Deterrorizing Sanskrit - Slides

Table of contents :
This is not a course for learning Sanskrit. Instead, it is meant to make Sanskrit learning easier by explaining words and grammatical forms from an Indo-European point of view.

The slides below build on the book "Sanskrit as an Indo-European Language", which was published in Sep, 2023 and whose ISBNs are 978-39487917-66 and 97839487917-59

I Introduction
Introduction
Indo-European studies without specific reference to Sanskrit

II Basics
Vowel gradation
Sound laws
Sound laws sibilants
Syllabic n
Verbal classes with nasal infix and laryngeals

III Full-grade verbal forms and zero-grade verbal forms
Infinitives and other full-grade verbal forms
Past perfect participle and other zero-grade verbal forms

IV Specific past tenses
Perfect tense
Aorist

V Athematic verbal classes
Second class verbs
Third class verbs
Fifth class verbs
Seventh class verbs

VI Declinations

Citation preview

Deterrorizing Sanskrit Introduction Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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What is this course about Idea: make Sanskrit easier to learn by taking the Indo-European perspective History of Indo-European studies Language trees Sound laws Strong and weak forms Declinations Word formation ...

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Sequence Introduction (Indo-European Studies (without Sanskrit)) Syllabic nasal Vowels, diphthongs, and vowel gradation In…nitive and future forms Verbal classes with nasal in…x Second-class verbs Third-class verbs Fifth-class verbs Seventh-class verbs Perfect Aorist Declinations ... Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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History of Indo-European studies Sir William Jones

Perhaps, both western Indology and Indo-European studies have been initiated by Sir William Jones (1746-1794). Went to India (which was under British colonial rule) as a judge. Came into contact with Sanskrit, relevant to him as the language of ancient law texts. In 1786, Jones gave a presentation at the Royal Asiatic Society in Calcutta: Sanskrit is very similar to Latin and Greek. These similarities cannot be explained by mere chance. All three languages stem from a common language which may not be in existence any more. Apart from these languages, Jones conjectures that Gothic and Celtic languages are also related.

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History of Indo-European studies Friedrich von Schlegel

Friedrich von Schlegel was student in Leipzig. In 1808, he publishes the monograph „Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier“. He expresses the hope to kindle the love for Indian language and philosophy in Germany. He suggests a new renaissance. In the 15th and 16th centry, the study of Greek language and culture grew prominent. Similarly, the Indian cultural heritage should be made fruitful for the presence. (The new renaissance (with Yoga, Hare Krishna and Bollywood) might not have resonated well with Schlegel’s aspirations.)

Indology as a university subject gathered momentum (Bonn, Leipzig) and Indo-European linguistics was exercised in Berlin, Jena, Halle, and Leipzig. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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History of Indo-European studies Franz Bopp

Schlegel: „die innere Structur der Grammatik oder die vergleichende Grammatik“ best suited to clarify Jones’s idea. Franz Bopp takes up Schlegel’s suggestion in a systematic manner. He holds chair of “Orientalische Litteratur und allgemeine Sprachkunde” in Berlin. The range of languages accepted as Indo-European is steadily increasing. Bopp’s major work is called Vergleichende Grammatik des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Litauischen, Altslavischen, Gotischen und Deutschen Bopp is considered the founder of Indo-European studies. He did not express sound laws. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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History of Indo-European studies August Schleicher

Sound laws and reconstruction of the Indo-European language by August Schleicher (1821 - 1868), professor in Prag and Jena August Friedrich Pott (1802 – 1887), professor in Halle

Schleicher’s uses an asterisk to indicate reconstructed forms Schleicher invents language trees. The title of Schleicher’s main work is Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der Indo-Europeanen Sprachen. Kurzer Abrißder Indo-Europäischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Alteranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen, und Altdeutschen Schleicher composed an Indo-European fable. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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History of Indo-European studies Karl Brugmann and the neogrammarians

Leipzig school = Junggrammatiker (neogrammarians): Schleicher’s pupil August Leskien (1840 – 1916), a renowned slavicist the younger philologist Karl Brugmann (1849 – 1919)

Leipzig world-wide center of Indo-European studies from about 1890 to 1920. Lautgesetzstreit: “Junggrammatiker” slightly derogative term earned in their quarrel with Friedrich Pott from Halle and Brugmann’s teacher Georg Curius. The bone of contention: The older researchers distinguished between regular and irregular sound changes. In contrast, the younger generation insisted on the “Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze” (sound laws valid without exception). Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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History of Indo-European studies Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) (a Swiss) studies in Leipzig Being 21 years of age, he published the „Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes“. Laryngeals in Indo-European Argument: peculiarities of the Old Indian verbal classes Hittite (discovered in Anatolia after de Saussure’s death) con…rms laryngeals. Nowadays, laryngeals are accepted.

After leaving Leipzig, de Saussure went to Paris and …nally became professor in Geneva. Nowadays, de Saussure is known to many as the founder of modern linguistics. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Indo-European = “indogermanisch” Both terms make sense: “Indogermanisch” refers to languages between India (Sanskrit) and Iceland (old Icelandic as a Germanic language) “Indo-European” makes clear that nearly all European languages (in fact, without Finnish, Estonian and Basque) together with Indo-Iranian languages are cognate

Both terms are not quite correct because Tocharian has been identi…ed as an Indo-European language which was spoken in (what is nowadays) China.

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Indo-European language tree Germanic Latin Celtic Greek

IndoEuropean

Slavic Avestan Iranian Old Persian

IndoIranian Vedic

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Sanskrit

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Germanic language tree EastGermanic

Gothic English

WestGermanic

Low German

Germanic High German Norwegian NorthGermanic

Danish Islandic

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Sound laws The Junggrammatiker’s dictum was the “Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze”. In their own words: Aller lautwandel, soweit er mechanisch vor sich geht, vollzieht sich nach ausnahmslosen gesetzen, d.h. die richtung der lautbewegung ist bei allen angehörigen einer sprachgenossenschaft, auß er dem fall, daßdialektspaltung eintritt, stets dieselbe ... Not mechanic: Analogy and levelling pattern gets transferred from one occurrence to another one. Foreign words or loan words travel from another language.

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Indo-European vowel system Following Franz Bopp, August Pott and Georg Curtius assumed that the Indo-European language knew three short vowels, a, i and u also found in Sanskrit. The Junggrammatiker contradicted. Indo-European vowels a, e and o collapsed into Indo-Iranian a, while Old Greek preserved the Indo-European vowels particularly well. Their argument was based on the Ausnahmslosigkeit. If Sanskrit a were to re‡ect the Indo-European state of a¤airs, sound laws should tell under which conditions Indo-European a turned into Greek a, e or o. However, such sound laws are not to be found. Hence, the Leipzig-school researchers claimed ie. a/e/o ! oi. a Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Some tips for learning Sanskrit I Synonyms There are (at least) six words meaning friend: mitram, vallabhas, vayasyas, suhr.t, sakh¯a and bandhus. Similar words talam (“ground”) t¯alas (“palm tree”) tilas (“sesame corn/tree”) tailam (“oil” which is related to tilas)

s¯utas 6= sutas = s¯unus = tanayas = putras Compounds hutabhuk (stem hutabhuj) means “…re” but literally “enjoyer of o¤erings” s¯uktam is a hymn, to be understood as su-uktam Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Some tips for learning Sanskrit II ie. ed developed into oi. ad English (e.) eat and New High German (nhg.) essen

negating pre…x a in oi. a-gas (“not going ! tree”) Greek foreign words (FW) like a-theist Latin FW like im-possible e. un-true

´ m ! gr. FW decade oi. dá´sa ie. de k‹ ten nhg. zehn oi. tad ie. tod ! e. that nhg. das

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e.

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Contact Prof. Dr. Harald Wiese Universität Leipzig Lehrstuhl für Mikroökonomik Grimmaische Str. 12 Zimmer I233, I235 Tel.: 0341-9733771 E-mail: [email protected]

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Indo-European Studies (without Sanskrit) Harald Wiese

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Was haben diese Wörter jeweils gemeinsam? Zaun, town, Dun Laoghaire Knakenbreker, Bruch cold, kalt water, Wasser heart, Herz pepper, Pfe¤er duo, two, zwei, deux Pediküre, Antipode Zahn, Dentologie pekuniär, Vieh, fee

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Was bedeuten diese englischen Wörter? tin fee tame goat wart oak oath on the dole deed seed hearth token Harald Wiese ()

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Sprachgeschichte, Sprachentwicklung A Einleitung: Ein hinkender Vergleich zwischen Sprachen und Menschen B Verwandtschaften von Sprachen, dargestellt anhand von Stammbäumen C Wörter der deutschen Sprache: Erbwörter, Lehnwörter und Fremdwörter D Das Hochdeutsche (Lautgesetze in Aktion) E Die englische Sprache F Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter G Indogermanisch und die Indogermanen H Die Indogermanistik (in Leipzig)

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A. Sprachen sind wie Menschen Sie werden geboren: Hochdeutsch ungefähr um 500 n. Chr. Neuhochdeutsch Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts

Sie haben Töchter: Latein mit den Tochtersprachen Französisch, Rumänisch, Spanisch, ... Germanisch mit den Tochtersprachen Englisch, Deutsch, Gotisch, Niederländisch, ... Indogermanisch mit den Tochtersprachen Germanisch, Keltisch, Griechisch, Slawisch, Sanskrit, ...

Sie haben Verwandte: Finnisch, Estnisch und Ungarisch sind verwandt vielleicht sind Türkisch und Koreanisch verwandt sicher sind Irisch, Hochdeutsch, Russisch und Persisch verwandt Harald Wiese ()

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B. Stammbäume Das Gemeingermanische und seine Tochtersprachen

Ostgermanisch

Gotisch: twai

Englisch: two Gemeingermanisch: *twai

Westgermanisch

Niederdeutsch: twee Althochdeutsch: zuuei

Neuhochdeutsch: zwei

Norwegisch: to Nordgermanisch

Dänisch: to

Germanisch > Hochdeutsch = 2. Lautverschiebung (ungefähr 500 n. Chr. bis 800 n. Chr.) Harald Wiese ()

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B. Stammbäume Das Indogermanische und seine Tochtersprachen

Germanisch Lateinisch

Indogermanisch

Keltisch Griechisch

Sanskrit

Slawisch

Indogermanisch > Germanisch = 1. Lautverschiebung (ungefähr 500 v. Chr. bis 100 v. Chr.) Harald Wiese ()

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Arbeitsblatt Stammbaum Richtig oder falsch? Kreuzt die richtigen Aussagen an, bitte! Gotisch ist eine Muttersprache des Neuhochdeutschen. Russisch und Italienisch sind verwandt. Rumänisch ist mit Türkisch verwandt. Baskisch ist mit Spanisch verwandt. Englisch ist eine Tochtersprache des Althochdeutschen. Schottisch und Sanskrit sind verwandt. Französisch ist eine Tochtersprache des Lateinischen. Englisch und Neuhochdeutsch sind verwandt. Latein und Neuhochdeutsch sind verwandt. Harald Wiese ()

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C. Erbwörter, Lehnwörter und Fremdwörter Erbwörter: „Ureinwohner“ der Sprache, also aus dem Germanischen oder sogar Indogermanischen „ererbt“ Beispiel: zwei < germ. *twai < idg. *duo Fremd- und Lehnwörter sind Gäste aus dem Sprachausland: Lehnwörter haben sich stark oder ganz der deutschen Sprache angepasst (Wein, Pfe¤er, Fenster). Fremdwörter weichen in Betonung und Aussprache von deutschen Wörtern ab (Bibliothek, Kolchose).

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C. Das Lehnwort „Pfe¤er“

Gemeingermanisch

Englisch pepper piper

Indogermanisch

Lateinisch

Hochdeutsch Pfeffer Italienisch Französisch

Sanskrit

Pfe¤er ist eines von vielen Wörtern (neben Wein, Straß e, Fenster, ...), die an die römische Besatzungszeit erinnern. Harald Wiese ()

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C. Erbwörter, Lehnwörter und Fremdwörter

Erbwörter:

Lehnwörter:

Fremdwörter:

zwei, Zaun, Wasser, warm, zehn, hundert, Brot, Liebe, Zahn, Fuß, Vieh ...

lateinisch: Fenster, Wein, Straße, Zoll, Wall, Kaiser, Keller, Ziegel, Speicher, Korb, Mauer, Pfeife, Mühle, Meile, Kohl, Rettich ...

griechisch: Biologie, Theologie ...

griechisch: Pfaffe, Kirche ...

französisch: Garderobe, Teint, Puder, Toilette, galant ...

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italienisch: Bank, Konto, Kapital, Bankrott, Bilanz, brutto, netto, Melone, Olive ...

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Arbeitsblatt Erbwörter, Lehnwörter und Fremdwörter Ankreuzen, bitte! Erbwort Lehnwort Fremdwort Mathematik drei Punsch Bilanz chillen zerren Penne Straß e Kardiologe doof Harald Wiese ()

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D. Das Hochdeutsche Geburt des Hochdeutschen

Übergang Germanisch zu Hochdeutsch = hochdeutsche Lautverschiebung = 2. Lautverschiebung Ursprünglich fand die hochdeutsche Lautverschiebung in der Schweiz, in Österreich und in Süddeutschland statt. (Je norddeutscher, desto plattdeutscher.) Der Niedergang der Hanse und die Lutherbibel trugen zum Siegeszug des Hochdeutschen bei.

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D. Das Hochdeutsche Ersatz für das Gemeingermanische gesucht

Problem: Gemeingermanisch nicht belegt

Ersatz: Germanische Sprachen, die die hochdeutsche Lautverschiebung nicht mitgemacht haben und insofern den gemeingermanischen Zustand bewahren: Gotisch Niederdeutsch = Plattdeutsch Norwegisch Englisch

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D. Das Hochdeutsche germanisch oder englisch p

germ. p > nhd.

f o. ¤ nach Vokal pf sonst.

Beispiele: e. sleep schlafen e. sheep Schaf e. plum P‡aume Aus dem Lateinischen vor der 2. Lautverschiebung: e. pipe Pfeife (lat. p¯¬p¯are, „…epen, quieken“) e. pepper Pfe¤er (lat. piper) Aus dem Lateinischen nach der 2. Lautverschiebung: nhd. pur („rein“) < lat. p¯urus nhd. Körper < lat. corpus, corporis Harald Wiese ()

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Arbeitsblatt zu germ. oder englisch p Aus der griechischen Kirchensprache entlehnt ist spätgriechisch pap¯as („Geistlicher niedrigen Ranges“) und ergibt unser Lehnwort .............. . Die Reeperbahn in Hamburg ist eigentlich der Platz, wo Seile hergestellt werden. Allerdings ist niederdeutsch reep oder e. rope natürlich nicht mit „Seil“ verwandt, sondern mit .............. . e. gape („gähnen“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . e. heap ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . e. leap („springen“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . Heiß t es Rumpsteak oder Rumsteak? Richtig mit p: Denn e. rump ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . Übersetzungshilfen: ripe, soap, ape pan, pool Harald Wiese ()

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D. Das Hochdeutsche germanisch oder englisch t

germ. t > nhd.

s o. ss nach Vokal ts = z sonst

Beispiele: e. eat essen e. white weiß e. street Straß e (aus lat. str¯ata (via), „gep‡asterter Weg“) e. …f-ty fünf-zig e. town Zaun e. ten zehn niederdeutsch Schiet („Unangenehmes“) nhd. Scheiß niederdeutsche Seemannssprache: e. boat Boot e. ‡eet („Flotte“) Harald Wiese ()

Flotte

Floß ‡ieß en

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Arbeitsblatt zu germ. oder englisch t e. tear („zerren, reiß en“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . e. till („bis zu“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . Welcher Handwerker arbeitet mit Holz? Hinweis: e. timber („Bauholz“) ist verwandt mit nhd. ............ ? Übersetzungshilfen: what, let, shoot, hot, out, bite, nut, goat tame, mint, heart, salt, toe, too, tin, wart, tongue

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D. Das Hochdeutsche germanisch oder englisch k

ch nach Vokal kch sonst naja, das scha¤en nur die Schweizerdeutschen. Bei uns lediglich: germ. k > hd.

germ. k > nhd.

ch nach Vokal k sonst.

Beispiele: Berlinerisch icke ich e. break brechen e. seek suchen Auf agr. kyrios („Herr, Herrgott“) und das Adjektiv kyriakos (zum „Herrn“ gehörig) geht Kirche zurück. lat. s¯ec¯urus (< s¯e c¯ur¯a, „ohne Sorge, unbekümmert“) > sicher Harald Wiese ()

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Arbeitsblatt zu germ. oder englisch k ostfriesisches Platt Knakenbreker („Chiropraktiker“) .............. e. weak („schwach“) .............. e. sick .............. E. sake bedeutet „Ursache, Grund“ (bekannt aus for God’s sake) und gehört zu nhd. .............. . Übersetzungshilfen: make, week, book, oak

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D. Das Hochdeutsche germanisch oder englisch d

germ. d > e. d

nhd. t

Beispiele: e. dollar nhd. Taler: Der Name für die US-amerikanische Währung kommt aus dem Niederdeutschen. Joachimsthal ist ein böhmischer Ort, in dem Silbermünzen (die Joachimstaler) geprägt wurden. e. deaf Berlinerisch doof taub e. ride reiten e. red rot e. dear teuer e. door Tür e. deal („Aufteilung, Handel, Abmachung“) Teil (auch in Viertel) Harald Wiese ()

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Arbeitsblatt zu germ. oder englisch d Oxford Ochsen....... (eine Kleinstadt in der Nähe von Würzburg) e. mood („Stimmung“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . e. deer („Rotwild“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . Übersetzungshilfen: do, spade, under, widow, lead, ladder, dead, seed, fold, cold, garden, deed, dream, word, ‡ood, bread, hard, loud, blood

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D. Das Hochdeutsche germanisch oder englisch th

germ. th > e. th

nhd. d

Beispiele: e. heathen bzw. heath nhd. Heide e. oath Eid e. brother Bruder Übersetzungshilfen: leather, three, bath, earth, thirst, smith, thorn, hearth, both, thin, feather

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D. Das Hochdeutsche germanisch oder englisch d

e. deal („Aufteilung, Handel, Abmachung“) Teil (auch in Viertel) Vertragspartner, z.B. Jäger eines Groß wildes oder Anteilseigner an einem Unternehmen, haben sich darüber zu einigen, wie der gesamte Gewinn aufgeteilt wird. e. dole in „on the dole“ ist ursprünglich die Austeilung, die Bedürftigen zugute kam. Heute: „arbeitslos“. Der Seeräuber Klaus Störtebeker war der bekannteste Anführer der so genannten Likedeeler, die ihre Beute zu gleichen Teilen auf alle Besatzungsmitglieder verteilten: Klas Störtebecker un Godeke Micheel (ein weiterer Anführer) de roveden beede („die raubten beide“) to liken Deelen („zu gleichen Teilen“) to Water un to Lanne („zu Wasser und zu Lande“) Harald Wiese ()

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Lateinische Lehnwörter Latein ist die Sprache von Latium, einer Provinz Italiens mit Rom als größ ter Stadt. Zwischen dem 4. Jh. v. Chr. und dem 2. Jh. n. Chr. eroberten die Römer groß e Teile Europas und Palästina, ... . In Deutschland hinterließ en sie, vor der hochdeutschen Lautverschiebung (!), viele Lehnwörter: Straß e aus lat. strata via („gep‡asterter Weg“) sicher aus lat. se-curus („ohne Sorge, unbekümmert“) P‡anze aus lat. planta Pfe¤er aus lat. piper

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Arbeitsblatt zur hochdeutschen Lautverschiebung (Zusammenfassung) Klaus Störtebeker = „der den Becher stürzt“ e. that das und dass Aus „ich sehe das: er kommt“ wurde „ich sehe, dass er kommt“. Warum heiß t die englische Ente duck? Hinweis: e. duck ist verwandt mit nhd. ............ ? e. thread („Faden“) ist verwandt mit nhd. ............, obwohl (heutiger) Metalldraht gezogen, nicht gedreht wird. e. tide („Gezeiten“) ist verwandt mit nhd. .............. . Wann ist lat. planta ins Germanische gekommen? Und auß erdem: path, deep, peppermint, death, token

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E. Die englische Sprache ist germanisch: ab 450 n. Chr. siedelten die Jüten, Angeln („England“!) und Sachsen in England Viele Beispiele oben und auch e. cow Kuh romanisch: Die Wikinger, auch Normannen genannt, waren seefahrende Plünderer aus Skandinavien. Einige von ihnen siedelten im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert in Nordwestfrankreich („Normandie“!) und eigneten sich die französische Sprache an. 1066 …el der Normannen-Herrscher Wilhelm der Eroberer in England ein und machte das normannische Französisch zur Sprache von Verwaltung und Justiz. Auch e. battle (aus französich bataille) und e. beef (aus französich bœuf) Harald Wiese ()

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter

ig. p/t/k > germ. f /th/h ig. b/d/g > germ. p/t/k ig. bh /d h /g h > germ. b/d/g ig. p/t/k und b/d/g bleiben im Lateinischen und Griechischen erhalten. ig. bh /d h /g h > agr. ph /t h /k h (ϕ/ϑ/χ) Daher Fremdwörter aus dem Griechischen häu…g mit ph: Philosophie, Phobie th: Theologie, Theater, Mathematik, Thymian ch: Chirurg, Chlor, Christophoros Harald Wiese ()

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter lateinisch oder griechisch p/t/k

ig. p > germ. f > nhd. f Beispiele: Pedal,Pediküre/foot/Fuß lat. pecus („Rind“),pekuniär/fee/Vieh ig. pet- („auf etwas los- oder niederstürzen, ‡iegen“)/feather/Feder lat. Verb petere („streben nach“) führt zu FW re-petieren („wieder auf etwas losgehen, wiederholen“) Ap-petit („Esslust, Verlangen“, aus ad-petere > appetere)

Lat. petna > penna („Feder“) führt zu Pennal („Behälter für das Schreibinstrument Feder“), Pennäler sind dann Federbüchsenträger und Penne die Lehranstalt, die sie besuchen. Harald Wiese ()

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter lateinisch oder griechisch p/t/k

ig. t > germ. th > nhd. d Beispiele für ig. t: lat. tr¯es/three/drei lat. terra („Erde“, ursprünglich „die Trockene“) /thirst/Durst lat. t¯u/e. thou (altertümlich)/du lat. tumor („Geschwulst“) /e. thumb/Daumen („der dicke, starke Finger“)

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter lateinisch oder griechisch p/t/k

ig. k > germ. h > nhd. h Beispiele für ig. k am Wortanfang: lat. canere („singen“) mit FW Kantate nhd. Hahn („Sänger“) gr. Kardiologe und fr. cordialement/heart/Herz Beispiele für ig. k nach Vokal, vor Konsonant: lat. l¯uc- nhd. Licht und Luchs mit seinen leuchtenden Augen lat. FW Luzifer („Lichtträger“) agr. leukos („weiß “) mit FW Leuk-ämie (weiß e Blutkörperchen nehmen überhand)

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter lateinisch oder griechisch b/d/g

lat. b/d/g agr. b/d/g < ig. b/d/g > germ. p/t/k > 2. Lautverschiebung Beispiele für ig. g > germ. k > nhd.

ch nach Vokal : k sonst.

