Safety Equipments & Tools for Construction

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Safety Equipments and Tools for Construction

Constrofacilitator

Knowledge and b2b portal for construction and infrastructure

eMAGAZINE October 2023

V05 eM-10

Inside Different types of fall protection equipment

F for ensuring safety at heights

F Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Safety of Construction Workers

F

Safety equipments and tools used in hazardous materials handling in construction

F Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding Safety Equipment and Tools

Construction Safety Measurement and

F Accident Control Measures

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Safety equipments & tools for construction

Safety equipment and tools in construction are of paramount importance, as they serve to protect the lives and well-being of workers and the integrity of the project. Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as hard hats, gloves, and steel-toed boots, shield workers from potential hazards, while safety harnesses and fall arrest systems prevent falls from heights. Additionally, dust masks, ear protection, and eye goggles safeguard against respiratory issues, hearing damage, and eye injuries. Power tools with safety features reduce accidents, and fire extinguishers and first aid kits are essential for immediate response in emergencies. These safety measures not only prevent injuries and fatalities but also contribute to the overall efficiency and success of construction projects. In this edition of eMag we have covered Different types of fall protection equipment for ensuring safety at heights, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Safety of Construction Workers, Safety equipments and tools used in hazardous materials handling in construction, Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding Safety Equipment and Tools, Construction Safety Measurement and Accident Control Measures. October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

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Different types of fall protection equipment for

04 ensuring safety at heights

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Safety of

11 Construction Workers

Safety equipments and tools used in hazardous

17 materials handling in construction

Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding Safety

23 Equipment and Tools

Construction Safety Measurement and Accident

27 Control Measures

04 11 17 23

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Constrofacilitator • October 2023

FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

Different types of fall protection equipments for ensuring safety at heights

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all protection equipments are used to safeguard individuals working at elevated positions from the risks associated with falling. Its primary purpose is to prevent or minimize the consequences of falls, which can result in serious injuries or fatalities in various industries, especially those involving construction, maintenance, and industrial work. Fall protection equipment is meticulously engineered to provide secure anchorage, support, and restraint for workers, allowing them to work safely at heights while minimising the risk of accidents and ensuring compliance with safety regulations and standards.

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Different types of fall protection equipments 1. Anchorage Connectors: Anchorage connectors are critical components of any fall protection system. They serve as the anchor point for connecting various fall protection devices and equipment, ensuring the safety of workers at elevated work sites. Different types of products used includes; -

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cally located on the front, back, or sides of a harness to provide versatile attachment options. Anchor Straps: Anchor straps, usually constructed from strong

D-Rings: These are robust metal rings, often forged into safety harnesses or existing as separate anchor points, serving as the primary connection point for lanyards, lifelines, and other fall protection devices. They are strategiOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator

FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

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webbing or rope, are designed to securely encircle anchor points such as steel beams, columns, or other sturdy structures. They ensure a reliable and stable connection for connecting lanyards and lifelines. Fixed Anchors: Fixed anchors are permanent attachment points integrated into structures like rooftops or concrete surfaces. These anchors are crucial for consistent, long-term fall protection and are certified to meet specific safety standards. They often include eyebolts, beam anchors, and wall anchors for various applications.

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for tool attachment and work positioning, offering security while maintaining mobility. Work Seats: Work seats are additional components that can be attached to body belts. They allow workers to sit comfortably while performing tasks at heights, reducing strain during prolonged work periods.

2. Body Belts & Work Seats:

3. Confined Space Entry/Retrieval:

Body belts and work seats are essential for worker positioning, restraint, and comfort during tasks at heights. They provide both safety and ergonomic support, ensuring that workers can perform their duties effectively. Different types of products used includes;

Confined space entry and retrieval equipment are specialized systems designed for safe operations in confined and potentially hazardous spaces. These products are essential for emergency rescue and ensuring worker safety. Different types of products used includes;

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Body Belts: Body belts are worn around the waist and are used for positioning and restraint. They are often equipped with D-rings

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Retrieval Systems: Retrieval systems are designed for safely extracting workers from confined spaces during emergencies. They

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typically include components like winches, tripods, and selfretracting lifelines. Gas Monitors: In confined spaces, ensuring safe air quality is paramount. Gas monitors continuously detect and alert workers to the presence of hazardous gases, providing a critical safety measure for those operating in confined spaces.

4. Fall Protection for Tools: Fall protection for tools is crucial for preventing objects from falling and causing harm to workers below. Different types of products used includes; -

Tool Lanyards: Tool lanyards are tethering devices used to secure

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FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

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elevated work areas. These systems are vital for ensuring that workers can reach their work sites safely. Different products used includes;

wearer's body and are equipped with D-rings for attachment points and adjustments to ensure a secure fit. Different products used includes;

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Scaffolding: Scaffolding provides a robust and stable platform for workers to access elevated work areas. Different types of scaffolding are available, including frame scaffolding, mobile scaffolding, and suspended scaffolding, tailored to diverse construction and maintenance needs.

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Full-Body Harness: Full-body harnesses encompass the entire torso and thighs of the wearer, distributing fall forces evenly throughout the body. They feature D-rings for attaching lanyards and other fall protection equipment and are adjustable for a secure fit.

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Ladders: Ladders come in various forms, including extension ladders for reaching greater heights and fixed ladders for providing permanent access to elevated platforms or structures. Proper ladder selection is crucial for safe vertical access.

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Chest Straps and Leg Straps: These harness components ensure that the harness fits snugly and securely. Chest straps and leg straps are adjustable to accommodate different body sizes and shapes.

hand tools to a worker's harness. If a tool slips or is dropped, the lanyard prevents it from falling to the ground and posing a danger to workers below. Retractable Tool Tethers: These devices are equipped with a retractable line, allowing tools to be used at arm's length. When the tool is released, the tether automatically retracts, maintaining a safe work environment without clutter from dangling tethers.

5. Access Systems:

6. Harnesses:

Access systems encompass a wide range of equipment and structures designed to provide secure entry to

Full-body harnesses are the cornerstone of fall protection systems. They distribute fall arrest forces across the

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7. Horizontal Lifeline Systems: Horizontal lifeline systems consist of October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

a cable or track anchored horizontally, allowing workers to attach to a moving point along the line, ensuring lateral movement while maintaining fall protection. Different products used includes; -

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ment for safety. Different types of products used includes; -

Cable or Track: Horizontal lifeline systems consist of a cable, track, or rail anchored horizontally, allowing workers to attach to a trolley or shuttle that moves along the line. This enables lateral movement while maintaining fall protection.

