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Table of contents :
Cover
Colloquial Malay: The Complete Course for Beginners
Copyright
Contents
Malay transcription and pronunciation
Unit One Berkenalan: Getting acquainted
Unit Two Maaf, saya tak faham: Sorry, I don’t understand
Unit Three Mau ke mana?: Where to?
Unit Four Nak keluar makan?: Want to go out and eat?
Unit Five Membeli-belah: Shopping
Unit Six Jangan!: Don’t!
Unit Seven Bila sampai?: When did you arrive?
Unit Eight Selamat Hari Raya: Happy Eid
Unit Nine Saya sakit kepala: I have a headache
Unit Ten Ada macam-macam: There are all sorts of things
Unit Eleven Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni!: Wow, this tower is so tall!
Unit Twelve Tak apa!: Never mind!
Unit Thirteen Entahlah!: I don’t know!
Unit Fourteen Helo, boleh saya bantu?: Hello, can I help?
Unit Fifteen Tiket dibeli minggu lepas: The tickets were bought last week
Key to exercises
Malay–English glossary
Index
Colloquial
Malay Colloquial Malay is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by an experienced teacher for self-study or class use, the course offers you a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Malay. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes this new edition of Colloquial Malay your best choice in personal language learning? • • • •
Interactive – lots of exercises for regular practice Clear – concise grammar notes Practical – useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide Complete – including answer key and reference section
Whether you’re a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in adventure tourism; you may be studying to teach or even looking forward to a holiday – if you’d like to get up and running with Malay, this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confidently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on two CDs or in MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquial Malay paperback and CDs complete course. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material complements the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.
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Colloquial
Malay The Complete Course for Beginners Zaharah Othman
First published 1995 This second edition first published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1995 Sutanto Atmosumarto and Zaharah Othman © 2012 Zaharah Othman The right of Zaharah Othman to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zaharah Othman. Colloquial Malay: the complete course for beginners / Zaharah Wan. — 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Colloquial 2s series: the next step in language learning) Previous ed.: 1995. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Malay language—Conversation and phrase books—English. 2. Malay language— Spoken Malay. I. Title. PL5108.O85 2012 499′.2883421—dc23 2011020908 ISBN: ISBN: ISBN: ISBN: ISBN:
978-0-415-57252-1 978-0-415-57250-7 978-0-415-57251-4 978-0-203-85613-0 978-0-415-57253-8
(pack) (pbk) (CD) (ebk) (MP3)
Typeset in Avant Garde and Helvetica by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Contents
Malay transcription and pronunciation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Berkenalan Getting acquainted Maaf, saya tak faham Sorry, I don’t understand Mau ke mana? Where to? Nak keluar makan? Want to go out and eat? Membeli-belah Shopping Jangan! Don’t! Bila sampai? When did you arrive? Selamat Hari Raya Happy Eid Saya sakit kepala I have a headache Ada macam-macam There are all sorts of things Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni! Wow, this tower is so tall! Tak apa! Never mind! Entahlah! I don’t know! Helo, boleh saya bantu? Hello, can I help?
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1 16 35 51 64 78 90 106 125 140 154 166 174 185
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Contents
15 Tiket dibeli minggu lepas The tickets were bought last week
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Key to exercises Malay–English glossary Index
207 220 228
Malay transcription and pronunciation
Malay transcription and pronunciation
The Malay language, Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language, spoken in countries such as Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra in Indonesia, and parts of the Philippines and southern Thailand. Written in roman characters and without the problematic elements of tone and gender found in other languages, a student of the Malay language will find it easier to learn. All syllables are pronounced almost equally and speakers of the Malay language speak at a more flowing pace, almost singsong to the ear. Perhaps the most challenging aspect of learning Malay would be the use of classifiers or measure words, peculiar only to a handful of languages in Asia, such as Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese and Bengali. Another challenging aspect is the usage of prefixes and suffixes. In this edition of Colloquial Malay, attempts have been made to teach Malay as it is spoken, as opposed to the way it is written. Malay spoken across the region varies in dialect and accent; in Indonesia it has a more staccato sound with a very distinct roll of the r, while in Brunei Darussalam, the Malay spoken there is more similar to that spoken in Sabah. Singapore Malay, while very similar to the Malay spoken in Malaysia, has a rather distinct Singaporean element only detectable by Malay speakers in the region. Within the Malay Peninsula itself, there are many different accents with some words having different meanings colloquially. Thus to have a truly Colloquial Malay from the region is an impossible task. It is impossible to learn a language without knowing its culture. Therefore, where possible, applicable and relevant, there are culture points, which usually follow a text. While the basic elements of grammar in Malay remain the same, its verb forms, nouns, adjectives and adverbs, prefixes, suffixes and
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
the reduplication of words, sentence structure, spelling and pronunciation may differ slightly. This book has taken into account Malay as spoken every day, as it evolves with the challenges of the modern world and the ever increasing use of borrowed words, especially from Arabic, Sanskrit, Chinese, Indian and Portuguese. Similar to the English language, Malay uses a rising intonation for yes-no questions. In Malay, there are five vowels, a, e, i, o and u, and 34 consonants. The vowels do not have an exact equivalent in English, while out of the 34 consonants, six can be roughly pronounced as in English. They are f, m, n, l, s and y. Pronunciation of the Malay consonants and vowels is dealt with later in this section.
Word stress There is no stress in the Malay word. Speakers of Malay do not depend on stress to emphasise something but use intonation to express emotions and attitudes. The Malay word is segmented into syllables which receive almost equal stress, e.g. pa/pan (two syllables), ma/ ka/nan (three syllables), ke/sim/pu/lan (four syllables). Malay speakers tend to shorten their words, dropping prefixes and suffixes, all of which are understood in context. Here are some examples of such words: tetapi (but) sahaja (only) tetamu (guest) kakak (elder sister) abang (elder brother)
tapi saja tamu kak bang
Kamu hendak pergi ke mana? (Where do you want to go?) Kamu nak ke mana? John mencuci muka. (John washes his face) John cuci muka. In some words, a glottal stop // can occur at the end, especially when it ends with k, for example, kakak, but there are a few words which
Malay transcription and pronunciation
do not end with k but are actually pronounced as if there were a k. The glottal stop, or rather the voiceless glotta plosive, is a type of consonant sound used in many spoken languages and in Malay it is represented by the letter k. Here are a few examples: nasi: pronounced as nasi(k) bapa: pronounced as bapa(k) pula: pronounced as pula(k) juga: pronounced as juga(k) bawa: pronounced as bawa(k) ambil: pronounced as ambi(k)
Intonation In Malay, as in English, a statement can be turned into a question simply by using a rising intonation at the end of the statement, especially in sentences requiring a yes/no answer. Examples Dia beli kereta baru. Dia beli kereta baru?
He bought a new car. He bought a new car?
John suami Mary. John suami Mary?
John is Mary’s husband. John is Mary’s husband?
A falling intonation is used for questions with question tags, e.g. what, who, when. Examples Apa dia kata? Bila Heidi pergi? Siapa guru kamu?
What did he say? When did Heidi go? Who is your teacher?
Pronunciation In Malay there are five basic vowel phonemes: a, e, i, o and u. Diphthongs or glides are made by combining one with another.
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
Vowels (CD1; 2–5) a There are two ways of pronouncing a, depending on its position within a word. When it occurs in the initial position or in between two consonants, it is pronounced like the ‘a’ in ‘father’. Examples anak alamat amalan
child address practice
taman badan sasaran
garden body target
When a occurs in the final position, it is pronounced like the ‘a’ in the word ‘visa’. Examples ada apa acara
to have what event
bahaya mana apabila
dangerous where when
When combined with i or u, a produces the diphthongs ai as in ‘bye’ or ‘tie’ and au as in ‘cow’ and ‘bow’. Examples baik naik main
good to go up to play
laut daun pulau
sea leaf island
e (CD1; 6) There are two different ways to pronounce e in Malay. One is like the ‘a’ in ‘ago’ or ‘amiss’. The other is somewhere between the ‘e’ in ‘bed’ and the ‘a’ in ‘bad’. ‘e’ as in ‘ago’
‘e’ as in between ‘bed’ and ‘bad’
emas enam empat penat sedap
elak eja meja lelong
gold six four tired delicious
to avoid to spell table to auction
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
In words such as bela, it is most important to have the correct pronunciation: bela to breed or to bring up bela to defend
i (CD1; 7) In the initial position, i is pronounced similarly to the English vowel sound in ‘be’. When it occurs in the second syllable, after a first syllable containing i, especially in between two consonants, the sound is between i and e. This is because the old spelling used to be i . . . e, while now it is i . . . i. Examples itu pintu berdiri mimpi
that door to stand to dream
bilik (pronounced as bilek) sisik (pronounced as sisek) titik (pronounced as titek) pilih (pronounced as pileh)
room scale dot to choose
o (CD1; 8) The Malay o is short, as in the English ‘saw’ or ‘door’. Examples soto kotor kosong
a kind of soup dirty zero
botol orang tonton
bottle people to watch
When combined with /i/, o produces the diphthong /oi/: (CD1; 9) amboi
(an exclamation)
u (CD1; 10) In an open syllable, this vowel sound is pronounced as in the English ‘put’. In the list below the two /u’s/ are pronounced in the same way. Examples susu bulu kuku
milk hair nail
sudu cucu suhu
spoon grandchild temperature
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
In a closed syllable, /u/ is pronounced like the /o/ in Malay. The old Malay spelling used to be /u/ followed by /o/. (CD1; 11) Examples subuh (suboh) luruh (luroh) untuk (untok)
dawn to fall for
musuh (musoh) gunung (gunong) burung (burong)
enemy mountain bird
Consonants There are 24 consonants in the Malay alphabet. To help you understand how to pronounce them, familiarize yourself with the following terms:
aspirated: followed by a puff of air. In English, there is a difference between the p in pin (aspirated) and the p in spin. Hold your hand in front of your mouth while saying these two words, and you will feel the difference! voiced/voiceless: the difference between, for example, b and p in English; in one you vibrate the vocal chords as you say it, and in the other you don’t. unreleased: no explosion in the production of /t/, /d/, /p/, /b/, /k/, and /g/ in the final position.
t and d (CD1; 12–14) Unlike the English t, the t in Malay is not aspirated when it occurs in the syllable-initial position (no puff of air) as in the English word ‘time’. When one of these sounds replaces the other in a word, the meaning changes. Initial position Examples tari tahan tua talam
dance to endure old tray
dari dahan dua dalam
from branch two inside
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
Final position d is usually devoiced (voiceless) when it occurs at the end of a word/ syllable, whereas t is pronounced unreleased. Examples abad murid Ahad abjad
century pupil Sunday alphabet
cepat tempat sempit rumput
quick place narrow grass
p and b (CD1; 15–17) p is voiceless, never aspirated and unreleased when it occurs in the final position. Examples pagi petang potong
morning afternoon to cut
tutup tetap atap
to close to fix roof
b is voiced. Note the difference in meaning when these two letters replace each other in certain words. Examples bagi parang puluh palang
to give large knife ten to cross
pagi barang buluh balang
morning things/object bamboo a jar
In the final position in a word, both consonants, p and b, are pronounced unreleased. Examples sebab bab Arab lembab
because chapter Arab damp
tangkap dakap cukup lengkap
to catch to embrace enough complete
k and g (CD1; 18) When k is in the initial position it is not aspirated, and when in the final position it is pronounced unreleased, making it a glottal stop.
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
The g in Malay is the counterpart of k and it is voiced and pronounced very much like in the English word ‘go’. Note the contrast in meaning in the pairs of words below when k is replaced by g or vice versa. Examples kelas kakak kalah karang
class elder sister to defeat to compose
gelas gagak galah garang
glass crow pole fierce
Here are some examples of k in the final position as a glottal stop.
(CD1; 19) anak pokok ajak
child tree to invite
banyak pekak pijak
plenty deaf to step
c and j (CD1; 20–21) In Malay, c is pronounced as in the English word ‘choose’. j is pronounced as in the English word ‘jump’. While c never appears in the final position, j makes a rare appearance there in some words. Examples cari acar
to find pickle
garaj faraj
garage vagina
jari ajar
finger to teach
h (CD1; 22–24) h is pronounced as in the English words ‘hooray’ and ‘hello’. It can be found in the initial, medial and final positions. It must be noted that in the final position, the h must be pronounced audibly otherwise it carries a different meaning. Initial and medial positions Examples hari hujan bahasa
day rain language
dahan tuhan dahaga
branch god thirsty
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
Final position Examples guruh darah mudah
thunder blood easy
guru dara muda
teacher virgin young
In the middle position and flanked by two different vowels, the h is not usually pronounced. written
spoken
meaning
tahu mahu pahit dahi
tau mau pait dai
to know to want bitter forehead
When h is flanked by the same vowel, it is pronounced clearly. Examples sihir leher
witchcraft neck
mohon dahan
to apply/request branch
ng (CD1; 25–28) These two letters represent one sound, very much like the ‘ng’ in ‘sing’ and ‘ring’. When ng occurs in the initial and medial positions, it often proves to be quite difficult for foreign speakers to pronounce. Initial and medial positions Examples ngeri nganga ngantuk
scary to gape sleepy
tengah tangan jangan
middle hand don’t
to fly to lose hole
pulang sarang subang
to return nest earring
Final position Examples terbang hilang lubang
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
Combined ng and g The three-letter combination ngg should be pronounced very much like the Engish ‘ng’ in ‘angle’, ‘dongle’, ‘tango’, ‘bongo’, etc. Examples ganggu bangga tinggal
tangga tinggi tanggal
to disturb to feel proud to live
stairs tall/high date
ny (CD1; 29) The two letters ny represent one phonemic unit and are pronounced like the ‘ny’ in ‘Kenya’ and ‘canyon’. Examples nyanyi nyawa banyak
nyamuk kenyang sunyi
to sing life plenty
mosquito to be full quiet
r (CD1; 30) r in Malay is similar to the English ‘r’, although it is rolled very gently, especially when in the final position. initial position
syllable cluster
rasa to taste drama rosak faulty program roda wheel pra
final position
drama sabar programme besar pre cabar
to be patient big to challenge
w (CD1; 31) The Malay w differs from the ‘w’ in English, as it is pronounced with much less rounding of the lips. Examples wajib warna kawan
obligatory colour friend
wajah tawar waktu
face tasteless time
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Malay transcription and pronunciation
kh (CD1; 32) These two letters are represented by one phonemic unit kh. Together they sound like the ‘ch’ in the Scottish word ‘loch’ and can occur in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a syllable. Many of the words with this sound have their origins in Arabic words. initial
middle
final
khuatir to worry khabar news
akhlak moral behaviour makhluk creature
tarikh date
sy (CD1; 33) These two letters give the sound ‘sh’ as in the English words ‘shame’, ‘shock’ or ‘shy’. Examples dasyat syukur isyarat
terrible to be grateful signal
syurga syarat syampu
heaven terms shampoo
m, n, l, s, f, v, y and z are all similar to their English counterparts.
(CD1; 34) Examples m n l s f v y z
makan nama lupa siapa fikir televisyen yang ziarah
to eat name to forget who to think television that to visit
mandi nampak lapar sapu filem
to bathe to see hungry to sweep film
Unit One Berkenalan Getting acquainted
In this unit you will learn: • how to introduce yourself and others • pronouns • greetings and how to say ‘thank you’: Apa khabar? Terima kasih • how to address people (formal and informal) • about the Malay family and Malaysian society • the question tag kah and how to give a yes/no answer • the question word siapa?
Dialogue 1 (CD1; 35) Salleh and his older brother Badrul meet Sarah Green, a student on an exchange programme. They get to know each other. Salleh
Apa khabar? Saya Salleh. Khabar baik. Nama saya Sarah Green. Salleh Selamat datang ke Malaysia. Ini abang saya Badrul. sarah Terima kasih. Apa khabar, Badrul? Badrul Baik. Anda dari England? sarah Ya, saya dari England. Saya orang Inggeris. sarah
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
How are you? I am Salleh. Fine. My name is Sarah Green. Salleh Welcome to Malaysia. This is my brother Badrul. sarah Thank you. How are you, Badrul? Badrul Fine. Are you from England? sarah Yes, I am from England. I am English. Salleh sarah
Vocabulary apa khabar?
How are you? (literally: What news?)
saya
I
khabar baik
I am fine (literally: Good news)
nama
name
selamat datang
Welcome (literally: Safe arrival)
ke
to (a place) (preposition)
terima kasih
Thank you (literally: receive (with) love)
ini
this
abang
older brother
anda
you (formal)
dari
from (a place)
ya
yes
orang
people, person
Inggeris
English
dan
and
Language point Personal and possessive pronouns In Malay, there are several pronoun words with the same English meaning but the ways of using them are different, especially when you are talking to different people. This will be dealt with in depth in the Culture points.
Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Note that personal pronouns and possessive pronouns share the same form in Malay. You will also notice that there is no gender in the Malay language; for example, the third person dia can be male or female. When spoken in context, you will understand the gender of the person referred to. Once you are familiar with Malay names, this will become easier. saya, aku anda, kamu, awak, engkau, kau dia mereka kita kami ia
I, me, my, mine you, your, yours he/she, him/her, his/hers they, them, their, theirs we, our, us (including person spoken to) we, our, us (excluding person spoken to) it, its
Examples Anda Sarah. Nama anda David. Ini anda punya. Saya Salleh. Nama saya Salleh. Ini saya punya. Dia suka saya.
You are Sarah. Your name is David. This is yours. I am Salleh. My name is Salleh. This is mine. She likes me.
Note that the third-person plural mereka ‘they’ is hardly used in spoken Malay. Instead, the term more commonly used is dia orang, literally ‘them people’. However, this must not be confused with dia orang Inggeris ‘he is English’. Example Mereka kawan saya. or Dia orang kawan saya. They are my friends. In spoken Malay, many words are shortened, and what you hear is not how these words are spelt. For example, the word itu ‘that’ is almost always shortened to tu and the word ini ‘this’ shortened to ni. Throughout the course you will notice that there are many words that are shortened in spoken Malay.
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
Examples orang tu nak (hendak) tau (tahu)
that person to want to know
Culture point Greetings In Dialogue 1, Salleh greets Sarah with Apa khabar?, which literally means ‘What news?’, and the answer is Khabar baik, which literally means ‘Good news’ or simply baik ‘good’. However, note that when Muslims greet each other, they almost always say: Assalamualaikum ‘Peace be upon you’. And the reply is: Wa’alaikumussalam ‘And peace be upon you too’. (Borrowed words will be dealt with in Unit 11.) A handshake is the norm when greeting people. However, as Malaysia is predominantly a Muslim country, you will find that some people are hesitant to shake the hands of people of the opposite sex. A fact worth noting is that when some Malaysian Muslims are about to do their prayers they perform their ablutions, so touching or being in contact with a person of the opposite sex would mean he/she would have to perform their ablutions all over again, thus the reluctance to shake hands. But this must not be taken as a rebuff. A nod of the head and a smile sometimes would suffice if you are not sure. How about a peck on the cheek? This depends on how close you are to that person. An overt display of affection is certainly not the thing to do. Hand kissing is the norm when a younger person meets an older person. This is done as a sign of respect, especially among family members. When you enter a hotel or a restaurant, the person greeting you will put his/her right hand on the chest just below the left shoulder, like this:
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Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Language point Countries, languages and nationalities When Sarah introduces herself she says: Saya orang Inggeris. I am an English person. Put the words negara ‘country’, bahasa ‘language’ and orang ‘person’ before the name of a country and you get the country, language and nationality. While quite a few country names are the same as in English, except perhaps for a slight difference in spelling, some have totally different names in Malay. See the following table for some examples. Country
Language
Nationality
negara Jepun ‘Japan’ negara Jerman ‘Germany’ negara Belanda ‘the Netherlands’ negara Perancis ‘France’
bahasa Jepun ‘Japanese’ bahasa Jerman ‘German’ bahasa Belanda ‘Dutch’
orang Jepun ‘Japanese’ orang Jerman ‘German’ orang Belanda ‘Dutch’
bahasa Perancis ‘French’
orang Perancis ‘French’
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
Exercise 1 Translate the following into Malay. 1 2 3 4 5 6
This is James. He is John’s older brother. They are English. That’s Andre and Anna. They are French. Yoko is Japanese. She speaks Japanese. Ingrid and Johan like Germany. Gopal works in Holland.
Vocabulary bercakap
to speak
bekerja
to work
suka
to like
di
in/at
Language point Compound nouns A noun can be qualified by another noun or nouns to produce a compound noun. In the English language, the qualifiers come before the noun they qualify, but in Malay it is the opposite. Therefore, if the English word order is 1, 2, 3 then the order in Malay is 3, 2, 1. Examples Salleh’s (older) brother (1, 2) my (older) brother’s name (1, 2, 3) (an) English person (1, 2) my friend (1, 2) my (older) brother’s friend (1, 2, 3)
abang Salleh (2, 1) nama abang saya (3, 2, 1) orang Inggeris (2, 1) kawan saya (2, 1) kawan abang saya (3, 2, 1)
However, the basic sentence structure in Malay is similar to English when a verb is involved. Examples I work (1, 2) she likes me (1, 2, 3) you eat bread (1, 2, 3)
saya bekerja (1, 2) dia suka saya (1, 2, 3) anda makan roti (1, 2, 3)
Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Culture points Saya and aku In the conversation between Salleh, Sarah and Badrul, the pronoun saya is used for ‘I’. This is the most polite term meaning ‘I’ and is the recommended one to use in any situation. However, you might also hear people using the personal pronoun aku. Aku is a term that is quite problematic as its usage and meaning are quite extreme. It is usually used only among friends who are very familiar and close to each other, and among people around the same age. A younger person, a child, must never use aku to speak to older people; for example, parents, teachers or superiors. And aku is definitely not to be used on formal occasions, as in work situations, especially with people you have just met. However, at the other extreme, aku is used in songs to express love, as well as in prayers to show one’s closeness to God.
Anda/kamu/awak/engkau Similarly, although there are many words in Malay for ‘you’, it is best to use anda, especially when you are speaking to a person whose status you do not know. People who are familiar to each other can certainly use the other terms. Malays get away from using ‘I’ and ‘you’ because they generally use their own names instead of saya, almost as a third person, and refer to the person they are speaking to using his or her name. This is especially so when speaking to family members and friends. Examples Hannah to Maria: Maria to Hannah: Hannah to Maria: Maria: Maria to her mother: Mother to Maria: Maria to her mother:
Maria bekerja di bank? Ya, Maria bekerja di bank. Is Maria working in a bank? Yes, Maria (I) am working in a bank. Mak, Maria nak makan. Maria nak makan apa? Mak masak kari. Mother, Maria (I) want to eat.
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
Mother to Maria:
What does Maria want to eat? Mother (I) has cooked curry.
Note: When Maria speaks to her mother, she addresses her as Mak (short for Emak). It is rather like saying ‘mum’ instead of ‘mother’. Some people called their mother Ibu.
Selamat The word selamat means ‘safe’. It is used to convey messages of goodwill. Here are several examples: Selamat Selamat Selamat Selamat
pagi tengah hari petang malam
Good Good Good Good
morning afternoon (from 12 noon to 2pm) afternoon (from 2pm to 6pm) night
Note that Selamat malam is seldom used to greet someone at night. It is usually used to bid someone ‘Good night’ before going to sleep or as a goodbye. Selamat tinggal Selamat jalan Selamat datang
Goodbye (said by the person who is leaving) Goodbye (literally ‘safe journey’ – said by the person left behind) Welcome
Exercise 2 What do you say: 1 2 3 4 5
when when when when when
someone is leaving your house? you meet a friend in the morning? you welcome a friend at the door? you are leaving someone to go on a journey? you are parting company at night?
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 37) Badrul and Sarah are getting to know each other and exchanging information.
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Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Badrul
Anda suka Malaysia? sarah Ya, saya suka Malaysia. Saya pelajar di sini. Badrul pelajar? Badrul Saya bukan pelajar. Saya bekerja di bank. sarah Anda bekerja di Kuala Lumpur? Badrul Tidak. Di Muar. Mari makan. sarah Baiklah. Terima kasih. Badrul Sama-sama. You like Malaysia? Yes, I like Malaysia. I am a student here. Are you a student? Badrul I am not a student. I work at a bank. sarah You work in Kuala Lumpur? Badrul No. In Muar. Let’s eat. sarah All right. Thank you. Badrul You’re welcome. Badrul sarah
Vocabulary pelajar
student
makan
to eat
di sini
here
baiklah
all right
tidak
no, not
sama-sama
mari
let’s
you’re welcome, same to you
Language point Ya, tak/tidak and bukan As in English, a rising intonation at the end of a Malay sentence denotes a question, even if there is no question tag word. And you can answer using ya for ‘yes’ and tak or tidak for ‘no’. Tak is short for tidak and is more commonly used in conversational Malay.
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
Tak negates a verb and adjective, whereas bukan negates a noun. The suffix kah is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to make it a question. Yoko orang Jepunkah? Ya, Yoko orang Jepun. Ingrid suka kari? Tidak, Ingrid tak suka kari. Paulo abang Sonia? Bukan, Paulo bukan abang Sonia.
Is Yoko Japanese? Yes, Yoko is Japanese. Ingrid likes curry? No, Ingrid doesn’t like curry. Is Paulo Sonia’s brother? No, Paulo is not Sonia’s brother.
Culture point Malaysian society Malaysian society is one that readily ‘adopts’ other people. Thus it is most likely that you either find yourself to be a sister, brother, uncle or aunty to someone you have just met. You will also find yourself in situations where you are requested to call someone ‘sister’, ‘brother’, ‘aunty’ or ‘uncle’. Here are the most common terms of address in informal situations: Pak Cik ‘Uncle’ – this is usually the form of address to a man much older than you. Mak Cik ‘Aunty’ – as above but to a woman much older than you. Encik – any male of adult age Cik – a single woman of any age Puan – a woman who is already married. It is worth noting here that a Malay woman who is married does not take her hus- band’s name. She retains her father’s name, as in: Fatimah binti Hassan, binti being ‘daughter of’. (Binti in written form is usually shortened to bt.) When Fatimah marries Ali, she is still Puan Fatimah. It is her children who take their father’s name. For example, Fatimah’s son will be: Ali bin Ahmad; bin being ‘son of’. As with binti, bin is normally shortened to b in written form or left out altogether.
Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Exercise 3 Use the appropriate pronouns (saya, kami, kita, anda, mereka/dia orang, etc) in the following sentences: 1 2 3 4 5
Mat is speaking to an elderly gentleman. Nama ________ Mat. Jane and Joan are telling Amy about their lunch. ________ makan di restoran. Anis and her sisters are talking to each other about their house. Rumah ________ besar. James is talking about Mary and her sisters. ________ bekerja di rumah. Kay is asking a guest his name. Apa nama ________?
Vocabulary rumah
house
besar
big
restoran
restaurant
Exercise 4 How would each person address the other? 1 2 3 4 5
a a a a a
child speaking to an elderly woman at a fruit stall woman speaking to a gentleman at a post-office counter student speaking to a woman who is still single man speaking to a married woman girl speaking to an elderly gentleman
Additional vocabulary A Malay family datuk nenek ibu-bapa
grandfather grandmother parents
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
suami isteri anak bapa/ayah emak/ibu anak-anak anak perempuan anak lelaki cucu cucu perempuan cucu lelaki abang kakak adik adik perempuan adik lelaki sepupu emak saudara bapa saudara anak saudara
husband wife child father mother children daughter son grandchild granddaughter grandson older brother older sister younger sibling younger sister younger brother cousin aunty uncle niece/nephew
Language point Siapa ‘who’ When talking about people, the question word you use is siapa. Examples Siapa kakak Salleh? Siapa adik perempuan Badrul? Siapa ibu Ali?
Who is Salleh’s older sister? Who is Badrul’s younger sister? Who is Ali’s mother?
Exercise 5 Look at Ali and Fatimah’s family and answer the questions that follow.
Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Keluarga Ali dan Fatimah
Ali suami Fatimah. Fatimah isteri Ali. Dina, Badrul, Nani dan Salleh anak-anak Ali dan Fatimah. Dina kakak Badrul, Nani dan Salleh. Badrul abang Nani dan Salleh. Badrul, Nani dan Salleh adik-adik Dina. Dina ibu Ana. Johan bapa Ana. Badrul bapa saudara Ana, dan Asiah emak saudara Ana. Ana sepupu Abu. Ana dan Abu cucu Ali dan Fatimah. Ali datuk Ana dan Abu dan Fatimah nenek mereka.
Ali and Fatimah’s family Ali is Fatimah’s husband. Fatimah is Ali’s wife. Dina, Badrul, Nani and Salleh are Ali and Fatimah’s children. Dina is Badrul, Nani and Salleh’s elder sister. Badrul is Nani and Salleh’s elder brother. Badrul, Nani and Salleh are Dina’s younger siblings. Dina is Ana’s mother. Johan is Ana’s father. Badrul is Ana’s uncle, and Asiah is Ana’s aunty. Ana is Abu’s cousin. Ana and Abu are Ali and Fatimah’s grandchildren. Ali is Ana’s and Abu’s grandfather and Fatimah is their grandmother.
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Unit 1: Berkenalan
1 2 3 4 5
Siapa Siapa Siapa Siapa Siapa
ibu Ana? isteri Badrul? sepupu Abu? nenek Ana? cucu Fatimah?
Language points Ialah ‘to be’ You will notice that in spoken Malay, especially in Colloquial Malay, the verb ‘to be’ ialah is often left out. Example Dina ialah isteri Johan. Dina is Johan’s wife. Leaving it out, especially in spoken Malay, doesn’t alter the meaning at all. Read Salleh’s short introduction of some of his family members. Note that he never uses ialah. Ini ibu-bapa saya, Ali dan Fatimah. Dina ialah kakak saya dan suami dia Johan. Ini anak mereka, Ana. Dia anak saudara saya. Ini adik perempuan saya. Nama dia Nani.
Titled people There are many titled people in Malaysia. The titles are conferred upon them, either by the state government or the Federal government. Here is a list of some of the titles: Male
Female
Tun Tan Sri Datuk Seri Datuk Dato
Toh Puan Puan Sri Datin Seri Datin Datin
Unit 1: Getting acquainted
Examples Malaysia’s former Prime Minister is Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. The present Prime Minister is Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak. The High Commissioner of Malaysia to the UK is Datuk Zakaria Sulong. His wife is Datin Hazizah Ahmad.
Culture point Introducing people When you are introducing people to each other, please do not point. It is polite to use the thumb when referring to someone present.
Exercise 6 Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. Helen orang Inggeris. Dia kawan Ramlah. Dia belajar di Malaysia. Helen dan Ramlah suka belajar bahasa Jerman. Mereka mahu pergi ke negara Jerman. Abang Helen bekerja di negara Jerman. Kawan Ramlah, Alan dan Sam bekerja di bank di Singapura. Alan adik Sam dan mereka orang Inggeris. Isteri Alan orang Malaysia dan isteri Sam orang Singapura. Mereka bercakap bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris.
Vocabulary kawan
friend
mahu
to want
belajar
to study
1 2 3 4 5
Siapa kawan Helen? Helen dan Ramlah belajar apa? Siapa adik Sam? Isteri Sam orang ________ Mereka (isteri Alan dan isteri Sam) bercakap bahasa ________ dan bahasa ________
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Unit Two Maaf, saya tak faham Sorry, I don’t understand
In this unit you will learn: • helpful phrases for the beginner: maaf, saya tak faham, tolong ulang, etc. • how to ask for favours, how to accept and turn down requests politely using boleh, tolong and maaf • how to express your likes/dislikes, what you want/don’t want to do, and what you can/cannot do • the meaning of buat apa? • the prefixes me and ber • occupations: pe + verb = doer; juru, tukang, etc.
Dialogue 1 (CD1; 39) John is posting a packet to his mother in Australia. John
Saya mau hantar paket ini ke Australia. Ada apa di dalam? John Maaf, saya tak dengar. Tolong ulang. Pekerja Ada apa di dalam paket ini? John Oh, ada buku dan baju. Pekerja Tolong letak di atas timbang itu. John Maaf, saya tak faham. Pekerja Saya mau tahu berat paket itu. John Oh, baiklah. Pekerja
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
I’d like to send this packet to Australia. What is in there? John Sorry, I didn’t hear. Please repeat. Worker What is there in this packet? John Oh, there are books and clothes. Worker Please put it on the weighing scale. John Sorry, I don’t understand. Worker I’d like to know the weight of the packet. John Oh, all right. John
Worker
Vocabulary paket
parcel
hantar
to send, to post
ada
to have/there is/there are
tolong
please
letak
to put
di atas
on top
timbang
weighing scale
berat
weight
di dalam
inside
dengar
to hear
ulang
to repeat
buku
book
baju
clothes
Language points Helpful phrases In the early stages of learning a new language, it is useful to learn these phrases. Maaf, saya tak faham. Maaf, saya tak tau.
