College Yiddish: An Introduction to the Yiddish Language and to Jewish Life and Culture [Fifth Revised (PDF/A)] 0914512269

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NR a BEA!

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE YIDDISH LANGUAGE AND TO JEWISH LIFE AND CULTURE

By

URIEL WEINREICH Professor of Yiddish Language, Literature and Culture on the Atran Chair, Columbia University

with a preface to the first edition by ROMAN JAKOBSON

Harvard University

Fifth Revised Edition

YIVO INSTITUTE

WW)

FOR JEWISH

New York

RESEARCH

First Edition First Printing, 1949

Second Printing, 1951

Second Revised Edition First Printing, 1953

Second Printing, 1954

Third Revised Edition First Printing, 1960 Second Printing, 1962 Fourth Revised Edition First Printing, 1965 Second Printing, 1966 Third Printing, 1967 Fourth Printing, 1968

Fifth Printing, 1969

Sixth Printing, 1970

Fifth Revised Edition

First Printing, 1971

Second Printing, 1974 Third Printing, 1976 Fourth Printing, 1979 Fifth Printing, 1981

Sixth Printing, 1984

Seventh Printing, 1990

Eighth Printing, 1992

by 1979, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1992 1965, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1976, Copyright © 1949, 1953, 1960, rch, Inc. YIVO Institute for Jewish Resea NY 10028 York, New ue, Aven Fifth 1048

ica Printed in the United States of Amer 76-88208 er: Numb Card og Library of Congress Catal

VIVID ONN YON 7 TIN NR yay? wear vyN D1 PR WIP

1967. The present reUriel Weinreich died on March 30, en by Dr. Max Weinvision of College Yiddish, undertak materials contained reich, involved updating the cultural this text and Uriel herein, and assuring consistency between rn English-YidWeinreich’s posthumously published Mode stone in the mile dish Yiddish-English Dictionary, itself a in general. aphy field of Yiddish studies and of lexicogr ed in the oduc Wherever necessary, changes have been intr of verbs, ciple gender and plural of nouns, the past parti n, and origi ic rama the transcription of words of Hebrew-A daemen , tion In addi the glosses of entries in the vocabulary. ce rien expe out of the tions have been introduced that arose of teachers and students alike. ur, Mr. DonSpecial thanks are due to Dr. Michael Asto is Goldwasser, ald Forman, Mr. David L. Gold, Mr. Morr Dr. Khave Dr. Mordkhe Schaechter, Dr. Chone Shmeruk, for submitting Turnianski, and Mr. Richard Zuckerman dations in this suggestions on which many of the emen edition of College Yiddish are based. 28, 1969, this After Max Weinreich’s death on January I. Herzog, in Marv work was carried to completion by Dr. Foundaran es-At Professor of Linguistics and Yiddish Studi tion, Columbia University.

1971

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my indebtedness to my teachers, the members of the Section for Language and Literature of the Yiddish Scientific Institute—YIVO.

Professor Judah

A. Joffe has helped

me

by care-

fully reading the first draft and making a number of suggestions. Mr. Yudel Mark has given me much valuable advice based not only on his outstanding knowledge of Yiddish grammar but also on

his experience

in

teaching

Yiddish

to

Americans;

he

through the entire text with me at three separate stages of my Without the constant help of Dr. Max Weinreich, Research tor of YIVO and professor in charge of the Yiddish courses City College of New York, in every phase of my work, this could not have been brought to its present form.

went

work. Direcat the book

I am grateful, furthermore, to my teachers at Columbia University, Professors Roman Jakobson and André Martinet, who have

given me many important suggestions, especially in the preparation of the chapters on the Yiddish sounds and letters. T also wish to thank Mr. H. Bass for his Suggestions on the con-

struction

of the course;

Mr.

Ralph

Cohen

of the

College

of the

City of New York for his scrupulous review of the English style; Mr. S. Dawidowicz, member of the YIVO staff, for his expert assistance in solving the difficult typographical problems; Mr. F. Maliniak for competent typesetting; and Professor Sol Liptzin, chairman of the Department of German at City College and secretary of the Academic Council of YIVO, for his constant encouragement.

1949

UW.

book in the continued use of the It is gratifying to note that other y man in umbia University and Yiddish classes both at Col the original edition. institutions has exhausted nk Mr. B. version, I also wish to tha sed revi this ing par pre In Dr. H. H. zky, Mrs. M. Tuzman, and Bialostotzky, Dr. W. Milwit edition. first the on suggestions based Paper for their constructive UW. 1953 in Yidoriginal edition, the interest Since the appearance of the As the es. Stat grow in the United dish culture has continued to and rary lite of Yiddish

and the use pace of translation quickens the and on records is expanded, on visi folklore materials on tele lscho of type guage also is intensified. A new

study of the source lan ted arly publication in English, devo

to Yiddish

language,

litera-

Field ed in 1954 under the title The ture, and folklore, was launch ies, Stud ional Conference on Yiddish of Yiddish. In 1958, an internat rea group of scholars active in this

held in New York, attracted The teaching of Yiddish has been search field in various countries. eges, and the language has been introduced into several more coll as an elective in the regular curtaken up, both informally and schools. To judge from the unin riculum, in New York City high ughthro ps grou t adul us numero terrupted sales of College Yiddish, in the study of Yiddish. d age eng are es out the United Stat Minor

changes

in

formulation,

exercise

materials,

and

cross-

due mainly to the classroom exreferences in the third edition are Professor in perience

with

this

textbook

of Dr.

Max

Weinreich,

College of New York. Charge of Yiddish Studies at the City 1960

UW.

PREFACE

TO

THE

FIRST

EDITION

[1949]

A language which is written and used for various cultural purposes needs a codified standard. Intercommunication on a higher

level is essentially impeded where such a unified standard is not sufficiently

maintained,

or

is even

not

elaborated.

Without

a well-or-

ganized, rich lexical stock, supple and at the same time stabilized enough to express the most refined nuances of abstract thought and of our widely differentiated spiritual and material life, neither poetry nor the novel can hope to rise and overcome the restraining bonds of provincial backwardness, and scholarship remains helplessly mute, Without a clearcut norm of standard pronunciation, rhymes are dulled, the theatrical ensemble deteriorates, and the most lofty radio speeches have a burlesque flavor. Perhaps the most pertinent component in the responsible work of normalizing a language is the precise regulation of grammatical pattern. As there is no genuine sport without rules of play, and as a building

demands an intricate plan, so too a cultural tongue necessarily implies a firm grammatical frame.

Yiddish has a rich and dramatic cultural history. It has undergone all processes which fertilize and ferment linguistic evolution—capricious migration of speech and speakers, ramified hybridization,

intimate

coexistence

and

stubborn

competition

with

other languages, tempering struggle for mastery of diverse fields of culture, and last but not least, significant achievement in belleslettres as well as fruitful philological discussions about various problems of the young literary language. There is no lack of standard. Standard is being created, step by step. The burning task, however, is its spread and popularization. Under conditions of diaspora, a tigorously unified standard is even a much more vital premise for the being and development of a cultural language than it is in a closely knit speech community. There cannot be approximate knowledge of a literary language for its users. Full mastery or il9

a mastery is a literacy—tertium non datur. The first tool for such but banalities banal, ely extrem is idea textbook of grammar. The as it seems, e strang And en. forgott are most easily and frequently pioneering a be to s happen h Yiddis of a rational, practical textbook singular the in s feature xical parado work. This is one of the many historical march of this language. almost universally disA further banality, particularly often and ge and its struclangua a regarded, is that a textbook dealing with of language. science the in ture must be made by a person trained g an enwritin ake undert No one unfamiliar with mechanics will ars gramm school too many gineering textbook, but still there are lanof science the with prepared by people who never bothered sh Yiddi of ok English textbo guage. It is encouraging that the first of linguistics. has been written by a qualified student R. JAKOBSON Harvard

University

CONTENTS ae

PREFACE

Lae

.

..

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PREFACE TO THE FIRsT Epimion, by Resnan Jakobson . CONTENTS , o

INTRODUCTORY Now YwpisH SOUNDS. . THe ALPHABET . LEsson 1

é .

.

..

+

11 15 19 25 30

eee

Set Pai

iia

asetaa

Slee

ser uiys

IyTI9> YOR m a “article and Gender. Word Order. Direct Questions. Yiworsn As A Key To Jewish Lire.

Lesson 2. . . beP PR OPN n rm Article. Third

DIALEcTs

Lesson 3.

AND THE STANDARD

.

OA TT PK ner is with py} Use of typ. DERIVATION OF YIDDISH.

Lesson 4

DMT YT PR pigs

“adjectives

ary) ae

Person. The

a

Adverb

397.

LANGUAGE.

ARC

OME er MPM

Plural

of

Nouns.

PERO Ne SU

Personal

penn

ysmyep

ne

m3

oyine

Lesson 7

.

& roma

a

RAE eva

‘y13%.

me

y3y>

Review lOuislone.

Contractions

53

ro MRC

Tense.

jbO—

Omitting

the

sive

aaNGNNY

yy2n.

Present

imperative:

and

45

E.On a eR ons

eat uaa

Present

of

am ‘yore

and %. 17 and ‘x. Title of Address. Tense of 3 and 2¥7. Tre Hesrew Component IN YIDDISH.

Lesson 6 .

Dative.

Pronouns.

Form. Declension of Names, Inflection Article, Yivpish CoMPARED TO GERMAN.

Lesson 5

37

. Acuative Negative

yy

«

11

68

Da MED Searcher a LDU

Nhs

arens

IVR? YI pe answr. Indirect Obiect. Conjugation of yay. Infinitive. Irregular Infinitives, Infinitives of 41 PR and yp PR Use of 18 with the Infinitive. Constructions after }2yn. Greetings. GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF YIDDISH.

61

ae

78

oy?

81

Mactiat art

89

eel

Sa

aise Cue

cco sep eho iue’ TOee Be

Bolo

TERGON

or ]21. Past Tense yoya PR WW. Past Tense. Past Participle. 324m ves. Adjecti from Formed s of ¥1 PR and yor PR Adverb II. WAR WorLD IN JEWS AN EUROPE OF "THe FATE WK

BR TR

DOM

ove

hice

PESGON QU

WM

TE.

TYOOR

bape ayT 199 TT royn WE.

yoy. The Prepositions px and Contractions with py. Oper YivpisH LITERATURE.

pun itive Order.

He

Personal

of

Declension

ee

fiessonMIO Mee

TeESCONMILIDEEI

Past

ea

Use

as a Subject.

of py

—y.

without

Participles

Like.

Clauses as Sentence Units. To Interrogative Pronouns. Mopvern YinpisH LIreRATURE.

aan

speplete ap

Spain Wee

arty

yb

Un

1539 Po Row

LESSON ODS ooo

105

Be

eA

ake

te to

eee

inp

Seay

7.

sete gine

Questions.

ae pe

Ae ee

eh 0 Fella Shores

brigate

SEE

Review

a

ae

eh

113 119

‘1. Consecutive Word Idiomatic Verbs with pyre yy. and Cold. Hot te. Predica the in ives Adject Order. JewisH IMMIGRATION.

TOESSON TA

96

Past Participle and InfinSip” sy1. Complemented Verbs. ructions and Word Const l of Complemented Verbs. Verba

TD oo

me

and

The Pronoun 73. Additional

y™p.

JewisH Houipays.

LESSON

and

eile”

a

128

Adjectives. Use of Pos1948 1y? JB yeyTeR PE ws ¥. Possessive of Persons. PossesNames of Form ive Possess ves. sessive Adjecti

sive

Form

of Common

Nouns.

WBE. Adverbs Designating Place. YinpisHh COMPARED TO ENGLISH.

Lesson, 15 scicupedios eyes

enti

We

iE

17a and

Adjectives.

Uninflected

er

pee

ee

oe

PR and yD) PR pws yey. Future Tense, Future Tense of 7 Continuing into Action Avoiding Redundant Verbs. Uncompleted the Present. Jewish LANGUAGES.

TERSSON

IG foe li igs 5 ac posh bs ieee etude

eae

ts Ral Fees

as Bi

ys. Numerals. One. HY PK TIT OD 12s PVP 19 1 Sym .yByox and yty?. Phrases Tyqyts? 3093. Periphrastic Verbs. 1y3"72 and ns. Questio t Indirec ions. Express atical Mathem with 6. YippisH_ PROVERBS.

12

136

146

Lesson: V7

ON it

TOPYLIYT

WT

ia

ORT

IN

Siete

072 Oa

hg eee

WA

IT

ses

.pwoOONDD

Numerals. Days of the Weck. Telling Time. Age.

Tue

TSESSON

YIDDISH

LESSON

tee

roe

TT

VOM

.P'TNI

SIQUSAY

=

2e

yOrPoyzayrys

Distinctions, JewisH

TEESSON

209K

ee

yorna

ct

al ONT

niaterell

DOT

NIRA

tres

bees HEE

A

»nx.

ne

THT

es

Nahe

Or.

Saye!

Redundant

156

Nouns.

“co

Review

alee,

Use

a

166

oe

Questions.

wet)

of 1%.

ea

174

Sop cosas

185

Idiomatic

EpucaTIoN.

ZO ene

shy

aS

TRI PR IWSYIVD N PON of Adverbial Complements.

Idiomatic

Jewish

LESSON

ee Larger

PREss.

IG See

DYIVID

a

yw.

Verbs of Position.

That

Humor.

20

De See

ApS

WH NWI Adverbial

eles sates, add

7 We wR px. Meaning Complements Used Alone.

and

Those.

et et ain a

at

ene

et

195

wee gaa tg

205

RnR Rtn

punya oytayy. Relative Clauses. Two Nouns in Succession. Plural of Some Numerals and Nouns. Supporting —y— in Adjectives.

PERETZ.

LESSONS 22 sassy Bence: Ghee 2BRP

YT

Ty

HINT

ONN

PIR

Wika me

.OMN

2

OK

jectives. Fractional Numerals. Half. Nouns in Expressions of Time. THE TRADITIONAL JEWISH CALENDAR.

ecco VND

OY.

Names of the

Numeral

Months.

Ad-

Dates.

LESSON 123 ale bere vou “euatests Cs) as al gan ie EPITOME 27981. W TVD PT OY |W TY yrTP 7, Idiomatic Verbs. Avoiding

the

inite Article.

Jewish FAMILY

LESSON

24° ties

Possessive.

Emphasizing

25.1.0

RM cole

or

Adverbs.

Def-

NAMES.

Peateue Tiare

yay? ayor> syaytoxa ayt.

LESSON)

Pronouns

oenatie

nie

224

tame tO tacos Tah

Review

Questions.

Naluhlsaean

gulag

232

naw. Comparative. Superlative. YippisH FoLk Soncs.

LESSON (26 s/o 2DIINOY

AYN

216

Shots be .ATIYO

OypoN.

od goie tat ek wane eh ene Comparative

Adverbs. Indefinite Amount or Number. Unit. ATTITUDE Worps AND Forms.

13

and

Superlative

Emphasizing

of

a Sentence

240

TeseON

ee sone

etc

CE

ey Ue

BT

Participle Used as an Adsyouye perme 16 qyoyi yt. Present Nouns. Repeated Action. as ives Infinit ive. Adject an verb and as Conditional.

im. Tue PHILOSOPHY AND INFLUENCE OF THE Khsid

y—

Base of Verb Ending in Unstressed YippisH IN AMERICA. TT

PyTWyIB MY

O17

VYIW

Points of the Compass.

Indirect Discourse. Earty YiopisH LIveRaTURE

Lesson 80. prs

.

1°) %1.

-

3

een,

.JIP Tay? OB

Dative of Reference. IN AMERICA.

Review Questions.

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS

eb.

.

-

)

-

‘Feeling.”

Adverbs.

Numeral

}—

Suffix

Feminine

y—.

aoe

a

pe omysyn? gory. The

BNR CYT? ONIN

bpyo Oy? OTyEIEP

Suffix

oe

a

ate

Po

a

iE

lie

aR

ss

in

of Tenses

Use

laa | ty, OHO

Mc

ss

BO

eet

earns

Compound Nouns.

tot

ot

285

tt

one “519 YoyTyD .288 yadws PT TyWoY W7Y .287 ISK YT rppoy D150 22795 Prynw .290 yoyrxP TH sT2yBsytyI OY .288 Sodw PR AyD ¥ OMSK 291 yO TK THR rand pny? .292 TyaMaya PI PRs JI WTN

PR Yoya WNSVIAN

PK srybya py23 .293 yRP 92176 77 Pw 298 PSIPyIPY sWYHyPSIO BATIK .296

A Synopsis OF GRAMMAR . YiwpisH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 6 ENGLIsH-YwpisH GLOSSARY.» ee ©) GrammaticaL INDEX. Soncs wiITH

Og HER SONS tt ss +) se th ee se ht et ee

aoe yo gre. tt tt th ttt ttt

Music

oR 4106 FIDIIN NK ADIN .68 TORI VY? .61 WII WIV Wweye 8 rT TD? DD 3 .114—11 WA YD IT YP YOY “Diy 145-144 a ypRoNrR 4 -155—15 0373 225 yoy? .184—183 poy ID JEMK .167—166 -226— “SYMONS. .257 PPI TOPO K 239-238 OLN TWYT PR VERB 282 yn TABLES,

ILLUSTRATIONS, DIRT WT

VI

.75—74

baie?

PR yap

ETC.

6

& Ve 43 wy

pyre

oT

IT OWN PR yosr 116 pays YoyA "7 BoOya WNIWIRN PK ROWER PR VIP YW"? 87—86 7 91—90 MANAyy TYNE IVT 3K5 TOMB PB DyP OR? pDyy pie

DI6OI519

yoytaga sTpgnyo? wT?

(103 1526 TH ATAA TABI WT wpe IP 143 BTR? PR VEIN PRB WOK .160 27YI7T WT PR 7

WT

PR wir 95-94 PB wiany pny? ph amy IT 105 PHITADUN B -156 1966—1840 JwayrEIyP AY 7

1908 ORO’ sTORD! yop'APNIRE 17 PR TTP 1162 1965—

YOP"IPRINE 77 PR

MK YI .1T1—170 1966 yorw °7 .205—204 ywrRN PX (5p Oys78) PIB-V -249 YIRET2BA -216 182 14

SOY 335 $72 398

INTRODUCTORY

NOTES

HE INTRODUCTION, in the 1940's, of Yiddish as an academic subject in the curricula of some American colleges and universities brought into focus the need for a textbook of Yiddish designed especially for educated adults. Although existing Yiddish textbooks, which have been compiled primarily for the use of children, may be useful as supplementary material even in the college classroom, they are far from adequate as basic texts, since they do not take advantage of the college students’ educational background, particularly their experience in studying other languages. This text is intended for a normal college course of one year. It may also be of use to students learning Yiddish on their own. A considerable portion of the material included in it had already been tried and found satisfactory in college classes and various informal study groups before the publication of the book. It is to be expected that many students embarking on a college course in Yiddish will have some previous knowledge of the language from having heard it spoken at home or having studied it in childhood. A skillful teacher will put such knowledge to excellent use. On the other hand, there is a danger that prior unsystematic acquaintance with Yiddish may mislead. The Yiddish which a student has heard may have been carelessly infused with illegitimate English borrowings; it may have been dialectal, differing from the standard language in sound structure as well as in grammar and vocabulary; and even the irregularities of unstandardized Yiddish spelling may confuse the student. For persons with some amount of unsystematic previous knowledge of Yiddish, this textbook will have the particular advantage of bringing order into their knowledge and of acquainting them with the basic features of the standard language. The Yiddish taught here is the cultural language which is the expression of creative literature and thought. Reapinc Texts. The reading texts with which each lesson begins have been adapted from various sources. In a number of instances, 15

CoLiecE

16

YIDDISH

to conselections from known authors have been slightly modified or more form to the framework of the course. Occasionally, one stanzas of a poem or a song have been omitted. menThe inclusion or omission of writers in the choice of supple adaptthe on solely based been has ) 285-299 tary reading texts (pp. ily reflect ability of their work to this course, and does not necessar re. literatu their importance in Yiddish g passage. The Vocasutary. A vocabulary list follows each readin “Active” words . vocabulary has been divided into active and passive they are freely used should be memorized when they first occur, as ation; those words in subsequent lessons without additional explan are of an incidental are preceded by an asterisk. “Passive” words are again listed in nature in this text, and when they recur, they the vocabulary.

has been In many cases, only the pertinent translation of a word

listed, although other meanings exist. D3y792.

for example, is trans-

rly, lated in lesson 19 as right, although it also means just. Simila onal meanayn qy7 is translated as road in lesson 14, while the additi

ing of way is given in lesson 19. in parenIn the case of active words, the vocabulary includes for ceriples partic past nouns, for l theses the inflected forms (plura case of the In etc.). ves, adjecti tain verbs, comparative for certain if only lary vocabu the in given are passive words, inflected forms end the at ry glossa the In texts. those forms appear in the reading of the book (pp. 335 ff.), however, the inflected forms of passive ts. words as well are given for the benefit of interested studen ul, has doubtf are that The gender of nouns, in the few instances Engn Moder 's author been based on the norms laid down in the “Se: Mark’s Yudel lish-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary:! Mr. ng starti the as lected Vocabulary for the Beginner Class”? served point in the selection of the vocabulary for this book. which are Questions. The questions about each reading passage, writing. in or orally ed answer be given after the vocabulary, may to turn and n hensio compre s’ They serve to measure the student r. gramma their attention to new problems of 1 YIVO

and

McGraw-Hill

Book

Co., New

2 In: Der vokabular farn onheyber-klas

New

York, 1944, pp. 36 ff.

York,

1968, 842 pp.

in der amerikaner yidisher shul, YIVO,

INTRODUCTORY

NOTES

7

Grammar. Grammatical forms and constructions have been explained, primarily, from the point of view of their function in Yiddish;

but,

wherever

necessary,

explanations

translating from English into Yiddish. Problems of grammar

were

added

to

aid

have been analyzed with special reference

to dissimilarities between Yiddish and English structure and, lesser degree, with reference to Yiddish-German divergences, formal similarity to English or German grammar is likely to the students into error. Where variations exist within the standard language, only grammatical

variant

is

in

taught.

In

several

are cited in the synopsis of grammar

cases,

other

to a since lead one

equivalents

(pp. 301-333) .

Because of the limited scope of this book, it was found convenient to teach certain constructions by giving examples or enumerating instances, instead of formulating fixed rules. Exercises. The exercises are designed to provide practice in the use of active vocabulary and of grammatical forms and constructions as they are taught. The supplementary readings as well as the proverbs which are cited in the text have been found to provide good topics for oral and written compositions. In the translation exercises words in [ ] are to be omitted while words in () are to be included. Italicized words in () are explanatory.

Many

translation

exercises

consist

of continuous

texts

rather than detached sentences. In a number of instances, English idiom has been sacrificed in order to suggest more clearly the Yiddish translation that is required. Review Lessons. Every sixth lesson is a review. It contains no new active vocabulary or grammar, but has exercises on the preceding five lessons. Backcrounp READINGS IN ENGLISH. Each lesson concludes with an English chapter. These passages are intended as introductions to linguistic and cultural problems of Jewish life, present and past. The questions contained in the review lessons are given as an aid to remembering the more important facts. Teachers may find it feasible as well as stimulating to discuss in Yiddish some of the background chapters. The words for traditional Jewish concepts have been phonetically transcribed and used in the English texts in their Yiddish

CoLiecEe YIDDISH

18

forms which have forms, for it seems more appropriate to use the centuries than many for Jews of ty been employed by the majori rdic Hebrew. Sepha ized Anglic or the equivalents in a Germanized Therefore,

we

write

Khanike

rather

than

Hanukkah,

hagodes

th or Succoth. Only rather than haggadoth, Sukes rather than Sukko generally known the has names in the case of well-known proper rly Perets) , (prope Peretz spelling been preserved; for example, feld (propRosen , ) Sholom Aleichem (properly Sholem-Aleykhem erly Roznfeld) , etc. licated language probFurtHer Stupy. A number of more comp stages of study. An interlems have had to be postponed for later knowledge of grammar as mediate course will extend the student's ult non-imaginative writwell as teach him to read moderately diffic gap to imaginative ing. Then, an advanced course will bridge the student to the more prose and poetry, simultaneously leading the style. and intricate parts of Yiddish grammar

s touched upon SUGGESTIONS AND INQuiRIES. Inquiries as to matter improvements in future in this volume, as well as suggestions for addressed to the editions, are cordially invited. They should be Ave., YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1048 Fifth . 10028 N.Y. New York,

YIDDISH

SOUNDS

The following outline of Yiddish sounds has been kept to a minimum. The main stress has been placed on phonemic features, i.e. those which are essential to the intelligibility of the language. The fine points of pronunciation are best acquired by practice under the guidance of a teacher, or by careful listening to cultured speech.

The sound pattern of standard Yiddish is not identical with that of any one Yiddish dialect. It is rather the system common to all cultured Yiddish speakers, regardless of native dialect. A number of sounds occur in Yiddish which have no exact parallel in English or other Western languages. Yiddish [kh], for example, is not used in English; and although a similar sound does exist in German, its usage differs. Also, Yiddish [Rr] differs strikingly from the usual English r. It is now generally recognized by linguists that in every language certain distinctions between sounds must be observed in order that the language be understood. It is as important to observe such phonemic distinctions as it is to know the nature of each sound. Thus Yiddish, like English, distinguishes between the sounds [s] and [z] at the end of a word, while in Russian or German, for example, this distinction is not observed. On the other hand, final [D+s] becomes [ts] in Yiddish, while it becomes [pz] in English. Such significant distinctions have been emphasized in the presentation that follows. For the sake of simplicity, a transcription in Latin letters is used in this chapter. Consonants [B], [D], and [c] are pronounced in Yiddish exactly as in the English words “back,” “do,” and “go.” But whereas in English the unvoiced counterparts of these sounds, i.e. [P], [1], and [k], are aspirated in many

positions, this is not the case in Yiddish.

Eng. pbost- (‘post’’) Eng. theller (‘teller’) Eng. kben (‘ken’)

Yid. Post (mail) Yid. TELER (plate) Yid. KEN (can) 19

YIDDISH

Co.LiecE

20

[F], [v], [s], and [z] are pronounced in Yiddish exactly as in the English words “far,” “very,” “seem,” and “gaze. Whenever the ending [-1] or [-st] is added to a word ending in a voiced consonant, i.e. [B], [D], [G], [v]. or [z], that consonant is rendered as its unvoiced counterpart, that is (P], [1], [k], [F], or [s]. For example: LEB+T==LEBT [LEPT]; RED+ST—=REDST [RETST]; RED-}T==-REDT [RET]; zoct+st—zocst [zoxsT]; PRUV-+ST—=PRUVST [PRUFsT]; LOoz+T ==LozT [LOsT]; HALDZ+T==HALDZT [HALtsT]. Yiddish

[sh],

as in

produced

English,

has

a voiced

counterpart

in any [zh], which is pronounced like s in “measure.”! It may occur position: Azh GRizhEN zhE

[H] and [y] correspond, respectively, to English h and y in “have” and “yes.” [kh] is pronounced by setting the mouth as for [k], but allowing air to pass between the tongue and the roof of the mouth (like ch in German “lachen”). For all practical purposes, the sound? is the same regardless of the vowel that precedes it: Gikh

MIKh =: Ikh

MAKh

GIKhER

KhAVER

~—REKHT

[7s] corresponds to ¢s in English “parts” and “belts,” but in Yid-

dish it may occur in all positions and, consequently, is treated as a single sound: ZETSER ALTS TsI TsU [pz] occurs in Yiddish after [Lt] and lish ‘‘colds,” “hands”: HALDZ, UNDZ,

[tsh] corresponds a single sound:3

to ch

is the

“church,”

TshEPEN

MENTsh [pzh]

in English

[N], and

voiced

counterpart

of [rsh]:

sounds like ds in Eng-

and

is treated

as

PETsh Lopzh, BLONDZhEN,

DZhEz.

There are two l-sounds in Yiddish, transcribed as [t] and [L], respectively. The more common sound, indicated by [t], is dark and 1 In some phonetic transcriptions these sounds are rendered respectively. 2 Rendered as [x] or [x] in some transcriptions. 3 Rendered as [t8] or [¢] in some transcriptions.

as [8] and

[2],

YippisH

SouNpDs

21

hard. In learning to produce it, one may pronounce 00 (of “food”’) as one raises the tip of the tongue to touch the palate: FUL

MOL

BULKE

‘time’

LAND

SHTILER

LUFT

[EL] is a light, soft 1. In learning to produce it, one may pronounce ee (of “fee”) as one raises the tip of the tongue to the palate. (When the tongue is dropped, the sound should still be a clear ee.) BILIK

FRLLING

LIBE

Lip

MoL

‘moth’

Before [1] or [y] in stressed syllables, J is always the light [L]. other cases, it must be noted individually whether [t] or [L] is quired. In respect to some words, individual speakers differ as which i-sound they use. A consonant plus [t] may form a syllable if no vowel follows. such positions, [L] functions as a vowel, and is called “syllabic.” E-PL

Liu

MI-TL

In reto In

(but Lip-LEKH, MIT-LEN)

[M] corresponds to English m. [N] corresponds to English n. Before [x] and (c], it is pronounced as y (like ng in English “sing’’); but the [x] and [c] are never dropped. YUNG [YUNG] DANK [DAK] ZINGER [z1nGER] (cf. English “singer” [siner]) Like [t], [x] can be syllabic, ie. function as a vowel: O-VN-TN PRU-VN LA-KhN GA-SN LO-ZN After [p] and [B], syllabic [N] is sounded as [mM]: shraYBN HoBN [HOBM] Lien [Lipm]

[shRAYBM]

After [k] and [c], syllabic [N] is always sounded as n: ZOKN [zoKy] ZoGN [zoGy]

There are two admissible r-sounds in Yiddish, both of them indicated in our transcription as [R]. One is the “lingual 7,” produced by the tongue vibrating along the front edge of the upper gums; the other is the “uvular r,” produced by the vibrations of the uvula. Most people learn the lingual r (also called “trilled r”) more easily. The English type of r is not admissible in Yiddish, nor must the Yiddish [rR] be skipped or weakened in any position: FIRER MERER shENER LERER REKhN

22

CoLLEecE YIDDISH

Vowels Standard Yiddish does not distinguish between long and short vowels; in this respect it resembles languages like Italian, Spanish, or Russian. Compared to the long and short vowels of English or German, the Yiddish vowels are of medium length.

The following five vowels are distinguished: {t] is medium

in length and tenseness between the ee of “feet”

and the i of “fit.” MIKh

HIML

IM

Lp

YD

[E] is very similar to ¢ in “bet.”

BESER

KENEN

TSIMER

BET

[4] is similar to a in “father,” but shorter.

MAME

VASER

yipish

LAND

VEN GASN

[0] is between aw in “dawn” and o in “done.” MONTIK LOMIR PROFESOR NoKh [u] is similar to 00 in “book,” with lips slightly more rounded. MUME NU KUMEN MUZN In unstressed positions, [E] often becomes less clear, and slightly closer to [1]. Unstressed [-exh] approaches [-akh]. A vowel at the beginning of a word is not preceded by a glottal stop. [vos ER 1z] sounds like [vosERiz] [Hos 1Kh] sounds like [Hosrxh]

Diphthongs [AY] is similar to i in “fine.”

FAYN

aYKh

TSAYT

VAYT

[EY] is similar to ei in “vein.”

VEYNEN ZEYER MEYN [oy] is shorter than oy in “boy.” VOYNEN

GROYS

BOYEN

LAYEN

shPAYEN

shEYN

MEYDL

KoyKhes

Stress in Polysyllabic Words The stress in a polysyllabic word must be memorized, since there is no universal rule. In a great number of polysyllabic words, the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable: ‘TSUZA’MEN EYRO'PE ZI'LBER E'FN

YwpisH Sounps

28

For such words, the stress will not be indicated in the vocabulary. Where no accent mark is given, the stress may therefore be assumed to be on the next-to-last syllable: LYE GEVORN==GEVO'RN = ITALYE==1TA’ BAKENEN==BAKE’ NEN ANTROPOLOGYE==ANTROPOLO’'GYE As the last two examples illustrate, the stress in a Yiddish word may differ from that of its English cognate. In this book, the stress will be indicated by an accent mark after the stressed vowel wherever it falls on a syllable other than the next-to-last: AZO'Y GEVE'N FARSHTE’Y AME'RIKE A’FRIKE syllabic the if even vowel same the on Usually the stress remains or prefixes of addition the through structure of a word is changed suffixes and endings: ZILBER—ZILBERNER [ZI'LBERNER] | O'TEMEN—GEOTEMT [GEO’TEMT] FARSHTE'Y—FARSHTEYEN [FARSHTE’YEN] But if a shift of stress takes place, this will be indicated: khosN—KhASA’NIM TALMED—TALMI'DIM The stress is indicated in this book only as an aid to correct reading. It is never actually written in Yiddish. Pronouncing Exercise (Sentences 1-10 are taken from lesson 1, where they are systematically translated.) 1. ERshTE LEKTSYE r—do not use the English r. L-—this is the “light” | as distinguished from “dark” []. The stress is on the next-to-last syllable throughout. 2.

YIDN IN ALE LENDER N—syllabic. yipn, therefore, has two syllables. i—“dark”’ |. All vowels should be as distinct as possible.

3. YIDN ZAYNEN HAYNT A FOLK FUN DRAYTSN MILYO'N

AY—A+yY, pronounced similar to i in “fine,” but shorter. miLyo’N—stress is on the last syllable, as indicated.

4. YIDN VOYNEN AF ALE KONTINENTN

oY—o+y, pronounced like oy in “boy,” but shorter. KONTINENTN—four syllables.

24

CoLiLece

YIDDISH

IN AME'RIKE, IN EYROPE, IN AZYE, IN A’FRIKE UN IN OYSTRALYE EY—E+Y, pronounced like ei in “vein.” Observe the stress.

fers

IBER A HELFT FUN ALE YIDN VOYNEN IBER FINF MILYO’N YIDN VOYNEN IN NYU-YO'’RK

VOYNEN

HAYNT IN AME'RIKE

IN DI FARE YNIKTE shTATN

IBER TSVEY

A'NDERE YI'DIShE TSENTERS ZAYNEN: DETRO'YT

MILYO’N

YIDN

FILADELFYE,

LOS-A’NDZHELES,

Do not replace final s in TsENTERs by an unwarranted z.

10.

yipish 1z pI shPRAKh FUN YIDN IN A SAKh LENDER kh—as described on p. 20.

11.

VOS ZOGT IR? MIR ZOGN GUT-MoRGN are saying “Good Morning.”)

(What are you saying? We

ZOGT==ZOKT ZOGN—=ZOGy MORGN==MORGY

12.

ZEY HOBN UNDZ GEGEBN A MATONE

13.

MoysheE 1z Nokh A YUNG YINGL (Moyshe is still a young boy.) YUNG, YINGL—the G must be distinctly pronounced.

HOBN==HOBM GEGEBN==GEGEBM

(They gave us a present.)