Egoismus (lat. ego)/icke/ich ital. gelato/cold/kalt

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter lateinisch oder griechisch b/d/g

Beispiele für ig. d > germ. t > nhd.

s o. ss nach Vokal : ts = z sonst

Dun (Laoghaire)/town/Zaun lat. decem und decimus/ten/zehn Dekan („Führer von 10 Mann, Vorsteher einer Fakultät“), Deziliter dezimieren (ursprünglich „jeden 10. Mann töten“)

Auf agr. deka (δ´εκα) geht Dekade („Zeitraum von 10 Jahren“) zurück. dental/tooth/Zahn derma (daher dermatologisch) < ig. der- („Abziehen (des Tierfells vom Körper des Tieres))“ /e. tear („zerren, reiß en“)/zerren Kardiologe/heart/Herz Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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G. Indogermanisch und die Indogermanen Ausbreitung

Um 6700 vor Christus siedelten in der heutigen Türkei Gruppen von indogermanisch sprechenden Menschen (ihre Sprache entwickelt sich zu Hethitisch und anderen Sprachen weiter). Ein Teil dieser Menschen zog dann gen Norden, nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres, ein anderer in das Gebiet von Chinesisch-Turkestan (Tocharisch). Vom Schwarzen Meer aus erobern die Indogermanen groß e Gebiete in Europa und Asien, während sich ihre Sprache weiter di¤erenziert: indo-iranische Sprachgruppe, griechisch-armenische Sprachgruppe, latino-germanische Gruppe, keltische Gruppe Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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G. Indogermanisch und die Indogermanen Alltägliches und weniger Alltägliches

Indogermanen waren Familienmenschen, lebten in Holzhäusern mit Türen, kannten Wörter für Säen und Ernten, Kühe, Hunde und Wölfe. Sie verfügten über Wägen, die von Ochsen und Pferden gezogen wurden. Könige und Poeten waren herausgehobene Personen der indogermanischen Gesellschaft. Die Indogermanen verehrten Götter.

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Indo-European Studies

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H. Die Indogermanistik (in Leipzig) Entdecker und Rekonstrukteure

Entdecker: Sir William Jones (1746-1794), Oberrichter in Indien, postuliert, dass Sanskrit, Griechisch und Lateinisch aus einer gemeinsamen Sprache hervorgegangen seien. Rekonstrukteure: Franz Bopp (1791-1867), Professor für „Orientalische Litteratur und Allgemeine Sprachkunde“ an der Berliner Universität, ist der erste, der durch systematischen Vergleich die Verwandtschaft aufzeigt. Jacob Grimm (1785-1863), Professor in Göttingen und Berlin, stellt die 1. und 2. Lautverschiebung dar. Leipziger Schule: Karl Brugmann und andere

Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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H. Die Indogermanistik (in Leipzig) Karl Brugmann (1849-1918)

Karl Brugmann studiert in Leipzig bei dem klassischen Philologen Georg Curtius (1820-1885). Brugmann arbeitet dann einige wenige Jahre als Lehrer, tri¤t sich jedoch weiterhin mit anderen jüngeren Sprachwissenschaftlern zu Kneipabenden im Co¤ee-Baum. Brugmann habilitiert sich 1877 an der Universität Leipzig und wird auf den Lehrstuhl für „Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft“ in Freiburg berufen. Nach nur drei Jahren erhält er eine Professur in Leipzig und arbeitet dort für 32 Jahre.

Harald Wiese ()

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H. Die Indogermanistik (in Leipzig) Karl Brugmann (1849-1918)

August Leskien, Brugmann und andere machen Leipzig zum Zentrum der Indogermanistik weltweit. 1878 formulieren Brugmann und Ostho¤: „Aller lautwandel, soweit er mechanisch vor sich geht, vollzieht sich nach ausnahmslosen gesetzen“. Kritik der jüngeren Sprachwissenschaftler an den älteren (Curtius, Friedrich August Pott) Spottwort „Junggrammatiker“ Lautgesetzstreit

Harald Wiese ()

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H. Die Indogermanistik (nicht nur in Leipzig) Und wie weiter?

Der Scheizer Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) studierte von 1876 bis 1880 in Leipzig bei den Junggrammatikern. Mit 21 Jahren verfasst er eine geniale Arbeit über das Vokalsystem im Indogermanischen. Diese Arbeit postuliert Laute, die erst Jahrzehnte später Bestätigung …nden, als 1917 die Entzi¤erung von Lehmtafeln gelang, die östlich von Ankara gefunden wurden. Die auf diesen Tafeln geschriebene Sprache ist das Hethitische. 1880 ging de Saussure nach Paris und seine Schüler lösten schließ lich Leipzig als Zentrum der Indogermanistik ab. 1891 wurde er Professor in Genf. Aufgrund der dort gehaltenen Vorlesungen gilt de Saussure als Begründer der modernen Sprachwissenschaft. Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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Lautgesetze zum Merken von Germanisch p/t/k zu Hochdeutsch

germ. p/t/k > nhd.

f o. ¤/s o. ss/ch nach Vokal pf/ts/k sonst

f o. ¤ nach Vokal pf sonst. Pfe¤er

germ. p > nhd. e. pepper

s o. ss nach Vokal ts = z sonst essen, e. town Zaun

germ. t > nhd. e. eat

germ. k > nhd. Berlinerisch icke Harald Wiese ()

ch nach Vokal k sonst. ich Indo-European Studies

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Lautgesetze zum Merken von Germanisch d/th zu Hochdeutsch

germ. d > e. d nhd. t e. red rot germ. th > e. th nhd. d e. earth Erde Beispiele für beide sind e. thread e. death

Harald Wiese ()

Draht und Tod

Indo-European Studies

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Lautgesetze zum Merken von Indogermanisch über Germanisch zu Hochdeutsch

ig. ig. ig. ig. ig. ig. ig. ig. ig.

p/t/k > germ. f /th/h > nhd. f /d/h p: Pedal/foot/Fuß t: Trio/three/drei k: cordialement/heart/Herz b/d/g > germ. p/t/k > nhd. 2. LV d: Dun (Laoghaire)/town/Zaun g: Egoismus (lat. ego)/icke/ich bh /d h /g h > germ. b/d/g > nhd. b/t/g bh : gr. Christo-phorus/e. bear/Bahre

Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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H. Die Indogermanistik (nicht nur in Leipzig) Kluge Köpfe: William Jones

Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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H. Die Indogermanistik (nicht nur in Leipzig) Kluge Köpfe: Franz Bopp

Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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H. Die Indogermanistik (nicht nur in Leipzig) Kluge Köpfe: Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm

Harald Wiese ()

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H. Die Indogermanistik (nicht nur in Leipzig) Kluge Köpfe: Karl Brugmann

Harald Wiese ()

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H. Die Indogermanistik (nicht nur in Leipzig) Kluge Köpfe: Ferdinand de Saussure

Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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Sprachfamilien heute Vor 4 Millionen Jahren Australopithecus als ein erster Menschentyp Vor 130.000 Jahren homo sapiens sapiens mit Sprechfähigkeit vor etwa 100.000 Jahren Es gibt heute eine groß e Anzahl von Sprachfamilien, neben der indogermanischen beispielsweise die hamito-semitische Familie (Altägyptisch, Hebräisch und Arabisch), die …nno-ugrische Familie (Finnisch, Estnisch, Samisch und Ungarisch), die altaische Familie (Türkisch, vielleicht auch Koreanisch und/oder Japanisch), die sino-tibetische Familie (Kantonesisch, ...)

Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter Erste und zweite Lautverschiebung

Erste Lautverschiebung (ig. > germ.): Der 17-jährige Däne Rasmus Kristian Rask Erste und zweite Lautverschiebung (germ. > hochdeutsch) systematisch dargestellt: Jacob Grimm ig. pod– > germanische (1.) Lautverschiebung

Harald Wiese ()

germ. fot– > nhd. Fuß hochdeutsche (2.) Lautverschiebung

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter Pedal und Podium

Fußgeht auf ig. pod- zurück, denn man hat agr. podlat. pedai. padagr. o re‡ektiert in Podium („Fuß gestell“ und dann „Rednerpult“), Antipode (Gegenfüß ler, d.h. der auf dem gegenüberliegenden Punkt der Erde lebende Mensch) lat. e …ndet sich in Pedal, Pediküre und im Englischen das Normannische (Wilhelm der Eroberer!) Lehnwort pedestrian. Harald Wiese ()

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F. Lateinische und griechische Fremdwörter Bahre und Bruch

8 agr. ph (ϕ) > > < f anlautend ig. bh > lat. b inlautend > > : germ. b > nhd. b ig. *bher („tragen“) > gr. FW Christo-phoros, Meta-pher > lat. FW Luci-fer, re-ferieren, fer-til > e. bear > nhd. Geburt, Bahre, Zuber, fruchtbar ig. *bhreg („brechen“) > lat. FW fragil, Fragment, Fraktur, Fraktion > plattdeutsch Knakenbreker > nhd. Bruch, Verbrecher Harald Wiese ()

Indo-European Studies

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Dialektik, Mathematik etc. Seit dem 9. Jahrhundert n. Chr. wurden in Europa die Wortwissenschaften Grammatik, Dialektik und Rhetorik zusammengefasst als Trivium („Dreiweg“), trivial für Fortgeschrittene. Grammatik, Dialektik und Rhetorik sind Adjektive, die dem agr. Substantiv tek h n¯e (τ´εχνη, „Kunstfertigkeit“) vorstanden. So wurde die Dialektik ausführlich als dialektik e¯ tek h n¯e (διαλεκτικ η´ τ´εχνη) bezeichnet, als „argumentative Kunstfertigkeit“ (ähnlich Mathematik, Arithmetik und Musik).

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Literatur: Das Buch w ig. 8 penk e> ai. pañca (Punsch) > > < agr. pente (π´εντε) (Pentagon) > lat. qu¯¬nque (Quintett) > franz. cinq > : got. …mf nhd. fünf

Harald Wiese ()

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Vowels, diphthongs, and vowel gradation Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowels The Devanagari script is based on consonant-plus-vowel signs where each consonant ends in a unless a marker tells otherwise. Why a and not e or o? Indo-European had short and long vowels, …ve each: a, e, i, o, u ¯a, ¯e, ¯¬, ¯o, u ¯ Sound laws: ie. a/e/o ! oi. a ie. ¯a/¯e/¯o ! oi. ¯a Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowels Examples

The Indo-European word for “honey” is ie. medhu- !

oi. madhuogr. methu- ! FW methane

The “middle one” is expressed by 8 < oi. madhyaogr. FW Meso-potamia ie. medhyo- ! : lat. medius The PPP marker is ie. to:

oi. pati-tam

lat. peti-tum

oi. da-d¯a-mi

ogr. dí-d¯o-mi

Long vowels: Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Half vowels

ie. i

! oi.

i, bef. consonant y, bef. vowel

ie. u

! oi.

u, bef. consonant v, bef. vowel

The hybrid nature of half vowels clearly shows in the sandhi rules: with i: phal¯ani, but phal¯any akh¯adat gacch¯ami, but gacch¯amy aham

with u: bhavatu, but evam bhavatv iti (“so let it be”) where iti stands for ‘end of quote’ jayatu, but jayatv ¯aryaputrah. (“may my lord be victorious”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Diphthongs On top of ie. a/e/o ! oi. a ie. ¯a/¯e/¯o ! oi. ¯a

you can …nd e and o in Sanskrit. They result from ie. ai/ei/oi ! oi.

ê (normally written as e), bef. consonant ay, bef. vowel

ie. au/eu/ou ! oi.

ô (normally written as o), bef. consonant av, bef. vowel

and ie. ¯ai/¯ei/¯oi ! oi. ie. ¯au/¯eu/¯ou ! oi. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

âi (normally written as ai) bef. consonant ¯ay, bef. vowel âu (normally written as au) bef. consonant ¯av, bef. vowel Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Diphthongs normal writing our writing e ê o ô ai âi au âu Distinguish oi. ê and ô form i.e. e and o, respectively. âi and âu go back to ie. long diphthongs which helps to understand some sandhi rules.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules The original diphthong is still visible before vowels: From ie. nei we have nêtr. “leader” and nayati “he leads”

Compare stem gô, f. (“cow”) with instr. pl. gôbhis (ô before consonant) and instr. sg. gav¯a sg. (av before vowel).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules Short i-diphtong in second word: atra êva (without sandhi) ! atra aiva (ai as short diphthong with i) ! atrâiva (the two as become one long ¯a) = atraiva (usual spelling) Short i-diphtong in …rst word: sarvê iti (without sandhi) ! sarvay iti (before vowel) and then sometimes ! sarva iti (y is “weak” and drops here between words) = sarva iti (usual spelling the same) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules Short diphtong with u in second word: s¯a ôdanam pacati (without sandhi) ! s¯a audanam pacati (au as short diphthong with u) ! sâudanam pacati (the two as become one long ¯a) = saudanam pacati (usual spelling) Long diphthong with i in …rst word:

= ! ! =

tasmai adad¯at (usual spelling without sandhi) tasmâi adad¯at (âi as long diphthong with i) tasm¯ay adad¯at (before vowel) and then sometimes tasm¯a adad¯at (y is weak and drops here between words) tasm¯a adad¯at (usual spelling the same)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules Long diphtong with u in …rst word: ubhau êva (usual spelling without sandhi) = ubhâu êva (âu as long diphthong with u) ! ubh¯av êva (before vowel) = ubh¯av êva (usual spelling the same)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules ê and ô from sandhi rules

example a) êvam bhava iti vadati (without sandhi) ! êvam . bhavêti vadati (sandhi rule ai ! ê)

example b)

ca iti (without sandhi) ! cêti (sandhi rule ai ! ê)

example c)

dêva ¯¬´svaras (compound “god, the lord”, without sandhi) ! dêvê´svaras (sandhi rule a¯¬ ! ê)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules ê and ô from sandhi rules

example d) mêgha udakam (compound “cloud water — > rain”, without sandhi) ! mêghôdakam (sandhi rule au ! ô)

example d)

a-va-uc-a-t (reduplicated aorist “he spoke”, without sandhi) ! a-vôc-a-t (sandhi rule au ! ô)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules First but: Three simple sandhi rules (indeed, one set of rules) do not …t in this pattern: ¯a + i/¯¬ ! ê (rather than âi) ¯a + u/¯u ! ô (rather than âu) ¯a + .r ! ar (rather than ¯ar) For example, munin¯a iha (without sandhi) ! muninêha (sandhi rule ¯a + i ! ê) instead of expected muninâiha (wrong!!)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel sandhi rules Second but: The imperfect augment short (!) a before i/¯¬/u/¯u does not lead to ê or ô, but âi and âu, respectively, instead. Examples: na ¯¬ks.atê (“he does not see”) ! nêks.atê, but a-¯¬ks.at (“he did not see”) ! âiks.at tena uktam (“it has been said of him”) ! tenôktam, but a-us.-ma (imperfect “we wished”) ! âus.-ma (from va´s, weak form)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Examples of vowel sandhi rules anvartha (“appropriate”) anu (“along”) + artha (“purpose, sense, wealth”) vyartham (“in vain”) vi (“apart, away”) + artha (“purpose, sense, wealth”) ¯a´sva´sva (“to have fast horses”) ¯a´su (“fast”) + a´sva (“horse”) bhv¯adigan.as (“gan.a consisting of bh¯u etc.”) bh¯u (“to be”) + ¯adi (“beginning”) + gan.a (“cohort, ‡ock, word group”)

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Examples of vowel sandhi rules vêd¯antas (“end of Vedic literature”) vêda (“theological knowledge, Veda”) + anta (“end”) v¯at¯ayanam (“window”) v¯atas (“wind”) + ayanam (“going, motion, hallway”, i) r¯am¯ayanam (name of Indian epic) r¯ama (“name of Indian hero”) + ayanam (“going, motiong, hallway”) s¯arthas, m. (“caravan”) sa (“together with”) + árthas (“wealth”) s¯anandas, m. (“he with delight”) sa (“together with”) + ¯anandas (“delight”) bh¯ut¯arthas, m. (“fact, issue”) bh¯ut¯a (PPP of bh¯u) + árthas (“meaning, purpose”) gat¯asu (“with life gone away, dead”) gata (PPP of gam) + asu (“life”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Examples of vowel sandhi rules sam-up¯eta (“provided with”) sam + upa + ita (PPP of i) s¯e.t (“with i”) sa (“together with”) + it. (traditional expression for oi. i) v¯e.t (“with or without i”) v¯a (“or”) + it. (traditional expression for oi. i) pr¯ety¯eha (“in the hereafter and here”) pra-i (“to go forward, to die”) + tya (gerundive su¢ x) + iha (“here”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Examples of vowel sandhi rules at¯¬ta (“gone by”) ati + ita (PPP of i) at¯¬va (“exceedingly, very”) ati + iva vi-par¯¬ta (“perverse, false”) vi + pari + ita (PPP of i) and s¯uktam (“well said, hymn”) su (“good”) + uktam (PPP of vac, “to say”) bah¯utkˆsêpam (“having thrown up ones arms”) bahu (“arm”) + ud (preposition, “up”) + full grade of kˆsip (“to throw”) + gerund ending am

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Examples of vowel sandhi rules êkôna vim êka (“one, single”) + u ¯ na . ´sati (“20-1, 19”) (“incomplete”) hitôpadê´sas (“20-1, 19”) hita (“well-being”, see dh¯a) + upa-dê´sas (“teaching”, see di´s) a-voc-a-t (aorist, 3. pers. sg. of vac, “he said”) a-va-uc-a-t and êkâika´sas, adv. (“one by one”) (“adverbial su¢ x)

êka (“one”) + êka + ´sas

and vanaukas (“living in the forest, ascetic”) vana (“forest”) + okas, n. (“living place, homeland”) divaukas (“living in heaven, god”) diva (“heaven”) + okas, n. (“living place, homeland”) uttamaujas (“being of superior strength”) uttama (“highest, best”) + ojas, n. (“strength”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel gradation (ablaut)

e

o quantitative ablaut: lengthening

e

qualitative ablaut

quantitative ablaut: lenghening

o

quantitative ablaut: zero grade

loss of e

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Vowel gradation (ablaut) svara (this is our zero grade) gun.a (normal grade e or o-grade) vr.ddhi (lenghtened e-grade or the lengthened o-grade ¯o) Example: budh is zero grade (also PPP: bud-dha) bôdh-a-ti is full grade bâud-dha (“concerning understanding, Buddhist”) is lengthened grade Another example: smr. is zero grade (also PPP: smr.-ta) smar-a-ti is full grade Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Vowel gradation (ablaut) just e zero gr. ie. - ! oi. full gr. ie. e ! oi. a length. gr. ie. ¯e ! oi. ¯a

half vowel y ie. i ! oi. i ie. ei ! oi. ê/ay ie. ¯ei ! oi. âi/¯ay

r zero gr. ie. r ! oi. .r full gr. ie. er ! oi. ar length. gr. ie. ¯er ! oi. ¯ar

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

half vowel v ie. u ! oi. u ie. eu ! oi. ô/av ie. ¯eu ! oi. âu/¯av

n ie. n ! oi. a ie. en ! oi. an ie. ¯en ! oi. ¯an

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Vowel gradation (ablaut) Examples: ie. es “to be” full grade as-ti (“he is”, compare Latin est) zero grade s-anti (“they are”, compare Latin sunt).

oi. i “to go” full grade êti (“he goes”, with ê before consonant) zero grade y-anti (“they go”, with consonant y before vowel).

vr.dh (“to grow”) full grade vardhatê zero grade vr.ddhi (funny)

man (“to think”), also lat. FW mental zero grade matis (“thought, idea”) and PPP mata full grade manas n. lengthened grade m¯anah. (“opinion, intent”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Sound laws Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Lengthening of Indo-European o in open syllables (according to Brugmann) ie. o in open syllable (ending in resonant) ! oi. ¯a Only ie. o, but not ie. e or a are lengthened. One consonant follows o, only. Examples: bhar¯amas but not bhar¯ami where pher¯o and Latin fer¯o show that mi was added after long ¯o Verbs of the tenth class like

ie. mor-ey-eti ! m¯ar-ay-a-ti (“he makes die, he kills”), but ie. jonH-ey-e-ti ! jan-ay-a-ti (“he begets”) (compare jan-i-tum Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Lengthening of Indo-European o in open syllables (according to Brugmann) In the perfect, we have oi. root gam (“to go”) tan (“to stretch”) kr. (“to make”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

1. pers. sg. oi. ie. ja-gam-a g w e-g w om-h2 e ta-tan-a te-ton-h2 e ca-kar-a ke-kor-h2 e

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. oi. ie. ja-g¯am-a g w eta-t¯an-a te-to ca-k¯ar-a ke-ko

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Consonants (except sibilants) Sanskrit

vl./unasp. velars k palatals c cerebrals .t dentals t labials p

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

vl./asp. kh ch .th th ph

vd./unasp. g j d. d b

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

vd./asp. gh jh d.h dh bh

nasals n· ñ n. n m

sibilan ´s s. s

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Consonants (except sibilants) Indo-European

vl./unasp. velars k palatals k´ dentals t labials p labio-velars k w

vd./unasp. g ´g d b gw

vd./asp. gh ´gh dh bh gw h

Di¤erences: no cerebral row labio-velar sounds ie. ie. palatal are not pronounced as oi. palatals. ie. n and m (no need to distinguish any phonetic variants) voiceless + aspirated sounds unclear and uncommon Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sound laws summary

ie. k/g/gh ! oi. k/g/gh before dark vowels or cons. ie. k/g/gh ! oi. c/j/h before light vowels (sec. palatalization) ´ g/´gh ! oi. ´s/j/h (primary palatalization) ie. k/´ ie. t/d/dh ! oi. t/d/dh ie. p/b/bh ! oi. p/b/bh ie. k w /g w /g w h ! oi. k/g/gh before dark vowels or cons. ie. k w /g w /g w h ! oi. c/j/h before light vowels (sec. palatalization)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Primary and secondary palatalization 8 oi. ´satám > > < ogr. he-katon ie. k´ mtóm ! lat. centum > > : gth. hund

Reduplicated perfect of oi. kr, karôti (“to do, to make”): ie. ke-k¯or-a ! ca-k¯ar-a (with ie. k ! oi. c before light ie. vowel e)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Primary and secondary palatalization Indo-European

k′ k / kw g′ g / gw

Sanskrit primary palatalization

s′

before dark vowel

k

secondary palatalization before light vowel

c

primary palatalization

j

before dark vowel

g

secondary palatalization before light vowel

j

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

8 / 26

Word-…nal consonants simpli…cation of consonant clusters

s is the sign of nom. sg., both masculine and feminine: dev-a-s (“god”) marut-s ! marut (“wind”)

parasmâipada imperfect sg. of athematic verbs:

p

3. pers. sg. han (“to strike”) 1. pers. sg. 2. pers. sg. a-han-am a-han a-han-s a-han a

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

9 / 26

Word-…nal consonants compensatory lengthening of nom. singulars

Remember punar r¯amah. ! pun¯a r¯amah..

