centivede, lipan ceremony, isti’adat certain, téntu
certainly, téntu chair, kérusi cheap, murah cheese, keju chest, dada
chick (window-blind), bidai chicken, ayam child (offspring), anak
MALAY!
243
civet-cat, musang clean (vb.), chuchi
clever, pandai clock, jam cloth, kain clothes, pakaian clothing, pakaian cloud, awan coat, baju cockroach, lipas coconut, nyior
coffee, kopi coffee-shop, kédai kopi cold, séjuk colour, warna come, datang, mari (41) come back, balek come down, turun come in, masok
come out, kéluar come too, datang sama, mari sama
(69) come up, naik command (vb.), suroh communist (adj.), komyunis communist (n.), orang komyunis communist terrorist, pengganas komyunis; pénjahat komyunis
completed, sudah (110-111)
Chinese (person), orang China
composition (essay), karangan compound (of a house), kampong concerning, pasal confluence, kuala cook (n.), kuki cook (vb.), masak cord, tali cost, bélanja; harga-nya (56)
Chinese (language), bahasa China
count (vb.), bilang
church, géreja
cicada, riang-riang cigar, rokok
country, négeéri cow, lémbu; lémbu bétina crab, kétam
cigarette, rokok
crate, tong
cinema, wayang gélap
crockery, pinggan-mangkok
child (youngster), budak chillies, chabai China, Négéri China Chinese (adj.), China
244
SPEAK
MALAY!
crow (n.), burong gagak cup, chawan cupboard, \émari
curry, gulai curve (n.), béntok, cf. Appendix A cut off, potong
dangerous, bérbahaya dark, gélap dark (of colours), tua daughter, anak; anak pérémpuan day, hari day after to-morrow, the, lusa day before yesterday, the, kélmarin dahulu dead (adj.), mati
dipper, timba dirty, kotor dish, pinggan ditch, parit
dead, to be, mati
dear (expensive), mahal debt, hutang debt, to be in, bérhutang demand (vb.), minta descend, turun dew, €mbun
do, buat doctor, doktor dog, anjing dollar, ringgit don’t, jangan (146) don’t ever, jangan sa-kali-kali (149)
door, pintu drain, parit dress (woman’s frock), gaun drink (vb.), minum drive a car, bawa kéreta
dry, kéring
die, mati different, lain difficult, susah diligent, rajin dining-room bilek makan
duck, itek durian, buah durian dutiable, to be, kéna chukai duty (customs), chukai
each, tiap-tiap
eleven, sa-bélas else, lagi employee, orang gaji
ear, télinga earlier (formerly), dahulu, dulu earth, tanah easy, sénang
eat, makan edge, tépi education, pélajaran egg, télor eight, lapan, délapan (49) eighteen, lapan-bélas; délapan-
bélas (49) eighty, lapan-puloh; délapan-puloh
(49) electric, lektrik elephant, gajah
dwell, dudok (33)
empty, kosong end (finish), akhir endure, tahan
English (adj.), Inggéris English (language), bahasa Inggéris ;bahasa orang puteh (31) English (people), the, orang Inggéris enough, chukup essay, karangan estuary, kuala etc., d.s.b.
etcetera, dan sa-ba gainya European (adj.; n.), orang pute
SPEAK
even, pun (130)
evening, malam; pétang (97) (124) every, tiap-tiap every day, tiap-tiap hari; hari-hari every evening, tiap-tiap malam; malam-malam every month, tiap-tiap bulan; bulanbulan every night, tiap-tiap malam; malam-malam
face, muka fall down, térjatoh fall downstairs, térjatoh tangga
fast, chépat fat, gemok
father, bapa fear (vb.), takut feast, kénduri federal, pérsékutuan federation, pérsékutuan Federation of Malaya, Pérsékutuan Tanah Mélayu fellow!, poor, kasehan dia!
female, pérémpuan, bétina (13) feminine, pérémpuan, bétina (13) fence, pagar fetch, ambil fever, démam fever, to have a, démam fifteen, lima-bélas
fifty, lima-puloh film (in the cinema), gambar fine (good), bagus
fine (n.), dénda fined, to be, kéna dénda finger, jati finish, habis finished, sudah (110-111); habis fire, api fire, to catch, térbakar firefly, kélip-kélip first (adj.), yang pértama (93a) first (ady.), dahulu, dulu
MALAY!