THE

ALPHABET

The spelling used in this book is that which was adopted by the Yiddish Scientific Institute—YIVO! in 1937 after years of deliberation by experts in the field. It has been or is being introduced by publishers all over the world. The differences between older systems of spelling and that of the YIVO are not great. Yiddish is written and read from right to left. Books and newspapers therefore begin “at the back” from the English point of view. Paragraphs are indented on the right. Pages are numbered “backwards.” But numbers and other mathematical expressions retain the order which is used in languages written in the Roman alphabet. There are no capital letters in Yiddish. Certain letters, however, have final forms, as indicated below. It should be pointed out that two essential systems underlie Yiddish spelling rules. One part of the vocabulary is spelled almost entirely “phonetically,” each sound being denoted by one letter or a combination of letters. Another part of the vocabulary, which is of Hebrew derivation, retains a traditional spelling which must be memorized individually in each case. The 22 basic letters of the Jewish (Hebrew) alphabet are used in Yiddish. To some letters, diacritical marks are added. Following is a table listing the letters of the Yiddish alphabet, their names, and their sound equivalents. A few special problems are taken up below. A sample of Yiddish writing appears on p. 36. In the written forms of letters which require two strokes of the pen, the right-hand stroke is executed first. 1 Yiddish Scientific Institute-YIVO (= YIVO Institute for Jewish Research), Takones fun yidishn oysleyg (Rules of Yiddish Spelling), New York, 1941, 34 pp. See also: Yidisher ortografisher vegvayzer (Guide to the Standardized Yiddish

Orthography), New York, Committee for the Implementation of the Standard-

ized Yiddish Orthography, 1961, 112 pp.

25

26

CoLLece

vAINTED

NAME

N

shtumer alef

8 8

pasekh alef homets alef

YippisH

QUAL

ae

silent [a] [0]

® ® %

3 | bem

(=)

?

a | gimt

()

3 | POF =

daled

i

vou

nm | hey

vv)

Treated as the same letter in dictionaries except in cases of ambiguity.

a

2

(?]

a

{v]

4

(#)

REMARKS

a

4 melupm vov[u] (4)

n tsvey voun [v] (VY, ® vou yud [oy]

to

n ®

9

en

khes tes

yud

2 | MF 2

hhof

5 | lamea

ie]

[Kh] )

().(¥)

n G

.

2 hhirek yud [y) C)

» tsvey yudn [EY] (®) ® pasekh tsvey yudn [ay] (8)

(x]

2

(4). (4)

¢

[xh]

3

{Final form: 4 langer

khof

Dd

mem

[s]

Nu

Final form: Q shlos-mem

3

nun

IN]

J

Final form:

(3) fe]

°

fF]

®

5 y

B

samekh ayen

pey

3

[Final form:

huf reysh

(x) i)

? 4

shin

[sh]

3

tsadek

p 4 v

& | sin A

tof

sof

e

(8)

»

i]

a

It)

(P) Sy)

form:

[r]

(F]

(>)

8 Final

fey

A

} langer nun

a

5

(4)

5

Pp

4 langér fey @) Y langer tsadek

a)

Tue

ALPHABET

27

Final Forms Five of the letters have final forms, which are used whenever the letters appear at the end of a word.

WT

— HW

— WE Vayp — 12 IS — yaya PA — WI YIBA — PBIB —

— BYd

Combination of Letters N two vous indicate [v] wr zayen shin indicate [zh]. wy tes shin indicate [tsh]. The combination [zy] is written », [ay] —% [or] —°,

[vy] —™.

On the other hand, [Ts] is as a rule rendered by the single letter x, Letters with Two

Possible Sound Equivalents

» may denote either the vowel [1] or the consonant [y]. Between two consonants, it always denotes the vowel [1]: aoa [GiB] 9922°6 [FINGER] Before or: after another vowel, » represents the consonant [y]:

# [vo]

wspy? [LEKTsyE]

yim [PYANE]

In the combination [vowel+1] or [1+-vowel], [1] is spelled woynayn [HEBREIsh] p79 [RUIK]? 4y26 [FRIER] 792% [TSIEN]

4

denotes [t] or [L], as the case may be; before

» the sound is

always the light [Z]. 79¥9 [LOMIR] 6 [Fur] 596 [FIL] pydoa [BILE'T] yoxpy> [LEKTSYE] yn [Lie] 3% [Lip] 1°99 [MILyo’N] The Silent Letter &

The silent letter x

(shtumer alef)

is written at the beginning

of words before the vowels and diphthongs } [u],

and »

[ay].

pane

[oY], » [1], » [EY],

— [IMIGRA’NT]

w’ymroryie = [UNIVERSITE’T]

pm

[orKh]

sy2°m = [EYNER] ye [AYKh] 2In newspapers and other publications, conservative in matters of spelling, such spellings as wey Tayn, pr) may be encountered.

28

CotLece

Yippisn

If the second part of a compound word begins with an x, the letter appears in the middle of the compound: p [REN], but bps [FAREYNIKT], which is composed of yp»2°K-+-5N5. Avoiding Ambiguous

° and 3

To avoid ambiguity, the combination: —YI— is spelled »;

—vu-— is spelled 3

[yipish]$

yp

[PRUV]

qyainya [GEVUNEN]

—uv— is spelled 1;

(But —voy— issimply

wom

*™m:

jy2m [voyNEN]) 4

More than One Letter for the Same Sound The alphabet lists:

[v]

—4

or

[kh] —n

or

9()

[Kk] []

—>2 -bv

or or

p aA

(s]

—.

or

wp

or

nr

In words which are spelled according to the phonetic system, the letters which correspond to these sounds are always: [v] — 1, [kh] — >, [k] — p. [1] — vb, and [s] — 0, In words of Hebrew’ derivation, which are spelled according to the traditional system, the correct spelling for each of these sounds must be memorized, just as in learning English one must memorize the variant spellings of the sound f, spelled f (as in “if”), ff (as in “cuff’), ph (as in “phone”), or gh (as in “laugh” .

Other Characteristics of Traditional Spelling In addition to the fact that the proper letter must be chosen for the above four sounds, words which are spelled according to the traditional system are characterized by the occasional absence or 8In publications conservative in matters of spelling, the spellings ‘VR, WYK are occasionally encountered. 4In many printed texts, [vu] is still spelled —ixn—, [uv] is still spelled

—Tmi—,

and

[voy]

5 See p. 66.

is spelled

— xn—:

1,

TVINNYA,

THRE,

Ty7N.

THe

ALPHABET

29

substitution of vowels,® and by the occurrence of

words: mo [sor]

ant [sore]

nytyn [Mayses]

7

at the end of

95n [KhAvER]

Jo [saKh]

Preliminary Exercise 1. Write the following words in Yiddish letters, according to the phonetic system: a) iKh zakh ZAKhn GIKheR zikh pokh ZIKhER FUNEM NEM shEM zUKh MEN KENEN NOKhN MUZN DARF DARFT DARFN shiF shiFN GUF GUFIM ALTS ZETS ZETSN shPROTSN ZITS ZITST b) VEN VASER VI VOS GEVE'N VIFL ZhURNA’L GARA'2h MENTshN KhoTsh MEYNEN BOYM BEYMER BAYM AZO’Y FROYEN FOYGL FEYGL GEFLOYGN RAYKh FRANKRAYKh

C)

d) e)

ShOYN

GETSE'YLT

YA’NUAR YORN YORHUNDERT YUNG YEDER ORGANIZATSYE AZYE EPIDEMYE TSIEN GEshRIEN BILE'T FLIEN GELIEN STIL shi. Lip MiLyo'N Licn LITERATU'R

oyB

oysTRALYE

UNTER

VAYL

UMETU'M

EYROPE EYNER EYBIK A’YNFALN A’YNBINDER

yYrwish

IM YO

IZ YENER

ITST

YIDN YINGER YINGL VU VUHI'N PRUVN TSUVAKS

2. Write the sentences of the exercise given on pp. 23-24. Bear in mind that saxh (example 10) is spelled yo according to the traditional system; likewise, MATONE (example 12) is spelled nama,

MoyYshE (example 13) is spelled awn.

6In some publications, the vowels in words of Hebrew derivation are indicated by means of the Hebrew “vowel signs.” The sign above or below a consonant indicates the vowel that follows it. Thus: Sign

Sound

-

fa)

Example

72 = «[saKh]

’

lo}

ce 2

{u) [ey]

yer psn

i

lov)

awe

a

(5) ()

5]

02 p53)

[nov]

[NES] [RIVKE] [YEHoyshuE] = [KhAVEYRIM) [MoyshE]

LESSON 1 yrspy? yewnry

pups

pos pe sy

YS APTN YIN PTY SMD ISWIT NB peyb S$ OI yyw PTY DS YPMBS PR YS PX YESIMK PR YP yoOS PR -ysys ssp PR BINT TYINNT TY YS NH WHIM SF WINK .pSIWONS PS VT PR TIP PTY WM APH II ye ayos JONOW POP IMR DIYOIPS PLT PIYTIS PT PHP MNF IW TI PATNI PS “38-8? ROPTSMB ,aspw siyIeT JSHY YOPYYNIS “7 TK PIWISP PMWIPIIS PX Posroo ,OMABYT Jseos. ,Dyryert JOSOY YOPMNISH TPR PT JOS WI Wp ypopyo NK TT JIPT PP’opyo NX ypHwayaIs PS wasp PS wry py PPI WOT LOT PT TPT Wp? JO S WMT PR wesyey PR wet TH ITY BPyYKags wey yy? JOS PR PTY NH Wey TON VOCABULARY Africa ypn6’8 Argentina yapayan8

the (neuter)

the

also, too 7%" ¢ Australia yodyqvoK *

oyt *

on (preposition;

»1*

usually pronounced [aF])

yayn *

over "YAK

today pizn *

Europe

half pBbya * live yy *

America

very 1y°% * Tm

is 1

*

yey? ° in PR ®

all yoy «

are yy22" * Jews

mK *

and nx Asia yo *

(masculine) syt * thirteen q¥x7 * have

sein aye

many, much [asa’Kh] yo x *

the (feminine)

yy?

yp°/yax * an

*

Yiddish, Jewish wom *

Ww

*

others(s) yny2’8 * 30

five

two

31

1

Lesson

Jewish yoru

of nb 72°5 NY

*

million

Mexico

oybiIyS

centers

Canada

y RNP

United

language yey °7*

States

Words preceded by an asterisk are part of should be memorized when they first occur as sequent lessons without additional explanation. of a more incidental nature in this text, and listed again in the vocabulary. The sign < means see. The accent, which is given in this book as tually never written in Yiddish.

1. Article and Gender

yon

ypop’ya

Joe

< 10

English way people (singular) px unites pp2°Ks

ywiy2°w2yp speak y1y9 * Spanish wo3xpw *

continents

sy73y> ¢

countries

*

* «

yoxnw yupraenys 7 °

the active vocabulary list. They they will be freely used in subWords without an asterisk are should they recur, they will be an aid to correct reading, is ac-

GRAMMAR ™R Twi9w & TIN?

N

a Jew a language a country

The indefinite article is ¥. If the following word begins with a vowel, the article is x: vy 18 an evening The definite article in the singular is either Words with which sy is used are masculine:

‘yt, », or Ox.

TT Wt

Words with which

»%

WIDE

TR1SW

Words with which oy

WT

is used are feminine: °T

udev *T is used are neuter: TIN?

DYT

P29 DYT

In the plural, no distinction is made between the genders. The definite article used in the plural is always °: WOXOW DUI NINS 7 the United States

32

Co.LecE

Nouns denoting males females are feminine. The objects cannot be inferred the meaning of the word. memorized with each new

YIDDISH

are usually masculine; those indicating gender of nouns which denote inanimate with certainty either from the form or The correct article must therefore be noun.

2. Word Order A word or group of words performing together a syntactical function in a sentence is called a sentence unit. Here are two sentences divided into sentence units:

WIN WLIT NS P28h 8] vIvA | wart | TP (1)

WROW VOR IRIS

TPR

| arty | 1TyVI | ITP TO VB (2)

The subject is one kind of sentence unit. In sentence (1) above, it is a single word: ym. In sentence (2), it is a group of words that constitutes the subject: y17 Jo x, Other sentence units are: The verb (jy321, 7795)

The predicate noun (jy

The direct or indirect object

y¥2IT NB posh ¥) (wm)

The adverb or adverbial phrase of time (u3»7) or of place or of manner The prepositional phrase of time or of place (UND! YOP*2>RINE °F PR) or of manner The following sentences are divided into units. Observe which unit comes first and which second.

PILI PR | wrm | rw vy @) Ie wen wns | wren | PyrT] PR @ ir To 8 | Rage | wrm | vIn ©)

1YUDYI WR WANT

| wIyT | DI WyIDS vWrTY DTI

(6)

Bway purty | Tre | wart | Wrs2vTY2S NR yayRW (7) Www? TO XR | wz | 7 | wr @) wt | ie | yw | wiv? To x re @)

In sentence (3), the first unit is the subject: ym qy°bn my; in sentence (4), the prepositional phrase (of place): pry-y2 PR in (5), the adverb (of time): wien; in (6), the predicate noun, with its modifiers: onypiyy ywoo yoytay; in (7), WHY TWHH YX yaxprw; in (8), the direct object: wm;

the subject: and in (9),

Lesson

the prepositional phrase sentence

the

second

unit

1

33

(of place): is the

verb;

yay? JO ¥ PR. But in every this

is the

basic

rule

for

normal Yiddish word order. The verb is followed by other units. Since the verb is the second unit, no more than one other unit can precede it. yx and other conjunctions are not treated as separate sentence units and are marked as non-unit words in the vocabulary.

Word order is discussed in greater detail on pp. 109-110.

3. Direct Questions

an * where

syoxn yoyo’yn bpm These words are all separate

¢ which (singular) ¢ which (plural) * how many, how much sentence units.

yg?

yes

Pr

*

no

These words are not treated as sentence units. A question requiring an answer of “yes” or “‘no’’ usually begins with the word »°y, which is a sentence unit. (3)

271k

PR 1TP wr

x

Do Jews live in Asia?

(Yes)

Another way to ask this sort of question is to change the intonation while retaining the word order of the sentence: WA LX WIM 17 Do Jews live in Asia? EXERCISES A. Answer passage

in Yiddish on

page

the following questions

30, using complete

TORVY YOR IPRINE OT PR yyIMw pr 6 YOR

«4 NORVW

“ONIYID TON) PR

YOPIMNINS

.6 WANPW

PSOYIWHH

PN’

OT PN

PR W

2 yw yaw ML

ITP YTV

«5 Wp Opy

.B WWI

about the reading

sentences:

PK

PIW

WWI

Gals

eho

ewe

ues

TR

Oe

«1

he

UO. salaries ate tin fe) eee eR RNS eS, MOSS is bo Pa te oO Ne eb niet hh ein al wd cee 9 EELS, WIRINP

PR

oe

6

6

6

ew

3

VA PR .7 OYIBN TORYY YoPMRANS 7

B. Make up questions with the following phrases: DoF a alice so) SU TYTER? PIVOT PR Bboy

ION

PN YT TIVI IW

ee

+ TORN

6

34

Co.LecE

C. Provide written Yiddish have made up. D.

YippisH

answers

to the questions

What is the singular of the following words? inite article; cf. p. 31, Grammar 1). THayPoyp

oT

A

DIYHIVY

OT

3

yTayd

E. List fifteen geographical names in Yiddish.

oT

which

you

(Include the def2

nT

ok

F, Translate the following sentences into Yiddish, carefully observing the rules for word order. Words in [ ] are to be omitted. 1. New York is in the United States. 2. Philadelphia is also in the United States. 8. New York, Boston, and Philadelphia are in the United States. 4. Chicago is a Jewish center. 5. Over five million Jews live in the United States. 6. Do two million Jews live in Los Angeles? 7. Many Jews live in Canada. 8. Many Jews also live in Mexico. 9. There are thirteen million Jews in the world (=Jews are a people of thirteen million). 10. The Jews live on all continents and in many countries. 11. Very many Jews in the United States speak Yiddish. 12. In Mexico [the] Jews speak Yiddish and Spanish.

YIDDISH

AS A KEY

TO

JEWISH

LIFE

The Jews refer to Yiddish as }\w5-yoxp [MAME-Loshn], meaning mother tongue. Yiddish actually is the mother tongue of the majority of Jews the world over. For almost a thousand years it has been the language of the largest and most creative branch of the Jewish people. While serving as the vernacular of millions of Jews, it came to express their fears and hopes. In folk songs and informa l prayer, it has been enriched by high emotional overtones; as the language of instruction in the Law, it has become capable of great intellectual subtlety. A considerable literature, not necessarily religious in character, existed almost from the beginning; in the sixteenth century, this early literature reached its peak. In the last one hundred years, Yiddish literature went through a new period of remarkable expansion, so that today it is an expression of a wide range of artistic and intellectual values in a Jewish or a universal framework.

Lesson

1

35

Even a glance at Yiddish idiom reveals the status of Yiddish as a record of Jewish history. Take, for instance, the common expression: }3¥1

1¥ JINX [yar

w¥ 1aNM to have no end of trouble

(literally,

to have to sing and to say). It dates back to the Middle Ages when wandering troubadours sang and said (i.e. recited) their heroic epic poems. The more involved and dramatic an adventure, the better it suited their story; and to suggest then that someone would be “‘singing and talking” about an event was to describe its exciting nature.

There is a Yiddish phrase: jpY72 [18 [IID 199B¥ ON ONT [yD even if he should be burned and roasted. This is an allusion to the

practices of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages. It is an apt description of a firm will to resist even this kind of torture.

A curious expression for “the olden days” is }7° pypyyaxd 2 95p

the years of King Sobieski. This refers to a Polish king of the seventeenth century. Among his achievements were his campaigns against

the Turks; and the latter, too, appear in Yiddish idiom. |¥yny |yDBN

wpiyy ANN means to play someone a dirty trick, but literally to treat someone in the Turkish manner. The sad experience of the Jews with the Tatars, long under Turkish control, is mirrored here. The traditional Jewish way of life is reflected in Yiddish similes and metaphors. *p¥p jp ‘DY 1H to carry straw to Egypt is the Yiddish equivalent of “carrying coals to Newcastle.” The reference is Biblical. What could be more useless than carrying straw to Egypt, where it was used by the Jews when they had to make bricks for Pharaoh? 4 mvp *%) 17 as rich as Korah refers to the Talmudic [VEHO'-RA’YE] legend about the wealthy Levite Korah. mxyryn\ here is the proof is a turn of speech taken over into Yiddish

from

the Talmud. The adjective pyty2’x\) means common, mean; it is derived from yn week, and connotes the routine of the working day as contrasted with the holiness of the Sabbath. Such examples could be multiplied without end. Not only does Yiddish reflect Jewish life, but it has also been an essential instrument in shaping Jewish culture. The high moral precepts of the Jewish religion might have remained in the books or in the minds of the scholars if they had not been expounded by the popular preachers (n’1"39 [MAGIDIM]) to the people in Yiddish. In interpreting quotations from the Law, the magidim created a popu1 [AFILE]

2 [MEYLEKh]

3 [MITsRAIM]

4 [KoyReKh]

36

Co..ecE

YIDDISH

lar unwritten literature which was thought out in Yiddish. If it is true that one’s thoughts follow the associations and categories of one’s language, then it is perhaps not insignificant that in Yiddish “beauty” can be homonymous with “spirituality” (a1 sy29w ¥ a beautiful Jew, a respected Jew) and “goodness” with “holiness” (av ywIa & a good Jew, a holy Jew). Several Yiddish phrases have been incorporated into religious ritual, notably jwpsya j9y11 1 we shall say the blessing. Many informal prayers, called n\j*nm [TKhiNEs], were composed in Yiddish chiefly for women. Yiddish has also served as the tie between Jews of various countries. After the great migration of Jews from Eastern Europe to North and South America, to South Africa, and to Australia, Yiddish has remained a vital link between outlying communities all over the world. The wisdom of Yiddish proverbs and stories, tne intensity and subtlety of feeling achievable in the language, the artistic heights reached in its literature are sketched in the background chapters of this volume.

orn 8% fd pK B PUTS [AT rh yCuarGsyp aa th ssl ae (A BSH)" OKI" [HOPING nN Meesrsopranieae Sample of Yiddish Writing

LESSON

2

pypy? porns

OxSD PR TAI

TS

Ways WWI

DePDIA YT OMOIA Wr TIIy? D8IP PR OTA PN DBP YT Sngy JENS TAP wn Baw AYIY? WT .DITYS Ns qOSyn yasn

°T yay?

sywryy

sy wwe

pp

pPaIA

wy Baw

pert pow Baw TOBY OT PR MT BWW Ay .Po%A F PR Myswaw Ao TNMs

Syyr TNR OST Wy .weyA pws 8 wx

Wy TN

wy"?

Ay Wt wry? Ty gs

5

(OS pap Wry? WT ATs yor 8 ISA YT PS IN TTY 21, POPYYR "AOSOY “ITY D8, so ybosy Fo 10 G95 TSR PTY TO 8 WYN BT pws, swayr Way? WT "Oy VN WW ID 8 Ty TD ADH IIR ys posww YOPIYSISD 7 PS, DY Wayt PI", yy SBN PS TIA TIS PR AW WOM A "POA VI PR TI 15 MOT POM BST INT PAVTYI PS, wrybasy AY 3, SVN ENR BINA NS AYIY? [YT wast ”pwIN Bs

TIP

TRIO

MUN

PISTYT

PR YPN

Py

TIS

TTY 9

aM

Prgswewsz

DP DIM yrs TOM

HIN

Bast pws

Bs,

PI? AT way "A ISWOMR PS PTY ST TyIVt oy, SPOOR S$ WIYSOSy “TTY PP BWI IVT PYASTWOMRK PS 13, MFT

ST YIN

WBY?

YS

PR, FOV

THK

20

"OT TTY JISIBY PAyOSy,, PR weap TTY JOS MYT PP pos PS, -psysy orp 17 SRW PR JDNTEY PIYTS TR WSBY PTY TIT IY? yYayTs 2s “Ry ayn YT Py 37

38

CoLtece

YippisH

"@IYTIY? YES PN TTY TyIpP ISIBY IOS)

TYOMNS S BAST WT

ATYT TTY SW!

Iyss,,

TTY TO S Ay yp ApTsy? yrs PH,

PCoty POS SSAYOIN

IS PS wes, POOR

"OT

JAVA

TIN TysIy? 3

VOCABULARY Israel [yIsROEL] xy?

(he) reads pay» «

(they) read qyay7%

(he) learns, studies q>t pany

(they)

learn, study >

yyany>

teacher 4yny> Iy7 with only

but, however (not a sen- syay ¢ tence unit) or (not a sentence unit) ayy © letters (of the [oysyEs] nvnix * alphabet) (pronounced on the

pn 733

there is not ‘yuo PR :y0>3 * there are not ‘yu>3 yy221

new 23 ¢ (he) answers prydyay * (they) answer yySvy’y

international

(he) asks pay * (adjective) pny « any, not any yp class ox>p ay little, small yop (a language) yyayp

(he)

5p

7

correct

p°po4

writes

paxw

(they) write ja2Ww student [TALMED] 7°m>A pT * students [TALMIDIM] o°7n>n

DYN

good

*

pi *

big, large, great pn

©

here yt *

there is YT PX

there are yt 7yI27 Hebrew wy ayia notebook péyn °7 *

(plural: yobyn) what

oNn *

who

4yn *

(he) knows porn * (they) know yon

(plural of wayn o¥7) IyDIYN words

*

chalk

px

>’ y3NOYRIYVIN NOW

he sy * pen oy7yh °7 * (plural: oiytys)

(they) know

}6%

him

not 3

second

[AFN])

(he) says wayr * they, them > * pr way?

— Pr

blackboard bnyy syt * man’s name (Yid- [YOYSEF] }ov dish equivalent of Joseph)

LEsson

2

39

QUESTIONS WR>P

PR

Pr

omy>

¥ ON

mMyam>p

.2

ay

PKS

IVT

.1

PR OBN.S MY WIVIW ON .4 MYIy? WT paw oxN HD 3 SYT OPN DAVIE ONN..7 WM IY VAMW -S.6 woyarDW oY TWOMIVOIN

PR

JT

1. Adjectives

TPM

WwW

-% 9

WOY

PIP ayy

pon

-s

8

IW7BV? YON

myn?

PN .10

GRAMMAR on

1-27

big

small

This, the shortest form of the adjective, is called its base form. the big blackboard ‘21y0 Iy01] Ww vyvw 0112 *7 the big city 73N2 yO"111 DXT the big country 71N2 0102 & a big country

When an adjective is used before a noun, as in the above examples, endings are added to the base form according to the gen-

der of the noun. With

masculine

nouns

the ending

is »y—;

with

feminine nouns, it is y—; with neuter nouns, the adjective has the ending y— when preceded by the definite article, but no ending when preceded by the indefinite article. In the plural, the ending of the adjective is y— for all genders, whether used with the article or without: 4112 yo"12 °7 the big countries Ww? yond big countries In the vocabulary, adjectives are listed in their base form, e.g. ona.

2. Accusative

A noun with the article and adjective or adjectives that precede it, when used as the direct object of a verb, is always in the accusative case. The noun has the same form in the accusative as in the nominative. The articles also have the same form in the accusative, except for the masculine singular of the definite article, where the nominative sy is replaced in the accusative by py.

40

CoLLEcE

YIDDISH

The adjective, too, has the same forms in the accusative as in the nominative, but in the masculine singular the nominative ending ny— is replaced, depending on the last sound of the base: by yy—, if the base ends in a vowel, a diphthong, or in n—; by

by

ny—, if the base ends in ;—;

1

in all other cases. TT DN2?

The

Ayo

adjective

2

yynns

opt

—

TT

ByI27?

DVT

—

0X22

YONI

DVT

—

syns

YY

is an exception:

wT

IYI?

IT

WONT

WT

its form

in the masculine

accusative is oy». ANY

Oye]

ARTICLE

DVT

AND

MASCULINE | FEMININE NOMINATIVE |

19—

ACCUSATIVE

i

WI

:

y—

an

(oy—

—

211Y0

AYT]

ADJECTIVE

IT

ENDINGS

NEUTER |————————_______|_ DEFINITE | INDEFINITE

4

y—

x

ONT

=

p_uRAL

8

3=C))

,1¥—)

3. Negative Article vdpn X uyn yor Yoysef has a notebook vdpn yr? U2 VYN wiv? WT The teacher has no notebook In a negative statement, the indefinite article x or yy is re-

placed

by the negative article yp,1 Unlike

x, the negative

article

rp

is also used in the plural, where no article is used in affirmative

rp?

on

statements: DIW1vA wn 127 oy

1aW

O'T1N?A °T The students write with pens

U'TN?2A

*7

The

students

do

not

write

with

pqv19 pens In the last examples, yp ‘occurred in a prepositional phrase. It can also appear in the predicate. For instance: TN?A & TR qW1" TNA? WITR 4Wr

Yoysef is a student Yoysef is not a student

pp usually replaces xy in every sentence unit of a negative statement except the subject, which retains x (provided it is at the beginning of a sentence) : 1 Usually [KEN]; is [KEYN. . .].

but

in the

pronoun

p31

yy2p

(p. 318)

the

pronunciation

41

2

Lesson

t PR WTR Ww? x A teacher is not a studen TnI many: much, & Jo pp also replaces x in the phrase TW

Ver

vy

Wav?

WT

VyN

wip?

Wt

in the sentence.

73

Note the place of

X vr)

TW

DTn2A DeMN7A

4, Third Person the The ending of most verbs in the third person singular of ending p— present tense is y—, An exception, in which there is no in the singular, is: yp oy he knows (a language) In the third person plural, the singular ending is replaced as a rule by }—, but by qy— if the base of the verb ends in }—; yav18

Tt

Taew)

Also:

704919

W

(—10 14)

AITW

Ww

(—anw)

(—10™?)

wiv"?

“T

7010"?

WD

wwe

“T

AvP

Ww

(—1vP)

The endings of the third person plural are discussed in greater detail on p. 55. 5. The Adverb

Sy‘ TN?A TN2M

The adverb

very

sy

lows the definite article.

A. Wherever

precedes

°F 3 NY

—IP>p

DTA

ONT 16 NYP

& Wt WT

the

WT

indefinite

article

fol-

but

EXERCISES

necessary, supply

NVM

WI WI

the proper adjective endings: —ONN WT .2 “TINO —VI ONT

«1

Tt 4 —vI oT 6 OWS V3 77 = yIy? —pn yo OYT.7 —ONNA Spt .10 .poxd —Ip & 9 TIP —ra TB ON? —2) pyt 13 oy op 77 12.77 wa YT 11 RPA —BI —IP

OT

.15 WwW

—VI 77 «14

TaN —OIAN TY g phrases: followin the with s B. Make up question

thine aes Dike Reha A

Sl oeamer aL POE SCRE

ARTO ORNL 2 TAME

NBD

«17 Pes

42

CoLLEGE

YIDDISH

Pec ot ee Tre Retention TIN wes TAN YOST Poe Ea ee ee AB ONT LS PRI? PR. 6 oe eo we + TORN 6 ORR se oe ene eoRARE ONTO T DoT tia ter Meu vale leas de toil ion SIREN NN OVNI eo ee ee ee we ERD

C. Provide written answers to the questions which you have made

up.

D. Make HOW

negative statements out of the following: .3 DUND

N NT PN

ONDP PR .2 VAT

ONT IVY?

Jaww TS DIYS JANA OPA °F 4 PPAR Peon WT .7 op wm vAwIW IY) AVT .6 Iyspay Ty 9 .voyT PR vaAMw ry 8 yTYS YVAN ywoTD? pr vsayd Tom AT 11 .wemD PPM PwWeYI PR 13 PadM Jw a|yT vayns PAA

ONT

TyI>

oyT

.15

WT

1

PR IIMDOW NYMR yw & DMD HILw vay” AO .10 syoy? IT .12

YH IN yw Wp ay 14 pT PNA OT IW? X 16

E. Translate the following sentences into Yiddish. Words in [ ] are to be omitted. 1. The teacher has a new student. 2. He has no good students. 3. In Israel [the] Jews speak Hebrew, but very many Jews

know

and speak Yiddish. 4. Yoysef reads and writes

Yiddish. 5. Yiddish is not a new language. 6. Canada is a very large country. 7. In Chicago there are many Jews. 8. In Australia there are not many Jews. 9. The teacher knows Yiddish

and

English,

but

he

does

not

know

Spanish.

10.

The student does not know where the teacher is. 11. The teacher has a very large class. 12. There is no class today. 13. The teacher asks the new student: 14. ‘““How many students are there in the class today?” 15. Yoysef answers: 16. “Today there are very many students.” 17. The other students also answer. 18. Only two students speak Yiddish. 19. They write or read the language. 20. The teacher writes with chalk on the blackboard or with a pen in a notebook.

Lesson DIALECTS

AND

THE

43

2 LANGUAGE

STANDARD

Spoken Yiddish can be roughly classified into four main dia-

lects: (1) “Lithuanian” Yiddish, spoken in Lithuania, White Russia, and pre-World War II northeastern Poland; (2) “Ukrainian” Yiddish, spoken in the Ukraine, eastern Galicia, Rumania, and pre-World War II southeastern Poland; (3) “Polish” Yiddish, spoken in the area between the GermanPolish frontier of 1939 and the basins of the rivers Vistula and San; (4) Western Yiddish, westward of the German-Polish frontier

of 1939.

On a purely geographical basis, these Yiddish dialects are designated respectively, as (1) northeastern, (2) southeastern, (3) central, and (4) western. A person speaking the northeastern dialect is commonly called litvak. Someone from Galicia, speaking the southeastern or central dialect, is often referred to as galitsyaner. sis

oe

ysyne

ans meua

°

»s

Toyeruse

eryvIOV)

Ande

oe

ent wr oyTe

vosapa

wry

YH

Wpyows

During the great migrations that the 19th and beginning of the 20th Jews migrated to overseas countries, place within eastern Europe itself. In the several

dialects were

territorially

°F

took place around centuries, large while population that period many dislocated,

and,

the end of numbers of shifts took speakers of in overseas

countries especially, a good deal of dialect mixture set in.

44

Co.Lece

YIDDISH

The most marked difference between the dialects lies in the vowels. For instance, the words for one day are pronounced, in central Yiddish, as [ayn TUG]; in northeastern Yiddish, [EYN Toc]; in southeastern Yiddish, [EYN TuG]. In addition, northeastern Yiddish does not distinguish between long and short vowels. With respect to vocabulary and grammar, the dialects differ but slightly. As in any other language, standards have evolved in vocabulary, grammatical form, and pronunciation which do not follow dialect boundaries and are used in cultured writing and speech. Standard forms were determined sometimes by the usage of the majority, sometimes by the prestige attached to a particular authority. As far as sounds are concerned, the standard language resembles most closely the northeastern dialect. Thus, in standard Yiddish, the pronunciation of 3x0 1" one day is [EYN Toc]. In many points of grammar, on the other hand, the standard language is closer to the central dialect. For example, the neuter gender of a noun like 7385 p¥3 the country has been adopted by the standard language from the central and southeastern dialects.

LESSON

3

ypespy? pont

DI AY

AN

PITTI

PS

“VI PR TWOIYO JOS VSOY PPI IBIIYORR TS PS Pry ys TINT PIPTUR JO 8 AYTIy? pryTMwagss NH TIMI’

TINT Pry?

SYR TT [PINT OSI AYP IDIT APT ANN Jesse NH ATP AYWBPIVS Tp. ,Dwyays JIMA Apysew Aysy" HOY ASB IPOS NR TI SPR DY .Sweoy ¥ PS sw TMI YT PRT POIBOPAPOIN JOS Tyr ey pV SSBw yyy Aw TK TTI PS Yyosny POV TPMT OT PR YIN MT YTD PT Tew PASB TON PR JT? JOS PPV PW TN DYT PR YT .pIss TPINWNT TO BH PI} wT yy? jyarwws pwr yay? TY TYANYYS WNF OM TNT PAWN PI PR JIS IBY YIpTPUISs AMS OD WIV INOW PW TR AR POS ONT pyra vy wey Aw WYN PY aww aweyyz aywey FS PR Was TTY pyn TO Mp YY? pos PR TTY BPX TOT yesTy aw PR IBHW VI Wyo TWP yw

10

LUT PW PR TIM TIP Mr pr yyrIy? PR aw }OWAY PR PIA FS HR AY aw Ps Bw ay yop pawp JYMIN PIS TYP TY .OS7P VOCABULARY Italian (—) syay°>RxR IVT immigrant (}) 0I/N129N WT international; S’xIN°RRITVVDN cosmopolitan

street (}) OR °T * goes, walks py») * are published ox yy Greek (7) P02 5Y7

interesting wi/ROYIYOIN * Irishman (—) IY7Iy9°RN IVT DN WW. — ON

there ywN7 * three 217 « house (yt) PT OYT *

brother ("y'7?93) TYTN

warm pyiRn * 45

WT

*

CoL.EecE YIDDISH

46

park

first bwIy

*

p5/p IND

*

thing (}) Tyr 7

() puNB TT * sells

different (plural)

together

to school bw PR * city (vyNw) DXDW °T * beautiful, goodlooking yw * 7y°2NBw

*

plays qr paw

*

DA

every day

holiday [YONTEV] Chinese

poabyt

axv yox

Siw-ay ryt *

(—) IyT92?3 “YT

near yay?

one, they }y%

man, person (}) wulyy TYT man’s name (Yid-[Moyshe] nwa

“YT

:TPENEY

goes for [RENEW a walk

sees YT *

day (ayy) ayo 77

yyaxny *

comes nip * child (ay) 1329p ONT * school (3) Sw °T *

(—)

same

yayw/™wiys *

newspaper (jy) a21UB¥ 7 *

Spaniard

about yayn

dish equivalent of Moses) Moyshe’s pnw in the afternoon 330° 83

Negro (0) 1yay2 7

it oy

the, can Note: The articles 7y7, % 087 (and oy7), which ordinarily mean they used, so if these; this, meaning also be used as demonstrative pronouns are stressed.