Trolleys: Trolleys are attachments that glide along the horizontal lifeline, permitting workers to move horizontally while remaining connected to the lifeline, providing both safety and mobility.

Harness and Lanyard Kits: These kits are preconfigured with a full-body harness and an appropriate lanyard or lifeline, ensuring that workers have the essential fall protection equipment they need. They are available in different variations for specific applications. -

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Custom Kits: Some kits are tailored for particular industries or tasks, incorporating a selection of equipment like harnesses, lanyards, and additional accessories designed for specialized work scenarios.

9. Lanyards:

8. Fall Protection Kits: Fall protection kits provide comprehensive solutions for various fall protection needs, offering pre configured or custom options to ensure workers have the essential equipOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator

Lanyards are connecting devices used to secure workers to anchor points, available in various types to suit different applications. Different types of products used includes -

Shock-Absorbing Lanyards: These lanyards include an integrated shock-absorbing pack that reduces the impact force during a fall, lessening the strain on the

worker's body. They are ideal for preventing injuries in the event of a fall. Positioning Lanyards: Positioning lanyards are used for work positioning, providing adjustable lengths to allow workers to access their work areas comfortably while remaining securely connected to an anchor point.

10. Load Arrestors: Load arrestors are engineered to prevent heavy objects or equipment from falling. They activate automatically in the event of a sudden force or freefall, effectively stopping the fall and reducing the risk of injury or damage to property. Different types of products used includes -

Load-Limiting Devices: Load arrestors automatically engage to prevent heavy objects or equipment from falling. When subjected to sudden force or a freefall situation, they activate and stop the descent, reducing

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FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

13. Self-Retracting Lifelines: Self-retracting lifelines (SRLs) are automatic fall arrest devices that provide freedom of movement while maintaining fall protection. They are designed to retract slack in the lifeline automatically. Different types of products used includes;

the risk of injury and damage to property

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SRLs with Retrieval Capabilities: Self-retracting lifelines are equipped with retrieval capabilities, allowing workers to perform self-rescue. These SRLs enable ascent or descent to safety in emergency situations.

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Web or Cable SRLs: Selfretracting lifelines come in different materials, such as webbing or cable, to accommodate specific applications and environments.

11. Fall Protection Accessories: Fall protection accessories enhance the functionality and convenience of fall protection equipment, improving the overall safety and organization of the work environment. Different types of product used includes; -

Tool Pouches and Holsters: Tool pouches and holsters are designed to organize and secure tools while working at heights. They prevent tools from dropping, improving efficiency and safety.

12. Rescue & Controlled Descent Devices: Rescue and controlled descent devices are essential for safely extracting or lowering workers in emergency situations. They offer reliable means of performing rescues and controlled descents. Different types of products used includes; -

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Descenders: Descenders are designed for controlled descent during rescue operations. They allow workers to lower themselves or rescue suspended personnel safely. Evacuation Devices: Specialized devices for emergency evacuations from elevated areas, ensuring quick and secure egress in urgent situations.

Harness Pads and Gear Bags: Harness pads enhance comfort during prolonged use, preventing chafing or discomfort. Gear bags offer a convenient way to store and transport fall protection equipment, keeping gear in good condition and easily accessible.

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FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

14. Vertical Lifelines: Vertical lifelines are crucial for secure vertical movement, allowing workers to ascend or descend structures safely. These lifelines come in various materials to accommodate different work environments. Different types of products used includes; -

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Rope or Cable Lifelines: Vertical lifelines are essential for secure vertical movement. They can be constructed from rope or cable material, offering flexibility for different work environments and requirements.

Rope Grabs: Rope grabs are attachments used to move up and down vertical lifelines safely, providing a reliable method for ascending or descending structures while maintaining fall protection.

proper utilization of these devices are determined by the specific nature of the work, existing hazards, and adherence to safety regulations. Regular inspection, maintenance, and comprehensive training are fundamental to ensuring that workers are adequately safeguarded against the perils of working at elevated locations. Fall Protection Equipment Compliance with OSHA Guidelines: Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines regarding fall protection equipment is important to ensure the safety of workers who may be exposed to fall hazards in various industries. OSHA has specific regulations and requirements in place to minimize the risk of falls and protect workers. 1. Fall Protection Equipment: OSHA has stringent guidelines regarding the selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection

equipment. This includes equipment such as harnesses, lanyards, lifelines, guardrails, and safety nets. Employers are responsible for ensuring that the equipment provided to workers is appropriate for the specific job tasks and is in good working condition. Regular inspections and maintenance are essential to ensure the reliability of this equipment. 2. Anchorage Points: OSHA specifies the need for secure anchorage points for personal fall arrest systems. These anchorages must be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per attached worker, or be designed by a qualified person. The proper installation and testing of these anchor points are essential. 3. Training: Employers are required to provide training to workers who are exposed to fall hazards. This training should cover the proper use of fall protection equipment, recognizing fall hazards, and procedures for working

Each of these fall protection equipment types serves a vital role in maintaining the safety and well-being of workers at heights. Selection and October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

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FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

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safely at heights. Workers need to understand how to inspect their equipment, don harnesses, and safely use lanyards and lifelines. Written Fall Protection Plan: OSHA may require employers to have a written fall protection plan for job sites with significant fall hazards. This plan should outline the specific fall hazards present, the safety measures in place, and procedures for rescue in case of a fall. Guardrail Systems: In some cases, OSHA may mandate the use of guardrail systems as primary fall protection. Employers need to ensure that these guardrails are properly installed and meet OSHA's specifications. Safety Monitoring Systems: In situations where conventional fall protection systems may not be feasible, OSHA allows for safety monitoring systems. These involve a designated person who observes and warns workers of fall hazards. Rescue Plans: Employers must

have procedures in place for rescuing workers in the event of a fall. It's essential to have a plan that can be implemented promptly to minimize injury. 8. Regular Inspections: Routine inspections of fall protection equipment and systems are critical to identify wear and tear or damage. Equipment showing any signs of wear should be taken out of ser-

vice immediately. These measures are essential for maintaining a safe work environment and preventing accidents related to falls from heights. Employers have a significant responsibility to ensure their workplaces adhere to these guidelines, and employees should be trained and equipped to work safely when exposed to fall hazards. Conclusion Fall protection equipments plays an indispensable role in safeguarding workers from potentially lifethreatening accidents in various industries, such as construction and maintenance. As regulations and awareness surrounding the importance of fall protection continue to evolve, it is imperative for employers and employees alike to invest in, utilize, and maintain these critical safeguards to ensure a secure and productive work environment for all.

