Public Health in International Investment Law and Arbitration 9781138025233, 9780415507493

Table of contents :
Front Cover......Page 1
Public Health in International Investment Law and Arbitration......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Table of treaties......Page 10
Table of cases......Page 13
Foreword......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgements......Page 22
List of abbreviations......Page 23
Introduction......Page 26
Introductory note......Page 34
Foreign direct investment: definition and function......Page 36
Multilateral failures and bilateral successes......Page 38
Contents of investment treaties......Page 40
The settlement of disputes between foreign investors and states......Page 42
Main characteristics of investor–state arbitration......Page 46
Final remarks......Page 48
Introduction......Page 50
A historical overview......Page 51
Defining health......Page 53
The international legal framework......Page 57
The scope and the content of state obligations......Page 62
The linkage between public health and development......Page 64
Conclusions......Page 67
Introduction......Page 70
Globalization, state sovereignty and neo-medievalism in international law......Page 72
The regulatory powers of the host state......Page 75
The dispute settlement mechanisms......Page 76
Public law and investment treaty arbitration......Page 82
Investment treaty arbitration as global administrative law......Page 84
Conclusions......Page 86
Introductory note......Page 88
Introduction......Page 92
Access to medicines in international law......Page 93
Pharmaceutical patent regulation in international economic law......Page 95
A taxonomy of claims in the patent area......Page 98
Expropriation......Page 99
Compensation......Page 105
Fair and equitable treatment......Page 108
Non-discrimination......Page 109
Interpretation......Page 110
Negotiation and mediation......Page 112
Legal drafting......Page 114
Conclusions......Page 116
Introduction......Page 118
Tobacco control as a human rights issue......Page 119
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)......Page 122
Expropriation......Page 124
Fair and equitable treatment......Page 128
The prohibition of unreasonable measures......Page 131
Negotiation/ mediation......Page 135
Interpretation......Page 139
Textual interpretation......Page 140
Teleological interpretation......Page 141
Subsidiary means of treaty interpretation......Page 143
Systemic interpretation......Page 146
Stipulating ad hoc safeguards......Page 148
Conclusions......Page 150
Introduction......Page 152
The conceptual and normative scope of environmental health......Page 153
Environmental provisions in investment treaties......Page 156
Arbitrating disputes with environmental health elements......Page 160
Indirect expropriation......Page 161
The sole effects doctrine in environmental disputes......Page 162
The police powers doctrine in environmental disputes......Page 164
Ascertaining discrimination in environmental disputes......Page 168
The fair and equitable treatment standard in environmental disputes......Page 173
Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 175
The role of science in international investment law and arbitration......Page 178
The standard of review......Page 180
Conclusions......Page 183
Introductory note......Page 186
Introduction......Page 188
Unity versus fragmentation......Page 189
The applicable law......Page 191
Public policy......Page 197
Conflict and reconciliation of norms in investor–state arbitration......Page 200
Interpretation......Page 202
Judicial borrowing in investment treaty arbitration......Page 203
The use of precedents of other international courts and tribunals in investment treaty arbitration......Page 204
The use of precedents of national courts in investor-state arbitration......Page 207
Treatment in accordance with international law......Page 209
Conclusions......Page 212
Conclusions......Page 214
Selected bibliography......Page 220
Index......Page 242

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Public Health in International Investment Law and Arbitration

Is a State free to adopt measures to protect the public health of its citizens? If so, what are the limits, if any, to such regulatory powers? This book addresses these questions by focusing on the clash between the regulatory autonomy of the state and international investment governance. As a wide variety of state regulations allegedly aimed at protecting public health may interfere with foreign investments, a tension exists between the public health policies of the host state and investment treaty provisions. Under most investment treaties, States have waived their sovereign immunity, and have agreed to give arbitrators a comprehensive jurisdiction over what are essentially regulatory disputes. Some scholars and practitioners have expressed concern regarding the magnitude of decision-making power allocated to investment treaty tribunals. This book contributes to the current understanding of international investment law and arbitration, addressing the fundamental question of whether public health has, and/or should have, any relevance in contemporary international investment law and policy. With a focus on the ‘clash of cultures’ between international investment law and public health, the author critically analyses the emerging case law of investment treaty arbitration and considers the theoretical interplay between public health and investor rights in international investment law. The book also explores the interplay between investment law and public health in practice, focusing on specific sectors such as pharmaceutical patents, tobacco regulation and environmental health. It then goes on to analyze the available means for promoting consideration of public health in international investment law and suggests new methods and approaches to better reconcile public health and investor rights. Dr. Valentina Vadi is a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow at Maastricht University, the Netherlands. She holds degrees in law from the University of Siena, the European University Institute and the University of Oxford. She has lectured in international investment law in several countries and has published extensively in this area.