In general

V + CC ! V¯ + C . bala-vant, m. (“he who has strength”) has nom. sg. bala-vant-s !

bala-vans !

bala-vann !

bala-v¯an

mati-mant, m. (“he who has mind ! clever”) has nom. sg. mati-mant-s !

mati-mans !

mati-mann !

mati-m¯an,

PAP ga-ta-vant, m. (“he who went”) with nom. sg. ga-ta-v¯an. But: gacchants ! gacchan Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Word-…nal consonants compensatory lengthening of nom. singulars

mahant (“great”) with nom. sg. mah¯an gir, f. (“voice, speech”) with nom. sg. gir-s !

gir-r !

g¯¬r

su-manas, m./f. (“good-hearted man/woman”) with nom. sg. su-manas-s !

su-manass !

su-man¯as

Compare su-manas, n. (“‡ower”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

11 / 26

Word-…nal consonants compensatory lengthening of nom. singulars

In quite a few important cases, lengthening goes together with the loss of a …nal n or r: Stem rajan, m. (“king”) with nom. sg. rajan-s !

rajann !

raj¯an ! raj¯a

Stem yogin, m. (“yogi”) with nom. sg. yog-in-s !

yog-in-n !

yog-¯¬

Stem nê-tr., m. (“leader”) with nom. sg. nêtar-s ! Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

nêtar-r ! Deterrorizing Sanskrit

nêt¯ar ! nêt¯a, 12 / 26

Word-…nal consonants not voiced or aspirated stops or palatals in absolute …nal position

vl./unasp. velars k!k palatals c ! k/t. cerebrals .t ! .t dentals t!t labials p!p

Examples: root nouns

Harald Wiese

vl./asp. kh ! k ch ! k/t. .th ! .t th ! t ph ! p

vd./unasp. g!k j ! k/t. d. ! .t d!t b!p

oi. stem yudh (“battle”) mr.d (“clay”) bhuj (“enjoyment, utility”) sam-r¯aj (“ruler”) sraj (“garland”) (University of Leipzig) Deterrorizing Sanskrit

nom. sg. yut mr.t bhuk sam-r¯a.t srak

vd./asp. gh ! k jh ! k/t. d.h ! .t dh ! t bh ! p

13 / 26

Word-…nal consonants not voiced or aspirated stops in absolute …nal position

Remember and

´ gh ! oi. ´s/h (primary palatalization) ie. k/´ ie. gh ! oi. h before light vowels (sec. palatalization) ´s ! k/t., for example in oi. stem nom. sg. ´ ´ dr.´s (“seeing, eye, theory”) ie. derk dr.k ie. drrk-s ´ (?) vi´s (“house, people”) ie. veik´ vit. ie. vik-s h ! k/t., for example in

oi. stem nom madhu-lih (“honey sucker, bee”) ie. medhu + ie. lei´gh mad guh (“hiding place”) ie. gheu´gh guk

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

14 / 26

Word-…nal consonants not voiced or aspirated stops in absolute …nal position

s ! h., for example dêvas ! dêvah., but also with original s in dêvas tarati with as ! ô

r ! h., for example punar ! punah.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

15 / 26

Dialectal confusion of r and l Both ie. r and l may lead to oi. r or l car-a-ti (“he wanders”) versus cal-a-ti (“he moves, he swings”) rêkh-¯a, f. (“line, strip, picture”) versus lêkh-¯a, f. (“line, strip, picture”), both of which are related to likh-a-ti (“he writes”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

16 / 26

Dialectal confusion of r and l Remember oi. n after r, .r, ¯r, or s., but not word-…nal ! oi. n. j¯¬vanam, n. (“life”) maran.am, n. (“death”) Compare rathena (instr. sg. of rathas (“carriage”)) brahman.¯a (instr. sg. of brahman (“god”))

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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ruki Remember oi. s after ruki, but not word-…nal ! oi. s. oi. r-sounds, such as r and .r with examples kars.as, m. (“ploughing”) and kr.s.n.a (“black, dark”)

oi. u-sounds such as u and ô example gô-s..tham (“cowshed”) stem gô, f. (“cow”) + sth¯a (“to stand”) oi. k with example loc. pl. v¯aks.u v¯ac (“word”) oi. i-sounds such as i and ê with examples sth¯a, ti-s.thati (“to stand”) dêvas m, (“god”) with loc. pl. dêvês.u sad, ni-s.¯¬dati Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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ruki But oi. s after ui before voiced consonant ! oi. r the neuter noun havis (“oblation”) with instr. pl. havir-bhis before voiced consonant but loc. pl. havih.-s.u before unvoiced consonant

the neuter noun ¯ayus (“life”) with instr. pl. ¯ayur-bhis before voiced consonant, but duh-kham (“misfortune”) before unvoiced consonant

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Aspiration shift (due to Bartholomae)

ie. dh t ! oi. d dh ie. bh t ! oi. b dh ie. gh t ! oi. g dh oi. budh, bôdhati “awaken, understand” with PPP bud-dha budh-ta oi. labh, labhati “obtain” with PPP lab-dha labh-ta

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

20 / 26

Aspiration shift (due to Bartholomae) But, in future forms with sy: ie. dh s(y) ! d s(y) (aspiration shift, but s not aspiratable) ! oi. t s(y) (backward assimilation) and hence the sound laws ie. dh s(y) ! d s(y) ! oi. t s(y) ie. bh s(y) ! b s(y) ! oi. p s(y) Therefore, the sy-future for labh-a-ti (“he obtains”) is lap-sy-ati.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

21 / 26

Deaspiration shift (ascribed to Grassmann) ie. bh_dh ! oi. b_dh From oi. bh¯u (“to be”), we have the perfect ba-bh¯uva (“he was”). The present tense for “to stand” is reduplicated: sth¯a, ti-s.tha-ti (with ruki after i). Verbs of class 3 are reduplicated and provide the examples dh¯a, da-dh¯a-ti (“to put”) bh¯¬, bi-bhê-ti (“to be afraid”)

Perfect forms also use reduplication: From oi. dh¯av, dh¯avati, the reduplicated perfect is da-dh¯av-a. From oi. bhaj, bhajati, the reduplicated perfect is ba-bh¯aj-a. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

22 / 26

Deaspiration shift (ascribed to Grassmann) Oi. budh, bôdhati provides a further example because it goes back to ie. bheudh. Interestingly, the word initial bh appears in the future form bhôt-sy-ati. Think about it this way: dh lost its aspiration in the consonant cluster and became voiceless before voiceless s. sy could not assume the aspiration. Aspiration dissimilation did not take place because the second syllable does not contain an aspirated consonant (any more).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

23 / 26

Deaspiration shift (ascribed to Grassmann) nom. k¯ama-dhuk, f. (“wish ful…llment”) with acc. k¯ama-duh-am

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

24 / 26

Backward assimilations motivation example voicelessness yuk-ta ie. yu´g-to tat kamalam tad

motivation example voice gram¯ad vanam gram¯at ab-das, m. (“water giver ! cloud”)

ap (“water”) + d

motivation example nasalizing (of dentals) tan mitram tad un-m¯argas, m. (“a wrong or evil way”) ´san.-m¯asas, m. (“period of six months”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

ud´sat. 25 / 26

Forward assimilations 1 2

Aspiration shift: PPP bud-dha Cerebralization:

budh-ta

of dentals after ´s or s.: PPP dr.s.-t.a of dr.´s, pa´syati (“to see”) by ruki: loc. pl. nad¯¬s.u of nad¯¬, f. (“river”) of n after r: maran.am, n. (“death”) 3

Palatalization of n after j: instr. sg. r¯aj-ñ-¯a

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Sound laws Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

1 / 17

s-z laws Intermediate steps: ie. s before vowel or voiced stop ! oi. z ie. ´g before voiced stop ! oi. j ! z ie. ´g before voiceless stop ! oi. j ! s

! ! ! !

ie. y(e)´g-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) i´g-ta (i as we need a vowel here) is-ta (s-z law before voiceless cons.) and after that on to is.-ta (ruki) is.-t.a (forward assimilation)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

2 / 17

s between dentals We …nd two odd rules for s between dentals. On the one hand, s spontaneously emerges between voiced dentals (symbolized by D): DD ! DsD Example: Parasmâipada imperative 2. pers. sg. of d¯a (“to give”) ie. da-dH3 -dhi ! da-dzdhi (Indo-Iranian emergence of z) ! da-zdhi (loss of cluster-initial d) ! dê-dhi (compensatory lengthening before consonant + i)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3 / 17

s between dentals TsT ! TT Example: gerund ut-th¯aya from ud-sth¯a

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

4 / 17

Sandhi rule for inserting sibilant

abharan + ca ! oi. abharam . -´s-ca hasan + .t¯¬katê ! oi. hasam . -s.-t.¯¬katê dêv¯an + tatra ! oi. dêv¯am . -s-tatra Explanation: acc. pl. is -¯o-ns and hence ¯an in word-…nal position with original s before c, .t, t as seen above

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

5 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s perhaps:

1

oi. as bef. voiced stops (voiced plosives) 8 < ô, at the end of words (1.) ô, not word …nal, not before consonants + i (2.) ! : ê, not word …nal, before consonants + i (3.)

The …rst line is known to many of you as a very frequent sandhi rule. For example, “the man runs” is naras dhava (without sandhi) ! naraz dhavati (s-z law before voiced stops) ! narô dhavati (z drops with comp. lengthening)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

6 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s, 2. manasbhy¯am !manôbhy¯am trayoda´sa (“13”) trayas, nom. pl. (“3”) and da´sa (“10”) s.ôd.a´sa (“16”) s.as. (“6”) and da´sa (“10”): s.as.-da´sa ! s.az.-da´sa (backward assimilation) ! s.az.-d.a´sa (forward cerebral assimilation) ! s.ô-d.a´sa (z. drops with comp. lengthening)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

7 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s, 3. 2. sg. imperative of “to be”: as-dhi ! azdhi ! êdhi.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

8 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s, 3.

! ! ! !

ie. ve´gh-tum (full grade and tum to mark the in…nitive) va´gh-tum va´g-dhum (aspiration shift) vaz-dhum (s-z law before voiced cons.) vô-dhum (z drops with comp. lengthening)

Cerebralization is taken from the PPP u ¯ d.há.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

9 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s Secondary as before voiced stops

ie. ad-d(h) ! adzd(h) (Indo-Iranian emergence of z) ! azd(h) (loss of cluster-initial d) 8 < ôd(h), at the end of words ôd(h), not word …nal, not before consonants + i ! : êd(h), not word …nal, before consonants + i

Example: Parasmâipada imperative 2. pers. sg. of d¯a (“to give”) ie. da-dH3 -dhi ! da-dzdhi (Indo-Iranian emergence of z) ! da-zdhi (loss of cluster-initial d)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

10 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s is and us before voiced stops

oi. is bef. voiced cons. oi. us bef. voiced cons.

! ! ! !

! ¯¬ ! u¯

si-sd-ati (reduplication with i and zero grade) si-zd-ati (s-z law before voiced cons.) si-z.d-ati (ruki) si-z.d.-ati (forward assimilation) s¯¬d.-ati (z drops with comp. lengthening)

together with levelling:

s¯¬d.-ati Deterrorizing Sanskritsg.) or other forms from sad 11 / 17 w in‡uenced by sa-s¯ad-a (perf. 3. pers.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s

! ! ! ! ! !

v(e)´gh-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) u´gh-ta (u as we need a vowel here) u´g-dha (aspiration shift) uz-dha (s-z law before voiced cons.) uz.-dha (ruki) uz.-d.ha (forward cerebral assimilation) u ¯ -d.ha (z drops with comp. lengthening)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s

! ! ! ! ! !

l(e)´gh-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) li´gh-ta (i as we need a vowel here) li´g-dha (aspiration shift) liz-dha (s-z law before voiced cons.) liz.-dha (ruki) liz.-d.ha (assimilation) l¯¬-d.ha (z drops with comp. lengthening)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s ¯as before voiced stops

nar¯as gacchanti (without sandhi) ! nar¯az gacchanti (s-z law before voiced cons.) ! nar¯a gacchanti (z drops with “comp. lengthening”) nar¯as ¯¬ks.antê (without sandhi) ! nar¯az ¯¬ks.antê (s-z law before voiced cons.) ! nar¯a ¯¬ks.antê (z drops with “comp. lengthening”)

2. pl. present tense of ¯as (“to sit”):

¯as-dhvê (without sandhi) ! ¯az-dhvê (s-z law before voiced cons.)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

14 / 17

Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s Summary

¯ voiced oi. VsPvoiced ! VzPvoiced ! VP but not ¯aCvoiced but to ôCvoiced or êCvoiced instead

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s as before a/other vowels

oi. as + a ! ô + avagraha r¯amas atra (without sandhi) ! r¯amaz atra (s-z law before vowel) ! r¯amô atra (z drops with comp. lengthening) ! r¯amô ’tra (a of second word drops)

But: before other vowels:

r¯amas ¯¬ks.atê (without sandhi) ! r¯amaz ¯¬ks.atê (s-z law before vowel) ! r¯ama ¯¬ks.atê (z drops) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Compensatory lengthening for suppression of voiced s Summary

ô, before a that is then dropped a, before any other vowel

oi. as bef. vowels ! oi. ¯as bef. vowels ! ¯a

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Syllabic nasal Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

1/5

Syllabic Indo-European nasal 8 > > oi. > > > > > > < ogr. ie. n ! > > > > lat. > > > > : e. un

an bef. vowel a between consonants an bef. vowel a between consonants in word-initial en otherwise nhg. un

Germanic examples: nhg. un-gläubig, e. un-happy, e. un-believable Greek-based FW: a-theist, an-archy Latin-based FW: in-e¤ektive, im-perfect We sometimes have mixtures such as a-social (the …rst part Greek, the second Latin) German un-e¤ektiv (German-Latin), but e. in-e¤ective Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

2/5

Syllabic Indo-European nasal with Sanskrit examples Sanskrit examples between consonants: a-gatika “without way out” a-kriya “lazy” a-k¯ala “wrong time” a-n¯ayaka “without leader” a-rathá “without charriot” a-putrá “without son”

Sanskrit examples before vowel: an-antá “without end” an-¯atma-jña “not knowing oneself”

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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PPP = past perfect participle Often, the PPP is fromed from the oi. root. But, sometimes the oi. root is not in zero grade.

p

in full grade gam (“to go”)

3. pers. sg. PPP gacch-a-ti gm |{z}

-to ! ga-ta

root in zero grade

tan (“to stretch”) tanôti

tn |{z}

-to ! ta-ta

root in zero grade

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Feminine ti-nouns Oi. roots ending in a nasal lead to the feminine ti nouns seen in the following table:

p

PPP gam (“to go”) ga-ta tan (“to stretch”) ta-ta nam (“to salute”) na-ta man (“to think”) ma-ta yam (“to control”) ya-ta ram (“to enjoy”) ra-ta han (“to hit”) ha-ta

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ti noun ga-ti-s (“path”) ma-ti-s (“sequence, degree”) na-ti-s (“salutation”) ma-ti-s (“thought”) ya-ti-s (“control”) ra-ti-s (“pleasure”) ha-ti-s (“killing”)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

5/5

Deterrorizing Sanskrit Verbal classes with nasal in…x Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

1/8

The nasal in…x classes The four classes 5, 7, 8, and 9 show a nasal element. The most ancient constellation can be seen in class 7. For example, the Sanskrit verb for “to join” is yug, yunakti which is best understood as yu |{z}

beginning of oi. root in zero grade

-

na |{z}

sign (strong form)

At …rst sight, the other classes root: p 3. pers. sg. ´sak ´sak-nô-ti tan tan-ô-ti p¯u pu-n¯a-ti Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

-

k |{z}

…nal root consonant

-

ti |{z}

ending (3. pers. sg.)

do not exhibit an in…x into the oi. 1. pers. pl. ´sak-nu-mas tan-u-mas pu-n¯¬-mas

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

translation to be able to stretch to purity 2/8

The nasal in…x classes The 9. class as a special instance of the seventh class

p class gan.a sign 7 na yuj 9 n¯a p¯u

3. pers. sg. desiderative in…nitive yu-na-k-ti yôk-s.yati yôk-tum pu-n¯a-ti pavi-s.yati pavi-tum

De Saussure: both verbs are similarly constructed. Two di¤erences: 1 2

n¯a versus na The in…nitive form of p¯u show i which seems to come out of nowhere. (Traditional Sanskrit grammarians also noted this i. They call p¯u a sêt. root (sêt. sa-it.).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3/8

The nasal in…x classes The 9. class as a special instance of the seventh class

De Saussure postulated a sound H with two e¤ects: 1 2

H leads to the lengthening of na to n¯a. H turns into i between consonants.

Then, class 7 9

gan.a sign ne ne

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

p

3. pers. sg. desiderative in…nitive yu´g yu-ne-k-ti yeu-k-sy-a-ti yeuk-tum puH pu-ne-H-ti peu-H-sy-a-ti peuH-tum

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

4/8

The nasal in…x classes The 5. class as a special instance of the seventh class

Consider ´sru, ´sr-nô-ti (“he hears”). and compare class 7 5

sign ne ne

p

3. pers. sg. sign yu´g ! yuj yu-ne-k-ti ! yu-na-k-ti na ´ ! ´sru kl-ne-u-ti ´ nô klu ! ´sr-nô-ti

Speakers thought of oi. root ´sr. and, added to that root, nô (similar to n¯a in pu-n¯a-ti).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

5/8

The nasal in…x classes The 8. class as a special instance of the 5. class

Traditionally,

p class 3. pers. sg. gan.a sign 8 tan tan-ô-ti ô But: class 5 8

gan.a sign 3. pers. sg. gan.a sign ´ ne kl-ne-u-ti ! ´sr-nô-ti nô ne tn-ne-u-ti ! ta-nô-ti ô

Remember ie. n/m ! oi. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

an/am bef. vowel a/a between consonants Deterrorizing Sanskrit

6/8

The nasal in…x classes class signs

class 5 7 8 9

strong gan.a sign 3. pers. sg. nô ´sr-nô-ti na yu-na-k-ti ô tan-ô-ti n¯a pu-n¯a-ti

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

weak gan.a sign 3. pers. pl. nu ´sr-n.u-mas n yu-ñ-j-mas u tan-u-mas n¯¬ pu-n¯¬-mas

7/8

The nasal in…x classes summary

7. class (sign na): *yu-ne-k-ti ? yu-na-k-ti

5. Class (sign nô): *kl-ne-u-ti ? sr-nô-ti 8. class (sign na): *pu-ne-H-ti ? pu-na-ti 8. class (sign ô): *tn-ne-u-ti ? ta-nô-ti = tan-ô-ti Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit In…nitive and future forms Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

1 / 34

In…nitives The formation of the in…nitive follows the general pattern full-grade root + tum Consider these examples where the full grade clearly shows:

p

in zero grade kr. (“to make”) hr. (“to take, to rob”) vas (“to dwell”) (full grade) mr. (“to die”) smr. (“to remember”) bhr. (“to carry”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

3. pers. sg. kar-ô-ti har-a-ti vas-a-ti mri-y-a-tê smar-a-ti bhar-a-ti

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

in…nitive kar-tum har-tum vas-tum mar-tum smar-tum bhar-tum

2 / 34

In…nitives Also, roots with i regularly have full grade ê:

p

in zero grade i (“to go”) ji (“to defeat”) ks.ip (“to throw”) while roots with u exhibit ô: p in zero grade stu (“to praise”) hu (“to sacri…ce”) ´sru (“to listen”)

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3. pers. sg. ê-ti jay-a-ti ks.ip-a-ti

in…nitive ê-tum jê-tum ks.êp-tum

3. pers. sg. stâu-ti (Narten) ju-hô-ti ´sr.-nô-ti

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

in…nitive stô-tum hô-tum ´srô-tum

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In…nitives backward assimilation

p

in zero grade vid (“to be”) sad (“to sit”) (full grade) khid (“to su¤er”) tyaj (“to abandon”) (full grade) pac (“to cook”) (full grade) muc (“to liberate”) tud (“to hit”) nud (“to push, to rush”) yuj (“to join”) bhid (“to break”) vac (“to speak”) (full grade!) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

3. pers. sg. vid-y-a-tê s¯¬d-a-ti khid-y-a-ti tyaj-a-ti pac-a-ti munc-a-ti · tud-a-ti nud-a-ti yu-na-k-ti bhi-na-t-ti vak-ti

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

in…nitive vêt-tum sat-tum khêt-tum tyak-tum pak-tum môk-tum tôt-tum nôt-tum yôk-tum bhêt-tum vak-tum 4 / 34

In…nitives oi. roots ending in a nasal

p

in full grade gam (“to go”)