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October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Safety of Construction Workers

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onstruction sites are inherently hazardous, characterised by various potential dangers such as heavy machinery, falling debris, exposure to chemicals, loud noises etc. PPE plays an important role in reducing the incidence of accidents and injuries. It shields workers from head to toe, guarding them against physical harm, long-term health issues, and even lifethreatening situations. PPE extends October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

beyond merely offering physical protection. It nurtures confidence among workers, assuring them that their employers place a high value on their safety. Additionally, it enhances productivity by reducing discomfort and fatigue, thus ensuring that the workforce can remain efficient and engaged. What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ? Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to a range of specialized gear,

clothing, and equipment designed to protect workers from various jobrelated hazards and ensure their safety. This equipment is specifically tailored to the unique risks present in construction environments. PPE includes items such as hard hats, safety goggles, ear protection, respirators, gloves, safety boots, highvisibility clothing, and fall protection gear like harnesses and safety belts. Importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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The primary purpose of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is to safeguard individuals from various workplace hazards and risks. -

Ensures worker safety in hazardous construction environments. Mitigates legal and regulatory compliance risks. Prevents head, eye, ear, and respiratory injuries. Reduces the risk of hand, arm, and foot injuries. Prevents falls and enhances worker visibility. Safeguards against specific jobrelated hazards. Boosts employee confidence and overall productivity. Enables effective emergency re-

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sponse and infection control. Types of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) The construction industry features diverse work environments, each with its own set of unique hazards. Discussed below are different PPE used for a variety of construction works. 1. Head Protection: Head protection is paramount in construction. Hard hats, typically made from impact-resistant materials like high-density polyethylene (HDPE), are essential. These hard hats provide vital protection against falling objects, impacts, and electrical hazards.

Some hard hats feature a full-brim design for extra protection, making them suitable for outdoor work. Welding areas require welding helmets with protective face shields to shield workers from intense heat, sparks, and harmful UV radiation. 2. Eye and Face Protection: Construction workers often face eye and face safety risks. Safety glasses or goggles are the standard choice to protect against dust, debris, and chemical splashes, typically with impact-resistant lenses. For situations with a risk of liquids splashing or flying debris, face shields offer comprehensive protection by covering the entire face. Welding areas necessitate specialized welding helmets with shaded lenses to safeguard the eyes and face from intense light and sparks. These helmets automatically darken the lens to protect the welder's vision.

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

3. Hearing Protection:

6. Body Protection:

Construction sites can be noisy due to heavy machinery and equipment. To prevent noise-induced hearing loss, workers commonly use earplugs or earmuffs. Earplugs, made from foam or silicone, provide a snug fit in the ear canal. Earmuffs encase the entire ear and can be adjusted for comfort, with Noise Reduction Ratings (NRR) indicating their effectiveness in reducing noise exposure and protecting hearing.

The need for body protection varies based on the nature of construction work. In general construction settings, high-visibility safety vests are indispensable for enhancing visibility, especially in areas with heavy equipment and traffic. These vests are typically made from fluorescent materials with reflective strips, ensuring workers remain easily visible even in low-light conditions. In cases requiring protection against dust and contaminants, workers may wear coveralls or work suits. Additionally, in cold weather construction, insulated, waterproof clothing and thermal gloves are essential to protect against cold temperatures and environmental conditions that can be encountered.

4. Respiratory Protection: Construction sites can generate various airborne contaminants, including dust, fumes, and chemical vapours. Dust masks, half-face respirators, and full-face respirators with suitable filters are employed to prevent the inhalation of harmful particles. The choice of respirator depends on specific hazards, with filter cartridges designed to purify the air from different contaminants. Asbestos removal scenarios require specialized PPE, including full-body suits, respirators with P100 filters, and October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

gloves to protect against asbestos fibre inhalation. 5. Hand Protection: Hand injuries are common in construction, making hand protection a priority. Construction gloves come in various materials, such as leather, nitrile, and rubber, providing protection against cuts, abrasions, and chemical exposure. Leather gloves are preferred for general construction tasks due to their durability and resistance to abrasions. Nitrile or rubber gloves are chosen when dealing with chemicals and corrosive substances, providing a barrier against these hazards. Cut-resistant gloves, often made from materials like Kevlar, are used when handling sharp objects to prevent cuts and lacerations. These gloves strike a balance between protection and dexterity, allowing workers to handle tools and materials effectively while staying safe.

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7. Foot Protection: Foot injuries are a significant concern in construction, given the potential for crushing injuries and punctures. In general construction, steel-toed or safety boots are standard requirements. These boots have reinforced toe caps made from materials like steel, composite, or aluminum, offering protection against falling objects and other hazards that could result in foot injuries. Additionally, the boot soles are designed for maximum grip, ensuring safe navigation on construction site surfaces, even in challenging conditions. Roofing workers typically wear roofing boots with soft soles to prevent damage to roofing materials and maintain traction.

to the harness. The anchor points are securely attached to structures, ensuring a safe and reliable attachment for lanyards. Fall protection equipment is a cornerstone of ensuring worker safety, especially for those engaged in tasks at elevated locations, such as scaffolding, roofs, or elevated platforms. 9. Chemical and Hazardous Material Handling: The construction industry often involves handling hazardous chemicals

and materials. Workers in chemical exposure scenarios may require specialized PPE, including chemicalresistant suits, gloves, and boots. These PPE items are designed to provide a barrier against chemical splashes and exposure, ensuring worker safety from potentially harmful substances. In cases of lead and asbestos abatement, specific PPE like full-body suits, gloves, and respirators is used to protect workers when handling these hazardous materials. The PPE chosen is tailored to the specific hazards associated with these materials and the work environment. 10. Welding and Hot Work: Welders face distinct hazards due to the intense heat, sparks, and molten metal produced during welding processes. In addition to welding helmets equipped with shaded lenses for eye and face protection, welders wear flame-resistant clothing to guard against burns. These flameresistant garments are designed to minimize the risk of burns from sparks and hot metal inherent in welding. Specialized welding gloves

8. Fall Protection: Fall protection is critically important in construction, particularly when working at elevated heights. Fall protection equipment includes full-body harnesses, lanyards, and anchor points. These components work together to prevent falls and evenly distribute fall force across the body, reducing the risk of injury. Full-body harnesses are secured to anchor points using lanyards, which connect

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are also essential, constructed with heat-resistant materials to shield the hands from burns and other welding-related hazards.

the construction industry.