Routledge Research in International Economic Law Available:

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Recognition and Regulation of Safeguard Measures Under GATT/WTO Sheela Rai The Interaction between WTO Law and External International Law The Constrained Openness of WTO Law Ronnie R.F. Yearwood Human Rights, Natural Resource and Investment Law in a Globalised World Shades of Grey in the Shadow of the Law Lorenzo Cotula The Domestic Politics of Negotiating International Trade Intellectual Property Rights in US-Colombia and US-Peru Free Trade Agreements Johanna von Braun Foreign Investment and Dispute Resolution Law and Practice in Asia Vivienne Bath and Luke Nottage (eds) Improving International Investment Agreements Armand De Mestral and Céline Lévesque (eds) Public Health in International Investment Law and Arbitration Valentina Vadi Forthcoming: Trade Remedies A Development Perspective Asif Qureshi

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Public Health in International Investment Law and Arbitration Valentina Vadi

First published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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© 2013 Valentina Vadi The right of Valentina Vadi to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Vadi, Valentina. Public health in international investment law and arbitration / Valentina Vadi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-415-50749-3 (hardback) — ISBN 978-0-203-10674-7 (e-book) 1. Public health laws. 2. Investments, Foreign (International law) 3. Dispute resolution (Law) 4. Arbitration and award. I. Title. K3570.V33 2012 344.03’21—dc23 2012002517 ISBN 978-0-415-50749-3 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-203-10674-7 (ebk) Typeset in Garamond No.3® by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

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Contents

Table of treaties Table of cases Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction

ix xii xviii xx xxi xxii 1

PART I

Foreign direct investments and public health: defining and connecting the two fields

9

Introductory note 9 1

International investment law

11

Introduction 11 Foreign direct investment: definition and function 11 Multilateral failures and bilateral successes 13 Contents of investment treaties 15 The settlement of disputes between foreign investors and states 17 Main characteristics of investor–state arbitration 21 Final remarks 23 2

Public health in contemporary international law and policy Introduction 25 A historical overview 26 Defining health 28 The international legal framework 32 The scope and the content of state obligations 37

25

vi

Contents The linkage between public health and development 39 Conclusions 42

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3

The interplay between public health and foreign direct investments

45

Introduction 45 Globalization, state sovereignty and neo-medievalism in international law 47 The regulatory powers of the host state 50 The dispute settlement mechanisms 51 Public law and investment treaty arbitration 57 Investment treaty arbitration as global administrative law 59 Conclusions 61 PART II

The interplay of foreign investment and public health in practice

63

Introductory note 63 4

Access to medicines in international investment law and arbitration

67

Introduction 67 Access to medicines in international law 68 Pharmaceutical patent regulation in international economic law 70 A taxonomy of claims in the patent area 73 Expropriation 74 Compensation 80 Fair and equitable treatment 83 Non-discrimination 84 Reconciling patent rights with public health in investment law 85 Interpretation 85 Negotiation and mediation 87 Legal drafting 89 Conclusions 91 5

Trademark protection v. tobacco control in international investment law Introduction 93 Global health governance and tobacco control 94 Tobacco control as a human rights issue 94 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) 97

93

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Contents

vii

The ‘tobacco wars’: case studies in international investment law 99 Expropriation 99 Non-discrimination 103 Fair and equitable treatment 103 The prohibition of unreasonable measures 106 Reconciling investor rights and tobacco control in investment law 110 Negotiation/mediation 110 Interpretation 114 Textual interpretation 115 Teleological interpretation 116 Subsidiary means of treaty interpretation 118 Systemic interpretation 121 Stipulating ad hoc safeguards 123 Conclusions 125 6

The environmental health spillovers of foreign direct investment in international investment arbitration