3. pers. sg. in…nitive gacch-a-ti gam |{z}

-to ! gan-tum

root in zero grade

tan (“to stretch”)

tanôti

tan |{z}

root in zero grade

nam (“to salute”) man (“to think”) yam (“to control”) ram (“to enjoy”) han (“to hit”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

nam-a-ti man-y-a-te yacch-a-ti ram-a-te han-ti

-to ! tan-tum

nan-tum man-tum yan-tum ran-tum han-tum

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

5 / 34

In…nitives aspiration shift (Bartholomae’s law)

oi. root ks.ubh (“to be upset”)

in…nitive ks.ôbh | {z }

-tum ! ks.ôbdhum

oi. root in full grade

yudh (“to …ght”)

yôdh |{z}

-tum ! yôddhum

labh |{z}

-tum ! labdhum

oi. root in full grade

labh (“to obtain”, full grade!)

oi. root in full grade Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives both aspiration laws

p

PPP bandh (“to bind”) bhandh | {z }

root in full grade

-tum ! band-dhum

where the root initial bh becomes deaspirated because of Grassmann and the root …nal dh undergoes the aspiration shift due to Bartholomae.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives both aspiration laws

Remember ie. gh/g w h ! oi.

gh, bef. dark vowel or cons. h, bef. light vowel (sec. palatalization)

For example, we have p 3. pers. sg. PPP snih (“to love”) snih-y-a-ti sneig w h | {z }

-tum ! snêgdhum

root in full grade

dah (“to burn”) dah-a-ti

dheg w h | {z }

-tum ! dagdhum

root in full grade Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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In…nitives both aspiration laws

... and p duh (“to milk”)

3. pers. sg. PPP dheugh dôg-dhi | {z }

-to ! dôgdhum

root in full grade

dih (“to smear”) dêg-dhi

dheigh | {z }

-to ! dêgdhum

root in full grade

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives both aspiration laws

Or, in more detail, sneigw h-tum (full grade and tum-marker of past participle) ! snêgh-tum (no sec. palatalization before to) ! snêg-dhum (aspiration shift) and dhegw h-tum (full grade + tum) ! dhagh-tum (no sec. palatalization before tum) ! dagh-tum (deaspiration) ! dag-dhum (aspiration shift) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives cerebralization laws

Remember oi. s./´s + t ! s..t This is clearly seen in these verbs: p 3. pers. sg. dvis. (“to hate”) dvês.-t.i krus. (“to cry out, to shriek”) krôs.-a-ti vr.s. (“to rain”) vars.-a-ti tus. (“to enjoy”) tus.-y-a-ti kr.s. (“to plough”) kr.s.-a-ti ´ pracch (“to ask”) ie. prek pr.cchati di´s (“to show”) di´s-a-ti dr.´s (“to see”) (pa´syati) spr.´s (“to touch”) spr.´s-a-ti Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

in…nitive dvês.-t.um krôs.-t.um vars.-t.um tôs.-t.um kars.-t.um, kras.-t.um pras.-t.um dês.-t.um dras.-t.um spars.-t.um, spras.-t.um 11 / 34

In…nitives cerebralization laws + ruki

Remember oi. s after ruki, but not word-…nal ! oi. s.. The in…nitive of yaj “to sacri…ce” is yas.-t.um. However, ie. ye´g should yield ye´g-tum (full grade and tum-marker of in…nitive) ! yas-tum (third s-z law before voiceless consonant) levelling (from the PPP) should do the rest: yas-tum in‡uenced by PPP is.-t.a with cerebral s.-t. turns into yas.-t.um with cerebral s.-t. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives cerebralization laws + ruki

ra rather than ar in some verbs: p 3. pers. sg. in…nitive dr.´s (“to see”) pa´sy-a-ti dras.-t.um spr.´s (“to touch”) spr.´s-a-ti spras.-t.um or spars.-t.um One may conjecture that rs.-t. is a rather heavy combination of consonants that are avoided by using ra instead of ar.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives aspiration and cerebralization laws

The in…nitive vôd.hum from vah, vah-a-ti (“to ‡ow, to drive”) goes back to ie. ve´gh. Here, cerebral d.h should result from ruki? No, instead of vôd.hum, we should have obtained: ve´gh-tum (full grade and tum-marker of in…nitive) ! va´g-dhum (aspiration shift) ! vaz-dhum (second s-z law before voiced consonant) ! vô-dhum (z drops with comp. lengthening) Here, there is no need for cerebralization (ruki does not apply). Thus, from the point of view of sound laws, there is no justi…cation for the cerebral d.h. However, the PPP is, regularly, u ¯ -d.ha whence the cerebral sound spread. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives aspiration and cerebralization laws

Similarly, but with Grassmann’s law, guh, g¯uhati (“to hide”) goes back to ie. gheu´gh and we get

! ! ! ! !

gheu´gh-tum (full grade and tum-marker of in…nitive) gô´g-dhum (deaspiration and aspiration shift) gôz-dhum (second s-z law before voiced consonant) gôz.-dhum (ruki) gôz.-d.hum (forward cerebral assimilation) gô-d.hum (z drops with comp. “lengthening”)

Note that ô is long already so that z. drops without further changes.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives aspiration and cerebralization laws

Here the in…nitive lê-d.hum of lihati (“he licks”):

! ! ! ! !

lei´gh-tum (full grade and tum-marker of in…nitive) lê´g-dhum (aspiration shift) lêz-dhum (s-z law before voiced consonant) lêz.-dhum (ruki) lêz.-d.hum (forward cerebral assimilation) lê-d.hum (z drops with comp. “lengthening”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives larnygeals

Remember

Thus,

p bh¯u (“to be”)

ie. CHC ! oi. CiC ie. CnH ! oi. C¯a

PPP bhev |{z}

root in full grade without larnygeal

jan (“to be born”)

-H-tum ! bhav-i-tum

´gen-H-tum ! jan-i-tum

An others by analogy: pat.h-i-tum, ês.-itum, côray-itum, lêkh-itum Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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In…nitives larnygeals

Remember ie. eH ! oi. ¯a Thus,

p p¯a (“to drink”)

PPP peh3 |{z}

-tum ! p¯a-tum

root in full grade

sth¯a (“to stand”) d¯a (“to give”) dh¯a (“to set”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

steH2 -tum ! sth¯a-tum (levelling!) deH3 -tum ! d¯a-tum dheH1 -tum ! dh¯a-tum Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a p

m. action/agent noun with full grade vr. (“to choose”) var-a-s (“boon”) kr. (“to make”) bhas-kar-a-s (“light-maker ! sun”) gam (“to go”) sam-¯a-gam-a-s (“meeting”) bhañj (“to break”) bhang-a-s · (“breaking, defeat”) ar (“to …t, to connect”) ar-a-s (“spoke” (of a wheel)) and

p

m. agent noun with lengthened grade kr. (“to make”) kumbha-k¯ar-a-s (“pot-maker ! potter”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

19 / 34

Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a Remember ie. ai/ei/oi ! oi.

ê, bef. consonant ay, bef. vowel

Thus,

p

m. action noun with full grade vid (“to know”) vêd-a-s (“sacred knowledge”) khid (“to be depressed”) khêd-a-s (“tedium”) bhid (“to split”) bhêd-a-s (“separation, split”) di´s (“to show”) dê´s-a-s (“country”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

20 / 34

Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a Remember ie. au/eu/ou ! oi.

ô, bef. consonant av, bef. vowel

Thus,

p

m. agent noun with full grade kup (“to be angry”) kôp-a-s (“anger”) krudh (“to be angry”) krôdh-a-s (“anger”) lubh (“to be excited, to desire”) lôbh-a-s (“greed”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a Also

p

m. action noun with full grade ji (“to conquer”) jay-a-s (“victory”) and with prepositions before i (“to go”): m. action noun with full grade ud-ay-a-s (“appearance (of a star), success”) abhy-ay-a-s (“arrival of darkness ! sunset”) up¯ay-a-s (“means, approach”) upa-ay-a-s vy-ay-a-s (“loss, cost”) a-vy-ay-a (“invariant”) a-vy-ay-a-s (“the eternal one, god vis.n.us”) a-vy-ay-a-m, n. (!) (“indeclinable”) adhi-i adhy-ay-a-s (“chapter, section”) anu-i anv-ay-a-s (“succession, progeny, cause and e¤ect”) ud-i abhi-i upa-i vi-i

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

22 / 34

Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a Remember ie. CHV ! oi. CV, where the consonant is v or y here:

p

action noun with full grade ie. bheuH-om bh¯u bhav-a-s, m. (“being, state”) bh¯¬ bhay-am, n. (!) (“fear”) ie. bheiH-om

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

23 / 34

Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a Why 3. pers. sg. action noun yuj-a-tê, palatal j yôg-a-s, non-palatal g Remember ie. k/g/gh ! oi. c/j/h before light vowels (secondary palatalization) ie. k/g/gh ! oi. k/g/gh before dark vowels or cons. versus They explain palatal consonant j in yuj-a-tê (the ie. thematic vowel is e) versus non-palatal consonant g in yôg-a-s (the su¢ x vowel a goes back to ie. o)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Masculine action nouns with su¢ x a This pattern can also be seen in

p

m. action noun (no pal.) ie. k ´suc (“to grieve”) ´sôk-a-s (“grief”) ie. g sr.j (“to release”) vi-sarg-as (“release, visarga”) yuj (“to yoke, to join”) yôg-a-s (“mental concentr.”) bhaj (“to divide, to allot”) bhag-a-s (“wealth, happiness”) bhuj (“to enjoy”) bhôg-a-s (“enjoyment”) ie. gh mih (“to urinate”) mêgh-a-s (“rain”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Neuter nouns with su¢ x ana p

n. action noun gam (“to go”) gam-ana-m (“going”) han (“to kill”) han-ana-m (“killing”) ´sru (“to hear”) ´srav-ana-m (“hearing”) vad (“to speak”) vad-ana-m (“means of speaking ! face, mouth”) su (“to press”) sav-ana-m (“pressing Soma”) s¯u (“to beget”) sav-ana-m (“childbirth”) n¯¬(“to lead”) nay-ana-m (“means of leading ! eye”) vac (“to speak”) vac-ana-m (“speech”) bhuj (“to enjoy”) bhôj-ana-m (“enjoyment”) where the last two roots point to ana from ie. eno Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Neuter nouns with su¢ x ana The oi. root adhi-i (“to study”) gives rise to these examples: m. action noun with full grade r¯am¯ay-ana-m r¯ama + ay-ana-m (“concerning (the hero) r¯ama”) adhy-ay-ana-m (“learning, reading”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Neuter nouns with su¢ x ana Some common laryngeal roots also use the ana su¢ x which looks like a na su¢ x. For example, from d¯a (“to give”), we obtain d¯a-ana-m ! d¯a-na-m and similarly

p

n. action noun p¯a (“to drink”) p¯a-na-m (“drinking, drink”) sth¯a (“to stand”) sth¯a-na-m (“standing, place”) d¯a (“to give”) d¯a-na-m (“giving, gift”) dh¯a (“to put, to place”) dh¯a-na-m (“container”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Neuter nouns with su¢ x as p

n. action noun with full grade nam (“to bow”) nam-as (“bowing, homage”) tap (“to burn”) tap-as (“austerity”) man (“to think”) man-as (“thought”) vac (“to speak”) vac-as (“speech”) cit (“to observe”) cet-as (“thought”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

29 / 34

Neuter nouns with su¢ x is p

n. action noun with full grade hu (“to sacri…ce”) hav-is (“oblation”) jyut (“to shine”) jyôt-is (“light, star”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

30 / 34

Neuter nouns with su¢ x tr. p

in…nitive gam (“to go”) gan-tum n¯¬(“to lead”) nê-tum bhr. (“to bear”) bhar-tum duh (“to milk”) dôg-dhum kr. (“to make”) kar-tum kru´s (“to shriek”) krôs.-t.um vac (“to speak”) vak-tum

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

m. agent noun, stem gan-tr. (“goer”) nê-tr. (“leader”) bhar-tr. (“husband”) dôg-dhr. (“milker, exploiter”) kar-tr. (“doer, maker”) krôs.-t..r (“shrieker ! jackal”) vak-tr. (“speaker”)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Neuter nouns with su¢ x tr. p

in…nitive ´sru (“to hear”) ´srô-tum p¯a (“to drink”) p¯a-tum vah (“to drive”) vô-d.hum ji (“to conquer”) jê-tum s¯u (“to beget”) sav-i-tum av (“to help”) av-i-tum hu (“to sacri…ce”) hô-tum

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

m. agent noun, stem ´srô-tr. (“hearer”) p¯a-tr. (“drinker”) vô-d.hr. (“bridegroom”) jê-tr. (“conqueror”) sav-i-tr. (“activator, father, sun”) av-i-tr. (“helper, friend”) hô-tr. (“priest”)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Instrument nouns with su¢ x tra p

n. instrument noun n¯¬(“to lead”) nê-tram (“means of leading ! eye”) vas (“to clothe”) vas-tram (“means of clothing ! clothing”) g¯a (“to go”) g¯a-tram (“means of going ! body limb”) ´sru (“to hear”) ´srô-tram (“means of hearing ! ear”) p¯a (“to drink”) p¯a-tram (“means of drinking ! cup, vessel”) ´s¯as (“to instruct”) ´s¯as-tram (“means of instruction ! scienti…c text” chad (“to cover”) chat-tram/chatram (“means of covering ! umbre pat (“to ‡y”) pat-tram/patram (“means of ‡ying ! wing, leaf”

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

33 / 34

Action nouns with su¢ x man n. agent noun stem chad (“to cover”) chad-man (“roof, protection”) kr. (“to make”) kar-man (“action”) jan (“to beget”) jan-man (“birth”)

p

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

nom. sg. chad-ma kar-ma jan-ma

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Past perfect participle and passive voice Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

1 / 60

Past perfect participle The formation of the PPP follows the general pattern zero-grade root + ta This is obvious from these examples: with .r

p

in zero grade kr. (“to make”) smr. (“to remember”) vr.t (“to turn, to happen, to be”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. kar-ô-ti smar-a-ti vart-a-te

PPP kr.-ta smr.-ta vr.t-ta

2 / 60

Past perfect participle with i

p

in zero grade 3. pers. sg. PPP ks.ip (“to throw”) ks.ip-a-ti ks.ip-ta ji (“to conquer”) jay-a-ti ji-ta

with u p

in zero grade yuj (“to join”) muc (“to release”) stu (“to praise”) vac (“to speak”) (full grade!) vap (“to sow”) (full grade!) ´sr. (“to hear”), really ´sru

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. yu-na-k-ti munc-a-ti · stau-ti vak-ti vap-a-ti ´sr.-nô-ti

PPP yuk-ta muk-ta stu-ta uk-ta up-ta ´sru-ta (!)

3 / 60

Past perfect participle with na Instead of the to marker, a few verbs also use no, for example from sad (“to sit”), we obtain pra-sanna

pra-sad-na (“favourable”).

Many of these end in d: p in zero grade chid (“to cut”) bhid (“to break”) tud (“to hit”) khid (“to be depressed”)

3. pers. sg. chi-na-t-ti bhi-na-t-ti tud-a-ti khid-ya-tê

PPP chin-na bhin-na tun-na khin-na

But stems that end in oi. j are also present: bhañj (“to break”) with PPP bhag-na majj (“to sink”) with PPP mag-na many others?? Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

4 / 60

Past perfect participle oi. roots ending in a nasal

p

in full grade gam (“to go”)

3. pers. sg. PPP gm gacch-a-ti |{z}

-to ! ga-ta

root in zero grade

tan (“to stretch”) tanôti

tn |{z}

-to ! ta-ta

root in zero grade

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5 / 60

Past perfect participle oi. roots ending in a nasal

and this list:

p

in full grade nam (“to salute”) man (“to think”) yam (“to control”) ram (“to enjoy”) han (“to hit”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

3. pers. sg. nam-a-ti man-y-a-te yacch-a-ti ram-a-te han-ti

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

PPP na-ta ma-ta ya-ta ra-ta ha-ta (!)

6 / 60

Past perfect participle aspiration shift (Bartholomae’s law)

p

3. pers. sg. PPP ks.ubh (“to be upset”) ks.ubh-y-a-ti ks.ubh | {z }

-ta ! ks.ub-dha

oi. root in zero grade

labh (“to obtain”)

labh-a-te

labh |{z}

oi. root in full grade

vr.dh (“to grow”)

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vr.dh-a-te

-ta ! lab-dha

vr.dh-ta ! vr.d-dha

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

7 / 60

Past perfect participle both aspiration laws

Remember ie. dh t ! oi. d dh Thus, together with deaspiration

p

3. pers. sg. PPP bandh (“to bind”) badh-n¯a-ti bhndh | {z }

-to ! bad-dha

root in zero grade

budh (“to know”)

bôdh-a-ti

bhudh | {z }

root in zero grade Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

-to ! bud-dha

8 / 60

Past perfect participle both aspiration laws

Remember ie. gh/gw h ! oi. For example, we have p snih (“to love”)

gh, bef. dark vowel or cons. h, bef. light vowel (sec. palatalization)

3. pers. sg. PPP snih-y-a-ti snigw h | {z }

-to ! snig-dha

root in zero grade

dah (“to burn”) dah-a-ti

dhegw h | {z }

-to ! dag-dha

root in full grade Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

9 / 60

Past perfect participle both aspiration laws

... and p

3. pers. sg. PPP dhugh duh (“to milk”) dôg-dhi | {z }

-to ! dug-dha

root in zero grade

dih (“to milk”)

dêg-dhi

dhigh | {z }

-to ! dig-dha

root in zero grade

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

10 / 60

Past perfect participle both aspiration laws

Or, in more detail, snigw h-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! snigh-ta (no sec. palatalization before to) ! snig-dha (aspiration shift) and dhegw h-to (full (!) grade and to-marker of past participle) ! dhagh-ta (no sec. palatalization before to) ! dagh-ta (deaspiration) ! dag-dha (aspiration shift) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle cerebralization laws

Remember oi. s./´s + t ! s..t Thus, vi´s (“to enter”)

ie. veik´ with

´ ie. vik-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! vi´s-ta (primary palatalization) ! vis.-t.a (cerebralization oi. ´s + t ! s..t), and ...

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle cerebralization laws

dr.´s (“to see”)

ie. derk´ with

´ ie. dr k-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! dr.´s-ta (primary palatalization) ! dr.s.-t.a (cerebralization oi. ´s + t ! s..t), pracch (“to ask”)

ie. prek´ (“to dig, to nuzzle”) with

´ ie. pr k-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! pr.´s-ta (primary palatalization) ! pr.s.-t.a (cerebralization oi. ´s + t ! s..t),

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle cerebralization laws + ruki

Remember oi. s after ruki, but not word-…nal ! oi. s.. Thus, vr.s. (“to rain”)

ie.

??

vrs.-to ?? (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! vr.s.-t.a (cerebralization oi. s. + t ! s..t) kr.s. (“to plough”)

ie.

??

krs-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! kr.s.-ta (ruki) ! kr.s.-t.a (cerebralization oi. s. + t ! s..t) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle cerebralization laws + ruki

dvis. (“to hate”)

ie. dveis with

dvis-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! dvis.-ta (ruki) ! dvis.-t.a (cerebralization oi. s. + t ! s..t) is. (“to wish”)

ie. H2 eis with

ie. H2 is-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! is.-ta (ruki) ! is.-t.a (cerebralization oi. s. + t ! s..t)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle cerebralization laws + ruki

Remember ruki and ie. ´g before voiceless consonant ! oi. j ! s Thus, the PPP of sr.j, sr.j-a-ti (“to throw, to create”): sr´g-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! sr.s-ta (third s-z law before voiceless consonant) ! sr.s.-ta (ruki) ! sr.s.-t.a (forward cerebral assimilation) and,

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle cerebralization laws + ruki

very similarly, the PPP of yaj, yajate (“to sacri…ce”) (from ie. ye´g): i´g-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) ! is-ta (third s-z law before voiceless consonant) ! is.-ta (ruki) ! is.-t.a (forward cerebral assimilation) Interestingly, is.-t.a is the regularly formed PPP of oi. yaj, yajate (“to sacri…ce”) as well as of oi. is., icchati (“to wish”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle aspiration and cerebralization laws

The PPP u ¯ -d.ha from vah, vah-a-ti (“to ‡ow, to drive”) goes back to ie. ve´gh:

! ! ! ! !

u´gh-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) u´g-dha (aspiration shift) uz-dha (second s-z law before voiced consonant) uz.-dha (ruki) uz.-d.ha (forward cerebral assimilation) u ¯ -d.ha (z drops with comp. lengthening).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle aspiration and cerebralization laws

Similarly, but with Grassmann’s law, guh, g¯uhati (“to hide”) goes back to ie. gheu´gh and we get

! ! ! ! !

ghu´gh-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) gu´g-dha (deaspiration and aspiration shift) guz-dha (second s-z law before voiced consonant) guz.-dha (ruki) guz.-d.ha (forward cerebral assimilation) g¯u-d.ha (z drops with comp. lengthening)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle aspiration and cerebralization laws

Here the PPP l¯¬-d.ha of lihati (“he licks”):

! ! ! ! !

li´gh-to (zero grade and to-marker of past participle) li´g-dha (aspiration shift) liz-dha (s-z law before voiced consonant) liz.-dha (ruki) liz.-d.ha (forward cerebral assimilation) l¯¬-d.ha (z drops with comp. lengthening)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

20 / 60

Past perfect participle larnygeals

Remember neighborhood of laryngeal between consonants between consonant and vowel after i/u/e/o after n after m after C labial r after C not labial rH

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sound law ie. CHC ! oi. CiC ie. CHV ! oi. CV ie. iH/uH/eH/oH ! oi. ¯¬/¯u/¯a/¯a ie. CnH ! oi. C¯a ie. CnH ! oi. C¯am ie. C labial rH ! oi. C¯ur ie. C not labial rH ! oi. C¯¬r

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle larnygeals

Thus,

p bh¯u (“to be”)

PPP ie.

bhuH | {z }

root in zero grade

-to ! bh¯u-ta

p¯u (“to purify”) ie. puH-to ! p¯u-ta bh¯¬ ie. bhiH-to ! bh¯¬-ta p¯a (“to drink”) pH3 i-to ! piH3 -to ! p¯¬-ta ie. root peH3 in p¯a, pi-b-a-ti (“to drink”) zero grade pH3 i could not have lead to long ¯¬ Therefore, assume metathesis piH3 . Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle larnygeals

Thus,

p

PPP n¯¬(“to lead”) niH-to ! n¯¬-ta gâi (“to drink”)?? ?? ! g¯¬-ta liH-no ! l¯¬na l¯¬ liH (“to cling”) l¯u luH (“to cut, to tear”) luH-no ! l¯una