QUESTIONS syTay> YUYORT ND .2 wwW'PI PR Woaya oF ys WN 1 “OR PIVTVT PR WIV YOR WIT oN .3 MII’ TF TILT ORT 6 APRN VA IPN 5 WI PN AYO TON 4 Mose Ia yw

yaNwwy

YBN

pay

8 yyanwwzs yw

IIT.7

Pr TyT

YYVANOLY PWT OT FAVIW ON TAY 9 BPAVTVPT PR OM Tyr ywrdary Pew oS 611 TY AYN WI 'aMNVLy yw? JAWw g 10 qyray> yn 13 My P TPT TPB! AN 12 WP Pay Tyawry o»bp on

UML ONDP TVORT PN .14 WW

DV IP NPM

VW?

yoyoxn

GRAMMAR 1. Plural

of Nouns

TIP Wek = Td o1vav] TO X — Ww) Re aye2yh TD & — PBI

VT PR PTT

.15 MyM

WI

47

3

Lesson

tion in Yiddish. The There are several types of plural forma cannot always be inferred type of plural which a given noun takes from its gender. Therefore from the singular form of the noun or

after each noun that is the plural ending is indicated in parentheses ized with the noun. listed in the vocabulary and has to be memor of the plural that occur For the sake of orientation, the endings

in Yiddish nouns are listed: Ending

Ending

j—

or jy—:

maT ango — Myo yosyn — vdvn yoxl — 0Na

o— or oy—:

Ending

sy—:

Ending

y—,

qyanu’esy pRIwW

— —

anys

o1vav) ows

— —

Wav) 1w71y4

oq?

—

Www?

1R19W

sir? — rer and a change in the vowel: wir

—

mM

9yTIV2 ayp2yd

— —

TIX? P2N9

ord

— —

Wwiwra WIV?2RWOR

qo

—

wns

"32a"

—

2av

No ending: ADID??7NWR

No ending, but a change in the vowel: ayo — axu vynw — vxvw Ending

qy—

Ending

p»—,

vowel:

or J—

sometimes

with a shift of stress or a change of

e-rn2A — Tn?n eiw-or — jwor

[TA’LMED—TALMI'DIM] [Yo’NTEV—YONTO’YVIM]

48

CoLLecEe

Ending m—

YIppISH

[Es]: myv

Ifthe noun ends in

—

;—,

ending.

ayy

[EYTSE—EYTSEs]

that letter is dropped

before the plural

Note the addition of 9 in:

nym

— mx

[os—oysyeEs]

2. Dative

JONI °F PIR DRI PING TWP

WT

PIR

TW YT JO BYT ByIr2?

oyt

PR LPR vn

In Yiddish every preposition requires the dative. The noun

in the dative has the same form as in the nominative

and in the accusative; it is the article and the adjective that are inflected.

The definite article and the adjective endings are

masculine,

Sy—

y7

in the feminine,

j— oy?

j— nyt in the

in the neuter, and

y— 7 in the plural. In the neuter indefinite, the adjective has no ending.

ARTICLE

AND

ADJECTIVE

Mascutine | Feminine NOMINATIVE|

“y—

ACCUSATIVE

DATIVE

(I=

3. Contractions

*

:

yf

|———NEUTER | DEFINITE INDEFINITE

2

a er | ap)

*

By ee Ne I) | oy an ‘i Je

with

ENDINGS

x]

pay

x on

es :

BAYS H1% ByPN yo. oynd

= = == =

OYT BYT BYT ayt

ANN PR bn nb

nyt, immediately following a preposition, is usually fused with the preposition into one word.

LEsson

4, Use of

impersonal

is an

go for a walk

People

ln

wr

WsRXIW

PR

pronoun

which

one,

means

park

people,

they.

yyn

in English by the passive.

it is best rendered

the

in

The Yiddish newspaper is read

ynvry Dw'Tr *7 vIVy? Wn Often

49

jYio1

PINT

qym

3

takes the

third person singular of the verb.

EXERCISES A.

Put the following dative case.

in

phrases

the

and

accusative

the

in

then

SYpIAdyI YT .3 WOW YOINOVIVOIN T 2 PIRB IWIPW WT «1 YIVTWIRS .6 ON YOWIY °7 «5 ANY TVAVINN TWIT 4 .woIyd °F 10 -T29P PWIA ONT 9 TINY YLT ONT 8 TIN? VIN .7 JAIL PP

ONT 13 TIN

11 Ay.

IT

qyowa

Frweay

N12

yor

SIRT YOwWIY 77.15 jwoayn yor oT 14 PoNe y3rr”p

B. Rewrite the following sentences in the plural:

I NN WAV ROK WW 2M

PUT DYT PR 2 AYTIOMR PMdN

WT

YY

IVAYINN

.6 17

Oye

DYIPW

N ANT

TT

(poys Do

sAO-DY

.4 YT

DRA IVI?

RPM

TR

X

PNR

OYPR

.3 .7P

OR PP

IY 5 yoy?

OYIMp OYT PR .7 9 OW

Pp

by

PWT OI

1

pan

yo. pis

yIr2p 8 IVT

VRTPR PWV PN 8 YW VIVA VAIP IWIN WT 10

C. Replace the dashes by the proper article and adjective endings; wherever possible, use contractions of prepositions with py": TPN INN DYN .2 OR’ —OMIA —T PIN PSR Ty) pabn —1 4 AyTyS —22 8 b VAwIW AOI PS varp WY .6 TPP —IPW OYA TY .5 .YBRIPN NS “TINO —OYIWN FPR OPM wy7M —7T .7 .oxpw

Vr TWN «1 .3 wT —2I 72? —7 Dn —pma —T

"SRB OF 9 PINE —IM>p —T yay ayy YOR Pr TBw ITIP

7 8

“ON PR IVTWpP JO X 10 Wyyanveys —wewy —T PWT Wy vp IBY —VWIY —T PN WIV LL ORT YIN PP 2 TAs VERT 713 IBY —IPW FAP PTY PT 12 Awray —oma —7 NS APN WIN IWIWP —T 14 bw —wem —T Jay? wm syry> oy TR BAYT —2I 8 DRT PnbA —vI —7 15 Ox —p7229T —T .wiyn —22 —7 Nb vay

1 When

preceding a verb,

yn can also be used.

50

Cotiece

YIDDISH

D. Translate the following sentences into Yiddish, using yy

as the

subject: 1. One does not speak about these things. 2. Nobody knows where Yoysef is now. 3. They come and go together every day. 4. One does not live in a school; one only studies there. 5. People write on a blackboard with chalk. 6. Papers are sold there. 7. One asks the teacher what one does not know. 8. In Yiddish one says “Yoysef” and one writes

oY.

9. Is this house lived in? 10. Are people seen there? 11. It is not known.

E. Translate the following sentences into Yiddish: 1. The children are playing near the house. 2. They see the large park on the same street. 3. Yoysef goes for a walk in [the] park and plays there. 4. In the park there are many people. 5. Today is a holiday and a beautiful day. 6. In this park people go for walks, read the papers, or play with the children. 7. This man is seen every day. 8. But he does not

play with the children. 9. He does not read papers. 10. He does not speak to (with) people. 11. The man is asked where

the park is, but he does not answer.

12. In the after-

noon the Jewish children go to school. 13. Yoysef sees many

different things. 14. Jews live in many cities in the United

States, but not in all cities. 15. Moyshe sees this child near

the same house every day. 16. He lives on the first or second street. 17. Yoysef has two brothers. 18. He has a big and a little brother. 19. The brothers are not students. 20. Only Yoysef is a student now. DERIVATION

OF YIDDISH

No language is of pure stock; but while in Greek or Latin the mixed stock is not too obvious, in languages like Yiddish or English the complex derivation is quite apparent. This is why linguists speak of Yiddish as a fusion language. In its initial period

(up to the 12th century), Yiddish

was

the

speech used by the Jews who had come from Romance-speaking areas and had settled in the regions of the middle and upper Rhine. It adapted large portions of local varieties of German. A great number of Hebrew

and

Aramaic

words,

which

had

been

used

by

the

Lesson

51

3

land, became part and Jews even before they settled in the Rhine From the very beginng. evolvi was parcel of the language which from the Romance ning, too, Yiddish incorporated many words

Jewish settlers had languages (Old French, Old Italian) , which the ed in Yiddish to spoken before. Some Romance words have surviv ’ is derived this day. jy2y9 to read, which was formerly ‘leyen, .’ ‘legere Latin to from a Romance word which goes back ed by a peculiar The Germanic stock of words itself was affect dialects. Thus, Old mingling of elements from different German Yiddish

and

medieval

German

early

ways

parted

as two

separate

Czech, Polish, languages. Somewhat later, Slavic elements from language. To the into duced intro Ukrainian, and Russian were also denoting word a 4y3y3, and quote two examples, wox3 although . tively respec a,’ pity, are derived from Slavic ‘choé’ and ‘neboh from older Yiddish Large numbers of new words were created ucted from j311 to roots. Syyya't index, for instance, was constr seek and and yyy

of }p17 to slide Spyy list. yap’ slide rule is composed ned from fashio word a ruler. ppra7/sDw mortality is

h creation deprigpw to die. Sryn’s?b butterfly is a modern Yiddis 19 [MOYLrived from yyp’xdB to flutter. Compounds like $$n-9" Khotet]

oral cavity

or pyne-bbK

behavior

pattern

are

made

up

In the in Yiddish of older words, just as their English equivalents. intermany by ed enrich 19th and 20th centuries, Yiddish was also

national chology,

Psywords of Greek and Latin origin, e.g. yx24oND:DB inalso were words ’xSy5yy telephone, and so on. New

troduced from various modern languages.

y contain Ordinary sentences in Yiddish, just as in English, usuall

words of quite different derivation. The following sentence is a case in point:

yor “Gentlemen,

at

past

,”;woiys

yoy

WD

we shall say the blessing,”

N34, Grandfather says

yman [RABoysAY] gentlemen is a form of address derived from Hebrew. Originally it meant my masters. 4p we is of Germanic origin, but it is not found in modern standard German. in 15y1 shall is, similarly, of Germanic origin, but is not found modern standard German.

‘52

CoLLecE

lwosya say the cere.’

blessing goes

YIDDISH back

ultimately

paxt says is derived from medieval German sy

the is from medieval German

to Latin

‘benedi-

‘saget.’

‘der.’

yw

grandfather is derived from an old Slavic form ‘déd.’

The

components

of modern

Yiddish

are, of course,

of interest

mainly in a historical study of language and culture. In ordinary usage, derivation rarely determines the choice of a word.

LESSON

4

ypspy? yporys

OMA “Pd PROUT

OW

TT

DW

YIN

PY! SPX

PWS ApTDP MNT PISA

IS

PS

PS

BINA PAB

WoT

ATP

NB

Ot Ns Pom

apyA

Pry Br JYOSTy prs?

|Psrps Pr wy? Mow ARK AYBIYO 8 Ts LWMYpISpP PS OI SOT MB AYMpyT ¥

TY AM

ypoynw SYUS

AT

PS

pany

PS IADR

AT.

DADS

PR AoW

Ww ph ony wor nw MB TWO JmOow wayrh "2oowyaw 17 pose, yO ys

"empow OD O81) PS, POSH "T WAST “BYIW PR 8, "ION AT PR PW PR YOSO IT .21w NH IK OP PR, TVORNY orp Ty, [OTB BH wast "7782 BOP IY WIP 13, "ITAON OD /7 [NOT Toow IS VY PESO IT .OVMS yor AON Ps iy

Daynb “ineow jwosyy?

DYN,

2

8 way’?

"OSB PI WIT $Y? PS,

"9a DST WONT MN, mayne pwr Be mMiye ops y-niw Ty? TN, “YOON TY MT PR OY, BOW 7 BIST ”!73 OST YP PR, “13 WIS_yI TAS Bop PIN WS THY PII PS 1S AYA PS, AYS'S PR AYN YN TVIPP VO WW WAY POS Taya, oT BAsT "AYIS mypy pw 1, BOI Mpew wT yosD Bast ARDS JOY PW YP Ty) IS 4983

Tyo Vo

VOCABULARY

you

10

(plural) °K ¢ Iqxe 53

home (motion towards) nny * that (not a sentence unit) %e

20

54

CotLecEe daughter (Wyb2yb) NyYDSXD

°F *

(0) yoy

[MAYsSE—

3

works pya¥

*

y>x>tyn (77)

(nryn) ayn

in yw

book (ays>2) Ta XT *

enough 91392 *

eats poy * to eat (infinitive) yoy of 76 Mrs.

doctor (INWPT)

*

Miss pbb abbreviation of pox

WPPST

tive)

is called

room (}) IyRn°S WT * is able

again 3y7 * because boy « (no ending in the singular) by © wants

yyp «

sister (—) Syvoynw o7 *

already pw [ShoLEM-ALEYKhEM] o>>>y-n1ow Sholom Aleichem,

*

son (7) TW IT *

famous Yiddish writer man’s name [shLoYME] jn>w * (Yiddish equivalent of Solomon)

Nore: von by a clause.

iy means he knows

WP WY means he knows

a noun.

19? 9

she + *

to be px their yoy

father (0) yoxy ay *

(a fact, an answer), and is usually followed

(a person, a language), and is always followed by

also means he can, he is able to.

QUESTIONS OMT

NT

M6

mp

pop

TN

3 IAT

YT

PR

OI w

Ty

ANdW

SN

OM

5

MYHSRY

8

2yaka

o¥ 11 2P2 OT DN 13 TIMON

*

Mister syn hears payn * how *

596

college (1) wriy>xp “YT can,

WT

you (singular) 1 « abbreviation of syn vn at home 97 y7 PR: & (followed by the nomina- porn *

he oy * 6 78

*

soon 7x3 *

oT*

it py *

abbreviation

sy72x ¢

Esther [ESTER] 70x ¢ Esther's o1nox

°T *

we

MAYSES] story

other

does pip *

mother

medicine

YippisH

°F

LY

YORY IT waxT ONN

ON

.2 WP IB OT

VOM

.7 yvoynw

IP °F 10 tw 12 WAA>W wD

7

wan

MN

4

onmbw

ww ol

IIT yr

WT

pIIy>

Day? OMNI 9 TIAON WRRNY INOK vay?

woe oT TID

55

Lesson 4 1. Personal Pronouns

GRAMMAR PLURAL

SINGULAR 2ND PERSON 3RD

you

17

you

TR

1

she

wy

w

PERSON

we

vn

i

Tr

IsT PERSON

he

pp

they

it

2. Present Tense

the base of The present tense is formed by adding endings to the stem. A verb the verb. The first person s' ingular is identical with with the base —axt say is conjugated as follows: lsT PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD

SINGULAR

PLURAL

ABT TR POINT 1T

yayt Tn DART TR

DART

PERSON

A few verbs are irregular in that no p—

third person singular, such as bon ay

T

yART

WwW

ending is added in the

he wants, and

Wp WY he can.

noted in the vocabulary. Wherever this irregularity occurs, it will be syllabic °—, If the stem of the verb ends in B—, J—, — PI— the first and third or a stressed vowel or diphtkong, the ending for persons plural is jy— instead of j—: 10

“Tt 1

Aye? qyvt wu

“tT

ywne

Tn

wart

yy"? qt wea

MT

pnp?

yyart “Tr perw yw2oenw

“Tt “1

wrrw WIN

OVATR

TR

AOVITN

Tn Tn

wr? TR TTR 27 TR DIP

TR

Vn

art

TR

Tn TN

PrWw

TR

LNW

TR

no ending is added in the If the stem of the verb ends in p—, third person singular or the second person plural: W

ODI

TR

the second If the stem of the verb ends in o—, the ending for person singular is simply p— instead of po—: pov

17

DD TR

56

CoLiecE

YIppIsH

The present tense in Yiddish covers the meaning of both the simple present and the progressive form of English; the English translation is determined by the context. wr? TR

3.

read;

I am reading

\oep—Form TAR 7A

Wh?

RT

TR

VOIV™?

—

IR

17 —

Wr?

DYN

rWOIV™?

DYN

If the subject of a sentence is 14 you, and it comes after the verb, then the verbal ending is fused with yq into the ending ywo—: ywojyy?

=

17+00ID"?

worn

=

17-+007

\OOUDATVR

=

17+V00VIIN

4. Declension of Names While common nouns do not have case endings, a case ending is added in the accusative and dative to names of persons, both masculine and feminine. The ending is j— it is replaced by }y—

if the name ends in

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE DATIVE The noun

ending:

n—, }—,

syllabic b—, or a stressed vowel.

Te PR POWER TVIPOWITR ID? W WIrVwWIR YN YON Vn yoxv

OM WIR PR awn wn VT TR ywwn wn WI TR

yt father, although not a name, also has a case

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE-DATIVE

yoRD YT OND oy

5. Inflection of Sy538

WW? WIR VP TWN? WK 1 MYOW WTR WwW Won WY Ww VWIVR DYT VYVW YIN °T WOIVN FWY DVT WOIVN WIVTY WT TIN? When

preceded

In

plural,

by the indefinite

article,

»yt3x

other remains

uninflected in all genders and cases of the singular. When preceded by a definite article, it is inflected like an ordinary adjective to agree in case and gender with the noun which it precedes. the

it is always

1 If the name ends [rsvi], ]y2d3_ [TsviEN].

in stressed

yny7i’x. [1] the

» is respelled

2 before }y—; thus

°5x

57

4

Lesson

6. Omitting the Article

is In certain idiomatic expressions of place, the definite article customarily omitted. For instance: quny piya

PX px

77N9 1av2 21W

[xX

21W 119

in the room in the park

near the park

in school, to school

from school

EXERCISES A.

Conjugate

the

following

the

in

verbs

pyr pn PIT Fy

PRS

AW PRA

present

as

tense,

follows:

aA PR

PR

por

IT

OT

NOW poy

WW

YSDIY PR 3

STYD

AYE PR 2 PRT

VP

YAW PR

6

PK 1 OP

B. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the singular into the plural and the plural into the singular: “pr pomy>

17.3 My DYAIN PW IVORY

Taw IVT (DMT IVT PR polyp 17 610 sayd9a JO Sy 15 BINT PR TVSRBY

.2 VIVE

FPR WoL

OT 5 OP WT PR YAW Iwsyy oT 4 Ww PR POY WM .7 Ta ¥ SPW WIT .6 PB PR PT 202 WY OMA TRI VIP VR 9 TPR VOT NB way or 12 .araya wea yor I LL we BIA PW FOV A VD OPM PR TL AT “PR 14 MVOANT ONT 13 MA PR 17 TA ONT wa IN oF 16 ws wIysyy YOY JON PK PR IW .18 PIB dashes by the proper forms of the names given in

CG. Replace the parentheses: — 1a TYP YORY IVT .2 (MON) —— BP TVARTE Pry? PRL sy 7 4 .QayRIPDwW) —— wn TT OPA oT -.3 .(7RPD) “mby)

——

YN

Pr

yay?

8

5 .~wa)

——

wn

TT

yaw

— porn yon 07.7 .(poND TYT) —— wa LyT IN .6 (OD”y TPRRY TM Vn 9 (OY) —— NH Ta OYT ANT PK 8 2,(0220) JAY WON ON 10 .(VURY IYI) —— 0 TANS 90387) % yorm

takes the nominative;

see p. 62, line 7.

58

CoLLecE

YIDDISH

D. In the following sentences, replace indefinite articles by definite articles, and add appropriate endings to 9y734: Pp

w32

JANA

ON

Dn

PR

.2 WXOW

4 oPabM

IVT

WWW I OM

IN

PR

PTV

www

WM

IWoIy? IT

We

.3 Na

WI

SVN TS .6 HNYY WW IW APN FAVW TF .5 JONT PIYTI PP VI WW wAVIH WY .8 HY TYTN IK PR VIwWIW IW .7 .OY WANT T39? OND

OY

WW API

TVSRBW PT TV. aL YO PA WT PF way

9 .woaym IT O77 WTP 10

E. Translate the following sentences into Yiddish. Italicized words in () are explanatory. 1. Are you (plural) selling newspapers? 2. I don’t want it; I eat enough at home. 3. We come from another city in Canada.

4. The

brother

and sister study

in New

York,

but

the father lives in Philadelphia; he also works there. 5. We read about [George] Washington. 6. Today we read about Washington [D. C.]. 7. Why don’t you (singular) know it? 8. What is your (sing.) name? (=how are you called?) 9. My name is Shloyme. 10. I see Moyshe and Taybl. 11. People say that the doctor is at home every afternoon (=every day in the afternoon). 12. It is a very interesting book.

13.

I know

it because

1 know

COMPARED

TO

Yiddish

already.

14. What are you (sing.) writing in the notebook? 15. I am writing about (the) father. 16. In school we study about Lincoln and Jefferson. 17. The brother comes hcme alone. 18. I am reading this very good story. 19. I am going home again. 20. Mrs. Sore Stein’s daughter, Miss Esther Stein, is coming home soon. 21. Mr. Stein is at home already because he does not work today. 22. Do you know what he does? 23. It is said that he sells books or newspapers. YIDDISH

GERMAN

The assumption that Yiddish is derived from German is as inaccurate as the frequently heard statement that man is descended from monkeys.

Actually, modern

Yiddish

and

modern

German

have

a

common ancestor in the dialects of medieval Germany, just as present-day man and ape may be said to be descended from a common pre-human, pre-simian ancestor.

Lesson

4

59

and subsequent When the Jews settled in Germany in the 9th acquired speech, from centuries, they introduced into their newly and Romance derivathe very outset, numerous words of Hebrew of life. In the German tion, connected with the specific Jewish way to crop up, too, element of the Jewish speech, peculiarities began own. since the Jews formed a cultural group of their h and non-Jewish ‘As time went on, the differences between Jewis d. When many Jews speech in Germany became increasingly marke and then into Slaviclands an Germ migrated eastward, first within independent lines into speaking countries, Yiddish developed along of the Middle Ages an Germ a separate language. Meanwhile, the was changing into modern German. an are reflected not The differences between Yiddish and Germ but also in mores, ulari only in the vast divergence of their vocab val German medie the phology and the sound system. For instance, appearwhile sh, Yiddi word ‘vater’ developed into ‘foter’ in modern had an Germ val Medie ing as ‘Vater’ in modern standard German. forThe . today ’ ‘hiute the words ‘hinaht’ tonight or last night, and latthe while , ’ today mer is preserved in modern Yiddish as ‘haynt l antia subst A . ’ today ter is retained in modern German as ‘heute Yidin rved been prese group of Middle High German words have This phenomenon versa. vice and an, Germ dish but not in standard linguists. is of great interest both to historians and Enlightenment (Haskole?) In the 19th century, when the Jewish among the Yiddish-speaking with its German orientation spread a number of words from Jewish intelligentsia of Eastern Europe, Yiddish. It was not long, modern German were introduced into this borrowing gathered however, before a “purist” resistance to and teachers began to rs write sh strength. By the time that Yiddi s from modern German free Yiddish of this influx, many word and are today considered had already passed into common usage vocabulary. Thus we ish Yidd legitimate elements of the standard "5 playing card and piyp sometimes have curious doublets like Ages; it was taken le Midd yoryp “1 map. The first dates back to the German as ‘karte’ from Latin ‘charta’ and appears in Middle High h, and it is in this spelling 3 A modern Hebrew form of this word is Haskala texts. English in that the word usually occurs

60

CoLLEGE

YIDDISH

card. The same word appears as ‘Karte’ in modern German and has received the additional meaning of map. In the 19th century it was introduced into Yiddish to mean map only. In consequence, modern Yiddish has two different words,

ern German has only one.

piyp and

yorxp,

where mod-

LESSON

5

pspy? pobsb

syria wos wipe yor (1915—1852) pup .? 2 115

yer wsyo yrs yp ,peya yan pss own AyPryb By? PR — SOP TS PR’D NK D TWYA PWIS WYO — popa yrs ysasnw porn Hypyns ON JAI 7 Vw SyPrs yet wwsyo yrs yosd [YS PB pose ws TB H+

—+

5

:

MORTON

AUC

4

Se

SS

ZAY-NCH

BROV-NE

- DER URI

aS

SS aS]

+

MEN

‘-

+

==

ONS TW ZA

VAYSE SWARTSE:

SIZ AN OYS-GE-TRAKK-TE MAYSL

VN KU-MA-TN Be

A-LE

PEL KER LEN DER

SIMARD THE VAY-SC

GE - LC

a

MEN -THRN

prsyt

GC-LC

WSAT DY TAR BA =I

SS

BRI-DER

ZAY-NEN

BROVHE

TUN EYN TA-TH

FUN EYN MA-HEN

yw

Byt 15 way? ay "WMBYwWYr Wes

Magy pos woya VOWS PR wy

A

YL,

"QwBYWYI DYT WI WS BISDISD DYN 386, "oy NB sp? PS TPR IP Ne pase

"SAS

yoru 8

§ wD WO Ys HS 61

prybysy os 18,

79t93 DST) IWB,,

62

COLLEGE FN

YIDDISH

BEM

8

IY PR PUT PR TY PMN 8 1 Bow Ws MOYSTISI MDW WONT TVR sO Bayt WU Is Bvt, “TY SPIVTS

WT

Bast 8",

ORT TO MNT WT VSS .WOSB § ON HA TY WwW AYT YOwry IT way "Fs HIN? DYN ABE AYIA 7, "IPAS TIT DMT PS LIyIT2Ba Mew BIA ONT PS Sn,

nay PST PIYNY S$ BaSIw Apap 7S $ 71 Byr 9330 8 YT W Bay “FPSt PS PAST TH VY O81, AYP APAPW PID WT wast “API IVI PS, Pw ONN WS, 23 DST wayt 1793 55 NS DST DS INN, "VODSB

JVNT

OI

YT

VS

P°SRIV IN MIVA

OMA

DSN

IT MAPS DMM

pyar

VAMP

MT WI

WO

FIM?

OSV

yay

PISIVIgP pyN PR MW way .pwI 7

PS

TYMI

sapry? apt

:DYn

Wy?

WW TWo 2 FT WAVISP

Hyna pos

jt

:Oon

VOCABULARY

man’s

yellow

if 21%

¥ya

p>yd ONT

ON

invented

(7) DS’‘ywWyr ONT

name

[DoviD]

(Yiddish equivalent of David) DONB — TNT from it oyt 715 :ay7 relates pox yt white om to tell (=say) yaxT tell me 4°79 aNt

DW

—

OWN

>5§

1X

pox qVyi0/1%

so many

717

one

your

PR

“Y2X

him px brown p13

*

business

money

mailman

e

* ¢

letter (—) 1992 YT * syaynu-pvn3 YT at all yo20g)

slaps WONB X DA

bag

ABy °F

piece of advice [EYTSE]

question conjugation

a person

y>’R2785

yaxnd °7

to 1% * °F iyp yxyyav

IT

pox? * payd «

laughs lives

always Syn yox * N2 of yraxn

*

heavy ynw

(Jy) 2232? ONT *

jynxn

alternative dative form

*

black prynw

boy

pr yay’ = Iwan?

conjugates py xPIXp

climate (jp’Rm°>p) DROP

yt

px

8 bz * please (literally: pia good) so be man’s name [KhaAIM] pn * carries payqv * (literally) a Jew; 3 497 (colloquially also) a man,

WOUND NWA — WON mail poxp °7 * by mail poxp 7717 color (7) 2985 °7 why oxni Wd * loses pI799N5 closes

63

5

Lesson

sends ppow *

me

37

mixes DN... DW px oyt = [siz] pR’D

bad poy>w * GRAMMAR

1. Imperative of the The singular of the imperative is identical with the base verb:

The

IW

(—Av)

ahd |

(—"7)

is formed by adding

plural of the imperative

»y—

to the

person singular. The plural form is thus identical with the second tense: plural of the present

pIayt — AT vu

=

a9}

The negative is formed simply by adding »°3: 0)

vy) 72

Don’t

go

vpI7

Don’t

look

In a sentence containing an imperative, the verb may, of course, be the first sentence unit. 2. "py

and

were PR PRAY Cy DPW

PR

PR

°F (ROW

WD

*7)

DAYTTN PR PR OY (TIN? DYT)

It is in the room It is in

America

It is in Europe

64

COoL.LecE YIDDISH

To refer to inanimate objects, the pronoun 4y is used in place of a masculine noun, and »y in place of a feminine noun. oy is used in reference to inanimate objects only if the implied noun is of the neuter gender. 3.

SJ and

38 2

AVDUVAIN

11

(2nd person

singular)

2PTRNW AWA VR wvIIN 1 (2nd person plural) In both examples above, only one person is being addressed, yet in the first case the singular 37 is used, in the second, the plural px. Whenever a close friend or a child is spoken to—someone whom we would ordinarily call by his or her first name—the singular is used (familiar address). When one is not on such intimate terms, and would ordinarily call the person Mr., Mrs., or Miss So-and-So, the plural is used to show respect (formal address) . In conformity

with this rule,

pia

og

wr

meaning please, are differentiated. In addressing more than one person, always used.

and

pia

of course,

oR

vy»,

both

the plural is

4. Title of Address TNA

2748 ARNVII

DUT

ARNVIA

DUT

19

PIRNW

,PIRNW

“7 :T28A 27TH

‘T7289

VOTAN

VX

WR 1nwI 1NNvIa

7779 .PIRNwW

DUTT

.pIRnw

AWA 7n

T28

In not too formal speech, people frequently address each other by the titles 4§n [khaAvER] (masculine) and yy xSn [kha’VERTE] (feminine) respectively, which mean literally friend. The formal address, using the second person plural, is employed in speaking to people addressed as 3n: The

WRN VUTAN YR pINnwW Win AvAX uN? same titles are also used in speaking about someone: yin

wn?

pIanwW

YUAAN

pR

In

5. yep? and yyss

pay> dead.”

vay> pnxn on’n Khaim’s mother is living YANPW PX v3 *T She lives in Chicago refers to “living,” “being alive,” as opposed to ‘being

LESSON

pion

refers to “living somewhere,” as opposed to “living some70aD2

11.

wm

6. Present Tense of }'3 and The

does he live?

J am

ANT

PR

DNA

PRN

ayn

and

pR

in the

I have P23 PR

VON IT (WONT ONN) pyn oy yaxA Pn

porn 17 (nvo°a 3) PRW wir ya OMT

ONT FT oN — aNn

Imperative:

Where

Yes.

living?

father

his

58" px

of 2

conjugations

Is

1

VUXU

present tense are irregular:

“dwell.”

to English

where else.’ It is comparable mw

9

WIV our —

PR

FT

EXERCISES A. Memorize the poem given in this lesson. It is part of a wellknown work by Y. L. Peretz, one of the greatest Yiddish writers. It is sung to a theme from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. B. Retell the contents of the poem in a prose paragraph of four or five sentences. C. Substitute the appropriate personal pronoun for the subject in each of the following sentences:

baa? ONT .3 AYN

PR IPL VT .2 YW PR PR TR? ONT «1

YA WI PR Voyr ONT 5 pr Trew IT p IVT .8 ON WK IN PIN PR Sw oF .7 TNT

oT 10

baa

Pop

RYN

PR

Avy TTP

yor ——

PM

.6 27K

——

ONN

o7 9 .a NB

OM”

Jyw-oOD

VaAVw

aNoLy

3-2 .aeTayA —

VW «1

PPV

D. Supply the proper forms of }»2: SWIYP —— PR .3 WYK UT) ——

-T .4 WW PR wr IY PR IPI WT 6

WI

5 9M

Pa

THI

¥ —

7

4

7 TDI SVT PR PR —— ONT WS 8 TTP Pp v2 — — YA mM v2 vom Aadbw .10 Np OW wi —— 9 to E. Supply the proper forms of ayn: qUSyT —— yor nm 3 SYM Y ——

AVAVT PR —

PR .2 211) ——

OY .6 OY —— IN? 5 M2 ONT —

ONN od

VR 4

COLLEGE

66 —

5-9

savy

yew

& ——

YIDDISH PK

8 Yd9a

Pp

wa

HOY 2X YT —— BBN 10 y9

——

1-67

NH WII ¥

F. Translate into Yiddish: 1. Don’t laugh, children. 2. Listen (—hear), Dovid, what is this white thing? 3. Tell (=say) me, Mr. Epstein, what you have chere. 4. Do you speak Yiddish, Esther? 5. I speak Yiddish, because the language is spoken at home. 6. Please come home. 7. Please send me (1°) the book (to a stranger). 8. Please send me (1°) the book (to Dovid). 9. Come and eat with us (rx), Mr. Gold. 10. Is Mrs. Gold also coming soon? 11. We have a new blackboard in school. It is in the other room. 12. I have an interesting newspaper. It is in @prw) Yiddish.

13. The

city is very big. It is

new and beautiful. 14. Why are you living together with Khaim? 15. We are living together because we study together. 16. Doesn’t Khaim have a business? 17. No, we go to the same school. 18. I see the woman every day. 19. She doesn’t work much. 20. How does she make a living? (=From what does she live?) 21. She has enough money from her (=the) father. 22. She lives off (—from) this money. 23. “You are a bad boy,” says the mother to the child. 24. I don’t know why you laugh (to a stranger) . 25. In America there are brown, yellow, black, and white people.

THE HEBREW COMPONENT IN YIDDISH Yiddish includes words and phrases taken not only from the Hebrew of the Bible, but also from later works, many of which, like the Talmud, were written in a sister language of Hebrew, Aramaic. Ina precise formulation, this component would therefore be called “the Hebrew-Aramaic” component. In all subsequent Hebrew literature, Hebrew and Aramaic have become intertwined and form what is called in Jewish tradition wip-}\w9 [LoshnKoypEsh] sacred

language.

Present-day

Hebrew

contains a good deal of Aramaic

words and forms. On different levels of Yiddish speech and writing, the proportion

of Hebrew elements differs, sometimes exceeding 15 percent.

The form and meaning of many Hebrew words have changed, and their usage is determined by Yiddish grammar and style.

LEsson

5

67

A great number of words derived from Hebrew are names, such as

on

[Kham]

or

pny

[sore].

Many

others

denote

objects

and

practices related to Jewish religion and folkways: n3\nn_ [Kha’sENE] marriage and y)¥10712 [BARMITsVE] Bar-Mitsve belong to this group. Many words are abstract terms signifying philosophical and moral concepts, such as nox [EMES] truth, Axy [EYTsE] advice, or ton [Khisorn] defect. But a great many words, such as pyd> [KIMA’T] almost or nyw [sho] hour, are today quite ordinary words which have no religious or learned meaning. In many groups of Yiddish synonyms, particularly in verbs, the word of Hebrew derivation has a more literary and abstract flavor than that of Germanic origin. }1t §°p\ [MOYSEF ZAYN], for example, is more formal than its synonym }ay3/\¥_ to add. A similar relation exists between }1t 71990 [MENADER ZAYN] and j3Nt¥ to promise, or between j't p’DBO =[MAFSEK ZAYN] and ;pwy3"N

to interrupt. The pronunciation of words of Hebrew derivation in Yiddish is sometimes at considerable variance with the so-called Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew used in Israel. Thus the word for wars (spelled niyonon) is pronounced [miLkho’MEs] in Yiddish and

[MiLKkhaMo'T] in modern Hebrew. There are such doublets in Yiddish as [ALVE]—[AL14’], both spelled ‘Sy. The first is an old

Yiddish word of Hebrew derivation and signifies the call to read the Torah. The second is a new borrowing from Palestinian Hebrew, and means immigration to Palestine /Israel.