127

Introduction 127 The conceptual and normative scope of environmental health 128 Environmental provisions in investment treaties 131 Arbitrating disputes with environmental health elements 135 Indirect expropriation 136 The sole effects doctrine in environmental disputes 137 The police powers doctrine in environmental disputes 139 Ascertaining discrimination in environmental disputes 143 The fair and equitable treatment standard in environmental disputes 148 Reconciling environmental health and investor rights 150 Environmental Impact Assessment 150 The role of science in international investment law and arbitration 153 The standard of review 156 Conclusions 158 PART III

Reconciling public health and investor rights in international investment law

161

Introductory note 161 7

Reconciling conflicting interests Introduction 163 Unity versus fragmentation 164

163

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viii

Contents The applicable law 166 Public policy 172 Conflict and reconciliation of norms in investor–state arbitration 175 Interpretation 177 Judicial borrowing in investment treaty arbitration 178 The use of precedents of other international courts and tribunals in investment treaty arbitration 179 The use of precedents of national courts in investor-state arbitration 182 Treatment in accordance with international law 184 Conclusions 187 Conclusions

189

Selected bibliography Index

195 217

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Table of treaties

This Table contains an alphabetical listing of all treaties and international instruments cited in the text. The treaties are cited to a print source, where this was available at the time of this writing. The majority of BITs can be accessed electronically on the UNCTAD repository: < http://www.unctadxi.org/templates/ docsearch____779.aspx. Agreement Between the EFTA States and Singapore, signed on 26 June 2002 entered into force on 1 January 2003, available at http://secretariat.efta.int .............................................. 131 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, Tashkent, 1 October 1992 .............................................................................................. 99 Agreement between the Government of Hong Kong and the Government of Australia for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (Hong Kong-Australia BIT) 15 September 1993..................................................................................................................... 100, 110 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Hungary and the Government of the Russian Federation for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (Hungary-Russian Federation BIT) 6 March 1995 ........................................................ 133 Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Republic of Argentina for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (UK-Argentina BIT) 11 December 1990 .............................................. 106 Agreement Between the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Trade Relations, signed on 13 July 2000, available at ............. 124 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 15 April 1994, 33 ILM (1994) 1144–1153......................................................................................................... 40, 53, 67 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) Annex 1C to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 33 ILM 1994, p. 1197ff. in force since 1 January 1995............................................................... 14, 52–3, 55, 67–8, 70–3, 76–8, 81, 83–4, 86–7, 89–91, 205, 225–8, 123, 180, 182 Articles of Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development as amended in 1965, 606 UNTS 294 ................................................................................. 13 Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, adopted on 22 July 1944 and entered into force 27 December 1945, 2 UNTS 40 ......................................................... 13 Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) entered into force 1 January 2005 .................................................................................................. 56, 114, 117 Charter for an International Trade Organization, (Havana Charter) Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment, held at Havana, Cuba from 21 November 1947 to 24 March 1948, UN Document 1948 II.D.4.1 (1948)................................. 13–14