Sorry, I don’t understand. Sorry, I don’t know.
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Maaf, saya tak dengar. Tolong cakap lambat sikit. Tolong eja. Tolong ulang.
Sorry, I didn’t hear. Please speak (a little) slowly. Please spell. Please repeat.
Maaf, maafkan saya The word maaf can be used to mean both ‘sorry’ or ‘excuse me’. It has many different forms to use when you are interrupting a conversation, stopping someone to ask for directions or when you have stepped on someone’s toes, literally and metaphorically. Examples Maaf, itu apa? Maafkan saya, saya terlambat. Saya minta maaf, saya silap. Maaf, di mana bank?
Sorry, what is that? Forgive me, I am late. I apologise, I was mistaken. Excuse me, where is the bank?
Vocabulary terlambat
late (unintentionally)
silap
mistaken
di mana
where
Exercise 1 What do you say when: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
you you you you you you you you
do not understand the instructions given to you? need someone to repeat something? need someone to talk a little bit slower? need the spelling of someone’s name? missed what is being explained to you? stepped on someone’s foot? were late for an appointment? didn’t know something?
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Language point Requesting a favour/turning down a request politely There are as many different ways and combinations to request a favour as there are to refuse them; albeit politely. Boleh tolong pos surat ini? Boleh bawa saya ke stesen? Tolong kemas bilik ini. Tolong buat kopi. Tolong jawab telefon.
Can you please post this letter? Can you take me to the station? Please tidy up the room. Please make coffee. Please answer the phone.
If you are agreeable to the request, the answer should be a simple: baiklah
all right
tentu sekali
certainly
or
However, if you cannot fulfil the request, apologise politely, giving your reasons why as you do so: Examples Maaf, Maaf, Maaf, Maaf, Maaf,
saya saya saya saya saya
sibuk. tak ada masa. ada kerja. tak boleh. letih.
Exercise 2
Sorry, Sorry, Sorry, Sorry, Sorry,
I I I I I
am busy. don’t have the time. have work (to do). can’t. am tired.
(CD1; 43)
How do you accept or refuse these requests? Use baiklah; maaf, saya penat; maaf, saya sibuk; maaf, saya ada kerja; maaf, saya tak boleh; maaf, saya tak tau, etc., all answers are applicable. 1 2 3 4 5
Boleh Boleh Boleh Boleh Boleh
telefon saya? tolong beli roti? datang ke rumah saya? bawa saya ke kedai? angkat beg ini?
Can Can Can Can Can
you you you you you
phone me? please buy bread? come to my house? take me to the shop? lift this bag?
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Language points Tolong Tolong literally means ‘to help’, but it can be used to mean ‘please’ as in a request to do something. While it can be used in the same way as ‘please’ is used in English, such as ‘Please close the door’, it cannot be used in this way: ‘Yes, please,’ or ‘Sugar, please’. This topic will be dealt with more in Unit 6.
Saya suka/mahu/boleh . . . After introducing yourself, you will need to give more information about yourself, perhaps saying what you like and what you don’t like, what you can or cannot do, or what you want or don’t want to do. suka/tak suka mahu/tak mahu boleh/tak boleh
to like/don’t like to want/don’t want can/cannot
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 41) Listen to this conversation between two new friends, Adam and Ali. Ali
Saya suka main bola sepak dan hoki. Oh, saya tak boleh main hoki. Saya tidak suka main hoki. Ali Saya mau main hoki di stadium. Kamu mau pergi? Adam Saya tak boleh pergi. Saya sibuk. Ali Kamu suka apa? Adam Saya suka berenang dan berlari. Ali Oh, saya tak boleh berenang. Adam
I like to play football and hockey. Oh, I can’t play hockey. I don’t like to play hockey. Ali I want to play hockey at the stadium. Do you want to go? Adam I cannot go. I am busy. Ali
Adam
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Ali Adam Ali
What do you like? I like swimming and running. Oh, I can’t swim.
Vocabulary main
to play
bola sepak
football
hoki
hockey
berlari
to run
Language point Suka, mahu and boleh As we have mentioned in the last unit, tak is the short form of tidak, which is used to negate a verb or an adjective. Let us use tak with suka, boleh and mahu. Suka means ‘to like (something)’ or ‘to like (to do something)’. It is not to be used to mean ‘I’d like to’. Mahu means ‘to want’. It is pronounced as mau and will appear in dialogues as ‘mau’. Boleh means ‘can’ or ‘to have the ability (to do something)’. Here is a list of action words that you can use with suka/tak suka, mahu/tak mahu and boleh/tak boleh. Note: You will notice that, in the table, some of the verbs used are not in their root form. They are used with prefixes such as ber and me, which will be dealt in greater detail later. Saya Dia John Mereka Kami Kita Kamu Jane
masak (to cook) suka tak suka boleh tak boleh mahu tak mahu belajar (to study)
berenang (to swim) pergi (to go) main tennis (to play tennis) menari (to dance) menyanyi (to sing) berlakon (to act)
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Culture point Mahu/mau It has been frequently pointed out by English speakers that the usage of mahu, meaning ‘to want (something)’ or ‘to want (to do something)’, sounds a little harsh, not unlike a demand. However, this is not so in Malay. as you can use mahu in a gentle tone when you are requesting or stating that you want to do something. Mahu or mau is interchangeable with nak – short for hendak – which also means ‘to want’.
Dialogue 3 (CD1; 44) Ali is asking Mary what she wants to drink. Ali
Mary mau apa? Saya mau teh. Ali Oh, kamu tak suka kopi? Mary Ya, saya tak suka kopi. Saya tak boleh minum kopi. Ali Saya nak minum kopi dan kamu nak teh. Mary Oh, saya mau teh susu, terima kasih. Mary
What would you like, Mary? I’d like to have tea. Ali Oh, you don’t like coffee? Mary Yes, I don’t like coffee. I can’t drink coffee. Ali I want to drink coffee and you want tea. Mary Oh, I’d like tea with milk. Thank you. Ali
Mary
Vocabulary teh
tea
dengan
with
kopi
coffee
susu
milk
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Exercise 3 1
Say in Malay that you like/can/want to a) makan kari b) bercakap bahasa Melayu c) main badminton
2
Say in Malay that you don’t like/don’t want to/cannot a) berenang b) bercakap bahasa Jerman c) masak
Language point Buat apa? This question can convey many meanings. It literally means ‘Do what?’ It can convey what a person is doing at that point in time: Dia buat apa? Dia makan.
What is he doing? He is eating.
Or what a person does for a living: Dia buat apa? Dia guru.
What does he do? He is a teacher.
Or intentions Buat apa? A: B: A: A: B: A:
What for?
Nak keluar? Buat apa? Makan. Saya mahu pergi pasar. Buat apa? Beli ikan.
Want to go out? What for? To eat. I want to go to the market. What for? To buy fish.
Note that, uttered in the wrong manner or tone, Buat apa? can convey a somewhat disdainful rebuff which does not really ask for an answer.
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Dialogue 4 (CD1; 46) Read the following phone conversation between Maria and her friend Dena. Maria
Helo, Dena. Buat apa? Dena Tak buat apa. Tengok TV. Maria Nak keluar, tak? Dena Buat apa? Maria Makan dengan kawan baru saya, Leana. Mau tak? Dena Leana? Dia buat apa? Maria Dia guru. Hello, Dena. What are you doing? Dena Not doing anything. Watching TV. Maria ( You) Want to go out, or not? Dena What for? Maria To eat with my new friend, Leana. (Do you) Want or not? Dena Leana? What does she do? Maria She is a teacher. Maria
Vocabulary keluar
to go out
kawan baru
new friend
Language points Tag question, tak? When Maria asks Dena Nak keluar, tak?, it literally it means ‘Want to go out, no?’ or ‘Want to go out, or not?’, and requires a Ya or Tak answer.
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Prefixes ber and me Me and ber are prefixes that enable you to identify a word as a verb. It is important to know that while most of the time these prefixes are dropped, the usage of the wrong prefix can change the meaning of the word completely. Some verbs take me and ber, whereas some take only me and some take only ber.
Dialogue 5 (CD1; 48) Heidi and her friend Jan are talking about their hobbies. Heidi
Saya suka berjalan. Awak? Saya main piano. Saya suka muzik. Heidi Awak berlatih di mana? Jan Saya berlatih di sekolah. Heidi Saya berjalan dan berlari di taman. Jan Saya main piano dengan kawan di sekolah. Heidi Kawan awak main apa? Jan Dia main violin. Jan
I like to walk. You? Jan I play the piano. I like music. Heidi Where do you practise? Jan I practise in school. Heidi I walk and run in the park. Jan I play the piano with a friend in school. Heidi What does your friend play? Jan He plays the violin. Heidi
Vocabulary berjalan
to walk
berlari
to run
muzik
music
taman
park
berlatih
to practise
dengan
with
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Language points Verbs with the ber prefix As you can see from Dialogue 5, some of the verbs used are with ber and some without; with or without, it does not change the meaning. Saya suka berjalan = Saya suka jalan Saya suka main piano = Saya suka bermain piano However, the word latih must be used with ber in Dialogue 5 because here it means ‘to practise’. Used on its own, latih can also mean ‘to train (someone)’. Let us look at verbs that can be used independently as well as with ber: jalan Dia (ber)jalan di bandar. main Heidi (ber)main bola. lari Jan (ber)lari di padang. kerja Liam (ber)kerja di rumah. pindah Dia (ber)pindah ke York. cakap Saya (ber)cakap dengan dia.
to walk She walks in the city. to play Heidi plays ball. to run Jan runs in the field. to work Liam works at home. to move/to transfer He moved to York. to talk I spoke to her.
Let us now look at verbs which change meanings once ber is attached to them: angkat lepas latih tolak
to to to to
lift let go train push
berangkat berlepas berlatih bertolak
to to to to
leave for depart practise depart for
Examples Dia angkat beg itu. Dia berangkat ke London. Malik lepas tali itu.
He lifted the bag. He left for London. Malik let go of the rope.
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Malik berlepas ke Amerika. Din tolak Jan. Din bertolak ke Singapura.
Malik departed for America. Din pushed Jan. Din left for Singapore.
Note: For words beginning with r, one r is dropped when ber is added. For example, berambut, berumah, berenang. In some words, for smooth pronunciation, the other r is also dropped. For example, bekerja, belayar. The structure ber + noun is dealt with in Unit 5.
Verbs with the me prefix The me prefix is more problematic as it has many variations (me, mem, men, meny, meng) and the word form changes depending on the first letter of the word. Me goes with words beginning with l, m, n, r, y, ny, w: me me me me me me me
+ + + + + + +
lukis masak nikah rompak yakin nyanyi wawancara
to to to to to to to
draw cook marry rob convince sing interview
Mem goes with words beginning with b, f and p (but p is dropped): mem mem mem mem
+ + + +
buka fitnah potong = memotong patah = mematah
to to to to
open slander cut break
Men goes with words beginning with d, j, c, t and z (t is dropped): men men men men men men
+ + + + + +
darat jual curi tulis = menulis tangkap = menangkap ziarah
to to to to to to
land sell steal write catch visit
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Meng goes with words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o and u) and g, h, and k (k is dropped): meng meng meng meng meng meng meng meng meng
+ + + + + + + + +
arah eja ikat olah urus gosok hidu kayuh = mengayuh kupas = mengupas
to to to to to to to to to
direct spell tie compose manage rub smell pedal skin
Meny goes with words beginning with s (s is dropped): meny + sokong = menyokong meny + sapu = menyapu meny + soal = menyoal
to support to sweep to question
Certain words take ber and me but the meaning changes. Also, words with me sometimes also have the suffix i or kan, which are usually used in written form: berangkat mengangkat berjalan menjalankan berjumpa menjumpai berlaku melakukan
to to to to to to to to
depart lift walk carry out meet find happen do
Exercise 4 Look at these pictures and, from the list of words below, say what each person is doing. Mereka buat apa?
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Sam
Ali
Emily
Sally
Antoinne
Ely
Andy dan Jo Fran
drawing swimming watching television cooking dancing singing eating running
masak menari melukis makan menyanyi berlari berenang menonton televisyen
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
Exercise 5 Use the correct prefixes in the sentences below: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
June ________ (angkat) beg itu. Latif ________ (lepas) ke Brunei. Joe ________ (nyanyi). Heidi dan Mary ________ (lari) di taman. Dia ________ (sapu). Ahmad ________ (buka) buku. Yoko ________ (tulis). Sam ________ (jalan) ke pejabat.
Language points Occupations Derived from English Some occupations are derived from English: doktor akauntan polis arkitek konsultan diplomat
Pe + verb Most occupations are derived by adding the prefix pe to the appropriate verb, not unlike ‘verb + er/or’ in English. However, as with the prefix me, the tricky bit is that the root word changes depending on the initial letter of the word. Pe – with verbs beginning with l, m, n, ny, r, y, w: pe pe pe pe pe
+ + + + +
lakon = pelakon layan = pelayan lukis = pelukis latih = pelatih main = pemain
actor waiter artist trainer (coach) player, e.g., football player
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Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
pe + nasihat = penasihat pe + nyanyi = penyanyi
adviser singer
Pen – with verbs beginning with c, d, j, t, sy (the t is usually dropped): pen pen pen pen pen pen pen
+ + + + + + +
didik = pendidik jual = penjual jaga = penjaga tulis = penulis tari = penari tolong = penolong syarah = pensyarah
educator seller carer or caretaker writer dancer assistant lecturer
Pem – with verbs beginning with b, p (the p is dropped): pem + baca = pembaca
newsreader
Peng – with verbs beginning with vowels, g, h and k (the k is dropped): peng peng peng peng peng
+ + + + +
arah = pengarah adil = pengadil urus = pengurus edar = pengedar kawal = pengawal
director judge, umpire manager distributor guard
Peny – with verbs beginning with s (the s is dropped): peny + selia = penyelia
supervisor
This ‘pe + verb’ formula is the norm but there are exceptions.
Juru + verb There are also occupations made with ‘juru + verb’: juru juru juru juru
+ + + +
rawat = jururawat terbang = juruterbang jual = jurujual latih = jurulatih
nurse pilot sales assistant/promoter trainer, coach
Tukang The word tukang implies someone who is skilled in his/her area of work, usually manual labour as opposed to professionally trained positions.
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
tukang tukang tukang tukang tukang tukang
kebun masak kasut kayu tilik urut
gardener cook cobbler carpenter fortune teller masseur
Other occupations guru setiausaha kerani hakim
teacher secretary clerk judge
More formal ways of asking what work a person does Dia Dia Dia Dia
bekerja sebagai apa? bekerja sebagai guru. kerja apa? peguam.
What is he working as? He works as a teacher. What is his job? He is a lawyer.
Unit 2: Sorry, I don’t understand
Culture point Personal information Do not be offended if you are probed about what you do. Some locals may even ask about your gaji ‘salary’!
Exercise 6 Complete the sentences below: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sally bekerja di sekolah. Dia ________ Aman urus kedai kasut. Dia ________ Larry melatih kanak-kanak main bola sepak. Dia ________ Yoko melukis. Dia ________ Husin jaga kebun. Dia ________ Lili merawat orang sakit di hospital. Dia ________ Barry memandu bas. Dia ________ Lisa masak di restoran. Dia ________ Nora menari. Dia ________ Heidi belajar di universiti. Dia ________
Vocabulary jaga
to care for, to look after
kedai
shop
kasut
shoes
orang sakit
patient
memandu
drive
Exercise 7 Read the following conversations. a) Mary: John: Mary: John:
John Saya Saya Saya
bekerja sebagai apa? arkitek. Kamu buat apa? mengajar. Saya guru sekolah. buat bangunan.
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Unit 2: Maaf, saya tak faham
b) Sam: Yoko: Sam: Yoko:
Yoko boleh buat kopi? Maaf, saya sibuk. Baiklah, saya buat kopi. Saya nak belajar.
c) Andre: Jane: Andre: Jane:
Jangan buat bising. Maaf, saya tak dengar. Boleh ulang? Jangan bising. Oh, maafkan saya.
d) Simon: Lee: Simon: Lee:
Lee boleh berenang? Ya, saya boleh berenang. Mahu berenang di laut? Oh, saya tak suka berenang di laut. Saya mau berenang di kolam.
Vocabulary laut
sea
kolam
pool
bangunan
building
Unit Three Mau ke mana? Where to?
In this unit you will learn: • • • • • • • • •
how to ask and give directions how to locate a place, an object or a person useful phrases when asking or giving directions yang – which/that/who prepositions used with places: di, di mana, di dalam, di antara, ke, ke mana ada and its dual functions – there is/there are, to have/to own the question word apa? bukan to negate a noun adjectives tinggi, cantik, besar, baru, mahal, etc.
Dialogue 1 (CD1; 50) Danial asks John some questions. Danial John Danial John Danial John Danial John Danial
John, kamu mau ke mana? Ke pejabat. Pejabat di mana? Di Kuala Lumpur. Di mana di Kuala Lumpur? Di bangunan Angkasa di Jalan Ibrahim. Oh, saya tau, bangunan yang tinggi dan cantik tu. Betul. Ada banyak pejabat baru di dalam bangunan tu. Pejabat saya di situ juga.
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
Danial John Danial John Danial John Danial John Danial
John, where to? (i.e. where are you going?) To the office. Where is your office? In Kuala Lumpur. Where in Kuala Lumpur? At the Angkasa building in Jalan Ibrahim. Oh, I know, that tall and beautiful building. Correct. There are many new offices in that building. My office is in there too.
Vocabulary ke mana
(to) where
banyak
many
di mana
(at) where
baru
new
pejabat
office
di dalam
in/inside
tinggi
high/tall
juga
also
cantik
beautiful
Language points The preposition di Di is a very useful preposition that can mean ‘in’ or ‘at’ when used with a place, as illustrated in the sentences below. Pejabat saya di Kuala Lumpur. Dia belajar di London. Dia di rumah.
My office is in Kuala Lumpur. He is studying in London. He is at home.
Di can also be attached to other prepositions, such as atas, bawah, dalam and antara. di di di di
atas bawah dalam antara
on top, above below, beneath in, inside in between
However, it is not uncommon to drop di in spoken Malay.
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Unit 3: Where to?
Di mana? Literally, this phrase means ‘at where?’ and it can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. Di mana buku? Buku di atas meja. Kucing di mana? Kucing di bawah meja.
Where is the book? The book is on the table. Where is the cat? The cat is under the table.
Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer from the right-hand column. 1 2 3 4 5
Di mana baju saya? Roti di mana? Mana John? Di mana kucing? Di mana burung?
di di di di di
atas pokok bawah kerusi dalam balang pejabat dalam almari
Vocabulary almari
cupboard
kerusi
chair
balang
jar
pokok
tree
roti
bread
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 52) Sam is looking for her shoes. Sam
Mana kasut saya? Kasut yang mana? Sam Saya ada kasut putih dan kasut hitam. Saya mau kasut yang hitam. Jo Ada banyak kasut di dalam almari. Sam Tak ada kasut hitam di dalam almari. Jo Pakai kasut putih. Sam Kasut yang putih tu kotor. Jo
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
Where are my shoes? Which shoes? Sam I have white shoes and black shoes. I want the shoes that are black. Jo There are many shoes in the cupboard. Sam There are no black shoes in the cupboard. Jo Wear the white shoes. Sam The shoes that are white are dirty. Sam Jo
Vocabulary kasut
shoes
yang
which/that
yang mana
which one
pakai
to wear
hitam
black
putih
white
kotor
dirty
Language points The two uses of ada Dialogue 2 illustrates the two uses of ada. Similar to English, ada ‘there is/are’ can be used either at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle. Saya ada kasut putih dan kasut hitam. I have white shoes and black shoes. Dia ada baju merah. She has a red dress. Ada banyak kasut di dalam almari. There are many shoes in the cupboard. Di atas meja ada buku. On the table there is a book.
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Unit 3: Where to?
Apa? What? Apa is a question word meaning ‘what’. It can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence: Di atas meja ada apa?
(Lit.) On the table there is what?
Apa ada di atas meja?
What is there on the table?
Ada apa di atas meja?
(Lit.) There is what on the table?
Or
Or
Exercise 2 Look at these pictures and answer the questions using ada to mean ‘there is/are’. For example:
Ada apa di atas meja?
1
2
Di bawah meja ada apa?
Ada apa di atas buku?
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
Apa di ada atas kerusi?
3
4
Di atas meja ada apa?
Language points The preposition ke Ke is another useful preposition. It means ‘to (a place)’. Sami berjalan ke kedai. Sami walks to the shop. Anne mau pergi ke pejabat pos. Anne wants to go to the post office. As with di, ke comes before a place and is also normally attached to another preposition showing the direction of the action.
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Unit 3: Where to?
ke atas ↑ Dia tengok ke atas. ke bawah ↓ Jo berlari ke bawah.
He looked up. Jo ran down.
Other prepositions dari – from a place Dia datang dari New York. He comes from New York. daripada – from a person/institution with people Saya dapat hadiah daripada guru. I got a present from the teacher. Dia terima surat daripada pejabat. He received a letter from the office. untuk – for Buku ini untuk anda. This book is for you. kepada – to a person Dia hantar emel kepada John. He sent an email to John.
Dialogue 3 (CD1; 54) Read this conversation between Hassan and his friend Matt. Hassan
Saya beli hadiah. Untuk siapa? Hassan Untuk kawan saya, Mary. Matt Oh, saya dapat emel daripada Mary. Hassan Ya, Mary hantar emel kepada kamu. Matt Kamu beli hadiah itu dari mana? Hassan Dari kedai buku. Matt
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
I bought a present. For whom? Hassan For my friend, Mary. Matt Oh, I received an email from Mary. Hassan Yes, Mary sent an email to you. Matt Where did you buy the present from? Hassan From the book shop. Hassan Matt
Vocabulary beli
to buy
hadiah
present/gift
dapat
to receive, to get
Language point Noun + yang + adjective We have seen in the previous dialogues the usage of the particle yang to place emphasis on adjuncts. When yang is omitted, there is no difference in the meaning grammatically. The structure noun + yang + adjective forms a noun phrase and is not a complete sentence. Examples Bangunan yang tinggi dan cantik. The building that is tall and beautiful. kasut yang hitam kasut yang putih bangunan tinggi dan cantik kasut hitam kasut putih
the the the the the
shoes that are black shoes that are white tall and beautiful building black shoes white shoes
In a question, yang is used as follows: Buku yang mana? Bangunan yang mana?
Which book? Which building?
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Unit 3: Where to?
Exercise 3 Read the passage below. Ramli mahu pergi ke majlis hari jadi Mary. Dia memakai kemeja baru yang bersih dan seluar panjang. Ramli membeli kemeja itu di bandar. Dia juga membeli hadiah untuk Mary; beg kecil yang cantik dan mahal. Mary kawan baik Ramli.
Vocabulary majlis
party
panjang
long
kemeja
shirt
membeli (beli)
to buy
baru
new
bandar
town
bersih
clean
kecil
small
seluar
trousers
mahal
expensive
Dialogue 4 (CD1; 56) Jane and Anna are enjoying a walk in the park. Jane Anna Jane Anna Jane Anna Jane Anna
Orang itu cantik. Yang mana? Yang tinggi dan kurus tu. Yang pakai cermin mata? Tak, yang pakai topi. Dia guru saya, guru yang ajar saya bahasa Melayu. Oh, dia yang mengajar kamu? Ya.
That person is beautiful. Which one? Jane The one that is tall and thin. Anna The one wearing glasses? Jane No, the one wearing a hat. Jane
Anna
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
She is my teacher, the teacher who teaches me the Malay language. Jane Oh, she is the one who teaches you? Anna Yes. Anna
Vocabulary kurus
thin (as in slim)
guru
teacher
cermin mata
glasses
mengajar
to teach
pakai
to wear
topi
hat
Exercise 4 Match the following nouns with the most appropriate adjective from the right-hand column. 1 2 3 4 5
baju rumah gambar pelajar makanan
sedap (delicious) pandai (clever) nipis (thin) cantik (beautiful) besar (big)
Language point Asking and giving directions Useful phrases when asking for directions Maaf, saya sesat. Sorry, I am lost. Di mana taman? Where is the park? Boleh tunjuk jalan dari sini ke . . . ? Can you show me the way from here to . . . ? Saya mau pergi ke. . . . Boleh tunjuk jalan? I want to go to the. . . . Can you show me the way?
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Unit 3: Where to?
Jauhkah? Is it far? Note: The word sesat means ‘to lose one’s way’; it is not the word to use when you’ve lost something.
Useful phrases when giving directions pergi/jalan terus belok kanan/kiri belok kanan pertama belok kiri kedua kamu akan nampak dekat saja simpang jalan
go/walk straight on turn right/left turn first right turn second left you will see near (only) junction
Dialogue 5 (CD1; 58) Jo asks a passerby for directions to the post office. Jo
Maaf, saya nak pergi ke pejabat pos. Boleh tunjuk jalan? Lelaki Pejabat pos di Jalan Bunga. Jo Jauhkah? Lelaki Dekat saja. Dari sini, jalan terus, belok kanan ke Jalan Istana. Kamu akan nampak stesen bas di sebelah kanan. Pejabat pos di depan stesen bas. Jo Terima kasih. Jo Man Jo Man
Jo
xcuse me, I want to go to the post office. Can you show E me the way? The post office is in Jalan Bunga. Is it far? It’s near (only). From here, go straight, turn right into Jalan Istana. You will see a bus station on the right-hand side. The post office is in front of the station. Thank you.
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
Vocabulary pergi
to go
sini
here
tunjuk
to show
nampak
see
jalan
road or way
kanan
right
stesen
station
belok
turn
dekat
near
terus
straight
saja
only
depan
in front of
Exercise 5 Study the map of the town below and answer the questions that follow.
1. Ask how to get from one place to the other as shown on the map: Example Boleh tunjuk jalan dari bank ke kolam renang?
a) from b) from c) from d) from
the the the the
hotel to the school school to the post office school to the swimming pool post office to the bank
2. By looking at the map, tell someone how to get from: a) the bank to the post office b) the swimming pool to the school c) the hotel to the post office d) the bank to the hotel
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Unit 3: Where to?
Vocabulary kolam renang
swimming pool
sekolah
school
Exercise 6 Using the same map as in Exercise 5, answer the following questions, using prepositions you have learnt. Example Di mana kolam renang? Kolam renang di Jalan Padang, di depan muzium. 1 2 3 4 5
Di Di Di Di Di
mana mana mana mana mana
stesen bas? kedai bunga? sekolah? bank? muzium?
Vocabulary restoran
restaurant
stesen bas
bus station
kedai bunga
florist (flower shop)
muzium
museum
pasar
market
Exercise 7 Match the following places with the word on the right best associated with them. 1 2 3 4 5
pejabat pos pasar taman kolam renang sekolah
belajar (to study) membeli setem (to buy stamps) membeli daging (to buy meat) bermain bola (to play ball) berenang (to swim)
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
Culture point Getting about in Malaysia Malaysia has an excellent transport system. Whether you are travelling by road, air or river, there are various options available to take you where you want to go.
By air Malaysia has its own carrier, Malaysia Airlines System (MAS), as well as the no-frills budget airline Air Asia, both of which serve domestic and international destinations daily. There is also a domestic airline to touristy places called Firefly.
By road It is cheaper to travel by bus in Malaysia. Most, if not all, buses in Kuala Lumpur are air-conditioned. Teksi or taxis in major cities are usually fitted with meters and most are air-conditioned. If you want to drive, you need a Malaysian Driving Licence, Prob ationary Driving Licence or an International Driving Licence. To use a foreign licence, get it endorsed by the Road Transport Department. Note that all vehicles travel on the left-hand side of the road and that the use of safety belts by front passengers is mandatory in Malaysia.
By rail You can travel within Peninsula Malaysia by rail. There are also express services between big cities. Most have restaurant coaches.
By sea There are several ports of entry in Malaysia, namely Penang, Port Klang, Kuantan and Kuching. When you are in Malaysia, you will probably hear the locals referring to names of places by their initials. Here are some examples: Kuala Lumpur Port Dickson Petaling Jaya
KL PD PJ
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Unit 3: Where to?
Kota Kinabalu Johor Bahru Kota Bahru Kuala Terengganu
KK JB KB KT
Trishaws are known as the ‘kings of the road’. In most touristy places, such as Malacca, they are decorated to attract customers. The trishaw peddlers also have radios, blaring music and songs, giving the place an air of festivity.
Language point Modes of transport Regardless of the form of transportation that you take, you use the verb naik, which in this context means ‘to board’. You can also use the word ambil (pronounced ambik) to literally mean ‘to take’ a mode of transport.
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Unit 3: Mau ke mana?
Examples Saya naik teksi ke kedai. Dia naik basikal ke sekolah. Heidi naik kereta api ke Johor. Kami ambil bas dari PJ. You can also use dengan, meaning ‘with’. Examples Saya pergi ke Kuala Lumpur dengan kereta. Dia pergi dengan motorsikal. Or if you are walking, just say Saya berjalan kaki . . . , which literally means ‘I walk on foot’.
Exercise 8 Ahmad went to Raju’s house. Read his description of the journey, then answer the questions that follow. Dari rumah saya, saya naik bas ke stesen kereta api. Saya ambil kereta api Bandar Seri Melur. Saya turun di Bandar Seri Melur dan saya pergi ke Taman Anggur dengan bas. Di Taman Anggur, saya berjalan kaki ke Jalan Tasek, belok kiri ke Jalan Emas. Rumah Raju di depan pasaraya. Rumah Raju rumah yang besar dan cantik. 1 2 3 4 5
Ahmad naik apa ke stesen kereta api? Ahmad naik kereta api ke mana? Ahmad pergi ke Taman Anggur dengan apa? Di mana rumah Raju? Yang mana rumah Raju?
Unit Four Nak keluar makan? Want to go out and eat?
In this unit you will learn: • the different kinds of places to eat: gerai, restoran, layan diri • how to order food; ask for different kinds of food, and express likes and dislikes • how to give compliments or voice dissatisfaction • the different tastes of food: manis, tawar, sedap, masin, etc. • words and phrases related to food and eating: sudah kenyang, cukup, masih lapar • how certain nouns are formed: verb + an = noun makan + an = makanan (food) masak + an = masakan (cooking)
Dialogue 1 (CD1; 60) Lisa is hungry and phones Nina to ask her to join her for a meal. Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa
Helo Nina, jom keluar makan! Helo Lisa, boleh juga. Saya lapar. Nak makan di mana? Gerai boleh, restoran pun boleh. Boleh kita makan makanan India? Boleh tapi makanan India pedas. Ah, kita pergi ke restoran Vietnam. Masakan Vietnam tak pedas.
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Unit 4: Nak keluar makan?
Nina Lisa Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa
Nina Lisa Nina
Boleh juga! Sedap tapi mahal. Hello Nina, let’s go out and eat! Hello Lisa, can (also). I am hungry. Where do you want to eat? ( Lit.) Stalls okay, restaurants also okay. Can we eat Indian food? We can but Indian food is spicy. Ah, we go to a Vietnamese restaurant. Vietnamese cooking is not spicy. Can (also)! Delicious but expensive. Never mind, it’s my treat.
Vocabulary keluar
to go out
pun
also
juga
also
pedas
spicy
lapar
hungry
sedap
delicious
gerai
stalls
mahal
expensive
makanan
food
tak apa
never mind
masakan
cooking (N)
belanja
to treat
Language point Forming nouns with verb + an In Malay, nouns can often be formed by adding an to the end of a verb, as illustrated in Dialogue 1. Makanan India pedas. Indian food is hot. Masakan Vietnam tak pedas. Vietnamese cooking is not hot. makan (to eat) + an = makanan (food) minum (to drink) + an = minuman (a drink) tulis (to write) + an = tulisan (writing)
Unit 4: Want to go out and eat?
jual (to sell) + an = jualan (sale) pakai (to wear) + an = pakaian (clothing) hibur (to entertain) + an = hiburan (entertainment) However, when formed this way, some nouns have totally unrelated meanings. angkat (to lift) + an = angkatan (a force, as in air force) alas (to place something underneath, like a placemat underneath a hot pot) + an = alasan (an excuse) bangun (to get up or stand up) + an = bangunan (a building)
Exercise 1 Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding an and then find their meanings in a dictionary. 1 nyanyi 2 layan 3 ajar
4 kirim 5 pinjam
Culture points Food, glorious food! You will find that the subject of food is a very popular one among Malaysians and eating is said to be a favourite pastime. In Dialogue 1, Lisa and Nina discuss where and what to eat. There are many eateries in Malaysia, ranging from roadside stalls to coffee shops and expensive restaurants with a variety of international foods in hotels and food courts. There are takeaway as well as self-service outlets, literally translated as layan diri, where you can help yourself to the food served and you pay at the till. Malaysian cuisine is a melting pot of influences from the main racial groups in Malaysia: Malays, Indian and Chinese. Malay cooking tradition ally uses lots of herbs and coconut milk, but it has also been heavily influ enced by Indian cooking, especially curries. The vegetable dishes, which tend not to be spicy, are a combination of Malay and Chinese cooking. Neighbouring countries such as Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam are also making an impact, as these offer a variety of choice for
53
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Unit 4: Nak keluar makan?
visitors, especially from the West, who come for a culinary experience. Western food is also widely available. So, the choice is yours!