In a great number of formations, elements of Hebrew derivation have been combined with non-Hebrew prefixes and suffixes, or vice versa. Words of this type are »w70\03 [KLOYMERshT] as if, loyinw [shmu’EsN] to chat, |yoo78h [FARSAMEN] to poison. Yiddish has also exercised a reciprocal influence on modern Hebrew. For instance, the diminutive suffix of Yiddish derivation has become standard in Hebrew (in such words, for example, as *$’xax [A’BALE] Daddy and ‘9/NON [I'MALE] Mommy). In keeping with tradition, most Yiddish words of HebrewAramaic origin retain their original spelling. In the Soviet Union

[raNs5NByp/yNXD IYI] this

grounds.

spelling

was

changed

on_ ideological

LESSON 6 yrspy? yuopyr YOSSI ADIIIBD.

ADINIBS

17

(YOS?

ae

(O- MIR

© + + + +

¥

=]

-GRI

MO-MIR

-

SN

©

=

+ BA-GRI te

i

LO-MIR

+

+

uielveite

Gos ES?

nduenoa DBs

“POS?

Vos?

==:

=

POs? WOS? “POS? Ws? acl arc: sos oesiue he Gen VERE, -

SN

—

LO-MIR © + + + + BAS

—P_—

SSS

LO-MIR LO-MIR

= SS =

aie

“YDS?

aS

bs

=e04

nce

oY soci:

ADAIR —

WAS

+ BA- GRI

LO-MIR

3

SN

Dyiaw

— LO-MIR

-GRI

LO-MIR LO-MIR

LO-MIR

r -

=y

I

SN

& gVS

BIS

DS yo

MMBywya

DST

Oy

I — By

—

oN

—

DY QB

7

POS

DST

PN

oP

App TT wy 1. DDpow Os... ATA. WITS ent 1 The name or the person the accusative case.

being welcomed 68

or congratulated

—

—

— — — Dae

is inserted,

in

Lesson

$ OD

DpIOW S$ VASD WO yn

6

69

fagy wus

ww

—

PS oY fasy Www s—

Iay5-7y13

VOCABULARY how is...

... DON

ONN :VOND well? 23 wife 95 °7

friend

73275

4y7

chat

oyiw

yt

good-bye axy yw X to welcome, to congra- yD°7ax2 tulate when talk

things

over

oyimw

qyn

X DBXD

let us snxd EXERCISES A. Translate into Yiddish: 1.Today over half of all Jews live in the United States. 2. The son and the daughter know Yiddish. 3. They know that many Jews speak Yiddish in all countries. 4. We are going for a walk soon. 5. It is said that this newspaper is interesting. 6. How

does one say “two”

in

(1%)

Yiddish?

7. What is your name? (to a child) 8. What is your name? (to an adult) 9. 1 am at home every ‘afternoon (—every day in the afternoon). 10. Please, Mr. Berg. 11. Please, Dovid. 12. The Jews are a people. 13. Many people in America are Jews. 14. I see that you want something else (=another thing).

So

B. 1. Divide the sentences in lines 1-10 of lesson 4 into sentence units. What types of units occur? 2. What is the principal rule of Yiddish word order?

When does the subject come after the verb?

4. List six conjunctions which may begin a clause but are not treated as sentence units. 5. When can an adjective be a separate sentence unit? 6. Make up five pairs of sentences, in which the sentences within each pair differ only with regard to word order. C. Make up sentences containing the following pairs of words: IND

4

opr qyyd

yop

3 oma

ATR 8 PONS AYOORNY .7 Yop

TW

PIA

.2 YW

Iw

1

.6 .YORY oP 5 pI

YIDDISH

CoLLEGE

70 pwd

LL

AVID

.10

Aypoyny

Yay

9

yyPWINS

ODN

7

TH 12 TV

D. Change the singular nouns into the plural and the plural nouns into the singular; make the appropriate changes in the articles. OT yer OT mn °F ON 7 yiyn OT TOR OF oly Tys syny> ay TOT 7 aypoyh T32N9 ONT OF PNIBY OF IPINB 7 ayo °F medica oT qwoaya DEYWYA ONT oT A2VBY ONT TDP on bw DYONDY 7 7 pypw OT sy>2 D-PWPRT oT °F yoxn ONT bay 7 aypoyy 7 sym . nen

following

E. Conjugate the imperative:

PR .5 F.

Write

WW

PR 4

WI

in

verbs

phrases of place.

present

PW PR 2

PR 3

five sentences in which

the

wna

°F

yyy

WT

tense

IT

and

the

ABA PR od DIP PR 6 2

the definite article is omitted

in

G. Supply the endings for the articles and adjectives wherever necessary; wherever possible, use contractions of prepositions with py:

—T

.2 ONY

yora —7 I OY PR 1

in —bya —I yay> PX Pw —I1 —pradyt —T PIN WOM OX «7 OND —1U F IW PR 9 VROW —ATUN —orna & ONT WY «11 yoy —Yya ow SWI —T PR Pr

—T 5 Pw —DPIMNA N PK —AYTIN WN PIN [IVT FT 6 I NS OP PX 72.8 70Nd PR yarw We .10 I pysqwy? yn 12 a —owm

TPN

H. Make

PIN VIMW 7.4

Pad

.wbya —7

IT

NS vSbyn

¥ aNT PR

3 onyy

—YIwNWw

negative statements out of the following sentences:

wSywyra VIX N NH vayd ay .2 .wdyr JO ONT ITN R55 TNT IVI VINIW aM N.4 VTP TN YON X PR VIN Pn .7 OV wT OT “PN .6 2 w-aY X VIVA 8 7 AVID V AVT PR 9 .NYPMIK YW yaw Ty “12 8 yay? wyayn

IW. YT PR 3 PR OYN O72 ¥ ryt .10

LEsson

REVIEW

6

71

QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in English: 1.

How long has Yiddish been the vernacular of the Jewish people? What are some historic contacts of the Jews that are reflected

in Yiddish idiom?

Dee

OO

What

10.

have been

some

of the influences of Yiddish

on

the

shaping of Jewish culture? What role has Yiddish played in tying together the Jews of various countries? What is standard Yiddish? How did it evolve? What are the four principal dialects? Why have the dialects been dislocated territorially? In what respect do the dialects differ most? What language elements contributed assumed its present form?

to Yiddish

before

it

. When did Yiddish originate? 12. Where did it originate? 13. How can you account for the Romance elements in Yiddish?

14.

Name two sources of enrichment of modern 19th and 20th centuries.

Yiddish in the

Are all Yiddish words derived from other languages? Does “a parent-child relationship” accurately describe the relation between German and Yiddish? Elaborate. 17. Name three factors in the development of Yiddish independently of the German dialects. 18. Does Yiddish differ from German in anything but its sound

15. 16.

system?

19. 20. 21. 22.

Do all modern German words appear in Yiddish? Are there any Yiddish words of Germanic derivation which do not exist in German? How has borrowing from modern German been influenced by Jewish attitudes? What

is the significance of the doublet

yoryp/p sp?

CoLLEGE

72

YIDDISH

What is meant by “Hebrew-Aramaic’’? If Hebrew was not a spoken language, how did Hebrew words get into Yiddish? 25. What is the maximum proportion of Yiddish words that are of Hebrew origin? . Is every Hebrew word also a Yiddish word? . Is every Yiddish word of Hebrew derivation to be found in

23. 24.

modern

Hebrew?

. Has Yiddish had any influence on modern Hebrew? .

Is

the

difference

between

similar

words

in

Yiddish

and

retain

their

Hebrew greatest in meaning or in pronunciation?

Why

do Yiddish

original spelling?

words

of Hebrew

derivation

LESSON

peppy?

“YIP

7

yoysr

PAYTIS

PSR TMBwe jit

I

wy AST WYoys

pw. I WII

MSI

I

jou jASDODI OY www

Myoys pot ws “SB PR BIN TY ApHys PONS & IST PR .2Niws GIYIDY? PAYPTIN PS ANB WS VST WA “SION PS POI 8 PS TSI PR IYYH 8 ISA PR AWS yor TyI pwaw Wo ye PH warp pow 7 JB9yn WS PAST WO PIS Oya Ws Po Ip w SPS

PTS

PT

Or

§ ayer

px

AB

WIN

AYT JBISIND JOPSN pIp OPT PR wognw

yor

WI?

SsSg-2n

wip

PR ayOys

wwaew

wp

soy

Ww)

an PS 14

Tw

.yr? BEY yew

sAIDY sD Twp

apuys

FMS POPS FW TY wee PR pps wes M1 Ay Wyss ayoyh WT ASOPSID $ PPS OS BY PW TY AT JODSI YS OW IS TOW! PST Wo 291 PRI? PR IDpPrywopnw pT Hw OsN woprsy wis YP Ay .w PS wea Tspiywoyrw pyo IND TYIPP PS BPyMDIW WW Pp Bn ap wen Ts 4D 8 WIN FPO AIST ASW? PS wae ay Ayr ays “SPISIB PWT YT WIpI 1DpI EIST ppyvpos PR wT SORT TS YSIS PR PT WD AIT pw DRI ys 73

:AIDNY

PS

.dSy-7M yay? prop ms

AY

2A

sADY

74

CoLiEcE

JOPWOIVI

YIDDISH

TPR IPT NS Pw oT PR YIP Woy) JIN 192 DS DST Tprawiss

mw

PR IP WY S YP ASIST TS ISH sO ,Osn Bown WONT TPS IP TYOSNY Wos? apy ips isp? Ww pssw SMI

PR

NT

FSO

OIYT

OST

WOS?

.nwo

wa

2AIDN

yt

ayy you Aor ssp 8

swe

VOCABULARY to become yay * should (bgt Jy) y>NT * his yt

their yoy tractor 7YDpPRIv IVT

[YISROEL]

(also you, cf. p. 53) 3K often pbx «

*

work organization

(as opposed to “xX Iw?-Y>N,

let us s>nyd « orange (7) 72/8182 WT

pp’yy°D0¥ YT to build yy to visit 1¥ DORA IS TRIP * VOR. good; well; O.K. yyy «

hello! good

T * family, relatives well 43 *

university or D’y TIVO YT college student

nanynrpia ©

morning! (Answer: myopia) good-bye! xp yo ¥ * (Answer: mx py &) to give

(A9N7

“y) SIRT

Germany

72x9yp2T

to need; ought

Poland yo"

for 9X5 *

*

your pT aid mbon °F

Hebrew

from (also of) pb *

to drive y7°5 « uncle (0) 1ybyd ryt *

jays

dollar (s) 9¥>x7 this, that ox? to have to,

land way 7 Paris 17NB

to understand ypwnxd

%7F

architect

Palestine)

pm

pyn 0x °7

(0) YSRPINIW

whom

e@8 #8

< WwW?

her

Car (0) NOW YT *

(1) D’yD°DTYININ IVT Italy yodxun Europe yeyvx *

eo

pi

the state of Israel xv

university

woynayn

*

to help y6oyn * to grow (intr) jopyn *

(acc.-dat. of ayn) Tyayn

Wel H Cd

wel caeng,

LEsson

7

75

Russia 13x01

France q2p3x5

Tel Aviv [TELAvI'V] 5>5x-9n

cooperative [KIBU’Ts] pi2°p Yt settlement

cousin (Ay) T2°PIYVOYNW ONT *

ten 1y3

QUESTIONS piyoys SH 3 wwe BID ON .2 WOK I¥ AOI VIP Ty IS 1 1 6 PURO PR FOV ONT poy 5 Mr yy IM .4 wwe OYA SYT ONN

PIN TN .7 WoON PR yaw oT 9 2 SRO PR O72 WY wm ONN WH

ANBwa odor vibyn 8 cy? pr ayoys

“YOR PR TIVIB TOPRIM .10 Wyn wWpryvoynw onwn Yn

Sew? WT

PR

TT

N PSY

WA I

ID HOW

YPM PN

AW

T7?? Wayp ON

on

.11

wp

.12 WERIPK PN TN PPPAWIH PR 3p

GRAMMAR

1, Indirect Object

syoyd oyt 15200 7m zy

PNR TVW

yOXY

OYT

DY v2

Ww

IT

2D

v27W

7X

We

help the

(=our)

uncle

He gives it tothe

(=his)

Do

(=your)

you

send

the

father aunt

money?

A noun (with the preceding article and adjectives) , when used as the indirect object of a verb, is in the dative case. In a sentence containing both a direct and indirect object, one of which is a pronoun, the pronoun precedes the noun. If both objects are pronouns, the direct object precedes the indirect: Tl DYT DR WW ORO DVT DD 02 ID

DX

OV U2 W

(Other personal pronouns are treated on p. 92.) In translating from English, care must be taken to avoid any preposition with the indirect object after jaya to give [to]. 2. Conjugation of 7333 The conjugation of jaya yaa Dl yaa

is irregular:

99 PR

274 PR Or IT FT

Imperative:

pr

pr. —

WwW

32

76

CoLLecE

YIDDISH

3. Infinitive

The infinitive of a ing j— (or }y— if the or a stressed vowel or identical in form with ent

verb consists base ends in diphthong). the first and

of the base with the added endb—, J—, 33—, p3—, syllabic 5—, Thus the infinitive as a rule is third person plural of the pres-

tense.

Base:

—?°w

Infinitive: qp-w Base: —mip

to send

Infinitive:

yyniz

to come

yyivp

to be able

yya"t

to sing (like \vart 1)

ya

to build (like a

Base:

—jyp

Infinitive: Base:

— )*1

Base:

—

Infinitive: Infinitive:

Base:

—29"nw

(like

\z°w

(like jm?

1°n)

1)

(like \vivp 7°n)

1)

to smile (like Wwea~nw 1) Infinitive: yy29-nw Beginning with this lesson, verbs will be listed in the vocabulary in the infinitive form. 4. Irregular Infinitives Several frequently used

most important ones are: To give To go To To To To To

verbs

have

irregular

IsT & 3RD PERSON PLURAL jana yy

do see want know be

9

yaya

oy

rpny

pr TBD wt pyn yon nm

yyw

FF

YT

PT

youn

FT

JysVr

MT

87S

WIN? YI WWINR wt Wire PR Xv PR wT wa WIN?

YI 141NT WIT Wve

and 271W 71W 71W 71W

77

The

INFINITIVE

FT

pon orn

5. Infinitives of

infinitives.

8Os TS

LVR There are children in school VX There should be children in school LX There are no children in school PX There can be no children in school

Lesson

7

77

In the infinitive, the word yt of the phrase while »°3 is substituted for xw3.

is omitted,

¥7 PX

6. Use of 3% with the Infinitive DvAN PA TMT TR I have to go home 1W72_&

TR

yaw

able to write a letter now

Lam

osx

we

TW X yD wey Vn We are helping to build a school BOW 1k TS Pr vsyd a He is learning to drive a car After the verbs yyiyp, E787, yn. Woyn, and pr yay, the infollows

finitive

immediately.

In translating

from

no equiv-

English,

alent of ‘‘to” is used. In some other cases “to” in an English infinitive is translated by 1x. 7. Constructions after 79%) pIWa PR pa bn TR MW

I want to go to the park

yoy 072 UR dN TR PRX ep vIn »N Ww

I don't want to eat now He wants to come to school today

Whenever a sentence describes a person wanting to do something himself, the infinitive is used after the proper form of yoyN to want, just as in English.

But:

JOD ON

ya vodxt v7.21 PR

SAT WYP ONT Ur} 2°11 PR

TW PR Whi? VITA NT yD .211y

J want you to go

J don’t want the child to eat now

He

wants us to come

to school

today Whenever a sentence describes a person wanting someone else to do something, the appropriate form of }9yn is followed by a clause containing a subject (nominative) , the proper form of the auxiliary verb y>xt,

and then the infinitive.

8. Greetings AWN AY-wV1a .AN?2W .IINN-v12

Good morning, Shloyme. Good morning, Moyshe

AWN AY? VI YM 2w ayo 1012 x Good-bye, Shloyme. Good-bye, Moyshe

qo

OY

qor

.7y°-012

AY?

012 & DN

wINY-1012 VIN)

VIA

X

Good evening, Khaim. Good

evening, Yoysef

Good

night,

Yoysef

Khaim.

Good

night,

78

CoLvece

YIDDISH

The usual Yiddish greetings, exchanged upon meeting and parting, can be summarized as follows: MORNING & DAY MEETING PARTING

EVENING & NIGHT

Wb — PIA" D TW? oR — AY TW

Irby — INN DA WW? WF — PON] yoru ¥

Another greeting is given on p. 98. EXERCISES A. Replace the dashes by the appropriate endings: —T

De NPINS

DN

INS

4

—7

yr

10

WoIYD yw

WT

—7

accusative and dative

.2 .woyr JO xX ayHyS

I

—T

Pw

.3 ANOLE

—T

yw

—WN??

AWN

.1

¥ —PRD

ON YAY? —7 aT 5 Myvoynw —7F IIA PP YI woIwMw soagd 7 Sytyd —7 TEP —37>p —T wr TW .6 TRY DODN 17 STPPIVVOPNW —T Jaya 72-1 IW .B Tyr IW WN YOR —T TAT .woya

bom

ANBwA

—7T

Woy

Wm

9

ANT

IY

ONN

—nn pSoyT bon YOY YT .11 7S Dia TYP IY AYLYS —T NOW SWI

PR

WaANvXY

yo

—T

PR

Pw

Vex

.12 AXOPXT

X YN

B. Make up three sentences with each of the following verbs. Include an indirect object in every sentence.

Tpw 3 C. 1.

RT

.2

yaya ol

Translate the following conversation, assuming that it takes place in the morning: “Hello, Esther.” “Hello, Khaim. Where are you going?” “I am going home. I ought to be there already. And you?” “I am going to see (—visit) my (7%) aunt. She lives in this house.” “Well, I have to go. Good-bye.” “Good-bye, Khaim.”

2. Translate the same conversation, assuming that it takes place in the evening.

D. Make up five sentences, each containing an infinitive after the following phrases: bs JNT

Pr 4

OD WIVP PN.

Pr yd

PR

2 Mn 8 ot wboyn 2 5

LEsson

7

719

E. Translate into Yiddish:

1. Let us see what Khaim is doing today. 2. He is helping his (=the) father work. 3. They want to see why the car doesn’t work. 4. Khaim wants the family to see the new car. 5. His brothers and sisters also want to drive the car. 6. They understand these things. 7. My (72) cousin Yoysef lives in Israel. 8. He wants to be a teacher. 9. He speaks Hebrew at home. 10. He writes his (=the) mother that he is studying Yiddish also. 11. I very often write to my (==the) cousin in Europe. 12. Please give the child a dollar. 13. Today there cannot be any newspapers because it is a holiday. 14.

Can

you

(x)

visit

want Esther to come too. dren? They are building O.K., let us help them. again. 20. The children One cannot walk on that

[us]

today?

15.

Well,

O.K.

16.

I

17. Do you want to help the chila small house in the park. 18. 19. I have to go to the doctor have to be at home already. 21. street. 22. He wants to know what

you are doing. 23. O.K., I can tell him

(a°x).

24. One can-

not know what to do. 25. Yoysef wants me to help him now. 26. I want you to give me (7°) enough money. GEOGRAPHIC

SPREAD

OF YIDDISH

The beginning of this millennium, which witnessed the birth of many European languages of today, was also the time when Jews from France and Italy who spoke Jewish languages of Romance stock moved to the area of the Rhine River (in what is now Germany), and there started to speak the tongue which subsequently became the Yiddish language. The eastward migrations of the Jews from the Rhineland, begun under the impact of the Crusades, then brought Yiddish to central Europe, especially to what is now Austria and Czechoslovakia. With the people who spoke it, the language also spread through Poland and as far east as the basins of the rivers Dvina, Dnieper, and Dniester. This whole section of the Jewish people is called Ashkenazic, from the medieval Hebrew name for Germany, 1338 [A’shKENAz]. The Sephardic Jews (who got

their name

Spain), form people.

from 775d

[sFaRp],

another, much

the medieval

less numerous

Hebrew

name

for

section of the Jewish

80

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

During the nineteenth century, the number of Jews in central and eastern Europe increased greatly, and consequently the number of Yiddish speakers increased. Beginning with the great migration of the last quarter of the 19th century, Yiddish was carried to over-

seas countries as well, and in the first place to the American con-

tinent. Meanwhile, the western Yiddish dialects declined, so that at present remnants of Yiddish are still spoken only in Alsace and Switzerland. The Yiddish which is today used in France, England, Belgium, and so on, is the language of the Jews who came there from eastern Europe. It has been a matter of great difficulty to estimate the number of Yiddish speakers the world over, since many countries do not inquire into mother tongues in their censuses. In 1935, the following estimated figures were arrived at after careful research: Eastern and Central Europe .... North America ................-

6,767,000 2,987,000

Palestine jes sis, 2b ek South and Central America ...... Africa otal ae cei ail eas lw

285,000 255,000 56,000

Western Europe

................

Asia (exclusive of Palestine)

Australias

.....

(225005 fel Oe. ere 8

Totalics: ananassae

317,000

14,000

9,000

10,690,000

After World War II, the number is no longer the same. Of the

six million Jews who perished in Europe at the hands of the Germans, a majority were Yiddish speakers.

LESSON PIpy?

8

yous

Soya PR PP OMB PR Poppa worst 7 yysut MONI IT PH OwVys AYT PS WONT OT PIV IM Mya BBA TY AN yyw POS PR ATIVIOT PR TIS ST PS DROYI OT PR TIN OrpyI [IVA TTY NS sdya Bospys DIMNYI BES TBST TOT YN PS ay T2PYIW pps Mx osoys Ds PTY TBE DYOY AYT NB YONA PAYTIS ANN Jwosyo pss TVD IIT Ws SBYI NB PION Ory7ya M1 WPT Tyo Ty prispya }DBA TWIT oT PONT TSE Ys Bsow PR Bprwys sy OST SSIS TTY TBST WYBY? PAYS NB NS TOY pryyy apt TM qayapa DYDSIVYA WNW PR yaya Py [3s WT IP BIypys mss “yay PH PS Tyas NA yAwWewya NX PIsyp TBNys sr JO 8 pert Dy AY3¥ WIYPPA PIS MM OY PWwys 1387 OWT Ps Ty! Pp 1387 ASWPYT Wd WwW TNH PTY PSO YN Pw TF OY OMY BI WWI TT 13871 Soya ps mp “DY BYNSIByA OYA WYO WIS syrya apn Byit yo os Tyo OY AW BUPIB spy? Dy “MB DTyOsyD 19H PR MBI DIYPYI 3 TSS OPT [Yo .woys Px [rw wIsoys PT 13871 sys JOPIIV VNOyI [IVT ATP WSS 77 AI? WO WP DYVY JOS PR OBVYA 7 “WW, WONT MT TABiT OYT 183 “BUN DPT PAY) WIT POM YI) WwoYT T payp Boypya TT 1387 SSyyys PMN TMT WRAYA PBST AY .VWA8N PR Soys PS WEY ST YP

AYPISH

TSI TR TISPBS IS

Os 3yI PVT

WoYT

J TS

my

MOMS TT ND PTY BW. Opyt wzyIsyaois FIST WoT 7 AYT SI TTY HHO PPI T [uya By AYT AM TI ,1939 Px ASM Hy JarP2aya TyIVy ,1945 PX Mondo Ip ABMS VNAPM)

TYOIBYIT

WI

PR 81

“POON

YIP.

I9T

COLLEGE

82

YIDDISH

VOCABULARY to die (inf.: TINY)

uprising (7) TIRDWHNK IT *

JAIVOWyYI

killed paaynaya2KN to (also in) PR

past participle of jprw wwp?wys German (}) WbYT YT

hunger sya Warsaw few;

airplane

37

ywoxn

little porn

world pbyn °7 in the world pbyn ayt pIR * when jyn seventeen xyo/t

*

gas (poison gas) (q) ma WT whole

six Opyt

tank (jy) pIxd YT theater (0) TYORYY WT

chorus (7) 43 47 liquidated pyopnp?? lecture [LEKTSYE] (0) y>xpy? °7 [MILKhoME— -s] (n\—) TAN?n °F war

medical supplies y>x>1y °7 afterwards py

83

not yet O92 83 (inf.: pryo v2; 37d wrypya 03 person sg.: 02 may not

IBD

TY)

eleven 4% crowded j3y food yoy ONT epidemic (0) yrayT BY °7 Poland y>"B twenty pyixny time (}) DS °T against

y,yp

sick pax np to receive (38 pyar) 1-7 Russia 7389019 difficult; hard synw

terrible, horrible

qy>pyqw

(1y) VR?BSIYN YT

even [AFILE] 19°58 organized yp Pax to go out Pron until 79

nothing

to

ypixi

y298)

past participle pyarKya of ywYIW (infinitive: yaa) y23y3

remain past participle of yaya ayaya past participle of yoy sjoyaya

past participle of yayn :w’Rnys past participle of AYN AWA past participle of yyy 1M

past participle of jon :vo" Mya

past participle of pr sVyNya arms (singular) ’ynyr ONT ghetto (b) yoya °7

past participle prgbya

of wb

ba

—

:y’RvYA

DINDYA

to let (infinitive: yry>) vr’x?ya * to make (inf.: yowa) Yo’RAyA * (inf.: wn; 3rd person vrinya * sg.: ta Ty) must to use (inf.: 7x°3) DS”aIya to cele- (imf.: TYNE) HYNRIWYA brate past participle of yyy Aympy3 to fight (inf.: ySayp) vbaypya past participle of yayp :01’ypyr

Note the past participles beginning with —ya.

yw7p

B WwoXT ayNya YT oT TWRNT YAYA TD PYP yordaya yw

bb

14 Wana

TWOYT

WAYIDVAMIN

IT

.13

PA THya yaVt Th bd

TF JIB

TW

PHN

.15 21945 PR

GRAMMAR 1, Past Tense yOvAyA

VIN)

PNVNYA WIT

PIN

Wax

TY

1T

The

Jews ate little

Many Jews became sick

TO &

participle The past tense of a verb is formed by adding its past

to the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb

Jayn oF [2

The past

progressive tense in Yiddish covers the English past, present perfect, tenses: past past, and emphatic yaw

ayn

Tx I wrote; I have written; I was writing; I did write

2. Past Participle INFINITIVE

BASE

nie

—ni?

121NowW wp"? Ww

—11R0W —)v"?

31?

—)1v?

—?w

PAST

PARTICIPLE

jwnipya wAIWwOWyA pp ?ya peowya piqw7ya

The past participle, which is used to form the past tense, is usually constructed by (1) prefixing —y3, and (2) adding J— (or Wy—) or v— to the base of the verb. In many of the }— participles, there is also a vowel change (e.g. the participle of yanyuw is yAIYUWY?). A verb listed in the vocabulary without any indication as to its past participle has a regular participle in v—. Note, however, that if the base ends in y—, no further y— is added: VVATNYA

OVINN

84

CoLLEGE

YIDDISH

The }— participles will be indicated in the vocabulary in parentheses. Of the verbs that have already occurred, the following have }— participles:

qrya aqyr TSOYA so PRIYA wy Iw Tyaypya sya? IDWwyr Www

TVABWAYI. 272 TAYAYA 7Iyr JOMAYI sO" qeRnya qboyA JOPENYA OPH Msnya syn

The following verbs have irregular participles:

Vynya wt Toyaya soy Note that the —y

WRAY 7NT bovnya som

pexnya by prefix of the past participle is never stressed.

3.

JSR or pT The great majority of verbs use 34m as the auxiliary to form the past tense; only a limited number use 2. Unless 1x with the participle in question is given in parentheses, the verbs listed in the vocabulary use jayn. Of the verbs that have occurred in previous lessons, the following use p>;

JOPRNYA

PR

IW

syOpRN

PSV.

PR

VW

Py

VINA

PR

W

TYAIBAYA

PNW

TAPYA

PNR

AW

Vy —-sP" syIp

In the present lesson, the following have been added: Tebaya PR ay awa All verbs using

JAWHOVYA

y»

PR AY

have ;—

ANEW

participles, but not vice versa.

4. Past Tense of $5 198 and §¥°3 Tx 21W X ST PR OXI WT

WN

There is a school on this street

7WW & YYNYA PR OXI WT TWIN 210 1°? NVI PR VXI WT 171R

~There was a school on this street There is no school on this street

V2 PR OXI IWITVIX

There was no school on this street

JW IP PNY

In the past tense, the word xt of the expression omitted. The negation yy»: is replaced by 93.

¥7 1K

is

LEsson

8

85

5. Adverbs Formed from Adjectives vVAINYA

Wwiw

jaya

Tr

YW

vyn

AWN

The Jews worked hard

Yoysef answered correctly

2°09"7 vrAVSVIWYA DYN JOY 1aWwya

Moyshe

wrote beautifully

An adverb formed from an adjective is identical with the base

form of the adjective. Some adjectives are incapable of forming regular adverbs; for instance, p»abyt same or y73¥ other. From this point, such adjectives will be listed in the vocabulary in parentheses. A. 1.

EXERCISES From the reading passage at the beginning of this lesson, write out five verbs which form the past tense with jan and four which form the past tense with p27.

2.

Write out five participles ending in y— and

five in }—.

B. Conjugate in the past tense: DIN

3 SPOON

INA

02

PR

NV PWNYA BT

PA

PR

BRPW

PR

.2 BOW

WW PVHYA

.4 INOW

INT

°F Hayya

PK PR

.1 IVT

C. Look up the past participles of the following verbs in the glossary at the end of the book, noting whether they use yayn or py; then make up six sentences containing these verbs in the past tense: WwW 6 ww! 5S ways .4 wR? 3 BpPRN.2 jy 1 D. Retell the story 7x worn °N (p. 62) in the past tense. E. Translate into Yiddish: 1. My (=the) mother speaks beautifully. 2. He wrote Yiddish very well (cf. good). 3. The students studied very hard. 4. The boy works very badly. 5. He could not read correctly. 6. He spoke to them warmly.

F. Put the following sentences in the past tense: JO BVM BT yw Ow PK 2 TD VT VI YPN PR .1 TR WM’ PR 4 JOY TO PP ROI PN xoya PR .3 .OvPndn PT WT PR WT Pw WwW WYP oT 5S Jwoayn Pp yv3I D2 WO 1D .7 AYPSYH yay WIND BT IVT HSPN IVT PW .6 G. Translate into Yiddish:

PPR :

WIP

n

°F

ie

1. Hello, Yoysef. 2. Hello, Khaim. 3. Have you seen this new book? 4. No. What is it about? (—About what is it?)

CoLLEcE

86

YIDDISH

5. It is about the uprising in Warsaw. 6. This book must be very important (p»y>). Who wrote it? 7. This man was there at (=in) the time of the war, and now he has come to the United States. 8. Are there things in this book which (eyn) we do not know? (=did not yet know?) 9. Yes. I did not know until now that the Germans used airplanes and poison gas against the ghetto. 10. How could they use airplanes? 11. Was not the ghetto in the city [of] Warsaw? 12. Was it not very small? 13. Yes, but the Germans did use (past tense) airplanes and tanks. 14. You see, the world knows very little about this. 15. It is said that poison gas was not used in the war, but the Germans used it against Jews. 16. I had an uncle and two cousins there. 17. They died in the ghetto. 18. Did you (pl.) know that they were (—are) there? 19. Yes. We wrote them, but they did not get the letters which

(0x)

we sent them. 20. What

became of the Jews in Poland is horrible (=It is horrible what became of the Jews in Poland). 21. When can you give me this book? I want to read it. 22. I want you to read it, and I can give it [to] you (7°) now; I have read it already. 23. Well, good-bye, Yoysef. 24. Good-bye.

THE

FATE

OF

EUROPEAN

JEWS

IN WORLD

WAR

II

As soon as the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they began to enforce anti-Semitic measures which culminated in the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. The subsequent three years saw an intensification of anti-Jewish legislation and practice. In 1938, a wave of mass looting, killing, and synagogue burning swept Germany. As the sphere of Nazi dominationvexpanded in the following years, it brought its anti-Jewish regime to new areas, where previous fifthcolumn propaganda activities had prepared the ground. When Polish Jewry fell into German hands in 1939, the Germans initiated a program of large-scale experimentation in mass murder which had apparently been prepared even before the outbreak of the war by the German government with the help of German scholars. One of the first steps was the herding of Jews into ghettos, or walled-in sections in the poorest part of each city or

town,

thus forcing them to live under appalling conditions of

eal a

* ee 9 oe ee iam

LE

aa

yu

aNRn PRR 0 92 pb d st wn

7

73 ”

LAL NUGMANCL Mol URLAKUKL

thaR: Le ckaR Léa

Lesson

8

87

health and supply. Workers with useful skills were soon selected by the Germans for special work. Uncertain of the future, the harassed and oppressed Jews in the ghettos nevertheless established a semblance of “normal” living under which they might endure the occupation. Life within the ghetto was tightly organized by the Jews themselves. Workshops, hospitals, health stations, clandestine schools, and cultural institutions were set up despite the dire straits in which the inhabitants found themselves. In these activities Jewish spiritual resistance manifested itself even before physical resistance developed. The outright murder of the Jews was begun by the Germans in the summer of 1941. In 1942, the scale of extermination was so stepped up that by the end of the war six million Jews had been murdered. The program was everywhere led and supervised by the Germans, but was frequently implemented by local auxiliaries, such as Ukrainians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Hungarians, Slovaks, organized by the Germans into paramilitary units. Millions were gassed and burned by them in the furnaces of death camps, while others were machine-gunned and buried alive in countless locations. When the remaining Jews finally realized that all of them were doomed,

active resistance flared up in many

localities. Before

and

during the mass deportations to places of execution, thousands of young Jews succeeded in escaping from the ghettos, and many of them banded together into guerrilla formations. In a number of ghettos, and even in some death camps, actual uprisings were attempted. The best known revolt is that of the Warsaw ghetto in Avril, 1943. These acts of resistance are the more remarkable in view of the conditions then prevailing among the Jews. Starved and exhausted after years of ghetto life, reluctant until the end to believe the enormity of the German design, and isolated from the rest of the world by the ghetto walls and by hostile populations, tens of thousands of Jews nevertheless found the strength and the means to face the enemy with weapons in their hands. Jews took up arms against the Germans despite the piteous inequality of the combatants and the desperate hopelessness of the outcome. As soon as Jewish resistance was subdued, the Germans proceeded to exterminate the few Jews that remained. In the hope of getting some additional profit out of the Jews after looting and before killing them, the Germans selected the

88

CoLiLEGE

YIDDISH

stronger and younger ones for labor units in various concentration camps. Thus some of these slave laborers lived longer than those who were transported directly to their places of execution. As the Allied armies approached one concentration camp or another, the Germans usually executed the Jews at the last moment to prevent their capture by the Allies. Where they happened to fail in this, some Jews survived. These survivors, as well as Jews who returned from guerrilla units and from far-away parts of Russia, where they

had been deported by the Soviet Union during the war, made up

the bulk of the Jewish displaced persons who in 1948, three years after the end of the war, were still living in D. P. camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, without the possibility of leaving the land which had been soaked with blood of their people. Only very slowly did they succeed in reaching permanent places of resettlement.