245
every year, tiap-tiap tahun; tahun-
tahun examination, pépéreksaan excellent, bagus excess, in, lébeh excuse (vb.), ma’afkan exist, ada (22)
expense, bélanja expensive, mahal eye, mata
first, at, mula-mula first-class, nombor satu fish, ikan fish-hook, kail fit (well, healthy), sihat five, lima flesh, daging floods, ayer bah floor, lantai flour, tépong
flower, bunga Sly (n.), lalat fly (vb.), térbang follow, ikut food, makanan foot, kaki
football, bola sepak foreign, asing forest, hutan, rimba forget, térlupa
forgive, ma’afkan fork, garfu forty, émpat-puloh four, émpat fourteen, émpat-bélas fractured, patah French beans, kachang bunchis
Friday, hari juma’at friend, kawan frightened, takut from, dari; daripada (35a) (92 from there, dari-sana from where, dari-mana
246
SPEAK
front, dépan (132)
fruit, buah; buah-buah, buahbuahan (61) fruit-market, pasar buah-buah; pasar buah-buahan
garden, kébun gardener, tukang kébun gecko, chichak general (adj.), agong
geography, ilmu bumi Georgetown, Tanjong (82) get (fetch), ambil get (obtain), dapat get married, bérkahwin get up, bangun gibbon, wak-wak
girl, budak; budak pérémpuan gloves, sarong tangan go, pérgi
go at once, pérgi lékas go back, balek go down, turun
MALAY! fry, goreng frying-pan, kuali furthermore, dan lagi
go to bed, tidor go to sleep, tidor go up, naik goat, kambing going to, to be, héndak, nak (62) golf ball, bola golf good, baik good (of food), sédap good at, pandai goods, barang
goose, angsa gone, all, sudah habis government, kérajaan grain, a, butir, cf. Appendix A grass, Tumput
go in, masok
great, bésar green, hijau grey, kélabu
go on foot, bérjalan kaki go shopping, pérgi béli barang
guilty, salah gun, sénapang
had better, baik (39) hair, rambut half, sa-téngah hand, tangan handkerchief, sapu tangan hang, to, gantong hang about, lengah hanged, to be, kena gantong hard (of work), kuat hardworking, rajin hat (general term), topi hat (Malay style), songkok
have, ada (22) have a bath, mandi
have a holiday, bérchuti have breakfast, makan pagi he, dia head, képala headland, tanjong headmaster, guru bésar headmistress, guru bésar healthy, sihat hear, déngar heart, jantong; hati (106) he himself, dia séndiri help (vb.), tolong her (obj.), dia
her (possessive), dia; -nya (17)
SPEAK here, di-sini here (hither), ka-sini hide (intrans.), bérsémbunyi high, tinggi Highness, His, Yang Mahamulia
hill, bukit him, dia Hindu (adj.), Hindu Hindu (n.), orang Hindu hire, sewa hire-car, kéreta sewa his, dia; -nya (17) His Highness, Yang Mahamulia hither, ka-sini hold out (endure), tahan
I, saya.
idle (vb.), iengah if, kalau
in, di-, (14); dalam (132) indebted. bérhutang independence, kémérdekaan independent, mérdeka India, Négéri India
Indian (adj.), India Indian (n.), orang India
MALAY!
hole, lobang hornet, tébuan horse, kuda hot (general term), hangat (70) hot (of pepper, etc.), pédas (70) hot (of the sun), panas (70) how, macham mana how long, bérapa lama how many, bérapa how much, bérapa hundred, ratus a hundred, sa-ratus one hundred, sa-ratus hurry (to leave quickly), pérgi lékas hurt (of feelings), kéchil hati
inform, kata kapada ink, da’wat inquire, bértanya insect, sérangga inside, dalam (132) intend to, héndak, nak (62)
invite, jémput island, pulau issued, to be (of books), térbit
jacket, baju
Johore, Négéri Johor
Japanese (adj.), Jépun
Johore Bahru, Johor Baharu jump, lompat
Japanese (n.), orang Jépun Japanese (language), bahasa Jépun Jewel, pérmata
Kedah, Négéri Kédah keep (store), simpan
Kelantan, Négéri Kélantan kettle, cherek
kick, sepak
247
jungle, hutan, rimba just now, tadi
kind (sort), macham kitchen, dapor know (a fact), tahu know how to, tahu Kota Bharu, Kota Baharu
248
SPEAK
ladder, tangga
lady’s fingers, kachang béndi land, tanah language, bahasa large, bésar last (vb.), tahan last (preceding), lépas last month, bulan lépas last night, sa-malam last week, minggu lépas last year, tahun lépas late, lambat, lewat (100) lazy, ségan lead (vb.), bawa
leaf, daun learn, bélajar leave (vb.), bértolak leave, to be on, bérchuti leave, to go on, bérchuti leg, kaki lend, pinjamkan, bagi pinjam
MALAY!