Lauk A complete typical Malay meal usually consists of rice and several other accompanying dishes. which are collectively termed lauk. Anything that is eaten with rice is lauk, and these could be: kari ayam sayur campur ikan goreng sambal udang sup kambing
chicken curry mixed vegetables fried fish chilli prawns lamb soup
Language point Important words and phrases when talking about food When eating in big restaurants and hotels where buffets are served and menus are in English as well as Malay, you’ll have no problem understanding the menu or what to order. However, eating in a small stall or a restaurant in a remote area may prove more difficult. It would be helpful for you to learn some important phrases. Dishes are simply divided into: goreng ‘fried’
bakar/ panggang ‘grilled’
kari ‘curry’
sambal ‘chilli based’
sup ‘soup’
ayam ‘chicken’
ayam goreng
ayam bakar/ panggang
kari ayam
sambal ayam
sup ayam
kambing ‘lamb’
kambing goreng
kambing panggang
kari kambing
sambal kambing
sup kambing
lembu (usually called daging) ‘beef’
daging goreng
daging panggang
kari daging
sambal daging
sup daging
Unit 4: Want to go out and eat?
It is worth noting that kambing is both ‘goat’ and ‘lamb’, while daging, although it means ‘meat’, almost always means ‘beef’. The word for ‘cow’ is lembu.
Additional food vocabulary udang ketam sayur
prawn crab vegetable
Most sambal are pedas (spicy) as they are chilli based, while kari can be hot or mild. There are also noodle dishes – mee ‘fresh rice noodles’, beehoon ‘dried thin noodles’ and kwayteow ‘flat noodles’, and all these can fall into the categories of sup and goreng. There are many varieties of noodle dishes, one just needs to explore!
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 62) Lisa and Hamid finally decide to eat at a stall. Pelayan
Nak makan apa? Saya mahu nasi dengan kari ayam dan sup sayur. Lisa Saya nak mee goreng, kurang pedas. Pelayan Nak minum apa? hamid Saya dahaga. Jus oren untuk saya. Lisa Untuk saya teh tarek tak mau gula. Pelayan Jus oren dan teh tarek tak mau gula. Apa lagi? Lisa Itu saja. hamid
Waiter hamid Lisa Waiter hamid Lisa
What would you like to eat? I want rice with chicken curry and vegetable soup. I want fried noodles, less spicy. All right. What do you want to drink? I’m thirsty. Orange juice for me. For me ‘teh tarek’, no sugar.
55
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Unit 4: Nak keluar makan?
Waiter
Lisa
Orange juice and teh tarek, no sugar. What else? That’s all.
Vocabulary dengan
with
kurang
less
jus oren
orange juice
teh tarek
a typical tea drink that is very sweet (literally, it means ‘pulled tea’)
gula
sugar
dahaga
thirsty
apa lagi?
what else?
itu saja
that’s all
Culture point Teh tarek Teh tarek – or literally ‘pulled tea’ – is a Malaysian speciality. Tea leaves are boiled, and then thick, sweetened condensed milk is added. Some people even add sugar. The tea is then poured from a big container into a glass. The act of ‘pulling’ produces froth and is said to enhance the taste.
Dialogue 3 (CD1; 64) After eating, Lisa and Nina discuss the food. Lisa
Mee goreng saya masin. Oh, kari ayam saya sejuk, tak panas. Lisa Ya, teh tarek saya pun sejuk. Nina
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Unit 4: Want to go out and eat?
Nina Lisa
Jus oren saya tawar! Ya, makanan di sini tak sedap!
My fried noodles were salty. Oh, my chicken curry was cold, not hot. Lisa Yes, my teh tarek was also cold. Nina My orange juice was tasteless! Lisa Yes. The food here is not delicious! Lisa
Nina
Vocabulary masin
salty
panas
hot (temperature)
sejuk
cold
tawar
tasteless
Additional vocabulary to describe food pahit masam manis
bitter sour sweet
Language point Describing food Tawar is, literally, ‘tasteless’. If there’s no taste of salt in a curry, then it is tawar; coffee without sugar is tawar; and an orange that is neither sweet nor sour is also tawar. These adjectives describing food can be used with intensifiers such as: sangat terlalu sungguh kurang agak
very too so less quite
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Unit 4: Nak keluar makan?
Examples Kari saya terlalu pedas. Mee goreng itu sangat masin. Kopi ini sungguh pahit. Sup ini kurang sedap.
My curry is too spicy. Those fried noodles were very salty. This coffee is so bitter. This soup is less (not so) tasty.
Exercise 2 Read the questions and choose one or more answers. 1
You cannot eat hot and spicy food. What would you choose to eat? a) sambal ayam b) kari udang c) sambal daging d) mee goreng pedas e) kwayteow sup
2 You are vegetarian but you eat seafood. What dish(es) would you avoid? a) sup ayam b) daging bakar c) sayur campur d) ikan goreng e) kari udang 3
The soup you ordered is not hot. What would you say? a) Sup saya manis. b) Sup saya masin. c) Sup saya tawar. d) Sup saya sejuk.
4
You want to compliment the chef on his food. What would you say? a) Makanan ini sedap. b) Makanan ini pahit. c) Makanan ini mahal. d) Makanan ini masam.
Exercise 3 What do these taste like?
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Unit 4: Want to go out and eat?
1
4
2
3
5
Dialogue 4 (CD1; 66) Yoko has been invited to Nina’s house for dinner. Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko
Yoko nak makan dengan tangan atau dengan sudu? Dengan tangan. Bagus. Yoko boleh basuh tangan di sinki. Ini kari apa, Nina? Ini kari ayam. Ada kacang dalam kari ini? Tak ada kacang, tapi ada santan. Saya tak boleh makan kacang. Tambahlah. Makan lagi. Cukup, terima kasih. Saya sudah kenyang. Does Yoko want to eat with hand or with spoon? With hand. Good. You can wash your hands at the sink. What curry is this, Nina? This is chicken curry. Are there nuts in the curry? No nuts, but there’s coconut milk. I cannot eat nuts. Have some more. Eat more. That’s enough, thank you. I am full.
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Unit 4: Nak keluar makan?
Vocabulary tangan
hand (although what is meant here is actually ‘fingers’, which is jari)
atau
or
sudu
spoon
basuh
to wash
sinki
sink
kacang
nuts
santan
coconut milk
tambah
(literally, this means ‘to add’, but in this context, it means to have a second helping. ‘Take more rice!’)
lagi
more
cukup
enough
sudah/dah
already
kenyang
full
Language points More useful eating phrases Here are some more words and phrases relating to the art of eating. lapar – hungry Contrary to popular belief, Malaysians are not hungry all the time, BUT it does seem as if they eat all the time. belum lapar – not hungry yet If you have not felt the gnawing pain of hunger, and a friend asks you to go out and eat, you can say, saya belum lapar. masih lapar – still hungry If you have eaten but you are still hungry, and in the company of close friends, of course you can say masih lapar and help yourself to a second helping. tambah – a second helping Tambah means ‘to add’. However, when you are having a meal and you are about to finish, your kind host or hostess will cajole you to
Unit 4: Want to go out and eat?
take a second helping. Because Malay food is served to be shared by all, you are encouraged to take more rice, and have more helpings of the curry or the side dishes. cukup – enough When you’ve had enough food, it is polite to say cukup, terima kasih, and usually with a gesture of the right hand to mean, ‘no more, please’. This can also be said and done when someone is scooping more food onto your plate, or putting sugar into your tea. sudah kenyang – already full When you have eaten enough food, it is polite to say sudah kenyang to mean you are already full. tak lalu makan (or tak ada selera) – no appetite Tak lalu makan can arise from various situations, such as: • You noticed a restaurant that is dirty and grubby: Saya tak lalu makan di sini. I don’t have the appetite to eat here. • You are not well and don’t feel like eating: Saya tak lalu makan. I don’t have the appetite to eat.
Tenses In Malay, verbs do not change their form when the action is done by either gender and they do not change even when the action is done or has yet to be done. Although the tenses, especially the present continuous, the future and the past tense, are normally omitted in colloquial Malay, it helps to know how they are used. saya saya saya saya saya
makan sedang makan telah makan nasi sudah makan akan makan
I eat I am eating I ate rice I have eaten I will eat
Sedang, telah, sudah/dah and akan are usually used for emphasis.
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Unit 4: Nak keluar makan?
Note that the present continuous tense – sedang – is hardly used in colloquial Malay – it is instead replaced by the word duk from duduk ‘sit’ or tengah ‘in the middle of’. This is explained more in Unit 12. Example Dia sedang makan or Dia duk makan or Dia tengah makan
Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks, choosing from the following words. The words in brackets will help you. sedang, sudah/dah, telah, akan, belum, masih 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Paulo masih lapar. Dia ________ makan. (present continuous) Dia makan nasi, kari dan sayur. Dia ________ kenyang. (past) Ahmad mahu minum jus lagi. Dia ________ dahaga. (present) Sekarang Joanne ________ masak untuk keluarga dia. (present continuous) Jangan bising! Kamelia ________ tidur. (past) Dia ________ belajar bahasa Malaysia di sekolah. (past) Betty beli ikan di pasar. Dia ________ masak kari ikan. (future) Alan beli tiket kereta api. Dia ________ pergi ke Singapura. (future)
Vocabulary sekarang
now
tidur
sleep
tiket
tiket
Culture point Going native Although in most restaurants and even at the stalls, forks and spoons (not knives) are provided, most locals prefer to eat with their fingers, especially if it is Malay or Indian food. In all eateries, there are sinks
Unit 4: Want to go out and eat?
where you can wash your hands, or a special finger bowl is provided. You use your right hand to eat, NOT the left hand. And when you visit a Malay house, do not be surprised to find that some people sit on the floor (on a mat) to eat. Men and women have different sitting positions.
Exercise 5 Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow. Nisa masak nasi, kari kambing, ayam goreng, sambal udang dan sup sayur. Dia jemput Ali, Chong, Sami, Suan dan Ray datang ke rumah dia. Mereka suka masakan Nisa. Ali suka kari tapi dia tak makan ayam. Chong tak makan sambal udang. Sambal itu pedas. Suan bawa kek untuk Nisa. Kek itu terlalu manis untuk Nisa. Ray tak boleh makan kek itu sebab dia terlalu kenyang. Dia tambah nasi dan kari kambing. Kari kambing sangat sedap. Dia tak boleh makan lagi. Suan tidak sihat. Dia tidak lalu makan. Dia tak ada selera. Dia makan sup sayur saja.
Vocabulary jemput
to invite
bawa
to bring
kek
cake
sebab
because
1 2 3 4 5
Nisa masak apa? Nisa jemput siapa ke rumah dia? Ali tak makan apa? Suan bawa apa untuk Nisa? Suan tidak lalu makan sebab dia ________
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Unit Five Membeli-belah Shopping
In this unit you will learn: • the different kinds of outlets available: where to find what you want: pasar, pasaraya, kedai runcit, kedai buku, etc. • cardinal and ordinal numbers • classifiers: sehelai baju, dua orang anak • berapa ‘how many/much?’ or banyak mana? • how to ask for what you want • how to exchange goods: more adjectives with lebih, kurang, etc. • ber + noun = verb, e.g. ber + kasut = berkasut ‘to be with shoes’ = ‘to wear shoes’ • more adjectives with intensifiers: terlalu • shapes, patterns, colours: bulat, berjalur, kuning • the art of bargaining
Dialogue 1 (CD1; 68) Rajan has just arrived and he needs to buy some essential things for his stay in Malaysia. He discusses with Ali where to get them. Rajan
Saya perlu beli barang. Kamu mau beli apa? Rajan Saya perlu sehelai kemeja baru dan sepasang kasut. Ali Kita boleh beli kemeja di kedai pakaian. Di sini tak ada kedai kasut. Ali
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Unit 5: Shopping
Rajan
Saya juga mau dua pos kad dan peta. Kalau begitu, mula-mula kita pergi ke kedai buku. Di situ ada pos kad dan peta. Rajan Selepas itu? Ali Selepas itu kita ke kedai pakaian untuk beli kemeja. Rajan Saya juga mau sebotol ubat batuk. Ali Kita beli ubat batuk di kedai ubat. Rajan Saya fikir, lebih baik kita ke pusat membeli-belah. Tentu semua ada di sana. Ali Oh, ya, kasut di tingkat kedua! Ali
Rajan Ali Rajan Ali
Rajan Ali
Rajan Ali Rajan Ali Rajan
Ali
I need to buy things. What do you want to buy? I need a new shirt and a pair of shoes. We can buy shirts from the clothes shop. There are no shoe shops here. I also want postcards and a map. If that is so, first of all we go to the bookshop. There are postcards and maps there. After that? After that, to the clothes shop to buy the shirt. I also want a bottle of cough medicine. We buy the cough medicine at the medicine shop. I think it is better if we go to the shopping centre. Surely everything is there. Oh, yes, shoes are on the second level.
Vocabulary kemeja
shirt
fikir
think
pos kad
postcard
lebih baik
better
peta
map
pusat membeli-belah
shopping centre
mula-mula
first of all
tentu
surely
selepas itu
after that
semua
all
ubat
medicine
tingkat
level
batuk
cough
kedua
second
kalau begitu
if that is so
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Unit 5: Membeli-belah
Note that sehelai and sepasang are classifiers, which are dealt with later in this unit.
Language points What kind of shop? As you can see from Dialogue 1, it is easy to recognise what the shops sell. As in English, a shoe shop is kedai kasut and a bookshop is kedai buku, but this does not apply to all shops. Here are some more examples: kedai kedai kedai kedai kedai kedai kedai
daging bunga ubat roti rambut lampu emas
butcher’s florist medicine shop bakery/bread shop hairdressing salon lighting shop goldsmith
Jaime pergi ke kedai daging untuk beli ayam dan daging. Jaime went to the butcher’s to buy chicken and beef. Anne potong rambut di kedai rambut. Anne had her hair cut at the hairdressing salon.
Cardinal numbers To learn numbers, first memorise the numbers 0–10. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kosong satu dua tiga empat lima enam tujuh lapan sembilan sepuluh
Unit 5: Shopping
Note that se in Malay is also ‘one’, as you will see when you start learning about classifiers. Puluh is ‘ten’. Therefore sepuluh is literally ‘one ten’. For numbers above 10, belas at the end of the a number denotes ‘teen’. 11 12 13 14 20 21 100 101 1000 1200 100,000 1,000,000 1,200,314
sebelas dua belas tiga belas empat belas and so on . . . dua puluh dua puluh satu seratus seratus satu seribu seribu dua ratus seratus ribu sejuta sejuta, dua ribu tiga ratus empat belas
Exercise 1 Read these numbers out loud: 1 24 2 51 3 137
4 2,462 5 7,986
Exercise 2 Read these telephone numbers out loud. Phone numbers in Malay are read out by individual number.
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Language point Ordinal numbers In Dialogue 1 Ali remembers that the shoe shop is on the second floor or second level of the shopping centre. Oh, ya, kasut di tingkat kedua! Oh, yes, shoes are on the second level! With the exception of pertama to mean ‘first’, the rest of the ordinal numbers simply have the prefix ke. pertama kedua ketiga keempat kelima keenam ketujuh kedua-dua ketiga-tiga
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh both all three
Examples Buku ini buku kedua saya mengenai Malaysia. This book is my second book about Malaysia. Dia tinggal dengan ketiga-tiga anak dia. She lives with all her three children.
Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences into Malay. 1 2 3 4 5
Lillian’s second child is studying in her first year at university. Anton bought all four books from me. Jean has five children. Her third child is a girl. My first car is a Proton. Joshua is the tenth student to get a present from the school.
Unit 5: Shopping
Culture point Shopping and bargaining Malaysia is a haven for shopping. Depending on what you want to buy, there are numerous places to choose from; ranging from exclusive boutiques to supermarkets, shopping malls, street markets and night markets (pasar malam). Huge complexes tend to house not only offices but also shops, and shopping here will not give you the liberty to bargain. You can buy everyday necessities from corner shops. Shops are easily identified by what they sell. At a pasar malam, you can get mostly everything from ready cooked food to household goods, CDs and DVDs (although you might want to check out the authenticity), clothes and fresh fruit and vegetables. This is where you will need your bargaining skills. The art of bargaining is to ask for a price, feign disinterest and walk away. You will be guaranteed a much lower price when you are called back to state your price. This is usually done repeatedly until both parties agree to a price. However, the streetwise, hardened pasar malam vendor knows a tourist who has just stepped off a plane when he sees one!
Exercise 4 Where do you go when you need: 1 2 3 4 5 6
flowers? bread? stationery? clothes? jewellery? medicine?
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 70) Listen to the conversation between Leela and a street vendor.
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Unit 5: Membeli-belah
Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Vendor Leela Vendor Leela Vendor Leela Vendor Leela Vendor
Berapa harga baju ini? Murah saja. Lima puluh ringgit. Terlalu mahal. Dua puluh saja. Oh, jangan begitu. Ini kain cantik. Tak apa. Di sana lebih murah. Mau berapa? Empat puluh? Dua puluh lima saja. Dua puluh lima ringgit saya rugilah. Baiklah. Tiga puluh. Terima kasih! How much is this dress? Cheap only. Fifty ringgit. Too expensive. Twenty only. Oh, don’t be like that. This is good material. Never mind. It’s cheaper there. How much do you want? Forty? Twenty-five only. Twenty-five ringgit and I lose. All right. Thirty. Thank you.
Vocabulary harga
price
lebih murah
cheaper
kain
cloth, material
rugi
to lose (not make a profit)
Culture point The Malaysian currency The Malaysian currency is called the Ringgit Malaysia, denoted by the symbol RM. However, when spoken, only the word ringgit is
Unit 5: Shopping
used. It used to be known as dollars and quite a few people still refer to the currency as dollars. This must not be confused with US dollars. The coins are known as sen; 100 sen make RM1. Examples empat puluh dua ringgit lima puluh sen lapan puluh empat ringgit lima ratus sembilan puluh ringgit empat puluh sen RM 7,429.30 tujuh ribu, empat ratus dua puluh sembilan ringgit tiga puluh sen RM42.50 RM84.00 RM590.40
Exercise 5 Answer the questions, using the prices given in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5
Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa
harga harga harga harga harga
baju ini? (RM150.00) buku ini? (RM25.99) kereta ini? (RM45,670) beg ini? (RM365.99) kasut ini? (RM97.25)
Language point Classifiers Classifiers are used to quantify nouns and can vary according to the shape, size or nature of the object. However, it is comforting to know that in colloquial Malay, most of the time the classifiers are dropped. If you want to use classifiers, it is important that you use the right one. In Dialogue 1 Rajan says: Saya perlu sehelai kemeja baru dan sepasang kasut. Saya juga mahu sebotol ubat batuk. As se denotes ‘one’, helai, pasang and botol are all classifiers for the different objects. There are many other classifiers in Malay. Here are some examples:
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Unit 5: Membeli-belah
orang – for people seorang guru dua orang anak empat orang polis
a teacher two children four policemen
helai – for things that are thin and flimsy dua helai kemeja empat helai kertas tiga helai saputangan
two shirts four pieces of paper three handkerchiefs
buah – although it means ‘fruit’, this applies to large things ranging from countries to houses, buildings, cars and tables dua buah negara tiga buah rumah enam buah kereta
two countries three houses six cars
keping – for flat, thin and stiff objects such as planks of wood, toast and postcards lima keping roti tujuh keping papan empat keping poskad
five pieces of bread seven planks of wood four postcards
ekor – associated with animals, as it means ‘tail’. However, this classifier is also used for animals without tails! dua ekor kucing empat ekor arnab lima ekor ikan sembilan ekor lembu
two cats four rabbits five fish nine cows
biji – means ‘seeds’ but is the classifier for fruit lima biji oren enam biji limau tujuh biji durian sebiji bawang
five oranges six lemons seven durians an onion
Some other useful classifiers are: dua botol susu secawan kopi lima gelas jus sepinggan nasi
two bottles of milk a cup of coffee five glasses of juice a plate of rice
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Unit 5: Shopping
Exercise 6 Which is the odd one out in each group of words? 1 buah kereta rumah negara meja ikan
2 helai saputangan kerusi tisu kemeja kertas
3 ekor kucing anjing durian ikan lembu
4 biji pensil oren rambutan epal durian
5 keping kasut papan sanwic gambar poster
Dialogue 3 (CD1; 72) Rajan is choosing a shirt to buy at a department store. Penjual
Encik saiz apa? Sederhana. Warna apa? Saya suka biru. Saya ambil kemeja biru, saiz sederhana. Oh, tolong cari yang berjalur. Baiklah, yang berjalur. Dan berkolar putih.
Rajan Penjual Rajan Penjual Rajan Penjual Rajan
What size are you? Medium. Salesperson What colour? Rajan I like blue. Salesperson I will take a blue shirt, medium size. Rajan Oh, please find one with stripes. Salesperson All right, the one with stripes. Rajan And with a white collar. Salesperson Rajan
Vocabulary saiz
size
berjalur
with stripes
warna
colour
berkolar
with a collar
cari
to find
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Unit 5: Membeli-belah
Language points Forming verbs with ber Ber is effectively a verb maker. Almost all words with the prefix ber are verbs. • ber + noun = verb Here ber carries the function of ‘to have’, ‘to wear’ or ‘to be using’. Examples berkasut = with shoes, to be wearing shoes berkereta = to have a car, to be driving berkemeja = to wear a shirt Helga berkasut putih ke sekolah. Helga wears white shoes to school. Menon berkereta ke pejabat. Menon drives to the office. Simone berkemeja putih. Simone wears a white shirt. • ber + adjective = verb Examples berjalur = with stripes or stripey berbintik = with polka dots berbunga = with flowers, floral Rajan suka kemeja berjalur. Baju Anne berbintik biru. Saya tak suka seluar berbunga.
Warna Colours putih hitam merah biru kuning hijau ungu
white black red blue yellow green purple
Rajan likes shirts with stripes. Anne’s dress has blue polka dots. I don’t like floral trousers.
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Unit 5: Shopping
To describe the shade of the colour, add tua (‘old’ or in this case ‘dark’) or muda (‘young’, in this case ‘light’). Baju Mariam warna apa? Warna merah tua. Seluar Jane warna apa? Warna hijau muda.
Additional vocabulary Corak Patterns berjalur berpetak berbintik
with stripes checked with polka dots
Bahan Materials kain kulit plastik
cloth leather plastic
Saiz Sizes kecil sederhana besar
small medium large
Exercise 7 You’ve lost your luggage. Look at the pictures and, using the list of descriptions below as a guide, describe what you have lost.
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Unit 5: Membeli-belah
kemeja payung seluar pendek beg tangan beg
besar berjalur kecil plastik
kecil sederhana kulit berpetak
Dialogue 4 (CD1; 74) Rania bought a pair of shoes which she discovered were a little bit too tight. She goes back to the shop to exchange them. She also wants to exchange a blouse that is a size too big. Rania
Maaf, saya nak tukar kasut ini. Mengapa, cik? Rania Terlalu kecil. Tak padan. Penjual Cik pakai saiz apa? Rania Saiz 5, tapi ini saiz 4. Penjual Jadi, kasut ini ketat? Rania Ya, terlalu ketat. Tak padan. Penjual Dan blaus ni? Rania Terlalu besar. Dan saya nak tukar warna. Saya nak blaus warna merah. Penjual
Rania Penjual Rania Penjual Rania Penjual Rania Penjual Rania
Sorry, I would like to change these shoes. Why? They are too small. (They) don’t fit. What size do you wear? Size 5, but this is size 4. So, these shoes are tight? Yes, too tight. (They) don’t fit. And this blouse? Too big. And I would like to change the colour. I want a red blouse.
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Unit 5: Shopping
Vocabulary tukar
to change
ketat
tight
mengapa
why
padan
fit
sebab
because
blaus
blouse
Language point Why? Mengapa, or alternatively kenapa, are question words that are a little bit formal. They are used, just not as frequently as pasal apa? (lit. ‘about what?’) or sebab apa? (lit. ‘because of what?’). Whichever question word you use to ask ‘why?’, it will always require the answer sebab or kerana, both of which mean ‘because’. Mengapa tak padan? Sebab apa nak tukar? Pasal apa tak beli?
Sebab terlalu ketat. Sebab tak cantik. Sebab tak suka.
For more on mengapa, pasal apa, etc., see Unit 12.
Exercise 8 Read Rajan’s notes, then translate them into English. Pergi ke pusat membeli-belah. Beli kemeja, sepasang kasut, poskad. Ali beli buku, peta dan pen. Kasut warna hitam. Cantik, tapi terlalu besar. Pergi tukar saiz. Kemeja warna biru berjalur, berkolar putih. Cantik. Poskad untuk ibu. Buku Ali mahal. Tak boleh tawar. Di pasar malam boleh tawar. Semua sekali belanja RM152.20. Masih ada RM732.00 untuk makan dan beli barang.
Unit Six Jangan! Don’t!
In this unit you will learn: • how to prohibit someone from doing something using jangan, janganlah! • more about inviting someone to join you in your activities, inviting someone to do something: mari kita, sila, jom • the ubiquitious lah! • how to use: larang, ajak, pujuk, suruh, minta, tanya • how to give instructions and sequences: mula-mula, selepas tu, kemudian, last sekali
Dialogue 1 (CD1; 76) Samira and Marsha are walking along a beach. They see a creature on the sand. Samira
Apa ni? Cantik! Tak taulah. Nampak macam binatang. Samira Saya nak ambil bawa baliklah! Marsha Jangan! Samira Tapi saya suka! Marsha Jangan pegang! Merbahaya! Samira Apa dia boleh buat? Marsha Tak taulah! Mari kita pergi! Samira Oh, okay! Marsha
Unit 6: Don’t!
What is this? It is beautiful! Don’t know. Looks like an animal. Samira I want to bring it back! Marsha Don’t! Samira But I like (it)! Marsha Don’t touch! It’s dangerous! Samira What can it do? Marsha Don’t know! Let’s go! Samira Oh, okay! Samira
Marsha
Vocabulary binatang
animal
pegang
to touch, to hold
merbahaya
dangerous
Language point Jangan! Don’t! In Dialogue 1, Marsha is quite adamant that Samira shouldn’t touch the creature. She says: Jangan! Jangan pegang! Don’t! Don’t touch! Jangan is a prohibitive term used with verbs and adjectives. Read this stern instruction from Milah to her son Atan: Atan, Ibu mahu keluar. Atan jangan nakal. Jangan menonton TV dan jangan bising. Ibu nak Atan baca buku, Jangan malas. Atan, I (mother) am going out. Atan, don’t be naughty. Don’t watch TV and don’t make a noise. Mother wants Atan to read books. Don’t be lazy.
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Unit 6: Jangan!
Vocabulary nakal
naughty
bising
to make a noise
malas
lazy
For best effect, jangan is usually used in short sentences. It is usually, but not always, used with verbs in their root form. To make it sound less harsh, use lah – as in Janganlah – to sound persuasive or even to cajole. Examples Janganlah menangis! Janganlah!
Don’t cry! Please don’t!
Exercise 1 Answer the following questions, choosing from the responses given below. 1 What do you say when you want to stop children from making a noise? 2 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to smoke? 3 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to enter a room? 4 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to open the door? 5 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to sleep? Jangan tidur! Jangan bising! Jangan merokok! Jangan masuk! Jangan masuk! Jangan buka! Jangan lari!
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 78) Yoko goes to Hani’s house to ask her to go out with her. Yoko
Hani, mari kita ke kedai! Jom! Saya tak ada kerja. Yoko Saya nak cari buku. Hani
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Unit 6: Don’t!
Hani
Mari masuk. Terima kasih. Hani Silalah minum dulu. Yoko Saya nak cepat. Jomlah! Hani Okay, Jom! Yoko
Hani, let’s go to the shop! Come! I don’t have anything to do. Yoko I want to find a book. Hani Come in. Yoko Thank you. Hani Do drink first. Yoko I want to be quick. Let’s go! Hani Okay, let’s! Yoko Hani
Language points Mari In Dialogue 2, Yoko asks Hani to go with her by saying: Mari kita ke kedai. Let’s go to the shop. Mari is a very casual and informal term which can be used to invite others to join in activities in which you are involved. Examples Mari duduk. Mari minum. Mari masuk.
Come and sit down./Let’s sit down. Come and have a drink./Let’s drink. Come in./Let’s go in.
This must not be used on formal occasions as it is very informal language only to be used in casual situations.
The ubiquitous lah! Lah is very peculiar to the Malay language. It is a particle that is attached, usually to verbs, to soften a request. It is less formal than ‘please’; rather, it performs the function of ‘do’.
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Unit 6: Jangan!
Examples Marilah. Makanlah. Masuklah. Minumlah.
Do Do Do Do
come. eat. come in. drink.
Do not be surprised if you hear eatlah, sitlah! That is ‘Manglish’ (Malay-English)!
Jom This word, found only in spoken Malay, is originally from the northern states. However, it is now used by almost everyone throughout the country. It can be used like this: Jom! Jom makan! Jom tengok wayang! Jom pergi rumah Ainon!
Let’s! (you beckon someone to go with you) Let’s eat! Let’s go and watch a film! Let’s go to Ainon’s house!
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Unit 6: Don’t!
Sila, silalah, silakan Sila is a polite term used to invite a person to do something. Examples Sila makan. Sila duduk. Sila masuk.
Please eat./Do eat. Please be seated./Please sit down. Please come in.
Sila can be used with lah and kan for added stress. These terms can also be used on their own without the verbs but with gestures; for example, to request someone at the door to come in.
Exercise 2 Read and act out the following dialogue with friends. Manan has a guest, Heidi. He greets her at the door. Manan: Heidi: Manan: Heidi:
Sila masuk, Heidi. Terima kasih. Duduklah. Ini Ibu saya, Puan Maria. Apa khabar, Puan Maria?
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Unit 6: Jangan!
Puan Maria: Khabar baik. Mari minum. Heidi: Terima kasih. Puan Maria: Sama-sama.
Culture point Visiting a Malay house When entering a Malay house, you will see that shoes are left at the door. This is almost always the case, but there are exceptions, of course. Judge each situation and ask when you are not sure. You may see other guests taking off their shoes at the door or you may see that the host himself does not wear shoes in the house. Take the cue from there.
Dialogue 3 (CD1; 80) Diana is writing a report when Kim phones her. Kim Diana Kim Diana Kim Diana Kim
Diana Kim
Kamu buat apa Diana? Tulis laporan ni. John suruh. John suruh? Itu kerja dia! Ya, dia suruh saya buat sebab dia sibuk. Kamu mesti minta dia bayar. Aah, dia minta tolong. Dia tak minta tolong, dia suruh. Kata kamu sibuk. Mak saya larang saya bohong. Saya setuju.
What are you doing, Diana? Diana Writing this report. John asked (me). Kim John asked (you)? That is his job! Diana Yes, he asked me to do it because he is busy. Kim You must ask him to pay. Diana Aah, he asked for help. Kim
Unit 6: Don’t!
He didn’t ask for help, he asked you (to do it). Say that you are busy. Diana My mother forbids me to lie. Kim I agree. Kim
Vocabulary suruh
to ask someone to do something
minta
to ask for something
kata
to say
larang
to forbid
setuju
to agree
Language point Ask vs. ask for In Dialogue 3, we see that Malay uses two words for ‘ask’. One is ‘to ask for’ and the other is ‘to ask’ as in ‘to instruct’. How does one know which is which? Look at these sentences: John:
Buat kopi untuk saya. → John suruh saya buat kopi. John asked me to make coffee.
John:
Tolong saya kemas bilik ni. → John minta saya tolong kemas bilik. John asked me to help tidy the room.
Anne:
Siapa Perdana Menteri Malaysia? → Anne tanya saya siapa Perdana Menteri Malaysia. Anne asked me who is the Prime Minister of Malaysia.