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

23 / 60

Past perfect participle larnygeals

Now laryngeals between consonants:

p dh¯a (“to place”)

PPP dhh1 |{z}

-to ! hi-ta

dh3 |{z}

-to ! di-ta besides dat-ta

root in zero grade

d¯a (“to give”)

root in zero grade

sth¯a (“to stand”)

stH2 -to ! sthi-ta

sth¯a- from ie. steH2 but ti-sth¯a-mi and sthi-ta show double e¤ect of laryngeal (h by levelling) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle larnygeals

Next, nasal + laryngeal in

p

PPP khan (“to dig”) khnH-to ! kh¯a-ta jan (“to be born”) ´gnH-to ! j¯a-ta kam (“to love”) kmH-to ! k¯an-ta jñ¯a (“to know”) ´gnh3 -to ! jñ¯a-ta |{z} root in zero grade

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle larnygeals

Remember ie. C labial rH ! oi. C¯ur,

ie. C not labial rH ! oi. C¯¬r

Thus,

p t¯r

PPP trH (“to cross”)

t rH |{z}

-no ! t¯¬rn.a

d rH |{z}

-no ! d¯¬rn.a

root in zero grade

d¯r

drH (“to tear”)

root in zero grade Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Past perfect participle larnygeals

and

p p¯r

PPP prH (“to …ll”)

plH |{z}

-no ! p¯urn.a

g´ rH |{z}

-no ! j¯¬rn.a

root in zero grade

j¯r

g´ rH (“to waste away”)

root in zero grade

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Root nouns Root nouns are typically indicated by the root in zero grade and the nom. sg. which does not exhibit any case ending (in Sanskrit, originally s). Loss of voice and aspiration: yut (stem yudh) (“battle”) mr.t (stem mr.d) (“clay”) vidyut (stem vidyut) (“‡ash of lightning”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Root nouns Sometimes full grade (if zero grade impossible or unclear), for example from ie. sed: upa-ni-s.at (stem upa-ni-s.ad) (“upa-ni-s.ad”) sam . -sat (stem sam . -sad) (“assembly”) pari-s.at (stem pari-s.ad) (“assembly”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Root nouns Sometimes, ie. ie. palatal k´ reemerges: dr.k (stem dr.´s) (“sight”)

ie. derk´

But, not “correct”: vit. (stem vi´s) (“house, people”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

ie. veik´

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Feminine action noun with su¢ x ti p

PPP muc (“to liberate”) muk-ta vac (“to speak”) uk-ta yuj (“to yoke”) yuk-ta kr. (“to make”) kr.-ta vr.t (“to turn, to be”) vr.t-ta smr. (“to remember”) smr.-ta ´sru (“to hear”) ´sru-ta stu (“to praise”) stu-ta

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

ti noun muk-ti-s (“release, liberation”) uk-ti-s (“speech”) yuk-ti-s (“connection, application”) kr.-ti-s (“doing, deed”) vr.t-ti-s (“event, lifestyle”) smr.-ti-s (“commemoration, tradition” ´sru-ti-s (“hearing, ear, vedic text”) stu-ti-s (“praise, hymn”)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Feminine action noun with su¢ x ti Oi root i (“to go”) with pre…xes: ti noun ud-i (“to rise (stars)”) ud-i-ti-s (“sunrise”) abhi-i (“approach”) abh¯¬-ti-s abhi-i-ti-s (“attack”) adhi-i (“to study”) adh¯¬-ti-s adhi-i-ti-s (“study”) upa-i (“to go towards”) upê-ti-s upa-i-ti-s (“approach”) pra-i (“to set o¤, to die”) prê-ti-s pra-i-ti-s (“escape”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Feminine action noun with su¢ x ti Nasal roots: p

PPP gam (“to go”) ga-ta tan (“to stretch”) ta-ta nam (“to salute”) na-ta man (“to think”) ma-ta yam (“to control”) ya-ta ram (“to enjoy”) ra-ta han (“to hit”) ha-ta

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

ti noun ga-ti-s (“path”) ma-ti-s (“sequence, degree”) na-ti-s (“salutation”) ma-ti-s (“thought”) ya-ti-s (“control”) ra-ti-s (“pleasure”) ha-ti-s (“killing”)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Feminine action noun with su¢ x ti Aspiration and/or cerebralization are involved in these examples:

p

PPP vah (“to carry”) u ¯ d.ha dr.s. (“to see”) dr.s.-t.a vr.s. (“to rain”) vr.s.-t.a sr.j (“to create”) sr.s.-t.a yaj (“to sacri…ce”) is.-t.a is. (“to wish”) is.-t.a budh (“to understand”) bud-dha ruh (“to grow”) r¯u-d.ha

ti noun u ¯ d.his (“carrying”) dr.s.-t.is (“sight”) vr.s.-t.is (“rain”) sr.s.-t.is (“creation”) is.-t.is (“sacri…ce”) is.-t.is (“wish”) bud-dhis (“idea, understanding”) r¯u-d.his (“increase, growth”)

If you like that sort of thing, vr.d-dhis (“growth, lengthened grade”) is in zero grade! Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Feminine action noun with su¢ x ti Roots containing laryngeals: p PPP dh¯a (“to place”) hi-ta d¯a (“to give”) di-ta dat-ta sth¯a (“to stand”) sthi-ta p¯a (“to drink”) p¯¬-ta p¯r (“to …ll, to ful…ll”) p¯ur-ta bh¯u (“to be”) bh¯u-ta jan (“to be born”) j¯a-ta

ti noun hi-ti-s (“mission, mandate”) di-ti-s (“giving, o¤ering, largess”) dat-ti-s (“giving, gift”) sthi-ti-s (“standing, rank”) p¯¬-ti-s (“drinking, drink”) p¯ur-ti-s (“…lling, remuneration”) bh¯u-ti-s (“power, happiness”) j¯a-ti-s (“birth, caste”)

From as (“to be”) s-ti-s (“being (close to a master) ! dependent, vassal”) sti-p¯a (“protecting the dependents”, see p¯a). Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Adjectives Oi root i (“to go”) with pre…xes: PPP vi-i (“to disappear”) v¯¬-ta pra-i (“to set o¤”) prê-ta

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

vi-i-ta (“gone, freed from”) pra-i-ta (“gone forth ! dead”)

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Adjectives with ra p

ra adjective

ks.ip (“to throw, to dash”)

ks.ip-ra (“fast, quick”)

ks.ud (“to stamp, to crunch”)

ks.ud-ra (“miserable, mean”)

ie.

gr.dh (“to be greedy”)

gr.dhra (“greedy”)

ie.

ie.

vip (“to tremble, to be excited”)

vip-ra (“excited, wise”) cit-ra (“bright, colourful”)

ksud-ro

gr.dh-ro

also gr.dhras, m. (“vulture”)

cit (“to observe, to appear”)

ksip-ro

ie. ie.

gr.dh-ro

vip-ro

??-ro

ie.

also citram, n. (“picture”) sth¯a (“to stand”)

sthi-ra (“steady, durable”)

chid (“to split, to cut”)

chid-ra (“with holes”)

n¯a dh (“to be needy, to beg”)

¯a dh-ra (“needy, weak, poor”)

him . s (“to hurt, to damage”)

him . s-ra (“hurting, vicious”)

ie.

kreuH 2 - (“to form a crust”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

ie.

kr¯u -ra (“bloody, raw, cruel”)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

vip-ro?? ie. ie. ie.

nHdh-ro ??-ro kruH 2 -ro

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Passive voice Formation of passive voice is oi. root + y + a + ¯atmanêpada ending Thus, oi. root ie. root with er vr.t, vart-a-tê (“to be”) vr.dh, vardh-a-tê (“to grow”) ie. root with ei vi´s, vi´s-a-ti (“to enter”) ks.ip, ks.ip-a-ti (“to throw”) kli´s, kli´s-y-a-tê (“to su¤er”) (!!) likh, likh-a-ti (“to write”) ie. root with eu ruh, rôh-a-ti (“to climb”) nud, nud-a-tê (“to push, to incite”) mud, môd-a-ti (“to rejoice”) budh, bôdh-a-ti (“to awake”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. vr.t-y-a-tê vr.dh-y-a-tê vi´s-y-a-tê ks.ip-y-a-tê kli´s-y-a-tê likh-y-a-tê ruh-y-a-tê nud-y-a-tê mud-y-a-tê budh-y-a-tê 38 / 60

Passive voice with root-initial halfvowel oi. root yaj, yaj-a-ti (“to sacri…ce”) vac, vak-ti (“to say”) vas, vas-a-ti (“to live, to dwell”) vad, vad-a-ti (“to speak”) vah, vah-a-ti (“to ‡ow, to carry”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. ij-y-atê uc-y-atê us.-y-atê (with ruki) ud-y-atê uh-y-atê

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Passive voice with n in root Remember that syllabic n turns into a. Thus, oi. root bandh (“to bind”) (full grade) manth (“to stir, to shake”) (full grade) granth (“to bind, to compile”) (full grade)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. badh-y-a-tê math-y-a-tê grath-y-a-tê

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Passive voice with n in root Remember ie. CCiV ! oi. CCiyV Some examples are passive forms: oi. root hr. (“to take”) sr. (“to ‡ow, to move”) kr. (“to make”) mr. (“to die”) vr. (“to choose”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. hr-iy-a-tê sr-iy-a-tê kr-iy-a-tê mr-iy-a-tê vr-iy-a-tê

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Passive voice with lyryngeals oi. root bh¯u (“to be”)

3. pers. sg. ie. |bhuH {z }

root in zero grade

! bh¯u-y-a-tê

bh¯¬(“to be afraid”) ie. bhiH ! bh¯¬-y-a-tê p¯u (“to purify”) ie. puH ! p¯u-y-a-tê p¯a (“to drink”) pH3 i ! piH3 ! p¯¬-y-a-tê n¯¬(“to lead”) ie. niH ! n¯¬-y-a-tê ´gnh3 jñ¯a (“to know”) ! jñ¯a-y-a-tê |{z} root in zero grade

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Passive voice with lyryngeals Whereas long ¯¬is expected for p¯a (“to drink”), it has crept into other forms by analogy. For example p¯a-tum (in…nitive) with passive: p¯¬-y-a-tê just as d¯a-tum (in…nitive) with passive: d¯¬-y-atê These long u ¯ or long ¯¬have also found their way into forms like oi. root hu (“to sacri…ce”) stu (“to praise”) sth¯a (“to stand”) dh¯a (“to set”) h¯a (“to abandon”) gâi (“to sing”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

3. pers. sg. h¯u-y-atê st¯u-y-atê sth¯¬-y-atê dh¯¬-y-atê h¯¬-y-atê g¯¬-y-atê

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Passive voice with irregular full grades oi. root smr. (“to remember”) sad (“to sit”) cur (“to steal”) tyaj (“to abandon”) pat (“to fall”) pat. (“to read”) labh (“to obtain”) ghus. (“to proclaim”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pers. sg. smar-y-a-tê sad-y-a-tê côr-y-a-tê tyaj-y-a-tê pat-y-a-tê pat.-y-a-tê labh-y-a-tê ghôs.-y-a-tê

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Passive voice with irregular full grades p

in full grade gam (“to go”) tan (“to stretch”) nam (“to salute”) man (“to think”) yam (“to control”) ram (“to enjoy”) han (“to hit”)

3. pers. sg. gacch-a-ti tanôti nam-a-ti man-y-a-te yacch-a-ti ram-a-te han-ti

3. pers. sg. gam-y-atê tan-y-atê nam-y-atê man-y-atê yam-y-atê ram-y-atê han-y-atê

Regular zero grade would have lead to forms like na-y-a-tê (a from syllabic m).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Desideratives

bhuj, bhu-na-k-ti,bhu-n-k-tê, 7. class desiderative bu-bhuj-s- ! bu-bhuk-s- (backward assimilation) ! bu-bhuk-s.- (ruki) with three forms

! bu-bhuk-s.-a-tê, 1.class (“he wants to eat”) ! bu–bhuk-s.-u (“hungry”) ! bu–bhuk-s.-¯a (“hunger”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Desideratives Formula zero-grade root, reduplicated with u for u-root i otherwise

s+ thematic a + ending for verbs u for adjectives ¯a for abstract nouns

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Desideratives Future forms with sy are desideratives originally–“I want to go” became “I will go”–, but use the full grade together with the sy su¢ x. Third-class verbs also use reduplication (example: dh¯a, dadh¯ati). Perfect forms are mostly formed by reduplication. One of the aorist formations is by way of reduplication.

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Desideratives p

3. sg. bhuj bu-bhuk-s.-a-tê “he wants to eat” jñ¯a ji-jñ¯a-s-a-tê “he wants to know” p¯a pi-p¯a-s-a-ti “he wants to drink” muc mu-muk-s.-a-ti “he wants to liberate”

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

adjective bu–bhuk-s.-u “hungry” ji-jñ¯a-s-u “inquisitive” pi-p¯a-s-u “thirsty” mu-muk-s.-u “wanting liberation”

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

noun bu–bhuk-s.-¯a “hunger” ji-jñ¯a-s-¯a “curiosity” pi-p¯a-s-¯a “thirst” mu-muk-s.-¯a “desire for lib.”

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Desideratives bhid, bhi-na-t-ti, 7. class (“to split”) desiderative bhi-bhid-s! bi-bhit-s- (backward assimilation, Grassmann) ! bi-bhit-s, bi-bhit-s-a-ti, 1.class (“to wish to split”) +bi-bhit-s-u (“wishing to split”)

yuj, yu-na-k-ti, 7. class (“to yoke”) desiderative yu-yuj-s- ! yu-yuk-s- (backward assimilation) ! yu-yuk-s.- (ruki) ! yu-yuk-s., yu-yuk-s.-a-ti (“to wish to yoke”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Desideratives yudh, yudh-y-atê, 4. class (“to …ght”) desiderative yu-yudh-s! yu-yut-s- (backward assimilation, deaspiration) ! yu-yut-s, yu-yut-s-a-ti, 1. class (“to wish to …ght”) +yu-yut-s-u (“combative”) ¯ap, ¯ap-nô-ti, 5. class (“to obtain”) ie. H1 ep desiderative H1 i-H1 p-s! ¯¬-p-s- (sound law “ie. iH ! oi. ¯¬”) ! ¯¬p-s, ¯¬p-s-a-ti, 1. class (“to wish (to obtain)”) +¯¬p-s-u (“wishing, appetent”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Desideratives

! ! ! !

bhaj, bhaj-a-ti, 1. class (“to divide, to allot”) from ie. bhe´g desiderative bhi-bh´g-sbhi-pk-s- (backward assimilation, deaspiration, s not aspiratable) bhi-k-s- (cluster simpli…cation) bhik-s.- (ruki) bhiks., bhiks.-a-tê, 1. class (“to wish to share, to beg”) +bhik-s.-u (“begging”)

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Desideratives

! ! ! !

´ ie. kek?? ´sak, ´sak-nô-ti, 5. class (“to be able”) ´ kk-s´ desiderative ki´si-´sk-s- (primary palatalization) ´si-k-s- (cluster simpli…cation) ´si-k-s.- (ruki) ´siks., ´siks.-a-ti, 1. class (“to learn, to try, to donate”) +´sik-s.-u (“generous”) +´sik-s.-akas (“teacher”) +´sik-s.-¯a (“science”)

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Desideratives In some verbs, we see a su¢ x Hs rather than just s. We then have zero-grade root, reduplicated with i/u + Hs + a + ending.

p

3. sg. ji ji-g¯¬-s.-a-ti “he wants to conquer” mr. mu-m¯ur-s.-a-ti “he wants to die”

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adjective ji-g¯¬-s.-u “imperialist” mu-m¯ur-s.-u “wanting to die”

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

noun ji-g¯¬-s.-¯a “desire to conquer” mu-m¯ur-s.-¯a “desire to die”

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Desideratives

! ! ! !

g w hi-g w hn-Hsjhi-g w hn-Hs- (sec. pal. before i ??) jhi-gh¯am . s- (??) ji-gh¯am . s- (Grassmann) ji-gh¯am . s-a-ti (“he wishes to kill”)/ji-gh¯am . s-u (“wanting to kill”)

The desiderative noun does not involve Grassmann’s law: g w hi-g w hn-s-¯a ! hi-g w hn-s-¯a (sec. pal. before i) ! hi-n-s-¯a (loss of guttural ??) ! hi-m . -s-¯a Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Compound-…nal zero grades gam, gacch-a-ti (“to go”) with PPP ga-ta kha-ga (“‡ying”)

n¯¬, nayati (“to lead”) with PPP niH-to ! n¯¬-ta pat-n¯¬, f. (“lead by husband pati ! wife”) sêna-n¯¬, m. (“army leader, general”) gr¯ama-n¯¬, m. (“village leader”) agra-n¯¬, m. (“leader”)

dh¯a, dadh¯ati (“to set”) with PPP dhh1 -to ! hi-ta ab-dhis, m. (“holding water ! ocean”) apparent backward assimilation

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

ap (“water”) with

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Compound-…nal zero grades vid, vêt-ti (“to know”) with PPP vit-ta, vid-i-ta vêda-vit (“Veda knowing”)

One odd example adds t (in analogy to vêda-vit ?): ji, jayati (“to lead”) with PPP ji-ta indra-jit, m. (“conqueror of Indra”) apsu-jit (“conquering the waters”), with loc. pl. of ap (“water”) instead of stem form (probably due to analogy with apsu-ja where the loc. makes sense

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Compound-…nal zero grades The other examples presented below do not use the zero grade, but just short a: jan, j¯ayatê (“to beget, to be born”) with PPP ´gnH-to ! j¯a-ta dvi-ja (“twice-born”) with dvi-jas, m. (“brahmin, bird, tooth”) ¯atma-ja (“self-produced”) with ¯atma-jas, m. (“son”) and ¯atma-j¯a, f. (“daughter”) pra-jas, f. (“progeny (!), o¤spring”) apsu-ja (“born in the waters”) with loc. pl. of ap (“water”) instead of stem form

jñ¯a, j¯an¯ati (“to know”) with PPP ´gnh3 -to ! jñ¯a-ta sarva-jña (“all-knowing”)

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Compound-…nal zero grades p¯a, pibati, 1. class (“to drink”) with PPP pH3 i-to ! piH3 -to ! p¯¬-ta sôma-pa (“drinking Soma”)

p¯a, p¯a-ti (“to protect”) with PPP p¯a-na pra-j¯a-pa (“protecting the subjects”) nr.-pa (“man protecting, king”)

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Compound-…nal zero grades d¯a, dad¯ati (“to give”) with PPP dh3 -to ! di-ta besides dat-ta vara-da (“giving boons”) with vara-das, m. (“Brahm¯a”) ab-das, m. (“water giver ! cloud”, “when clouds reappear ! year”) ap (“water”) with apparent backward assimilation

sth¯a, ti-s..th-a-ti (“to stand”) with PPP stH2 -to ! sthi-ta gr.ha-sthas, m. (“householder”)

bh¯u, bhavati (“to be”) with PPP bhuH-to ! bh¯u-ta pra-bhu-s, m. (“lord, master”) ??

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Perfect tense Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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General remarks The reduplicative perfect is strong for parasmâipada sg., weak for dual, pl. or ¯atmanêpada. Reduplication for the perfect works similar to that of 3. class verbs. Compare for reduplicative perfect such as da-d-us with for imperfect of 3. class verbs, for example a-da-d-us

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Strong forms Strong forms are build with the qualitative ablaut, the o-grade: ie. o ! oi. a ie. oi ! oi. ê ie. ou ! oi. ô Here are a few examples: oi. root bandh (“to bind”) lih (“to lick”) dvis. (“to hate”) vi´s (“to cut”) is. (“to wish”) yuj (“to yoke”) rud (“to weep”) tud (“to hit”) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

perfect, 3. pers. sg. ba-bandh-a li-lêh-a di-dvês.-a vi-vê´s-a iy-ês.-a (with iy instead of i) yu-yôj-a ru-rôd-a tu-tôd-a Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Strong forms Grassmann’s law in p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. bhid (“to split”) bi-bhêd-a chid (“to cut”) ci-cchêd-a (sandhi rule!)

Remember Brugmann’s law ie. o in open syllable ! oi. ¯a In the above examples, this law was not to be applied. For example, o in bhi-bhoid-a is not in an open syllable (i + d are two consonants so that the syllable is closed).

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Strong forms Remember Brugmann’s law

p

ie. o in open syllable ! oi. ¯a

perfect, 3. pers. sg. bhr. (“to bear”) ba-bh¯ar-a pat (“to fall”) pa-p¯at-a ´sap (“to curse”) ´sa-´s¯ap-a car (“to move”) ca-c¯ar-a dah (“to burn”) da-d¯ah-a bhaj (“to worship”) ba-bh¯aj-a tan (“to stretch”) ta-t¯an-a ´sru (“to hear”) ´su-´sr¯av-a svap (“to sleep”) su-s.v¯ap-a (ruki) su (“to press”) su-s.¯av-a (ruki) i (“to go”) iy-¯ay-a (iy instead of i) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Strong forms Interestingly, we observe

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. perfect, 1. pers. sg. tan ta-t¯an-a ie. te-ton-e ta-tan-a ie. te-ton-H2 e Here is the reason for the di¤erence: Brugmann was applied in 3. pers. sg. with ie. ending e where the syllable ton is open, but not 1. pers. sg. with ie. ending H2 e where the syllable ton is closed. (Incidentally, we have the “incorrect”alternative ta-t¯an-a in Sanskrit, only, not in the older Vedic texts.)

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Strong forms Roots with initial half vowels

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. yaj (“to sacri…ce”) i-y¯aj-a vac (“to say”) u-v¯ac-a vad (“to say”) u-v¯ad-a vap (“to sow”) u-v¯ap-a vas (“to dwell, to live”) u-v¯as-a vah (“to carry”) u-v¯ah-a Secondary palatalization in u-v¯ac-a (and in yu-yôj-a above) The reason lies in the ie. ending e ! oi. a.