LESSON

9

prspy? proses

WS

WWI

IS

TYT YTD POPS IS OMT YT PS WsIBya Two VST WP YK “YT PD OST DSN WpIwrpT Tprywoynw por NB yynya px W913 DIP DYIOIN OWN PISA Ws 7 (GB) YIP PR wpa mon PS

VN

AW

TW

AON

AT

ASH

Tyoipya

PR

WI

AYT

Soya

Ps

WIT PP TIy? WIypPyA OI TI OSs Ip 2330) S YINpI S32 PD AWYI OST FwrypT DSI ypsyr? pw Ty yp Yoo

PS

oys

apryyy,,

TPIS YIN AYN OMY YT PK PS BVA WD Ip? wo PL,, WII JOR PR IST MSM yep yayn JI Wys 3st PR wy WS WIN JOYS TOSIWSD PR IST ISH YT .21w pw yapn BPs 1yT OYT pay Jayaw TOHDH PR MY PI PS NR Fw apy $ PX Tr TY? PR, JOM NB POOWYI PINS WD HIS OT? YI TyIIy? Wo .Os7p Snr ps So poo wyr pwr ap woybys oro’? yes NB ayo PR PA JWI AIST PX poy wo wo Wywysa Ps oOsn prs youn “33 PR TO wT MwpPORS TBP Dy YO Wy A? YR Mwpeys SPS PNSIN PLOT SST MS YIN PS .yrss OMS APY IPT PS TW OMIM ys PS PS OST ,ayrs TH, TSS PPSIVWT PPIBAS WD .319P PS WHS IPT Wo PyA BINS PX “YF $Y TYOS JISD Vd TPOSy My yay? Wo MS pyysr7a3 ryt “WN prs 3378

IED PVT? ST TI Byow oO 8 Ps, ADO! DPIYPISIIS-W PYISN PyP OH—wysr yr NH wSswsayn-2yIoi] 7 VYT Wsy3 YD MS BAWISD WIM TPIS PINS OY TIS YO 8 YD JVHVPI VAY WT WO. JST WW? YOsy? OYT FIs 89

90

CoL.LecE

YIDDISH

Sgn YP WD BRN Ty EIwD WON DY 2y98 TN BOSD DY, S82 papTpA PR MI Po Ty Ypaytps ey 13 pp paywya wy wa QWOST I PIR YD pI WMT WS pp

AUR Oe a

Sk

DONS TIS NTS

WIT AY WIS? -AYYO S$ IIS OPM Sy

TVD IY

SSP

S Ayo

ONS

oT OR

AY Ty 28

ST OYOWISE

InwyD YOIS TS, Ay wast Myo

ST PPMSIT POS YP AY TR “gp history (0°) (’YWYA to happen (to)

yuowya

°7 *

YS

friend

[khokhEM—kha-

(0°) JAN 0YT

*

(0°) O50 07

kKhomIM] wise man

dear

$ DIT $ BPs YT Tyo TyN

oF IST PS

JOS wIyApa pw

Ways

mvyn

to subscribe

79 >2xaN

subject pr yyy? = jyiny?

*

you JX

your YPN old vox *

himself, ourselves y/»>x all, everything pbx *

differently wiytax * to decide Gox>wxa) jooowR *

library p’yoxoaa 7 at ...’s house »3 * at our house m8 23

high school and yrrx27. junior college (in Europe) to remember

sy2v *

year WN? ONT * [L1meD— (0°) 719°? IT

LiMupIM]

78D Ts

SI TS pp wayeprayt

except [AKhu’Ts] jinx *

yo»xnyt *

to explain puyopryt * boy’s name %wayn week (3) INN 07 * every week 4X1 Y?X (relative pron.) dxn * who, which Vilna yon Vilna (adjective) sy29 magazine (3) YRINWT YT * [KhAVER—KhAVEY-

TO YI

evening (7) vINN TT in the evening yiny PR

PR) VywWyA *

to tell (=relate)

yy pr past PT

PPYayT

VOCABULARY

RIM]

Baw,

last (uxy>) *

°F

yypaytya

*

to win (jyamya) yy2Nya *

to find (ymbya) yaya * to please (oy5ya 1x) Tysya *

Twn voySyr ONT Moyshe likes this (literally, this pleases Moyshe)

cM

GLEE

Ml

GUL

GRE

LAL KUGAKL

Wkga.cquaL

LEsson 9 athletic yoxyagxIy"DINBO oT league to finish qpot’y *

elementary

school

Sy wp>yd

before

91 once

8 :byn *

once, twice 5x NY NPR many times

howis...

to lose (rroaNs) To INS *

team

*

by» 70 ¥

never 0°3...98 PP POND ONT * ON

°7

7x6

to (TyIRDwINE) YDWINE understand (irregular

yn

“Maccabees”

pdxwixn

[MAKABI]

(name of a Jewish athletic league in many European

infinitive; conjugated

in the present tense like yp, cf. p. 55)

countries)

more (than)

soccer >ya016

°7

my yi” 729

9232

(715) 192

still qe * not yet »°2 7¥2 *

fifth vb26 free 275 *

fool 73 197

club (j) ap sy *

yesterday ywoy2 *

pr yay = oa

anyway

QUESTIONS

2 1) 20 ©

NH 63 WI OYT PWWYA OYA IYI .2 MWVIIBya MW ONT ONT .1 9S 4 MVNIPYA PR IY BN AYIA |YT HI yr 2 AWN AT ONT yy Swayn Pr Ox MN 5 NVI aT WA wWyr SwWIyT XT TyAyN PW YO PR VIVA WD ONT WW IVORY Pw .6 wry? PR WwW? SH

8 Wyo -wyr TyowWIyA HoySya ONT INS .7 277B PR

WIS? OYT WI Tr WR wy7 ww 9 rrywpoys PR yawaya yr oT JOST VES ON 11 ward OOWIYT PR Whya Ty ONT ONT .10 5% 613 ID. PN PRAPINAW WORN .12 WwIMVL¥ -T BONA WpIVTYA NW IP M1 .14 WwERwWIYA YoI oNXAYA YIN YT ayowaya 7B 15 PNM VIN? PI .16 WH PON 017 OY TOM WT PAXT

GRAMMAR 1. Past Participles Without —ya VIVIAN py IWIN Iw TR — D7 2WR2 yox$OwRA AYN TR — DVPIPIT

bys

AWN

TR

—

ayn TR —

VD2RWT 17501

TR TR TR TR

In the present tense of a number of verbs, the stress does not fall on the first syllable. In such verbs, no —y, is added in the past participle.

92

CoL.ece

YippIsH

Participles without —ya are found in both the j— and the p— categories. }— participles are indicated individually:

(o¥?wRA) JO”?wRA

If a verb is listed in the vocabulary as jb»y 4y7, the present tense, 9>»y y7 7x, can be inferred; consequently, since the stress does not fall on the first syllable, the past participle is pox ys. 2. Clauses as Sentence Units

p2x | 1X2 | AwWYn x vI~SIWT ON WH prima yx | wn | ova | 2wPe2yd °T wR TWD wn wn

mwn | wavs | “7vovd WT vam DYIL. In a complex sentence, a subordinate clause is treated as a sim-

ple sentence unit. If it precedes the main clause, the verb of the

main clause must follow it immediately in order to remain the second unit in the sentence as a whole. Within the suhordinate clause, of course, the usual rules for word order apply. 3. To Like 282019 v?vSva

Wl

Ww"

wW2wWIVA

*T 12v4vI \AWN

°7 y2vhya

1VIeT jAWN

Hersh] likes soccer

Moyshe likes the books

Moyshe liked the books

Expressions of “liking” follow this idiomatic pattern in Yiddish: the person who likes is indicated by the indirect object (dative case); the thing which is liked is indicated by the subject (nomina-

tive case);

the verb is ;bydya,

Note the synonym

4. Declension

of Personal

PERSONAL

you

15253, discussed on p. 266.

I

(sg.) he she

you IMPERSONAL INTERROGATIVE

(p)) they one what who

Interrogative

NOMINATIVE

ACCUSATIVE

7X

pa

"1 Ww

Tr

%

it we

and

Pronouns DATIVE yn

DN

YR

oy

OX

yn

TIN

YR 1 2090

‘T2s | |

vy"

m 20Rn

—_ t1ymyN

Lesson

If which object noun.

9

93

a sentence contains a direct and indirect object, both of are pronouns, the direct object precedes the indirect. If one is a noun and the other a pronoun, the pronoun precedes the See pp. 109-110. EXERCISES

A. Conjugate in the past tense: Avy

os

AID

F VOLT

PR

IVT

DYT PVINVW IN

Retell the story

VI

.2 72

I

TOSPWNA

AVA

PR

«1

AVA PN 4 ORIDWT OYT OWINAN INT PK .3

oon 8 718 083 8 in the past tense.

C. In the following sentences, replace the italicized nouns or phrases by the appropriate personal pronouns, changing the word order where necessary: DIY>SPIYT OA WW?

WTI

DNNN

.4 27

°7.2 ADVOVNW DVT

yaxA oN

TADR

.6 WN? VYT WN

T Pw

‘TYP

DDT

Pr

WM

ORNS

177 BM DIAN

HID Ty

vey

PPSRBW

7

OA

3 WT DVT

OT

«1

AWYN

17

5 .17N2A DVT bn

HIV

Ay .7 UNO DVT bm LIyI TAM [VT AS BA 2477 ONT 8

D. Put the pronouns in parentheses into the appropriate case: PR

3.092

BI.

MY

SND

PP

(MPN)

YT DR

.2 MI

(TPR)

VOpIVTYA

17.1

WT PR oayp CIV) 5 NN (WY) PR YP M 4 ANT Cr) AW? .O") TAY. TOWN wx Pyd .7 yA va Ty ANT (17) .6 VV

WM

(OY)

02

9 MSY 7

TTY

(17) BD

FANT PN

LL

BE

(197)

VOIP

.13 207)

“PR ivy

TH

IX

(WN)

yoo

TY

W_

VALIW

ON

°F 17 BDNT OT VN

WT JAYN

JK

WP

PR ISYA BAVAYA

.15 (CPN) PIV

TP

V2

(ONN)

Cf) AA

wn PR

8 .10

PIW

PONT

IT .12

VBR

pwn

Ay

PR Pgr Cyn) b”

14

.16 2VaxI

LDPAN (79) WS TIP ONT WR HN PN 18 poySya IT Cy) PR

.oo3 (1) woysya SyaOI

.20 Mybpryt

(17) OY TR IP

MN 19

E. Make complete sentences out of each pair of clauses: ON») 2 (PW NYA PNR OY)-+-(MP NYA PN Wp ONT TN) 1 TO DVN IVICA Wy) 3 (VAI 7O)+(/7TPK DORD PP VIVPVA OD ANA PN)+ (TP N INVA PI PR TN) 4 .(Waxr y201 TYIVA TNT 7) (THB PR WNYA WIV IW WY) 5 (wD PR YOR %1)-+ (OT WT PR NYA VOD 17 TN) .6 .(YWINN NK DNA Ty) +(oIIy>ya DNA Pad WT ONN) .7 .(YNYA VIBT PW /Ne PRT INT TY) (URY JH PIV TWP ¥ jy) 8 .Opay7ya

94

CoLLEcE WN)

10

CYT

yIrwW

YIDDISH

BYT Tyr)+(O%A Ty WW) 9 2 WB CITIN IZ WIP) + (OIYP “WR

F. Translate into Yiddish:

1. Yesterday my uncle was at our house. 2. He is a teacher. 8. He told us many interesting things. 4. In America, he explained, many children go to Jewish schools. 5. They go two or three afternoons a week (=two or three times a week in the afternoon). 6. They study Yiddish or Hebrew. 7. In many schools Jewish history is also studied. 8. (It is

wanted that) Jewish children should know what happened

to the Jewish people. 9. But these same children go to English schools every day, anyway. 10. My uncle said that they have to go to two schools. 11. In Poland, the Jewish schools were different (=differently) . 12. People understood that everything can be studied in the same school. 13. Children never had to lose time to go to two schools. 14. They could be free in the afternoon{s]. 15. In Poland many Jewish chil-

dren went to Yiddish schools where all subjects were taught (=they learned all subjects) in Yiddish, except [the] his-

tory of Poland. 16. They studied in the language which was spoken at home. 17. The children liked this. 18. Because there were elementary schools, there were also high schools. 19. When a child finished an elementary school, he could go to (==in) high school. 20. My uncle still has a magazine which a club of Jewish children of Poland sent him before the war. MODERN

YIDDISH

LITERATURE

Modern Yiddish literature is usually considered to have begun about 1860 with the works of Sholem-Yankev Abramovich (1834— 1917), who wrote under the pen name of Mendele Moykher-Sforim

(Mendele the Bookseller)

and is known as “the Grandfather of

Modern Yiddish Literature.” Mendele established the fundamental literary language patterns that have been generally followed ever since. Undistorted by the satire which he directed against the life and manners of small-town Jewry in old Russia, Mendele’s detailed descriptions constitute historical monuments to a bygone era. The

second classic writer was Sholom Aleichem

(Solomon Rabinovich;

WON

ApwTy apy. YT

onBos

ys

wiars-pny?

NH OSAP Ox Ip °F

yoyTys

p> >y"nw

LEsson

9

95

1859-1916), who provided us with an insight into the Jewish mentality with all its faults and merits. His delightful humor revealed his understanding of and love for the men, women, and children whom he portrayed. Yitskhok Leybush Peretz (1852-1915), the third classic writer, monumentalized many aspects of Jewish ethics by countering Mendele’s realism with a peculiar kind of romanticism, and became the undisputed leader of the younger literary generation. The “Big Three’—Mendele, Sholom Aleichem, and Peretz—were followed by a host of talented younger writers who together made the period from 1864 to 1939 the Golden Era of modern Yiddish literature. The novel, the short story, the drama, the epic poem, and every other form of fictional and non-fictional writing was utilized to the fullest during this time—not only to depict Jewish life the world over, but also to express the hopes and strivings of the Jews of all ages for national, social, and individual betterment. Many hundreds of works of European literature, of an artistic as well as scientific character, were translated into Yiddish; the best of Shakespeare's dramas can today be read in good Yiddish translations. While a developing system of general education was prompting an increase of “Western” interests among the Jews, Yiddish literature assumed a more universal character; subjects not restricted to Jewish life came into greater prominence. In recent years, Yiddish prose and poetry have to a large extent returned to the specific Jewish experiences and the Jewish fate in the modern world. Since the end of World War II, France, and Israel have been centers lishing. Literary contacts with Poland duced to a trickle by the Iron Curtain. publishing was suppressed in 1949. In republished and in 1961 a magazine pears as a monthly.

North and South America, of Yiddish writing and puband Rumania have been reIn the Soviet Union, Yiddish 1959, a few classic works were was launched which now ap-

LESSON 10 yrspy? yesys

7 DAT ANB ONT TS YIP rT, Ws PR By Wyn Bryn Dy yn "Oss pW OT TW AYIPTIS IT .WIWI PH OST, OY TYTN AY WS pt 7 SOI TPR Aywsss

15n $8 YD way sys Msp $ aoysapor pr YT ww O81 ASB WT ys PS AUSTIN IIS JSST WT AIST Tyo TS OAs De DOMOYT — MIN TIN PTS OMT DY TNT WISP SMANTYI AY OST AYRE S Tuya WR DIY OST ISD pApIH DYBY PIT BW TN DY PPI WONT WD Sprwsd Wo 1 WS dy pyIw FIST M352 prep YT

PS PS PR NR

9 AY AwyoO YR ISD PR TTY Py Neyo JO S ST ysvr wet Ae SUS TO Bows ryt sPpm wns WIypI S$ Pr SST JSD PR BR Wys I aarti DD Irn, “pnys 9 DYw-D7y,,

8 DISTT SO BIVT DS VR PP PPSO

“ory WS DASH PAN, “po Bp poo sp WH PR, O9DYOY PIN OST Way pms? 9 "gomyy 9 YS 7D" ONT ISB, "NO 8 VO WIT PR OY) ISH WI “OVINE PS, WO JOS Pw PS IVT PH Ya? ayosn R? 8, "ayn? O3, 2 7 MT PR AY FR MOVASH TH IS TYIND OST PR PM WWI PO WP BIBS VS Iw WISH WH WS ST OM PR AYSS .2y_ Ws pws mp

"M399 ¥ PBT WO WS BHIST OST WE

96

SO PP

83

Por

Lesson

10

97

SPR

At

“OTT PIYT OND POS PWOIpM yw POS oI ISH vy, ISP MNS YF PAT ONT ASS, PTT OYT BaprBpa Iso 8 Inn HYA “epoya 993 $ IP MF TN DYN, WIP Wysa PX Wossyh os wWsyray oy Os yt apt "QO AYOSIpS JIN woyt WIysSOsyy3a ON yen “jwspo, JODY OST FIN, .29_wW DIS OWHPIY YT IVT 7 OST OYT Is "oO SN SWASTYI IMD BSA 7S WP YT PN, TT TN, way WWya yt AyT osm "epw woYMwIsS wsK,, PH 1892 ONT SNN TIS JWOIpyO PAyTS woyt 87a PINT wopip OD PN UG TIN PIS PP ASI Wopr Aya 79s & wd wpPytss # yao DD 8 [INT OST Wwosyo pos

“yoyo

Ew

STON PS PAWN YIP PS PPA JOD89 OSI TIN BIST Wwsyo S$ VOCABULARY sun jit °7 * (acc.-dat.:

grandfather

yr)

(0) YT" IT

*

his yt * oneself; myself, 79x Pt -t * yourself, etc., as the

case may be’ silver ayadt

OxT *

so; in that case xD in the daytime aXv 22 * 28d

indeed, really

yprv *

to think

ypoxqD

to meet (75x7vy2) Pt Ty ID [viTskhox]

man’s name

(Yiddish

moon

[LEVONE]

*

pnx *

equivalent of Isaac) 7245

o1

so; thus

covered

railroad, train

“11%

*

pp’y7¥2

(jy) q¥2 07 *

a little bora x :bora ©

to ask (request) (jpyaya) joy. *

please! (qx) PT DY TR *

gold why. ox * come now! 1) ,(w)2 * (imperative of 1)

glass tba ox you know 4y7 * through y17 « pbynyt

«

where to 7°71

then

*

wheat pom oy winter 3yp21) IT * summer

yt

TT

*

CoLLEGE

98

YIDDISH

lie (0) 1299 aT *

competitor (1) pa’y3IpI8P IVT stingy .7¥P

to tell a lie 72° 8 yANT

light (opposite of dark) p°v>"? *

to buy 75% *

to believe qy2n * Minsk p03 flour Syn OXT

to look at }p1p * to

ppe

clever, wise x19p * Mr. (a traditional title [REB] 9 which is not now in general use) woman’s name [ROKhL] $n * (Yiddish equivalent of Rachel) rich 72 *

for 7¥3 *

at night pay3 2a * :v>N3

[AZ EYKhEM-ShOLEM]

pibwonady

greeting in answer

to no-by-piow

something

oypy *

rain (0) }Y WT *

to travel; to (Y5yX PR) TS go (by vehicle)

[shoLEM-ALEYKhEM] p>°>y-pibw * hello; how do you do?

led pp syay

dark sypy26 + window (—) ybx2y5 17 *

to be silent (a°nwya) yALNw * to shine yy3»w

too

during (unstressed

to smile }yba-nw « snow 3U

VT

®

WIYNIMBW

ONT

*

mirror (jy) 9°Bw YT CAYDIYNS?BY)

proverb

WW *

DY3— *

suffix, used with names of seasons, holi-

days, etc.)

;

cold

pbyp *

QUESTIONS DN DN INT

ONT

OY

.2 Pn

oyT

vaysoya

bys iyt

ISM

OT

INS

ONT.

5

ONT

PT

YA

MER

T

WT

Wow

°F

NS

WayWpsyp

ONN

YT

3 WwrySvayya

ONT

Jay

PR DBI

.1 YT

ISN mM

4

pny?

“7 OIBHS VON IWYA PMN? 7 ONT PN .6 wbornwya PR pan TY PR OY TW. .8 WM IWSYA VPRO TNT

7

OY

9

TPNSYA MBBOYA YIM TVA

IVT ONT ON

3 ONT

TIN VSI

ON WHI

ya YT

pay

10 2777 OI

HY

12 Tyo‘Iys WT Wrya VN OAT ON 11 WANTYA PPT WT OT ONT 13 rooaw Nv :DINNI BY

1. Use of By as a Subject WUT

WR

ONT

prpward

GRAMMAR

DYAWN

*

AT

1R VIN?

VITA

PR

OD

UYR

LR

OD

on .14

wysy>

LEsson

10

99

In the above sentences, there is no logical subject, and the pronoun by serves as the formal, impersonal subject. No dy is necessary if another sentence unit begins the sentence: DVI

WT

PR

VIVA

NX

VIN?

PR

VAR

WHI

However:

1av7

& U7

OD

“WW

¥ OI

OD

N42

°T vITW OD

The sentences in this group do contain logical subjects, namely pPyI X IW x, 7349 7; yet they are placed after the verb while oy takes their place before the verb as the formal subject. In this function oy is called expletive, since it fills the normal place of the subject. The meaning of a sentence is, for practical purposes, the same whether the normal or the expletive py construction is used: WUIDN DOYS

& VAVIVI

VPI

7

2NN

R vA

OV =

WUIVN

OV

WNIPYI

X VAVIVI

Once there lived a man

WNIPYA

PR

=

The right time has come

DRO IN

11VHVI

WITT OV =

PR

VY

ON

2An

VP VIN

B °T

11N4HVI 1VIVT DNV NN

Cars were driving by Observe that if the logical subject is in the plural, the verb is also in the plural.

Expletive py is never used when the logical subject is a pronoun.

2. 1ayNB and ywys DAN WWI WIVISYI *T ANA TR TWP TR PRT

(1)

WS AVISYI TR VA IANA TR

(2)

ATR? MIR PR MNRN

WT

*T

YA

VIVISYA

nO

AYN

TR

(3)

ANN

TR

(4)

°F DYN

was so stingy

°T ON

wiv °T DYN

vaprsya

I asked her (=inquired) why she

I asked my mother (—inquired) what she was doing

-DnAn

wayn5 means ask in the sense of inquire. The noun denoting the person asked may be either in the accusative, as in examples (1) and

YIDDISH

CoLLecE

100

(3), or in the dative preceded by the preposition »3, as in examples (2) and (4) above. nip?

AT

WT

rT WR

WI? WHIP? ATT NTT

TT VI

UI

(5)

wa

(6)

ADVOYINW *T UDA

AVVOVNW

WT

\

Ask

(7)

YI BVI \onir

(=request)

Ask (==request) come

(8)

her to come your sister to

Ask (=request) your sister for the book yoya means ask in the sense of request. If the request is expressed in a clause, as in examples (5), (6), (7), and (8), the person who is asked may also be denoted either by a noun in the accusative or in the dative preceded by »2. But if an object is requested, as the book in example (9), the noun denoting that object is in the accusative (without any preposition) , while the person of whom the request is made is denoted by a construction of »a plus the dative. 2 (9)

WWUOVIW IT V2 TA ONT

3. The Prepositions ]"p and 38 Ee PWV]

LR

OYOW WY pp:

Wwsva

wietr

}

Vn

We went to New York

18 VR Ysa wrt ~T They went to another city to are used interchangeably

px

to and

names

before

of

cities and countries, but before common nouns such as “a city,” “the city,” “‘a country,” “the other countries,” etc., only the preposition

px,

meaning

With

either to or in, is used.

yoxvw yupor xs

*T [PR

JOXWW VOR ININS

4, The Pronoun

TT

279W

TT aN

TT WN 12737

4‘ 1g

LR

oT

vTD1 TT

Ww

vI TR

V2~3wT wn TER 12°11 Tn

the preposition is always

px:

to the United States; in the United States He talks to himself I see myself

in the mirror

One tells about oneself We want to tell you about ourselves

pr is a pronoun used as the object of a verb or a preposition when the person it refers to is the same as the subject of the sentence. 1 Usually [KEN].

Lesson ipa 18 DY AYA TR 1172 DVT 12° WYA 172k VY 2WIVN

10

101

I have seen it myself Hersh! wrote the letter himself

The adverb }*>x is used to emphasize the identity of the subject. Used in conjunction with 4», it emphasizes the fact that the object is the same person as the subject: AVIW

V2R

TT

PR

VW

wT TT

Ww

VI TR

5. Additional Contractions with Bys The following prepositions are also contracted with following nyt,

like those enumerated

on

p. 48:

Pa = py Pa PNT = ByT TNT 182 = OFT TI

TRS = OyT Wd ny = ByT 1S EXERCISES A. Paraphrase the following sentences into constructions with expletive oy: APM LpIP VOY YEINA OT .2 .MaNMdD YONA BR yA PR OND ¥.1 “Yd TYIVT TWIN JO NX 4 PWS PR Pr Hw WIDWP 3 NK 1S pooyny jt °F .6 Typ WI SWNT LXE yow .5 wow TM] VIVA TNT PR 8 TNA PP Hr Ory yar NS .7 TN EPosn 7H 011 URS yyIMD °F 10 MW NX PA ywoaya °7 9 WIP WNIT 012 bw OF YARNS IP I B. Supply the appropriate form of yayn5 requires: — °F ONT OYT TN3 .2 5p WNYD OM PRM — WR YT PAY VD VOMIT LN byt Wy OR —— .6 .N2 10° 385 —— 0°) OX IVT PR 8 Tarp Oxr ot yo

DHT

—-

3

——

or

ywya, as the meaning

OYEY ONT TR —— ONT YN °F 1 ON PR 2 .VHWyYA IT PR ON —_ PR 4 ORIN PN YAN WWOYA OY WY ON ON V2 — 5 DK LD OY —— .7 .yayA TIN OY

.9 .voya ONT Jayaya 072 °F ONT WY ONT

ON IS .10 TVRIP TP 8 TYVN HF —— TW VORA I TIN

PR

O!a

KY

yA

°S ——_ TON ONT PR

—

11

MVR

PR

ORT WANA yn

—

Jay

OY

WK

WT 12 YT 797 OYDY BD TK YP

CoLLEGE

102

YIDDISH

C. Supply the preposition yp wherever possible; in the remaining sentences, supply JX:

PR IW. PN YT

—

We PD

——_

WN

wos

www

WP

FP

TW

——_

.2 yp

TbA

4 yA

NT

PR

Tapa

yYY ——

PR YIM TP al

PR WY 3 YESIPR ——

"Wo

5S HPV

PR I

MW AVIV?

TNsya

YIVTI °F

TER Ser Iya ARP'Y

PW PR PR ypropya —— TMwWSya PR Sry? — JOT PR Voya Pw PR .7 9 ONY? —— Psy TY PX wy PR TY 10 TVMIPYA —— °T Yop MPN

by

—

IyoOyh WT .6 .OMoyT .ypropy” —— qorbaya ANEW WT asl PR 8 VOW TH TWHOK —— onbn

IYT INS THROW

D. Translate into Yiddish:

1. I am not speaking to myself; I am speaking to Dovid. 2. The man laughs at (=of) himself. 3. Shloyme himself

said so. 4. Rokhl read about herself in the newspaper. 5.

We looked at ourselves and laughed. 6. Moyshe must tell you this story himself. 7. Do you want it for yourself or for your (=the) family? 8. My (=the) father wrote this letter himself. 9. He had a beautiful child near him (self). 10. The United States itself is a very interesting country. E. Translate into Yiddish:

1. This week was a little too cold. 2. In rained and at night it snowed. 3. There was the winter the sun does not shine too often. was downtown (=in [the] city). 6. In a

the daytime it no moon. 4. In 5. Yesterday I window I saw

[some] interesting, beautiful books. 7. I looked at them and

then I decided to buy them. 8. We are asked to be silent. 9, Is this really gold? 10. No, it is only silver. 11. I am (you know) not rich. 12. Today is a bright (—light) day. 13. Give me something to eat, please. 14. Hello, Dovid! 15. Hello, Rokhl, how are you? 16. How is your (=the) whole family? 17. I believe that it can never be done this way (==so). 18. (The) grandfather is a very good man; he always smiles. 19. I believe he is too clever for you. 20. I (myself) think so, too. 21. Is Rokhl your sister? 22. Come now, you know that I have no sister.

Lesson

OLDER

YIDDISH

103

10

LITERATURE

The oldest specimens of Yiddish literature are of two kinds. On the one hand there are preserved materials designed as aids in teaching sacred texts; on the other hand, a number of poems have come down to us which date back to the days of the traveling Jewish minstrels of the 14th and 15th centuries, who sang and recited poems about knights, witches, kings, and princes, as well as about beloved Biblical heroes. The names of most authors of that period are unknown today, although the name of one of the greatest is on record: Elyohu Bokher (1469-1549) , known among non-Jews as Elia Levita, was a Hebrew scholar-of wide repute, as well as a popular Yiddish writer. The oldest Yiddish manuscript bearing a definite date is from 1382; a single Yiddish sentence appears in a Hebrew prayer book of 1272. The oldest printed Yiddish texts which have survived are from the beginning of the 16th century; older books may have been lost. The earliest printed words in Yiddish known today are contained in a Latin book on Hebrew spelling published in 1514. The earliest known continuous printed text in Yiddish is a poem printed in a hagode? published in Prague in 1526. It is reproduced here:

£0 Pree ye Th ew

ce

vw we os

Cs Os Ws

ters

6ST TO wmay?

samy TW; vant

038

«OOS OO: va

wo oc UT

apo pas OT

Bey

Coy E

rere

330 So w3 TUWDW

BUS Tr

ston on Rts ws Wuvsww Wer om XNvVS «= VG

Pee pecye These MNbyo pr

“PO TARO IOIO

swe tye Cars se

Yiddish Bible translations were made long before printing was invented, and played an important part in the traditional system of 2 A book used during the Passover Sephardic-Hebrew form haggadah.

service,

sometimes

referred

to

by

its

104

CuLLEGE

YIDDISH

education. Many Yiddish versions of the Old Testament and of prayers were published throughout the centuries.$ The so-called middle period, including the 17th and 18th centuries, saw the production of hundreds of Yiddish books. Among those published were a great many edifying books (muser-sforim) , prayer books (chiefly as an aid to those who did not know Hebrew sufficiently) , historical poems, community chronicles, etc. The beginning of the 19th century brought forth a dozen or so extremely interesting literary figures, but they are now largely overshadowed by the three classic writers of the modern period—Mendele MoykherSforim, Sholom Aleichem, and Peretz.

8 Today the translation by the Yiddish poet Yehoyesh (also spelled Yehoash; 1871-1927) is considered standard and is used whenever quotations from the Bible are cited. It is from that translation that the reading passage in lesson 15, p. 136, has been adapted.

LESSON 11 yrspy? yobry

MDA

SwTaY AY

syspornb § PS DN PS Siw-oy $ PS DY Siw-or Tw DINE WY OPT WYMDWPADIN WY TY PPI YS TDIN ayo BIS SNS TS Ty. WS IVY PIS OYT ;20I97 PK Or TS yo B31 ST poe) BOY PI TyIpID ayo sy? OYT NK WIT OYT WI BOMSTMDUN 8 PS TNS Yo weyow Tyr” MDT

NH DI OYT NSD?

Mqy2d97 17 WS Ty WS

OY

153?

DIDPOIY [9D TWD AT OYA PIS WS? HIP Ns Bp 280 8 MP IN PS PTY IS AMS. BSI TPMT PINT IS PYMBNN PST Ww POYYWPAINAB AY VST WIP MAM. PS IYI TPSyI YN TS? TIN

TINOWENN

TS WINDY? OOMDYT Tas

CNA

pPIR PH yw

OT pyar 8

MMawD peop or TSI OST TSBWSIN OYT 90 DYT Typ OP JPM? PSA TY MT pT Are wp yosp S$ — Own 17 1 PS Waiverprws NB Tem pwr OYT A NpIo ws asn PB pI LIP OTHND PS TYOIPPIVAS TINT DyswOwe V7 PN wp wis PR TTI WT IWS MN Yo Fp 8 WRBya POST MT past VEYA PN DY AYIY as PS ANN VI 7°13 Tyas Tyrys PR 2p 8 31539 Ayo BOS AMN VpyIpyI wy 213 IT PS ,DI ON STYMODS-ADIN PY WIT WO PTT DI OYT 3 Dypas? yy 83 Tyo Boy Bwes-msuN TOUT

TIIYINS

“Pr VOY?

OT

AMS

TM AT

PS

poay

yD

TIN

—wnsas YM Tyo 27997 8 NB DIST PH DI YONI 8) "Ow A 778 5, pws Td TIA 8 IIAP PP yysndun WIpAMDIN YT BI TDN NID? aye JO 8 ST jyswyT oy 219 DST ppIs*t 105

106

CoLtecE

AYIMY ¥ SWAY § ADIN Ms ADM TI SOI AYIPIMA ¥$ yp word s 2 BY PTMAT PS ABD Ys “1 [DY BYPMS? por yon ‘ AYIDP IPS ay wpa

YIU

(ga)

:— = $C=

oe SS

KRA-HU-KE p.

f~—+—

te

OX

DYIMS PR pIs Woy? pys’y Dyt Sie-on ow ASP PS PISO PS pyar t+

KRAMU-KE

A-ZOY-NER

ia==

NS Jpopesonpun ot

t qy20y> | ON

.8b JOR PIN PW

to cease 17177 | 57K *

(7o5x3) y>y5x2

Olive oil

fe

yyayna ¢

such Y2°1N there’s none ay21¥ WI V2 like it together py2?N PR AYIMN

eight vox to begin (ya-imyay’x) 12m | VE * [ANTIYOKhEs]

Antiochus (2nd century B.C.)

DIDPVIN

to light (yraygyaa’y) yIN

| VE *

+ 1% when used as a preposition, is usually pronounced [AF] (see p. 30), but occasionally [oyF]; the latter pronunciation should be avoided. However, when "1X is used as an adverbial complement, as in oym51K, it is pronounced [ovF] and, occasionally, [uF].