Mary:
Tutup pintu! → Mary suruh saya tutup pintu. Mary asked me to close the door.
Mary:
Tolong pos surat ini. Mary minta saya pos surat itu. Mary requested me to post the letter.
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Unit 6: Jangan!
Alan:
Minta kek tu. → Alan minta kek itu. Alan asked for the cake.
Here are some more examples: Hani:
Jangan buka pintu tu. → Hani larang saya buka pintu tu. Hani forbids me to open the door.
Farah: Jangan telefon Bill. → Farah larang saya telefon Bill. Farah forbids me to phone Bill. Puteri: Janganlah pergi! → Puteri pujuk saya jangan pergi. Puteri pleaded with me not to go. Alan:
Janganlah marah! → Alan pujuk saya jangan marah dia.
Tom:
Mari pergi ke kedai. → Tom ajak saya pergi ke kedai.
Heidi:
Jom makan. → Heidi ajak saja makan.
Helen: Sila masuk. → Helen jemput saya masuk.
Exercise 3 Say whether these sentences are: pujuk, larang, jemput, ajak, minta or suruh. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Beri sikit biskut tu. Beli kari ayam dengan nasi. Janganlah menangis. Jangan bising. Sila masuk. Mari minum. Sila duduk. Jangan berdiri di situ.
Unit 6: Don’t!
Exercise 4 What do you say when you want to: 1 2 3 4 5
ask someone for a book? invite someone to sit down? forbid someone from running? ask someone to go with you to the restaurant? invite someone to your house?
Culture point Softening the tone As you can see, sometimes there’s a very fine line between a request and a command, a note of prohibition or a plea. Most of the time, it is in the tone of the voice. A request, no matter how simple, will sound like a command if it sounds harsh. Thus the use of lah usually softens the tone.
Dialogue 4 (CD1; 82) Karim and Jo are planning their day. Karim
Apa rancangan kita hari ni? Mula-mula kita melawat Tina. Karim Selepas tu? Jo Selepas tu, kita pergi ke kedai buku. Karim Kemudian? Jo Kemudian kita beli tiket teater. Karim Bagus dan last sekali? Jo Last sekali, kita makan dengan Ali. Jo
What’s our programme today? First we visit Tina. Karim After that? Jo After that, we go to the book shop. Karim And then? Karim Jo
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Jo Karim Jo
And then we buy theatre tickets. Good. And finally? Finally we eat with Ali.
Vocabulary rancangan
programme
Language point Sequences In Dialogue 4, Jo outlines the programme she has laid out for her and Karim. She uses mula-mula, selepas itu, kemudian and last sekali. Selepas itu is usually uttered as lepas tu. This sequence can be applied to any instructions. Note that the phrase last sekali is one of many examples of words borrowed from the English language and turned into Manglish! More borrowed words will be discussed in Unit 15.
Dialogue 5 (CD1; 84) Listen to this message left on an answering machine, giving instructions on how to get to a destination. Mula-mula naik bas nombor 7 ke Pekan Alur. Kemudian turun bas di Pekan Alur dan jalan terus ke Jalan Siput. Selepas itu, masuk ke Taman Kota. Last sekali, awak akan nampak rumah saya di hujung jalan!
Exercise 5 Rearrange the sentences according to the sequence. 1 2 3 4
kemudian hidang di atas meja. mula-mula masak nasi. last sekali, ajak tetamu makan selepas tu masak kari ayam
Unit 6: Don’t!
Exercise 6 Read these jottings from Mary’s notebook, and then answer the questions that follow. Jasmin ajak saya sarapan dengan dia pada hari Khamis. Saya suruh dia tunggu saya di kedai makan pada pukul 9 pagi. Saya minta Mak saya gerak saya pukul tujuh pagi. Saya akan naik bas ke kedai itu, Mak larang saya naik basikal. Selepas makan dengan Jasmin saya mahu pergi ke perpustakaan. Kemudian saya pergi ke pejabat pos untuk beli setem dan pos surat. Mak minta saya pos bungkusan untuk kakak dia di Paris. Mak jemput kakak dia pulang untuk majlis hari jadinya bulan depan. Dia pujuk kakak dia pulang kerana sudah lama tak pulang. 1 2 3 4 5
Bila Jasmin ajak Mary sarapan dengan dia? Mary suruh Jasmin tunggu di mana? Mary minta Mak dia gerak dia pada pukul berapa? Selepas makan, Mary mahu buat apa? Mak Mary jemput kakak dia pulang untuk apa?
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Unit Seven Bila sampai? When did you arrive?
In this unit you will learn: the question word bila? days, weeks, months, years, dates how to tell the time (malam Ahad, etc.) lengths of time: sepanjang, selama, semasa tadi, nanti, tiap-tiap, setiap the prepositions for time: pada, dalam pernah, tak pernah, kadang-kadang, selalu, jarang, sekali-sekala • weather: cuaca panas, hujan, ribut, sejuk, etc. • • • • • • •
Dialogue 1 Bila sampai? When did you arrive? (CD1; 86) Rania meets some old friends at a party. Jamil Rania Jamil Rania Jamil Rania
Hi Rania! Bila sampai? Pada hari Sabtu. Sudah tiga hari. Berapa lama Rania di sini? Dua minggu saja. Tak lama. Kalau gitu, kita boleh pergi ke Pulau Tioman. Bagus. Saya tak pernah ke Tioman.
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Unit 7: When did you arrive?
Jamil
Kita ajak kawan-kawan lain. Bila nak pergi? Jamil Hujung minggu? Rania Bagus tu! Rania
Vocabulary bila
when
sampai
to arrive
lama
long (length of time)
hari
day
gitu
that is so (short form of begitu)
minggu
week
tak pernah
never
ajak
to invite, to ask along
hujung
end of
Language points Bila Bila is a question tag for time. Bila sampai? Bila kita nak pergi?
When did you arrive? When are we going?
It is also the adjunct for time. Bila dia sampai kita makan. Bila mengantuk saya tidur.
When he arrives, we eat. When sleepy, I go to sleep.
Days/weeks/months/years When talking about days, it is common for the word hari to be attached to the day.
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Unit 7: Bila sampai?
hari Ahad hari Isnin hari Selasa hari Rabu hari Khamis hari Jumaat hari Sabtu hari ini esok lusa semalam/kelmarin kelmarin dulu malam ini malam esok minggu ini minggu depan minggu lepas/lalu bulan bulan Januari bulan Februari bulan Mac bulan April bulan Mei bulan Jun bulan Julai bulan Ogos bulan September bulan Oktober bulan November bulan Disember bulan ini bulan depan bulan lepas tahun tahun ini tahun depan tahun lepas
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday today tomorrow day after tomorrow yesterday day before yesterday tonight tomorrow night this week next week last week month January February March April May June July August September October November December this month next month last month year this year next year last year
Unit 7: When did you arrive?
Prepositions for time Pada means ‘at’ or ‘on’, and dalam means ‘in’. Examples Dia pergi ke Tioman pada hari Jumaat. She goes to Tioman on Friday. Rania sampai di sini pada hari Sabtu. Rania arrives here on Saturday. Johan dan Jane kerja pada hujung minggu. Johan and Jane work on weekends. Kamal belajar dalam bulan Mac. Kamal studies in the month of March. Amy nak makan di restoran pada hari ini. Amy wants to eat at the restaurant today. Yaya pergi ke sekolah tahun depan. Yaya goes to school next year. Hilman kerja minggu lepas. Hilman worked last week. Note: Do not be surprised if you hear people dropping the preposition, especially in spoken Malay. Examples Dia sampai hari Isnin. He arrives Monday. Also, the preposition pada is NEVER used with: • esok (unless it is hari esok) • lusa • kelmarin/semalam Examples Esok dia pergi kerja. Lusa John balik. Dia belajar semalam.
Tomorrow he goes to work. John comes home the day after tomorrow. He studied yesterday.
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Malam When malam ‘night’ is used with the days of the week, it can be problematic because its meaning is quite different from the English. For example, malam Ahad is actually the night starting on the Saturday, not the Sunday. So if you are being invited for dinner on malam Ahad, that means it is on the Saturday night in English. It is best to confirm the day and dates when you have such an appointment.
Culture point It is worth noting that when Muslims make appointments to meet each other, they sometimes use the time of prayers. There are five prayer times which are more or less fixed in Malaysia, unlike in the West: subuh zuhur asar maghrib isya
dawn prayer (6.48am–7am) noon prayer (1pm–4.30pm) afternoon prayer (4.30pm–7.19pm) evening prayer (7.19pm–8.30pm) night prayer (8.30pm onwards)
Examples Kita jumpa selepas maghrib. We meet after maghrib. (After maghrib prayers, i.e. when the prayer is finished, so after 7.19pm) Dia datang selepas isya. He came after isya. (After the performance of isya prayer, i.e. around 8.30pm)
Exercise 1 Here is Rania’s diary for the week she has been in Malaysia. Look at her activities and answer the questions that follow.
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Unit 7: When did you arrive?
pagi
petang
Ahad
Isnin
Selasa
Rabu
Khamis
Jumaat
Sabtu
Jumpa
Sarapan
berenang
Jumpa
Main
Pergi ke
Ke Pulau
Anne
di hotel
Ali &
tenis
Singapura
Sentosa
Rajan &
dengan
Sam
Sam
makan
Ke
Melawat
Berehat
Jumpa
Membeli-
membeli-
digerai
taman
muzium
di hotel
dengan
belah
belah
Layla malam
Ke
Makan
Menonton
Makan di
Makan
Menonton
Pulang
teater
malam
filem
Restoran
malam
konsert
ke Kuala
dengan
Sri
dengan
Sam
Melayu
Layla dan kawankawan
Vocabulary sarapan
breakfast
berehat
rest
teater
theatre
menonton
to watch
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rania buat apa pada pagi Ahad? Rania makan di mana pada petang Ahad? Bila Rania pergi ke teater? Pada pagi Khamis, Rania main tenis dengan siapa? Bila Rania berehat di hotel? Pada malam Jumaat, Rania buat apa? Bila Rania pergi ke Singapura? Pada petang Sabtu, Rania buat apa?
Dialogue 2 (CD1; 88) Yoko and Mariam are talking about their holidays. Yoko Mariam Yoko
Cuti tahun depan, awak pergi ke mana? Saya nak pergi ke Australia dalam bulan Jun. Oh, bulan Jun tahun depan saya sibuk. Saya nak belajar bahasa Perancis.
Lumpur
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Mariam
Bulan depan saya beli tiket ke Australia. Saya pergi ke Australia tahun lepas. Mariam Musim apa di London pada bulan Jun? Yoko Musim panas. Bagus, tak ada salji. Mariam Tahun ini nak pergi mana lagi? Yoko Bulan depan saya melawat kawan di Tokyo. Mariam Baguslah. Bulan lepas saya membeli-belah di Indonesia. Yoko
Vocabulary musim
season
salji
snow
Culture point In Malaysia, there are no distinct seasons; it is either wet or very wet. The monsoon season runs from September to December. But with the climate playing havoc around the world, sometimes there are severe dry spells or flash floods.
Additional vocabulary cuaca panas sejuk dingin hujan ribut kilat/petir banjir/bah banjir kilat kemarau angin kuat hujan renyai-renyai
weather hot cold cool rain storm lightning floods flash floods drought strong wind drizzle
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Unit 7: When did you arrive?
musim panas musim hujan musim tengkujuh
hot season rainy season monsoon season
Language point Malay vs. Indonesian Although the Malay language is quite similar to the Indonesian language, there are a few words which have very different meanings. The words sejuk and dingin have the opposite meanings in Indonesian. Here are some other examples: Malay
English
Indonesian
sejuk dingin kerana memerlukan kakak banci bisa kapan
cold cool because to need older sister census poison shroud
dingin sejuk karena membutuhkan (which is actually a rude word in Malay!) older brother transvestite can (ability to do something) when
Exercise 2
(CD1; 90)
James is listening to a weekly weather report because he is planning his holiday. Listen to the weather forecast and tick the correct weather conditions for each state in the chart that follows. Inilah ramalan cuaca untuk minggu ini. Di negeri Kedah, Perlis, Pulau Pinang dan Perak panas. Di Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang, hujan turun lebat dan banjir mungkin berlaku. Di Melaka ribut petir kuat dan hujan lebat. Di negeri-negeri Selangor, Negri Sembilan dan Johor, hujan renyai-renyai.
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Unit 7: Bila sampai?
negeri KEDAH PERLIS PERAK PULAU PINANG SELANGOR MELAKA NEGRI SEMBILAN JOHOR PAHANG TERENGGANU KELANTAN
panas
hujan lebat
hujan renyai-renyai
ribut petir
banjir
Dialogue 3 Pernah pergi ke Pulau Pinang? Have you ever been to Penang? (CD1; 92) Jamie is in Kuala Lumpur and is planning to go to Penang or, in Malay, Pulau Pinang. He asks Amin to go with him. Jamie Amin Jamie Amin Jamie Amin Jamie Amin Jamie Amin
Amin, awak pernah pergi ke Pulau Pinang? Ya, saya selalu ke Pulau Pinang. Kakak saya ada di sana. Saya nak pergi minggu depan. Nak ikut? Boleh juga. Naik apa? Naik kereta api. Kadang-kadang saya naik bas, tapi tak pernah naik kereta api. Saya jarang naik bas. Saya lebih suka kereta api. Sekali-sekala saya pergi dengan kereta. Tak apa. Kita cuba kereta api kali ini. OK. Nanti kita beli tiket.
Language point Pernah The best way to explain pernah is by explaining tak pernah first. While tak pernah is ‘never’, pernah is just the opposite. This is explained in the following sentences:
Unit 7: When did you arrive?
Saya tak pernah pergi ke Tokyo. I have never been to Tokyo. Dia pernah datang ke rumah saya. He has come to my house (before). Jane pernah jumpa Rania. Jane has met Rania (before). Peter pernah bekerja di London. Peter has worked in London (before). Pernah is a word which tells you that however brief an experience was, you have done it before, as opposed to tak pernah which means you’ve NEVER done it. Some other terms of frequency used in the conversation between Jamie and Amin are: selalu kadang-kadang sekali-sekala jarang
always sometimes once in a while seldom
Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences into English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Jane selalu melawat ibu dia. Saya tak pernah kerja pada hari Ahad. Sekali-sekala Maria telefon saya. Omar jarang pergi ke sekolah. Kami selalu balik pada waktu tengah hari. Mereka jarang bercakap bahasa Inggeris. Kadang-kadang Laila pergi kerja naik bas. Lim tidak pernah berjalan ke sekolah.
Language points Nanti This word has several meanings. In Dialogue 3, it means ‘later’, but it can also mean ‘to wait’. It is a word that has an infinite frame of time. It could be in the next five minutes or in the next month!
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Unit 7: Bila sampai?
Nanti saya makan. Nanti dia datang.
I will eat later. He will come later.
Some other useful terms Tadi In contrast to nanti, tadi is in the past. Again, it does not have a definite period of time, although it is safe to say that it could have happened within the last five minutes or the last few hours. A: B: A: B:
Bila dia sampai? Tadi. Bila awak makan? Tadi.
When did she arrive? Just now (earlier). When did you eat? Just now (earlier).
Tiap-tiap/setiap Meaning ‘each, every’, these words can be attached to days, months, years and, in fact, anything. Examples Saya pergi ke pejabat setiap hari Isnin. I go to the office every Monday. Tiap-tiap bulan dia pergi bercuti. Every month he goes on holiday.
Ikut In Dialogue 3, Jamie asked Amin to go along with him. The word ikut means ‘to follow’. Thus Manglish speakers tend to ask someone ‘to follow’ rather than ‘to go along’ with them.
Dialogue 4 Pada berapa haribulan kita jumpa? On what date are we meeting? (CD1; 94) Jane and Joe are looking at dates to invite Rania over.
Unit 7: When did you arrive?
Jane
Rania nak balik pada 10 haribulan Jun. Joe Oh, kita mesti ajak dia makan. Jane Betul. Tapi pada berapa haribulan? Joe Tujuh haribulan bagus, sebab hari Sabtu. Jane Oh, tak boleh sebab saya kerja sepanjang hari Sabtu. Joe Lapan haribulan, hari Ahad? Jane Okay, saya datang waktu pagi untuk tolong awak. Joe Bagus tu. Semasa saya masak, awak kemas rumah.
Vocabulary haribulan
date (day of month)
mesti
must, to have to
sepanjang hari
all day long
waktu
a period of time
semasa
at the time, while
Language point Haribulan vs. tarikh Haribulan literally means ‘day of the month’. In written form it appears as such: 6hb Jun 2009 6th June 2009 enam haribulan Jun dua ribu sembilan 29hb Mac 1986 dua puluh sembilan haribulan Mac seribu sembilan ratus lapan puluh enam Tarikh also means ‘date’, but it is not used in the same way as haribulan. See the difference here: Tarikh ini tarikh hari jadi saya. This date is the date of my birthday. Pada tarikh 10 haribulan Mei dia pergi ke UK. On the date of 10th May, he goes to the UK.
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Exercise 4 Say these dates in Malay: 1 10th April 1967 2 18th December 2001 3 25th July 2010
4 9th March 2005 5 30th August 1991 6 18th May 2018
Language point Jam berapa/pukul berapa? What time? Jam berapa or pukul berapa is used to enquire about time. Jam has two meanings – it can mean ‘clock’ or ‘watch’, and it can also mean ‘hour’. Pukul literally means ‘to strike’ or ‘to hit’. Thus pukul satu is ‘strike one/one o’clock’. To ask for the time, you can say: Jam berapa? What’s the time? or Pukul berapa? Jam dua petang. Pukul dua petang. Sekarang jam/pukul berapa? Sekarang jam/pukul satu tengah hari.
Two o’clock What’s the time now? It’s now 1pm.
Additional vocabulary jam minit saat jam satu setengah pukul lima suku pukul enam lima minit jam tujuh empat puluh lima minit pukul tujuh sepuluh minit pukul lima tiga puluh lima minit
hour minute second one thirty five and a quarter, five fifteen five past six seven forty-five seven ten five thirty-five
Unit 7: When did you arrive?
Practice reading these times: Pukul/jam berapa?
Exercise 5 Study this programme for a three-day tour of places of interest in Malaysia, and then answer the questions that follow.
Angsana Tours PROGRAM MELAWAT MELAKA & NEGRI SEMBILAN 21 Mac 2012 8.00 Berkumpul di Hotel Sentosa 9.00 Berlepas ke Negri Sembilan 11.15 Sampai di Seremban 11.45 Melawat Istana Sri Menanti 12.10 Makan tengah hari di Restoran Sri Menanti 2.00 Berlepas ke Port Dickson 6.00 Pulang ke Seremban 8.00 Makan malam 11.00 Bermalam di Hotel Hang Tuah
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22 Mac 2012 8.00 Sarapan 9.30 Berlepas ke Melaka 11.45 Sampai di Melaka 12.30 Makan tengah hari 3.15 Melawat Taman Buaya 5.00 Pergi ke Stadthuys 7.00 Melawat A’Formosa 9.15 Pulang ke hotel 23 Mac 2012 8.00 Sarapan 9.10 Berlepas ke Bukit Cina 11.30 Melawat Taman Burung 12.30 Makan tengah hari 3.00 Melawat Istana Kesultanan Melaka 5.00 Berlepas ke Kuala Lumpur 7.00 Sampai di Kuala Lumpur
Vocabulary berkumpul
to gather
berlepas
to leave for
bermalam
to spend the night
melawat
to visit
berapa lama?
for how long?
perjalanan
journey
1 2 3 4 5
Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa
lama lama lama lama lama
makan tengah hari di Restoran Sri Menanti? perjalanan ke Melaka? lawatan ke A’ Formosa? lawatan ke Istana Kesultanan Melaka? perjalanan pulang ke Kuala Lumpur?
Exercise 6 Read this passage from Jane’s report about her visit to Kuala Lumpur and answer the questions that follow.
Unit 7: When did you arrive?
Saya sampai di Kuala Lumpur pada pukul enam pagi pada 10hb Mei 2010. Maria jemput saya di lapangan terbang dan kami balik ke rumah dia. Saya tinggal dengan keluarga Maria selama seminggu. Pada hari Ahad lepas, kami pergi ke Taman Burung dan KLCC. Saya makan sepanjang hari sebab semua makanan sedap. Pada hari Sabtu, saya pergi ke Pulau Pinang dengan Sania. Kami naik kereta api pada pukul dua setengah petang. Perjalanan ke Pulau Pinang selama lima jam. Sania tidur sepanjang perjalanan! Kami jumpa Danial di Pulau Pinang. Pada malam Selasa, kami pergi ke majlis hari jadi Danial. Tarikh hari jadinya – 14hb Mei. Kami pulang ke Kuala Lumpur pada 17hb Mei. Hujan sepanjang hari.
Vocabulary jemput
to fetch
tidur
to sleep
1 Jane sampai di Kuala Lumpur pada jam berapa dan pada hari apa? 2 Berapa lama Jane tinggal dengan keluarga Maria? 3 Bila Jane pergi ke Pulau Pinang? 4 Sania buat apa sepanjang perjalanan? 5 Bila Jane dan Sania pulang ke Kuala Lumpur?
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Unit Eight Selamat Hari Raya Happy Eid
In this unit you will learn: • about the various festive seasons and celebrations in Malaysia • how to extend your best wishes: Selamat Hari Raya, Maaf, zahir dan batin • how to react when you hear good news, bad news or sad news: tahniah! syabas! salam takziah, kesian! • words to express feelings: gembira, sedih, seronok, etc. • characteristics and attributes: malas, rajin, pandai, baik, sombong, etc. • the use of the words tak payah, kena, tak kisah • the different functions and uses of ter
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 1) Latif is telling Jo about the celebration at the end of a month-long fast for Muslims in Malaysia. Latif
Hari Raya minggu depan. Kita pergi rumah Ani, ya? Jo Tapi dia tak jemput saya pun! Latif Dia buat rumah terbuka. Jo Rumah terbuka? Kena bawa hadiah? Latif Tak payah. Ini bukan Krismas. Jo Oh begitu. Hari itu tak puasa?
Unit 8: Happy Eid
Latif
Tak. Selepas Ramadan, hari raya. Awak pun boleh makan banyak! Latif Ya, saya nak makan banyak-banyak. Jo
Vocabulary Hari Raya
Eid day (a Muslim day of celebration)
rumah terbuka
open house
jemput
to invite
kena
must, to have to
tak payah
no need
puasa
to fast
Ramadan
(a Muslim month)
banyak
a lot
banyak-banyak
lots
Language points Raya Raya is a word that has many meanings. In this context, it is the day of celebration in the Muslim calendar marking the end of Ramadan, a month-long fast. It is also called Idul Fitri. There is another festive day in the Muslim calendar and it is called Hari Raya Idul Adha. This is when lambs and cows are sacrificed to feed the poor. Raya can also be used as a verb, and as such it means ‘going to celebrate’. In other contexts, you will also see this word attached to other nouns to mean ‘big’ or ‘main’. Examples pasaraya jalanraya bandaraya
supermarket main road city (big town)
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Kena In Dialogue 1, Jo asks Latif if she has to bring presents when visiting Ani. She says: Kena bawa hadiah?
Must (I) bring a present? or Do I have to bring a present?
In this context, kena carries the meaning of ‘to have to’ or ‘must’. Let’s look at some other examples: Dia kena belajar. Jo kena buat kerja. Ibu kena masak di rumah. Pam tak kena bayar.
He must study. Jo has to do work. Mother has to cook at home. Pam didn’t have to pay.
Kena can also mean ‘to get’, ‘to be’. kena kena kena kena kena
marah denda selsema tahan penjara
to to to to to
be scolded be fined get the flu be stopped or detained be jailed
Let’s look at some example sentences: Dia kena marah dengan mak dia. Jan kena denda. Danny kena selsema.
She got scolded by the mother. Jan was fined. Danny got the flu.
A third meaning of kena is ‘apt’, ‘suitable’. Baju tu tak kena dengan kasut kamu. That dress doesn’t go with your shoes. Tak kena kalau kita tak pergi. It wouldn’t be right if (we) didn’t go.
Tak payah When Jo asks Latif if she should bring presents, he replies: Tak payah. Ini bukan Krismas. No need. This is not Christmas.
Unit 8: Happy Eid
Here tak payah means ‘no need’, or ‘not necessary’. It can be synonymous with tak kena. Let’s look at some other examples: Tak payah masak sebab kita nak makan di restoran. There’s no need to cook as we are eating at a restaurant. Tak payah bayar. Tiket itu percuma. There’s no need to pay. The ticket is free. However, when used without tak, payah does not mean the opposite of ‘no need’. It has a meaning of its own. Payah means ‘difficult’ and is synonymous with susah. Payah nak cari pembantu baik. It’s difficult to find a good helper.
Culture point Festivals and holidays Hari Raya is a day of celebration for Muslims, marking the end of fasting in the holy month of Ramadan. There’s much merriment, with festive food, and meeting and visiting friends and relatives. On this day, people ask for each other’s forgiveness. Small children are given money by their elders, and everyone wears new clothes. Hari Raya or Eid and the first day of Ramadan are determined by the sighting of the new moon. And having sighted the new moon, an announcement is made to declare the next day as Hari Raya. Muslims start the day with prayers at the local mosque and then visit graves of relatives who have passed away. Then, either they go home to prepare for the arrival of friends and relatives or they themselves go visiting. Ramadan is the holy month of Ramadan, where Muslims refrain from eating from sunrise to sunset. Although most Muslims do not mind being in the company of non-Muslims who are not fasting, it is usually polite not to eat or drink in front of them. Rumah terbuka or ‘open house’ is a relatively new phenomenon in Malaysian culture. Instead of inviting people to their house, or a hall rented for the festive day, the host will announce that he or she is
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having a rumah terbuka on such and such a date. Sometimes, the only fixed element on the card is the time – work colleagues are invited from a certain time to a certain time, relatives at a another time and so on. However, there is really no hard and fast rule. People take this opportunity to mingle and network. Chinese people celebrate their Chinese New Year this way and, similarly, the Indian community during their Deepavali or Festival of Lights. When Latif tells Jo that there is no need to bring gifts and that this is not Christmas, it is meant to say that people do not exchange gifts during these festivals. As in the Chinese community, only children and unmarried children get money from their elders. It is also worth noting that, although Christmas is very much a family affair in the West, in Malaysia Christians invite their friends over.
Ways of extending good wishes to others on their special days Selamat Hari Raya Cina or Gong Xi Fa Cai (from Mandarin Chinese) Happy (Lunar) New Year Selamat Selamat Selamat Selamat
Hari Deepavali Hari Natal Hari Jadi pengantin baru
Happy Deepavali Merry Christmas Happy Birthday (Wish of happiness to newlyweds)
Exercise 1 Use tak payah, payah, kena and tak kena to complete the following sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
________ beli tiket untuk Adil. Dia budak. Ani ________ masak untuk anak-anak dia. Ali sudah besar. Dia ________ puasa. Kita ________ bayar. Masuk percuma. Tulisan dia kecil ________ nak baca. Baju merah tu ________ dengan beg merah. Hisham tak pergi sekolah. Dia ________ selsema. Amir ________ pergi ke sekolah. Sekolah tutup. Kalau ________ jangan buat. Orang itu ________ tahan polis.
Unit 8: Happy Eid
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 3) Jo and Latif are at Ani’s house for the Hari Raya celebration. A lot of people are there and wishing each other Happy Eid or Selamat Hari Raya and also asking for forgiveness. Latif
Selamat hari raya, maaf zahir dan batin, Ani. Selamat hari raya dan maaf zahir dan batin daripada saya juga. Latif Maaf kalau ada tersilap kata, terkasar bahasa. Ani Saya juga sama. Jo dan Latif, sila makan. Jo Terima kasih. Sedapnya kueh ini. Ani buat? Ani Ya, saya buat semua kueh raya. Latif Syabas! Sedap! Ani Taklah! Ani
Vocabulary zahir
physical
batin
spiritual
tersilap kata
(words mistakenly spoken)
terkasar bahasa
(language that’s unintentionally harsh)
syabas!
well done!
Language point The prefix ter There are many functions of the prefix ter. In Dialogue 2, it is obvious that it carries the meaning of ‘accidental’ or ‘unintentional’.
Tersilap kata Silap means ‘to make a mistake’. Tersilap emphasises that the actions or words uttered are unintentional.
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Terkasar bahasa Kasar means ‘rough’ or ‘harsh’, and terkasar implies that if the language used is harsh, it is unintentional. Let us look at other examples where ter is used with verbs to show that actions are unintentional or accidental. ter + jatuh to accidentally fall Dia terjatuh di dalam He accidentally fell in the drain. longkang. ter + makan to unintentionally eat Jan termakan cili. Jan unintentionally ate the chilli. ter + nampak to see something unintentionally Jan ternampak orang Jan saw (unintentionally) someone curi barang. stealing things. ter + gelak to laugh unintentionally Bila dia dengar cerita itu, When she heard the story, dia tergelak. she laughed. Ter can also mean that something is already done. Makanan sudah terhidang. The food is already laid out. Kasut tersusun di atas rak. The shoes are already arranged on the rack. Baju dia tergantung di dalam almari. Her dress is hanging in the cupboard. Ter can also be used with a verb to imply an inability to do something. tak ter + bayar Kereta tu mahal sangat. Tak terbayar. The car is very expensive. (We) won’t be able to pay. tak ter + angkat Beg tu berat. Tak terangkat. The bag is heavy. (I’m) not able to lift it. tak ter + makan Terlalu banyak makanan tu. Tak termakan. There’s too much food. (I) can’t eat (finish) it.
Unit 8: Happy Eid
Ter + adjective (and sometimes + sekali) is used as a superlative. ter + besar (sekali) Kedai ABC kedai terbesar (sekali) di Alor Setar. The ABC shop is the biggest shop in Alor Setar. ter + tinggi (sekali) Dia tangkap gambar bangunan tertinggi (sekali) di Malaysia. He took pictures of the tallest building in Malaysia.
Exercise 2 Use ter with the verbs or adjectives given in brackets and indicate whether they are unintentional, accidental, a superlative, the inability to do something or something that is already done. Example Lola ________ (pijak ‘to step on’) kaki saya. → Lola terpijak kaki saya. [accidental/unintentional] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aziz ________ (tidur ‘to sleep’) di dalam kelas. Semasa Lili makan, dia ________ (gigit ‘to bite’) cili. Lily ________ (nampak ‘to see’) Jan di dalam kedai. Rumah dia yang ________ (besar ‘big’) di bandar itu. Baju saya ________ (susun ‘to arrange’) di dalam almari. Dia masak banyak. Saya tak ________ (makan ‘to eat’). Anne ________ (beli ‘to buy’) baju yang besar. Saya ________ (dengar ‘to hear’) Suan bercakap. Encik Ahmad orang ________ (kaya ‘rich’) di sini. Makanan sudah ________ (hidang ‘laid out’).
Culture points Salam Amongst the Malay community, the act of clasping each other’s hands, which is called salam, is usually done as a greeting. When done before one takes one’s leave, it is usually accompanied by the utterance maaf kalau tersilap kata, terkasar bahasa. This is especially so amongst very close friends, after a good banter when words are said
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carelessly and without much thought and consideration. This is to say, please forgive me for whatever was said and done. This salam and asking of forgiveness is normal, especially during Hari Raya. You forgive and forget.
Accepting compliments When Latif complimented Ani on her cooking, Ani coyly dismissed it as: Tak lah! ‘Not at all’. Malays, and it is safe to say most Asians, are usually coy when receiving compliments, and they tend to downplay their achievements or the compliments. Examples Baju awak cantik. Oh, murah saja. Awak pandai melukis. Tak juga.
Your dress is beautiful. Oh, it’s very cheap. You draw well. Not really.
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Dialogue 3 (CD2; 5) After studying hard to learn Malay, Heidi finally finishes her course. Johan Heidi Johan Heidi Johan Heidi Johan Heidi Johan Heidi
Syabas, Heidi! Terima kasih. Saya belajar selama dua tahun. Saya tau. Heidi sudah boleh cakap Melayu. Saya juga lulus peperiksaaan saya. Oh, tahniah! Kamu pandai. Terima kasih, tapi saya sedih Yoko tak lulus. Kesian! Ya, dia rajin tapi tak lulus. Mungkin susah bagi dia. Ya, mungkin.