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Table of treaties

Charter of the United Nations signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco and entered into force on 24 October 1946, 1 UNTS XVI ................................................................................ 33 Chile-United States Free Trade Agreement, 6 June 2003 entered into force on 1 January 2004. The text of the agreement is available at http://www.ustr.gov ........................... 56, 89, 134 Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of India and the Republic of Singapore, 29 June 2005 ............................................................................. 89 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the European Convention on Human Rights [ECHR]), 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953, 213 UNTS 222 ........................................................................ 61, 70, 78, 118, 179 Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), signed on 25 June 1998 and entered into force on 30 October 2001. 2161 UNTS 447.......................................................... 219 Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention), 22 March 1989, 28 ILM 656 (1989 ............................. 145–6 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention) 10 June 1958, 330 UNTS 38 ..................................................... 22, 123, 172 Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Montevideo Convention), Montevideo, 26 December 1933, entered into force 26 December 1934, Treaty Series 881 ............... 129 Convention on the Rights of The Child, 20 November 1989 GA Res 44/25 UN GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No 49, at 167, UN Doc A/44/49 (1989)................................................ 34, 96 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID Convention) Washington, 18 March 1965, entered into force 14 October 1966, 575 UNTS. 159 ............................................................................................. 172–3 Declaration of Alma Ata adopted by the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, former USSR presently Kazakhstan, 6–12 September 1978, available at http:// www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf ..39Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration), adopted at Rio de Janeiro, 14 June 1992, 31 ILM 874 (1992) .................................................................................................................... 40, 155 Declaration on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration) 16 June 1972 UN Doc A/Conf 48/14/rev. 1 11 ILM 1416 (1972) ............................................................... 40, 129 Dominican Republic – Central America – United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) Washington, 5 August 2004, entered into force 1 March 2006 [US, El Salvador], 1 April [Honduras, Nicaragua] and 1 July 2006 [Guatemala] 16(6) World Trade and Arb. Mat 87 ................................................................................................................. 115, 152 Economic Partnership Agreement Between the CARIFORUM States, of the One Part, and the European Community and Its Member States of the other Part, Bridgetown, Barbados, 15 October 2008 available at http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/regions/acp/pr220208_ en.htm............................................................................................................................ 92 Energy Charter Treaty, Lisbon, 17 December 1994, 2080 UNTS 95 ................. 131–132, 134 International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination, adopted by UNGA 21 December 1965, UN GAOR Res 2106 A (XX) entered into force 4 January 1969............................................................................................................................... 34 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) UNGA resolution 2200 (XXI) 16 December 1966, entered into force on 3 January 1976 (999 UNTS 171) ..................................................................................... 28–9, 34, 37–9, 95, 128, 130 Morocco-United States Free Trade Agreement, Washington, 15 June 2004, online at http:// www.ustr.gov............................................................................................................ 89–90 North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), entered into force on 1 January 1994. 32 ILM 1480 (1993) ........................................................................... 133

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 17 December 1992 and entered into force 1 January 1994, (1993) 32 ILM 289 ...... 12, 14, 22, 41, 74–5, 78–80, 84–5, 89, 102, 104, 112, 115, 131–6, 138, 141, 144, 146–9, 154, 166, 184–5 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, lastly revised at Stockholm on July 14, 1967, and as amended on September 28, 1979. 828 UNTS 305 ....................... 51, 105 Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement between Brunei Darussalam, Chile, Singapore and New Zealand, signed in Wellington on 18 July 2005 and entered into force on 1 May 2006 http://www.mfat.govt.nz/downloads/trade-agreement/transpacific/ main-agreement.pdf ..................................................................................................... 133 Treaty between the United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment (US-Uruguay BIT) 1 November 2005............................................................................................................................... 89 Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Ecuador concerning the reciprocal encouragement and protection of investment (the US-Ecuador BIT), Washington, 27 August 1993, entered into force 11 May 1997 ......................................................... 110 Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, signed on 13 December 2007 and entered into force on 1 December 2009, OJ C306/135 of 17 December 2007 ................................................................... 123 Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding) Annex 2 of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 33 I.L.M. 1226 (1994) 15 April 1994, 33 ILM 112 ................ 52, 118 United Nations Millennium Declaration, GA Resolution A/RES/55/2, 18 September 200039 United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement, signed on 22 November 2006 ........ 90 United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA), signed on 30 June 2007 ......... 90 United States-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement, signed on 28 June 2007, entered into force 21 October 2011 ............................................................................................................ 90 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNGA Res. 217A (III), adopted on 10 December 1948....................................................................................................... 33–4, 61, 69, 131 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna, 22 May 1969, entered into force on 27 January 1980, 1155 UNTS p 331................................................................ 35, 85, 191 WHO Constitution adopted on 22 July 1946 and entered into force on 7 April 1948. 14 UNTS 221..................................................................................................................... 29, 33, 97 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), WHA Res. 56.1, World Health Assembly, Annex WHO Doc. A56.VR/4, 21 May 2003 entered into force on 27 February 2005, 42 ILM (2003) 518......................................................... 93, 96–8, 107–115, 122–3