Lesson

...ago

[MEYLEKh—

MLokhiM]

prny...wn * (0°) yon aT

*

king [MENOYRE] 719139 °7 ceremonial lamp in the Temple, sometimes called Menorah gift [MATONE— -s](MI—) 73M °F * miracle [NES—NISIM] (O°) 03 7

[NEs Go’DOYL py APT 2773 03

God

faster

wo

to lead 775

spinning top

DMB

—

TE WNO MN

hot

on

*

worbyn

*

OW...

side

DEW

(q) Dut °F

their

yt

moxnRwN

>t

(plural)

to dance

thousand

7¥3ND

lamp pny? iy merry pvor

song ("Y) 79 OxT * candle (qy) byD°> ONT * candle

(en-

dearing)

(3) yoypa’??

in honor of [LEKOVED]

ONT

71439 °

QUESTIONS qyn prs

Jy>vo>

SH

.2 wn

*

ys

pancake (0) ypux? °7

(irregular infinitive,

to play 7>>Bw «

ONT *

< WW... VI

[khashMENOIM]

Maccabees

to stand (y3xbwya PR) POW *

"eR WT TH PISbyapyns

“Y2 DST TPO Ys pooyow 8 AYMT Toppa PR WSO PN, OVW S TNA PR OYpoyryws "TPS PTY AMS Tes Use Bos YPMYOS PPT YP MYOS PS npr P2gpyT Mw Px WIT wo TVD JOA MT ANN TOYA PT IYI POIST WS WIMSIYT yD PsA PS BYSIVPAB MV Pr TBST OS) Dips w yap YI Iya ws JUD I PISEPyNY POSWwWSI PR ISM Wyss PSNI TyIVt “aymi3 "9yMiy ¥ PASIPys T282 Bost 17, YH PP TBST BAITYA OI FSI Tyo OYT Ve8_yT,, TSE NN POISPOHY 8 Bp wyr WD OST ITS Pwo -ppymyoes Mp

"ayer Sgt PR JaMWyA

119

CoLLEcE

120

YIppIsH

"MSHypaPyNs wD, jas Wo .8, BySzays OyT pysyra MP DYT TSI PWS wIwOY PR OyHO’ YOwI YIs PR PI MP WWI IT Bp Mybya wo TyIwt ST JDOMMYI JOLT OST POYOOSP TUPI BOIBOyT [pI YESTN JOIST PS ,AVIOST V3 To WeyxAya MINK Vs Tyo jessy Is WO TyIVr “Ow APT ANS PyIsayaB "55 YIYD IT OO WIYPS3 Pr WOST ws 1, PS PW APT ANS PIN DD AYwOyTIwEw pO TPNpa PS OF, DIM S IMT, 279 PY WI TN POY? OMpOw 8 NB PSBya PN TYT ANN BIYPS2 PT IISA FO .pPvyoS PR WSO OW yay “ OSNYI MINN VO JIS 38? PS STS Aw "OYTIID PWT TPIBpr WOH 1, BOVOWISS YT Aw YT YS HASTA Wo ANN OST YTS WY, DST TY PTYIVID oT PH AYINN [Ups WI PS WY WS PMs Pw PR IBF ANSONYNIN PR SWI NY SF PR IAW" s 11 YI Ips PD PS IPAPH S SVs PS PI DYT SI JOYS JI WYAIS TIN Mn NB Tyassapaons WIOyP IPS? WENPIVS IVT PS PWT 8 OS

* DIY

YI

PS

ISN

PS

(ABSVAP’VNW

PR)

70.2 8 OTIS

WII

ASM

TyTN TYIT83

STS TYNyI WI Pw TB? OST MS TS weyoyT NB osrp VOCABULARY

grandmother

(0) yay2 °7 *

by train ya oy7 wn © Wea

to become

ac- (u°») 7° 1¥39PR2 *

quainted (with); to meet at [BARMITSVE]

13

mM¥9N793

*

ing to tradition Talmud [GMoRE]

[GA’NVENEN—

(vyS2a93)

GEGANVET] to steal

x73 0% 1939532

our

bookbinder

Hamburg an1anyn

*

SYTTIIN

4y72°37'2R one

YT “%YI°R

T.-H — W to get ahead, pr qoyany | 57108 *

to work one’s way up PR) Pa | S778 © VIVA

to board

to steal pyayna oy? ry2y532

across the border in this country 7345 PR Bt

| PVN

to grow up

a boy’s 13th birthday, when he comes of age, accord-

WE

to leave (by vehicle) (JOPRNYAOMN PN) TOPRIT | 079K

[O’REMKAYT] poverty

around poor

o/1In¥ ¢ Dyn

D»pnyyX

°7

*

Lesson Austria Joy

pogrom

(79) O/B

IT *

the old coun- p79 yody °7 :On try

peddler (0) ny>typ nyt © to earn

from...on

jy279R5

121

13

to lie around

7

to wait

(AR) JINN as 1

what's the matter?

*

7&%...15 *

(for)

pious pnb *

first (adverb)

y15

committee (3) D’yDomRP IVT comb (3y) Yap OXT shop, store

(jy) O87p

QYBYVS-NY)

sweatshop

PRVBNY

visa (0) YIN

*

Pentateuch

ger (female) tailor (0) IyTw Note: The suffixes—KayT

and p»7—,

respectively.

VAIN

yt

[KhuMEsh]

table (7) wy aT traditional S’yapytD

WT

sypoynw5w.

py

married [KhA’SENE] 0’87Y3 72\NN

ship ticket yorxpod?w °7 passen-

Vienna

stocking, sock (}) pyr iy Zhitomir (Russia) spnyuowr [KhrYDER—KhADo- (O°) 93n “yt RIM] traditional elementary school

town (Ty) Soypw oXT * bootblack (0) ayxipo”7w IY ship (j) Pw oT * fellow

°F

Williamsburg (a 3712078) poor section of Brooklyn, N. Y.)

°7 *

[REBE— (acc.-dat. 727) 229 “YT * REBN] teacher in a kheyder [RIVKE] Apdn * woman’s name (Yiddish equivalent of Rebecca) [RAshE] °w> Rashi, the most widely studied commentary on the Torah, so called after the name of its author (see lesson 19)

yy2o’xn

219% ON)

7

oxt

(qy) b:2~27’y9 ONT girl Cy) btm oYT my 77 millionaire (q) Vy2x°9°n AT

take

AYT * (cf. p»pmyi¥%)

life yay

apprentice

(from)

needle (jy) D741 °7 a2 (qymi3y3) TyMy3

emigrant

(}) DI’N12°BY IT

and —HayT are always spelled

v»p—

QUESTIONS

WIWSYA PT WY ORT WN .2 MOPRNYIONN YT oNWD PR M «1 IVT PR VN 2.5 PIN IT NYA PN MW 4 MIN F PR ONT 3 PR YORO WT IN TOYA WY OT ON .6 PIN PR Tawkaya ys TRIO NH PSYAPVNN OYT WI IY Pe oN WH .7 yIAWowyr YPT IVT ONT Tay 9 IP YAN Py HOME I'T Ty OAT ONT 8 JVI ON «11 WIN F PRIYA WY OY” .10 typ PAS PR ORAYA

CoLLecE

122

YIDDISH

PY IVT APN TAMWAYAH NW IY PX M12 Vywyormyps 7 THA .13 IPT TYTN PRVW Ip byt aT NS API yaya °T PR 14 M1 DEN 616 TORAYA ADIN MT TARA MW LS WIyPRA Pr °F Pay PRY WN WOYA PPT WT YT ON 17 PYTNA WYT TWoya OAT JON 19 YOYA DYT WI IY YT ON .18 typ MYON PP IWeIPyA DYN PMY WT PRNYA yay> OT PR GRAMMAR 1. Idiomatic Verbs with 5°°

spr joey wire *1 The children are playing

Mx °T The immigrants worked their way bya Up jaya wT °7 The girls became acquainted pr yay 1n We are studying Yiddish idiomatic verbs are accompanied by 7, If a word verb in the vocabulary, it must be used as such in

“aeyaH NW PT ayn wy paypya pr wt A number of is listed as a y>t

71 qy3ypxa implies:

all tenses. Thus the infinitive

the present tense: ... >t DOI PPRI IT PH YPRA TPN the imperative: pr p2’ypRI PT VyPRIs 7%

,,.02’/Yp2

the past tense:

DONT

IT MYYPRA

PT

ANT

PR.

‘pr is a sentence unit and is treated as a direct-object pronoun. spriyzy>

the phrases mud,

to study is usually a verb of this group, although in

wnin qy3qyd, NWA TINY? to study the Torah, the Tal-

the pronoun

is omitted.

2. Consecutive Word AYA VIVA

PP

VRAVA

ODI

TR

12

AIYOwWYA DR WN

VP

Order AYN TR

UI

voOXO

no money, so I began

to

work

TR

121A

TR

I had

ITN

My father died, so I America

Mysparvur

left for

conThe second clause in each of the above examples uses the d inflecte the order, word tive consecu the In secutive word order. the implies order word this of use The unit. e verb is the first sentenc words “‘so,” “therefore.” Note the distinction: DR WR VINA YA TR I waited for him DR VW VIWIWA TR ayn So I waited for him MVNIPVA WDD

°¥ 2VMIPVA

VO

17

aynizVvA 1002

Did

you come?

So you came?

Lesson

123

13

Wherever dy is used as the impersonal or expletive subject of a

sentence, it is dropped in the consecutive order: DYANN

WT

PR

It is very warm

OD

The sun shines, so it is warm WwoIyn 11 OD People are walking Today is a holiday, so people are qwoIyn wa Aw-or PRX VIN walking But where py functions as the logical subject, i.e. where it refers DVAVN

WT

PR

to an antecedent der:

VIVW

YT °T

neuter noun,

it is retained

in the consecutive or-

It is very difficult The book is old, so it is very difficult Since the imperative as a rule is the first unit in the sentence, the conjunction yy is used with the imperative when the meaning WW

WW

IWT

OV

PR

WT

VIN

TR

ov

PR

TI

OYtT

Tl

UST

VN

24

DYT

17

37

BD

of “so” is implied: Tl

Similarly:

WIVRRA TT VNY?

WIVPNa

TT

WY?

WWNIPYA

MNIDA

PR

PR

Xv wn

Wil

Xv

Give me the book So give me the book Let us become acquainted So let us become acquainted Who came? So who came?

3. Adjectives in the Predicate VOOR

IW TR

WOIVN

WT

=

vox PR WHIVN

YOOR WW PR 179 °T = woe PROS

17

WT

In the predicate, adjectives are either without an ending (i.e. in their base form), or they are preceded by the indefinite article and have the usual nominative endings, namely masculine \y—

and fem-

inine y—, But a neuter adjective in the predicate, when used with the indefinite article, has the ending o—; OUR IN TR PI OYT = VIN TR P2Nd OYT If the base of the adjective ends in p—, a second pis not added: DW

YER

TWX?

OYT

=

DN

TR

WR?

YT

In the plural of all genders, the predicate adjective is either

without an ending, or has the usual plural ending y—:

124

CoLLEecE

YIDDISH

yoor WITT |WHIVN °7T = HR WITT |WHIVN *T yoodx WwIvT wd (7 = wde wet wns °7 yodx wIvr Wwp2vd 7T = wdS WITT WPS *7 4. Hot and Cold

D2? TR OV ;DVIRN PR oD It is warm; it is cold This type of general statement is made in Yiddish, as in English, in the form of an impersonal sentence. But: vexe TN PR ov (1) Iam cold TR

Vn

(2)

Iam cold

WP?

OT

(3)

The

VIN? VIVA

TR

child is cold

In order to express in Yiddish the fact that someone feels cold or warm, an impersonal construction is used, with the person experiencing the feeling designated by the indirect object. Most frequently, in sentences of this type, the indirect object comes first in the sentence, as in examples (2) and (3). oy is then omitted. DVINN PR IwN'y WT This room is warm (Subject)

DVN PR TNX

We are (=feel) object)

(Indirect

warm

The same construction is used to express other states: bla TR 1 I feel good; I am well off

wd

rr vn

| feel gay

This construction is discussed further on p. 271. EXERCISES

A. Conjugate in the present and past tenses and imperative: SPT TYAS

MW

.3 WIPII

bv

Pr

WIyPRA

.2 WT?

Ts wary?

.1

B. Make complete sentences out of each pair of clauses; put the second clause of each pair into the consecutive word order. (OOK PW

WIV

PR)

(77

BN PRNYA PR Y)+ (OPI

OBI

HM PD PN AY MW

VaytyA ONT WY) «1

IVT [Hypa VoNAyT PN YOR

WT) .2

OFM) PR)-+QNNVA D2 NO PP YT PA PR) 3 .Yy TW

HECTVOMIG IMT TIBNVA WIV Iya 7) 4 VY WT 19 18 oP OY)+CISN WHI N PR Wy) 5 (pyar ws wyAW 7ay7 PW ONT TY) .6 (DONA IZ VEX 7K + (Oya 702 rrp 9-11 Dy) PR) 8 COM

P'2 WOV)+ (VIVA PP PW

TABI 2)

.7 (ALP

¥

WT PONT 17) 9 (VN? OY)+ (TNT yor TP OyT Tayaya HYN

Lesson

OY) +0

X TAWA

CIBPRAYA

OPN

(TVPTANE

7

FAY

13

125

PN JovI) 10 (Pw WT wn IWH)+ (OM 7)+(VYAVA

OSA

TY)

.11

2%) 013 (PT YT RAYA ORT Y)-+ (ToD ¥ yr OY

NYA

ONT D2

Dpy>p

.(OONP

IVT

PK

PR Sy x) 12

OY)+ (OVS

YT

VII

PT NAT TY) 015 (BY WOYN ONN)+ (OP TIvYA PIW VOM IT) 14 “QO IYHOIYYA

ON

PONT

17)+ (DayIBya

oyEy

C. Put the predicate adjectives into the appropriate inflected forms: PR

WY

WT

3

I

PR TW WT .6 PP

SVT 9 PZ

PN

pw

oy

.2 woe

PNR

AVdSTYD

IT

«1

PW Wp ONT 5 23 YIM WII oT «4 PND

IVT PN TN? ONT 8 PW PN OT ONT .7 OND OvoW TVIVT WL FT 10 WSS PX Sivoo

D. Translate into Yiddish: 1. I am warm now. 2. The boys say that it is cold. 3. Dovid feels good (same construction). 4. Dovid is good. 5. The day is warm. 6. The room is warm and the children are warm. 7. I feel gay because it is such a gay holiday. 8. The girl feels bad. E. Translate into Yiddish: 1. We were all tailors in a small town. 2. When we came to America we were poor. 3. (So) we began to work. 4. Then

my uncle and aunt also came to the United States. 5. We

sent them money, so they came soon. 6. (The) times were very bad. 7. When people could no longer (u»3 }1w) come to the United States, many went to Canada and to Mexico. 8. Many people remained in Europe. 9. Whom are you waiting for? (—For whom...) 10. I am waiting for Rivke. 11. She has (already) come. 12. Rokhl, have you met (==become acquainted with) Mr. Kuperman? 13. No, I have seen him, but I did not know his name (=how he is called). 14. Mr. Kuperman, meet (—get acquainted with) my friend Rokhl. 15. How do you do, Rokhl? 16. Glad to know you F.

(b9%ya2’s

yt),

Mr. Kuperman.

Translate into Yiddish:

JEWISH PEDDLERS IN AMERICA 1. Many Jewish immigrants became peddlers when they came to America. 2. Many American peddlers were Jews.

126

Cotvece

YIDDISH

3. They were very important (p°v>°n) in the days of the pioneers (777245), 4. The peddlers followed (—went after) the pioneers and sold them everything (which) they needed. 5. Many books tell us that the pioneers bought things from Jewish peddlers when there were no towns yet, and no stores. 6. Often Jews had the first stores in a city or town. 7. Many Jewish peddlers bought stores when they had made a little money (—got ahead a little). 8. In the large seaports (YyDWUINE) there were many Jewish wholesale traders (ony>taynviin). 9. First they traded (oot 2NAYya) with other countries. 10. Afterwards there were many new stores in the new towns (=cities) of this country; (then) many of the wholesale traders began to trade in this country. 11. Many large cities, as St. Louis, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Chicago became Jewish centers (onyosys).

12.

(The)

American

literature

("MR yD?)

which deals with (==writes about) the pioneers also writes about Jewish peddlers and how important they were. 13. They often linked (y72129¥5 j24n) the pioneers with the world at large (=the large world). 14. Afterwards, when the great railroads were built, the peddler was not needed so much

(paxvy 1K).

peddlers were in immigrants,

(the)

American

better (ynyoy3)

already gotten ahead

JEWISH

15. Now

history.

times came,

(past tense)

IMMIGRATION

we know

TO

how

important

16. For Jewish

because

they had

UNITED

STATES

a little in this country.

THE

Yiddish-speaking Jews from Eastern and Central Europe are known to have been in this country as early as in colonial times. But the predominant majority of Yiddish speakers came to the United States from Eastern Europe in the great emigration movement that began in the 1880's and reached its peak before the first World War. A number of reasons have been given to account for this stream

of migration. In Austria-Hungary, which included the province of Galicia with its large Jewish population, the poverty and shortage of economic opportunities among the Jewish population had reached

serious proportions. In Russia, the unfortunate economic position of the Jews was worsened

by bloody pogroms, encouraged by the

LEsson

13

127

government, in many cities and towns. Political oppression, especially strong in the reactionary periods of the 1880's and after the abortive revolution of 1905, weighed heavily upon the Jews, particularly upon the intelligentsia and the leaders of the growing labor movement. The inequality of the Jews before the law, such as restrictions upon places of residence, exclusion from schools, and other indignities, made the situation even more difficult to endure. Not the least reason for emigration were the oppressive peacetime conscription laws; not only was the draft enforced with prejudice against the Jews, but service itself was a tremendous hardship on religious Jews, since no consideration was given to their religious requirements. About three million Jewish immigrants came to America from Eastern Europe within forty years. , In 1921, and more severely in 1924, the United States restricted

immigration by law. The new restrictive legislation was designed to exclude especially immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The annual number of immigrants was limited by Congress to about 150,000, with a fixed quota allotted to each country in proportion to the number of United States residents of 1890 who were born in that country. The enactment of this law was influenced by certain theories of the superiority of “Nordic” immigrants. Although these theories were soon completely discarded by social scientists, the quota law, with slight modifications, remained in force for another forty years. It hit the East European Jews particularly hard since in 1890 the proportion of immigrants from Eastern Europe had been very small. A prospective immigrant to the U.S. could enter only on the quota of the country in which he was born, regardless of his subsequent domicile or citizenship. Thus, many people the world over were unable to come to the U.S. while the quotas of the “privileged” countries were going unfilled for years. The legislation of 1965, in full force since July 1, 1968, established a ceiling of 170,000 immigrants annually from the Eastern Hemisphere with the stipulation that in any given year the natives of no one country were to receive more than 20,000 visas. Otherwise, the national origin quotas were eliminated and the applicants are now selected in accordance with a rather involved system based

on family relationship to U.S. citizens or resident aliens; on skills and education; and on the status of refugees from political persecution or natural calamities.

LESSON

14

yp xpy? poss ips 11948 "ss" HH YSIS

PH IID

N Inve ayryyy,,

AT ODN PP OOIWY? WS PD wWyI WO OST pos po, WT A PR APIS TY SDV! IT TYP PR IS PT OI PN TS JY? TITS Ayn Psy 9.2 WWI YIP VO TS AB? VIT WSIWHYT PN ST Pw pps yn, TMP TSS Tysyp 13 BEYTYS IVT PS TVHpys O32 yyIsT ND prs TOAST PNY PN OF ST MM TT IM Aypwoyny yen Ww ON P INS TVD DIS? ON AYSS JSD WS HD POSNy om IT IS NB PR 91 FISH OI US YO BIyP PPMpHS Mp WS ws pas TOAST FEW VO TS YOSNpP pw Iw ays Hw pysvr NH TVD NN ST BND MINT WO WD JIS? JO S prs WISP pOS TS Aw “YO TYTIS BaIpISpIowW JOST OST PWosyD wns IS9wWHwT PN DIy TS SPD THOS BHS AYTAD Pryrwin yyasy row WIN HOTT US TIM OMY Pryrsais PS Mo Apt jOyIISA mss Byn TF PISA FOW AyD 190,, TOUT WD PIN WIIPIIPIONWNs Pow TWO WSN OPW MIN OO TYOSNY PS OWSIW WT Ty ws 9S PYIW AMS [OWI OW FIST WoOWT 1 .OMISS AyTIID AHyT IS TYIVT YT Bys APTIPWrS TH Ipsyo Bsrw WH W832 Oo yyosny AID PASH ayn ONDA JIS NS AAS pss wsyyIsP S$ PS TIpr TINT TIN WASP -Sswayssep

NH SSIs

or pyre MoI

apt 71

AYHISY BVT PS IH DPAISS IST MYT TST PN ISS. 4t TWIT OYT PN POPSTSS PT PSST PIN OM ISH OPpOwASs 7° AYIMP PUT WON S PS TOIT 1} BYDWyA pIST YT egw 9D OT MT TPIPT JIT MT PTY pyar vr ws jo wIgwys oy psn SOPI PR JPIS2BSAYS TS JYPISO OD sys 7 ryoywoy ywont

1 Numbers poxnys.

are discussed

on

p. 159.

“1948”

128

is read

JR

DOR

BIYWA

73223

Lesson

TVIVT POS MT APIS FYI J8O OIypyr AYOIYO PS TI VT WRBya OF PINT AS MNT TSI ay?

129

14

PS WM wwya asm OTS Yyn pps WIT

Aysyo psowys pr p9n Me yop wens rynya wy. YT Iy3, PSs pI oO. s THT YAS

TyoIpya

§¥ MII OI ST TBST WO PID PAYS pS WH IVS PIs s,, YDS YY TP! MINN OMT VR TOYS JOR PR M1 Typ? JO 8 IST YD BPIIT PIVKNS PS PS YS ys pW yw ATI

syeys "oRNIDY

1

BINA

VY,

VOCABULARY far yom man’s name [AvRO'M] ony (Yiddish equivalent of road (j) xyN WT *

woman’s name [KhANE] (Yiddish equivalent of Hannah)

part (7) 5°» ay

*

part of the city pyuw 5»D nyt

year (JIN? WT IW) W? ONT anniversary of deathy2x x? yt to survive yay jax ay> husband (jy) 1wn YT man (AY3y%) WW IT

my 727 still pox 3x3

non-Jewish

there 77¥N here s’ynx to kill yyaayna | a our 9yrT21K your TYR

fan *

tank (Ty) pax YT a thousand pirw

w°1"»3

end [sor] "10 “yt * at the end mo ov * Polish wop

before 9x5 * to forget (Joya Nd) JOIN, * to disguise ...7%5 Tr 7oYWWINS oneself as...

*

Abraham)

whose pdaynyn * their ay *

Gentile,

FN

you

“IR

* * * * *

to flee, to (pEx>vay TR) PH-1dHIN © run

away

even [AFILE] 15>6x ©

as a laborer pyany 9K

:vy35K

to hide (jubynya) pr udyrR. © liberation .317 5x3 °T

thank you p3xt & © :paKNT

from here yy2x7 16 :1y3N7 Germany s2x>wo2 your y277 maid servant () vo2T °F meanwhile bn y7 to print pnt to hope for... ...7°0" 16x to hope

to...

...9¥% y6yn

forest (AyT¥YN) TORN IT Warsaw (adjective) \yNyYWVRN

© * & * * ©

130

COLLEGE

nobody, anybody »3 ...y3p (acc.-dat.:

9)

... BY2P)

YIDDISH

*

woman;

wife

(jy)

four 75 * M5

to assault yynyy ww

between;

among

qwny

*

trouble [TsoRE— -s](mI—) 77¥ °T * IVANOV IW IVYINP IT concentration camp quota yoxnp °7

to fight (axbwya) Tr wow * man’s name [ShMUEL] >RIDw * (Yiddish equivalent of Samuel)

QUESTIONS BW .3 YB WYA WIT OYT OY YN .2 NVID WT PK Wy ww «1 ION PD PNR ANEW Pr NS INN .4 MNInwW WHYS IT DIN PN 2 PAX WW WP ON WS .6 MRI PIN PR IW ONT yay 5 WPAN PP ANBWD PT IY TBH 03 ONIW TP ONT WH .7 27N5 1 10 2ONT NH 9 WMINOWUW PR wr ix poxwow vdysya -y 8 Pr IVOORY PI NH Pe RT 11 wayd ybaya on sx PR VM ONT $Y .13 MVOMP WM PHYA MT WIV ON .12 twa YW JOR ST YIN 14 WM yw yyw My mw omya DY OF 15 Byay> pbaya war YOR W YELIPN PR NINawP YI wr NS No ow oxrow

GRAMMAR

1. Possessive Adjectives The possessive adjectives in their base form are as follows: SINGULAR

PLURAL

1sT PERSON

ya

2ND PERSON

y2tsyour

SRD PERSON MASCULINE

yr

his vey

YX

her

yar

sits

3RD PERSON FEMININE 3RD PERSON NEUTER

°T *

to be glad 41 yy»6 ©

Christian (q) pop IyT *

:

INTERROGATIVE

omy

703ynyn

2. Use of Possessive Adjectives DUNO

1UT

mwWe

wn

WT? TINT

TR

1719

YVR YU/TR

AyITIN = our “YPR

syour

ayy —s their whose?

Lesson

14

131

Possessive adjectives, when preceding a noun in the singular, remain in their base form in all genders. In the plural, the ending y—

is added to the base.

sym PX wns Ww This room is mine yJYT PR aNvYy °1 This newspaper is yours OIITNR

PR

V2

0yt

This book is ours

In the predicate, the possessive adjective has the usual gender endings of all adjectives in the predicate (see p. 123). When used in the predicate, it corresponds to the English “long” forms: “mine,”

“yours,” “hers,” etc. Note:

qwn'y 2M

5y22)

TR IWn'y

3. Possessive Form Wwvsyu

this room is mine

of Names of Persons ont 15

TN

my room

WT

WT

OIIWATIA

m8

‘

onnliy

WNIT

OINDX

To obtain the possessive form of a name of a person, the ending b—

(without an apostrophe)

is added.

OYE

The ending

ingin

OYODURIPRD

‘OVURIPXO

W321 OyNI9 :[PERETs] p19 DORY OYPWONYTIARD -WUrTYIAN? py— is added to form the possessive of names end-

o—, ~—, v—, ve—, I—, M—, wI—, and wm—,

But ifanoun

with final o— has the stress on the last syilable, no further 0— is added; instead, in writing, an apostrophe indicates the possessive: 178

/OvN

14n

4. Possessive Form of Common V2vI

OT?

ayIM2?

V2DI

OTN?

soe

Nouns

OyT

1°22

14n

V2 011D?

W

W711

The possessive of common nouns is also formed by the addition of the article and adjective is identical with The possessive form of a noun in

OVAYA

7012 ByT

WVIN

WT

which denote animate objects ending o—. The form of the that of the dative case. the plural is rarely used.

The following nouns have irregular possessive forms: cat” Olwplyn

OYT

oyT —

—

TT? WT

Whiyn

OI

IT

03939

DION OYT

—

929 IT

—

YT

IT

OVT —

OYT

YORD

WT

132

CoLLecE

YIDDISH

5. Uninflected Adjectives

TTY WyIRPAWNY OF — TP IVIRAWhY oyT — Tr IIB? WN 07779 SYNWWAR TIN?

JW

DVIVPIWNN

My

—

71749 AYNDWANN

WT

IVT — 175 AVTDWANN °F °F — TIN2 WaA?-IWNY ONT

— WIV? WIP IDNR WAINOYY WSI2VINZG °F —

ANVYY

IyS2VTRIS

°F

Some adjectives are formed from geographical names. If their bases end in sy— or sy3y—, they are not inflected. They retain the same form in all cases and genders in the singular as well as in the plural.

6. 783 and [85

7.

DOYTITN 1°? WA pene 1y5 Dn 72 means to go on foot

TR Lam going to Europe Tx lam going (=riding) home TR Lam going (—walking) home only. 1x5 means to go by vehicle or

boat, to travel, to ride. The two verbs should never be confused.

7. Adverbs Designating Place 7w TR i YT PR Ww WNT

Adverbs

indicating

there. If a preposition

re

w

place

Where is he? He is here He

are

3

is there

where?,

wt,

precedes the adverbs

here,

31 or yt

and wyt

they

modified:

21v2xN 115 from where? 71014N 1117 711N11 1:1

WaT

through where? «up to where?

115

WIXT 11171 WWIXT T1

from here through here «up to here

Separate adverbs are used to indicate place to which: mw uv2 177111 Where is he going? yong ump yng v1

ww Ww

He is coming here He is going there

The adverbs are summarized in the following table: “WHERE?” PLACE

WHERE

(WITH PREPOSITIONS) PLACE TO WHICH

“HERE”

THERE”

20

8

OWT

(Tya8n)

(19387)

(TOT)

VAN

yor

yom

are

Lesson

14

133

EXERCISES A. Supply the possessive adjectives corresponding to the personal pronouns given in parentheses at the beginning of the sentences: DT

IVT

WR

PR

ONT

INT

I

PR

VY

——

(AY)

SOW

3 —

oT TE VART Ty

PN

WIS

TQ

——

——

BM

4

mY

(AYN)

(r) .6 295N —

JOVAINH IOYA

wn

—

ONT

WONT

IMON ONN

pyN

(°) «1 (PR)

vdoyxry7

qyNya wo’

.2 pw

WN 17) 5

OF) .7 TVIRPBRIYY —— bn AM 7 TINA TANT WARP YAN TR VT POW PR (PR) 8 AyvOyNY — wn IyARN¥ HPN AIM DS

Yow

AM_W

—

"Pk

YXINI —

bya

——

WW

OPP

PIAS

—

PR

W

TP

ONT

(OY) 9 ORY

(9%)

.11 .7DRT ——

(PR)

.14

ONT TYDYS 7 MyM.

PINK

——

wr

API BRN

(PRN) .10 dN?

(TY) .12 ERIK ——

PUT ——

woIyp

st

PR PR

(TR)

.13

WT PR ONT (9M) 15

B. Make sentences out of the following phrases, putting the possessive adjective into the predicate. For example: YIVt

PN

ORI

TT 5 TNE NYTINN 4 DoT woya

WT

9

TL

PT

8

°F :OYIp

PT 3 wD

wT

WYN

JVWT

IVT 2 WD Ww

.7 IITDYP

YPN

1

.6 ITVS

s2y>p TyTN

.10

C. Supply the possessive form of the names given in parentheses: (QONY) “BNP

TT

PN

yarw

‘7) 4 .DIYNW

WIV

WADPP

YT)

«7 JIWWOWYA

YOR (YIN

P29 JAVN BIW

AYVSVO

oy

PR

“7

(AN)

VayMdya

yayd (mr? IyHdx

7) .5 .1yMIPyA Toy? WTA

OPN) PR

(PWIWMN)

.2 ID

N yynya Px

8

(OM)

PX NH

WL VAT

Way aya Pw

IY)

ONT

Ty

OT

b)

.5 mwx>

1

(WENNINd

IVD .6 YPN

PR

TORT (wHsyA

MD OIYPNA Tr AXA PR 9 Jay (yt) OVX (OWOIX) Jayd wo OX .10

D. 1. Form adjectives out of the following geographical a) by adding the suffix y— page

PN

.3 .ANBwD

.4 oybywrax-ox>

.3 prmDyT

by dropping final y—, and adding sy3x—:

names

.2 SeyIDINN «1 IWIN 6

YP BX 3 -yp’OpyM .2 yp AN 1 2. Form sentences containing each of the above adjectives.

CoLLecE

134

YIDDISH

E. Supply the correct form of the adverb designating place:

Pw wor rN MN 3 Nya wor GN) .2 NwoMIP (WN) NS «1 PR 6 QUIT) PMR A PX 5 ByopyA (7) 10D IN .4 287) ¥ (WI) PW VOD IT 7 YIP OT WS TMD ¥ (WWW) ayw YORY IVT 9 Sen YOWIY ONT (TWIST) MA TPR 72.8 ra SYD PIR WOR IW (YI) TY IVT 10 aww yO HIT) TNT PINS (MN) PB 12 APW YT VN IP GN) «11 .@T) NH MBSpyny wa yn PD TWD WT Dm TWH OPN PR 13 WI IVT HM TNH woynN DIN PR 14 VOW IW 0 PD PR YT (QUINT) TIS NN AVONA .(87) NH VMN ws PIM WM Py 15 2°87) F. Translate into Yiddish:

1, We hope for a warm day. 2. I haven't received a letter from anybody today. 8. We hope that Avrom will not leave until we are able to go with him. 4. Meanwhile we must live here. 5. We received (a) part [of the] money, but not all of it (=the whole). 6. The men have to remain here and the women have to go there. 7. It is not far from here.

8. We are glad that nobody came. 9. Why is the child hid-

ing from us? 10 This child 11. Thank you for the gift. husbands visited us yesterday. per printed? 14. The trouble

always hides or runs away. 12. Rivke, Esther, and their 13. When was this newspais that these children are al-

ways fighting. 15. Is this the end of the road? 16. I have forgotten that they ago. 19. time. 20.

the road from here. 17. Between us, I am glad are coming here. 18. I saw them once, three years We received your gifts ahead of (==before the) I liked them very [much].

YIDDISH

COMPARED

TO

ENGLISH

Many similarities can be observed between English and Yiddish

cognates. In a thoroughgoing historical study of the two languages, the

common

Germanic

parents of the modern

cognates can be

traced. Some Yiddish words have almost identical “cousins” in Eng-. lish: fish — woh, finger — ya3°, full — 916, lip — BS, and so on. Often a systematic correspondence between sounds can be established on the basis of similar words. English d, for example, corresponds in many words to Yiddish »; hand — poxn, wind — 830),

dead

— py,

door

— 1p,

etc. English

th often

corresponds

to

LEsson Yiddish

4,

as

in

earth

—

14

135

sny, brother

—

sy ya,

cloth

—

thank — p3x1. Initial English ¢ frequently matches Yiddish — }yy,

to — yy), while

medial

and

final t correspond

3p,

¥

to p;

(ten

_for-

get — (}) pyneb, foot— prb, great — p03, = hot — pn. There are outstanding similarities, too, between Yiddish and English grammar, especially in contrast to German. The almost exclusive application of the possessive to nouns denoting animate objects is a case in point. Likewise, construction of Yiddish sentences resembles the English pattern more than the German, in which the verb is frequently far removed from the subject. An interesting difference between Yiddish and English lies in the formation of verbs. Yiddish achieves a wealth of different meanings by adding verbal prefixes and adverbial complements to one verb, where English resorts to different verbs. Here are fifteen verbs which consist of }yo\p plus a prefix or a complement: worpe’s

suffer

worpryosix come by, join somewhat later TyOIpD/NR seem tory xb tyoipo’N)

happen accede

tyoip

TOA N typipy’x yoy

[yorpryaEK tynip’a

typipy’

perish

tynipnx

tyoipnn’14

«come to terms

yorpRa

come

arise arrive approach

survive overcome

«come along receive

In translating these fifteen verbs, English words with eleven different stems must be used. Some of the fourteen Yiddish prefixes and complements which accomplish this differentiation in meaning have a similar effect on almost any verb to which

they may be attached.

Thus -y has the meaning of along with: jyny3»'n take along, wy go along (=join in going), jpyy’n eat together (with), joyaiwDD work together (collaborate), and so on. There are many complements with constant meaning. Other complements have meanings

which

are not so constant. Thus

meaning under, below: oyow,

proayyIN

put

jr» wiyoy ie

underneath;

sign

-syo3}x

occurs with the

(=underwri , te) yH2/18

but it also has the meaning

slightly: yyayiyosie sing to oneself, hum; jypxmyoie limp slightly, and so on. A systematic study of Yiddish prefixes and complements forms part of a more advanced course.