like (vb.), suka like (prep.), macham like that, macham itu like this, macham ini lime (fruit), buah limau lion, singa listen, déngar listen to, déngar little, kéchil little, a, sikit live (be alive), hidup (33) live (dwell), dudok (33)
liver, hati (106) loaf of bread, a, sa-biji roti look, tengok look at, tengok look for, chari
long, panjang
lightning, kilat
long (of time), lama lord, tuan lot (of), a banyak (25) lottery, lotéri low, réndah lucky, mujor that’s lucky!, mujor-lah! luggage, barang lump (piece), képing
maidservant, amah make, buat make (cause to), bagi (143) make coffee, banchoh kopi, buat kopi (113) make tea, tuang teh, buat teh (113) Malacca (state), Négéri Mélaka Malacca (town), Mélaka
Malaya, Malaya; Tanah Mélayu male, laki-laki, jantan (13) man, orang; orang laki-laki manage to, dapat mangosteen, buah manggis mantis, chénchada many, banyak (25) market, pasar
Malay (adj.), Mélayu Malay (language), bahasa Mélayu
married (adj.), berkahwin masculine, laki-laki, jantan (13)
Malay (person), orang Mélayu
mason-bee, angkut-angkut
(142-143) lesson, pélajaran let (allow), bagi (143) letter, surat light (of colours), muda
SPEAK master, tuan
matter, it doesn’t, ta’ apa (71) mattress, tilam me, saya meat, daging mention it, don’t, sama-sama (79) middle, teéngah (133) milk, susu million, juta a million, sa-juta one million, sa-juta minute (60 seconds), minit mist, kabut mix, banchoh moment, a, sa-kéjap Monday, hari isnen money, duit monkey, kéra month, bulan moon, bulan more, lagi the more ...the more, lagi... lagi more (in excess), lébeh
nail (finger, toe, etc.), kuku name, nama national, kébangsaan National Language, Bahasa Kébangsaan neck, leher needle, jarum need to, no, ta’ payah (147c) Negri Sembilan, Négéri Sémbilan new, baharu news, khabar newspaper, surat khabar next (following), dépan next-door to, sa-bélah (133) next month, bulan dépan next time, lain kali next to, sa-bélah (133)
next week, minggu dépan
MALAY! more or morning, morning, morning, morning, mosque,
249 less, \ébeh-kurang pagi in the, pagi this, pagi ini this (past only), pagi tadi mésjid
mosquito, nyamok
mosquito-net, kélambu mother, émak motive, sébab mount (vb.), naik (40) mountain, gunong
mouse, tikus mousedeer, pélandok mouth, mulut move (house), bérpindah move (trans.), aleh move off, bértolak
Mr, Che’, Enche’; Tuan much, banyak (25) museum, muzium mutton, daging kambing my, saya (17) (20)
next year, tahun dépan night, malam nightdress, baju tidor nine, sémbilan nineteen, sémbilan-bélas ninety, sémbilan-puloh no, bukan (2); tidak (7); bélum (110-111); dak, ta’, tak no need to, ta’ payah (147c)
nose, hidong not, bukan (2); tidak (7); bélum (110-111); dak, ta’, tak not at all, sama-sama (79) not very, ta’ bérapa not yet, bélum, tidak lagi (110-111) nought, kosong now, sekarang number, nombor
250
SPEAK
obtain, dapat o'clock, pukul (94) off, dari-atas (132)
office, ofis offspring, anak off to, to be, héndak ka-, nak ka-
(64) oh dear!, wah! O.K., baik-lah old (of people), tua old (of things), lama old, to be (so many (years)), berumor on, pada (77); di-atas (132)
MALAY!