Vocabulary lulus
to pass
rajin
hardworking
pandai
clever
mungkin
maybe
sedih
sad
susah
hard, difficult
kesian
pity
bagi
for
Language point Expressions and exclamations In Dialogue 3, Johan congratulates Heidi by saying Syabas! and Tahniah! Heidi has done well to finish her Malay course and pass her exams. You can say syabas! ‘well done!’ on these sorts of occasions: • Annie painted a beautiful picture • Jan answered a question correctly • Yoko sang a Malay song beautifully And you can say tahniah! on these sorts of occasions:
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• • • •
Mandy passes her driving test John and Sally announce their engagement Leila tells you she is getting married Sammy has graduated
There will be other occasions where you are required to express condolence, sadness, etc. For example, on receiving news about a death: Bapa saya meninggal. Oh, salam takziah daripada saya.
My father died. My condolences.
When exclaiming, you can simply add nya to the end of the adjective: cantiknya! malangnya! kesiannya!/sayangnya! tingginya! pandainya!
how how how how how
beautiful! unfortunate! pitiful!/what a pity! tall! clever!
You will also hear other expressions which are peculiar only to Malays. For example, in English we exclaim ‘ouch’ when in pain, but the Malays will say adoi! Another popular and common expression to indicate shock is Alamak! This will be dealt with in Unit 11.
Culture point Etiquette When you congratulate a Malay friend, you do so by shaking hands and not salam the way Malays greet each other. When there is death of a relative of someone you know, you are certainly allowed to visit. Dressing must be appropriate, although you are not expected to dress like a Malay. The rule of thumb is that you do not want to offend, especially in these circumstances. When you are giving gifts on special occasions, remember that it is not advisable to give alcoholic drinks or wine or champagne. Check chocolates and biscuits if you want to give these as gifts, to make sure they don’t contain alcohol.
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Exercise 3 Choose the most appropriate phrases from those given below. What do you say when: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Danial announces that his wife is pregnant? Heidi says she has lost her favourite pen? Yoko tells you that she has completed her essay? Aidan says he is getting married? Monica says regretfully that she cannot attend your party? Helen shows you a beautiful painting she has done? Jo tells you he could speak ten languages? Mike says his uncle has died? Miki’s pet went missing? A friend tells you he has to leave your party early?
sayangnya! malangnya!
kesian! syabas!
pandainya! cantiknya!
tahniah! salam takziah
Dialogue 4 (CD2; 7) Dino is happy after receiving some good news in the post. Jensen Dino Jensen Dino Jensen Dino Jensen Dino Jensen
Dino, awak nampak gembira! Ya, ada berita baik. Saya dapat masuk universiti! Wah, tahniah! Terima kasih! Tapi sedih juga sebab kena duduk jauh daripada keluarga. Eh, awak dah besar. Mak awak mesti bangga anak masuk universiti. Ya, dia belum tau. Nanti dia terkejut. Johan macam mana? Lulus? Saya tak tanya sebab dia nampak kecewa. Oh, mungkin berita tak baik.
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Vocabulary gembira
happy
masuk
to enter
berita
news
terkejut
surprise
duduk
to stay/to live (lit. ‘to sit’)
tanya
to ask
bangga
proud
kecewa
disappointed
Language points Expressing emotions There are many words in Malay to describe the feeling ‘happy’. In Dialogue 4, Dino’s feeling is described in the word gembira. Gembira is a state of happiness at that point in time. In English, the word ‘happy’ can cover all kinds of happiness, from being happy to be at a party to being happy in marriage. But this is not the case in Malay. rasa gembira Similar to English, you can sometimes use the phrase ‘to feel happy’ rasa gembira: Saya rasa gembira dapat pulang. I feel happy to be able to go home. Dia gembira sebab jumpa kawan dia. He is happy because he met his friend. John gembira dia menang. John is happy he won. rasa seronok Seronok is also a state of happiness, more like enjoyment. Filem tu seronok tak? Is the film enjoyable/good? Saya seronok kawan dengan dia. I am happy to be friends with her. Seronok dengar penyanyi tu. It’s enjoyable to listen to that singer. bahagia
Unit 8: Happy Eid
Bahagia is more of a long-term state of happiness, and is especially used to describe a happy couple, a happy marriage, etc. You see these well wishes written for newlyweds: Semoga bahagia sehingga ke anak cucu. All the best for you and your future generation. Bahagia is not used to describe happiness during a particular point in time such as being happy to receive a present. It is used to describe happiness over a longer period of time, such as a happy marriage. sedih – sad Saya sedih awak nak pulang. I am sad you are going home. Jangan sedih. Saya tak marah. Don’t be sad. I am not angry. kecewa – disappointed Dia kecewa tak dapat pergi. She is disappointed she couldn’t go. Saya tak kecewa saya tak menang. I am not disappointed I didn’t win. bangga – proud Joe bangga anak dia lulus. Joe is proud that his son passed. Semua orang bangga kita menang. Everyone is proud that we won. bimbang – worried Dia rasa bimbang anak dia belum pulang. She is worried her son is not home yet. bosan – bored Liam rasa bosan dalam kelas. Liam feels bored in class. marah – angry Jan marah dia tak dapat makan. Jan is angry she didn’t get to eat. besar hati kecil hati
grateful slighted
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There are of course many more descriptions of emotions or feelings, but last but not least is syok! Syok is a word that describes a feeling of happiness, enjoyment and liking something or even someone. Syok tak konsert tu? Saya tak syok makan di situ. Dia syok kita beri dia hadiah.
Is the concert enjoyable/good? I don’t like eating there. He is happy we gave him presents.
Duduk If you were to look up the dictionary, the word duduk means ‘to sit’. But in spoken Malay duduk or the shortened form duk can mean several things. Look at these examples: Dia duduk di London. Jan duk di hotel. Saya duk di rumah. Duk buat apa? Dia duk makan.
He lives in London. Jan stays at a hotel. I stayed at home. What are you doing? She is eating.
The two examples above are almost present continuous.
Exercise 4 Fill the blanks with the appropriate word describing feelings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hannah rasa ________ nenek dia meninggal. Semua orang ________ negara kita menang. Ibu Johan ________ dia tak lulus. Ibu-bapa Heidi ________ Heidi tak hantar emel. Anne menonton filem seram itu, tapi dia ________ Jo ________ dapat jumpa kawan lama. Yoko ________ ibu dia sakit. Sarah harap abang dia dan isteri ________ ke anak cucu.
Vocabulary sakit
to be ill or sick
harap
to hope
seram
scary
Unit 8: Happy Eid
Dialogue 5 (CD2; 9) Yoko and Heidi are talking about their good friend Jamil who helped them a lot during their holidays. Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko
Saya suka Jamil. Dia baik hati. Betul. Semasa saya sampai, dia ajak saya makan. Dia juga murah hati. Dia belajar setiap hari, setiap malam dia bekerja. Sungguh rajin. Tapi adik dia sombong. Tak cakap dengan saya. Oh, dia bukan sombong, dia malu. Betul? Kalau gitu saya nak kawan dengan dia. Awak ni nakal, Heidi!
Vocabulary baik hati
kind, kindhearted
murah hati
generous
sombong
arrogant, proud
malu
shy, a shy person
nakal
naughty
Language point Attributes You will notice that many attributes in Malay contain the word hati, such as: baik hati murah hati
kind, kindhearted generous
Hati means ‘liver’, but when we are talking about attributes and feelings, the word hati takes the meaning of ‘heart’. Thus, there are many references to hati in Malay as we have seen in the section dealing with feelings earlier.
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Let’s look at the attributes Yoko and Heidi talk about. Their opposites are given in the right-hand column: baik hati murah hati rajin sombong malu nakal
kind generous hardworking proud shy naughty
busuk hati insidious, ill-intentioned kedekut mean, tight-fisted malas lazy mesra warm, friendly (there is no opposite for malu as tak malu would mean shameless) baik good
Let’s look at some others: pandai jahat cerewet angkuh rendah diri berani kuat lawak/lucu
clever bad fussy arrogant humble brave strong funny
bodoh baik
stupid good
angkuh penakut lemah
arrogant cowardly weak
Culture point Understatements It is fair to say that Malays tend to understate when making a point, especially when it is in the negative form. For example, instead of saying that someone is stupid, one is more likely to say they are not so clever, like this: Yanti tak begitu pandai. Johan tak begitu rajin. Another way of understating a point is by using the word sikit ‘a little bit’. Dia malas sikit. Helen sombong sikit. Martin kedekut sikit.
He is a little bit lazy. Helen is a little bit proud. Martin is a little bit mean.
Physical attributes will be dealt with in Unit 9.
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Exercise 5 Fill in the blanks with one of these attributes: baik hati, pandai, kedekut, lucu/menarik, malu, murah hati/baik hati, malas, sombong, garang. Kamil selalu lulus ujian. Dia ________ Jane tidak pergi sekolah. Dia ________ Heidi suka tolong orang. Dia ________ Ambrose tak suka beli barang. Dia ________ Leila tak makan sayur, tak makan daging dan tak minum susu. Dia ________ 6 Kanak-kanak suka Ken. Dia ________ 7 Helen tidak menyanyi. Dia ________ 8 Saya suka dengar cerita Tania. Dia ________ 1 2 3 4 5
Language point Tak kisah Tak kisah is ‘not fussy’. It can describe a person who is easygoing. It can also mean, ‘Anything, I don’t mind’. But this must not be misinterpreted as ‘not caring’ or ‘non-committal’. It can be taken as an answer to the English question, ‘Would you mind. . . . ?’. Let’s look at these examples: Belilah apapun saya makan. Tak kisah. Just buy anything I will eat it. I don’t mind. Saya tak kisah nak jemput siapapun. I don’t mind inviting anybody. A: Kita nak pergi mana? B: Tak kisah.
A: Where are we going? B: I don’t mind.
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Exercise 6 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Pada hari Sabtu lepas, Anis menyambut hari jadinya. Umur dia 20 tahun. Dia terima banyak hadiah daripada kawan-kawannya. Dia juga terima banyak ucapan Selamat Hari Jadi melalui emel dan sms. Kawan-kawan Anis suka Anis sebab dia seorang yang baik, rajin dan suka tolong orang lain. Dia tidak sombong. Anis tak payah rajin belajar sebab dia pandai. Dia selalu lulus peperiksaan. Ibu-bapa Anis bangga mendapat anak seperti Anis yang murah hati dan rendah diri dan tak suka cakap besar. ‘Anis anak yang tak cerewet. Saya masak apa pun dia makan. Dia tak kisah,’ kata ibu Anis. Kawan baik Anis, Meera suka belajar dengan Anis sebab dia suka tolong Meera belajar. ‘Anis tak kedekut dengan apa yang dia tahu. Kalau saya kena buat kerja sekolah, dia tolong saya. Saya seronok berkawan dengan dia,’ kata Meera.
Vocabulary menyambut
to celebrate
ucapan
wishes
melalui
via
peperiksaaan
exams
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Berapa umur Anis? Siapa beri hadiah kepada Anis? Dia terima ucapan Selamat Hari Jadi melalui apa? Mengapa kawan-kawan Anis suka dia? Mengapa ibu-bapa Anis bangga dengan Anis? Siapa kawan baik Anis? Anis tolong Meera buat apa? Adakah Anis kedekut dengan apa yang dia tahu?
Unit Nine Saya sakit kepala I have a headache
In this unit you will learn: ailments, aches and pains: sakit kepala, sakit perut, etc. different parts of the body: kepala, perut, dada, etc. different physical attributes: tinggi, kurus, gemuk, etc. doubling of adjectives: tinggi-lampai, lemah-lembut, putih-melepak • how to make adverbs: cepat-cepat, lambat-lambat, kuat-kuat, dengan baik • conjunctions: atau, tapi, sambil, etc. • • • •
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 11) Lisa was at a party all night and didn’t have enough sleep. She now has a headache. Lisa
Awak balik pukul berapa semalam? Saya balik awal. Awak? Lisa Saya balik pagi tadi. Tak tidur langsung. Alan Oh, awak sakit kepala nanti. Lisa Ya, saya sakit kepala. Ada ubat? Alan Tak ada. Saya pergi beli di kedai ubat. Lisa Baiknya! Alan Saya balik awal sebab saya sakit perut. Lisa Sakit perut? Awal salah makan? Alan
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Alan
Saya tak boleh makan pedas. Oh, dah makan ubat? Alan Dah. Lisa Kalau tak sihat, malam ni tak payah pergi teater. Lisa
Vocabulary awal
early
langsung
at all
sakit kepala
headache
baiknya!
how kind!
sakit perut
stomach ache
salah makan
(literally: ate something wrong), ate something that had gone bad, was poisonous or was too hot
Language point The body, aches and pains, and illnesses For most aches and pains, it is sufficient to use the word sakit, which means ‘pain’ or ‘ache’ and attach it to the part of the body where the ache or pain is felt. As in Dialogue 1, Lisa has sakit kepala or a ‘headache’, while Alan has sakit perut ‘stomach ache’. Before going further, let’s look at parts of the body.
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Common aches and pains sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit
kepala mata telinga tekak leher gigi dada perut tangan kaki otak otot belakang
headache eye ache ear ache sore throat neck ache toothache chest pain stomach ache pain in the hand pain in the leg mental illness muscle ache backache
Other common health conditions batuk pening selsema demam ruam bengkak
to cough or a cough to feel dizzy or a dizzy spell common cold fever rash to swell or swelling
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luka patah kaki terseliuh cedera bersin pitam pengsan muntah penyakit penyakit barah/kanser barah payudara barah otak barah baru-paru penyakit jantung penyakit kencing manis penyakit darah tinggi
cut, injury broken leg sprained injury to sneeze to faint to pass out to vomit diseases cancer breast cancer brain cancer lung cancer heart disease diabetes high blood pressure
Culture point Illnesses Illnesses are often talked about quite openly in Malaysian society. Nothing is taboo and therefore do not be surprised if, while waiting for the doctor in the waiting room, you are interrogated by fellow outpatients. They are just concerned. A one-for-all ointment in a bottle is usually the solution for most aches and pains. This could come in the form of a balm, used to rub on the stomach for stomach ache, on the temples for a headache and on the joints for any muscular pain. Some Malaysian travellers never leave home without their favourite ointment or balm. A favourite diagnosis for all kinds of complaints is angin ‘wind’, which is blamed for all kinds of discomfort from headaches to stomach aches to colic. Malaysia offers some of the best medical care in the world. There are many private hospitals with the most advanced and sophisticated equipment and facilities, for indeed Malaysia is now promoting medical tourism. There are also government hospitals for the locals.
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Language point Hospitals and specialists Hospitals used to be called rumah sakit – literally ‘sick house’ – but the negative connotation has since seen the preferred use of the word hospital. For common illnesses, a visit to a clinic is sufficient, where medications are dispensed on the spot. These clinics are like the surgeries in the UK where you see your local general practitioner and then receive a prescription to get your medication from a pharmacy. As with the illnesses, aches and pains, simply attach the part of the body to the word doktor or klinik, to get your specialist doctor and clinic: doktor gigi dentist doktor haiwan vet doktor mata optician
klinik gigi dental clinic klinik haiwan veterinary clinic klinik mata optician
Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks, using the hints in brackets. 1 Muni terpotong jari dia. Jari dia ________ (cut) 2 Semasa Haris main bola, dia jatuh dan kaki dia ________ (sprained) 3 Jan masuk hospital. Dia ________ panas. (fever) 4 Liam jatuh basikal. Tangan dia ________ (broken) 5 Dalam kemalangan kereta, kawan Idrus ________ teruk. (injured) 6 Ibu Helen dapat ________ kanser payudara. (disease) 7 Saya nak pergi klinik gigi sebab ________ gigi. (ache) 8 Semalam saya tak tidur, sekarang saya ________ (dizzy) 9 Dia ________ sebab bilik itu panas. (fainted) 10 John tak boleh bernafas. Dia sakit ________ (chest)
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 13) Jan was away when someone visited her. Heidi is trying to describe the visitor to her.
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Heidi Jan Heidi Jan Heidi Jan Heidi Jan Heidi Jan
Kawan awak datang tadi. Lelaki atau perempuan. Macam mana rupa dia? Perempuan. Muda ke tua? Muda. Awak ingat rupa dia? Ingat. Rambut dia panjang, lurus. Muka bulat, mata besar. Dia tinggi, kan? Ya, tinggi lampai. Oh, Bertha, kawan saya dari Berlin.
Vocabulary atau
or
rupa
look, image
muda
young
tua
old
ingat
to remember
rambut
hair
panjang
long
lurus
straight
muka
face
bulat
round
mata
eyes
besar
big
tinggi lampai
tall and slender
kan
or not? (short for bukan?)
Language point Atau and other conjunctions In order to establish the identity of the visitor, Jan uses the conjunction atau with adjectives, physical attributes and nouns:
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lelaki atau perempuan muda atau tua
male or female young or old
This conjunction is used pretty much like the English ‘or’.
Other conjunctions tapi/tetapi – but Dia datang tapi awak tak ada. She came but you were not here. sambil – while Dia makan sambil berjalan. She eats while walking. sebab – because Dia gembira sebab dia lulus ujian (‘test’). She is happy because she passed the test. kalau – if Kalau hujan, saya tak pergi. If it rains, I will not go.
Exercise 2
(CD2; 15)
Fill in each blank with an appropriate conjunction, such as kalau, sebab, sambil, tapi, etc. 1 2 3 4 5
Dia sedih ________ dia tak boleh pergi. Ali belajar ________ bekerja. ________ awak tak pergi, saya juga tak mau pergi. Alia nak beli baju itu ________ tak ada duit. Farah masuk universiti ________ dia lulus.
Language points Perempuan and lelaki Perempuan and lelaki refer to gender. These terms can be safely used for females and males of all ages.
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Examples bayi perempuan/lelaki budak perempuan/lelaki orang perempuan/lelaki anak perempuan/lelaki
baby girl/boy girl/boy child woman/man daughter/son
There are, however, other terms to describe a woman. gadis wanita
a teenage girl who is not married yet an adolescent female, young or old, but never used for a child
Lelaki does not change for men of any age. You are only required to state whether the person is a boy, an old man or a young man. Examples anak lelaki lelaki muda lelaki tua
son young man old man
Physical features Let’s look at some more words to describe physical features. tinggi pendek kurus gemuk besar kecil cantik hodoh comel ketak botak panjang pendek kulit putih
tall short (height/length) thin fat big small beautiful ugly cute wavy bald long short fair skinned
Unit 9: I have a headache
kulit gelap muda tua separuh umur dewasa
dark skinned young old middle aged adult
Culture point Budak and some other references for people Budak is a term that can be safely used in Malaysia to refer to any gender child from a baby to a teenager. However, the word budak, although used in Indonesia, does not have the same meaning there. Instead it means ‘home help’. A visitor to a Malay family will be all right if he asks Di mana budak-budak? referring to the children of the host. However, if the same question is asked of an Indonesian family, they would either feel slighted or think you were referring to their team of helpers. Kanak-kanak refers to young children in general. However, anak-anak is used to refer to one’s own children. Kanak-kanak bermain bola sepak. The children are playing football. Anak-anak Hani bermain bola sepak. Hani’s children are playing football. While kanak-kanak can be both singular and plural, anak-anak is plural. Anak is singular. It is quite common among friends to refer to husbands as laki (instead of suami) and bini (instead of isteri). These terms of reference might seem crude to the uninitiated.
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Exercise 3 How would you describe these people in Malay? Example
wanita separuh umur, rambut pendek, lurus, muka bulat
1
3
2
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Unit 9: I have a headache
Language point Descriptions Sometimes when adjectives are used to describe something, they are not enough, and another word is added to the adjective, regardless of whether that word has a meaning or not. Malay is a very rhythmic language and words are doubled or added just for the sake of making it sound nice. Example Tinggi lampai → Budak perempuan tu tinggi lampai. The girl is tall and slender. The word lampai does not mean anything itself but is used to intensify tinggi. Putih melepak → Hasnah putih melepak. Hasnah is white/fair. Bengkang-bengkok → Jalan ke kampong itu bengkang-bengkuk. The road to the village is winding.
Other adjectives hitam melegam besar agam kurus kering kering kontang manis melecas riuh rendah lintang pukang kecil molek cuci calat gemuk gedempol
dark big thin dry sweet noisy helter-skelter small and cute clean; spick and span fat
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Unit 9: Saya sakit kepala
Exercise 4 From the list of adjectives in the previous Language point, find the correct one to fill in each blank. 1. Suzi dan kawan-kawan dia bercakap ________ 2. Budak-budak itu lari ________ 3. Kek saya buat ________ 4. Adik saya tak makan. Dia ________ 5. Majlis hari jadi Hakim ________ 6. Dia masih muda, tapi ________ 7. Bilik Ani kecil dan ________ 8. Iza ________ Baju ini terlalu besar untuk dia.
Dialogue 3 (CD2; 16) Janet and Karen are preparing for Heidi’s surprise birthday party. Janet is giving instructions on what to do. Janet Karen Janet Karen Janet Karen Janet Karen Janet
Tolong atur kerusi itu elok-elok. Macam mana nak gantung belon-belon ini? Oh, gantung tinggi-tinggi dan tulis ucapan di dinding besar-besar dan terang-terang. Ya, Halim akan tulis. Dia tulis dengan teliti dan cantik. Kueh dan kek macam mana? Mariam buat kek. Yoko bawa kueh. Mesti sedap-sedap kueh Yoko. Ya. Dia pandai buat kueh. Dia hias cantik-cantik. OK. Bila Heidi datang, kita masuk senyap-senyap dan laung Selamat Hari Jadi, kuat-kuat!
Vocabulary elok-elok
nicely
gantung
to hang
belon
balloon
dinding
wall
Unit 9: I have a headache
terang-terang
clearly
dengan teliti
with care, properly
hias
decorate
senyap-senyap
quietly
laung
to shout out
kuat-kuat
loudly
Language points Doubling words Doubling words, nouns or adjectives, is a feature of the Malay language. The doubling of a noun usually makes its plural. buku-buku rumah-rumah budak-budak
books houses children
However, when describing the actual number of children, for example, then there is no need to double the noun. Ada lima budak di dalam bilik. There are five children in the room. Budak-budak tu main di padang. The children played in the field.
Forming adverbs The doubling of adjectives is one of two ways to form adverbs. From Dialogue 3, you can see Janet giving instructions for the surprise party: atur kerusi itu elok-elok gantung tinggi-tinggi tulis ucapan di dinding besar-besar dan terang-terang masuk senyap-senyap laung Selamat Hari Jadi kuat-kuat!
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Here are some more examples: cepat-cepat jalan cepat-cepat cantik-cantik tulis cantik-cantik sedap-sedap masak sedap-sedap rapat-rapat susun rapat-rapat baik-baik kuat-kuat
to walk quickly to write beautifully to cook deliciously to arrange closely properly, nicely loudly/with strength
Adverbs can also be formed by using dengan + adjective. cakap dengan baik baca dengan teliti tidur dengan nyenyak dengan sopan dengan laju dengan segera
to speak nicely to read with care/properly to sleep soundly politely rapidly immediately
Note that while some adjectives can either be repeated or used with dengan to form an adverb, others can only be used one way and not the other.
Exercise 5 Turn the adjectives in the brackets into adverbs in the following sentences. Dia sakit kaki. Dia berjalan ________ (lambat) ke kedai. Bila Alan nampak anjing, dia lari ________ (cepat). Awak kena baca syarat-syarat tu ________ (teliti). Ketuk pintu itu ________ (kuat). Mungkin dia tak dengar. Semalam saya letih dan tidur ________ (nyenyak) sampai ke pagi. 6 Susun kasut-kasut tu ________ (rapat). 7 Anak dia bercakap ________ (sopan) dengan orang lebih tua. 8 Jangan cakap ________ (kasar) dengan bapa kamu. 1 2 3 4 5
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Unit 9: I have a headache
Vocabulary syarat
terms
ketuk
to knock
mungkin
maybe/perhaps
sampai
until
Exercise 6 Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow. Yumi berjalan lambat-lambat ke klinik. Dia sakit kaki. Dia jatuh semasa di sekolah. Di klinik, doktor periksa kaki Yumi dengan teliti. Ada luka di kaki Yumi. Jururawat cuci luka itu dengan baik dan balut kaki Yumi. Jururawat itu seorang yang lemah lembut. Dia bercakap dengan Yumi sambil dia merawat luka itu. Yumi tak boleh berjalan dengan laju. Doktor juga beri Yumi ubat tidur. Malam itu dia tidur dengan nyenyak. Heidi melawat Yumi dan ketuk pintu kuat-kuat, tapi Yumi tak dengar. Heidi pulang dengan segera. Cepat-cepat dia telefon kawan-kawan untuk beritahu Heidi sakit. Semua kawan Yumi pergi ke rumah dia tapi tak dapat jumpa Yumi sebab dia masih tidur. Yumi bangun esok hari dan pergi ke sekolah. Kawan-kawan dia menyambut dia dengan gembira. Kaki dia pun dah mula sembuh.
Vocabulary periksa
to examine
bangun
to get up
balut
to wrap/bandage
sembuh
to recover/get better
merawat
to treat
masih
still
1 2 3 4 5
Bagaimana Yumi berjalan ke klinik? Di mana dia jatuh? Bagaimana jururawat cuci luka Yumi? Siapa melawat Yumi? Bagaimana kawan-kawan Yumi menyambut Yumi di sekolah?
Unit Ten Ada macam-macam There are all sorts of things
In this unit you will learn: • the doubling of words which changes the original meaning: macam, macam-macam, agar, agar-agar, masak, masak-masak, baru, baru-baru ini, tiba, tiba-tiba, etc. • how to use macam mana? • words which only have meanings when doubled: kadang-kadang, pura-pura, masing-masing • functions of jadi . . .
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 18) Alan is looking for souvenirs to take home for his friends and relatives. June suggests the Pasar Seni or Central Market where they can get almost everything. Alan June Alan
June Alan June Alan June
Saya perlu beli barang untuk kawan-kawan saya. Barang macam mana? Hadiah, cenderamata, macam-macam! Saya mau kemeja macam kemeja kamu. Kalau begitu, pergi ke Pasar Seni. Ada apa di sana? Ada macam-macam; makanan, pakaian, hiasan. Hiasan? Ya, macam lukisan.
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Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Alan June
Kamu ikut sama? Baiklah!
Vocabulary perlu
to need
macam-macam
all sorts
barang
things
hiasan
decorations
banyak
many (for things)
macam
like, such as
ramai
many (for people)
ikut
to come along
cenderamata
souvenirs
Language point The different uses of macam We already know that, in Malay, the doubling of words, especially nouns, makes them plural. And in the last unit, we learnt that the doubling of adjectives make adverbs. In this unit you will see more examples and functions of the doubling of words. In Dialogue 1, we see the different uses of the word macam. When on its own, the word macam means ‘like’ or ‘such as’. (In a formal con versation and in written form, it would be seperti and not macam.) Examples Saya mau kemeja macam kemeja kamu. Dia beli kereta macam kereta saya. Dia macam kakak saya. Saya suka kasut macam tu. Jangan cakap macam tu.
I want a shirt like your shirt. She bought a car like my car. She is like my sister. I like shoes like that. Don’t speak like that.
When doubled, macam-macam means ‘all sorts of’, ‘all kinds of ’. Examples Di kedai itu ada macam-macam barang. At that shop there’re all kinds of things.
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Jennie beli macam-macam. Jennie bought all sorts (of things). When used in a phrase, macam mana? literally means ‘like what?’ = ‘how?’, or ‘what kind of. . . . ?’, ‘what sort of . . . ?’. Macam mana can also be used at the end of a question. Examples Barang macam mana? Makanan macam mana? Macam mana nak buka pintu ni? Macam mana nak buat kek ni?
What kind of things? or What sort of things? What sort of food? How do I open this door? How do I make this cake?
Note also that when macam mana? is used to mean ‘how’, sometimes the typical reaction or answer is: Macam ni. This is usually followed by a demonstration of how something is done. Example Ali: Macam mana nak guna telefon ni? Alan: Macam ni, dial nombor, kemudian tekan butang hijau ini.
Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Culture point Informal greetings When friends greet each other, they often use Macam mana? or Apa macam? to mean ‘How’re things (with you?)’. This is as colloquial as it gets. Apa khabar? is of course the standard greeting, but it is quite formal. Apa macam? or Macam mana? is the kind of greeting you use along with a pat on the back with old friends, but not acquaintances and people you meet on formal occasions.
Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Malay using macam. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I like cars like this. Ray is like my older brother. This bag is like my bag. Helen is not like her sister. Helen is tall. Don’t speak like that. Alan is like a younger brother to Jan. She is spending like she is rich. John talks like he knows everything. It looks like he is not well. Martin is like a sad person.
Exercise 2 Use macam mana in the following questions. 1 2 3 4 5
nak nak nak nak nak
pergi ke pasar? buat kek pisang? menyanyi lagu ni? pasang komputer ni? masak kari ayam?
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 20) Nellie and Yoko are discussing their holidays.
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Nellie Yoko Nellie Yoko Nellie Yoko
Nellie Yoko
Nellie
Sungguh cantik Bali. Seronok bercuti di sana. Eh, bila kamu pergi ke Bali? Baru-baru ni. Kami baru saja pulang. Oh, seronoknya! Saya baru balik dari Berlin. Berlin terlalu mahal. Saya tau. Saya fikir masak-masak sebelum beli tiket. Saya pilih Berlin sebab ada ramai kawan di sana. Bali pun semakin mahal. Ramai pelancong. Di Berlin kami sewa flet, sebab boleh masak. Makan di luar mahal. Kami pun macam tu juga. Masak di rumah sewa.
Vocabulary flet
flat/apartment
semakin
increasingly
rumah sewa
rented house
Language point Words that change their meaning when doubled Dialogue 2 demonstrates another function of doubling words. When doubled, words change their meaning somewhat. See how the follow ing words change in meaning. baru – new Saya beli baju baru. Dia ada kereta baru. baru – just Saya baru habis makan. Maniam baru pulang. John baru telefon saya. Anne baru sampai. baru saja
I bought a new dress. He has a new car. I have just finished eating. Maniam has just come home. John has just phoned me. Anne has just arrived.
Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Note: The word saja is added for emphasis, so it literally means ‘only just’. Anne baru saja sampai. Bila Anne sampai? Baru saja.
Anne has only just arrived. When did Anne arrive? Only just (arrived).
baru-baru ini – recently Jan belajar bahasa Melayu baru-baru ini. Jan learnt Malay recently. Baru-baru ni, dia beli rumah. Recently he bought a house. Lenny telefon saya baru-baru ni. Lenny phoned me recently. masak – to cook masak-masak to think or consider something deeply Fikir masak-masak sebelum ambil kerja tu. Think thoroughly before taking on that job. Dia tak fikir masak-masak sebelum berhenti kerja. He didn’t think thoroughly before resigning. agar – so that Saya berdoa agar kau berjaya. I pray that you will succeed. Saya harap agar dia sembuh. I hope he recovers. agar-agar – jelly Saya suka makan agar-agar buah. I like eating fruit jelly. rupa – face, image, looks Rupa dia macam bintang filem. She looks like a film star. Dia ada rupa, ada duit. He has looks, has money. Hani tak ada rupa Mak dia. Hani doesn’t have her mother’s looks.
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rupa-rupanya – apparently Dia tak datang ke majlis saya. Rupa-rupanya dia sakit. He didn’t come to my party. Apparently he was ill. Rupa-rupanya, itu kakak dia. Apparently, that’s his older sister. mula – to start Saya mula belajar bahasa Melayu tahun ini. I started learning Malay this year. Jangan mula sebelum saya sampai. Don’t start before I arrive. Mula tulis sekarang. Start writing now. mula-mula – first of all, firstly Mula-mula, belok kiri. First of all, turn left. Mula-mula, saya pergi ke kedai. First, I went to the shop. Mula-mula saya tak nampak dia. At first I didn’t see him. tiba – to arrive Note: The word sampai is more colloquial. Dia tiba esok. Bila Alan tiba? Anne tiba di Jakarta hari ini.
He arrives tomorrow. When did Alan arrive? Anne arrives in Jakarta today.
tiba-tiba – suddenly Tiba-tiba dia jatuh. Tiba-tiba dia sakit kepala. Tiba-tiba budak tu menangis.
Suddenly he fell. Suddenly she has a headache. Suddenly the child cried.
sama – the same Raju pakai baju yang sama setiap hari. Raju wears the same clothes everyday. Tarikh lahir saya sama dengan tarikh lahir Joan. My date of birth is the same as Joan’s.
Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Lenny sama universiti dengan Tan. Lenny is at the same university as Tan. sama-sama – you’re welcome, together with A: Terima kasih. B: Sama-sama.