11. Electrical Work: Electrical work in construction presents unique risks related to electrical shocks and burns. To ensure the safety of electricians and those working with electrical systems, electricalrated PPE is employed. This includes insulating gloves designed to protect against electrical shock, typically made from rubber or other insulating materials that meet specific electrical safety standards. Electricians also wear flame-resistant clothing engineered to minimize the risk of burns resulting from potential electrical arcs or sparks. The use of electrical-rated PPE is non-negotiable in this field to protect against electrical hazards and promote worker safety.

tunnels, poses significant risks, including limited entry and exit points, poor air quality, and potential hazards like toxic gases. For workers entering confined spaces, specific PPE is essential. Full-body harnesses are used to secure workers in case of an emergency and to facilitate safe entry and exit. Additionally, specialized respirators, often with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) functionality, are used to ensure workers have a clean air supply in environments where air quality is compromised. Safety equipment for rescue operations is also critical, including devices like tripods and winches, designed to extract workers safely in case of emergencies. The selection of PPE for confined space work is vital to safeguard workers from a range of confined space hazards. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Compliance with Indian Safety Standards (BIS Codes):

12. Confined Spaces: Working in confined spaces in construction, such as tanks, vessels, or October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

Compliance with Indian Safety Standards (BIS Codes) is necessary to ensure the safety and quality of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in

1. Mandatory Standards: BIS has established mandatory standards for various types of PPE used in construction, such as helmets (IS 2925), safety goggles (IS 5983), safety vests (IS 15809), ear protectors (IS 6229), and more. These standards define the specifications, testing methods, and performance requirements that PPE must meet to ensure safety and effectiveness. 2. Certification: PPE manufacturers must obtain BIS certification for their products to demonstrate compliance with these standards. Consumers can look for the ISI mark, which signifies that the PPE meets the quality and safety requirements outlined by BIS. 3. Legal Compliance: It is essential for construction companies and workers to adhere to these standards and use BIS-certified PPE. Non-compliance can result in legal consequences and, more importantly, compromises worker safety. Proper Selection, Usage, and Maintenance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Selecting, using, and maintaining Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential for ensuring the safety of workers on a construction site. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to do it effectively: Selection of PPE: 1. Hazard Assessment: Start by con-

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ducting a thorough hazard assessment. Identifying potential risks is the first step in choosing the right PPE to protect workers from specific dangers they may encounter. 2. Appropriate Fit: PPE should fit comfortably and securely. Illfitting gear can be uncomfortable and may not provide adequate protection. Ensure various sizes and adjustment options are available to accommodate the diverse workforce in construction. 3. Task-Specific PPE: Different construction tasks require specific PPE. For example, welding tasks necessitate specialized welding helmets, while abrasive cutting activities require face shields. Using task-specific PPE enhances safety and efficiency. 4. Consider Comfort and Fit: PPE should be comfortable for extended wear. Uncomfortable gear may discourage workers from using it consistently. Look for PPE with adjustable features for a proper fit. 5. Evaluate Durability and Quality: Invest in high-quality, durable PPE that can withstand the demands of construction work, especially for items like gloves and safety boots that experience significant wear and tear. 6. Ensure Proper Certification: Verify that selected PPE meets safety standards and certifications. Look for labels or markings indicating compliance with safety regula-

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tions. 7. Consider Environmental Conditions: Account for environmental factors such as extreme temperatures or wet conditions. PPE should be suitable for the climate and weather conditions at the construction site. Usage of PPE: Training: Provide comprehensive training to workers on how to correctly wear, adjust, and use their PPE. Workers should understand the limitations of their equipment and when and where it is necessary to wear it.

PPE in a clean, dry, well-ventilated area to prevent damage and contamination, ensuring it remains in good condition and ready for use. Repair and Replacement: Any damaged or worn-out PPE should be promptly repaired or replaced. Never compromise the protective function of PPE. Timely maintenance ensures a high level of safety on construction sites. These practices protect construction workers' well-being, reduce accident risks, and promote a culture of safety for the entire workforce. Conclusion

Consistent Use: Foster a culture of PPE compliance. Workers must consistently wear their PPE when exposed to relevant hazards to ensure everyone's safety on the construction site. Regular Inspections: Before each use, inspect PPE for signs of damage, wear, and tear. Damaged equipment should not be used and must be replaced immediately. Regular inspections are crucial for accident prevention. Maintenance of PPE: Cleaning: Depending on the type of PPE, regular cleaning may be necessary. Safety glasses and helmets, for instance, should be cleaned for clear vision. Clean PPE enhances safety and hygiene.

The effective utilization of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the construction industry is paramount to ensure the safety and well-being of workers. Properly selected and worn PPE not only mitigates the risk of injuries but also enhances overall productivity on construction sites. However, it is crucial for employers and employees alike to continuously educate themselves on the latest PPE advancements, ensure compliance with safety regulations, and foster a culture of safety to make construction sites as safe as possible for all involved. With a commitment to PPE and safety measures, the construction industry can strive for a future where accidents and injuries are minimized, and workers can confidently pursue their tasks with reduced risk.

Storage: Proper storage of PPE is often overlooked but important. Store October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

Safety equipments and tools used in hazardous materials handling in construction

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afety equipment and tools play an important role in the construction industry, particularly when it comes to handling hazardous materials. In construction sites, where workers are constantly exposed to the risks associated with toxic chemicals, asbestos, and other dangerous substances, safety equipment and tools are indispensable. They act as a protective shield, preOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator

venting accidents and ensuring compliance with regulations. They serve a dual purpose, safeguarding both the workforce and the environment, while simultaneously reducing the long-term health risks and minimizing overall hazards. Beyond their protective functions, these safety equipments and tools are integral to promoting a culture of safety awareness, fostering a secure working environment, and aligning with legal compliances.

Different types of safety equipments and tools used in hazardous materials handling in construction Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 1. Protective Clothing: This category of PPE includes coveralls and chemical-resistant suits. These garments are constructed from materials that can resist chemical penetration, providing a protective barrier for the

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SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

prevent foot injuries from heavy objects or chemical spills. Ventilation Systems

body. They safeguard workers from direct contact with hazardous substances, preventing skin exposure. 2. Respirators: Different types of respirators include N95 masks, half-face respirators, and full-face respirators. They are chosen based on the specific hazards encountered. For instance, N95 masks are used in construction to protect against dust and airborne particles, while full-face respirators are used in chemical plants to filter out toxic gases.

3. Gloves: Chemical-resistant gloves are designed to protect the hands from direct contact with hazardous materials, preventing skin contact and potential chemical burns or absorption.