once, sa-kali one, satu, sa- (44) onion, bawang
only, sahaja on to, ka-atas (132) open (adj.), térbuka
open (vb.), buka order (vb.), suroh originally, mula-mula our, kita (17) outside, di-luar over (finished), sudah habis ox, lémbu
Pahang, Négéri Pahang palm-frond, kajang
person, orang
panties (women’s) séluar dalam
piece, képing pig, babi pillow, bantal pity (n.), kasehan
paper, kértas Paramount Ruler, Yang di-Pértuan Agong part, bahagian party (social), kénduri pass (examinations), lulus dalam (pépéreksaan) passenger, penumpang
patient (n.), orang sakit
pay (n.), gaji pay (vb.), bayar peace, sélamat (26) peas, kachang hijau
pen, kalam Penang (island), Pulau Pinang, Tanjong (82) Penang (state), Négéri Pinang peninsula, séménanjong pension, penshen people, orang pepper, lada
Perak, Négéri Perak performance, theatrical, wayang perhaps, barangkali Perlis, Négéri Pérlis
picture, gambar
place (n.), tempat plate, pinggan
play (vb.) bérmain pleased, suka hati pocket, pokit point (headland), tanjong policeman, mata-mata poor (not rich), miskin poor fellow!, kasehan dia! pork, daging babi Portuguese (adj.), Portugis Portuguese (people), orang Portugis post office, posofis potato, ubi; ubi kéntang pour out, tuang (113) pour out tea, banchoh teh (113) prawn, udang pray, sembahyang prayer, sembahyang prefer, lagi suka pretty, chantek previously, dahulu, dulu
SPEAK price, harga primary (education), réndah primary school, sékolah réndah prince, raja Programme (radio), siaran proud (in a good sense), bésar hati
(106)
MALAY! Province Wellesley, Sa-bérang Pérai put, buboh put away, simpan
put on (clothes), pakai pyjamas, baju tidor
quality, best, nombor satu quarter, suku
quick, chépat quickly, chépat
rain, hujan rajah, raja
rich, kaya rickshaw, becha ride (in, on), naik (40) ring (n.), chinchin ripe, masak rise (get up), bangun rise (sum), térbit river, sungai road, jalan roast (vb.), panggang
rambutan, buah rambutan rat, tikus rather, sikit (83) raw, méntah razor, pisau chukor
reach, sampai read, bacha ready, siap real, sunggoh really, sunggon
receive, térima, dapat red, merah
remain, tinggal remember, ingat restaurant, kédai makan return, balek revision, ulang-kaji rice (cooked), nasi rice (growing), padi rice (uncooked), béras rice-field, bendang, sawah
safety, sélamat (26) saffron, kunyit Sago, sagu sail, to set, bértolak
251
ro 1 (of cloth), kayu, cf. Appendix A roof, bumbong room, bilek rope, tali rubber, gétah rubber estate, kébun gétah rubber-tapper, pénuris gétah rubber-tree, pokok gétah Ruler (of Negri Sembilan), Yang diPértuan Bésar run, bérlai run away, lari
salary, gaji salt, garam
same, sama same, the, sa-macham
Zan
SPEAK
same to you, Sama-sama sand, pasir
sarong, kain; kain sarong Saturday, hari sabtu saucer, piring save money, simpan duit say, kata, bérkata school, sékolah scorpion, kala sea, laut sea-snake, ular sélimpat
second (1/60 of a minute), sa’at secondary (education), ménéngah secondary school, sékolah ménéngah see, nampak; tengok (42) seed, biji seek, chari Selangor, Négéri Sélangor self, séndiri sell, jual separate (adj.), asing seriously ill, sakit térok servant, orang gaji set (of the sun), turun set sail, bértolak seven, tujoh seventeen, tujoh-bélas seventy, tujoh-puloh severe (serious), térok shall, héndak, nak (62) shave (intrans.), bérchukor shave (trans.), chukor she, dia
sheath, sarong sheet, sélimut ship, kapal shirt, baju kémeja shoes, shoot shoot shop,
kasut (n.), puchok, cf. Appendix A (vb.), tembak kédai
shopkeeper, orang kédai shopping, to do some, béli barang shopping, to go, pérgi béli barang shore, pantai
MALAY!
short, pendek shorts, séluar pendek side, tépi (133) sir, tuan
sit, dudok sit in state side by side, bérsanding (109) six, €nam
sixteen, €nam-bélas sixty, €nam-puloh skein, utas, cf. Appendix A sleep, tidor sleeve, tangan
slice, potong, cf. Appendix A slip (woman’s), baju dalam panjang slow, lambat
slowly, lambat-lambat small, kéchil smoke (vb.), isap snake, ular snake, sea-, ular sélimpat soap, sabun
socks, sarong kaki pendek soon, sa-kéjap lagi son, anak, anak laki-laki sort (kind), macham sour, masam soya beans, kachang Jépun Soya sauce, tauyu speak, bérchakap splendid, bagus spoon, chamcha Staircase, tangga Stairs, tangga
stalk, tangkai, cf. Appendix A stand (vb.), bérdiri stand (endure), tahan Stand up, bérdiri Start (vb.), bértolak State (n.), négéri Station, séteshen
stay (behind), tinggal (33) stay (in a hotel, etc.), dudok (33) steamship, kapal api stem, tangkai, cf. Appendix A
SPEAK
still (adv.), lagi stockings, sarong kaki panjang stomach, pérut stop (vb.), bérhénti
stop off, singgah store (vb.), simpan Storey, tingkat storm, ribut strand, urat, cf. Appendix A strike (vb.), pukul
string, tali; utas, cf. Appendix A
MALAY!