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Strong forms Roots with initial a or ¯a

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. as (“to be”) ¯as-a ah (“to say”) ¯ah-a ¯ap (“to obtain”) ¯ap-a a´s (“to eat”) ¯a´s-a

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Strong forms primary palatalization

For hu (“to sacri…ce”), we have ie. ´ghu-´ghou-e ! ´gu-´ghou-e (deaspiration) ! ju-hou-e (primary palatalization) ! ju-h¯av-a (Brugmann) Similarly,

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. has (“to laugh”) ja-h¯as-a hr. (“to take”) ja-h¯ar-a

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Strong forms secondary palatalization

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. ji (“to conquer”) ji-gh¯ay-a han (“to fall”) ja-gh¯an-a ie. gw he-gw hon-e kr. (“to do”) ca-k¯ar-a ie. kw e-kw or-e gam (“to go”) ja-g¯am-a ie. gw e-gw om-e kan (“to dig”) ca-kh¯an-a ks.ip (“to throw”) ci-ks.êp-a kr.t (“to cut”) ca-kart-a ie. gw he-gw hon-e ! gw e-gw hon-e (deaspiration) ! je-ghon-e (secondary palatalization) ! ja-gh¯an-a (Brugmann)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Strong forms secondary palatalization

Apparently, secondary palatalization spread to other verbs where it did not belong, originally, such as

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. ks.ubh (“to be agitated”) cu-ks.ôbh-a krudh (“to be angry”) cu-krôdh-a Here, we have proportional analogy, for example ks.ip with palatal reduplication: ci-ks.êp-a just as ks.ubh with palatal reduplication: cu-ks.ôbh-a

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Strong forms Some verbs have irregular perfect forms:

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. “correct form” bh¯u ba-bh¯uv-a bu-bhav-a ie. bhu-bhouH-e p¯u pu-p¯av-a pu-pav-a ie. pu-pouH-e bh¯¬ bi-bh¯ay-a bi-bhay-a ie. bhi-bhoiH-e where none of the syllables bhouH through bhoiH is closed. In ba-bh¯uv-a, the vowels seem to have been interchanged?

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Strong forms Note also a few (laryngeal!) verbs with 3. pers. sg. ending âu and weak forms p perfect, 3. pers. sg. d¯a (“to give”) da-d-âu dh¯a (“to set, to put”) da-dh-âu sth¯a (“to stand”) ta-sth-âu jñ¯a (“to know”) ja-jñ-âu p¯a (“to drink”) pa-p-âu m¯a (“to measure”) ma-m-âu bh¯a (“to shine”) ba-bh-âu

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms root vowel i

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. vi´s (“to cut”) vi-vê´s-a lih (“to lick”) li-lêh-a dvis. (“to hate”) di-dvês.-a bhid (“to split”) bi-bhêd-a chid (“to cut”) ci-cchêd-a (sandhi) vyadh (“to pearce”) vi-vy¯adh-a ji (“to conquer”) ji-gh¯ay-a ks.ip (“to throw”) ci-ks.êp-a

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

perfect, 3. pers. pl. vi-vi´s-us li-lih-us di-dvis.-us bi-bhid-us ci-cchid-us (sandhi) vi-vidh-us ji-ghy-us ci-ks.ip-us

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Weak forms root vowel u

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. perfect, 3. pers. pl. yuj yu-yôj-us yu-yuj-us rud ru-rôd-a ru-rud-us tud tu-tôd-us tu-tud-us ´sru ´su-´sr¯av-a ´su-´sruv-us (uv instead of v) svap su-s.v¯ap-a (ruki) su-s.up-us (ruki) su su-s.¯av-a (ruki) su-s.uv-us (ruki, uv instead of v) ks.ubh cu-ks.ôbh-a cu-ks.ubh-us krudh cu-krôdh-a cu-krudh-us

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms root vowel a

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. perfect, 3. pers. pl. bhr. (“to bear”) ba-bh¯ar-a ba-bhr-us dah (“to burn”) da-d¯ah-a da-dah-us han (“to kill”) ja-gh¯an-a ja-ghn-us kr. (“to do”) ca-k¯ar-a ca-kr-us gam (“to go”) ja-g¯am-a ja-gm-us kan (“to dig”) ca-kh¯an-a ca-khn-us hr. (“to take”) ja-h¯ar-a ja-hr-us

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms root vowel a and irregular full grade

ba-bandh-us (“they bound”) for “correct” ba-badh-us (due to syllabic n ! a) and ja-has-us (“they laughted”) for “correct” jahs-us (di¢ cult to understand) ca-kart-us (“they cut”) for “correct” ca-kr.t-us

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms root with initial half vowels

¯¬or u ¯ as expected in

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. perfect, 3. pers. pl. yaj (“to sacri…ce”) i-y¯aj-a ¯¬j-us vac (“to say”) u-v¯ac-a u ¯ c-us vad (“to say”) u-v¯ad-a u ¯ d-us vap (“to sow”) u-v¯ap-a u ¯ p-us vas (“to dwell, to live”) u-v¯as-a u ¯ s.-us (ruki) vah (“to carry”) u-v¯ah-a u ¯ h-us

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms root with initial half vowels

Similarly, these two i-roots produce the analogous weak forms:

p i is.

perfect, 3. pers. sg. perfect, 3. pers. pl. iy-¯ay-a (iy instead of i or y) ¯¬y-us (¯¬y instead of ¯¬or y) iy-ês.-a (iy instead of i or y) ¯¬s.-us

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms root with initial a or ¯a

Root with initial vowels a or ¯a reduplicate with a. Then, ¯a is the expected sandhi result for ¯ap (“to obtain”) where we get ¯ap-us. The other verbs also show long ¯a, but should not:

p

perfect, 3. pers. sg. perfect, 3. pers. pl. as (“to be”) ¯as-a ¯as-us (“wrong”) ah (“to say”) ¯ah-a ¯ah-us (“wrong”) ¯ap (“to obtain”) ¯ap-a ¯ap-us a´s (“to eat”) ¯a´s-a ¯a´s-us (“wrong”)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms no reduplication?

p

3. pers. sg. pat pa-p¯at-a ´sap ´sa-p¯at-a na´s na-n¯a´s-a bhaj ba-bh¯aj-a tan ta-t¯an-a man labh ram sad sa-s¯ad-a yat

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3. pers. pl. 3. pers. sg. ¯atm. pêt-us ´sêp-us nê´s-us bhêj-us tên-us mênê lêbhê rêmê sêd-us yêtê

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak forms no reduplication?

But: sad (“to fall”) yields ie. se-sd- (reduplication with ie. e and zero grade) ! sa-zd- (s-z law before voiced cons.) ! sêd-

and yat (“to try, to exert”) yields

ie. ye-it- (reduplication with ie. e and zero grade) ! yêt-

Analogy:

sad with ê instead of reduplication: sêd-us just as pat with ê instead of reduplication: pêt-us Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Aorist Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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General remarks no class signs augment a secondary endings, roughly speaking

p aorist redupl. pat sigm. sa di´s sigm. s yuj

formation of 3. sg. augm. redupl. root in…x them. vow. ending a pa pt t a dik s. a t a yâuk s. ¯¬-t

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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General remarks 1

2

3

4

thematic aorist: augment + zero-grade root + a + ending reduplication aorist: augment + reduplicated zero-grade root + a + ending root aorist: augment + zero-grade root + ending sigmatic aorist: s sa is. sis.

in…x in…x in…x in…x

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

+ + + +

lengthened-grade root + s + ending zero-grade root + s + a + ending root + is. + ending (full-grade) root + sis. + ending

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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General remarks The following table o¤ers examples for these 3 + 4 groups:

p aorist thematic (pp. ) yuj reduplicated (pp. ) pat root (pp. ) bh¯u sigmatic s yuj sa di´s is. vad sis. sn¯a

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

3. sg. a-yuj-a-t a-pa-pt-a-t a-bh¯u-t a-yâuk-s.-¯¬-t a-dik-s.-a-t a-v¯ad-¯¬-t a-sn¯a-s¯¬-t

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. pl. a-yuj-a-n a-pa-pt-n a-bh¯uv-an a-yâuk-s.-us a-diks.-a-n a-v¯ad-is.-us a-sn¯a-sis.-us

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Thematic aorist Formula augment + zero-grade root + a + ending Examples thematic aorist

p lubh tus. yuj

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

formation of 3. sg. augm. root them. vow. a lubh a a tus. a a yuj a

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

ending t t t

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Thematic aorist p

lubh parasmâipada aorist sing. 1 a-lubh-a-m 2 a-lubh-a-s 3 a-lubh-a-t

dual a-lubh-¯a-va a-lubh-a-tam a-lubh-a-t¯am

plur. a-lubh-¯a-ma a-lubh-a-ta a-lubh-a-n

Endings secondary parasmâipada

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Reduplicated aorist Formula augment + reduplicated zero-grade root + a + ending Examples redupl. aorist

p pat vac kath

augm. a a a

formation redupl. root pa pt va uc ca kath

of 3. sg. them. vow. a a a

ending t t t

where the last verb kath does not use the zero grade root.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Reduplicated aorist p

muc parasmâipada sing. 1 a-m¯u-muc-a-m 2 a-m¯u-muc-a-s 3 a-m¯u-muc-a-t p vac ¯atmanêpada sing. 1 a-vôc-ê 2 a-vôc-a-th¯as 3 a-vôc-a-ta Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual a-m¯u-muc-¯a-va a-m¯u-muc-a-tam a-m¯u-muc-a-t¯am

dual a-vôc-¯a-vahi a-vôc-êth¯am a-vôc-êt¯am Deterrorizing Sanskrit

plur. a-m¯u-muc-¯a-ma a-m¯u-muc-a-ta a-m¯u-muc-a-n

plur. a-vôc-¯a-mahi a-vôc-a-dhvam a-vôc-a-n-ta 8 / 22

Root aorist Formula augment + zero-grade + ending Examples root aorist

p d¯a sth¯a bh¯u

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formation of augm. root a d¯a a sth¯a a bh¯u

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

3. sg. ending t t t

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Root aorist p

d¯a parasmâipada aorist sing. dual 1 a-d¯a-m a-d¯a-va 2 a-d¯a-s a-d¯a-tam 3 a-d¯a-t a-d¯a-t¯am

plur. a-d¯a-ma a-d¯a-ta a-d-us

Secondary athematic endings often have the variant us in 3. pers. pl.. After d¯a, d¯a-us and hence dôs would have been unrecognizable. Instead, we …nd a-d-us.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Root aorist Consider, now, the root aorist for bh¯u. Before vowel endings (am and an, respectively), we obtain (more or less) expected bh¯uv:

p

bh¯u parasmâipada aorist sing. 1 a-bh¯uv-am 2 a-bh¯u-s 3 a-bh¯u-t

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dual a-bh¯u-va a-bh¯u-tam a-bh¯u-t¯am

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

plur. a-bh¯u-ma a-bh¯u-ta a-bh¯uv-an

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Sigmatic aorist with sa Formula augment + zero-grade root + s + a + ending Examples sa-aorist

p di´s vi´s dvis.

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formation of 3. sg. augm. root in…x them. vow. a dik s. a a vik s. a a dvik s. a

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

ending t t t

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Sigmatic aorist with sa p

di´s parasmâipada aorist sing. 1 a-diks.-a-m 2 a-diks.-a-s 3 a-diks.-a-t

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dual a-diks.-¯a-va a-diks.-a-tam a-diks.-a-t¯am

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

plur. a-diks.-¯a-ma a-diks.-a-ta a-diks.-a-n

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Sigmatic aorist with is. Formula augment + root + is. + ending Examples is.-aorist

p a´s (¯atm.) kamp (¯atm.) mud (¯atm.) tan (par.) granth (par.) rud (par.) kr.t (par.)

formation augm. root a a´s a kamp a môd a t¯an (!) a granth a rôd a kart

of 3. sg. in…x ending is. .ta is. .ta is. .ta ¯¬ t ¯¬ t ¯¬ t ¯¬ t

where the …rst example is ¯a´sis..ta. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sigmatic aorist with is. The is.-aorist has a peculiar 2. sg.. Consider, for example, p budh parasmâipada aorist sing. dual plur. 1 a-bôdh-is.-am a-bôdh-is.-va a-bôdh-is.-ma 2 a-bôdh-¯¬-s (1) a-bôdh-is.-t.am (3) a-bôdh-is.-t.a (3) 3 a-bôdh-¯¬-t (2) a-bôdh-is.-t.¯am (3) a-bôdh-is.-us (4) 1 2

a-bôdh-¯¬-s a-bôdh-is-s + compensatory lengthening Building on the 2. sg., the 3. sg. a-bôdh-¯¬-t results from leveling: a-bôdh-is.-t. in‡uenced by a-bôdh-¯¬-s with ¯¬plus secondary ending turns into a-bôdh-¯¬-t with ¯¬plus secondary ending

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sigmatic aorist with sis. Formula augment + root + sis. + ending Examples sis.-aorist

p y¯a p¯a sn¯a

formation of 3. augm. root in…x a y¯a s¯¬ a p¯a s¯¬ a sn¯a s¯¬

sg. ending t t t

The in…x sis. is not clearly visible in these sg. forms. Analogy from forms like Compare, however, the budh paradigm a-bôdh-¯¬-t above.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sigmatic aorist with sis. p

y¯a-s parasmâipada aorist sing. 1 a-y¯a-sis.-am 2 a-y¯a-s¯¬-s 3 a-y¯a-s¯¬-t

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dual a-y¯a-sis.-va a-y¯a-sis.-t.am a-y¯a-sis.-t.¯am

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

plur. a-y¯a-sis.-ma a-y¯a-sis.-t.a a-y¯a-sis.-us

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Sigmatic aorist with s Formula augment + lengthened root + s + ending Examples for 3. pl. (!) forms s-aorist

p yuj bhaj vah ´sap tap vas kr. bandh

formation of 3. sg. augm. root in…x a yâuk (1) s. (2) a bh¯ak (1) s. (2) a v¯ak (1) s. (2) a s ´s¯ap a t¯ap s a v¯at (3) s a k¯ar s. (2) a bh¯ant (4) s

ending us us us us us us us us

1. backward assimilation. For a-v¯ak-s.-us see ie. ve´gh. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sigmatic aorist with s s-aorist

p yuj bhaj vah ´sap tap vas kr. bandh

augm. a a a a a a a a

formation of 3. sg. root in…x yâuk (1) s. (2) bh¯ak (1) s. (2) v¯ak (1) s. (2) s ´s¯ap t¯ap s v¯at (3) s k¯ar s. (2) bh¯ant (4) s

ending us us us us us us us us

3. Dissimilation of a-v¯at-s-us from expected a-v¯as-sus is also observed in the future tense vat-sy-a-ti. 4. Compare a-bh¯ant-s-us with future bhôt-sy-ati Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sigmatic aorist with s s-aorist

p

3. sg. yuj a-yâuk-s.¯¬-t bhaj abh¯ak-s.¯¬-t vah a-v¯ak-s.¯¬-t a-´s¯ap-s¯¬-t ´sap tap a-t¯ap-s¯¬-t vas a-v¯at-s¯¬-t kr. a-k¯ar-s.¯¬-t bandh a-bh¯ant-s¯¬-t

3. pl. a-yâuk-s.-us a-bh¯ak-s.-us a-v¯ak-s.-us a-´s¯ap-s-us a-t¯ap-s-us a-v¯at-s-us a-k¯ar-s.-us a-bh¯ant-s-us

The di¤erence between sg. and pl. is explained by the is.- and sis.-aorists presented above. The speakers came to consider ¯¬as a possible “thematic vowel” for the two sg. forms and applied them here, were a-yâuk-s.-t would have produced a-yâuk by “simpli…cation of …nal consonant clusters”. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Sigmatic aorist with s p

kr. parasmâipada aorist sing. 1 a-k¯ar-s.-am 2 a-k¯ar-s.¯¬-s 3 a-k¯ar-s.¯¬-t

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dual a-k¯ar-s.-va a-k¯ar-s.-t.am a-k¯ar-s.-t.¯am

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

plur. a-k¯ar-s.-ma a-k¯ar-s.-t.a a-k¯ar-s.-us

21 / 22

Sigmatic aorist with s p

´sap parasmâipada aorist sing. 1 a-´sap-s-i 2 a-´sap-th¯as (1) 3 a-´sap-ta (1) 1

2

dual a-´sap-s-vahi a-´sap-s-¯a.tham a-´sap-s-¯a.t¯am

plur. a-´sap-s-mahi a-´sap-dhvam (1) a-´sap-s-a-ta (2)

Between consonants, the aorist marker s is lost. This is similar to the phenomenon that s is regularly lost between voiceless dentals. The concrete sound law is unclear. The athematic ending 3. pl. is regularly a-ta from ie. n-to (or later analogy from similar occasions).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Second-class verbs Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Summer term 2014

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

Summer term 2014

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Weak and strong forms Parasmaipada

Atmanepada

present tense sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperfect sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperative sing. dual plural 1 2 3 Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sing. dual plural 1 2 3 Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Endings parasmâipada thematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas n-ti imperfect (secondary endings) 1 m va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am n

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

athematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas (a)n-ti (2) imperfect (secondary endings) 1 am (1) va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am (a)n (2)/us (3)

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vac, vakti p

vac parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 vac-mi 2 vak-s.i 3 vak-ti imperfect 1 a-vac-a-m 2 a-vak (!) 3 a-vak (!) imperf. 3. pers. sg. a-vak imperf. 2. pers. sg. a-vêt Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual vac-vas vak-thas vak-tas

plur. vac-mas vak-tha vac-a-n-ti

a-vac-va a-vak-tam a-vak-t¯am

a-vac-ma a-vak-ta a-vac-a-n

ie. e-vekw -t and ie. e-vekw -s

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y¯a, y¯ati p

y¯a parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 y¯a-mi 2 y¯a-si 3 y¯a-ti imperfect 1 a-y¯a-m (1) 2 a-y¯a-s 3 a-y¯a-t 1 2

dual y¯a-vas y¯a-thas y¯a-tas

plur. y¯a-mas y¯a-tha y¯a-n-ti (1)

a-y¯a-va a-y¯a-ma a-y¯a-tam a-y¯a-ta a-y¯a-t¯am a-y¯a-n (1)/a-y-us (2)

The ¯a from root y¯a is confounded with some endings. a-y-us with ending us, not a-yâus (di¢ cult to understand).

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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vid p

vid parasmâipada present tense sing. dual 1 vêd-mi vid-vas 2 vêt-si (1) vit-thas (1) 3 vêt-ti (1) vit-tas (1) imperfect 1 a-vêd-am a-vid-va 2 a-vês/a-vêt (2) a-vit-tam (1) 3 a-vêt a-vit-t¯am (1) imperf. 3. pers. a-vêt imperf. 2. pers. a-vêt Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

plur. vid-mas vit-tha (1) vid-a-n-ti a-vid-ma a-vit-ta (1) a-vid-us (4)

ie. e-veid-t and ie. e-veid-s Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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as p

as parasmâipada present tense sing. 1. p. as-mi 2. p. asi (1) 3. p. as-ti imperfect 1. p. ¯as-am (2) 2. p. ¯as-¯¬s (4) 3. p. ¯as-¯¬t (4)

dual s-vas s-thas s-tas

plur. s-mas s-tha s-a-n-ti

¯as-va (3) ¯as-ma (3) ¯as-tam (3) ¯as-ta (3) ¯as-t¯am (3) ¯as-an (3)

1. asi as-si; 2. ¯as-am from a+as; 3. strong (!); 4. ¯as-¯¬s and ¯as-¯¬t originally aorist forms; Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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as p

as parasmâipada imperative 1. p. as-¯ani as-¯ava as-¯ama 2. p. ê-dhi (5) s-tam s-ta 3. p. as-tu s-t¯am s-a-n-tu 5. We have ê-dhi

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as-dhi and again a strong form

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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i p

i parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 ê-mi (1) 2 ê-s.i (1) 3 ê-ti (1) imperfect 1 ¯ay-am (3) 2 âi-s (3) 3 âi-t (3) 3. ¯ay-am 4. âi-ma

dual i-vas (2) i-thas (2) i-tha (2)

plur. i-mas (2) i-tha (2) y-a-n-ti (2)

âi-va (4) âi-ma (4) âi-tam (4) âi-tha (4) âi-t¯am (4) ¯ay-a-n (5)

a-ay-am; âi-t a-êt; a-i-ma (special sandhi rule for augment)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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duh p

duh parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 dôh-mi (3) 2 dhôk-s.i (2, 6) 3 dôg-dhi (1a) imperfect 1 a-dôh-a-m (3) 2 a-dhôk (5) 3 a-dhôk (5)

dual duh-vas (3) dug-dhas (1b) dug-dhas (1a)

plur. duh-mas (3) dug-dha (1a) duh-a-n-ti (3, 4)

a-duh-va (3) a-duh-ma (3) a-dug-dham (1a) a-dug-dha (1a) a-dug-dh¯am (1a) a-duh-a-n (3, 4)

ie. dheugh plus Grassmann + asp. shift 1a and 1b (aspirated already) ie. dheugh without asp. shift and hence without Grassmann in 2, 5 Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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lih p

lih parasmâipada present tense 1 2 3 imperfect 1 2 3

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sing. lêh-mi lêk-s.i (2) lê-d.hi (1)

dual lih-vas l¯¬-d.has (5b) l¯¬-d.has (5a)

a-lêh-a-m a-lêt. (4) a-lêt. (3)

a-lih-va a-lih-ma a-l¯¬-d.ham (5a) a-l¯¬-d.ha (5a) a-l¯¬-d.h¯am (5a) a-lih-a-n (6)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

plur. lih-mas l¯¬-d.ha (5a) lih-a-n-ti (6)

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lih 1

The parasmâipada 3. pers. sg. present tense (and imperative) can be explained by

! ! ! ! 2

ie. lei´gh-ti (full grade) ! lê´g-dhi (aspiration shift) lêz-dhi (s-z law before voiced consonant) lêz.-dhi (ruki) lêz.-d.hi (forward cerebral assimilation) lê-d.hi (z drops with comp. “lengthening”)

The parasmâipada 2. pers. sg. present tense is lêk-s.i which has developed regularly from ie. lei´gh-si (full grade) ! lê´g-si (aspiration “shift”) ! lêk-si (backward assimilation) ! lêk-s.i (ruki)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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lih 3. Parasmâipada imperfect sg. has a-lêt. in both the 2. and 3. pers.. For the 3. pers., we have

! ! ! ! ! !

ie. e-lei´gh-t (full grade with ie. imperfect marker e) a-lê´g-dh (aspiration shift) a-lêz-dh (s-z law before voiced consonant) a-lêz.-dh (ruki) a-lêz.-d.h (forward cerebral assimilation) a-lê-d.h (z drops with comp. “lengthening”) a-lê-t. (…nal consonant voiceless and unaspirated)

4. However, the 2. pers. is not to be explained easily. Maybe, since identical forms of the 2. and 3. sg. imperfect are not too uncommon (see a-dhôk above), analogy is responsible? Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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lih 5a.