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4. Safety Goggles or Face Shields: Safety goggles and face shields serve as crucial eye and face protection. They shield the eyes and face from chemical splashes or airborne particles that could cause injuries or chemical exposure.

5. Hard Hats and Steel-Toed Boots: These are essential for head and foot protection. Hard hats protect against head injuries, while steel-toed boots

1. Fume Hoods: Fume hoods are enclosed workspaces equipped with exhaust systems that contain and remove chemical fumes. They are crucial for minimizing exposure to harmful vapors during tasks involving hazardous materials.

2. Local Exhaust Ventilation: Local exhaust systems consist of hoods, ducts, or capture devices that capture and remove contaminants at their source. This localized approach prevents hazardous substances from spreading in the work area.

3. Portable Exhaust Fans: Portable exhaust fans are deployed in areas lacking permanent local exhaust systems. They enhance air circulation and reduce the concentration of airborne hazardous substances by expelling contaminated air from the October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

3. Safety Cans and Containers: Safety cans and containers are used to store smaller quantities of hazardous liquids safely. They come equipped with safety features to prevent accidental spills.

workspace.

Emergency Equipment 1. Eyewash Stations and Emergency Showers: Eyewash stations and emergency showers provide immediate decontamination in case of eye or skin exposure to hazardous substances. They enable individuals to rinse off hazardous materials quickly, reducing the risk of injury.

Containment and Storage 1. Chemical Storage Cabinets: These cabinets are specially designed to safely store hazardous chemicals. They keep chemicals organized, segregated, and labeled, reducing the risk of incompatible substances coming into contact.

2. Secondary Containment Systems: Secondary containment, often consisting of trays or basins, serves as a backup layer of protection. It ensures that spills or leaks are contained within the designated area, preventing contamination of the surrounding environment.

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4. Drum Handling Equipment: Drum handling equipment, including dollies and lifters, is instrumental in safely transporting, lifting, and pouring hazardous materials from drums. This minimizes the risk of accidents during the handling of heavy containers.

2. First Aid Kits: First aid kits are equipped with supplies to address minor injuries and chemical exposures. They ensure that immediate care can be administered in the event of an accident.

3. Fire Extinguishers: Fire extinguishers are essential for responding to fires that may occur during hazardous materials handling.

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SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

They should be specifically rated for the types of fires that could occur and be readily accessible for quick response. Monitoring Instruments 1. Gas Detectors: Gas detectors monitor the air for toxic or flammable gases. They trigger alarms or warnings when dangerous levels are detected, ensuring that workers are alerted to potential risks.

2. pH Meters: pH meters are used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of substances. This measurement is crucial when handling corrosive chemicals, as it guides safe handling and storage practices.

3. Radiation Detectors: In environments where radioactive materials are handled, radiation detectors continuously monitor radiation levels. This helps prevent exposure to unsafe levels of radiation.

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Spill Response Kits 1. Absorbent Materials: Absorbent materials, such as sorbents, spill pillows, or granular absorbents, are used to contain and clean up spills. They prevent the further spread of hazardous liquids in the event of an accidental release.

2. Spill Control Barriers: Spill control barriers, including booms or socks, are deployed to halt the spread of spilled materials. This is particularly crucial near water bodies or sensitive environments, preventing contamination.

sure compliance with regulations and responsible waste management. Labels and Signs 1. Hazardous Material Labels: These labels are affixed to containers to indicate their contents and associated hazards, providing critical information to workers and emergency responders.

2. Warning Signs and Placards: Warning signs and placards are placed strategically in areas with potential hazards, ensuring that everyone in the

3. Hazardous Waste Disposal Containers: These containers are used to safely store and transport hazardous waste for proper disposal. They enOctober 2023 • Constrofacilitator

SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

workspace is aware of the risks and takes appropriate precautions to stay safe. Osha guidelines for safety equipments and tools for handling hazardous materials in construction OSHA provides specific guidelines and regulations for the use of safety equipment and tools when handling hazardous materials in construction. Some of the key OSHA guidelines in this context include:

fined space standards must be followed. This includes measures for safe entry, exit, and the use of appropriate equipment for rescue and protection. 3. Respiratory Protection: OSHA has specific standards for respiratory protection when dealing with hazardous materials. Employers must have a written respiratory protection program, provide appropriate respirators, and ensure fit testing and medical evaluations for workers required to use them.

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Employers must assess the workplace for potential hazards and provide appropriate PPE, such as chemical-resistant clothing, gloves, eye protection, and respiratory protection. Workers must use this equipment and be trained on its proper use.

4. Confined Spaces: When working in confined spaces where hazardous materials are present, OSHA's con2. Hazard Communication (HAZCOM): Employers must establish a written hazard communication program and provide training to workers on the hazards of the materials they work with. This includes labelling of containers, safety data sheets, and understanding chemical hazards. October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

5. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER): For tasks involving hazardous waste cleanup and emergency response, OSHA's HAZWOPER standards must be followed. This includes specific training and safety measures for workers in these situations. 6. Electrical Safety: OSHA regulations for electrical safety in construction ensure that tools and equipment are used safely in hazardous environments. This includes measures to prevent electrical shock and fires.

7. Fall Protection: When working at heights, fall protection measures are essential. OSHA standards require the use of fall protection equipment, such as harnesses, guardrails, or safety nets, to prevent falls when handling hazardous materials from elevated positions.

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SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

8. Equipment Inspection: Regular inspections of tools and equipment used for handling hazardous materials are necessary to ensure they are in safe working condition. Defective equipment should be repaired or replaced promptly.

9. Training and Education: OSHA mandates that workers be adequately trained in the safe handling of hazardous materials, the use of safety equipment, and emergency response procedures. Employers are responsible for providing this training.

2.

3.

How to facilitate effective use of safety equipments and tools for handling hazardous materials in construction To facilitate the importance of safety equipment and tools for handling hazardous materials in construction, here are some practices to help ensure the effective use of safety equipment and tools in construction: 1. Hazard Assessment: Conduct a

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4.