253
stub, puntong, cf. Appendix A stupid, bodoh suddenly, tiba-tiba sufficient, chukup sugar, gula sultan, sultan sun, matahari Sunday, hari ahad sweet, manis swim, bérénang sword, pédang
strong, kuat
table, meja tail, ekor take (a thing), ambil take (a person), bawa tall, tinggi Tamil (adj.), Tamil Tamil (language), bahasa Tamil Tamil (person), orang Tamil tap (n.), pili tapioca, ubi kayu tap rubber, to, turis gétah tasteless, tawar tasty, sédap tax (n.), chukai taxable, to be, kéna chukai taxi, kéreta sewa tea (dry leaves), daun teh
tea (liquid), teh teacher, guru tell (command), suroh tell (inform), kata kapada temple (Chinese), tokong temple (Hindu), kuil ten, sa-puloh
terrorist, pengganas, pénjahat thank you, térima kaseh (36) that, itu that (rel.), yang (156-159)
that way (direction), ikut itu that way (thus), macham itu theatrical performance, wayang
the more ...the more...,lagi... lagi thence, dari-sana there, di-sana there (thither), ka-sana these, ini thin, kurus thing, barang think (opine), ingat thirteen, tiga-bélas thirty, tiga-puloh this, ini this way (direction), ikut ini this way (thus), macham ini thither, ka-sana those, itu thousand, ribu a thousand, sa-ribu one thousand, sa-ribu thread (n.), bénang three, tiga throne, bridal, pélamin thumb, ibu jari thunder, gémuroh Thursday, hari khamis thus, macham ini, macham itu tie (n.), tali leher tiger, harimau, rimau time (occasion), kali time (period), masa, Zaman time to, enough, dan
254
SPEAK
time to, no, ta’ dan
tin (ore), bijeh timah tin-mine, lombong bijeh timah to, ka-, kapada (34a) to-day, hari ini toe, jari kaki toilet (W.C.), jamban to-morrow, besok, esok to-morrow, the day after, lusa too (also), sama; cf. (150) too lare, lewat (100)
tooth, gigi top, atas (132) top of, on, di-atas (132) towel, tuala town, péekan
MALAY! train (railway), kéreta api travel (by, in, on), naik (40) tree, pokok Trengganu, Négéri Téréngganu trishaw, becha trousers, séluar panjang true, sunggoh try, chuba Tuesday, hari sélasa turban, sérban turkey, ayam Bélanda twelve, dua-bélas twenty, dua-puloh
twice, dua kali two, dua
umbrella, payong under, bawah (132)
until, sampai
underneath, bawah (132)
use (vb.), pakai useful, bérguna
underpants, séluar dalam
us, kita
undervest, baju dalam university, Sekolah tingg!
usually, sélalu; biasa-nya
vehicle, kéreta verandah (European), béranda
very much, sangat (591 very, not, ta’ bérapa village, kampong vinegar, chuka
verandah (Malay), sérambi very, sangat (59); sunggoh
wages, gajl waist, pinggang wait, nanti wait for, nantikan walk, bérjalan, bérjalan kaki (141) walk about, bérjalan-jalan walking-stick, tongkat
wall (partition), dinding want, mahu wardrobe, lémari wash, mandi wash the clothes, chuchi kain wash up the dishes, chuchi pinggan
wall (outside), tembok
watch (n.), jam
wasp, pényéngat
SPEAK
MALAY!
watch (vb.), tengok water, ayer way, jalan W.C., jamban
who, slapa who (rel.), yang (156-159) whom, siapa
we, kita
why, pasal apa wicked, jahat wife, 1stéri
255
whom (rel.), yang (156-159)
wear, pakal Wednesday, hari rabu week, minggu well (healthy), sihat wet, basah what, apa when, bila; masa (105) whence, dari-mana where, di-mana where .. . from, dari-mana where ... to, Ka-mana which, mana which (rel.), yang (156-159) while, masa (105) white, puteh whither, ka-mana
woman, orang; Orang pérémpuan wood, kayu word, pérkataan work (n.), kérja work (vb.), békérja work hard, to, békérja kuat worried, susah hati write, tulis writing-paper, kértas tulis wrong (guilty), salah
year, tahun yellow, kuning yesterday, kélmarin yesterday, the day before, kélmarin dahulu yet, lagi
yet, not, bélum (110-111); tidak lagi you, énche’ young, muda youngster, budak your, énche’ (17)
will (vb.), héndak, nak (62)
win a lottery, dapat lotéri window, tingkap with, déngan
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