A: Thank you B: You’re welcome
Danny pergi sama-sama Leslie ke Bali. Lenny went together with Leslie to Bali. Mari kita sama-sama tunggu dia di sini. Let’s all wait for her together here. gula – sugar Saya tak mahu gula dalam kopi saya. I don’t want sugar in my coffee. gula-gula – sweets Jangan makan terlalu banyak gula-gula! Don’t eat too many sweets! kira – to count Tolong kira semua ini. Please count all these. Saya tak kira berapa orang yang datang. I didn’t count how many people came. kira-kira – about Kira-kira sepuluh orang mati. About ten people died. Dia ada kira-kira dua puluh lima kucing. She has about 25 cats. oleh – by Ikan dimakan oleh kucing. The fish was eaten by the cat. oleh-oleh – souvenirs Sebelum pulang dia beli banyak oleh-oleh. Before he went home, he bought many souvenirs.
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Dialogue 3 (CD2; 22) James is talking to Mona about a friend they have not seen for a long time. James Mona James Mona James Mona James Mona James
Sungguh lama saya tak jumpa Eddie. Ya, saya juga. Saya jumpa dia kira-kira enam bulan dulu. Kadang-kadang dia telefon saya. Saya harap dia sihat. Saya kenal dia sejak kanak-kanak lagi. Oh saya baru saja kenal dia. Baru-baru ni, saya jumpa ibu dia. Oh ya, kamu sekolah sama-sama, bukan? Ya, sejak sekolah rendah.
Vocabulary sekolah rendah
primary school
sejak
since
Language point Words that only have meaning when doubled In previous examples, we have seen how the meaning of a word changes when it is doubled. But in Dialogue 3, the words only have meanings when they are doubled. When single they do not mean anything. For example, kadang-kadang means ‘sometimes’ but there is no such word as kadang. It is the same with kanak-kanak, which means ‘child’ or ‘children’. On its own, the word kanak does not exist. masing-masing – to each his own Baca buku masing-masing. Read your own book.
Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Masing-masing ada rumah sendiri. Each one had his/her own house. sia-sia – a waste of effort/time Sia-sia saja kamu pergi ke rumah dia, dia tak ada. Such a waste of time, you went to his house and he wasn’t there. Sia-sia saya beli hadiah untuk dia sebab dia tak suka. What a waste buying the present for her, because she didn’t like it. pura-pura – to pretend Dia pura-pura tidur. He pretends to sleep. Jangan pura-pura tak tahu. Don’t pretend you don’t know. It is worth noting that with some words that are doubled, there is now a tendency to add a prefix instead. This is only applicable to some doubled words, not all. Here are some examples: kadang-kadang → kekadang Kekadang dia kerja di Kuala Lumpur. Sometimes he works in Kuala Lumpur. tiba-tiba → tetiba Tetiba dia menangis. Suddenly she cried. sangat-sangat → sesangat Hiroko sesangat cantik. Hiroko is very beautiful.
Exercise 3 Use tiba-tiba, tiba, baru, baru-baru, mula, mula-mula, kadang-kadang, gula, gula-gula, sama, sama-sama, pura-pura, masing-masing, agaragar, agar, etc. in the following sentences. 1 Aleya tak suka minum teh dengan ________ tapi dia suka makan ________ 2 ________ ini, Yoko terima emel daripada Heidi. Heidi ________ sampai di Tokyo.
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Semua pelancong ada pasport ________ ________ seratus lima puluh orang pergi ke majlis itu. Dia ________ sakit sebab tak mahu pergi sekolah. ________ dia jatuh dan pengsang. Ellie sudah ________ belajar bahasa Jepun di sekolah. Manuel suka makan ________ buah. Saya ________ ada sepuluh orang di dalam bilik itu. Mari kita pergi ________ ke taman.
Dialogue 4 (CD2; 24) Yoko and Heidi are getting ready to go to a show but their plans have gone wrong. Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi
Heidi, kamu dah siap? Ya, siap. Saya cuma nak cari tiket untuk konsert ni. Kamu simpan di mana? Saya tak ingat. Dalam dompet pun tak ada. Cuba tengok di dalam laci. Saya dah tengok. Tak ada. Jadi, macam mana sekarang? Mungkin hilanglah. Jadi, apa kita buat sekarang? Kita tak jadi pergilah. Kita tengok TV saja!
Vocabulary siap
to be ready
cuma
only
simpan
to keep
ingat
to remember
dompet
wallet
cuba
to try
laci
drawers
jadi
so, to happen
Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Language point Jadi Dialogue 4 illustrates two uses of this word, but it also has some other meanings. Jadi – so (introduces the consequence or result of an action or activity) Jadi, apa kita buat sekarang? So, what do we do now? Saya sakit, jadi saya tak pergi ke pejabat. I am ill, so I didn’t go to the office. Hani penat, jadi dia nak berehat. Hani is tired, so she wants to rest. Jadi – (used as a time-filler; like ‘well’ in English, when one needs time to think before continuing a sentence or answering a question) Jadi, saya nak ke rumah kawan saya esok. Well, I want to go to my friend’s house tomorrow. Jadi – to be, to become Bila dia besar, dia nak jadi doktor. When he grows up, he wants to be a doctor. Mary jadi marah bila dia kalah. Mary became angry when she lost. Sam jadi hero dalam filem itu. Sam was the hero in that film. Jadi – to materialise, to happen Dia jadi datang ke rumah saya esok. He will come to my house tomorrow. Andy tak jadi pergi ke Bangkok. Andy is not going to Bangkok. Jadi tak? Tak jadi.
Is it going to happen? It’s not happening.
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Exercise 4 Answer the following questions using the word jadi and the words in brackets to guide you. 1 2 3 4 5
Apa dia nak jadi bila dia lulus? (peguam) Karen jadi apa di restoran tu? (pelayan) Onn jadi pergi ke Singapura esok? (tak) Maniam jadi masak untuk kita malam ni? (ya) Dalam cerita tu, Jane jadi apa? (ibu Tom)
Exercise 5 Read this short excerpt and try to understand the different functions of jadi. Lola dan Ellie baru tamat belajar di universiti. Lola mahu jadi jurutera dan Ellie mahu jadi macam bapa dia, seorang doktor. Mereka tak jadi belajar di luar negara sebab mereka mahu bekerja dahulu. Lola sudah dapat kerja di Kuala Lumpur, jadi dia akan pindah ke Kuala Lumpur bulan depan. Jadi, dia akan sewa rumah dan tinggal bersama kawankawan. Bapa Ellie mahu Ellie bekerja dengan dia di klinik dia di Ampang. Jadi, Ellie akan bekerja dengan bapa dia. Dia akan jadi penolong bapa dia di klinik itu.
Vocabulary tamat
to end
luar negara
overseas, foreign country
dahulu
first
pindah
to move
sewa
to rent
Note: The word dahulu (more commonly uttered as dulu) means ‘first’ as in ‘to do something first’.
Unit 10: There are all sorts of things
Examples Saya nak balik dulu. I want to go home first. Awak pergi dulu, nanti saya pergi. You go first, I will go later. Tunggulah. Saya nak mandi dulu. Wait. I want to have a bath first.
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Unit Eleven Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni! Wow, this tower is so tall!
In this unit you will learn: • some exclamations peculiar to Malays: amboi, nah, adoi, alamak, kan, etc. • some phrases of Islamic nature, derived from Arabic words: Alhamdulillah, Insyaallah, etc. • about melatah • the use of saja, pun and patut
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 26) Lily and Heidi are looking at tourist sites in Kuala Lumpur. Lily Heidi Lily Heidi Lily Heidi Lily Heidi
Amboi, tinggi sungguh Menara Petronas ni! Mari kita naik! Takutlah. Tinggi sangat. Apa nak takut? Kita naik lif sampai tingkat atas. Wah, awak berani naik sampai ke atas? Ya, bukan kita naik tangga. Saya lebih suka tunggu di bawah. Awak pergilah. Okaylah. Nah, tolong jaga beg saya. Alamak, beratlah beg awak!
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Vocabulary menara
tower
berani
brave
takut
to be scared
tangga
stairs
lif
lift
jaga
to look after
Language point Exclamations with amboi, nah and alamak Different people in different countries have different ways of expressing themselves. Malays have their own set of expressions that are peculiar to them. The different ethnic groups in Malaysia have their own expressions when voicing pain, anger and admiration. amboi!, wah! – wow! These expressions are usually said when in admiration or in awe of something. Examples Amboi, sungguh tinggi Menara Petronas ni! Wow, these Petronas Towers are so tall! Wah, kamu berani naik sampai ke atas? Wow, are you brave enough to go up to the top? In these expressions from Dialogue 1, Lily is in awe of the towers, while Heidi is in awe of Lily’s enthusiasm to go up to the top of the towers. Let’s look at some other examples. Amboi, cantiknya baju ni! Amboi, pandai sungguh budak ni! Amboi, rajinnya anak saya! Wah, dah besar anak awak! Wah, sedap masakan awak! Wah, dia dapat sembilan A!
Wow, such a beautiful dress! Wow, this child is so clever! Wow, Wow, Wow, Wow,
my child is so hardworking! your child has grown! your cooking is delicious! she got 9 As!
Spoken in a less flattering tone, however, these can express sarcasm, usually intended to deliver a totally opposite meaning.
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Unit 11: Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni!
Examples Amboi, pandailah tu! Wow, that’s clever! (meaning: that’s really silly!) Amboi, tak boleh kurang harga? Wow, can’t you reduce the price? Amboi, makan tak jemput kita pun! Wow, you are eating without inviting us! alamak! – oh my God!/oh dear! Examples Alamak, Alamak, Alamak, Alamak, Alamak,
beratlah beg awak! saya takutlah! saya terlupa bayar! saya tertidur! dia jatuh!
nah
Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh
my God, your bag is heavy! my God, I’m scared! dear, I forgot to pay! my God, I fell asleep! dear, he fell!
– here
When Heidi hands over her bag to Lily, she says: Nah, tolong jaga beg saya.
Here, please look after my bag.
Nah is uttered when handing over something to someone. Examples Nah, ini duit kamu. Nah, hadiah untuk adik. Nah, kek saya buat tadi.
Here, this is your money. Here, a present for little brother/sister. Here, the cake I made earlier.
Exercise 1 Fill the blanks with either amboi, nah or alamak. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________
ini buku saya pinjam dulu. lama awak bercuti! saya terlupa bawa buku! baju saya koyak! ambil hadiah ini. ramai sungguh anak awak! ini daripada saya. besar sungguh rumah awak!
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Vocabulary koyak
to tear, torn
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 28) Asiah and Lily are walking up the stairs of a shopping complex. Heidi trips and falls over. asiah Lily asiah Lily asiah Lily asiah Lily asiah
Adoi! Heidi, alamak! Kamu jatuh! Aha! Saya rasa kaki saya terseliuh. Adoi! Mari saya tolong. Duduk di sini. Aaah, Alhamdulillah. Syukur, tak patah. Ya, masih boleh jalan, kan? Ya, kalau saya rehat sekejap, tak sakit sangat. Duduk di sini sekejap. Saya urut. Oh, terima kasih, Lily. Syukur kamu pandai urut.
Vocabulary adoi!
ouch!
terseliuh
sprained
alhamdulillah
thank God
kan?
right?
syukur
to be thankful
urut
to massage
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Unit 11: Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni!
Language point Some more exclamations Adoi is uttered not only when one is in pain but also when expressing despair. It is the spoken or colloquial version of aduh! Aduh is the written form. As with many words in colloquial Malay, the spoken and written forms often differ, sometimes influenced by the pronunciation in regional areas. Kan is the abbreviated form of bukan (‘no’, ‘not’). It is used in the same way as ‘right?’ in English, like a tag question. Or, when it is used liberally in a sentence, it is almost like ‘yeah’. However, when the stress is on kan, at the end of a question, it merely asks for confirmation of certain information. Examples Dia pergi sekolah, kan? He went to school, right? Musa dah kahwin, kan? Musa is already married, right? Selepas tu, kan, dia meninggal dunia. After that, yeah, he passed away.
Culture point Islamic phrases Malays who are Muslims greet each other in a different way. They also use many other phrases, which are actually Arabic and Islamic in nature. But these phrases are very much in the Malay vocabulary. Non-Muslims are not expected to say them. For example, when greeting another Muslim, they will say Assalamualaikum, which means ‘peace be upon you’ and the reply is Waalaikumsalam ‘peace be upon you too’.
Unit 11: Wow, this tower is so tall!
When asking after someone’s health, a Malay Muslim will reply Alhamdulillah ‘thanks be to God’. In Dialogue 2, Heidi says Alham dulillah because she is thankful that her leg is not broken. Syukur derives from the Arabic word syukr, which means ‘gratification’, ‘thank God’. When Malay Muslims say something in praise or admiration, it is often followed by Masyaallah ‘as God has willed’. This is in recognition that all good things come from God and are blessings. When a Malay Muslim is invited to go somewhere or to do something, the reply will almost always be Insyaallah! ‘God willing!’
Exercise 2 What do you think the responses to the following questions and statements would be? Choose your answers from: insyaallah, alhamdulillah, waalaikumsalam, masyaallah. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Apa khabar? Boleh dia masuk universiti? Negara tu sungguh cantik! Assalamualaikum, apa khabar? Saya dah kenyang. Datanglah ke rumah saya malam ini. Isteri saya dah sehat. Bila dia dapat kerja, boleh beli kereta.
Culture point Melatah While we are on the subject of expressions, it would be interesting for students of the Malay language to know that some people from the Malay community are prone to what is known as melatah, especially when one is startled and surprised. This condition does not just happen to older people but also to young ones. It can best be described as a mild form of Tourette’s syndrome or Eskimo hysteria. Once startled, he or she will spew out words or phrases that in any normal situation he or she would never say. A person who just stumbles or trips on something will blurt out expressions such as Oh, Mak! ‘Oh, Mother!’,
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Oh, pocot! (which means nothing at all) or anything else that comes to mind. The extreme would be a stream of swear words or vulgarities, which could become worse when further provoked.
Dialogue 3 (CD2; 30) Trond and Malek are at a fruit stall looking at local fruits to buy. Trond Malek Trond Malek Trond Malek Trond Malek Trond Malek
Saya nak makan buah-buahan tempatan. Di sini ada banyak. Buah apa kamu mau. Saya dengar durian sedap. Betul tapi bau busuk. Saya tau. Boleh bau dari sini. Kamu nak berapa? Ada dua saja. Saya mau sebiji saja. Saya nak rasa. Saya pun. Saya tak pernah makan durian. Eh, mengapa tak makan? Tak suka? Bukan tak suka. Saja.
Vocabulary tempatan
local
saja
only
bau
smell, to smell
pun
also, too
busuk
smelly
rasa
to taste
Language points Doubling words to mean ‘variety’ Throughout the course you have come across many words in Malay that are repeated to represent the plural, or doubled to change their meanings or to create adverbs. In this unit, we see words, usually nouns, that are repeated and change form slightly to mean ‘variety’. Buah means ‘fruit’ in general, but you can add the name of the fruit to be more specific – buah durian ‘durian fruit’, buah rambutan ‘rambutan fruit’, etc. Buah-buahan means ‘a variety of fruits’.
Unit 11: Wow, this tower is so tall!
Examples sayur-sayuran tanam-tanaman tumbuh-tumbuhan
a a a
variety of vegetables variety of plants variety of growth (as in plants, shrubs, etc.)
Saja You will notice that there are two spellings for saja, which has several meanings. It is also spelt sahaja. Note: There are many Malay words that have different spellings but the same meanings. Another couple of examples are baru and baharu, which both mean ‘new’, and pasaraya and pasar raya, which both mean ‘supermarket’. Saja is used in Dialogue 3 to mean ‘only’. Examples Saya ada RM2 saja. Mary tengok saja, dia tak beli.
I have only RM2. Mary only looked, she didn’t buy.
The other usage of saja is quite complicated to explain as it very much depends on context. In Dialogue 3, when asked by Trond why he doesn’t eat durian, Malik replies, ‘Saja’, which means ‘no obvious reason’ here. In another context it could mean ‘just’ or even ‘purposely’. Here are some more examples: Ani: Ani:
Halim, apa hal awak pergi ke Manila? Halim, why did you go to Manila?
Halim: Saja. Halim: For no reason.
Dia saja nak tunjuk pandai. He is just trying to show that he is clever.
Kami saja nak cuba makanan Thai. We just want to try Thai food.
Jane tak buat kerja, dia cakap saja. Jane didn’t do any work, she just talked.
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Pun Pun can have many meanings too, depending on the context. It can mean ‘also’, ‘too’ or ‘even’. When in written form, pun is either attached to a word or it can stand on its own. Examples Saya tak tidur pun. Dia tak tahu pun saya dah balik. Manjeet tak masak pun. Mary pun pergi dengan Ali. Ben pun tak faham. Kalau dia pergi, saya pun pergi.
I didn’t even sleep. She didn’t even know I had gone home. Manjeet didn’t even cook. Mary also went with Ali. Ben also doesn’t understand. If she goes, I also go.
Another usage of pun is more difficult to explain as it is used for emphasis. Dialogue 4 uses pun in this manner.
Dialogue 4 (CD2; 32) Ali can’t remember Jo’s address. Ali
Ann, di mana alamat Jo? Di dalam buku di atas meja. Ali Di atas meja? Tak ada pun! Ann Cuba tengok di dalam laci. Ali Di dalam laci pun tak ada. Ann Awak tak ingat alamat dia? Ali Tak ingat. Ann Saya pun. Ann
Vocabulary alamat
address
laci
drawer
cuba
to try
tak ingat
cannot remember
Unit 11: Wow, this tower is so tall!
Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with pun or saja. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Saya tak tahu ________ dia anak awak. Danial nak tengok gambar tu ________ Alan kata dia ________ nak pergi teater. Lama saya cari rumah awak. Tak jumpa ________ Saya ________ nak telefon awak sebab sudah lama tak bercakap. Layla ________ nak makan satay di restoran tu. Tapi dia ada RM5 ________ Harga baju tu RM50 ________ tapi itu ________ saya tak boleh beli. Kana ________ yang pergi rumah Josie. Bila dia dapat berita bapa dia meninggal, dia ________ pulang. Saya tahu Dodi ________ tak mahu jawab telefon. Dia marah saya.
Dialogue 5 (CD2; 34) Helen and Yoko are at a shopping centre. They have witnessed an argument between a guard and a customer. Helen Yoko Helen Yoko Helen Yoko Helen Yoko Helen
Awak nampak cara pengawal tu cakap dengan orang tu? Nampak. Dia tak patut cakap macam tu. Betul. Orang tu orang tua. Lagipun, pengawal tu yang salah. Ya, dia patut minta maaf. Dia kasar dengan orang tu. Kita patut buat aduan. Sepatutnya, pengawal tu yang tolong orang tua tu. Betul tu.
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Vocabulary pengawal
guard
lagipun
moreover
aduan
complaint
Language points Patut Patut means ‘should’, which almost has a moral connotation to it. Examples Dia patut minta maaf. Susan patut bayar. Joseph tak patut cakap macam tu. Maniam patut tolong mak dia.
He should apologise. Susan should pay. Joseph shouldn’t talk like that. Maniam should help his mother.
Patutlah Once in a while you will hear patutlah spoken in a manner that conveys the message ‘that explains it!’ Examples Amin: Andy: Jan: Laura:
Joe dah pindah ke Singapura. Joe has moved to Singapore Oh, patutlah! Saya dah lama tak nampak dia. Oh, that explains it! I have not seen him for some time. Simon di hospital. Dia sakit. Simon is in hospital. He is ill. Patutlah dia tak jawab telefon. That explains why he didn’t answer the phone.
Unit 11: Wow, this tower is so tall!
Exercise 4 Write patut or tak patut in the bracket at the end of the sentence. 1 Jane makan semua makanan di atas meja. Orang lain tak makan. ( ________ ) 2 Hadi basuh bajunya sendiri. Ibu dia sakit. ( ________ ) 3 Russel ambil buku Laila. Dia tak beritahu Laila. ( ________ ) 4 Norin tak bayar selepas makan di kedai. ( ________ ) 5 Sita ganti telefon bimbit Sarah yang dia hilang ( ________ )
Vocabulary ganti
to replace
hilang
to lose; lost
Exercise 5 Read the following conversation. Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy:
Amboi, lamanya awak tak telefon saya! Oh, saya di Australia. Patutlah! Saya telefon banyak kali. Saya pergi sebulan saja. Saja pergi? Ada kerja sikit. Selepas kerja saya pun bercuti. Awak patut beritahu saya. Saya pun nak pergi. Alamak , saya terlupa! Tak patut awak lupa saya. Saya pun cuti juga. Nah, ini cenderamata dari Australia. Terima kasih. Ini saja?
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Unit Twelve Tak apa! Never mind!
In this unit you will learn: • the use of tak apa – the cultural implications – the tidak apa attitude • the implications of takut, kut • duduk • pasal? apa hal? • sikit • cuma, hanya
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 36) Johan and Jamil are planning to go on a week’s break to Langkawi. Johan Jamil Johan Jamil Johan Jamil Johan
Jamil Johan Jamil
Saya tak sabar nak pergi ke Langkawi. Dua minggu lagi kita pergilah. Awak dah tempah tiket kapalterbang? Tak apa. Masih awal. Dua minggu saja lagi. Takut tiket habis. Tak apa. Masih banyak masa. Jamil, dua minggu lagi cuti sekolah. Semua orang nak bercuti. Oh ya, saya lupa. Kalau kita tak tempah hotel, tak ada tempat duduk. Tak apa. Kita boleh duduk di rumah kawan saya.
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Vocabulary sabar
to be patient
tak sabar
impatient, can’t wait
tempat duduk
accommodation
duduk
to stay
takut
worried, afraid
Language points Tak apa Tak apa literally means ‘it’s all right’, ‘never mind’ or ‘it doesn’t matter’.
Duduk Duduk, as you know, means ‘to sit’. However, it can also mean ‘to stay’ or ‘to live’. People might ask you: Duduk di mana?
Where do you live/stay?
Examples Saya duduk di Kuala Lumpur. I live/stay in Kuala Lumpur. Mandy duduk di rumah Mandy stays at her mother’s ibu dia. house. Thus tempat duduk can either mean ‘accommodation’ or ‘place to reside’ or ‘seat (at a restaurant or cinema)’. Examples Dia tak ada tempat duduk. Jadi, dia berdiri. He didn’t have a seat, so he stood. Jimmy tempah tempat duduk di Pulau Redang. Jimmy booked accommodation at Redang Island. Tempat duduk Alia cantik. Alia’s accommodation is beautiful.
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Takut Takut, in the context of Dialogue 1, conveys the meaning of ‘worry’ rather than ‘afraid’. Johan says, ‘Takut tiket habis.’ He is worried that the tickets will be sold out. Here are some more examples. Nadia bangun awal. Dia takut lambat ke pejabat. Nadia woke up early. She was worried she’d be late for work. Kamil takut terlepas bas. Kamil is worried in case he misses the bus. And here are some examples where takut means ‘afraid’. Jamie takut hantu. Leela takut guru tu.
Jamie is afraid of ghosts. Leela is afraid of that teacher.
Kut Kut is usually used at the end of a sentence to denote ‘perhaps’, ‘maybe’. Examples Jim tak pergi. Dia sakit kut. Jim didn’t go. Perhaps he is ill. Anak Lola menangis. Dia lapar kut. Lola’s baby is crying. Maybe she is hungry. Harris lambat. Dia sesat kut. Harris is late. Maybe he lost his way.
Culture point The tak apa or tidak apa attitude The tak apa or tidak apa attitude is a sensitive subject. It is almost an attitude akin to ‘I couldn’t care less’, or ‘I can’t be bothered’. The reason why certain work remarks undone has been attributed to this
Unit 12: Never mind!
attitude. A tak apa attitude is certainly frowned upon in this day and age when people want to move forward at a fast pace. However, there are still people who lag behind with this tak apa attitude in the belief that things will come to those who wait!
Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tak apa. Esok saya tempah tiket kereta api. Jane duduk di Pulau Pinang di rumah kawan dia. Patrick takut tak ada makanan di rumah. Dia makan di kedai. Tamalia cuti kut. Dia tak ada di pejabat. Kami duk cari tempat duduk di Bali. Tak ada lagi tempat duduk di dalam bas. Adi tak mahu makan banyak, takut gemuk. Telefon dia tak ada bateri, kut. Dia tak jawab. Tak apalah, saya bayar bulan depan. Alia duduk tengok TV.
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 38) Suria is concerned about her friend Mandy whom she has not seen for some time, so she gives her a call. Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy
Mandy? Hello! Hello, Suria. Apa hal? Tak ada apa. Saya teringat Mandy sebab lama tak jumpa. Oh, saya baik. Cuma ada hal sikit. Apa pasal? Awak sakit? Saya tak sakit. Saya sibuk sikit. Apa pasal sibuk? Saya ada kelas malam, belajar bahasa. Oh bagus! Peperiksaan saya bulan depan. Awak mesti lulus! Saya tau. Saya cuma ada seminggu untuk belajar.
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Vocabulary cuma
only, except that
hal
issue, things, matters
kelas malam
evening classes
Language points Apa hal Apa hal can be variously translated as ‘what’s the matter?’ or ‘what’s up?’. It can also be used as a greeting, especially among friends. Apa hal is also interchangeable with apa pasal? to mean ‘why?’ The formal mengapa ‘why?’, is hardly used in spoken Malay. It is only used in writing and in formal conversations. Examples Apa hal tak datang semalam? Apa pasal dia menangis? Apa hal? Lama tak jumpa.
Why didn’t you come last night? Why is she crying? What’s up? It’s been a long time since we met.
Cuma and hanya We have seen many other words, such as saja and pun, that mean ‘only’. Cuma in some contexts also means ‘only’. In some circumstances cuma and saja can be used together. Examples Saya cuma ada seorang anak. I only have one child. Cuma dua orang saja lulus. Only two people passed. Dia tak nakal, cuma dia suka menangis. He is not naughty, except he likes to cry.
Unit 12: Never mind!
Cuma satu kerusi saja yang tinggal. There’s only one chair left. Saya faham cuma saya tak boleh jawab. I understand except I cannot answer. Hanya is another word that means ‘only’ and sometimes it is also used with saja. It can also mean ‘merely’. Examples Saya hanya ada RM20 saja. I only have RM20. Mandy hanya seorang pelajar. Mandy is merely a student. Patricia hanya duduk diam saja. Patricia merely sat quietly. Hanya seorang saja boleh duduk. Only one person can sit down.
Exercise 2
(CD2; 40)
1 You are at a corner shop. Tell the shopkeeper you would like to buy: a) only two bottles of milk b) one egg only c) one (bottle of ) shampoo only d) two apples only 2
You are in a hotel. Tell the hotel receptionist you need: a) one single room only b) breakfast only c) two nights’ stay only
3
Tell a friend who is coming to stay with you to bring: a) only one suitcase b) only RM500 c) only one camera
4
After being mugged, tell the police officer at the station that: a) you only have RM10 in your pocket b) you are fine except that you need to go back to your hotel c) you are only a tourist staying in the country for only one week
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Vocabulary telur
egg
bilik bujang
single room
syampu
shampoo
beg baju
suitcase
epal
apple
kamera
camera
Culture point Sikit Note that Mandy says Saya sibuk sikit ‘I am a bit busy’. Malays are known to understate situations. Even when seriously ill they will say Saya sakit sikit ‘I am a little unwell’. Sikit or sedikit means ‘a little’ or ‘a little bit’. This is used to play down the seriousness of a situation. Sometimes it functions as a comparison. Examples Dia susah sikit. Hashim malas sikit. Rumah saya kecil sikit. Hashim berani sikit. Anne tinggi sikit daripada Jo.
She is a bit difficult. Hashim is a bit lazy. My house is a bit small. Hashim is a bit bolder. Anne is a bit taller than Jo.
To request a little bit more of something, say: Tambah sikit lagi. Bagi banyak sikit. Bagi lebih cili sikit.
Exercise 3
Add a bit more. Give (me) a bit more. Give (me) a little bit more chilli.
(CD2; 41)
Using sikit, how would you say the following in Malay? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Say Ask Say Say Ask Say
your son is a bit older than Sue. for a bit more rice. that the exam was a bit difficult. that the bag is a bit heavy. for a little bit more time. you are a little unwell.
Unit 12: Never mind!
7 8 9 10
Say Ask Say Ask
your car is a bit expensive. for a bit more sugar. you will be a bit late. for a bit more money.
Exercise 4 Read the following email and answer the questions that follow. Amir, Apa hal kamu tak jawab sms saya? Saya risau sikit sebab cuti kita ke Bangkok minggu depan. Kalau kamu tak mau pergi tak apa, cuma beritau saya. Saya ada lima hari cuti saja. Tak boleh pergi lama. Apa pasal Raju tak ikut kita? Dia pun tak jawab sms saya. Dia cuma beritau kakak saya dia tak mau pergi. Saya tak boleh pergi ke rumah dia. Rumah dia jauh sikit dan saya ada hal di sekolah hari ni. Saya nak tanya sikit, kamu boleh tolong saya telefon Raju? Tanya dia pasal apa dia tak mau pergi. Kalau kamu dan Raju tak mau pergi , saya pun tak mau pergi. Lenny 1 2 3 4 5
Mengapa Lenny tulis emel kepada Amir? Lenny mahu bercuti dengan Amir di mana? Raju beritahu siapa dia tak mahu pergi? Mengapa Lenny tak boleh pergi ke rumah Raju? Mengapa Lenny mahu Amir telefon Raju?
Exercise 5 Reply to Lenny’s email in Exercise 4, giving the following details: 1 Say you are a bit busy. 2 Say you have phoned Raju and his mother is a bit unwell and he cannot go on that holiday to Bangkok. 3 Tell him, never mind, you will still go with him to Bangkok. 4 Tell him that you only have three days’ holiday. 5 Tell him you will only go for two days.
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Unit Thirteen Entahlah! I don’t know!
In this unit you will learn: • entahlah!, an ‘I don’t know’ substitute • different ways of saying ‘maybe’: entah-entah, mungkin, boleh jadi, barangkali • mana, used to mean ‘where?’ and ‘how?’: mana dia? • ikutlah! ‘it’s up to you!’
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 42) Layla is searching for her flight tickets. She asks Yoko if she has seen them. Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla
Yoko, di mana tiket kapalterbang saya? Entahlah! Saya ingat kamu simpan. Tak, saya bagi kamu semasa di pejabat MAS tadi. Tak adalah. Kalau saya simpan, mana dia? Entah. Mana saya tahu? Di dalam beg, kut? Entahlah, saya dah cari, tak ada. Entah-entah tertinggal di pejabat MAS! Aha, boleh jadi jugak!
Unit 13: I don’t know!
Vocabulary entah
don’t know
entah-entah
maybe
Language point Entah/entahlah! Entah or entahlah (sometimes pronounced as tah!) is actually tak tau ‘don’t know’, but depending on the tone, it can sound dismissive. Entah is never a formal or written word. Again, this is not a word that one would use when speaking in a formal situation. Entah or entahlah can also denote a sense of despair. Here are some examples of how entah or entahlah can be used. Entahlah bila dia nak balik. I don’t know when she is coming home. Siapa entah datang tadi. I don’t know who it was that came earlier. Entah berapa dia bayar untuk baju tu. I don’t know how much she paid for that dress. Entahlah. Saya pun tak tahu. I don’t know. I don’t know either. Entah betul entah tidak cerita dia tu. I don’t know whether his story is true or not. Note that in most of the above examples, although they sound more like questions, they do not really require answers. They are more like thoughts spoken out loud.
Exercise 1 Try responding to the following questions using entah or entahlah. Remember, the tone used conveys your attitude to the question asked.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mana saya letak duit saya? Bila Joanne nak balik? Apa nama orang yang telefon saya tadi? Bila kita nak kaya? Mana hilang kunci kereta saya? Apa nak makan malam ni? Siapa yang datang tengah malam ni? Siapa nak bayar untuk semua ni? Baju siapa yang bersepah ni? Abu keluar dengan siapa?
Vocabulary bersepah
messy
Language point Different ways of saying ‘maybe’ When repeated, entah-entah means ‘maybe’ or ‘perhaps’. There are several words that convey the same meaning: mungkin, boleh jadi and barangkali, which literally mean ‘could be’, ‘maybe’ or ‘perhaps’. See how these words can be interchangeable in the following sentences: Mungkin . . . Boleh jadi . . . Entah-entah . . . Barangkali . . .
. . . dia tak boleh datang hari ni. Maybe/perhaps he couldn’t come today. . . . Amran bayar untuk saya. Maybe/perhaps Amran paid for me.
. . . Jessie tak makan daging. Maybe/perhaps Jessie doesn’t eat meat.
. . . Yoko sesat jalan.