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Table of cases

Investment Arbitration This Table contains an alphabetical listing of all arbitral awards cited in the text. The awards are cited to a print source, where this was available at the time of this writing. Unreported awards and notices of intent are cited by giving a docket number, where one has been used. The majority of such awards can be accessed electronically on one or more of the following websites: (the official ICSID website); (the official site of the Government of the United States); and, in the case of claims under NAFTA, . Abengoa S.A. and COFIDES, S.A. v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/09/2 pending .........................................................................................................................149 ADC Affiliate Limited and ADC & ADMC Management Limited v. Republic of Hungary, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/16, (Merits) (2 October 2006) ...........................................................157 Apotex Inc. v. the Government of the United States of America, Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the UNCITRAL and the NAFTA, (10 December 2008)............................ 78–9, 84–5 Apotex Inc. v. United States of America, Statement of Defense – Respondent United States of America, 15 March 2011 .................................................................................................79 Archer Daniels Midland Company and Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. v. United Mexican States, (Merits) (21 November 2007) (ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/04/5 .......................................53 Azurix Corp. v. The Argentine Republic, Award, 14 July 2006, ICSID Case ARB/01/12 ........124 BG Group Plc v. Argentina, UNCITRAL (UK/Argentina BIT), Award, 24 December 2007 106 Biloune and Marine Drive Complex Ltd v. the Government of Ghana (UNCITRAL) (Merits) (30 June 1993) 95 ILR 183 ...................................................................................................17, 181 Burlington Resources Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador (ICSID Case No. ARB/08/5), Decision on Jurisdiction of 2 June 2010 ...........................................................................................111 Canadian Cattlemen for Fair Trade v. United States (Jurisdiction) (28 January 2008) .............146 Corn Products International, Inc. v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/04/1, Decision on Responsibility, 15 January 2008 ...................................................................53 Channel Tunnel Group Limited v. Secretary of State for Transport of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and le Ministre de l’Equipement, des Transports, de l’Aménagement du Territoire, du tourisme et de la Mer du Gouvernement de la République Française (Partial Award) 2007, 132 ILR 2008 .............................................................................181 Chemtura Corporation (formerly Crompton Corporation) v. Canada, Award, 2 August 2010 ..........................................................................................124, 142–3, 149, 153–4, 156–8 Chevron Corp. (USA) and Texaco Petroleum Corporation (USA) v. The Republic of Ecuador, Partial Award on Merits, 30 March 2010, PCA, UNCITRAL Rules, ........................................135

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Table of cases

xiii

Clayton (William Ralph) William Richard Clayton, Douglas Clayton, Daniel Clayton and Bilcon of Delaware Inc. v. Government of Canada (Notice of Arbitration) (26 May 2008) .................151 Clayton (William Ralph) William Richard Clayton, Douglas Clayton, Daniel Clayton and Bilcon of Delaware Inc. v. Government of Canada, (Clayton and Bilcon v. Canada) Statement of Defence of the Government of Canada, 4 May 2009, available at http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/ CanadaStatementDefence04May.PDF ............................................................................151 Compañia de Aguas del Aconquija SA & Vivendi Universal v. Argentine Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3) (Annulment Decision) (3 July 2002) 41 ILM 1135 ................................20, 104 Compañìa del Desarollo de Santa Elena SA v. Republic of Costa Rica, ICSID Case No. ARB/96/1 (Merits) (17 February 2000), 15 (1) ICSID Review-FILJ 169 ....................................82, 181 Consortium RFCC v. Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/6, Final Award 22 December 2003, 20 ICSID Rev.-FILJ (2005) ..................................................................................137 Crompton Corp v. Government of Canada (Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the UNCITRAL and the NAFTA) (10 February 2005) ................................................124, 142 Dow AgroSciences LLC v. the Government of Canada (Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration Under Chapter Eleven of the NAFTA) (25 August 2008) ............................149 Dow AgroSciences LLC v. the Government of Canada (Settlement Agreement) (25 May 2011) ............................................................................................................................150 Ethyl Corporation v. Canada (Notice of Arbitration under the Arbitration Rules of the UNCITRAL and the NAFTA) (14 April 1997) .............................................................144 Ethyl Corporation v. Canada (Statement of Claim) (2 October 1997) ....................................144 Ethyl Corp. v. Canada, Statement of Defence, 27 November 1997.......................................144 Feldman Karpa (Marvin Roy) v. United Mexican States, Case No ARB(AF)/99/1, (Merits) (16 December 2002), 42 ILM 625 .............................................................................102–3 FTR Holding S.A. (Switzerland), Philip Morris Products S.A. (Switzerland) and Abal Hermanos S.A. (Uruguay) v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay (ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7). Request for Arbitration, 19 February 2010 ........................................................................................................2, 99 Generation Ukraine v. Ukraine, (Merits) 16 September 2003, 44 ILM 404 .............................60 Gallo (Vito G) v. Government of Canada (Investor’s Memorial Public Version) (23 June 2008) ......143 Gallo (Vito G) v. Government of Canada (Procedural Order No 1) (4 June 2008)...................143 Gallo (Vito G) v. Government of Canada (Statement of Defence) (15 September 2008) ......144–5 Grand River Enterprises Six Nations Ltd, et al. v. United States of America (Award) (12 January 2011) ................................................................................................................101–2, 104 Howard, Melvin J. Centurion Health Corporation & Howard Family Trust v. Government of Canada, Order for the Termination of the Proceedings and Award on Costs, 2 August 2010, online ............................................................................................................................134 Kuwait, Government of v. American Independent Oil Co. [Aminoil], (1984) 66 ILR 518 ............170 Maffezini (Emilio Augusto) v. Kingdom of Spain (Jurisdiction) (13 November 2000) ICSID Case No ARB/97/7, 5 ICSID Rep 387...........................................................................151, 153 Metalclad Corporation v. The United Mexican States (Merits) (30 August 2000), Case No. ARB(AF)/97/1, 40 ILM 36 ..........................................................................17, 187–9, 148 Methanex Corp. v. United States, UNCITRAL NAFTA Tribunal (Merits) (3 August 2005), 44 ILM 1345 ..........................................................................124, 141–2, 147, 154, 170, 180 Middle East Cement Shipping and Handling Co. SA v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID ARB 99/6, (Merits) (12 April 2002) 18 ICSID Review-FILJ 602........................................................77 Murphy Exploration and Production Company International v. Republic of Ecuador, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/4 – award on jurisdiction .................................................................................111 Myers S.D. v. Government of Canada, Partial Award (Merits), 13 November 2000, 40 ILM 1408....................................................................................................12, 141, 144–7, 184