5b.

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

li´gh-tas (full grade) ! li´g-dhas (aspiration shift) liz-dhas (s-z law before voiced consonant) liz.-dhas (ruki) liz.-d.has (forward cerebral assimilation) l¯¬-d.has (z drops with comp. lengthening)

li´gh-thas (zero grade) ! li´g-dhas (aspiration “shift”) liz-dhas (s-z law before voiced consonant) liz.-dhas (ruki) liz.-d.has (forward cerebral assimilation) l¯¬-d.has (z drops with comp. lengthening)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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va´s p

va´s parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 va´s-mi 2 vak-s.i (3) 3 vas.-t.i (1) imperfect 1 a-va´s-a-m 2 a-vat. (4) 3 a-vat. (5)

dual u´s-vas us.-t.has (2) us.-t.as (2)

plur. u´s-mas us.-t.ha (2) u´s-a-n-ti (7)

âu´s-va (6) âu´s-ma (6) âus.-t.am (2, 6) âus.-t.a (2, 6) âus.-t.¯am (2, 6) âu´s-a-n (6, 7)

ie. vek´ + ruki 6. imperfect marker a + u/¯u ! âu Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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han p

han parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 han-mi (1) 2 ham . -si (1) 3 han-ti (1) imperfect 1 a-han-a-m (1) 2 a-han (5) 3 a-han (5)

dual han-vas (2) ha-thas (4) ha-tas (4)

plur. han-mas (2) ha-tha (4) ghn-a-n-ti (3)

a-han-va (2) a-han-ma (2) a-ha-tam (4) a-ha-ta (4) a-ha-t¯am (4) a-ghn-a-n (3)

ie. origin is gw hen with 1. sec. pal., 2. irreg. strong forms 4. We should have gha-tas, but have ha-tas by leveling Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Third-class verbs Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Summer term 2014

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Weak and strong forms Parasmaipada

Atmanepada

present tense sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperfect sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperative sing. dual plural 1 2 3 Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Endings parasmâipada thematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas n-ti imperfect (secondary endings) 1 m va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am n

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

athematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas (a)n-ti (2) imperfect (secondary endings) 1 am (1) va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am (a)n (2)/us (3)

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bhr. p

bhr. parasmâipada present tense 1 2 3 imperfect 1 2 3 1 2

sing. bi-bhar-mi bi-bhar-s.i bi-bhar-ti

dual bi-bhr.-vas bi-bhr.-thas bi-bhr.-tas

plur. bi-bhr.-mas bi-bhr.-tha bi-bhr-a-ti (2)

a-bi-bhar-a-m a-bi-bhar (3) a-bi-bhar (3)

a-bi-bhr.-va a-bi-bhr.-ma a-bi-bhr.-tam a-bi-bhr.-ta a-bi-bhr.-t¯am a-bi-bhar-us (1)

us possibly from reduplicative (!) perfect No borrowing of thematic vowel a

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bh¯¬ ie. root bhiH Thus,

p

zero gr. full gr.

p bhr. (“to support”) bh¯¬(“to be afraid”) bhr./bhr before C/V ie. iH ! oi. ¯¬/y before C/V bhar ie. eiH ! oi. ê/ay before C/V

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bh¯¬ p

bh¯¬ parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 bi-bhê-mi 2 bi-bhê-s.i (2) 3 bi-bhê-ti (1) imperfect 1 a-bi-bhay-a-m (3) 2 a-bi-bhê-s (2, 7) 3 a-bi-bhê-t (7)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual bi-bh¯¬-vas (4) bi-bh¯¬-thas (4) bi-bh¯¬-tas (4)

plur. bi-bh¯¬-mas (4) bi-bh¯¬-tha (4) bi-bhy-a-ti (5)

a-bi-bh¯¬-va (4) a-bi-bh¯¬-ma (4) a-bi-bh¯¬-tam (4) a-bi-bh¯¬-ta (4) a-bi-bh¯¬-t¯am (4) a-bi-bhay-us (6)

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hu g´ h u |{z}

-

reduplication syallable

g´ h eu |{z}

root in full grade

-

ti |{z}

ending (3. pers. sg.)

! ´gu-´gh ô-ti (Grassmann’s law) ! ju-hô-ti (primary palatalization)

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hu p

hu (“sacri…ce”) parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 ju-hô-mi 2 ju-hô-s.i (2) 3 ju-hô-ti (1) imperfect 1 a-ju-hav-a-m (3) 2 a-ju-hô-s (2, 7) 3 a-ju-hô-t (7)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual ju-hu-vas (4) ju-hu-thas (4) ju-hu-tas (4)

plur. ju-hu-mas (4) ju-hu-tha (4) ju-hv-a-ti (5)

a-ju-hu-va (4) a-ju-hu-ma (4) a-ju-hu-tam (4) a-ju-hu-ta (4) a-ju-hu-t¯am (4) a-ju-hav-us (6)

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d¯a p

d¯a parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 da-d¯a-mi 2 da-d¯a-si 3 da-d¯a-ti (1)

dual da-d-vas (3) da-t-thas (7) da-t-tas (7)

plur. da-d-mas (3) da-t-tha (7) da-d-a-ti (5)

ie. deH3 ! d¯a 3. da-d-mas de-dH3 -mas or by analogy from tan-mas 5. da-d-a-ti (no a borrowed from thematic conjugation) 7. expected backward assimilation of d-t!t-t

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d¯a p

d¯a parasmâipada imperative 1 da-d¯a-ni da-d¯a-va da-d¯a-ma 2 dê-hi (4) da-t-tam da-t-ta 3 da-d¯a-tu (1) da-t-t¯am da-d-a-tu ie. da-dH3 -dhi ! da-dzdhi (Indo-Iranian emergence of z) ! da-zdhi (loss of cluster-initial d) ! dê-dhi (compensatory lengthening before consonant + i) Finally, analogy from other imperatives with hi Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Fifth-class verbs Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak and strong forms Parasmaipada

Atmanepada

present tense sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperfect sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperative sing. dual plural 1 2 3 Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Endings parasmâipada thematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas n-ti imperfect (secondary endings) 1 m va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am n

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

athematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas (a)n-ti (2) imperfect (secondary endings) 1 am (1) va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am (a)n (2)/us (3)

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Endings ¯atmanêpada thematic verbs ¯atmanêpada pres. tense (theme vow. + prim. end.) sg. dual pl. 1 ê ¯a-vahê ¯a-mahê 2 a-sê êthê a-dhvê 3 a-tê êtê a-n-tê imperfect (theme vow. + sec. end.) 1 ê ¯a-vahi ¯a-mahi 2 a-th¯as êth¯am a-dhvam 3 a-ta êt¯am a-n-ta

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

athematic verbs ¯atmanêpada present tense (prim. end.) sg. dual pl. 1 ê vahê mahê 2 sê ¯athê dhvê 3 tê ¯atê n-tê imperfect (sec. end.) 1 i vahi mahi 2 th¯as ¯ath¯am dhvam 3 ta ¯at¯am n-ta

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Nasal classes class 5 7 8 9

strong gan.a sign 3. pers. sg. nô ´sr-nô-ti na yu-na-k-ti ô tan-ô-ti n¯a pu-n¯a-ti

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

weak gan.a sign 3. pers. pl. nu ´sr-n.u-mas n yu-ñ-j-mas u tan-u-mas n¯¬ pu-n¯¬-mas

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Fifth class Strong forms oi. root su ´sak ¯ap

ending begins with cons. su-nô-mi (“I press”) ´sak-nô-mi (“I can”) ¯ap-nô-mi (“I obtain”)

ending begins with vowel a-su-nav-a-m (“I pressed”) a-´sak-nav-a-m (“I could”) ¯ap-nav-a-m (“I obtained”)

Weak forms oi. root ending begins with cons. ending begins with vowel su su-nu-tha (“you (pl.) press”) su-nv-a-n-ti (“they press”)

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Fifth class If a consonant cluster threatens to obscure the class sign, we get nuv rather than nv:

oi. root ending begins with cons. ending begins with vowel ´sak ´sak-nu-tha (“you (pl.) can”) ´sak-nuv-a-n-ti (“they can”) ¯ap ¯ap-nu-tha (“you (pl.) obtain”) ¯ap-nuv-a-n-ti (“they obtain” Inserting v before the vowel ending makes perfect sense. Otherwise, we would have ¯ap-nv-a-n-ti and …nally ¯ap-av-a-n-ti.

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Fifth class The weak class sign nu often becomes n, only, in the 1. pers. dual and pl., present and past tenses: oi. root class sign nu shortened class sign n su sunu-mas (“we press”) sun-mas ¯ap ¯apnu-mas (“we get”) not ¯apn-mas ! ¯apa-mas

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su p

su parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 su-nô-mi (1) 2 su-nô-s.i (1, 6) 3 su-nô-ti (1) imperfect 1 a-su-nav-am (2) 2 a-su-nô-s (1) 3 a-su-nô-t (1)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual su-n(u)-vas (4) su-nu-thas su-nu-tas

plur. su-n(u)-mas (4) su-nu-tha su-nv-a-n-ti (3)

a-su-n(u)-va (4) a-su-n(u)-ma (4) a-su-nu-tam a-su-nu-ta a-su-nu-t¯am a-su-nv-an (3)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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´sru/sr. p

´sr. parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 ´sr.-nô-mi (1) 2 ´sr.-nô-s.i (1, 6) 3 ´sr.-nô-ti (1) imperfect 1 a-´sr.-nav-am (2) 2 a-´sr.-nô-s (1) 3 a-´sr.-nô-t (1)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual ´sr.-n(u)-vas (4) ´sr.-nu-thas ´sr.-nu-tas

plur. ´sr.-n(u)-mas (4) ´sr.-nu-tha ´sr.-nv-a-n-ti (3)

a-´sr.-n(u)-va (4) a-´sr.-n(u)-ma (4) a-´sr.-nu-tam a-´sr.-nu-ta a-´sr.-nu-t¯am a-´sr.-nv-an (3)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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¯ap p

¯ap parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 ¯ap-nô-mi (1) 2 ¯ap-nô-s.i (1, 6) 3 ¯ap-nô-ti (1) imperfect 1 ¯ap-nav-am (2) 2 ¯ap-nô-s (1) 3 ¯ap-nô-t (1)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual ¯ap-nu-vas (4) ¯ap-nu-thas ¯ap-nu-tas

plur. ¯ap-nu-mas (4) ¯ap-nu-tha ¯ap-nuv-a-n-ti (3)

¯ap-nu-va (4) ¯ap-nu-tam ¯ap-nu-t¯am

¯ap-nu-ma (4) ¯ap-nu-ta ¯ap-nuv-an (3)

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a´s p

a´s ¯atmanêpada present tense sing. 1 a´s-nuv-ê (2) 2 a´s-nu-s.ê (1, 5) 3 a´s-nu-tê (1) imperfect 1 ¯a´s-nuv-i (2) 2 ¯a´s-nu-th¯as (1) 3 ¯a´s-nu-ta (1)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual a´s-nu-vahê (1) a´s-nuv-¯athê (2) a´s-nuv-¯atê (2)

plur. a´s-nu-mahê (1) a´s-nu-dhvê (1) a´s-nuv-atê (2, 3)

¯a´s-nu-mahi (1) ¯a´s-nuv-¯ath¯am ¯a´s-nuv-¯at¯am

¯a´s-nu-mahi (1) ¯a´s-nu-dhvam (1) ¯a´s-nuv-a-ta (2, 3)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Seventh-class verbs Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Weak and strong forms Parasmaipada

Atmanepada

present tense sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperfect sing. dual plural

sing. dual plural

1 2 3

1 2 3

imperative sing. dual plural 1 2 3 Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Endings parasmâipada thematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas n-ti imperfect (secondary endings) 1 m va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am n

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

athematic verbs parasmâipada present tense (primary endings) sing. dual plur. 1 mi vas mas 2 si thas tha 3 ti tas (a)n-ti (2) imperfect (secondary endings) 1 am (1) va ma 2 s tam ta 3 t t¯am (a)n (2)/us (3)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Endings ¯atmanêpada thematic verbs ¯atmanêpada pres. tense (theme vow. + prim. end.) sg. dual pl. 1 ê ¯a-vahê ¯a-mahê 2 a-sê êthê a-dhvê 3 a-tê êtê a-n-tê imperfect (theme vow. + sec. end.) 1 ê ¯a-vahi ¯a-mahi 2 a-th¯as êth¯am a-dhvam 3 a-ta êt¯am a-n-ta

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

athematic verbs ¯atmanêpada present tense (prim. end.) sg. dual pl. 1 ê vahê mahê 2 sê ¯athê dhvê 3 tê ¯atê n-tê imperfect (sec. end.) 1 i vahi mahi 2 th¯as ¯ath¯am dhvam 3 ta ¯at¯am n-ta

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Nasal classes class 5 7 8 9

strong gan.a sign 3. pers. sg. nô ´sr-nô-ti na yu-na-k-ti ô tan-ô-ti n¯a pu-n¯a-ti

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

weak gan.a sign 3. pers. pl. nu ´sr-n.u-mas n yu-ñ-j-mas u tan-u-mas n¯¬ pu-n¯¬-mas

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yuj p

yuj parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 yu-na-j-mi (1) 2 yu-na-k-s.i (3) 3 yu-na-k-ti (3) imperfect 1 a-yu-na-j-a-m (1) 2 a-yu-na-k (3, 4) 3 a-yu-na-k (3, 4)

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dual yu-ñ-j-vas (1) yu-n-k-thas · (3) yu-n-k-tas · (3)

plur. yu-ñ-j-mas (1) yu-n-k-ta · (3) yu-ñ-j-a-n-ti (1, 5a)

a-yu-ñ-j-va (1) a-yu-ñ-j-ma (1) a-yu-n-k-tam · (3) a-yu-n-k-ta · (3) a-yu-n-k-t¯ · am (3) a-yu-ñ-j-a-n (1, 5a)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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yuj p

yuj ¯atmanêpada present tense sing. 1 yu-ñ-j-ê (1) 2 yu-n-k-s · . ê (3) 3 yu-n-k-tê · (3) imperfect 1 a-yu-ñ-j-i (1) 2 a-yu-ñ-k-th¯as (3) 3 a-yu-n-k-ta · (3)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual yu-ñ-j-vahê (1) yu-ñ-j-¯athê (1) yu-ñ-j-¯atê (1)

plur. yu-ñ-j-mahê (1) yu-n-g-dhvê · (2) yu-ñ-j-a-tê (1, 5b)

a-yu-ñ-j-vahi (1) a-yu-ñ-j-mahi (1) a-yu-ñ-j-¯ath¯am (1) a-yu-n-g-dhvam · (2) a-yu-ñ-j-¯at¯am (1) a-yu-ñ-j-a-ta (1, 5b)

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rudh p

rudh parasmâipada present tense sing. dual ru-n-dh-vas (3) 1 ru-n.a-dh-mi (3) 2 ru-n.a-t-si (2a) ru-n-d-dhas (1b) 3 ru-n.a-d-dhi (1a) ru-n-d-dhas (1a) imperfect 1 a-ru-n.a-dh-a-m (3) a-ru-n-dh-va (3) 2 a-ru-n.a-s/a-ru-n.a-t (5) a-ru-n-d-dham (1a) 3 a-ru-n.a-t (5) a-ru-n-d-dh¯am (1a)

plur. ru-n-dh-mas (3) ru-n-d-dha (1a) ru-n-dh-a-n-ti (3,

a-ru-n-dh-ma (3) a-ru-n-d-dha (1a) a-ru-n-dh-a-n (3, 4

1a: t-ending; 1b: th-ending; 5: next slide Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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rudh 4. In both thematic and athematic 3. pers. pl. forms, we have a. 4a. In parasmâipada 3. pers. pl. forms like ru-n-dh-a-n-ti, we have an due to borrowing of a from the thematic classes. 4b. In contrast, ¯atmanêpada forms like ru-n-dh-a-tê do without this borrowing and a goes back to syllabic n. 5. We explain the imperfect 3. pers. sg. by

a-ru-n.a-dh-t ! a-ru-n.a-dh (simpli…cation of consonant cluster) ! a-ru-n.a-t (voiced or aspirated consonant not allowed in …nal posit This also works for the 2. pers. However, the 2. pers. admits a variant a-ru-n.a-s, with familiar ending s.

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bhid p

bhid parasmâipada present tense sing. 1 bhi-na-d-mi 2 bhi-na-t-si 3 bhi-na-t-ti imperfect 1 a-bhi-na-d-a-m 2 a-bhi-na-s/a-bhi-na-t 3 a-bhi-na-t

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dual bhi-n-d-vas bhi-n-t-thas bhi-n-t-tas

plur. bhi-n-d-mas bhi-n-t-ta bhi-n-d-a-n-ti

a-bhi-n-d-va a-bhi-n-d-ma a-bhi-n-t-tam a-bhi-n-t-ta a-bhi-n-t-t¯am a-bhi-n-d-a-n

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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him . s (with nasal sign in the oi. root) p

him .s parasmâipada present tense sing. dual 1 hi-na-s-mi him . s-vas 2 hi-na-s-si him . s-thas 3 hi-na-s-ti him . s-tas imperfect 1 a-hi-na-s-a-m a-him . s-va 2 a-hi-na-s/a-hi-na-t (1) a-him . s-tam 3 a-hi-na-t (1) a-him . s-t¯am

plur. him . s-mas him . s-ta him . s-a-n-ti a-him . s-ma a-him . s-ta a-him . s-a-n

Sandhi of n ! m . before s For (1), see next slide. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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him . s (with nasal sign in the oi. root) We explain the imperfect 2. pers. sg. by a-hi-na-s-s ! a-hi-na-s (simpli…cation of consonant cluster) The same form should be produced in the 3. pers.. However, this is not what we see. In line with other verbs like bhi-d we have endings s or t in the 2. pers. and ending t in the 3.

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit Declinations Harald Wiese University of Leipzig

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Weak and strong forms Roughly speaking, thematic and athematic nouns di¤er in these respects: stem weak/strong acc. pl. m acc. pl. f gen. pl. athem. n. cons. yes as as ¯am ¯ +n ¯ +s ¯ + n¯am them. n. vow. no V V V Nouns whose stem end in a consonant often distinguish between weak forms (zero grade) and strong forms (full grade).

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Weak and strong forms masculine / feminine sing.

dual

plural

nominative vocative accusative …

neuter sing.

dual

plural

nominative vocative accusative …

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Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Athematic nouns We have quite a few classes of nouns whose stem end in consonants. one stem, such as marut, m. (“wind”) (no weak-strong alternation) stems on mant, vant, ant, such as bala-vant, m. (“he who has strength”) an-stems, such as r¯aj-an (“king”) in-stems, such as yôg-in (“yogi”) (no weak-strong alternation) stems in long diphthongs, such as r¯ay (“wealth”) and gl¯av (“moon”)

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Thematic nouns We have many classes of nouns whose stem ends in vowels or, very rarely, diphthongs. Most of them do not show any weak-strong alternation. a-stems m., such as devas neuter, such as phalam

¯a-stems, f., such as dev¯a i-stems m., such as munis f., such as matis

u-stems m., such as gurus u-stems, f., such as dhênus

¯¬-stems, f., such as nad¯¬ u ¯ -stems, f., such as cam¯us Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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In-between nouns .r-stems, such as m. agent nouns, such as nê-tr. (“leader”) kinship nouns, such as pitr. (“father”) or m¯atr. (“mother”) have characteristics of both athematic and thematic nouns: stem weak/strong acc. pl. m acc. pl. f gen. pl. athem. n. pitar yes them. n. pitr. pit¯rn m¯at¯rs pit¯rn.¯am

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Endings all declensions

any stem case sg. dual pl. nom. voc. acc. instr. -bhy¯am dat. -bhy¯am -bhyas abl. -bhy¯am -bhyas gen. -ôs -¯am loc. -ôs -su

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Endings neutral nominative, vocative, and accusative

stem jagat, n. (“world”) case nom. voc. acc. instr.

sg. jagat jagat jagat jagat-¯a

dual jagat¯¬ jagat¯¬ jagat¯¬ jagadbhy¯am

pl. jaganti jaganti jaganti jagadbhis

or stem vanam, n. (“forest”) case nom. voc. acc. instr. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sg. vanam vanam vanam van¯aya

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

dual vanê vanê vanê van¯abhy¯am

pl. van¯ani van¯ani van¯ani vanâis 8 / 47

Endings neutral nominative, vocative, and accusative

Remember: athematic nouns like jagat show n. sg. NVA: n. dual NVA: n. pl. NVA:

¯¬ i

thematic nouns like vanam show n. sg. NVA : a-m n. dual NVA : ê a-¯¬ n. pl. NVA : ¯ani Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

9 / 47

Endings feminine endings

Some endings can occur in any gender. The following endings are typically f.: f. ending case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sg. (s)

dual

m

pl.

s -bhy¯a m

âi ¯as ¯as ¯am

-bhy¯a m

-bhyas

-bhy¯a m

-bhyas

-ôs

-¯a m

-ôs

-su

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

10 / 47

Nominative singular compensatory lengthening 1

Often V + CC ! V¯ + C . as in punar r¯amah. ! pun¯a r¯amah..