. . . Geeta tak tahu kita di sini. Maybe/perhaps Geeta doesn’t know we are here.
. . . Sam terlupa hari ini ada mesyuarat. Maybe/perhaps Sam forgot there’s a meeting today.
Maybe/perhaps Yoko lost her way.
Unit 13: I don’t know!
Vocabulary sesat
to lose one’s way
mesyuarat
meeting
Examples Andi: Ben: Andi: Ben: Ben: Andi: Andi: Ben:
Murni mungkin lambat. Ya, mungkin. Boleh jadi komputer dia rosak. Boleh jadi. Mungkin Juandi tak suka makan ikan. Mungkin juga. Boleh jadi dia malu nak jumpa kita Boleh jadi juga.
Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with either mungkin, boleh jadi, barangkali or entah-entah. 1 Budak tu selalu menangis. ________ dia sakit. 2 Sudah lama saya tak jumpa dia. ________ dia sudah balik Amerika. 3 ________ esok hujan. Kalau hujan, ________ saya tak pergi. 4 ________ Julie ikut kakak dia ke Jakarta. 5 ________ Danial tak suka makan sayur. 6 Malam ini ________ ada filem baru. 7 Kedai tu ________ jual filem. 8 ________ bateri telefon saya habis.
Language point Mana dia? Mana dia? literally means ‘where is he/she?’ However, mana dia? can also mean di mana? or ‘where is it?’. In spoken Malay, ia (see Unit 1), referring to things or animals, is hardly ever used. It is used mostly in writing. So, ‘where is it?’ does not translate as mana ia?
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Mana dia is used to ask about the whereabouts of people and things and animals. In fact, in spoken Malay, dia is frequently used to refer to animals as well. Examples Mana dia buku saya? Where is my book? Mana dia kek yang kamu buat? Where is the cake that you made? Mana dia kedai yang jual baju tu? Where is the shop that sold that dress? Mana dia Mak budak ni? Where is the mother of this child? Mana dia pejabat pelancong? Where is the tourist office?
Exercise 3 Read the lyrics of this famous rhyme. Di mana dia, anak kambing saya? Anak kambing saya main di tepi sawah Di mana dia, buah hati saya? Buah hati saya yang pakai baju merah Di mana dia anak kambing saya? Anak kambing saya yang suka minum susu Yang mana dia, buah hati saya? Buah hati saya yang pakai baju biru Kalau nak tahu anak kambing saya Anak kambing saya duduk di dalam bilik Kalau nak tahu buah hati saya Buah hati saya yang tinggi dan cantik Di mana dia anak kambing saya? Anak kambing saya yang suka makan ketam Yang mana dia buah hati saya? Buah hati saya yang pakai seluar hitam.
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Vocabulary sawah
paddy field
buah hati
sweetheart
ketam
crab
Where is it, my little baby goat? My little baby goat is playing by the paddy field Where is she, my sweetheart? My sweetheart is the one wearing the red dress Where is it, my little baby goat? My little baby goat is the one who likes to drink milk Where is she, my sweetheart? My sweetheart is the one wearing the blue dress If you want to know my little baby goat My little baby goat is sitting in the room If you want to know my sweetheart My sweetheart is the one who is tall and beautiful Where is it, my little baby goat? My little baby goat likes to eat crabs Where is she, my sweetheart? My sweetheart is the one wearing black trousers.
Exercise 4 Using mana dia, ask the whereabouts of your belongings as shown in the pictures.
1
2
3
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Unit 13: Entahlah!
5 4
8 6
7
9
10
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 44) kamal is puzzled why his computer keeps crashing. He discusses the problem with his friend Sean. kaMaL
Saya hairan apa pasal komputer saya selalu rosak. SEaN Boleh jadi dah lama. kaMaL Tak begitu lama. Baru dua tahun. SEaN Mana boleh rosak cepat sangat? kaMaL Saya pun tak tau. SEaN Mari saya tengok.
Unit 13: I don’t know!
Kamal
Macam mana nak tukar bateri dia? Bawa ke kedailah. Kamal Mungkin saya bawa esok. Sean Bawa hari ni lah. Kamal Mana boleh? Mana ada kedai buka hari ni? Sean
Vocabulary hairan
to be amazed
Language points Macam mana, mana dia and mana ada In spoken Malay, the word for ‘how’ – bagaimana – is hardly used. The colloquial version is macam mana, loosely translated as ‘like where’. Examples Macam mana boleh jadi macam ni? How could it turn out like this? Macam mana nak buka tin ni? How do you open this tin? Kalau dia tak lulus macam mana? If he doesn’t pass, how? (i.e. what will happen?) Mana dia means ‘where’. Examples Mana dia Mak budak ni? Where is the mother of this child? Mana dia pejabat pelancong? Where is the tourist office? Mana ada literally means ‘where got?’, or ‘where is there . . . ?’ Used defensively, it can also mean ‘It’s not true!’
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Examples Mana ada orang kerja masa ni? Where do you get people working at this time? Atan: Kamu balik lewat semalam? Atan: You came back late last night? Sean: Mana ada! Sean: That’s not true!
Exercise 5 Use macam mana, mana dia and mana ada in the situations below. Use the words in brackets to guide you. 1 You want to know how to use the cooker. (guna dapur) 2 You want to know where your brush is. (berus) 3 You want to find someone who can help you. (orang boleh tolong) 4 You want to find a shop that’s open till midnight. (kedai yang buka sampai tengah malam) 5 You want to know how to reply to a certain letter. (jawab surat) 6 You want to find a shop that sells kebabs. (kedai yang jual kebab) 7 You want to know the whereabouts of a map you bought. (peta yang saya beli) 8 You want to know how to use a coffee-making machine. (guna mesin kopi)
Dialogue 3 (CD2; 46) Heidi and Yoko are planning a birthday surprise for their friend Ranjit. Heidi
Kita nak buat di dewan atau di restoran? Ikutlah. Saya tak kisah. Heidi OK, kalau gitu, di dewanlah. Yoko Siapa nak masak? Yoko
Unit 13: I don’t know!
Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi
Oh, ya. Mana nak cari orang untuk masak? Mak saya boleh masak. Makanan apa kita nak hidang? Ikut suka awaklah. Saya ikut saja. OK, kita buat makanan ringan saja. Tak kisah, asalkan ada makanan. Kita boleh mula jemput kawan-kawan!
Vocabulary dewan
hall
ikutlah
it’s up to you
hidang
to serve
asalkan
as long as
Language point Ikut/Ikutlah Ikut or ikutlah is an endorsement or an agreement with what is being suggested or proposed. Ikut actually means ‘to follow’, ‘to go along’ and in this case ‘to go along with a suggestion’. Ikut suka can mean ‘to do as one wishes’. Examples Saya nak ikut awak ke kedai. I want to go along with you to the shop. Ikutlah apa awak nak makan. It is up to you what you want to eat. Dia buat ikut suka hati dia saja. He does things as he wishes.
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Dialogue 4 (CD2; 48) Listen to this conversation between Amran and his friend Atul. They are deciding what to do during the weekend. Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul
Kamu masih mau pergi ke Cameron Highlands? Entahlah, saya belum tau lagi. Kalau nak pergi kena beli tiket bas cepat. Tak apa. Kita bawa kereta saja. Kamu tau jalan ke sana? Tak apa, kita ikut jalan baru. Macam mana kita nak dapat kereta? Kita sewalah. Mana dia lesen awak? Saya tak ada lesen, awaklah bawa kereta. Saya lebih suka naik bas. Ikutlah, asalkan kita sampai Cameron Highlands.
Exercise 6 Answer the following questions: 1 2 3 4 5
Amran dan Atul mau pergi ke mana? Atul nak pergi dengan apa? Macam mana mereka nak dapat kereta? Atul ada lesen keretakah? Amran lebih suka pergi dengan apa?
Unit Fourteen Helo, boleh saya bantu? Hello, can I help?
In this unit you will learn: • how to make simple phone conversations • how to ask relevant questions: dia pergi mana?, bila dia balik?, boleh tinggal pesanan? • apa salahnya! • pula (pulak) • the use of the prefix and suffix ke . . . an, as in kesihatan, kementerian • the use of the prefix and suffix pe . . . an, as in pengalaman
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 50)
Hannah is telephoning a box office to ask about the availability of tickets.
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Unit 14: Helo, boleh saya bantu?
Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja
Helo. Helo, boleh saya bantu? Ya, saya nak tau, tiket untuk Hang Jebat ada? Untuk bila? Untuk malam esok. Masih ada banyak. Untuk berapa orang? Untuk lima orang. Mau beli sekarang? Tak. Nanti saya datang ke sana untuk beli. Terima kasih. Sama-sama.
Culture point Telephone greetings Greetings on the telephone are the same as in person. However, if a Muslim makes a phone call, there is a likelihood that he or she will use Assalamualaikum in addition to Helo, and if the person receiving the call is also Muslim, he or she will reply Wa’alaikum salam. If you are non-Muslim, you are not required to say this. These borrowed words from Arabic were dealt with in Unit 11.
Exercise 1 Imagine you are telephoning a hotel to ask about the availability of rooms. Answer the following questions using the prompts given in brackets to help you. 1 2 3 4 5
Untuk bila? (next month, 28th) Untuk berapa orang? (four) Untuk berapa hari? (a week) Mau sarapan? (yes, as well as dinner) Mau tempah sekarang? (yes)
Unit 14: Hello, can I help?
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 52) Jane is ringing a number back after receiving a missed call. Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah
Helo, saya Jane. Ya, mau cakap dengan siapa? Ada orang telefon saya dari nombor ini. Oh, apa nama orang itu? Saya tak tahu. Ini rumah atau pejabat? Pejabat pelancongan. Oh, saya tau. Boleh jadi kawan saya, Tommy Loh? Tommy tak ada. Dia keluar. Boleh saya tinggal pesan? Boleh, apa salahnya! Tolong beritahu dia saya balik malam esok. Itu saja? Ya, minta dia telefon saya balik. Terima kasih. Sama-sama.
Vocabulary pesan
message
Language points Pesan Pesan is used to convey ‘message’. You can say mesej; however, pesan can also be used to mean ‘to leave a message of advice’, ‘to remind’. Examples Mak pesan Amir untuk rajin belajar. Mother advises Amir to study hard. Helen pesan Nur untuk makan ubat. Helen advises Nur to eat (take) her medicine.
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Useful telephone phrases In a telephone conversation, it is worth knowing the following phrases: Boleh tahu siapa bercakap? Puan/cik nak cakap dengan siapa? Nak tinggal pesan? Boleh saya tinggal mesej? Boleh cakap perlahan sedikit? Bila boleh saya telefon balik? Apa sambungan dia? Talian dia sibuk.
May I know who is speaking? Who do you want to speak to? Do you want to leave a message? Can I leave a message? Can you speak a little slower? When can I call back? What’s his/her extension? His/her line is busy.
Apa salahnya! Note that in Dialogue 2, when Jane asks whether she can leave a message for her friend, Sarah says: Apa salahnya! Although this sounds like a question, it is not. It literally means: ‘What is wrong?’, but the meaning it conveys is totally the opposite: ‘There’s nothing wrong (with leaving a message!)’, and so it can mean ‘of course!’. Here are some more examples. Boleh saya duduk? Boleh, apa salahnya! Saya saya tanya? Boleh, apa salahnya!
Can I sit down? Of course you can! Can I ask? Of course you can!
Exercise 2 On the left is a list of situations. Match them with the corresponding questions on the right. 1 2 3 4
Maaf, dia sibuk bercakap. Sambungan dia 2098. Saya Joan. Maaf, Encik salah nombor.
Bila saya boleh telefon balik? Boleh saya tau siapa bercakap? Boleh saya tahu sambungan dia? Boleh saya cakap dengan Amir?
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5 Telefon balik dalam masa sepuluh minit. 6 Ya, nombor dia 76947369.
Dia ada talian langsung? Ini nombor Hamzah?
Dialogue 3 (CD2; 54) Hashim is speaking on the phone to his friend Sam. They are talking about their other friends. Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam
Hello Sam, kamu sibuk? Tak. Kamu tau Alan dapat belajar di Tokyo? Wah, bagus! Tony pula dapat belajar di Melbourne. Ya, saya tau. Jane pula macam mana? Jane belum dapat surat lagi. Harap dia dapat tempat di Melbourne juga. Ya, kamu pula macam mana? Saya minta Melbourne, tapi dapat Sydney. Tahniah. Nanti kita cakap lagi. Bye. Bye.
Language point Pula Pula is one word that is very difficult to explain. It has no particular meaning but serves to show that one is changing subject or topic, as in the case of Dialogue 3. Hashim and Sam were speaking about several friends and whenever they mentioned another name, they used pula. Note that pula is pronounced pulak, as in juga – jugak. The best way to imagine one function of pula is to visualise a group of students sitting around a teacher. When the teacher asks for someone to come forward to read, all the children put up their hands and say ‘Saya pula, saya pula’.
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Examples Joan bekerja di bank. Tom pula bekerja di kilang dan John pula bekerja di pejabat pos. Joan works in a bank. Tom works in a factory while John works at the post office. Sam suka makan nasi, Jane pula tak suka makan roti. Sam likes to eat rice whereas Jane likes to eat bread. Here are some examples of situations where pula can mean ‘turn’, as in ‘my turn’. Mula-mula Tom menyanyi, kemudian Alan pula menyanyi. First Tom sang, then it was Alan’s turn to sing. Bila Leslie habis menari, Joan pula menari. When Leslie finished dancing, it was Joan’s turn to dance.
Exercise 3 Where do you place pula(k) in the following sentences? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Kim baca sajak. Lim baca cerita. Heidi belajar sains. Susan belajar sejarah. Jan bercakap bahasa Perancis. Yoko bercakap bahasa Jepun. Selepas Tom bercakap, Yeo bercakap. Saya marah Jan. Heidi yang sedih. Lee main gitar. Jane main piano. Bila baik sakit gigit, dia sakit kepala. Selepas pergi ke Singapura, dia pergi ke Bali. Saya suruh Jane baca, tapi Jon yang baca. Pat dapat hadiah buku, Alan dapat wang.
Dialogue 4 (CD2; 56) Jade is contemplating doing work experience in the field of education. She discusses this with a friend. Jade May
Saya ingin mengajar di sekolah rendah di sini. Tulislah kepada kementerian pendidikan.
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Jade
Saya rasa saya ada cukup pengalaman untuk mengajar di sini. Kementerian pendidikan mungkin mau orang seperti awak. Jade Saya ada kelayakan mengajar kanak-kanak. May Betul. Jade Saya pernah bekerja dengan Kesatuan Kanak-kanak kurang upaya. May Itu sangat berguna. May
Vocabulary sekolah rendah
primary school
kelayakan
qualification
pengalaman
experience
kesatuan
society
kementerian
ministry
kurang upaya
less abled
pendidikan
education
berguna
useful
Language point Abstract nouns and the prefix and suffix ke . . . an and pe . . . an Abstract nouns can be formed using nouns, verbs and adjectives with the prefix and suffix ke . . . an. With some abstract nouns, the meanings are not far off that of the base word. Some, however, have quite different meanings.
ke + noun + an ke + menteri ‘minister’ + an = kementerian ‘ministry’ Dia menjadi menteri dalam kementerian kewangan. He became a minister in the ministry of finance. ke + ahli ‘member’ + an = keahlian ‘membership’ Untuk menjadi ahli kelab itu, saya mesti isi borang keahlian. To be a member of the club, I must fill in the membership form.
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ke + juara ‘champion’ + an = kejuaraan ‘championship’ Siew Lee ialah juara badminton sekolah kami. Kejuaraan ini ialah yang pertama bagi Siew Lee. Siew Lee is our school’s badminton champion. This championship is the first for Siew Lee.
ke + verb + an ke + naik ‘to go up’ + an = kenaikan ‘increase’ Harga barang sudah naik. Orang ramai marah dengan kenaikan harga. The price of goods has gone up. The public is angry with the price increase. ke + duduk ‘to sit’ + an = kedudukan ‘position’ Murphy duduk di tempat saya. Murphy sat in my place. Kedudukan ahli politik itu tidak stabil. The position of the politician is not stable. ke + tiba ‘to arrive’ + an = ketibaan ‘arrival’ Menteri akan tiba pada pukul satu. Guru besar akan sambut ketibaannya. The minister will arrive at one o’clock. The headmaster will receive him on arrival.
ke + adjective + an ke + sihat ‘healthy/well’ + an = kesihatan ‘health’ Saya selalu sihat. Saya jaga kesihatan saya. I am always healthy. I look after my health. ke + miskin ‘poor’ + an = kemiskinan ‘poverty’ Di negara itu ada ramai orang miskin. Mereka hidup dalam kemiskinan. There are many poor people in that country. They live in poverty. ke + sedih ‘sad’ + an = kesedihan ‘sadness’ Raju selalu sedih. Hidup dia penuh kesedihan. Raju is always sad. His life is full of sadness.
Unit 14: Hello, can I help?
Similarly, the prefix and suffix pe . . . an can be used with the same function, but the prefix pe has many variations, such as pem, pen, peny and peng, depending on the first letter of the word it is added to.
pe + noun + an pe + rumah ‘house’ + an = perumahan ‘housing/residential’ Saya tinggal di kawasan perumahan. I live in a residential area. pe + muka ‘face’ + an = permukaan ‘surface’ Ikan itu timbul di permukaan air. The fish appeared on the surface of the water.
pe + verb + an pe + jalan ‘to walk’ + an = perjalanan ‘journey’ Dia tidur sepanjang perjalanan. He slept throughout the journey. pe + urus ‘to manage’ = pengurusan ‘management’ Lola menjaga pengurusan syarikatnya. Lola looks after the management of her company.
Exercise 4 Use the words in brackets with the correct prefix and suffix, ke . . . an or pe . . . an, to complete the sentences. The affixes can be used with adjectives or nouns or verbs to make abstract nouns. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Saya bimbang tentang ________ (sihat) abang saya. Dia tinggal di kawasan ________ (rumah) itu. Dia tak ada ________ (layak) bekerja di sini. Di negara ini tak ada ________ (miskin). Saya kagum dengan ________ (cantik) dia. Kamil bawa banyak makanan untuk ________ (jalan) jauh. 7 Dari jauh ________ (dengar) budak itu menangis. Dia ada ________ (rakyat) Malaysia.
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Vocabulary kagum
to be in awe
rakyat
citizen
Exercise 5
(CD2; 58)
Read this email from Sam to his friend Abdul, and then answer the questions that follow. Abdul, saya baru dapat surat Kementerian Pertahanan. Saya dapat kerja di situ. Mula-mula saya tidak fikir saya ada kelayakan. Tapi bapa saya pula mau saya bekerja di situ. Saya tak ada pengalaman tapi saya rasa saya boleh buat kerja tu. Lama-lama saya akan dapat kepakaran. Bapa saudara saya jugak dalam Kementerian Pertahanan. Dia pesan saya untuk bekerja dengan rajin. Jangan lupa balas emel ini. 1 2 3 4
Sam dapat kerja di mana? Siapa mau Sam bekerja di situ? Siapa bekerja di Kementerian Pertahanan juga? Apa bapa saudara Sam pesan kepada dia?
Unit Fifteen Tiket dibeli minggu lepas The tickets were bought last week
In this unit you will learn: • • • • •
the passive form in a conversation: dibeli, dimakan, dimasak the use of di . . . kan, di . . . i the use of me . . . kan, me . . . i, pe . . . an some simple common idioms: jatuh hati, ringan tangan, etc. some common slang, and more Manglish and borrowed words
Dialogue 1 (CD2; 60) Luqman and Susan have bought tickets to a concert. They are looking forward to seeing their favourite singer. Luqman Susan Luqman Susan Susan Luqman Susan Luqman Susan Luqman Susan Luqman
Saya tak sabar nak ke konsert tu. Saya pun. Tiket dibeli minggu lepas. Ya, tapi tiket belum sampai! Saya masih tunggu tiket. Saya pun. Kamu bagi alamat yang betul ka? Alamat ditulis dengan terang dan betul. Saya harap tak hilang. Selalunya kalau hilang, duit diberi balik. Saya tak mau duit balik, saya mau tengok konsert tu! Betul, jugak. Baik kita telefon penganjur. OK.
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Vocabulary alamat
address
diberi balik
returned
hilang
missing
penganjur
organiser
Language point The passive In spoken Malay, unlike spoken Indonesian, the passive form of the verb is rarely used. However, it is useful to know how the passive forms are used, as they are usually used in the written form. There are several forms: di + verb, di + verb + i, di + verb + kan. In some cases, passive verbs are followed by oleh ‘by’.
The passive verb: di + verb Di is always attached to the verb in the passive form, as opposed to di written separately when used as a preposition meaning ‘at (a place)’. Examples diberi di kedai Tiket dibeli minggu lepas. Alamat ditulis dengan terang. Ikan dimakan kucing. Kari dimasak oleh mak. Laporan ditulis oleh pengarah.
was given at a shop The tickets were bought last week. The address was written clearly. The fish was eaten by the cat. The curry was cooked by mother. The report was written by the director.
Unit 15: The tickets were bought last week
Exercise 1 Change these active sentences into the passive voice using the prefix di–. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Emak beli hadiah. Susan buat kek. Kakak basuh baju. Saya tulis surat itu. Jane cuci pinggan. Tommy sapu sampah. Alan tanam pokok bunga. Hashim bawa Ali ke kedai. Abang gantung baju. Bapa potong rumput.
The passive verb: di + verb + i Adam dimarahi ibu. Kata-kata dia dicurigai. Alia diampuni bapa dia. Ali disyaki mencuri.
Adam was scolded by mother. His words were doubted. Alia was forgiven by her father. Ali was suspected of stealing.
Exercise 2 Form the passive voice from these words using di + verb + i, and then use the dictionary to find their meanings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kahwin sedar basah kenal lupa siram jumpa temu
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Reading 1 Read this newspaper report about flooding.
Kampong dibanjiri air Alor Setar (Jumaat) Beratus-ratus buah rumah di kawasan Alor Gajah dimasuki air apabila hujan lebat turun selama tiga hari. Tiga buah sekolah yang dilengkapkan dengan dapur dan tempat tidur disiapkan untuk mangsa banjir. Menurut laporan seratus orang telah dimasukkan ke dalam hospital kerana cedera semasa cuba keluar dari rumah mereka. Banyak buah bot yang dilengkapi jaket keselamatan telah pergi ke kawasan-kawasan kampong untuk menyelamat pendudukpenduduk kampong. Kebanyakan tempat tidak ada bekalan elektrik dan setiap malam bilik-bilik mereka diterangi cahaya lilin sahaja. Mangsa-mangsa banjir diterangkan tentang usaha untuk membantu mereka oleh kerajaan tempatan.
Vocabulary beratus-ratus
hundreds
penduduk
kawasan
area
bekalan
supply
disiapkan
to be provided with
elektrik
electricity
cedera
injured
cahaya
light
keselamatan
safety
lilin
candle
menyelamat
to save
usaha
efforts
residents
Language points The passive verb: di + verb + kan In the newspaper report, you will have seen the third form of the passive verb: di + verb + kan. Some verbs with di + verb + i and
Unit 15: The tickets were bought last week
di + verb + kan differ in meaning, while others have similar meanings. However, not all passive verbs can be used this way. Examples rumah dimasuki air (lit.) house entered by water Orang dimasukkan ke dalam hospital. People were admitted to hospital. Bot dilengkapi jaket keselamatan. The boat was equipped with safety jackets. Sekolah dilengkapkan dengan dapur. The school was equipped with stoves. Bilik mereka diterangi cahaya lilin. Their rooms were lit by candlelight. Mangsa banjir diterangkan tentang usaha untuk membantu mereka. The flood victims were given explanations (lit. were explained) about the efforts to help them. As you can see from the first two examples, the meanings of dimasuki and dimasukkan differ. One describes the house being entered by water, while the other describes people being admitted to hospital. Here are some more examples of this passive verb. Rumah dia dimasuki pencuri. His house was broken into (entered) by a thief. Wang itu dimasukkan ke dalam bank. The money was deposited in the bank.
Other passive verbs with meanings that change diterangi diterangkan diingati diingatkan dihadapi dihadapkan
was lit by to be explained being remembered to be reminded being faced with to be put before
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Some passive words, such as dilengkapi and dilengkapkan, do not change in meaning. In the newspaper report, they both mean ‘to be equipped with’. Here are some other passive verbs with different prefixes and suffixes but with the same meaning: dimulai/dimulakan dianugerahi/dianugerahkan
Exercise 3
was started was awarded
(CD2; 62)
Choose the right form of the passive verb to use in the blanks. Air itu ________ ke dalam botol. (dimasuki/dimasukkan) Bilik saya ________ pencuri. (dimasuki/dimasukkan) Orang itu ________ kesusahan. (dihadapi/dihadapkan) Pencuri itu ________ ke mahkamah. (dihadapi/dihadapkan) Untuk keselamatan pelajar, mereka ________ cara memandu. (diterangi/diterangkan) 6 Malam itu ________ cahaya bulan. (diterangi/diterangkan) 1 2 3 4 5
Reading 2 Read the following two passages to understand the functions of me + verb + i and me + verb + kan. Reza datang ke Malaysia untuk menjalani rawatan rawatan di hospital. Doktor yang menjalankan rawatan ke atas Reza ialah Dr Prakesh. Dr Prakesh memasukkan tiub ke dalam badan Reza. Ubat memasuki badan Reza menerusi tiub itu. Dr Prakesh telah meneruskan rawatan itu selama seminggu sehingga Reza sembuh. Jehan mendekati orang tua itu dengan tenang. Dia tahu orang tua itu tidak kenal Alan, anaknya yang tidak ditemui selama sepuluh tahun. Jehan suruh Alan bersalam dengan bapanya. Mula-mula orang tua itu terkejut, tetapi apabila dia tahu Alan anaknya, dia memeluk Alan. Jehan gembira kerana dapat menemukan semula orang tua itu dengan anaknya. Dia berjaya mendekatkan hubungan mereka semula. Jehan menemui Alan semasa mereka bekerja di London.
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Vocabulary rawatan
treatment
bersalam
to shake hands
tiub
tube
terkejut
to be surprised
sembuh
to recover
memeluk
to hug/embrace
dengan tenang
calmly
hubungan
relationship
Language points Me + verb + i and me + verb + kan As with the passive verbs, the suffixes i and kan can change the meaning of verbs with a me prefix. Examples menjalani rawatan menjalankan rawatan memasukkan memasuki menerusi meneruskan mendekati mendekatkan menemui menemukan
to undergo treatment to carry out treatment to insert to enter by way of to continue to approach to bring closer to meet to enable a meeting to take place
From the examples above, you can see that the meanings change from the root word when the word uses prefixes and suffixes: jalan menjalani menjalankan perjalanan terus meneruskan menerusi dekat mendekati mendekatkan
to walk to undergo to carry out a journey straight on to continue by way of near to approach to make closer
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pendekatan temu (bertemu) menemui menemukan pertemuan
an approach to meet to meet to get two parties to meet up a meeting
Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks using the verbs in brackets but with the correct prefixes and suffixes. Dalam ________ (temu) antara kedua-dua orang pemimpin itu, mereka bersetuju untuk mengambil ________ (dekat) yang akan memberi manfaat kepada kedua-dua buah negara. Mereka berbincang selama dua jam dan ________ (terus) perbincangan mereka selepas makan tengah hari. Mereka akan ________ (jalan) program kerjasama ________ (terus) beberapa agensi kerajaan.
Dialogue 2 (CD2; 63) Luqman realises that he was not invited to Jo’s birthday party. He talks to Alan about it. Luqman Alan Luqman Alan Luqman Alan Luqman Alan Luqman Alan
Saya tak tahu Jo buat majlis hari jadi. Ya, saya pergi. Pasal apa dia tak panggil saya? Mungkin dia lupa. Dia tak akan lupa, saya kawan baik dia. Alahai, janganlah ambil hati! Saya sedihlah. Saya faham. Pasal dia tak ingat saya? Entahlah!
Vocabulary ambil hati
to be slighted
Unit 15: The tickets were bought last week
Language point Idioms As mentioned in Unit 8, although hati means ‘liver’, in emotional terms it is considered the ‘heart’. Thus many idioms are connected to the ‘heart’. Here are a few of those idioms. jatuh hati besar hati buah hati murah hati
to fall in love to be grateful sweetheart generous
And here are some other idioms. ringan tulang hidung tinggi besar kepala berat tangan cepat tangan lapang dada mulut murai
to be helpful arrogant big-headed lazy someone who likes to steal to feel relieved chatterbox
Exercise 5 Try using idioms in the following sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Saya suka dia. Dia ________ Amir kena buang kerja. Dia ________ Jasbir beri duit kepada saya. Dia ________ Leela memang ________ Dia tak cakap dengan semua orang. Jaga-jaga barang awak. Budak tu ________ Saya rasa ________ Saya dah lulus Bila dah dapat kerja, jangan ________ Mary tu ________ Jangan beritau dia apa-apa.
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Culture points Idioms Idioms are very important in the Malay language. Idioms certainly make the language more colourful and beautiful. As you can see from the above descriptions, many of these idioms derive from parts of the body to describe people’s attributes. As in English, the Malay language is also rich in similes and metaphors, mostly derived from observation of the surroundings. Malays are known to allude to something rather than speak directly. One of the most common ways of alluding to a situation is by using a two-line rhyme, or what is known in Malay as pantun dua kerat. One need only say the first line and the person for whom the message is intended will know what is meant. For example: Sudah gaharu cendana pula. You already have incense, why sandalwood? Sudah tahu bertanya pula. You already know, why bother to ask? or Terima kasih daun keladi. Kalau boleh mau lagi.
Thank you yam leaves. If possible, I want more.
There are many such examples which can make a conversation very interesting.
Manglish As with any other language, the Malay language is enriched, or some would say adulterated, by words borrowed from other languages and even ‘Malaysianised’. Manglish is a language of its own: Malay and English all rolled into one, for example, adding lah to English verbs: eatlah, sitlah, go lah, cannotlah! Sometimes English words are used, but they are turned into Malay words. Some of these words are self-explanatory, but others have veered dangerously from their original meaning.
Unit 15: The tickets were bought last week
Examples gostan kona posmen best! (Filem tu best!
to go astern (to reverse) corner, to turn round a corner postman just what it means!, best, excellent! The film is excellent!)
Releklah!
Chill out!
Terror is pronounced as tera, and is not at all what it implies. It is usu ally meant as a compliment, as in: You ni teralah! ‘You are clever!’
Borrowed words The Malay language has borrowed words from many different sources, such as Arabic, Sanskrit, Dutch, Tamil, Chinese, and even Spanish and French. And certainly with the influx of Indonesian labourers there are many Indonesian words now in the Malay language. Here are some borrowed words: aksi almari bahasa bangku bendera boneka buat cawan garpu gereja keju kongsi mentega miskin
action cupboard (from Portuguese armário) language (from Sanskrit bha-sha- ) stool (from Portuguese banco) flag (from Portuguese bandeira) doll (from Portuguese boneca) to do (from Sanskrit wuat) cup (from Mandarin cháwaˇn) fork (from Portuguese garfo) church (from Portuguese igreja) cheese (from Portuguese queijo) to share (from Hokkien kong-si) butter (from Portuguese manteiga) poor (from Arabic mishkin)
Slang! If you try to avoid using slang, it will prove to be a losing battle, espe cially in the spoken Malay language. Slang words and abbreviated
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Unit 15: Tiket dibeli minggu lepas
and butchered words started in short messaging services (SMS) and were popular in chatrooms, but have now crept into emails, formal letters and school essays. Some knowledge of slang will help you understand what people are saying although you need not use it. Filem tu best giler (gila). Awek tu cun. DVD tu ori.
The is The The
film is excellent! (lit. ‘The film madly best!’) lass is beautiful. DVD is original.
Key to exercises
Unit 1 Exercise 1 1 Ini James. Dia abang John. 2 Mereka orang Inggeris. 3 Itu Andre dan Anna. Mereka orang Perancis. 4 Yoko orang Jepun. Dia bercakap bahasa Jepun. 5 Ingrid dan Johan suka negara Jerman. 6 Gopal bekerja di negara Belanda.
Exercise 2 1 Selamat jalan. 2 Selamat pagi. 3 Selamat datang. 4 Selamat tinggal. 5 Selamat malam.