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Mondev International Ltd v. United States of America (Award) (11 October 2002), NAFTA/ ICSID(AF), 6 ICSID Rep. 181 ...................................................................................184–5 Noble Ventures Inc. v. Romania (ICSID Case No ARB/01/11) (Merits) (12 October 2005), ......................................................................................................................................177 Pacific Rim Cayman LLC v. El Salvador (CAFTA) (Notice of Intent) (9 December 2008)......152 Pey Casado (Victor) and President Allende Foundation v. Chile, ICSID Case No ARB/98/2 (Merits) (8 May 2008).................................................................................................................131 Philip Morris Asia Ltd v. the Commonwealth of Australia, Notice of Claim, 15 July 2011, http:// www.dfat.gov.au/foi/downloads/dfat-foi-11–20550.pdf ..........................................101, 105 Philip Morris Asia Ltd v. the Commonwealth of Australia, Notice of Arbitration, 21 November 2011, available at http://italaw.com/documents/PhilipMorrisAsiaLimited_v_Australia_ NOA_21Nov2011.pdf ..................................................................................................101 Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, Australia’s Response to the Notice of Arbitration, 21 December 2011, http://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/ legal-and-regulatory-detail.asp?key=6985 .............................................................101, 105 Pope & Talbot Inc. v. Government of Canada (Merits, Phase 2) (10 April 2001) 7 ICSID Reports..........................................................................................................................184 The Renco Group Inc. v. the Republic of Peru, Claimant’s Notice of Intent to Commence Arbitration under United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, 29 December 2010 .................135 Republique d’Italie v. Republique de Cuba, Arbitrage ad hoc, Sentence Finale, 2008, available at http://www.iareporter.com/downloads/20110901_1 ........................................................73 Saipem v. Bangladesh, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/7, (Merits), 30 June 2009 ............................80 Saluka Investments BV v. Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, PCA, (Merits) (17 March 2006) 18(3) World Trade and Arb. Materials 184 .....................................................................124, 140 Siemens AG v. Argentine Republic Award, 6 February 2007, available at http://italaw.com/ documents/Siemens-Argentina-Award.pdf .....................................................................181 Signa v. Canada Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration, 4 March 1996 ..............84 Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Arab Republic of Egypt (Jurisdiction) (27 November 1985), 3 ICSID Rep 112 ........................................................................165 St Marys VCNA, LLC v. Government of Canada, Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under Section B of Chapter 11 of the NAFTA, 13 May 2011 .........................................144 Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case ARB/03/19, 45 Decision on Liability, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/19, 30 July 2010 ......................................................................................................................104 Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed SA v. United Mexican States, ARB(AF)/00/2, (Merits) (29 May 2003) 43 ILM 133 .........................................................................................................138 Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co. v. Libyan Arab Republic (Award) (1978) 17 ILM 3; (1979) 53 ILR 389................................................................................................................................170 World Duty Free v. Republic of Kenya, ICSID Case No ARB/00/7, (Merits) (4 October 2006) ............................................................................................................................170