LESSON

15

pypy? poorsbw Desa

pum

4am TH mss 8 ya yay MT MN ND NH pesh Ost, 78D 8 Tyo BET DYT BIT? NN sys Bly ysIsAa 17 A OYT Bey apt IF PR JOMIAY YAY ANN PS WIM wy p sPyws NS3 PONT OY ANSI Sts Wo AYO TPH PO PS pt yr OY TS JNA DUR] NH IWS AYT Pow yyn prsow TOSI! ON W Tp APIs yrs STAST PPYTL PIN YI T7211 TPeys 0 8 TN (OSI NH IND OyT IS PH Is Woy? op Spy? pb bya oyt pb min ow AAD YIVT NS TIIY? Mw Byn Ay ps sTApHOw psy ps pra Pp WO Ps INI? PONS By IVS PS I .DowI TH OAS) DSA TIS AYppoys T Jwenys PEW By Ay TS DSPNAPPS APN TTIpNY prpyy prow pyr MT pis DAIYDYOIVUY AMS BY PAY? pS STAYNY PP PIVTBNN WT Vy PINs 8 YP P2sb 8 OMS PP TINY? Os Typo) Pr wyn yo Ns Somme

WT! wayI PR YA jysSys

ww mwypo

JIRA MT MDI. pert AyD MNF Tuya pI Iwo 8 PR IBD TINTS OSA OND PN WITIRE 1a NN Bys wpa apn power NB Ds PISA woynysa mya pIvT YT AN wswy AyT WSMYI OD OT Bs PS wo MP 7 NH ayIMp ym yor HMPA YTD MNS YT DY PBB. DST SP ws Iya aya 136

Lesson

YA YTD YO PR WD PNT

137

15

IT Pw yyoys py wyr, swayrya Wop 7 1s MNF TT PS MPI Toys WS TOMwS2 IIT MT NS “NST Ns wT yay? Daynysyasse Tyo os ww] $ WWII PVT IS BOP $ WBYIDPIOW JIT PTY TTS WASTY] OST TOM PR BpTpIVIS WWII 7 OST yyo NOB ANN

TVO VST WY PIS PN DBM

Ps JOpTya My yysut ows yas? 8

Ty Tys, TBAT oY "Ty, yrs ys Bys “yIOIW FIST FT TN MBWIDYA TT YT Wyo WRT wD wr wy sya NR wo OYT wayns JON DIY WUD INE YT TN

92 °F ED IND SOONS, AYMID

PH CYIMR PT OST yspypy TY IWS wos2 TT PS TOS TS NVSIIMON ON WS VoIP DY TS wornys IT DN IY BIVT PR TIS pI Yow Ns TD wow PT PR PT Noss Yn PR Nt py! ws oyT ws /OYIABD WI TYR BST BSI PNT Aw

PSISI OST PWS FID WT .TYowPyI PS PSpyPy WT 115 38 YT TY yoipya IVs posi APTI NONI OT PTY TT MN WAYT YO] BS PSNI PS 3-9s19B WWI IA YT TB? yyssMwya pw ypyswt DY OIA IT PR TANY 8 Or TSO WS 1S PIR wu Mw SPIWPIONN OST PS YD OW TOMI Tt

POOYI WII PBST VT PAWN PINE YTAII NUS oT 59D, POST ONT Twos OPYT TNA OS OT AY PR 77 TyIVT paw POSD WY POPTPA TINT Oy NS OMe opt Pasnysapysir ADSOR AT WS wsyss TMD Pr BRA YT Fem TVS PR OWBPIDPA MT PS TYTAD O8I OPISTPI PAYA YT JONI S IYPIBWPI IVT PR

Wwwspo OPyT 7 wWayI3psa OY Tye YT TF WII 7782 OST yO WyNya °F .WANPYA 3s MT OF Di ys TM BP wys M1 BYT IW ON ASW POyIS WW) wryr ayy Nb Pw

POND purty ONT WIMSIYT NYwWyO PAYTIS TO 8 Ts neyo oF POSIT UI

WI

DYT Ay

138

Co.iecE

YippisH

VOCABULARY

to dream [kho’LEMEN] 71 yym1bn © I dream >» yr vmibn oy death pw sy7 « (inflected like an syow sy adjective) corpse uproar byw oyt * Spy?

[YANKEV]

(here figuratively) the Jewish people; also, man’s name (Yiddish equivalent of Jacob) Jerusa- [YERUShOLAIM] p»dwy>> lem Isaiah [YEshayE] myw> long

33x «

learning ynaqy> >t yy2my>

to teach

sometimes, once dy» x * :dxn [MoypE] qynya TI pre TT confessed

to judge; [Mr'shPETN] yuBWn * to try no more yp] yn * night (v>y3) vONI OT * close

wiyx3 *

prophecy [NEVUE] ANIS2 °T

[NOVI—NEVIIM]

prophet

(O°) X°53 4Y7 *

revenge [NEKOME] 7p3 °T witness [EYDEs] (—) nity yt execution yx1pyipy oT Passover

suddenly a3°>y1bp «

[PEYSEKh]

for Passover

to [FARMIShPETN]

condemn

nop

sy7

nop "KN ]OBW°95N5

pruning (0) syoyny2nx hook

«

yt

eye

(7) AN

(A 9WyI0N)

to cry out to lift, (amyabK) to

ONT

TM Ww

| ON

ya

| Bw

to raise

*

©

(yyaiymyadN) ryaayi | B/N © hang innocent p»t>ywnKn

QE AeNyaIywIN) ANN | THIN to “plant” such

(plural:

yobyty)

‘xix ©

[ELYO'HU-HANO'Vi] 8°5a771P OR © the prophet Elijah plowshare

(0) TIRNAYPR

WT

(TYAWAYAOMIAN PR) PA | OPIN proceed (YAIWAYABPIA PR) Pa | HOW to ascend

original “ypAY SYyT put (into prison) pxyt| m4 * to set free

mountain

beard

(Q4y3)

yw dyn

39ND

YT

(t9y2) TNA

*

°F *

faith [BITOKhN] inva jt blood prba ox * [BALME- (m—) mDxba-bya yt LOKhE—-s] artisan bring yyaay 73 ¢ to thank .yp3xt

to (o™yIDVIT)

Pr Tow | 29717

push one’s way through hand

word

(vaya)

(AyD YN) to show

vaxn

oT *

WINN ONT *

(qNyr)

WN

soft pn

ways 72y1) to sit (joyrya TN) WT *

Lesson

15

139

Zion [TSIEN] 13

to sleep (jbx>wyr) 15N>W * (AX)

(into)

to forge

to save TYNYD’RT *

TTA

peaceful, calm pr « to call (Bynya) 7619 ©

to give away (jypIywya) Iypaywy * (as a gift) (}) PEW

spear

gallows [TLiYE] mn Old [Tana’kh]

Testament

sword

°T

°%

32h YT *

path

(3) TIyNW °7

guilty potow

strong paXbW * (7) ayow syt

to stream jypxiDy

prison [TFIsE— -s](n—) 710°BN °7 * QUESTIONS

NS poYb OTs TH yy VSI ONT WE «1 TNS OTF PR WII MY TF ABA ON NH 3 yx OT PART OY 4 PT TWAYTYA OROW PH WOM 7 Tay ON .5 weya ay1 IH Php TVD OY OF .7 MYWII MY °F PR WYUyA Top3 Tt Tay MN .6 TDBWE OT TWO WNT ON APN .8 MYWII NS °F PD TWHYI DY ONT 10 MYTIA °T NS OPIN waronya “Pr VY oN 9 IMPYIPY PT VT WIPYA PR IT LL WAYTYA WIMP ON TDy> IIROWYA PID BIW IPD T WN Twa PR ONT 12 DBT ON «14 NOVA TWO ION WT YT oN 13 IDM IVT TF PAYA ONT 15 NBbyA 179 WT TIVE MT WN WWOVA WIA TONY PNY WyaIpya NH .2 NI

N53 PSN

GRAMMAR 1, Future Tense

wyn Ww He will call us soon

y5v7 T2N1 TR

The future tense is formed by adding the infinitive of the verb to the appropriate form of the auxiliary, which is conjugated as follows: 1917 y2pn

7n

1817

1817 BVT TR 1917 Yep tT

1817 wvT

2. Future Tense, of $5 198 and AIDA V2VI

[77

PT

WI

FBT VY VYN

OV

2vN

TR

1817 VODT 17 71917 WONT *Y

OV :V2VI

Ww

¥b‘S Tk :2IVI 17

YI PN OV YO

PR

OV

In the future tense, y7 in expressions meaning “there will be” is omitted, while y»3 is substituted for yp»).

140

CoLece

YIDDISH

3. Avoiding Redundant Verbs GPT?

7? B°2 WP

ATS

PA

WA

WY

we

71°?

In the above sentence, the second clause contains some sentence units which are included in the first clause and some which are new.

In Yiddish, redundancy of this type is avoided by expressing only

the new units in the second clause: O° WNT

VT Way Wy

wR 272°?

~Leybl knows Yiddish, brother does not

but

his

Thus, if the verb in the second clause is the same as in the first,

it is not expressed. In English, where this omission is impossible, the auxiliary “do” is substituted for the verb. In Yiddish, no such substitution is made.

77 1X wy

*T ~OwWINS TR

I understand the story. Do you?

TR DN YN ,112 DYT 120402 PR Wn WINOWING [0°] 19780

072 2YN WAY)

I liked the book, and he did too

177 DV AYA TR WYN

0)

TR

VR WWI. PVN

WN

PP WAY

VI

OWNS

7K

vvAIW

TR vv

If the verb in the second clause is the same, but in a different tense from that of the first clause, the entire verbal construction

must be expressed. Sometimes, as in the last example, the entire verbal construction is omitted without loss of clarity, but it is an error to express or omit only part of the verbal construction. Thus:

2

TR] gy? 75200 1M vovN 17 Will you help me? Yes, I will fisapn 77

fdapn w2 VT 2N Tx] 17 T 124

Tn]

B° 71DTDI *T DYN

{wa

7°x

[viva 073 °f 1ayn Vn] 11 Expressions like JX >R. TX

so do

(did, shall, am)

I, so do

No, I will not Have you seen her? Yes, we have

No, we have not 7 TW I usually correspond to

(did, will, are) you, etc.; 093 IR

b°3 JK IT correspond to neither do (did, shall, am) TIN

TR

VR

TR

/27W

VR

PR

I, etc.

,271W PR

va

WwW

He goes to school, and so do I

a v2.

vpn

Ww

He won't go to school, and neither

0)

TR

shall I

4. Uncompleted Action Continuing into the Present

Www

PR,

uvzWw TR

I have been working hard still am)

(and

Lesson

IYO

VA

TR

IW

TR

141

I have been writing her every day

287 [W 10072 33N? 11 1¥ 109D) 119 YT 1.2 TR

15

How long have you been here?

L have been here since yesterday

Incomplete action which continues into the present (expressed in English by the progressive form “have been —ing”) is rendered in Yiddish by the present tense.

EXERCISES A. Conjugate in the future tense: 1 NA 20 ew Rspyne 300 opr yobenya 4.0 B. Replace the dashes by the auxiliary for the future tense: BYT WN ON — PR .2 Myo pw wd WK — IN «1 WIP —_ “PR IN Fay II WANK YN — OX 3 AAR ayn PWPIVY WR — Wy 5 NYNYORD Wayp rN -T — WAR 4 VPM °F — 111.7 MOWT WHY (7) —— ON .6 TIN YIPY BR won wa 8 yan 8 Om TNO TOON IW wien IW Pr — 9 .TINA oy —— v2 wy>p Pp wm. .10 oY — VD RP C. Retell the passage, 73am 16 ARIS: & in your own words. D. Translate into Yiddish: 1. I understand Yiddish, but my friend does not. 2. He can drive a car. Can his wife? 8. I will help you, and my husband will, too. 4. Should I ask my mother for the book? No, don’t. 5. Everybody is (=All are) coming to visit us. Is Yitskhok, too? 6. Please show me your room. I will not! 7. Sometimes

I play

soccer,

and

sometimes

I do

not.

8. Is

Philadelphia far from New York? No, it isn’t. 9. I haven't taken your book, but perhaps my sister has. 10. Yesterday Khaim was at your house, but tomorrow he won't be. 11. Were you at home when I called you? Yes, I was. 12. Such things should not be bought; but they are, anyway. 18. The child was very peaceful yesterday, but now it isn’t. 14. He wants to visit you. Does he indeed? 15. I see that you

like such stories. So do I. 16. Yankev

gave (jypayw) me

a gift today, but the others didn’t. 17. I couldn't sleep at night. Neither could Dovid. 18. My daughter Rivke wants to sit at the table, and so does my little son. 19. Suddenly I understood everything, but the children didn’t. 20. Why is

142

CoLLEcE

YIDDISH

your hand so white? I don’t know why it is. 21. The people there made a great uproar, as they always do. 22. He has beautiful brown eyes, but his brother doesn’t. 23. Do

you

ever (289 &) use such

strong words?

No, I never

do.

24. The road here (place to which) was very long, but we are already close to the city. 25. I like the mountains. Who doesn’t?

E. Give

the Yiddish equivalents of I dreamed,

you

etc.

dreamed,

dreamed,

he

F. Translate into Yiddish: 1. I have been hearing many good things about you. 2. Where have you been living? 3. My brother has been going to school in New York [for] two years. 4. Has your grandfather been in the United States very long? 5. Yes, he has been here [for] a long time. 6. I have been getting this newspaper every day. 7. I have been buying at (=in) this store. 8. I haven’t been sleeping enough. 9. How long has this table been standing in the room? 10. I have been

throwing out all [the] old magazines.

G. Translate into Yiddish: Knaim: Father, our teacher told us today that people are descended

FATHER: not.

from monkeys

Indeed? Maybe

(oyp>xn

1d TYAN).

(=It can be that)

you are, but I am

H. Translate into Yiddish:

ROKHL’S

THE MOTHER: Rohkl, what are Rokut: I am writing a letter THE MoTHeER: I did not know Roxu-: I can't, but my friend

JEWISH

LETTER you doing? to my friend. you could (present tense) write! can’t read anyway.

LANGUAGES Until the fall of the First Temple, that is until the 6th century B.c., the Jews spoke practically pure Hebrew, the language of the Bible. Subsequently, however, their language became more and more influenced by Aramaic, a Semitic tongue which was extremely

Lesson

148

15

The widespread in the Near East until as late as the 8th century a.p. vernactheir as Aramaic to d switche ly majority of the Jews gradual ular. The Talmud, concluded in the 6th century A.p., was written in that language. In the meantime, the Jews in the Hellenistic world adopted Greek, and with the spread of Islam, Arabic became the spoken language of many Jews in Mediterranean countries. In Persia, too, the Jews developed Jewish versions of the local dialects. Those Jews that moved into Italy and other Romanized countries acquired Latin and, later on, the Romance languages of the Middle Ages. Or all these languages, peculiar Jewish versions came into existence. The Jews of Spain created a Jewish language of their

SARA VEEL

E NS

AYLI

MD'OND PN 99S9OS9999990099O9 (3) 2 9™ adh" pimp _pIdH M7 Hh IY TbT pp) 1 OPIHI % 9203 9H OMD D wnprah 17 P'pd 1751p 7 017 wp") (3) :bM2b BAYT PPADS “ip H3hd 3h (9) 2nd MD % Nd Oh wr dH BT 175% 7 $6 wprhoh ° axa 1p Nd Odo "7 “dD % (m) :ThPNPP'A OF" D2"h 16 Nd Od MDh

Tbr NpPYH Od. Of7 Nd O56.7 YH nim 067 Ooteyhy Mf “7h *hID %h 3 inh» aonrpppph ofp

phish 9p

7° Sh WT °

(4) 2 01h

Pyrhnb ofp ° phish phd "02°

PNTMADp'A O36 7 HH IPH %f (5) sph hh

phiah phd “wh IwohDh 6

BPN

own,

Dzhudezmo

(also

PK

called

Warn

PH

army

YI

Judeo-Spanish

in

research

litera-

ture). An archaic form of the language used in sacred literature is

called Ladino. Dzhudezmo ‘is today used by colonies of Sephardic (Spanish and Portuguese) Jews in the entire Mediterranean area, and also by immigrants from those lands to the Americas. Yiddish

144

CoLLEGE

YIDDISH

was born around the year 1000, when French and Italian Jews began migrating to the Rhineland. The phenomenon of Jewish language creation in various parts of the world is one of the most interesting topics in the study of Jewish and general culture. It is the task of the linguist and the social scientist to delineate the common features in the various Jewish languages; thus he will be able to outline what is specific in Jewish life and culture, as well as to trace the similarities and contrasts between various Jewish communities. This field is of great interest to general sociologists, too, for they can compare the adjustment of originally similar groups in various environments as well as study the functioning of a cultural minority in different settings. Of all the languages created by the Jews in the diaspora, Yiddish is most richly developed and is furthest removed from its origin. It has the largest literature and the greatest number of speakers.

yoyo

pw

wT Ae

AYIYTMD YI D SIP JOM STS PS GayYT] OW STS PS — "V8

Pw TH FSO PO

AOBA YS PR PI IS wy, Twa AMT JOSS Wt TUT TYOSNY WT YryTD

IT ASI IT ASI Wop Woy

Fy B11 OD OD

Pw

AYA WH AyA Osi osn

PR PN 8 38

wT WWI

TWA

VIVO TH IT ASI aA FIYT FMT SIS PR TOY WY OSI PaYTi POW STS PS JOY Wop Osi ADY PS

Fir pst wo

oI

— JOYIINS TPs WN pos TS yesy PT TYORNY WT On 38 TMT TYOSNY WT OD 93s AYIyTMD Tw IT ASI PIV DO WH IT AI MayI1 TOW STIS PR Sw Woy OY SAYIT POM STS PS SIW WoOYT DSi

IWYA yA AWN Hw

— OY

145

15

Lesson

PV pv S$ WI PI PS IID BMS TER TP TS TUT TPOSNS

WT

Op

38

TUT TPOSNY VT wo 38

$

SHYN

WER WOR DU a4.

YoS

NOR

VES-Tu TON ——-

IN A-ZA

VOY—TRK

VCSe TW

VAS

OA

- De -

oT

Le

=

OS

VEG

Ves- TU

TON ——

= ————

VEG

Kh VEL GEYN IN

BE OMIT DR

TU-2R8- MEN ZN

WN—TN

MEY

FAYN

SS}

>

IN A- ZA

DU

SS

ot

——

$

HER

HEY-DE- LE

young 227

little girl ybyt™m oxT listen! -¥32 AT 2733

pretty 725

straw "1100 90292 & "70W straw of bundle to shout Jy=Ww

ALE

(Kh VEL

GA-SN

0 - Bl

MIT

DR

SHRA-YEN

- ZA- MEN ZANN TU

only (plus infinitive), 28

—_ as long as

bundle 9p2°2 O87

bread pina ox to wash wx

laundry wyN OX salt your °7

LESSON

16

PNpy? posyoyr

PSNONSS “82 BE WSTYA Ty OST TINT ANN weISTyA wyn Tins ys OST AY PS ASI AOI 8 yynya Ayays Ms Ay 19D ayT wn ppryp WI AY BY 77d YT WOT 1 Pa By Ty Tyr ty jRAyI Sho BSTYA MIO OW HNN POS Pr OT pT I SID py yO WOT APD AYT I Top Boy 17 yn, sy Ww ppaya oO ps DIS AMBWO PAY PIT woyn OYT ws ys? yayn myn payne YBROSB

[AYN [TPT wo st AID

72D WTAE [yorpya PS Ay wpsyTya wr ans IYI xT BET DYT 82 .DAIND oT NR APTN www oD yyprys qyImmr pos “TN TON DYT Brsya FARA TN TyasapaowIs D'IMIMD °F TIT TAYT YI? YN PTY FAST TY WS ,woMys wy WNT WT .198 MoD 27 BST TH, 39D °T Ay Bap .psyoyds yl DS ANBwp MWPS? PP TIS 37 Os PR IW OS ISD 8, oT wayt "MwPS? Bay .ps? wp Bp tayya pw ay BSA "AwPY? oH oyn ayn MP AMT, ID YT wayBysy "MyTID & BYT Wx, yw oy STAY] PW PST WMD AT IS OMT OST 193 PS aN TyTN YN FYI WT FAST AY PS NS ANBYE yayN NX ya? yayn S$ OSTpA BI TVR INN NS, 39D YT YD AY way wegoyds "VIWP8? WSMpa 3°) Ay BIST WINS

WayP

Wea ne

apm

TOWT PT IST SN YS PS YD Typ 8 yynya rx opdsys ps Toyrys YT IV TTVApA PT AEA mys wasps wy yp yt JOSHI YT PDA wIyMya OST yDNA TY PIII WI INP AVY TS ON NS rywya 3 ayo ayw DYT, "YD UNY AME 3 [yp IY INN AYOSN Ps 146

Lesson

ASy

Jay

PR

147

16

Om

14

PS OSI FPR Wawayagwe Wo 8 Px yy syoy?y2 8 Be py BSN wy "FONT DONP 251, wD Vay? SNS apa Ayoyrp oy way bys 4 Syoyrp TITS wraysysy ”,7wH73 146, ” DOYS PO PR, yyy wT ways "MSY Ds 185, 39 OST TIN [WRI II BOSP MYA AYT yoy rp IT H3Iy1 PsTyh Yt BIST YESS PR TWH TIT TW we 1 3 ON vs, TIS PD PR WI, PIT YT wayr WI, 4 Moy TS PDN WD JIT Ww TWIT "998 DIY DSN, WD

“pI BST 3D DY

TD IY DM

PR yIw

NS YPPAYT

TI83 JOR IY

PS,

PR TO YS YR App VA Bsnys 381 PS Py PS 734 PND TOMY PO TS SAYIN WT PR 37 TIIWwWoHY [DBA OyT WWI LH ayoery pr NB WP “3B STP. pw MINN NE TAT. WS WOM YT .TYOSNy ITP LIT psnya

SR DSO] WSK

AY

WO TIYT YOSNY PR AYP

131 PsTps "ory

syperyno pw naw a85 ywps? 7 ws Dy we oT ASB WPS? °7 OD BSD

Dy DN TIMP TSS

TDIWY

wy

Wy we wo

wesyp syty?

3072 ss

VOCABULARY while [BEYs] nya bread wma O$T to believe 72%. wx 2 TY coin(p) Polish small it seems 7°t DONT to be supposed to 767N7 he was sup- pS TY ONT WY posed to

if 2% * * *® — (TVAINAYAD/NNN PR) Pra | OPW to go out * QYAAYAVWW PR) pra | ww to goin * A to bathe (77Ray2) TT * [BoKhER— (O°) 102 1y7 * Bo'KhERIM] young man

CouLLEcE

148

YIDDISH

to QypIDIYT) Pr pr Iw IyT

(uninflected adjective) nyny’y> * inhabitant of Khelem;

be drowned

that is porn oYT worn ©

in Yiddish folklore,

herring a>5yi IyT

a proverbial fool noodle (3) wpyxd YT

(plus past participle) woxn *

would

to love; to like yaxn 2° *

love ya°> °7 *

loaf a loaf of bread pn to fear [MoYRE] [MEKhUTN— (0°)

MEKhuUTO'NIM]

bay bayd ya¥n JAINA

oxt x RIV TYT

seven

*

to get [Kha’SENE] Jaya Annn ¢ married

(actual or

to marry py

[Khosn—

marriage)

fool (0°387%3) 182 YT

philosophy

y°Sxyox77b °7

*

bride [KhosN-KALE] AYo"}NNn river (}) 20 197 *

deep spp * Jewess; especially a(0) yay’? 7 * petty, sentimental, talkative Jewess

*

fourteen yw yb

to count 39x to cost }DOXP

each oyty? *

storekeeper (0) YOy7p IY to [RAKhMONES] ]3xn Nin

*

*OIDV7_.WOISY

Wayo’y

*

(jyninwya) jyanw

*

to figure

to swim

.JOV)

(pi>y4ya s1y3y9’99

(O°) qnn TyT *

and groom, engaged couple

fish (—) wh YT

take pity

Joya ANN

Khasa’NIM] fiancé, bridegroom-to-be

eleven mby * to finish qpnay piece [EYTSE—-s] (m—) 7B °7 * yaxn 326

j2°T *

certain 4y5°t

prospective relation by

of advice to dislike; to hate

water IYOXN ONT * next syv2m)

each one; everybody sy nyt’y? * fiancée, [KALE— -s] (n}—) 792 °7 * bride-to-be to grab }Bx> Khelem (town in Poland ayy>

(Official Polish spelling: Chetm)

QUESTIONS DR ORT AXY WORN .2 WwRAYA NIV ND IT OYA ON IWS «1 IVT IS WNIPYA PR WY TN jJywWya PR ON .3 tyayaya YORE 7U27

wy

Jryn

Add IT

DIPIHYA OY OT

ON

wa

pa»ytbya

.6 wNBWN

Na

OT

JAyN Haya

EXT

oN

4 Iw

IY HY OY .5 wsyoN py

149

16

Lesson

TM Jynydyd °F TAY ON 8 toOyoyD PR ww PN ONT .7 qNt WT? ORT SEN .10 WH pya yay? °F OAT ONT 9 OXdwRa DIMMYd VY ON 12 NVARNS POR VOYPya NYT 7H .11 WwONPSA DT WM JIT WW TVD Wryr r PR OY WH 13 way? °F MY PN “11 14 DPOUWINE DR ONT DY DIYND OY» 02 °T PNW WS TPR? GRAMMAR 1. Numerals

TeoyT wyor yeou ye222 pwns 2. One

In counting off numbers as such, 0X TS

IT

DIK PR mE wt 5 nrb

opyt 6 mr 7 pox 8 pr 9 Ws 10

11 12 13 14 15

aby nbyny yevnt joys yb

16 17 18 19 20

PNY

1 2 3 4 5

is used for one:

DIR

But when one object is specified, the proper numeral is ["%. PR is inflected exactly like a possessive adjective in the singular (see p. 131): TN? PR 11 YIN WNP

27 14 IR

11S

PR

VNNN

27 119 YIPR

PR

ANN PR

CR OYI °T 19 Ay3I9"R

V WIN

sIVIVN

3. Periphrastic Verbs

ayn 04 yA mmm

yaya ANN 1ayn 2°? aya RM

Many Yiddish verbs, called periphrastic, consist of an invariable element and an auxiliary which is conjugated in all tenses. They are comparable to such English verbs as “to be afraid.” J24n, 12% and several others occur as auxiliaries in periphrastic verbs. Note that the invariable element, like a complement, occupies the third fixed place in the sentence: 77 YA TR von Wn DP? AWA TR NAVA 1°? TAWA TR -VnxN wn ONDA 2? AN TR WYN 22 oF PN TR nan wn Wyn 1? WN TR VY?

150

Co.LLecE

4. yy

YippIsH

and y5"%a

yyy and 72%, both mean to believe. If the emphasis is on the content of the opinion, on what is believed as opposed to something else that might be believed, the verb yy2"” is used. This verb is always followed by an object clause beginning with tx, 172 19787 Vn

THN

TR

U2? TR DD TR 1

TR

I believe

to go I believe

(think)

that we

(think)

ought

that it is cold

If the emphasis is on the firmness of the conviction, as opposed to disbelief, the verb 72°">a is used.

12°22 0°) DD WR TR

I cannot believe it

2087

Does

PR

W

va27

*x

he believe in God?

Avoid using the verb yypayt, the cognate of “think,” which in Yiddish denotes thinking only in a philosophic sense. 5.

sprpsp?

and

“yup?

2711: W 711 DY YD’ VWINS IWivTy? Wwetrn

*7 16

VIVID"

Wwe TR

The pronoun sy yty?, is inflected as follows:

Everyone understands wants to

wn

|

FEMININE

ayqwTy

ACCUSATIVE DATIVE

WT?

he

meaning each one, everyone, everybody,

NOMINATIVE

*T 8

as

I know everyone of these girls

MASCULINE

In referring to groups masculine form is used:

it

yt

pwr: wr:

yw sywry

containing both men

VIVIVA AWN TR jwuivn

I have spoken these people

and women,

the

with everyone

of

syty?, used before nouns, means each, every. It is not inflected:! Wp?

WR

775

Wy

..Yn

Wy?

we

every

man,

every child

every

woman

and

1 An alternate form of this pronoun is described in the synopsis of grammar, p. 313.

Lesson

6. Phrases with 96 JD

XIN =

16

151

272279 11 how many, how much? 2°94 “11X

JD 8 WetT=7°5

so many, so much

2°49 18

too many,

too much

iw'T very many, very much

Together with the above adverbs, the word

of Jo used.

to denote many, much. With

7. Mathematical Expressions pm Ke .[PLus]

oe

1

%6

yt,

is used instead

either word may be

+

—

bun x

AK vomDYyA : 270 PR PR = V9

(1772)

PR

VUE

8. Indirect Questions v1 dy Wi .W2 Wa WPI

VIR

TR

wnizvs PR oy Wi AN ayt OVI OY DYII .2 DVN TR

V2"0VI

VIN

8:2=—4

I cannot hear who is speaking

Tell me who came I don’t know what will happen

In indirect questions in which the interrogative pronoun (ie. ox’ or Syn) is the subject, oy is inserted after the subject. This is not done, however, when the interrogative pronoun functions as a sentence unit other than the subject. 002711 17 DYN INV) 1517 1¥ wnyn

VOI? 17 jon TR

You can take what you want I know whom to call

EXERCISES

A. Conjugate in the past, future, and imperative: TORT

RW.

3

Tp

TW

WRT

NaN

B. Write four Yiddish sentences with

.2

yyr%

bw

C. Write out the following expressions in words: 10+1=11 8+7=15 2+14==16 16 : 4—=4 3 x 5=15 2x 4=8 2 x 9=18 12—4—8 12 : 6==2 14: 7==2 44+3=7 12: 2—6 2 Usually spelled %6n.

ot

yaum

3°

1

and four with 72°72.

19-17=2 8—1=7 10 x 220 9:9=1

152

CoLLece

YippisH

D. Supply the proper forms of 4ynyty? or SY Ty: daa y-nIow HIy>>yr DT —— .2 JONI y23 HAIyID ww — .1 oT NB —— pn yD Sy PR 3 WIR DWT™ INS NewwN

PY

Twa WAT Dn

px 5 bw

PR pr ANT Tp

—

syny>y> —— nb .7 rgd per poxb —— pyr ox .6 bay? IY ON 2 — py Pew dW Sn ay — D2 TVA IN PN Wyasmays WMa Ww — OY. ONT TaVA TR NS — dyn px .10 .omydya 1 WY ONT DY DM WO E. Form complete sentences, making clauses given in parentheses:

indirect

.4 Wwosyy

2K nd — .8 yn ORD Px dN v9 Pr xT St” — dyer pK

questions

of

PEAT .2 (2 Pr ware ON) O92 OND PP payTY. PR oI DIIV7 ON) WAXTYA WM ORT IY .3 (2777 V2 TA PR IY) Pn JN) wayNS OPN 5 «oN OT TyIVT AYN) Wm TYBYIY 4 (PMY (B99 ON IP IN) OI Yt PR .6 2M PP a> y2 HEA TOYAWWE ABT PK 8 (PT WK ryt ON) LD YA ITP 7 .7 DNA YN) D2 BYHWINS AIP 9 NA OYT J Wyr OA IyN) ONN) VPIPYA IVA PK JOYIVA PI PN .10 (PINT NIN WH wsypyr (nywyr vy F. Translate into Yiddish:

1. How

much are

(=cost)

these books? 2. Each book is

(= costs) three dollars. 3. I don’t believe it. 4. I am afraid

that they cost much (money). 5. (That is) I don’t have that (=so) much money. 6. I hate to eat at home when my family is not there. 7. Have you heard that I will marry this girl? 8. I love her (you know). 9. Is she rich? 10. No, not too rich. 11. Is she beautiful? 12. Well, she is clever. 13. When a fool is silent, it is believed that he is clever. [Proverb] 14. Every fool thinks that he is clever. [Proverb] 15. A fool gives, a clever person takes. [Proverb] 16. A fool has a beautiful world. [Proverb] 17. Fools grow without

(j§) rain [Proverb]

18. A fool says what he knows

and a clever [one] knows what he says. [Proverb] 19. When did this young man become engaged (=a bridegroom)? 20. It seems that Khane will become engaged (—a bride) soon. 21. I pity these poor people. 22. God, have pity upon

the

Lesson

16

153

us. 23. I hate people who shout. 24. But I also don’t like people who give advice to everybody. 25. The child was afraid, so it hid. 26. The students are supposed to count up to (=until) twenty. 27. When it is hot, we go swimming (infinitive) in the river. 28. The river is deep. 29. We fish (w°6 yeNXD) in the river. 30. What are you figuring? 31. When you get married, I will give you a gift. 32. He feels [as] good (see p. 124) as a fish in water. YIDDISH

PROVERBS

Jewish folklore is of great interest not only to people studying Jewish culture, but also to students of comparative folklore. That there are similarities in the folklore of distant peoples is a wellknown fact. But the more the actual processes of folklore diffusion are studied, the more the active role of the Jews as agents of diffusion is brought to light. Because of their wide dispersion and their participation in trade and commerce, both international and local, the Jews were for centuries in a position to carry popular lore from one Old-World country to another. Yiddish folklore contains many elements adopted from other peoples. But even greater is the number of original Jewish proverbs, jokes, anecdotes, legends, and songs created in the Biblical and Talmudic tradition, as well as in the context of subsequent Jewish collective experience. Much of this is still unrecorded. Only a small part has, so far, been translated into other languages. Yiddish proverbs deal with many subjects. They concern both everyday life and man’s highest pursuits. Many of them are based on puns; some of them rhyme and are therefore not completely translatable into idiomatic English, as the examples below, and elsewhere in this volume, will show. But even in translation these proverbs retain some of their original peculiar flavor. About human nature, for example, the Jews say: “What three people know is no secret.” Lack of imagination is criticized in the proverb: “A worm lying in horseradish thinks there is nothing sweeter in the world.” Lack of moderation is the theme of this: “Show a pig a finger, and he will want the whole hand.” About excessive readiness to criticize, the Jews say: “Don’t show a fool unfinished work.” The following are

CoLLece

154

YIDDISH

some observations on the ways of life: ‘He who dances at all weddings will weep after all deaths”; “One needs luck even in bad luck”; “The cart rests in the winter, the sleigh in the summer, the horse never.” About faces the Jews say: “You can tell a fool by his face and a wise man by his eyes.” About words: ‘Words should be weighed, not counted.” Regarding the frequent exposure of Jews to expropriation and expulsion, there is this proverb: “Jewish wealth is like snow in March.” And of an alternative to persecution, namely conversion to Christianity, the Jews say with their tongues in their cheeks: “A Jew is better off than a convert: he can still be converted, while a convert cannot.”

YPVINOSI~ Dw WIND I PS Nns x 3OD83 PRIN] S WOSw PX AYOPWISS OI NN yyoys ww Jyoywrss O32 NX ryoys wy

yyw wos jyoyn ypoyn

PYPVISIVS-DID WNISTYS-OID STS SIO PVISMSS-DIO STAID |SI7S-sa-Ow SPVIsoss Bw .ppsosoya-n1 TUT Wr TPO MB pPwrsosa-ow

AY

VT YS IWYIVD 27D

,270

MAYI IS TDPRI JOP WP yn MAYNBN O3 PS TyIyI3 TP on FAYIB IS TI

TYPIy3 WYP ON oo ST SFND Ow

Lesson

YT

Ayw3

WOsIWT Os NS

IIH

TS TOPS

155

16

8

JOPSN Typ MEY

JVM NS BD NS TyIyID TP ys"?