5.

thorough hazard assessment to identify potential risks and the types of hazardous materials present at the construction site. This assessment will guide the selection of appropriate safety equipment. Proper Equipment Selection: Choose safety equipment and tools that are specifically designed for the identified hazards. Ensure that the equipment meets industry standards and regulatory requirements. Training and Education: Provide comprehensive training programs for all workers involved in hazardous materials handling. Ensure they are familiar with the correct use, maintenance, and limitations of safety equipment. Regular Inspections: Implement a schedule for regular inspections and maintenance of safety equipment. This includes checking for defects, replacing worn-out parts, and ensuring that equipment is in good working condition. Emergency Response Plans: Develop and communicate emergency response plans that outline the steps to take in case of accidents or exposure to hazardous

materials. Ensure all workers are aware of these plans. 6. Spill Containment and Cleanup Procedures: Develop clear protocols for handling spills. Ensure that spill containment kits and cleanup equipment are readily available, and that workers are trained to use them effectively. 7. Fire Safety Protocols: Establish fire safety protocols, including the location of fire extinguishers and fire blankets. Conduct fire drills to ensure that workers know how to respond in case of a fire involving hazardous materials. Conclusion Safety equipment and tools are crucial for safeguarding the well-being of workers and effectively managing hazardous materials in the construction industry. It is essential to adhere to safety regulations, regularly maintain equipment, and provide comprehensive training to personnel to ensure the safe handling of hazardous materials. The specific equipment and tools required may vary based on the type of hazardous materials and the specific tasks at construction sites. October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

Ensuring Worker Safety with Scaffolding Safety Equipments and Tools

S

caffolding safety equipment and tools are used to protect workers engaged in construction and maintenance tasks on elevated scaffolding structures. Their importance lies in mitigating against accidents, falls, and injuries, providing a critical barrier between workers and potential hazards at elevated work sites. Different types of scaffolding safety equipments and tools Fall Protection Equipments -

Safety Harnesses: These are full-

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body harnesses made of durable webbing and hardware designed to secure workers at height. They typically include adjustable straps for a snug fit, D-rings for attaching lanyards or lifelines, and a chest strap for added security. Safety harnesses are a primary line of defence against falls, evenly distributing impact forces across the body.

Fall Arrest Systems Equipments -

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Shock-Absorbing Lanyards: These lanyards are designed to absorb and dissipate the energy generated during a fall. They reduce the forces exerted on a worker's body and the anchorage point. Shock-absorbing lanyards typically feature stretchable materials that extend during a fall, gradually slowing down the worker's descent to prevent a sudden stop, which could cause injury. Self-Retracting Lifelines (SRLs): SRLs are specialized lifelines that automatically retract as the worker moves. In the event of a fall, they lock, halting the fall and preventing the worker from hitting the ground.

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SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

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Harnesses with Energy-Absorbing Features: These harnesses are equipped with integrated energyabsorbing features, often involving specially designed webbing or stitching. These features are engineered to deform or tear during a fall, absorbing energy and reducing the impact on the worker's body. Anchorage Points: Anchorage points are attachment points to which the fall arrest system is secured. These points must be strong, secure, and capable of withstanding the forces generated during a fall. body.

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Passive Fall Protection Equipments

Stability and Support Equipments

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Guardrails: Guardrails consist of vertical posts and horizontal rails installed around the perimeter of the scaffold platform. They create a sturdy physical barrier that prevents workers from accidentally stepping or falling off the edge. Guardrails are considered a passive form of fall protection because they don't require workers to take any action to stay safe. Toe Boards: These boards are attached to the base of the guardrails and act as a secondary safeguard. They prevent tools, materials, or debris from sliding or falling over the edge of the scaffold, thus protecting workers and individuals below.

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Scaffold Brackets: These are structural components used to firmly attach the scaffold to the building or structure. They provide lateral support and stability, ensuring that the scaffold remains in place and doesn't tip or sway, even in adverse conditions. Ladder Access: Safe access to the scaffold platform is crucial. Sturdy ladders or staircases are securely integrated into the scaffold structure to provide workers with a safe means of climbing up to the platform and descending safely.

Active Fall Protection Equipments

Safety Tools

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Safety Nets: Safety nets are installed beneath the scaffold platform to actively catch falling objects or workers in the event of a fall. They reduce the risk of injuries by breaking the fall and preventing workers from hitting the ground or lower levels. Safety nets should be regularly inspected and properly tensioned to ensure their effectiveness.

Tool Belts: Workers wear tool belts to carry and organize their tools while on the scaffold. These belts help keep tools within reach and prevent them from falling, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.

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SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

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Tethering Systems: These systems include lanyards and attachments for securing tools to the worker or the scaffold. If a tool is dropped, it remains tethered and does not pose a danger to others below.

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ducing the risk of hand injuries and accidents. Non-Slip Footwear: Non-slip footwear provides workers with better traction and stability on the scaffold, reducing the risk of slips, trips, and falls.

critical information to keep workers and bystanders informed and safe around the scaffold. Dust and Debris Control: -

Scaffold Safety Indicators -

Scaffold Tags: These tags serve as visual indicators of a scaffold's safety status. Green tags may signify that the scaffold is safe for use, while red tags indicate that it is not safe. Regular inspections and tagging are crucial to maintain safety and ensure that any issues are promptly addressed.

Safety Monitoring and Emergency Response -

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Scaffold Alarms: These monitoring devices are equipped to detect unsafe conditions such as high winds, excessive loads, or structural issues that may compromise scaffold safety. When triggered, scaffold alarms emit audible or visual alerts to notify workers and prompt necessary actions. Fire Extinguishers: Fire extinguishers on the scaffold are vital for quickly containing and extinguishing fires in the event of a fire emergency. They are part of the emergency response plan to protect workers and prevent further damage.

Dust Masks: Dust masks are worn to protect workers from inhaling hazardous dust or particles, which can lead to respiratory issues. Debris Netting: Placed around scaffolding, debris netting prevents falling debris and materials from posing a danger to workers or pedestrians below.

Weather Protection: -

Tarps and Windbreaks: Depending on the climate, tarps can shield workers from rain, snow, or extreme heat, while windbreaks provide protection from strong winds.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) -

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Helmets: Helmets protect workers' heads from falling objects and head injuries, which can be especially important on a scaffold where there may be overhead hazards. Gloves: Gloves protect workers' hands and enhance their grip when handling tools and materials, re-

Signage and Communication -

Warning Signs: Proper signage is essential to communicate safety information effectively. Warning signs indicate restricted access areas, safety guidelines, and other

Scaffolding safety equipment and tools compliance with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) regulations Scaffold safety training for construction workers in India is essential to ensure compliance with safety regulations set forth by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and to protect the wellbeing of workers. Here's an overview of key elements in scaffold safety training with a focus on BIS compliance: 1. Regulatory Awareness: Begin the