International Affaire des biens britanniques au Maroc espagnol – Espagne v. Royaume Uni (British claims in the Spanish zone of Morocco), 1 May 1925, 2 RIAA, 615–742 ................................................192 Armed Activities in the Territory of the Congo between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, (Dem. Rep. Congo v. Rwanda) (ICJ Judgment Jurisdiction and Admissibility) [2006] ICJ Rep. 1 ...............................................................................................................169, 171–2

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Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), ICJ, Judgment of 5 February 1970, 1970 ICJ Reports 3 ..............................................................................19 Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia – the Chorzow Factory Case, (Merits), Judgment of 25 May 1926, 1927 PCIJ (ser A) No 7 ................................................................53, 72, 74 Continental Shelf (Libya v. Malta), [1985] ICJ 36 ................................................................136 Diallo (Ahmadou Sadio) (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Preliminary Objections), ICJ, Judgment, 24 May 2007 .................................................................19, 165 Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia) ICJ, Judgment, 25 September 1997, ICJ Rep. 1997, 3..........................................................................................................................158 ICC Award No 1110 (1963), XXI YBCA 52 (1996) ..........................................................170 Iron Rhine (Ijzeren Rijn) Railway (Belgium v. Netherlands), PCA May 2005, PCA Award Series 2007..............................................................................................................................158 Island of Palmas Arbitration (4 April 1928), (1928) 22 AJIL 4, 867–912 ...........................192 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South-West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), (ICJ Advisory Opinion) (21 June 1971), ICJ Reports 1971, 31 .................................................................................122, 178 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (ICJ Advisory Opinion) (8 July 1996), ICJ Reports 1996, 226................................................................................................................36, 169 Maria Luz Arbitration, award rendered by the Czar of Russia, May 17–19 (1875) .............169 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) (Merits, Judgment), ICJ Reports 1986 ....................................................................52, 169 Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco (French Zone) on November 8th, 1921, PCIJ Advisory Opinion, [1922] PCIJ 3, 4 October 1922 ............................................................47, 190–1 Neer (L.F.H. Neer and Pauline Neer (USA) v. United Mexican States), US-Mexico General Claims Commission, (Award) (15 October 1926) 4 RIAA 60 (1926) .............................148, 184–5 North Sea Continental Shelf Case (Germany v. Denmark and the Netherlands), (ICJ Judgment) (20 February 1969) ICJ Rep. 1969, 3 ............................................................................187 Norwegian Ship Owners’ Claims (Norway v. US) 1 RIAA 307, (PCA 1922)...............71, 74, 187 Penevezys-Saldutiskis Railway Case, (Estonia v. Lithuania), Preliminary Objections, PCIJ Ser A/B (1939) No. 76 .................................................................................................................18 Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Advisory Opinion, Case No. 17, 1 February 2011, available at http://www.itlos.org/start2_ en.html .........................................................................................................................150 Sedco, Inc. v. National Iranian Oil Co., 10 Iran-US CTR 180, 25 ILM 629 (1986) ................140 Too v. Greater Modesto, (1989) 23 Iran-U.S. CTR 378..........................................................140 The Diversion of Water from the Meuse (Netherlands v. Belgium), (Individual Opinion by Mr. Hudson) PCIJ, 1937, Ser. A/B No 70, 76–78..........................................................187 WTO Panel Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos Containing Products, WT/DS135/R, (18 September 2000) .........................................................56, 156 WTO Panel Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/R (29 September 2006) .....................................................122 WTO Panel Report, Japan – Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper, WT/ DS44/R (22 April 1998)..................................................................................................55 WTO Panel Report, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/ DS58/R, (20 September 1999).........................................................................................40 WTO AB Report, European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WT/DS135/AB/R, (12 March 2001)..................................................................56