2

Remember sandhi rule hasan + .t¯¬katê ! oi. hasam . -s.-t.¯¬katê

s re‡ex for ie. ending for m. and f. nom. sg.: s 1

bala-vant, m. (“he who has strength”) has nom. sg. bala-vant-s ! Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

bala-vans ! Deterrorizing Sanskrit

bala-vann !

bala-v¯an 11 / 47

Nominative singular compensatory lengthening

mati-mant, m. (“he who has mind ! clever”) has nom. sg. mati-mant-s !

mati-mans !

mati-mann !

mati-m¯an,

PAP ga-ta-vant, m. (“he who went”) has nom. sg. ga-ta-v¯an mahant (“great”) with nom. sg. mah¯an gir, f. (“voice, speech”) with nom. sg. gir-s !

gir-r !

g¯¬r

su-manas, m./f. (“good-hearted man/woman”) with nom. sg. su-manas-s !

su-manass !

su-man¯as

Here, the n. noun also exists. su-manas, n. (“‡ower”) is the stem and also the nom. sg.. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Nominative singular compensatory lengthening

Sometimes, lengthening goes together with the loss of a …nal n or r: Stem rajan, m. (“king”) with nom. sg. rajan-s !

rajann !

raj¯an ! raj¯a

Stem yogin, m. (“yogi”) with nom. sg. yog-in-s !

yog-in-n !

yog-¯¬

In contrast, n. nouns do not show lengthening (no s added in nom.sg.). See, for example, the n. adjective tapas-vin with nom. sg. tapas-vi. Stem nê-tr., m. (“leader”) with nom. sg. nêtar-s ! Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

nêtar-r ! Deterrorizing Sanskrit

nêt¯ar ! nêt¯a 13 / 47

Nominative singular compensatory lengthening

Why mati-m¯an with n, but raj¯a without n? sometimes loss of word-…nal consonants without lengthening as in pres. part. gacchants ! gacchan from gam, gacchati (“to go”), shows loss of consonants without lenghening.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

14 / 47

Nominative singular and plural sg. pl. case thematic athematic thematic athematic -os ! as -s ! ∅ -o-es ! ¯as -es ! as nom. ex. dev-a-s marut-s ! marut dev-¯a-s marut-as Observe: 1 2

s as nom. marker e as plural marker

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Accusatives with m

sg. pl. athematic case thematic athematic thematic nom. -os ! as -s ! ∅ -o-es ! ¯as -es ! as ex. dev-a-s marut-s ! marut dev-¯a-s marut-as acc. -om ! am -m ! am -o-ns ! ¯an -ns ! as ex. dev-a-m (1) marut-am (1) dev-¯a-n (3) marut-as (2) 1

Acc. sg. marutam is used instead of unrecognizable maruta marutm. Borrowed from thematic nouns. Analogy v¯atas (“wind”) with acc. sg.: v¯atam just as marut (“wind”) with acc. sg.: marutam

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

16 / 47

Accusatives with m sg. pl. thematic athematic thematic athematic case acc. -om ! am -m ! am -o-ns ! ¯an -ns ! as ex. dev-a-m (1) marut-am (1) dev-¯a-n (3) marut-as (2) 2. The acc. pl. marut-a-s is to be explained by stem + ie. n (acc. marker) which becomes a (between the stem consonant and the …nal) + ie. s (pl. marker)

3. In contrast, the thematic acc. pl. forms are built on the long version of -o-ns, namely -¯o-ns which leads to ¯an (no consonant cluster at word-…nal positions). Remember sandhi rule dêv¯an + tatra ! oi. dêv¯am . -s-tatra Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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One stem, only stem marut case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. dual pl. marut (1) marut-âu marut-as marut marut-âu marut-as marut-am (2) marut-âu marut-as marut-¯a marud-bhy¯am marud-bhis marut-ê marud-bhy¯am marud-bhyas marut-as marud-bhy¯am marud-bhyas marut-as marut-ôs marut-¯am marut-i marut-ôs marut-su

Some comments: 1 2

nom. sg. m. and f. s a in acc. sg. am borrowed from thematic declensions.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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One stem, only special nominative singular

These word-…nal consonants are disallowed: voiced stops aspirated stops palatal c (a stop), ´s, and h What to do? Take the “closest” unvoiced and unaspirated stop. For c, j, ´s, and h, take k or .t.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

19 / 47

One stem, only special nominative singular

stem samr¯aj case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. samr¯a.t samr¯a.t samr¯aj-am samr¯aj-¯a samr¯aj-ê samr¯aj-as samr¯aj-as samr¯aj-i

dual samr¯aj-âu samr¯aj-âu samr¯aj-âu samr¯ad.-bhy¯am samr¯ad.-bhy¯am samr¯ad.-bhy¯am samr¯aj-ôs samr¯aj-ôs

pl. samr¯aj-as samr¯aj-as samr¯aj-as samr¯ad.-bhis samr¯ad.-bhyas samr¯ad.-bhyas samr¯aj-¯am samr¯a.t-su

Observe: 1 The stem samr¯aj occurs before the vowel endings. 2 d. expected assimilation. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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One stem, only special nominative singular

stem v¯ac case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. v¯ak (2) v¯ak (2) v¯ac-am (1) v¯ac-¯a (1) v¯ac-ê (1) v¯ac-as (1) v¯ac-as (1) v¯ac-i (1)

dual pl. v¯ac-âu (1) v¯ac-as (1) v¯ac-âu (1) v¯ac-as (1) v¯ac-âu (1) v¯ac-as (1) v¯ag-bhy¯am (3) v¯ag-bhis (3) v¯ag-bhy¯am (3) v¯ag-bhyas (3) v¯ag-bhy¯am (3) v¯ag-bhyas (3) v¯ac-ôs (1) v¯ac-¯am (1) v¯ac-ôs (1) v¯ak-s.u (2, 4)

where we note 1 the stem v¯ac before vowel endings 2 inadmissible c replaced by k or g Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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One stem, only special nominative singular

stem with c ! k .rc, f. (“hymn, verse”) tvac, f. (“skin”) ´suc, f. (“grief”) with j ! k van.ij, f. (“merchant”) bhis.aj, f. (“doctor”) with ´s ! k di´s, f. (“direction”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

nom. sg. .rk tvak ´suk van.ik bhis.ak dik

instrum. pl. .rg-bhis tvag-bhis ´sug-bhis van.ig-bhis bhis.ag-bhis dig-bhis

22 / 47

One stem, only special nominative singular

stem veda-vid (“Veda knower”) dr.s.ad, f. (“stone”) pari-vr¯aj, m. (“mendicant”) dvis., m. (“enemy”) pr¯a-vr.s., f. (“rain period”) madhu-lih, m. (“bee”) vis., m. (“merchant”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

nom. sg. veda-vit dr.s.at pari-vr¯a.t dvit. pr¯a-vr..t madhu-lit. vit.

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

instrum. pl. veda-vid-bhis dr.s.ad-bhis pari-vr¯ag-bhis dvid.-bhis pr¯a-vr.d.-bhis madhu-lid.-bhis vid.-bhis

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One stem, only special nominative singular

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc. 1 2

sg. k¯ama-dhuk k¯ama-dhuk k¯ama-duh-am k¯ama-duh-¯a k¯ama-duh-ê k¯ama-duh-as k¯ama-duh-as k¯ama-duh-i

dual k¯ama-duh-âu k¯ama-duh-âu k¯ama-duh-âu k¯ama-dhug-bhy¯am k¯ama-dhug-bhy¯am k¯ama-dhug-bhy¯am k¯ama-duh-ôs k¯ama-duh-ôs

pl. k¯ama-duh-as k¯ama-duh-as k¯ama-duh-as k¯ama-dhug-bhis k¯ama-dhug-bhyas k¯ama-dhug-bhyas k¯ama-duh-¯am k¯ama-dhuk-su

the stem k¯ama-duh from deaspiration of ie. dheugh retaining of ie. dh in forms where gh was replaced by unaspirated k or g

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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One stem, only special nominative singular

stem a-budh case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc. 1 2

sg. a-bhut a-bhut a-budh-am a-budh-¯a a-budh-ê a-budh-as a-budh-as a-budh-i

dual a-budh-âu a-budh-âu a-budh-âu a-bhud-bhy¯am a-bhud-bhy¯am a-bhud-bhy¯am a-budh-ôs a-budh-ôs

pl. a-budh-as a-budh-as a-budh-as a-bhud-bhis a-bhud-bhyas a-bhud-bhyas a-budh-¯am a-bhut-su

Grassmann’s deaspiration of ie. bheudh before vowel endings retaining of ie. bh in forms where dh was replaced by unaspirated (!) t or d

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Stems on mant, vant, ant balav¯an, masculine

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. bala-v¯an (1) bala-van bala-vant-am bala-vat-¯a bala-vat-ê bala-vat-as bala-vat-as bala-vat-i

dual bala-vant-âu bala-vant-âu bala-vant-âu bala-vad-bhy¯am bala-vad-bhy¯am bala-vad-bhy¯am bala-vat-ôs bala-vat-ôs

pl. bala-vant-as bala-vant-as bala-va-t-as bala-vad-bhis bala-vad-bhyas bala-vad-bhyas bala-vat-¯am bala-vat-su

The strong-weak alternation concerns the su¢ x. Compare the strong su¢ x vant with the weak vnt ! vat.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

26 / 47

Stems on mant, vant, ant balavat, neuter

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. bala-vat (1) bala-vat bala-vat bala-vat-¯a bala-vat-ê bala-vat-as bala-vat-as bala-vat-i

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual bala-vat-¯¬ bala-vat-¯¬ bala-vat-¯¬ bala-vad-bhy¯am bala-vad-bhy¯am bala-vad-bhy¯am bala-vat-ôs bala-vat-ôs

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

pl. bala-vant-i bala-vant-i bala-vant-i bala-vad-bhis bala-vad-bhyas bala-vad-bhyas bala-vat-¯am bala-vat-su

27 / 47

Stems on mant, vant, ant mah¯an, masculine

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc. 1 2

sg. mah-¯an mah-an mah-¯ant-am mahat-¯a mahat-ê mahat-as mahat-as mahat-i

dual mah-¯ant-âu mah-¯ant-âu mah-¯ant-âu mahad-bhy¯am mahad-bhy¯am mahad-bhy¯am mahat-ôs mahat-ôs

pl. mah-¯ant-as mah-¯ant-as maha-t-as mahad-bhis mahad-bhyas mahad-bhyas mahat-¯am mahat-su

Compensatory lengthening mah-¯an mah-ant-s Long ¯a from nom. sg. m. migrated to all strong froms (leveling) except voc. sg. m..

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Stems on mant, vant, ant mahat, neuter

stem mahant, n. case nom. voc. acc. instr.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sg. dual mahat (1) mahat-¯¬ mahat mahat-¯¬ mahat mahat-¯¬ from here like m.

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

pl. mah-¯ant-i (2) mah-¯ant-i (2) mah-¯ant-i (2)

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Stems on mant, vant, ant present participle

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. bhar-an (1) bhar-an bhar-ant-am bhar-at-¯a bhar-at-ê bhar-at-as bhar-at-as bhar-at-i

dual bhar-ant-âu bhar-ant-âu bhar-ant-âu bhar-ad-bhy¯am bhar-ad-bhy¯am bhar-ad-bhy¯am bhar-at-ôs bhar-at-ôs

pl. bhar-ant-as bhar-ant-as bhar-at-as bhar-ad-bhis bhar-ad-bhyas bhar-ad-bhyas bhar-at-¯am bhar-at-su

All these forms build on the full grade of the verb. strong su¢ x ant weak su¢ x without the vowel, i.e., nt ! at. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

30 / 47

Stems on mant, vant, ant present participle

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. bhar-at (1) bhar-at bhar-at bhar-at-¯a bhar-at-ê bhar-at-as bhar-at-as bhar-at-i

dual bhar-ant-¯¬(!) bhar-ant-¯¬(!) bhar-ant-¯¬(!) bhar-ad-bhy¯am bhar-ad-bhy¯am bhar-ad-bhy¯am bhar-at-ôs bhar-at-ôs

pl. bhar-ant-i bhar-ant-i bhar-ant-i bhar-ad-bhis bhar-ad-bhyas bhar-ad-bhyas bhar-at-¯am bhar-at-su

Again, the f. sg. equals the n. dual: bhar-a-nt-¯¬.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Stems on mant, vant, ant weak dual neuter

jagat, n. (“world”) = present partiple of the 3. class verb g¯a, ji-g¯a-ti (“to go”) stem ja-g-ant, n. case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sg. ja-g-at ja-g-at ja-g-at ja-g-at-¯a ja-g-at-ê ja-g-at-as ja-g-at-as ja-g-at-i

dual ja-g-at-¯¬ ja-g-at-¯¬ ja-g-at-¯¬ ja-g-ad-bhy¯am ja-g-ad-bhy¯am ja-g-ad-bhy¯am ja-g-at-ôs ja-g-at-ôs

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

pl. ja-g-ant-i ja-g-ant-i ja-g-ant-i ja-g-ad-bhis ja-g-ad-bhyas ja-g-ad-bhyas ja-g-at-¯am ja-g-at-su

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Stems on mant, vant, ant weak dual neuter

bhav-ant (“your honor”) = pres. part. of bhu (“to be”) case nom. voc. acc. instr.

sg. dual bhav-¯an bhav-ant-âu bhav-an bhav-ant-âu bhav-ant-am bhav-ant-âu from here regularly

pl. bhav-ant-as bhav-ant-as bhav-at-as

and f. bhav-at-¯¬(without n as in bala-vat-¯¬).

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Stems on mant, vant, ant present participle 1

2 3

The nom. sg. m. (like gacchan) is without compensatory lengthening (in contrast to the PAP ga-ta-v¯an). An exception is the honori…c pronoun bhav-¯an. The n. has strong forms in dual nom. through acc.. However, the regular weak dual is always seen in ja-g-at-¯¬from jagat, n. (“world”) and sometimes in pres. part. of the 6. class where we have weak tudat¯¬b¯alâu (“the two hitting boys”) beside strong tudant¯¬b¯alâu.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Stems on mant, vant, ant table

fem. sg. = nom. dual n.: stem bala-vant (“strong”) mah-ant (“great”) bhar-ant (“carrying”) bhav-ant (“being”) bhav-ant (“your honor”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

n. sg. m. bala-v¯an mah-¯an bhar-an bhav-an bhav-¯an

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

n. dual n. bala-vat-¯¬ mah-at-¯¬ bhar-ant-¯¬ bhav-a-nt-¯¬ bhav-at-¯¬

fem. sg. bala-vat-¯¬ mah-at-¯¬ bhar-ant-¯¬ bhav-ant-¯¬ bhav-at-¯¬

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Stems on mant, vant, ant Analogical “nasal in…x” in neuter plural NVA

Analogy bala-vat = nom. sg. with nom. pl. n. NVA: bala-vant-i just as manas = nom. sg. with nom. pl. n. NVA: man¯am . s-i Thus, stem ¯ayus (“life”) havis (“o¤ering”) asr.j (“blood”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

nom. sg. nom. pl. n. NVA ¯ayus ¯ay¯um . s.-i havis hav¯¬m . s.-i asr.k asr.ñj-i

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Comparative case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. ks.ôd-¯¬y¯an (1) ks.ôd-¯¬yan ks.ôd-¯¬y¯am . s-am ks.ôd-¯¬yas-¯a ks.ôd-¯¬yas-ê ks.ôd-¯¬yas-as ks.ôd-¯¬yas-as ks.ôd-¯¬yas-i

dual pl. ks.ôd-¯¬y¯am s-âu (2) ks.ôd-¯¬y¯am . . s-as ks.ôd-¯¬y¯am . s-âu (2) ks.ôd-¯¬y¯am . s-as ks.ôd-¯¬y¯am . s-âu (2) ks.ôd-¯¬yas-as (3) ks.ôd-¯¬yô-bhy¯am ks.ôd-¯¬yô-bhis (4) ks.ôd-¯¬yô-bhy¯am ks.ôd-¯¬yô-bhyas ks.ôd-¯¬yô-bhy¯am ks.ôd-¯¬yô-bhyas ks.ôd-¯¬yas-ôs ks.ôd-¯¬yas-¯am ks.ôd-¯¬yas-ôs ks.ôd-¯¬yas-su

1. compensatory lengthening plus 2. migration 3. ¯¬yans ! ¯¬yas by loss of vowel + 4. sandhi Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Reduplicated perfect active participle case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. ca-kr.-v¯an (1) ca-kr.-van ca-kr.-v¯am . s-am ca-kr-us.-¯a (4) ca-kr-us.-ê (4) ca-kr-us.-as (4) ca-kr-us.-as (4) ca-kr-us.-i (4)

dual ca-kr.-v¯am . s-âu (2) ca-kr.-v¯am . s-âu (2) ca-kr.-v¯am . s-âu (2) ca-kr.-vad-bhy¯am ca-kr.-vad-bhy¯am ca-kr.-vad-bhy¯am ca-kr-us.-ôs (4) ca-kr-us.-ôs (4)

pl. ca-kr.-v¯am . s-as ca-kr.-v¯am . s-as ca-kr-us.-as (4) ca-kr.-vad-bhis (3) ca-kr.-vad-bhyas ca-kr.-vad-bhyas ca-kr-us.-¯am ca-kr.vat-su

1. ca-kr.-v¯an from ca-kr.-vans + compensatory lengthening + 2. migration 3. ca-kr.-vad-bhis analogy with mah-ad-bhis 4. ca-kr-us.-¯a from cakr.vas (without n) Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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an- und in-stems stem r¯aj-an case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

sg. dual r¯aj-¯a (2) r¯aj-¯an-âu (1) r¯aj-an (3) r¯aj-¯an-âu r¯aj-¯an-am (1) r¯aj-¯an-âu r¯aj-ñ-¯a (4) r¯aj-a-bhy¯am r¯aj-ñ-ê (4) r¯aj-a-bhy¯am r¯aj-ñ-as r¯aj-a-bhy¯am r¯aj-ñ-as r¯aj-ñ-ôs r¯aj-ñ-i r¯aj-ñ-ôs

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

pl. r¯aj-¯an-as (1) r¯aj-¯an-as r¯aj-ñ-as r¯aj-a-bhis (5) r¯aj-a-bhyas (5) r¯aj-a-bhyas r¯aj-ñ-¯am r¯aj-a-su

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an- und in-stems masculine 1

The strong forms with ¯a + n + ending with vowel goes back to ie. o + n + ending with vowel

2 3

4 5

according to Brugmann’s law Nom. sg. r¯aj-¯a from compensatory lengthening, but n is dropped. The strong form voc. sg. r¯aj-an also goes back to ie. o + n, but without lenghtening. instr. sg. r¯aj-ñ-¯a zero-grade forward (!) assimilation instr. pl. r¯aj-a-bhis regular zero-grade

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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an- und in-stems neuter

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc. 1

sg. n¯am-a n¯am-a, n¯am-an n¯am-a n¯am-n-¯a n¯am-n-ê n¯am-n-as n¯am-n-as n¯am-n-i/n¯am-an-i (3)

dual n¯am-n-¯¬/n¯am-an-¯¬ (1) n¯am-n-¯¬/n¯am-an-¯¬ (1) n¯am-n-¯¬/n¯am-an-¯¬ (1) n¯am-a-bhy¯am n¯am-a-bhy¯am n¯am-a-bhy¯am n¯am-n-ôs n¯am-n-ôs

pl. n¯am-¯an-i n¯am-¯an-i n¯am-¯an-i n¯am-a-bhis n¯am-a-bhyas n¯am-a-bhyas n¯am-n-¯am n¯am-a-su

Expected n¯am-n- and, secondarily, forms with n¯am-an- which have spilled over from words like the karm-an (“action”)

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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an- und in-stems two consonants before an

Instrum. sg. should be ¯atm-n-¯a and karm-n-¯a but the m must become syllabic so that we would obtain ¯ata-n-¯a and kara-n-¯a !

kara-n.-¯a

Analogy or levelling produce observed forms ¯atm-an-¯a and karm-an.-¯a Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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an- und in-stems two consonants before an

case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. karm-a karm-an/karm-a karm-a karm-an.-¯a karm-an.-ê karm-an.-as karm-an.-as karm-an.-i

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

dual karm-an.-¯¬ karm-an.-¯¬ karm-an.-¯¬ karm-a-bhy¯am karm-a-bhy¯am karm-a-bhy¯am karm-an.-ôs karm-an.-ôs

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

pl. karm-¯an.-i karm-¯an.-i karm-¯an.-i karm-a-bhis karm-a-bhyas karm-a-bhyas karm-an.-¯am karm-a-su

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an- und in-stems case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. yôg-¯¬(2) yôg-in yôg-in-am (1) yôg-in-¯a (1) yôg-in-ê (1) yôg-in-as (1) yôg-in-as (1) yôg-in-i (1)

dual yôg-in-âu (1) yôg-in-âu (1) yôg-in-âu (1) yôg-i-bhy¯am (3) yôg-i-bhy¯am (3) yôg-i-bhy¯am (3) yôg-in-ôs (1) yôg-in-ôs (1)

pl. yôg-in-as (1) yôg-in-as (1) yôg-in-as (1) yôg-i-bhis (3) yôg-i-bhyas (3) yôg-i-bhyas (3) yôg-in-¯am (1) yôg-i-s.u (3)

2. compensatory lengthening for original s 3. yôg-i-bhy¯am analogy with r¯aj-a-bhy¯am

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Agent and kinship nouns Examples: nê-tr. (“leader”), bhar-tr. (“husband”), or kar-tr. (“doer, maker”) Su¢ x is ie. tor (as in Latin FW men-tor) Thus, by Brugmann’s law ie. o + r + ending with vowel ! ¯a + r + ending with vowel In the weak forms, we see tr before vowels or tr. before consonants.

Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

Deterrorizing Sanskrit

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Agent and kinship nouns stem nê-tr. case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. nê-t¯a (1) nê-tar (2) nê-t¯ar-am nê-tr-¯a (3) nê-tr-ê (3) nê-t-us nê-t-us nê-tar-i (7)

dual nê-t¯ar-âu nê-t¯ar-âu nê-t¯ar-âu nê-tr.-bhy¯am nê-tr.-bhy¯am nê-tr.-bhy¯am nê-tr-ôs nê-tr-ôs

pl. nê-t¯ar-as nê-t¯ar-as nê-t¯r-n (5) nê-tr.-bhis (4) nê-tr.-bhyas (4) nê-tr.-bhyas nê-t¯r-n.¯am (5) nê-tr.-s.u (6)

1. nê-t¯a like r¯aj-¯a. 2. nê-tar not in open syllable. 3. zero grade. 4. ¯ + n¯am as in thematic nouns. 6. zero grade before consonant. 5. V ruki. 7. irregular. Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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Agent and kinship nouns stem pitr. case nom. voc. acc. instr. dat. abl. gen. loc.

sg. dual pit-¯a pit-ar-âu (!) pit-ar pit-ar-âu pit-ar-am (!) pit-ar-âu pitr-¯a pitr.-bhy¯am pitr-ê pitr.-bhy¯am pit-us pitr.-bhy¯am pit-us pitr-ôs pitar-i pitr-ôs

pl. pit-ar-as (!) pit-ar-as pit¯r-n pitr.-bhis pitr.-bhyas pitr.-bhyas pit¯r-n.¯am pitr.-s.u

pit-ar-am or pit-ar-as (without Brugmann) which contrast nê-t¯ar-am and nê-t¯ar-as (with Brugmann). Harald Wiese (University of Leipzig)

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