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SCAFFOLDING SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS

training by providing an understanding of BIS regulations relevant to scaffolding. This includes standards such as IS 3696 Part 1 and Part 2, which outline specifications and safety requirements for scaffolds. 2. Safe Scaffold Erection: Train workers on the proper methods for erecting and dismantling scaffolds, ensuring they follow BIS guidelines for scaffold design, dimensions, and materials. 3. Load Capacity: Emphasize the importance of adhering to load-bearing capacities as per BIS standards. Workers should understand the limits of scaffolds to prevent overloading, which can lead to structural failure. 4. Fall Prevention: Highlight the use of safety equipment, such as guardrails, toeboards, and personal protective equipment (PPE) like harnesses and

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helmets, to prevent falls from scaffolds. 5. Stability and Bracing: Teach workers how to assess and ensure the stability of scaffolds, including the use of braces, ties, and base plates, in accordance with BIS requirements. 6. Inspection and Maintenance: Emphasize the need for routine scaffold inspections and maintenance as per BIS guidelines to identify and rectify any issues promptly. 7. Safety Signage: Educate workers about the importance of safety signage on scaffolds to communicate their condition and safety status, in line with BIS recommendations. 8. Emergency Response: Provide training on responding to scaffold-related emergencies, such as falls or accidents,

and the appropriate actions to take. 9. Hands-On Practice: Practical training and demonstrations on scaffold assembly, safety equipment usage, and proper procedures are crucial to reinforce learning. 10. Certification: Consider offering certification or documentation to workers who have successfully completed scaffold safety training. This provides a record of compliance and competence. Conclusion Ensuring the safety of workers on construction sites through the use of proper scaffolding equipment and tools is important. By investing in highquality equipment, providing proper training, and adhering to safety regulations, both employers and workers can ensure a safer work environment.

October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT

Construction Safety Measurement and Accident Control Measures Er. Shamanth Kumar M, Managing Director, Skanda Group of Constructions

ABSTRACT Construction activities have made a great breakthrough in the last two decades on the back of increase in development activities, and public demand. Still occupational health and safety issues have become major concern to construction organizations. The world society and economy have suffered financial and human losses as a result of poor safety management in the construction industry. The impact is however more in developing countries. The purpose of this article is to explore major safety provisions and also a detailed study has been conducted on safety management procedures in construction sites. Different types of accidents occurring in construction sites and measures taken to control these accidents are also analyzed in this article. Datas have been collected through various site visits, literature review and from various construction safety standards including BIS and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). The article has been concluded after putting forward a set of recommendations for construction organizations to improve the occupational safety in the construction sites. INTRODUCTION Construction industry is considered as one of the most hazardous industries in the world. There has been an increase in the number of buildings which are built for commercial, residential and office purposes every year. The construction market continues to expand due to the day by day increase in need of infrastructure facilities, homes, office spaces etc. The construction industry is very complex and hence it is prone to numerous health hazards. Therefore safety is a vital concern in the construction industry to result in a hazardous free environment. Safety professionals have analyzed that the major workplace accidents are initiated by unsafe behaviors and that their control is one of the keys to successful accident prevention resulting in low accident rate in construction sites. The number of fatal accidents in construction sites is not easy to quantify as information on this issue is not available October 2023 • Constrofacilitator

for most countries. The main concern is completing projects at the required quality with minimum time and cost. Carelessness has been considered as the major reason for accidents and hazards happening in construction sites. With the change in timings and schedules along with the change of men themselves combined with the nature of the construction jobs makes the construction industry as one with accident risks. Hence the major aim of this article is to minimize the accidents occurring in construction sites. More than 3 million working days were lost due to hazards and accidents in the sites. Falls from elevated positions is the major cause of accidents and deaths in construction sites. Unexpected accidents which occur affect the overall plan of the projects which leads to production loss, lagging of works and interruption of production flow. Even though accidents cannot be completely erased, the affects of those accidents on workers can be controlled. Occupational health and safety issues have become a major concern in construction organizations. Due to lack of enforcement of applicable legislation's, most of the construction organizations are forced to opt for implementation Occupational Health Safety Assessment series (OSHAS) to improve safety performance. It has been accepted that the construction workers have a high risk of work related illness and accidents than in any other public sector. Therefore there is an urgent need to reduce risk reduction by implementing a site safety management. Construction safety management is a method which is used to control safety activities in order to ensure a safe working environment in the construction site. Safety during the construction project is also influenced to a great part by decisions made during planning and design process. Construction safety can be branched into four groups which are panning for safety, employee training for safety, first aid and medical measures and safety policies by the management. LITERATURE REVIEW Various literature's were studied in order to gain a clear view on

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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT

safety management and safety practices in construction industry. The study examined safety management in construction industry including organizational safety policy, safety training, meeting, inspection, penalties and workers attitude towards safety. The study concludes that a focused dedication inwards safety is needed and also the owners of large projects can more actively participate in construction safety management. Implementation of various safety management strategies in construction sites was studied. The proper practice and evaluation of safety management can improve the occupational safety in construction site. The study investigate how effective is the safety policy taken by the Australian organizations. A relationship between safety management and safety practices was found out. This article aims at exploring current safety practices in the construction industry of Lebanon. The study found out the existence of construction safety law but the safety problems are due to the absence of its enforcement. Even though the laws are maintained the proper practice of these laws in the construction sites are missing. The study examines how the project owners, contractors and subcontractors are related in safety management. They concluded that for proper implementation of safety management in construction sites, the owner, contractor, sub contractors and labour should work together and follow the safety practices. This study examines the effect of three types of institutional pressure on safety environment in construction. This article propose that at the planning stage itself the major issues on safety should be erased completely. Early planning of construction processes can be promoted in order to improve safety. This article explores the importance of workplace risk assessments (WRA). The implementation of WRA is considered

strictly in European Union countries. The implementation and practices of WRA were studied. In this article a multi criteria analysis was done in order to make a mathematical model. It has a hierarchical structure with four phases of life-cycle of buildings. The article concludes that the implementation of proper health and safety criteria can improve the sustainable value of projects. METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted for this study was identifying real time problems in sites through site visits and also various datas were collected from literature's and safety standards. A clear pictorial representation of the methodology and safety assessments have been shown in Figure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Major Accidents in Sites and Control Measures 1. ACCIDENTS FROM Scaffolding's Scaffolding is considered as one of the most dangerous jobs in construction due to the heights involved in it. Accidents can happen to the workers constructing the scaffolds, workers using the scaffolds and any people who may pass by the scaffold. The major reason for occurrence of hazards in scaffolds is its improper erection. Falls from elevation is the most common scaffolding hazard. Injuries related with scaffolds also include chance of being struck with falling objects or debris. Electricity is another major risk in scaffold related works as electrical lines are usually elevated making the scaffold user prone to contact with those electric lines.