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WTO AB Report, European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) WT/DS26/AB/R 16 January 1998.................................................................................155 WTO AB Report, Mexico – Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, WTO Doc. WT/ DS308/AB/R. AB-2005–1 (2006) ...................................................................................53 WTO AB Report, US – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC-Hormones Dispute, WT/ DS320/AB/R, 16 October 2008 ....................................................................................155 WTO AB Report, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/ DS58/AB/R (6 November 1998) ...................................................................................178 WTO United States – Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes case. DS 406 First Written Submission of the United States of America, 16 November 2010, http://www. worldtradelaw.net/wtodisputesubmissions/us/DS406_USFirstWrittenSubmission.pdf ...... 122

Regional ECJ, Bacardi France SAS, v. Télévision française 1 SA (TF1), Groupe Jean-Claude Darmon SA and Girosport SARL, Judgment of the Grand Chamber in Cases C-262/02 and C-429/02 (13 July 2004) ............................................................................................................................108 ECJ, Danish Bottles case, Commission (Supported by the United Kingdom) v. Kingdom of Denmark, ECR [1988] 4607............................................................................................................46 ECJ, EC Commission v. Belgium, Case C-2/90, [1993] 1 CMLR 365.....................................145 ECJ, Kemikalieinspektionen v. Toolex Alpha AB [2000] ECR I-5681 ......................................146 ECJ, Swedish Match, Case C-210/03 and C-434/02, [2003] ECR I-11893 ..........................120 ECJ, Tobacco Products Judgment, The Queen v. Secretary of State for Health (ex parte British American Tobacco Investments Ltd and Imperial Tobacco Ltd) Case C-491/01, 10 December 2002 [2002] ECR I-11453.................................................................................................................119 ECJ, (Grand Chamber) Tobacco Advertising II, Germany v. European Parliament and Council, Case C-380/03, [2006] ECR-11573 ......................................................................................120 ECtHR, D. v. UK (1997) 24 EHRR 423 .............................................................................70 ECtHR, Fadeyeva v. Russia (Application no 55723) Judgment of 30 November 2005, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2005-IV ............................................................................130 ECtHR, Fredin v. Sweden, 192 ECtHR (Ser A) (1991).........................................................121 ECtHR, Guerra and Others v. Italy, (116/1996/735/932) judgment of 19 February 1998, ECtHR, Reports of Judgments and Decision 1998-I, No 64..........................................130 ECtHR, James v. United Kingdom, 98 ECtHR (ser A) 9, 32 (1986) ......................................121 ECtHR, López Ostra v. Spain, (Application no. 16798/90) (judgment), Publications of the European Court of Human Rights, Series A, No. 303-C ................................................130 ECtHR, Novoselov v. Russia, App. No 66460/01, Judgment of 2 June 2005......................95–6 ECtHR (Commission Report), Pinnacle Meat Processors Co. v. United Kingdom, App. No.33298/96, 27 H. R. Rep. CD217 (1998) ........................................................................................121 ECtHR (Commission Report), Smith Kline and French Laboratories Ltd. v. the Netherlands, Appl. No 12633/87, 4 October 1990, [1990] 66 ECommHR Decisions and Reports 70 ...........78 ECtHR, Tyrer v. Royaume-Uni, 25 April 1978, Rec. A 26 ...................................................178 ECtHR (Commission Report), Wöckel v. Germany, App. No. 32165/96, ECommHR 1998 ..95 EFTA Court, Philip Morris Norway v. Staten v/Helse- org omsorgsdepartementet, Case E-16/10, Judgment, 12 September 2011 available at http://www.eftacourt.int/images/uploads/16_10_ Judgment_EN.pdf.........................................................................................................154 Inter-Am Ct H R, Street Children Case (Morales v. Guatemala), Judgment of 19 November 1999 Inter-Am Ct H R (Ser. C) No 63 .....................................................................................69

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National Abdullahi (Rabi) v. Pfizer Inc., (Judgment) (US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit), 30 January 2009,