Exercise 3 1 saya 2 kami 3 kita 4 mereka/dia orang 5 anda
Exercise 4 1 mak cik 2 encik 3 cik 4 puan 5 pak cik
Exercise 5 1 Dina 2 Asiah 3 Ana 4 Fatimah 5 Ana and Abu
Exercise 6 1 Ramlah 2 Bahasa Jerman 3 Alan 4 Orang Singapura 5 bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris
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Unit 2 Exercise 1 1 Maaf, saya tak faham. 2 Maaf, boleh ulang? 3 Maaf, boleh cakap lambat sikit. 4 Maaf, boleh tolong eja nama? 5 Maaf, boleh ulang? 6 Maafkan saya. 7 Maaf, saya terlambat. 8 Maaf, saya tak tau.
Exercise 2 All answers given are applicable.
Exercise 3 1 a) Saya suka makan kari, saya mahu makan kari, saya boleh makan kari. b) Saya suka bercakap bahasa Melayu, saya mahu bercakap bahasa Melayu, saya boleh bercakap bahasa Melayu. c) Saya suka main badminton, saya mahu main badminton, saya boleh main badminton. 2 a) Saya tak suka berenang, saya tak mahu berenang, saya tak boleh berenang. b) Saya tak suka bercakap bahasa Jerman, saya tak mahu bercakap bahasa Jerman, saya tak boleh bercakap bahasa Jerman. c) Saya tak suka masak, saya tak mahu masak, saya tak boleh masak.
Exercise 4 Ali – melukis; Susan – berenang; Emily – menonton; Antoinne – masak; Sally – menari; Ely – menyanyi; Andy dan Jo – makan; Fran – berlari
Exercise 5 1 mengangkat 2 berlepas 3 menyanyi 4 berlari 5 menyapu 6 membuka 7 menulis 8 berjalan
Exercise 6 1 Guru 2 Pengurus 3 Pelatih 4 Pelukis 5 Penjaga kebun 6 Jururawat 7 Pemandu bas 8 Tukang masak 9 Penari 10 Pelajar
Unit 3 Exercise 1 1 di dalam almari 2 di dalam balang 3 di pejabat 4 di bawah kerusi 5 di atas pokok
Key to exercises
Exercise 2 1 Ada kucing di bawah meja. 2 Ada kunci di atas buku. 3 Ada pen di atas kerusi. 4 Ada kerusi di atas meja.
Exercise 4 1 nipis 2 besar 3 cantik 4 pandai 5 sedap
Exercise 5 1 a) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari hotel ke sekolah? b) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari sekolah ke pejabat pos? c) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari sekolah ke kolam renang? d) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari pejabat pos ke bank? 2 a) Jalan terus di Jalan Besar, belok kanan ke Jalan Ros. b) Dari Jalan padang Jalan Padang. Kolam renang di Jalan Padang. c) Dari Jalan Bunga, jalan terus ke simpang jalan, belok kiri ke Jalan Ros. d) Dari Jalan Besar, jalan ke kanan ke simpang jalan. Jalan terus ke Jalan Bunga. Hotel i Jalan Bunga.
Exercise 6 1 Di Jalan Itik. 2 Di Jalan Ros di sebelah Pejabat Pos. 3 Di Jalan Itik, dekat stesen bas. 4 Di Jalan Besar di depan pasar. 5 Di Jalan Padang di depan kolam renang.
Exercise 7 1 membeli setem 2 membeli daging 3 bermain bola 4 berenang 5 belajar
Exercise 8 1 Ahmad naik bas ke stesen kereta api. 2 Ahmad naik kereta api ke Bandar Seri Melur. 3 Ahmad pergi ke Taman Anggur dengan bas. 4 Rumah Raju di depan pasaraya. 5 Rumah yang besar dan cantik.
Unit 4 Exercise 1 1 nyanyian 2 layanan 3 ajaran 4 kiriman 5 pinjaman
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Exercise 2 1 e. 2 a., b. 3 d. 4 a.
Exercise 3 1 pedas, 2 masin, 3 pahit, 4 masam, 5 manis
Exercise 4 1 sedang 2 sudah 3 masih 4 sedang 5 sudah 6 telah 7 akan 8 akan
Exercise 5 1 Nisa masak nasi, kari kambing, ayam goreng, sambal udang dan sup sayur. 2 Dia jemput Ali, Chong, Sami, Suan dan Ray ke rumah dia. 3 Ali tak makan ayam. 4 Suan bawa kek untuk Nisa. 5 tak sihat/ tak ada selera
Unit 5 Exercise 1 1 dua puluh empat 2 lima puluh satu 3 seratus tiga puluh tuhuh 4 dua ribu, empat ratus enam puluh dua 5 tujuh ribu, sembilan ratus lapan puluh enam
Exercise 2 kosong satu dua, tujuh enam lima, lapan kosong dua; kosong satu enam, empat sembilan satu, kosong kosong tiga; kosong tiga, sembilan sembilan dua, tujuh lima dua tiga; kosong empat, tiga tujuh satu, lapan tujuh enam empat; kosong satu tujuh, enam empat dua, lima empat kosong
Exercise 3 1 Anak kedua Lillian belajar dalam tahun pertama di universiti. 2 Anton beli keempat-empat buku itu daripada saya. 3 Jean ada lima anak. Anak ketiga dia perempuan. 4 Kereta pertama saya ialah Proton. 5 Joshua pelajar kesepuluh mendapat hadiah dari sekolah.
Key to exercises
Exercise 4 1 kedai bunga 2 kedai roti 3 kedai alat tulis 4 kedai pakaian/baju 5 kedai emas 6 kedai ubat
Exercise 5 1 seratus lima puluh ringgit 2 dua puluh lima ringgit sembilan puluh sembilan sen 3 empat puluh lima ribu, enam ratus tujuh puluh ringgit 4 tiga ratus enam puluh lima ringgit, sembilan puluh sembilan sen 5 sembilan puluh tujuh ringgit dua puluh lima sen
Exercise 6 1 ikan; 2 kerusi; 3 durian; 4 pensil; 4 kasut
Exercise 7 beg kulit besar payung plastik. kemeja berjalur, seluar pendek berpetak, beg tangan kecil.
Exercise 8 Went to the shopping centre. Bought a shirt, a pair of shoes, a postcard. Ali bought a book, a map and a pen. The shoes are black. Beautiful but too big. Went to change size. The shirt is blue with stripes, white collar. Nice. Postcard is for mother. Ali’s book is expensive. Could not bargain. At the night market can bargain. Altogether spent RM152.20. Still have RM732.00 for food and buying things.
Unit 6 Exercise 1 1 Jangan bising! 2 Jangan merokok! 3 Jangan masuk! 4 Jangan buka! 5 Jangan tidur!
Exercise 3 1 minta 2 suruh 3 pujuk 4 larang 5 jemput 6 ajak 7 jemput 8 larang
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Exercise 4 1 minta buku itu 2 sila duduk 3 jangan lari 4 mari kita pergi ke restoran 5 sila datang ke rumah saya
Exercise 5 1 mula-mula masak nasi 2 kemudian hidang di atas meja 3 selepas tu masak kari ayam 4 last sekali, ajak tetamu makan
Exercise 6 1 Pada hari Khamis. 2 Di kedai makan. 3 Pada pukul tujuh. 4 Pergi ke perpustakaan. 5 Mak Mary jemput kakak dia untuk pulang untuk majlis hari jadinya.
Unit 7 Exercise 1 1 Rania jumpa Anne pada pagi Ahad. 2 Di gerai. 3 Pada malam Isnin. 4 Dengan Sam. 5 Pada petang rabu. 6 Makan malam dengan Layla dan kawan-kawan. 7 Pada pagi Jumaat. 8 Dia membeli-belah.
Exercise 2 Negeri
panas
KEDAH
x x x x
PERLIS PERAK PULAU PINANG
hujan lebat
x
JOHOR TERENGGANU KELANTAN
banjir
x x x
NEGRI SEMBILAN PAHANG
ribut petir
x
SELANGOR MELAKA
hujan renyai-renyai
x x x
x x x
Key to exercises
Exercise 3 1 Jane always visits her mother. (melawat) 2 I never work on Sunday. (bekerja) 3 Once in a while Maria phones me. (telefon) 4 Omar seldom goes to school. (pergi) 5 We always come home at noon. (balik) 6 They seldom speak English. (bercakap) 7 Sometimes Laila goes to work by bus. (pergi kerja) 8 Lim never walks to school. (berjalan)
Exercise 4 1 sepuluh haribulan April sembilan belas enam puluh tujuh 2 lapan belas haribulan Disember dua ribu satu 3 dua puluh lima haribulan Julai dua ribu sepuluh 4 sembilan haribulan Mac dua ribu lima 5 tiga puluh haribulan Ogos sembilan belas sembilan puluh satu 6 lapan belas haribulan Mei dua ribu lapan belas
Exercise 5 1 sejam lima puluh minit 2 dua jam lima belas minit 3 dua am lima belas minit 4 dua jam 5 dua jam
Exercise 6 1 Pada pukul enam pagi pada 10hb Mei 2010 2 Jane tinggal dengan keluarga Maria selama seminggu 3 Pada hari Sabtu 4 Sania tidur sepanjang perjalanan 5 Jane dan Sania pulang ke Kuala Lumpur pada 17hb Mei
Unit 8 Exercise 1 1 Tak kena tak payah 2 kena 3 kena 4 tak payah 5 payah 6 kena 7 kena 8 tak payah 9 payah 10 kena
Exercise 2 1 tertidur (unintentional) 2 tergigit (accidental/unintentional) 3 ternampak (unintentional) 4 terbesar (superlative) 5 tersusun (something already done) 6 termakan (inability to do something) 7 terbeli (unintentional) 8 terdengar (unintentional) 9 terkaya (superlative) 10 terhidang (something already done)
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Exercise 3 1 tahniah! 2 sayangnya! 3 syabas! 4 tahniah! 5 sayangnya 6 cantiknya 7 pandainya 8 salam takziah 9 kesian! 10 sayangnya
Exercise 4 1 sedih 2 bangga 3 kecewa 4 bimbang 5 takut 6 gembira 7 sedih 8 bahagia
Exercise 5 1 pandai 2 malas 3 baik hati 4 kedekut 5 cerewet 6 murah hati/baik hati 7 malu 8 lucu/menarik
Exercise 6 1 dua puluh tahun 2 kawan-kawannya 3 emel dan sms 4 dia baik, suka tolong orang lain, tidak sombong 5 dia murah hati, rendah diri, tak cerewet, 6 Meera 7 tolong Meera belajar 8 tidak
Unit 9 Exercise 1 1 luka 2 terseliuh 3 demam 4 patah 5 tercedera 6 penyakit 7 sakit 8 pening 9 pitam 10 dada
Exercise 2 1 sebab 2 sambil 3 kalau 4 tapi 5 kalau/sebab
Exercise 3 1 gadis gemuk dan pendek, berambut panjang dan keriting; 2 bayi perempuan, gemuk; 3 lelaki tua, berambut pendek, gemuk dan tinggi, bermuka panjang dan mulut besar; 4 remaja perempuan berambut panjang dan ketak, bermuka kecil, tinggi dan kurus
Exercise 4 1 riuh rendah 2 lintang pukang 3 manis melecas 4 kurus kering 5 riuh rendah 6 besar agam 7 cuci calat 8 kecil molek
Key to exercises
Exercise 5 1 lambat-lambat 2 cepat-cepat/dengan cepat 3 dengan teliti 4 kuat-kuat 5 dengan nyenyak 6 rapat-rapat 7 dengan sopan 8 dengan kasar
Exercise 6 1 lambat-lambat 2 di sekolah 3 dengan baik 4 Heidi 5 dengan gembira
Unit 10 Exercise 1 1 Saya suka kereta macam ni. 2 Ray macam abang saya. 3 Beg ini macam beg saya. 4 Helen tak macam kakak dia. Helen tinggi. 5 Jangan cakap macam tu. 6 Alan macam adik Jan. 7 Dia belanja macam dia kaya. 8 John cakap macam dia tau semua. 9 Nampak macam dia tak sihat. 10 Martin macam orang sedih.
Exercise 2 1 Macam mana nak pergi ke pasar? 2 Macam mana nak buat kek pisang? 3 Macam mana nak menyanyi lagu ni? 4 Macam mana nak pasang komputer ni? 5 Macam mana nak masak kari ayam?
Exercise 3 1 gula/gula-gula 2 Baru-baru/baru 3 masing-masing 4 Kira-kira 5 pura-pura 6 Tiba-tiba 7 mula 8 agar-agar 9 kira 10 sama-sama
Exercise 4 1 jadi peguam 2 jadi pelayan 3 tak jadi 4 ya, Manam jadi masak untuk kita malam ni 5 jadi ibu Tom
Unit 11 Exercise 1 1 Nah, ini buku saya pinjam dulu. 2 Amboi lama awak bercuti! 3 Alamak, saya terlupa bawa buku! 4 Alamak, baju saya koyak! 5 Nah, ambil
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Key to exercises
hadiah ini. 6 Amboi, ramai sungguh anak awak! 7 Nah, ini daripada saya. 8 Amboi, besar sungguh rumah awak!
Exercise 2 1 alhamdulillah 2 insyaallah 3 masyaallah 4 waalaikum salam, ahamdulillah 5 alhamdulillah 6 insyaallah 7 alhamdulillah 8 insyaallah
Exercise 3 1 pun 2 saja 3 pun 4 pun 5 saja 6 pun, saja 7 saja, pun 8 saja 9 pun 10 saja
Exercise 4 1 tak patut 2 patut 3 tak patut 4 tak patut 5 patut
Unit 12 Exercise 1 1 Never mind. Tomorrow I will book the train tickets. 2 Jane stayed in Penang at her friend’s house. 3 Patrick feared there was no food at home. He ate at the shop. 4 Tamalia may be on leave. She is not at the office. 5 We are looking for accommodation in Bali. 6 There are no more seats on the bus. 7 Adi doesn’t want to eat a lot. He is scared he will be fat. 8 Perhaps his phone battery is flat. He didn’t answer. 9 Never mind, I will pay next month. 10 Alia is watching TV.
Exercise 2 1 a) dua botol susu saja; b) sebiji telur saja; c) satu syampu saja; d) dua epal saja; 2 a) satu bilik bujang saja; b) sarapan saja; c) saya tinggal di hotel dua malam saja; 3 a) satu beg saja; b) RM500 saja; c) satu kamera saja; 4 a) ada RM10 saja dalam poket; b) saya baik, cuma saya nak balik ke hotel; c) saya hanya pelancong di negara ini untuk seminggu saja
Exercise 3 1 Anak lelaki saya tua sikit daripada Sue. 2 Minta nasi sikit lagi. 3 Peperiksaan tu susah sikit. 4 Beg itu berat sikit. 5 Minta lebih masa
Key to exercises
sikit. 6 Saya tak sihat sikit. 7 Kereta saya mahal sikit. 8 Minta gula sikit lagi. 9 Saya lambat sikit. 10 Minta sikit lagi duit.
Exercise 4 1 sebab Amir tak jawab SMS dia 2 di Bangkok 3 kakak Lenny 4 rumah Raju jauh sikit 5 untuk tanya dia pasal apa dia tak mau pergi.
Exercise 5 1 Saya sibuk sikit. 2 Saya sudah telefon Raju dan ibu dia tak sihat sikit dan Raju tak boleh pergi bercuti di Bangkok. 3 Tak apa, saya akan masih pergi dengan kamu ke Bangkok. 4 Saya cuma ada tiga hari cuti saja. 5 Saya akan pergi dua hari saja.
Unit 13 Exercise 2 1 Budak tu selalu menangis. Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah dia sakit. 2 Sudah lama saya tak jumpa dia. Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah dia sudah balik Amerika. 3 Barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah esok hujan. Kalau hujan, Barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah saya tak pergi. 4 Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah Julie ikut kakak dia ke Jakarta. 5 Barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah Danial tak suka makan sayur. 6 Malam ini barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi ada filem baru. 7 Kedai tu barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi jual filem. 8 Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entahentah bateri telefon saya habis.
Exercise 4 1 Mana dia pen saya? 2 Mana dia kasut saya? 3 Mana dia jam saya? 4 Mana dia buku saya? 5 Mana dia kereta saya? 6 Mana dia telefon saya? 7 Mana dia beg saya? 8 Mana dia teh saya? 9 Mana dia kamera saya? 10 Mana dia payung saya?
Exercise 5 1 Macam mana nak guna dapur ni? 2 Mana dia berus saya? 3 Mana ada orang boleh tolong? 4 Mana ada kedai yang buka sampai tengah
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Key to exercises
malam? 5 Macam mana nak jawab surat ni? 6 Mana ada kedai yang jual kebab? 7 Mana dia peta yang saya beli? 8 Macam mana nak guna mesin kopi ni?
Exercise 6 1 Amran dan Atul mau pergi ke Cameron Highlands. 2 Atul nak pergi dengan kereta. 3 Mereka akan sewa kereta. 4 Tidak. 5 Amran lebih suka pergi dengan bas.
Unit 14 Exercise 1 1 Untuk 28 haribulan depan. 2 Untuk empat orang. 3 Untuk seminggu. 4 Ya, dan juga makan malam. 5 Ya, saya mau tempah sekarang.
Exercise 2 1 Maaf, dia sibuk bercakap. Boleh saya cakap dengan Amir? 2 Sambungan dia 2098. Boleh saya tahu sambungan dia? 3 Saya Joan. Boleh saya tau siapa bercakap? 4 Maaf, Encik salah nombor. Ini nombor Hamzah? 5 Telefon balik dalam masa sepuluh minit. Bila saya boleh telefon balik? 6 Ya, nombor dia 76947369. Dia ada talian langsung?
Exercise 3 1 Kim baca sajak. Lim (pula) baca cerita. 2 Heidi belajar sains. Susan (pula) belajar sejarah. 3 Jan bercakap bahasa Perancis. Yoko (pula) bercakap bahasa Jepun. 4 Selepas Tom bercakap, Yeo bercakap (pula). 5 Saya marah Jan. Heidi (pula) yang sedih. 6 Lee main gitar. Jane (pula) main piano. 7 Bila baik sakit gigi, dia sakit kepala (pula). 8 Selepas pergi ke Singapura, dia pergi ke Bali (pula). 9 Saya suruh Jane baca, tapi Jon (pula) yang baca. 10 Pat dapat hadiah buku, Alan (pula) dapat wang.
Exercise 4 1 kesihatan 2 perumahan 3 kelayakan 4 kemiskinan 5 kecantikan 6 perjalanan 7 kedengaran 8 kerakyatan
Key to exercises
Exercise 5 1 di Kementerian Pertahanan 2 bapa dia 3 bapa saudara dia 4 bekerja dengan rajin
Unit 15 Exercise 1 1 Hadiah dibeli oleh emak. 2 Kek dibuat oleh Susan. 3 Baju dibasuh kakak. 4 Surat itu ditulis oleh saya. 5 Pinggan di cuci oleh Jane. 6 Sampah di sapu Tommy. 7 Pokok bunga di tanam oleh Alan. 8 Ali dibawa Hashim ke kedai. 9 Baju digantung oleh Abang. 10 Rumput dipotong bapa.
Exercise 2 1 dikahwini 2 disedari 3 dibasahi 4 dikenali 5 dilupai 6 disirami 7 dijumpai 8 ditemui
Exercise 3 1 dimasukkan 2 dimasuki 3 dihadapi 4 dihadapkan 5 diterangkan 6 diterangi
Exercise 4 pertemuan pendekatan meneruskan menjalankan menerusi
Exercise 5 1 baik hati 2 berat tulang 3 murah hati 4 hidung tinggi 5 cepat tangan 6 lapang dada 7 berat tangan 8 mulut murai
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Malay–English glossary
A abang ada adik adik lelaki adik perempuan adoi! aduan ajak ajar aku alamak alamat Alhamdulillah almari ambil (mengambil) amboi! anak anak-anak anak lelaki anak perempuan anak saudara anda angin angin kuat apa apa khabar?
apa lagi Assalamualaikum
older brother to have, there is/are younger sibling younger brother younger sister (expression) ouch! complaint to invite, to ask along to teach I (informal) (expression) Oh my God!, Oh dear! address thank God cupboard to take (expression) wow! child children son daughter niece/nephew you (formal) wind strong wind what how are you? (literally: What news?) what else Peace be upon you
atau awak awal
or you (informal) early
B bagi baik baik hati baiklah baiknya! baju balang balut bandar bangga bangun bangunan banjir/bah banyak banyak-banyak bapa/ayah bapa saudara barang barangkali baru basuh batin batuk bau bawa bawa kereta bekalan bekerja belajar
for; to give good kind, kind-hearted all right how kind! clothes jar to wrap/to bandage town proud to get up building floods many, a lot lots father uncle things maybe new to wash spiritual cough smell, to smell to bring, to carry (lit.) to drive car supply to work to study
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Malay–English glossary
belanja beli (membeli) belok belon bengkak berani berat beratus-ratus bercakap berguna berita berjalan berjalur berkolar berkumpul berlari berlatih berlepas bermalam bersalam bersepah bersih bersin besar bila binatang biru bising blaus bola sepak boleh boleh jadi botak buah buah hati buku bulan bulat busuk
to treat to buy to turn balloon swollen, to swell brave weight, heavy hundreds to speak useful news to walk with stripes collar to gather to run to practise to leave for to spend the night to shake hands messy clean sneeze big when animal blue to make a noise blouse football can maybe bald fruit sweetheart book month, moon round smelly
C cahaya cantik cantiknya! cari (mencari)
light beautiful how beautiful! to find
cedera cenderamata comel cuba cucu cucu lelaki cucu perempuan cukup cuma D dahaga dahulu, dulu dalam dan dari datuk dekat demam dengan dengan teliti dengan tenang dengar depan dewasa di dia diberi balik di dalam dinding dingin di mana di sana disiapkan di sini dompet duduk
E eja elektrik elok elok-elok
injury, injured souvenirs cute to try grandchild grandson granddaughter enough only, except that
thirsty first, ago in and from (a place) grandfather near fever with with care, properly calmly to hear in front of adult in/at he/she, him/her, his/hers returned inside wall cool (at) where there to be provided with here wallet to sit, to stay/to live (lit – to sit)
to spell electricity nice nicely
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Malay–English glossary
emak emak saudara empat enam engkau entah entah-entah esok
mother aunty four six you (informal) don’t know maybe tomorrow
ibu ibu-bapa ikut ingat Inggeris ini isteri itu itu saja
F fikir flet
think flat/apartment
J jadi
G ganti gantung gembira gemuk gerai gitu (short form of begitu) gula
jaga to replace to hang happy fat stalls that is so sugar
H hantar harga hari haribulan hari ini Hari raya
to send, to post price day date (day of month) today Eid day (Muslim day of celebration) hias to decorate hiasan decorations hijau green hilang to lose; lost hitam black hodoh ugly hoki hockey hubungan relationship hujan rain hujan renya-renyai drizzle hujung end of I ia
it, its
jalan jalan terus jemput jom juga jus oren K kacang kadang-kadang kain kakak (kak) kalau kalau begitu kami
kamu kan? (short for bukan?) kanan kari kasar kasut kata kau kawan kawasan
mother parents to come along to remember English this wife that that’s all
to happen, to become; so to care for, to look after, to wake up to walk; road, way to walk/go straight on to invite/to fetch let’s, come (colloquial) also orange juice
nuts sometimes cloth, material elder sister if if that is so we, our, us (excluding person spoken to) you or not? right curry rough/harsh shoes to say you (informal) friend area
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Malay–English glossary
ke kecewa kecil kedai kedai bunga kedekut kedua kedua-dua keempat keenam kek kelas kelas malam kelayakan kelima kelmarin dulu keluar kena
kenyang ke mana kemarau kemeja kementerian kesatuan keselamatan kesian kesiannya!/ sayangnya! ketak ketam ketat ketiga ketiga-tiga ketujuh ketuk khabar khabar baik kilat/petir
to (a place) (preposition) disappointed small shop florist (flower shop) mean, stingy second both fourth sixth cake class evening classes qualification fifth day before yesterday to go out must, to have to, to be inflicted with, to be imposed with, apt, suitable to be full (to) where drought shirt ministry society safety pity how pitiful/what a pity! wavy crab tight third all three seventh to knock news I am fine (literally: Good news) lightning
kiri kirim kita
kolam kolam renang kopi kotor koyak kuat kuat-kuat kulit kulit gelap kulit putih kuning kurang kurang upaya kurus L laci lagi lagipun lama langsung lapar larang laung laut layan lebih lebih baik lebih murah letak lif lilin lima luar negara luka lulus lusa lurus
left to send, to convey we, our, us (including person spoken to) pool swimming pool coffee dirty to tear, torn strong loudly leather, skin dark skin fair skin yellow less less-abled thin
drawers more moreover long (as in length of time) at all, direct hungry to forbid to shout out sea to entertain more better cheaper to put, to place lift candle five overseas, foreign country cut to pass day after tomorrow straight
224
Malay–English glossary
M maaf macam macam-macam mahal mahu main majlis makan makanan malam malam esok malam ini malangnya! malas malu mangkuk manis marah mari masakan masam masin masuk mata melalui melawat memandu (pandu) memeluk, peluk menara mengapa menyambut menyelamat merah merawat merbahaya mereka mesti mesyuarat minggu minggu depan minggu ini minggu lepas
minta sorry, excuse me like, such as all sorts expensive to want to play party to eat food night tomorrow night tonight how unfortunate! lazy shy bowl sweet to be angry, to tell off let’s cooking (N) sour salty to enter eyes via to visit drive to hug/embrace tower why to celebrate to save red to treat dangerous they, them, their, theirs must, to have to meeting week next week this week last week
murah hati musim muzik muzium
to ask for something young face to start first of all maybe, perhaps to vomit, to throw up generous season music museum
N nakal nama nampak nenek (nek) nyanyi, menyanyi
naughty name to see grandmother to sing
O orang orang sakit
people, person patient
muda muka mula mula-mula mungkin muntah
P padan pahit pakai (memakai) paket panas pandai pandainya! panjang pasalapa? pasar pasar malam pasaraya patah kaki pedas pegang pejabat pelajar pendek
fit bitter to wear parcel hot (temperature) clever how clever! long why? market night market supermarket broken leg spicy to touch, to hold office student short (as in height and length)
225
Malay–English glossary
pendidikan penduduk pengalaman penganjur pengawal pengsan pening penyakit peperiksaan pergi periksa perlu pertama pesan peta pindah pinjam pitam plastik pokok pos kad puasa puluh pun pusat membelibelah putih R rajin Ramadan ramai rambut rancangan rasa ratus rawatan restoran ribut roti ruam rugi rumah rumah sewa
education residents experience organiser guard to pass out dizzy disease exams to go to examine to need first message map to move to borrow faint plastic tree, plant postcard to fast ten also even shopping centre
rumah terbuka rupa S sabar saiz saja sakit sakit kepala sakit perut salah makan salji sampai sama-sama santan satu sawah saya sayang sayangnya! sayur se
white sebab sebab apa? hardworking Muslim month many (for people) hair programme to taste, to feel hundred treatment restaurant storm bread rash to lose (not making profit) house rented house
sedap sederhana sedih sejak sejuk sekali-sekala sekarang sekolah sekolah rendah selalu selamat Selamat datang selepas itu selsema
open house look, image
to be patient size only to be in pain, to be ill headache stomach ache ate something wrong snow to arrive, until you’re welcome, same to you coconut milk one paddy field I to love (expression) what a pity! vegetables one (usually used with classifiers) because why? (literally: because why?) delicious medium sad since cold once in a while now school primary school always safe Welcome (literally: safe arrival) after that common cold
226
Malay–English glossary
seluar semakin semalam/kelmarin semasa sembuh semua senyap senyap-senyap separuh umur sepupu sesat setuju sewa siap siapa silap simpan simpang jalan sombong stesen stesen bas suami sudah/dah sudu suka suruh susah susu syarat syukur
trousers increasingly yesterday at the time while, during to recover/to get better all quiet quietly middle-aged cousin to lose one’s way to agree to rent to be ready, to be completed who mistaken, mistook to keep junction arrogant, proud station bus station husband already spoon to like to ask someone to do something hard, difficult milk terms to be thankful
T tahu, tau to know tak (short for tidak) no, not tak apa never mind tak payah no need, don’t bother tak pernah never takut to be scared, to be afraid, to be worried
taman tamat tambah
tangan
tangga tanya tapi, tetapi tawar teh teh tarek
tempat tempatan tempat duduk tentu sekali terang-terang terima kasih
terkasar bahasa
terkejut terlambat terseliuh tersilap kata terus tidak tidur tiket timbang tinggi tingginya! tingkat
park garden to end to add/to help yourself with a second helping hand (although what is often meant is ‘fingers’, jari) stairs to ask but tasteless, to bargain tea a typical Malaysian tea drink that is very sweet (literally: pulled tea) place local accommodation certainly clearly thank you (literally: receive (with) love) language that’s unintentionally harsh surprise; to be surprised late (unintentionally) sprained words mistakenly spoken straight on no, not to sleep ticket weighing scale, to weigh high/tall, slender how tall! level
227
Malay–English glossary
tiub tolong tua tunjuk
tube please/to help old to show
W Wa’alaikumussalam And peace be upon you too waktu a period of time warna colour
U ubat ubat gigi ucapan ulang ungu urut usaha
medicine toothpaste wishes to repeat purple to massage efforts
Y ya yang yang mana
yes which/that which one
Z zahir
physical
Index
abstract nouns, with ke . . . an and pe . . . an 191 ada (‘to have’, ‘there is/are’) 38 adjectives 135 for food 57 for people 132 comparative using ter . . . 113 adverbs by doubling adjectives 137 dengan + adjective 138 adverbs of frequency 99–100 apa (‘what’) 39 attributes 121 bagaimana, macam mana (‘how’) 181 baiklah (‘all right’) 19 bila (‘when’) 91 body, aches and pains, and illnesses 126 borrowed words 205 buat apa? (‘to do what?’ ‘what for?’) 23 classifiers 71 colours 74 compound nouns 6 conjunctions 130
consonants xii countries, languages and nationalities currency 6 days/weeks/months/years 91 di mana (‘where’) 37 mana dia (‘where’) 177 directions: asking and giving 44 phrases when giving directions 45 ‘don’t’ 79 doubling words to form plural 137 to form adverbs 137 with change of meaning 144 duduk as a continuous tense 62 (‘to sit’) 62 (‘to live/to stay’) 120 entah, entahlah (‘don’t know’) 175 exclamations 155 expressing emotions 118 expressions and exclamations 115 family, a Malay 11 festivals and holidays 109
229
Index
food 53 lauk (‘dishes eaten with rice’) 54 teh tarek (‘pulled tea’) 56 describing food 57 gender 132 getting about in Malaysia 48 good wishes: on special occasions 110 greetings apa khabar (‘how are you’) 4 informal 143 selamat (‘safe’) 8 haribulan vs. tarikh (‘day of the month vs. date’) 101 helpful phrases 17–18 hospitals and specialists 29 ialah (‘to be’) 14 idioms 203 ikutlah (‘it’s up to you’) 183 intonation ix introducing people 16 Islamic phrases 158 jadi, the many meanings of (‘so’, ‘to become’, ‘to happen’) 151 jom (‘let’s’) 82
Malaysian society 10 Manglish 204 mari (‘let’s’) 82 materials 75 mengapa/sebab apa/pasal apa (‘why’) 77 apa hal (‘why’) 170 modes of transport 49 mungkin, boleh jadi (‘maybe’) 176 nouns ke+adjective+an 192 pe+noun+an 193 pe+verb+an 193 numbers cardinal 66 ordinal 68 occupations 30 only 170 passive verb 196–8 patterns 75 personal and possessive pronouns 3 physical features 132 prepositions 37, 40, 41, 93 pronunciation ix pula (used when changing subject or taking turns) 189 pun (‘also’, ‘too’, ‘even’) 162
lah (a particle attached to verbs) 83
raya (‘a celebration’, ‘big or main’) 107 requesting a favour/turning down a request politely 19
maaf, maafkan saya (‘sorry’, ‘excuse me’, ‘pardon me’) 18
salam 113 seasons 97
kena (‘must’, ‘to get’, ‘apt’) 108
230
Index
siapa (‘who’) 12 shopping and bargaining 69 shops 66 sikit (‘a bit’) 172 sizes 75 slang 205 superlatives 113 tak? (‘no’, ‘not’) tag question, 24 tak apa (it’s all right, never mind) 167 tak kisah (‘don’t mind’) 123 tak payah (‘no need’) 108 tak pernah (‘never’) 98 tenses 61 time 102 prayer times for Muslim 94 titled people 14
useful eating phrases 60 verbs 21 ber+verb 25 me+verb 25 ber+noun 74 me+verb+i 201 me+verb+kan 201 vowels x word stress viii ya, tak/tidak and bukan (‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘not’) 9 yang + adjective (‘that is’ or ‘which is’) 42