LITERATURE REVIEW DATA COLLECTION IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS IN SITE ACCIDENT CONTROL MEASURES REAL TIME PROBLEMS IN SITE ISSUES PROJECTED TO SUPERIORS REMEDIAL ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN IMPLEMENTATION OF REMEDIES

SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLANNING FOR SAFETY IN SITES EMPLOYEE TRAINING FOR SAFETY FIRST AID AND MEDICAL MEASURES SAFETY POLICY BY MANAGEMENT

IMPLEMENTATION DONE IN SITE BY THE MANAGEMENT Methodology adopted for this work

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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT

CONTROL MEASURES Rigid and strong scaffolds must be ensured and it should withstand its own weight and four times the maximum estimated load without any sway or settlement. Ø Scaffolds should not be supported on concrete blocks, bricks or any other unstable substances. Ø Safety belts and nets should be used for works from heights. Ø Erection, movement and dismantling of scaffolds must be done only under the supervision of a qualified person. Ø A minimum distance of 10 feet must be maintained from electric power lines to prevent electrocution. Ø In regular intervals the scaffolds must be inspected by a competent person. 2. SLIP, TRIP AND FALLS Slip, trip and falls (STFs) are one of the most considered factors considered in safety management. Slip can be defined when there is very little friction between feet and walking surface and the body balance is lost. Whereas, when the upper body continues its movement even after the lower leg or foot hits an obstacle, trip occurs. Falls can be of two types, first is the fall at same level and the next type is fall to a lower level. CONTROL MEASURES Ø Waste materials should be disposed immediately from the site. Ø Working floor must be maintained clean and dry. Ø Spillage on site should be cleaned immediately. Ø The walkway on the site must be maintained without any materials or obstacles. Ø Debris, concrete, broken blocks or any other obstacle must be cleared off from the site Ø Safety shoes or traction footwear must be used in the construction site. Ø Cables or littering binding wires must be kept at proper allotted places in the construction site. 3. CRANE ACCIDENTS Cranes are often the largest equipment used in a construction site. Therefore they are highly dangerous too. Mostly crane accidents occur when they are being overused without considering the specifications. If the maximum weight on the crane is exceeded then buckling can be caused or the boom may be collapsed. Another common reason for crane collapse is improper assembling of the crane. A crane must be maintained properly by oiling the crane parts especially the joints in a regular basis. The cranes which goes in contact with the overhead electric lines is another key cause of crane accident which leads to electrocution. Improper inspection of the crane and presence of unskilled crane operators also can lead the cranes to hazardous failures.

than the maximum carrying capacity of the crane. Ø Chains, wire ropes and hooks must be regularly inspected by competent people. Ø The load should never be moved over a worker. Ø Before using a crane all the controls of the crane must be inspected and ensured to be perfect for proper operation of the crane. Ø Overhead electrical transmission wires must be watched to prevent contact of crane with the wires. Ø The crane should never be operated by an unskilled operator and a well efficient person should only operate a crane. This must be ensured by the management. Ø All rigging's must be fully checked before using the crane. Ø Assembling of the crane must be done under the supervision of professionals. 4. LADDER ACCIDENTS Ladder accidents or ladder falls is one of the most concerned safety problems in construction site. Fall from a height more than one meter is more dangerous. Using a wrong ladder can lead to accidents. Ladder accidents occur more when the worker climbs the ladder with his tool in the other hand. The ground on which the ladder is placed should be rigid and the ladder fails when it is placed on an unstable object like brick, blocks etc. CONTROL MEASURES Ø The correct ladder must be used for the particular work. Ø Defective of damaged ladder should be marked or tagged and must be kept away from the workers in the site. Ø A ladder should never be loaded more than its load carrying capacity. Ø Metallic ladders must be avoided for doing electrical works. Ø Length of the ladder must be ensured to be longer than the climbing height. Ø Workers must be given safety training about the usage of ladders in construction sites. SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE I.

Planning for Safety

Every construction organization should develop a performance oriented safety programme. A safety management procedure is briefly shown in figure.

CONTROL MEASURES Ø It should be ensured that the load on the crane is not higher

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CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASUREMENT

A document including information about personnel protection equipment's (PPE), hazardous substances in site, use of power equipment's, safety practices, safety policies, emergency procedures in site, responsibilities of workers etc should be made. This safety document should be made available to all the workers in the construction site. II. Training for Safety in Sites Proper training about safety should be provided for workers. It is a major component of safety management. Workers should be made aware about different hazards that can occur in sites and control of those hazards. By this training the workers should be able to handle any emergency situation of safety in sites without panic and also they should understand the relevance of safety practices in sites.

The basic accident preventive measure outlined by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) are: Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø

Safety helmets for head protection. Hearing aids for ear protection Safety shoes with steel toe for foot protection Safety glasses or goggles for eye protection especially for welding works and in sunlight. Clothes should be worn according to the climatic conditions. Use of high visibility clothing should be ensured especially for works during night shifts. Safety training programme should be conducted occasionally by the safety department. Medical services and first aids should be ensured in site always.

CONCLUSION III. Medical Services and First Aids First aid and medical facilities should be made readily available in sites according to the size of site and number of workers in the site. The employer must be responsible for this and should ensure the availability of medicines and first aids in the sites.

It has been identified that safety management is the most important area in a construction work which ensures sound health of the workers in the construction site and also prevents occurrence of different types of hazards and accidents in a construction site. In this article, the major parameters which are considered in the safety management were discussed. The different stages of safety management have been observed and analyzed. Various accidents which are occurring in a construction site were observed and remedies that are to be taken in order to prevent these accidents were sorted out. The study shows that implementation of safety measures is more important than safety planning and training. In order to ensure safety, a safety engineer or officer should always be present at the construction site to inspect the implementation of safety in the sites. The management should make safety equipment's mandatory. All the workers should be provided with personnel protection equipment's to ensure their own safety. Proper remedies and measures should be taken in every construction site to prevent any chance of occurrence of any kind of accidents.

IV. Safety Policy by Management

About Author

The safety policy of the management is very relevant in maintaining workplace safety. Apart from the safety plans and training programme, the management must ensure that the workers are following the safety standards in the site. Regular safety inspections must be conducted by the management in the sites.

The author is the Managing Director at Skanda Group of Constructions. He is an experienced Civil Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the construction industry. He is skilled in AutoCAD, Construction, Management, Concrete, and Structural Analysis.

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What is the huss about eMagazine eMagazine is a digital medium for interac on among the various personnel among the construc on industry namely, Manufacturers, Business to Business users and the Civil Engineering professionals.

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