TS TIN TyPIys TP PWT S

JW

.o STSI SIO

UN

SATEYT ABO-KHER + NC-MEM

Tw

ER

NE-MON UN NIT

TRAKHT

TROKKT

4

FAQ-ShE-HEN

ee

UN

gents

NO-HEN

TRAKAT

A

GAN -ThG

NAKKT

wT 2 === = Tey NE-MEN UN AIT FoR: SWHE-MEN

Se

KE TUM BA-LO-LA TUM BALA LA TUM BA-LA-LAY-KE TUM BA-LA-LA TUM BArLO-UA TUM BO-LO-LAN-

SSS

TUM BACLA-LEY-KE

SRPIL,

SS

BA-LA-LEN-KE

tear (q) y70

°7

byt PR = bys

foolish w°7K3 to humiliate yynywrxd stone OW YT

TUM

BA-LA-LOY-KE

FREY-LCKh

balalaika

ZO ZAXN

without

1

ypwbxdxa

°7

to long jypaya heart yuyn OYT to cry yy2

LESSON

17

PMpy? possprs POO WNS DOPIT APT AMS TPrUpsa pwr OF

TB

pT

(est

WAYTIIA

(PAYS AIH

yur Ory ssw 728) 1840 7s

87D

1H)

4,500,000 Jy

IS

1989 PN .pP POS PS os iiya (ww PHB) 50,000 W323 jaNn TOMI VIYI APYSY? AT ABH ,(P wT FIN 73 WIy TT 7¥3%3) DAY Ja" T8979 FDyt) 16,728,000 wey AyT yews ppripa pyr

19,600,000

7

16,0090 ¥,000,600

12,000,080 a

10,000,600

{eno 6,000,000 400000 2,008,000 1966

1996

yoofl = yn

(939

1900

ye

yw

1966—1840 ,OIYINP 42H 73 AN TTP

156

1940

yonBB :

LEsson

17

157

(pYSB PR 13%) 67 PYIMT MT NH PTY (aM PSINNY NS By PR BIPSSIW (POW IT PS WIT) 33 NK POSIMN PS TTY ySSB Roy WPT IPT ANS WS°apa Tyswt jyo wssw ,1945 PN .ppynyos IT TSF TY) 10,395,000 83 TS TBS 1966 PN .JIPP [DSSps TINT PTY (OI

SSW PITS jTT" worn pry. TS AH Bryan

8 T8277) 13,500,000 Fry WW IYI OI~N APT PH PTY WT oT PN (prOwIT) 30 ,YWPMYOS PN /X$ IB (PSH) 50 Wy Is 187% 398M TIBI PH OVO PLOWS TS TF OD POSH) PBSIVN PS “SSB SSID (DONT IYTIY) 15 YS PS /SSIB (7328) 18 .CYpIpy Ts IPI TS YPMBS PS JPOSIWOAN PX OIYISIW SISA $ OMT’? PR WISP (PPVINI) 9O 1 WYO PIP YS PR PT 7 TE S01 TY

B's WII

IS, WIS

"OSSY YO, St

TO MD PSS yrs 7 V9

TOSOY YOP YVR ISH TPS INN PS AYTy? JO 8 PN JIPAPA Pwsyo °F Ish YOST IF ,DwWsyS AYT mora roa

WI AY OIMTPI PY PIS PORO YT IS TOYA Ms az Wyoyrys 8 “WOSBys PS Ty YO POS, 3 PN, PMwya pos oT OST “yoypy? 11 NW, yr ps “Ins I TY OS ApoOys DIMNYI WoO WWI TN BaywWya prypy? By ”"%ovsr Wy oy, 3 OI WW 13, “IINyY AT ANN ORD TY POSSI T VI BST JINN OSA Wey

AY wo Wy

Aw pws 3

— — —

ippsye — 3

eprapyt — Pr

Pry

MProwayswwt

TPS

MywneD — TD

JI

—

gMoN3 IS Nsw — SMIMSIYT PI

WT To

OST WEN

BES IWyI WOT

1 BY —

158

CoLLecEe

YIppIsH

VOCABULARY Saturday poy3 1 naw « evening ninety px3»3 * Statistics

poyo-uRLO

dear me Pr) 1K European wrypx7x

one and a half!

°7

mainly [DERIKER] 1P°y WYTAPy * onthe ground hy ay7 IK TAY [ANEREKh] JY q8 sy approximately percent?

(—)

b2’yxxnB yt

rather the watch

poxnyd

OYI9¥

half, a half! abxn & a hundred poytan

*

to cry 7y2"N Sunday pyar

*

watch, clock 4y>°t YT to guess (5x bya) JSYIV boy’s name ybyp’y?

to lie qaybya Px) 12°

YT

to estimate yxxw * Saturday [shaBEs] naw *

hour [sho]?

(jy) nyw >7 ©

to shout (7.°wya) Ty~IWw *

72

Tuesday p>vo27 thirty pow

number (7) xx °7 because of ay ¢ whether °¥ * census

9y9r WY

to belong ;ryaya Thursday powsyi’xt

*

fifty poxind «

forty

»3

7w5x

yoyo

is working

the percentage 777 v2/Y¥8"B of Jews to fall (bx5ya 1x) Toxd * Friday pub

ya>xav ty tN

perhaps [EFsheR]

Monday

p>nayn

Wednesday

7x07

1¥ pwzis

* :voNa

more 7y%

Friday

poy

evening

QUESTIONS PR IWIN 1840 PR— ody

Bd

YPMpAR

PN

Wr

IVT PN BAIYIIVANN 7 ONT PN PENH WWD

SB) .6 IVP YAN IW TT? WRT

IT pw pr? Iya Wrnyr wa

war

S61

ONT 777? Sh

NS vayyxre

PR IV YM WP

72°

SH

.2 myn

3 WN

SHn

2 See p. 200.

21939

IW? HIYTIW

.4 wannda-vdoyn ayo Ny

WRN IN payyyrp Hn .5 zynyr ON WH .7 2x Iw? PR IRM TT? PONS VIN MYR IW IP'Y IVT vz

TNN IVT NH ayo °F JOM 1 See p. 209.

WN .1

nN 8

LEsson

17

159

GRAMMAR

1. Larger Numerals wwii

100

DIVR

WIVTINA

101

PVINNY

TR

1K

21

8

VIDTIIN

102

PRIN

YR

NY

22

OTN

103

6 PIV

WR

WIT

23

Wy

vIWTNA

110

PONT

30

... 42D OTN

111

NR

VS

WR IVR 34

120

P°31D5 40

www

124

rss

50

NDVI

60

wwii

ny

200

yw

wT

300

P IVT

WN

18 400

VWINA

17) 69

p°sva"T 70

DPVT 613 vim

The number: The year:

6. POLIT

VATA

... UWI WWVIT

20

6.277

PIV PINS

P°VIRNY

1000

RNIN

80

2°83)

90

§=°¥1V9 VX VIR VIVTNA DPVT DIT } PSIWS VR VIN VIVTNN [VIVT yw PRATT

VS

vm

NS

2000

VIMY

MT

3400 3420

MINUS

VITA

17H

VITO

TIT

NR

vw

TS

VIII

TIT

VIN

vIMv VAWIN VINW

dean

127) VITO

PANY

WR

V8°2"N

PIN WS

WR

ww

7281S

1S VNY 19

3478 10,000 22,900

425,000

V872"N

1°R

vgr2"n

1°5 4,000,000

VIDTIN

1,000,000

140,000,000 210

Note that a hundred is just woy737, without any article. boy7217 &

means abouta hundred. Similarly, iw qr 13Iv]

PPA

MWS

¥ means about a thousand.

wpe

m1

—

3.5

WR

IWS

—

45,19

160

CoLtece

YppisH

2. Days of the Week Sunday

pp

Monday Tuesday

p»payn p°pd2°7

Wednesday

¢TH°n

Thursday

Friday

popwiy7’et

pop2b

Saturday [shaBEs]

naw

Day before yesterday

Yesterday Today

yv>y209""®

yo>y32

baw

Tomorrow

282

Day after tomorrow

AWWA

WY3I"K

3. Telling Time

7wIT WT TX 211 aqunig wov1) wart x 2

WIT ¥ VS

(posBS

Aby 82 wi

(P°LINS NR 2H

DDB W HD NR WH

What time is it? At what time (will you come)?

AB

731)

Aoy—)

25

6 aden (PONT

wT)

Lesson °19 WT PR WITTY

VV PRX Ov

161

17

It is 11 o'clock am. morning)

(=in

the

(=in the evening) 2°9W 77 The play starts [at] 2:40 p.m.

DINY LR 9:30 Ini? ov

TF She will come [at] 9:30 p.m.

n”) 2:40 1¥ TT an Qyon 1y2) agon 149) nd 11:30 pDN] 1 12 ayo 72 12 DIN AW “NY LR pons vn qd wn

11:30 a.m. 12 noon; 12 midnight two hours later five minutes ago

No preposition is used before expressions of time: Wt

— WIT

VIN

Wnipeysa

VIT

1av22

PR VN

Ww TA

He came at three o'clock I will stay for three minutes

Here are a few more idioms about watches and clocks:

pM IVI IVT wrpy IyaT IVT B19 aya yt

The watch is working The watch has stopped

pop

The watch is slow (=crawling) On time

IIT IT oiDey 2a

The watch is fast (—=running)

Other ways of denoting time will be described at a more ad-

vanced stage. 4. Age

IVR

OTT

P°VINUS VW?

PIVUY

YR

17R 02V

V2 [LR

1°

LA

Te

How old are you? Twenty-one I am twenty-one years old

EXERCISES A. On the basis of the following table, answer the questions which are given on p. 162.

162

Cottece 31965—1908

YIDDISH

JORDY YOPIMNING

°T PR PMRW IW

DIVYYIS

pom

ym

POIVIVNR

Le Ag OR

me w

9.8 5.0 11.6 4.0 33.6 6.0 25 2.6 3.3 3.5 3.2 2.6

656,397 79,921 272,268 76,133 168,128 191,693 6,622 7/102 9,325 10,750 9,300 7,800

6,709,357 1,602,680 2,344,599 1,895,325 499,998 3,180,838 265,398 271,344 283,763 306,260 292,248 296,697

1914—1908 1920—1915 1924—1921 1932—1925 1943—1933 1959—1944 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965

8.3

1,495,439

17,948,507

1965—1908

PR JOROW Yop MINH °F PR WeoIpyr PIV WwW ww NX 96 «1 SH 03 TM WyA WIV MT NS YBN .2 21924—1908 yw? °F SYOOYIA IT PYNYA PN PAW? YON PR .4 PORT PN VIYSPw BIPM ONT WH 5 MVINIVDN °F [MY WT? yaysyw (biggest) 11920—1915 JWNY PI W PK PMN UN Wpyr IVT PK SB .7 21933 TBI IT? WA TO R yea pya yyavr ovr WH .6 1908 JWNY ROW YOPMRINH OT PR WPA IV WII MPN PT PM TVNYA WIV WV OINW oT? YH .8 21965 NN B. Substitute the names of the days, or the hours, for the phrases given in parentheses:

TR QUDVIIV’R) DW PR Wy 2 PR pPwoyry Px ww ot WER (AWW) IVR) YR Pr 03 PR dyn (qv) TIS .(qwDy3) 2 TVOIP OPN (AWD) POW AVIVT NVA PN JoyI .2 02 PK BVH PR ON 3 (QW DR) Pa yawsa vyn oy NK oy TN pn) 4 QW AW OMS PR) WyIW ITI Syn PR yar 8 Source, 1908-1943: U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Services of the Department of Justice. Starting with 1944, Jews entering the U.S. have no longer been recorded as such, cf. YIVO, The Classification of Jewish Immigrants and Its Implications, New York, 1945, 154 pp. The figures for the years following 1944, therefore, are based on estimates. Cf, The American Jewish Year Book, vols. 62-67, 1961-1966, and Annual Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Washington, D.C., 1966.

Lesson (AWN BOM

YW WH

VIT

PR)

AY

JWI

5

JOYAVA

17 PR

168 ABT

(PNY ww pLIUny py 1 OyEy JOY .6 PMINNY PR OR (OW AVY VIT PR) W Pr vara aw 7

C. Supply the missing phrases: PR OYK PMI INT PV PNW Vy OW V1. WS PR 1 pw — WIT PY IW Pr °F HIww —_ WAT RAVE .2 pry OA I PK IIS Hw 14 ym ayaer pw .3 7949 07 SyIMT WT WW VOM ONT III pw 7 Pw BAA War wT SVI7T PT PIT PK BDF DONT HWY PR WaT 2 PW 4 —— IS YS PW PR YI PWT YTB —— YAM WD: D. Write out the following expressions in Yiddish:

365+ 100—465 216 : 18=12 423 x 803=339,669

877—389—488 69—46—=23 14—14—0

100 x 101000 150 13,002—9,852—=3, 1100 x 0=0

E. Translate into Yiddish, writing out numerals in full:

1. A year has 365 days. 2. If we (shall) leave (from) here by train at 5:45 p.m., we will come home before 12 midnight. 3. But it seems that there is no train at 5:45 p.m. 4. You will have to wait for two hours, because the train leaves at 7:48. 5. Every day I eat at half past seven. 6. At 5 minutes past 8 I go to school, and I remain there for six or

seven hours. 7. Sometimes (=Once)

I have to remain only

three hours. 8. In the evening I often study for two hours. 9. I finish working around 10 o'clock. 10. In the United States there are over two hundred million people. 11. He

gave me $100 to buy (him) new parts for his old car. 12.

Yiddish was (already) spoken a thousand years ago. 13. I want you to visit us on Thursday again. 14. Please come at 8:30, and come on time. 15. You can even come at 8 o'clock: 16. Perhaps I will bring my wife and my children,

even if it is Friday night. 17, On Monday I have to go to

work at 7:40, and the children have to go to school at 8:20. 18.

Guess

how

old

I am.

19.

I believe

24.

20.

No,

you

haven't guessed [it]. I am only 22. 21. How old was your father when he came to America? 22. He was between thirty and forty. 23. But my mother came to this country

164

Co.LLEece YippisH

when she was three years old. 24. The child has been crying for two hours (already). 25. What time is it now? I don’t know, my watch has stopped. 26. I think it is 3:17, but perhaps my watch is slow. 27. I am afraid that my watch is a little fast. 28. The big clock says (=shows) 3:18, while my watch says (=shows) 3:26 (already). 29. Four days

ago it fell in[to] water, and I don’t understand why it’s still

working. 30. A watch that has stopped is better than (°1) a watch that works badly; for even a watch that has stopped shows the correct time twice a day. [Yiddish proverb] 31. I wrote my sister yesterday; perhaps she will get my letter tomorrow or the day after. 32. I cannot talk to you while I read. THE

YIDDISH

PRESS

Three Yiddish dailies were published in the United States in 1968:

Sysnwrpnye7ayy

yt

(The Day-Morning Journal), -|N0

prin (The Morning Liberty), and pow ward). The first of these came about through the 1953, of two separate newspapers. The oldest daily is the Forward, founded in 1897. The first Yiddish United States was the weekly bpyB ‘5 (The Post)

The first Yiddish daily in the world seems to have been

Awaysyy yw

(The

Jewish

Telegraph),

%T

wyt (The Formerger, early in now in existence periodical in the in 1870-71.

which

appeared

“y%

in

Bucharest, Rumania, from 1877 to 1878. Since then the Yiddish press has developed tremendously. Between 1935 and 1987 there were as many as 230 Yiddish periodicals in Poland alone; included in this number were 27 dailies and 100 weeklies. In Czarist Russia, the birth of a Yiddish press was delayed for a long time by heavy government restrictions. As early as 1823, an attempt was made to publish a Yiddish paper, The Observer on the Vistula, Between the twenties and sixties, several unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain the government’s permission to publish

a newspaper in Yiddish. Not until 1862 did the 1w5n Sip [KoYL MEVASER], The Announcing Voice, appear in Odessa as a Yiddish

supplement to a Hebrew weekly. The Announcing Voice was an important milestone in Yiddish journalism. It educated the modern

reader, enriched and standardized the language, and introduced

Lesson

17

165

Mendele Moykher-Sforim and many other important writers. In-

cidentally, the very first article of the first issue dealt with the American Civil War. As far as we know, the semi-weekly called jpaxn\p (Courants) ,

which appeared in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1686, was the first peri-

odic newspaper ever to be published in Yiddish; but the Yiddish

press never developed extensively in Western Europe until the be-

ginning of the twentieth century. In 1968, Yiddish dailies were also published in Tel Aviv, Israel (1); Paris, France (3); Buenos Aires, Argentina (3). The number of periodicals, ranging from publications appearing three times a week to monthlies, is listed as 119: U.S.A. and Canada, 44; Central and South America, 29; Europe, 22; Israel, 17; South Africa, 4; Australia and New Zealand, 2.

LESSON

18

pypy? yosydy QUOT PF ws

73) 9D 8 IS wayrys TYoyeys & OST”w MIIET PN DY,, Bes BODY 17 NS ,wEIyo TOSS pS mI oY 1y MOY IT, .OSA PN “20° OST ON ISS BSI BS PN DY, .WIYHYsyys 9330) DST HY ”.ONN D3 BIS Dy, “DAYTIIZ WYO PS oY oon mp

TY

“198? PII Bes

758

NS ADB wos NW PR yr

,Wsy%ya

Boy

By Dy

TH pow

DONT ONT

wT

AT PR DY 2B

yt

pen

Wn

TEE TIT D1

eo?

17,

DE,

“198 102 Wynys Boy wen pw

WBN

NA Dayar

Ayar

aps

yt TY

OST

WSS

saws

SPAS BPP TIN Ty 2s BOM IT soy TOAST [AWT Os Soyt yprytss per Pyar

PTI

YS

"{B°yn VD

pnp "ON “VIS PLAY BES IYI PR spss. m “PS PIS OVD 8 WS TT TN .DMS

IP3 PR PIT

wos

DSN YEP, JON DIY OST, sa yw Dy, 3 BOSD OS,

SVD .B3 BWOMN TYE YDB TyBpPYT YY,

byas /DYINI. PwIBO ,DYIND ps PYINS WN NX pw 166

Lesson

167

18

Dy3ID POM NN PWWIyIsT Lop p-pIND & yspnss 8 pR nsw yIND Ayo pws PYIND

Wow

PYINI

,pI73

Wyss

APTN PS WP S 483 sOYIND PSD PS ws YIP. 8 wssw yIs3 naw DYIND Apwwr pws YIND wr ws ,DyIN2 wn» wr DYN prywoyl PX oyoyrsn

sDY373 APTN PS 3S PIMP PIND ¥ OIPSVY [837 naw Iopsia Apwown pws

QS-7O

d-ovA

JwO- PO Da-ova-OFTPD PR

wWN-FRN

SSS BT-II-POU =

dp

PR

TH- Pw

:

Na-ovda —~

Sia-ya-ip-va-vo

Wena

=e

NO

- po

NI- Oya

PA w YI-VN-VI

Ss,

w

=

cw 2N-Wwo

=

Sia-ova

VOCABULARY again “yon supper

yoywo’yi) side

°F

pyr oT

tower ayy

oY

a Sabbath dish (pre- vabxwy ryt pared on the previous day) for a change

YayW2 ¥ PR :VaywNI

once again

yn

¥ 782

bore porn Iy7 what a... what a person!

... 8740

!wuaya XIN

town hall 17x

ONT

again "yax

to matter youn | 0/1%x

it doesn’t pK Y93 BOND OY matter

QYMIYAB’‘N AN) Wrys | PW

to take off

potato [BULBE] (0) ya>in °7

potato (4) ybyxip-yaoia ONT pudding cap SOT ONT dinner pyny 7x ONT to hurt qupya

my hand payn oT ™

hurts me

o™)

Wy

pI A

MN

168

CoLtece

YippisH

EXERCISES A. Translate into Yiddish: 1. My uncle and aunt are arriving (—coming) by train at 4:32 p.m. 2. They have been in Canada and in the United States, and now they are going to Mexico. 3. I want to be on time and see them when they (will) come. 4. If it will rain they will not see much in the city. 5. They will lose too much time if I don’t show them the city myself. 6. While they are (will be) here, they are supposed to live at our house, that is, at my father’s house. 7. I was married a year ago. 8. I'm afraid that I won't be able to give them very much

morrow,

time. 9. I can be with them

for two hours

to-

(that is) Saturday, and for three or four hours the

day after tomorrow. 10. I dislike taking (infinitive) people

there. 11. I hoped that my brother would (future) have pity on me and help me, but he did not. 12. He advised me to ask our (=the) uncle and aunt to come home. 13. I said: “Thanks, but I have enough advice (plural) .” 14, It seems that they will have to remain at home on Saturday night. 15. What’s the matter? 16. I’ve suddenly forgotten her name (—how she is called). 17. From now on please wait until the end. 18. I am glad that you dream about such good things. 19. The children met yesterday, and they are fighting (already) today. 20. She hopes to get married a year from now.

B. Change the singular nouns into the plural and the plural nouns into the singular; make the appropriate changes in the article. pp

oF

n>

oo

wy

YT

IYV>TyB Te? TWANWRB

qyT oF OT

DIN

ONT

pn

oIyImIw

°F

oT

Twayrp

Wt

wan

YT

yuym™

=F

bop

yagya2

8

wy.

OF

(3928

DINT

13k

OT

OT

Sp IR my

MOA

asp py

enn

ONT ONT ot

my 53 IMT

oT

Dep

Ot

oF

oF

782

m5

mv

Ty.

ot ST YT

YT

oF

°F

Wt

OT

Lesson

18

169

C. Translate into Yiddish: 1. My mother knows English, but my grandmother doesn’t. 2. Are you reading or aren’t you? 3. Moyshe

will go with

us, but Rokhl will not. 4. I cannot answer you, but the teacher might (=perhaps yes) . 5. Joseph is and always has been a good student. 6. Will you stop crying or won't you? 7. The Jews in Palestine spoke Hebrew once, and are doing so again today. 8. If tomorrow will be a warm day, let us go swimming in the river as we always do. 9. I cannot believe this about Khaim, and I probably never shall. 10. I did not know whether Moyshe would (future) come, but I am glad that in the end he did. D. Conjugate in the past, present, and future tenses, and in the imperative: Prpsby

.4

‘pr yooenNa

.30

WNHpyNe

.2

= Jax

ADINN

«1

E. Supply in place of each dash the possessive form of the noun or the possessive adjective, as the case may be:

OBA YN CPR) .2 TP WAVAPYNN PR IM. — (yay 7) «1 (PRY?) 4 ava — qyay> Sn PR (Aan) 3 MyTYS — qynIy2 p ayt rm pays

15 wes APwWRN

REVIEW

PR IRM PP MR_IPVRN

QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in English:

1, When 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

did most Jewish

immigrants come to the United

Sates? What economic and political factors caused great numbers of Jews to emigrate? Why did Russian conscription laws weigh so heavily upon the Jews? About how many Jewish immigrants came to the United States from Eastern Europe fram 1908 to 1965? What were the “scientific” theories behind American legislation restricting immigration? Are these theories still held by social scientists?

7. When were the immigration laws based on quotas by coun8.

9. 10. 11.

12.

13. 14.

try of origin changed? Why have American restrictions on immigration hit the Jews particularly hard? Is it true that Yiddish w»6 is derived from English “fish”? Cite a correspondence between some type of English and Yiddish sound and give an example. What

are some

between

Yiddish

and

What

is the characteristic difference between

Yiddish

and

English grammar?

of

the

similarities

English as far as the use of verbal stems is concerned? When did Hebrew cease to be a spoken language? What language did the Jews speak around the beginning

of the Christian era?

15. 16.

What monumental Jewish work was written in Aramaic? What were some of the languages adopted by the Jews in the dispersion?

LEsson

18

173

17. What is Dzhudezmo? 18. Out of what languages have the Jews created their own variations? What is the value of the comparative study of various Jew19. ish languages? 20. What is the place of Yiddish among the several Jewish languages? 21. How has the historical situation of the Jews favored their role as carriers of folklore among various peoples? 22. What are some of the main sources of Yiddish folklore? 23. Show how traditional Jewish life is reflected in some proverbs. 24. Which are the Yiddish dailies in the United States today? 25. What was the first Yiddish periodical in the United States? 26. When and where was the first known periodical in Yiddish published? 27. How would you characterize the development of the Yiddish press in pre-war Poland? 28. What was the significance of the Koyl Mevaser to Yiddish journalism? 29. What was the first known Yiddish daily? 30. In what year was the combined circulation of Yiddish dailies in the United States at a peak?

LESSON

19

pspy> yosysrs

TOMPOPSIVIAYS

Yor

Uy

PS YOIWYI AYWTY AYT PN yOsrp psa yooyra oT MH AyIIN -CTY7P3I8V7B) BIW PS 1105 13 1040 NB wsyoya yyn ay ows rynya TS BYyow AyD MBbys Ay Ms WIND Apa ¥ iyuys Px ay yn TWIT NI WWI Os Hypa OST Ty .wIysya pr OxA NN yy? TYoIPYA AY MS OYT WI ps syo Ss Pwxpyysy say WIS DSH PS A Aw ¥ yh pays OsT PSR gw mp p»ns MP .OWyow 15 OTDM ON IS TyoIpya ryIyT DY spo Is Iyer W TYayys OI Wyo IP OMIA yer NB 3s ry ox woya TOIVAINN AY NH WI wryoya ayn AMawy pr NS PWT PS RIA AMA PN A AMR WB 8 TD wyr osm own NDI YT NH ABW YT Ir TyIIy? I Ay Ayr qynyr ow OST YIN! FT OST OW US 98 DOSY oT NN IY 8 ON YOyewy AMS MIyBosyyr OAS MS Oo Wy Os wos OUyIP Apt

“YT WIP

TNys BI

NN PUP PS BAYT WI

OS

Pos OND TN

PS POMS OWA PS swastys pompopa pw

BD

DyIS

rN

“T9832 ON AYO

TVIYP TST AYIDP pIy9P IBS WS wosoys pd

Hsn ww

INS NS

BIT PS A YT WIV Ww WT PNT IN Ps IDI TITY? (WT TYN TS YyIy? 8 YT MS OY .poxB py382 MSD IyDD Tsnys A337 TWO TYoIpys OS I PR WHIT NN WIND TT BP yy. osn AVISBWISH BOST 173, WAYTYA BSA NS wip 8 TBpaya O'% BYA “OIMOYA ISNA PR DS ANIIOST NH VPRO 7 TyNyI PS wMpsposymps yorna s 183 “WW WIFVIT PR TWSPwWOYT PSX Sr IyoH I. $ IyHyr PR oy OVS YHMY NID 8 Yooyrw ¥ yyrya posoyt ms TY ASS oy tn AYIDP YSYPBo AP OW Tyayrs Fy 174

TTY Hp

ds wy

JaNit wo MP

Lesson

19

175

BIPIDPI OYA WO .wyIyprspsows pT JO S$ YT pV ASH AyT NN “ABB DROW OT SPOR YO OST yO PX AMT pwr DIPIDAWS YO OYA PAYS PR PT PSs Bay wT wsy72 YD"D PTY TOSa oT PN OF TWN

PN TNIWNT

NB SIs

WoSOYT WyIVT PTY DS

“PIS YP PSH OOSpa OST Ty .AMBwH PT Bo WN 7 PW TY" .WEYDYA ON PPO OST PISO K PS ay IN Was xis OBA PSR TTR 7 OSprpwAs Ost AIST PR Os Sy TOMA Ip ws oOMAYT Pr as PTY yn JMS. DN OYBIN psyTMWABS |NK B%8nys YT Pas ADSM DYN IYO INS JPMSI ON yl Ip wy wastya OSA IOP AYT DST TYPO TP wpa paw

Ww PITA

[TY JST ABH IY

PASBBI ON

PYRO TYAS Iya OST Tyowya Ty ost JST wasyrsya oy Pr OSA NO IY TBI MassIIN WNT IY os TY wx Hy Is3 TS ,DWASTYA TY OST FPWIHSI 1 ON O7pI HIP

Fy WS OMIT

EIST POSBND IST YYO YTS ADA PS JIIWBY Ay Byrt ayoys TP YP WW IS Waytysa Ty OST AyoO“P OYT pw O32 We yo ADA PR PD VIpyr PR VRO 7 TS JES SIS AN TTY 82 poya vax PR) T>bvax * (JayAyao/717¥) Taya | OPI

to produce

to pay y>xyxxn * famous pn/7N2 *

everywhere

o/vynix

(WINYIIVHINAN) TTP | WIN

to set fire to

[OYFN—OYFANIM] way

SyTIy>

PR

*

(O°) ]51% YT * yyw

WIMK

through cities and countries Italy yobyoon

176

Coi.Lece YIDDISH

[MEKABER] 2% 7272 *

(periphrastic verb) (past

tense:

to accuse }p> wa

to bury

yyNyx 72pm

[BESOYLEM— (0) O?19"N2a YT * -s] cemetery

HNN)

[MoyshE RABEYNU] 1329 Wn Moses (our teacher) more

finally [SoFKL-soF]

better... than syTx

(inflected like nypav’y2ya YT *

Wi

mo-bD-M0 *

an adjective)

several yoybu’y * [INYEN—INYONIM] (0°) }3y YT *

matter

Paris

commentary

7°"8B

out

wip YT

important

YT

pon

*

expensive "y20 *

Troyes

ink

(city in France) sad

emperor

(2°80) WYO”P IVT * clear 7NK?p * to collect Qa°pya) jaxp *

ppp

“gy

oT *

payor

«

century (NY) DIYTIANY? YT *

young 27 *

[YEshivE— -s] (mI—) 74°w? °7 ©

sybyop

traditional higher school to catch BRD * legend (0) ytayay> o7 *

Rabbi (title) [REB] [ROV—RABONIM] (0°32) 39 YT * rabbi [REB ShLOYME pny? andy 9 yiTskhok1], famous Jewish commentator of the 11th century synagogue bw °7 proud ypbypw +

*

ers, a little less respect-

question (0) yaxnd °7 * France J paxn6 * back pony short puip * to kiss wip & yaya * wip

initials of the name [RashE] °w7

(poy)

Pr TONNYT

ful than 6) vineyard qI222M

to fly (qarrbdya mn) 125 *

< 1239

(poy)

therefore 76797 * thirteenth pixz77 wife (according to (ny) 3211 ONT * the feelings of some speak-

to demand yyaaxb 0x5 * to conduct 77°5

W339 WA

scholar right po’ynya *

greatest

to find

[pEYREsh] personality(}) 1y»poy>ayrmyp oT to burn up yyy 25N5

Christian

... 1yoya *

body (0°) M1. 197 *

mathematics

p°oxAYOND

7

man’s name [MEYER] PX? to mean jy27 Munich (city in Germany)}99°9

1 [PERZE'NLEKhKAYT]. Cf. note on p. 121.

[MITsVE— -s] (MiN¥°m) ANE

OT &

commandment, good deed possible yya>n medicine y>x-1yn °F

Lesson

19

177

QUESTIONS °W7 PRA ONN .3 twaydyr oy ORT MN .2 Maydya wr ONT TN «1 ONT NH 5 2PwW IS OPN PVA TINT ANN PS .4 tosmydya OT PR ONT INS .7 DM WA WI OYA ONN .6 Iwaydya own DNA PR PLY OWT PN WW TVD VAT ONT INS .8 2 DN UN yA PWT DYN Wo PSyL wT ONT 9 WTR 1 TVVO UN TIyA Db. JOIWT Ww “I OBA WP 11 WWIIwWFI PN WW .10 21329 AWD NX “yowT NE PoRowIN HdoNyT TT? TO R yIVT ONT WS .12 wayrya YT OPN PM DAT ONT .14 27VND 7 VERDYA Wy WNT NW 13 27IR? TVD 1D TMIBRA I JWoYA TIP TAT oN .15 WwWoya yop PN TPR NLT PT OF AW Pavryya POX WRI 7 OBT ON .16 WITS TX OMT ANB oyoRN .18 NIwWowya GRAMMAR 1. Avoiding Redundant Nouns py

7

[ay

8 20

TR

2B? 77°R wyN W372 (QvI°2) VUIR VR

nod

IWoYN

vSvN

(oSpn) v122

Do you have books? Yes, we have new [ones] and old [ones]

What

kind

of notebook do you

want? I want a blue [one]

In Yiddish an adjective is used without a noun in order to avoid redundancy, and no equivalent to the English pronoun “one” should be added. When there is no adjective which could be used

alone, the noun itself must be repeated: yn

v7

Yd SVN

TO X VY TR vdpn &

You have many notebooks; (so) give me one (i.e., any of them)

The only case in which forms of sy2°% are used in the second clause is when the numeral one is specified: Vn 22 YO DWTS “ny voOYN 17 You have two pens, so give me DINR

one

Adjectives can be used as sentence units as if they were nouns, but they are inflected as adjectives: 028

7

TD DYT 12"WIIY WYN WWHIIW2vI x

p2v2"78 pk vnvIY

The old man A scholar has written this book

Poor and jolly (people) (Title of a book by Sholom Aleichem)

178

CoLLEcE

YippIsH

2. Use of 383 1W72_ 8 182 Vn

aw = Write me another letter

WWOIVN TY] WMPvA WIvT wINY LR

W717 14) WIV"? 2°11 TR AWYI 10IWT PR TBI Win The

adverb

4x3

In the evening more people came I want to read three more books Who else was there?

is translatable

as more,

else, another

in

the

sense of additional. It precedes the article or numeral to which it refers. Note the distinction:

Tl 8 18) 1n Ta W728

18 TN

1:1

Give me another book

(—one more)

2]

Give me another

(—a different)

book

In negative statements, the equivalent of 4x3 is Syn: 03742 WN 714] DYN 07) WIP Wn 77142 Wi

What else? Nothing else Who else? Nobody else

3. Idiomatic Distinctions

RANAW 17 aN WT PX DYT

TH DVT TR 0) DV 1

ay)

IY

This is the way to Chicago

Don’t do it this way

means way—road.

16% YT [OYFN], plural mabe [OYFANIM], means way=method, manner. It is usually preceded by the preposition >: DIR

“NY

WN

18°) DY

wr

wn

7028 Yooyy *7 1avAvA 1'n vYN I vpn?

ps7

VOY

IT

pV

°T

07)

TX

He gave me his right hand, not his left

UXT

vwsuivya

DIVT PR VIVA VYT .Way nya vO

It can be used in two ways

17

That is right. You answered

correctly

~You are right, this money is yours

poy means right as opposed to par left. pps)

means

woynya

means

right—true,

right,

correct, as in “the right answer.”

referring

to

the

person

who

knows

the

right answer or the right thing to do, as “You are right,” ‘““Moyshe is in the right.”

Lesson PRIWYA

VIM

V7 Wwo72

vITN

HWSya

AVN AVN

179

19 VN 1VAIWaVA VR

1189pI

TR

LI 2

TR

py

means carry and is used in conjunction with yp

yw

means

travel.

carry and is used in conjunction with

182 1TH 1144 7°W WT vn 11¥4

IN29NTWY

1225

1H.

is the preposition py» transportation.

walk. } xb

ride,

to go by train to go by boat

to go by plane

used when

indicating

the means

of

EXERCISES

A. Translate into Yiddish: 1. I demand three more days to answer your question. 2. - Perhaps you will both come once more? 8. We must collect another $100 this week. 4. There are too many people here; where else can I run (away) to? 5. What more do you want? 6. Please ask me another (==an additional) question 7. Now ask me another (=a different) question. 8. I want to walk [some] more. 9. How can I invite (=call) more people? Our house is so small! 10. We cannot stay here [any] longer (—more) . 11. I want to think about this

[some] more. 12. This is my brother. I have another brother

in San Francisco. 18. I want you to do nothing else now. 14. I will see him now, but I will never see him again (=more). 15. I need much more time. 16. How else can I say the same thing in Yiddish? 17. How many more days will we have to wait? 18. I have been everywhere and I cannot walk any more (already). 19. He estimated that there were 350 people there. B. Supply the proper forms of either }iwx or ayy) be:

as the case may

TINS TYP TVD 2. — YIVTMwWIWE Pw TyIAMT 7 ONT TYP 19D «1 NW APM PRO Dy Ped .3.— pay PwIeh WNT wWyoyx2 7p SODA YT ON POWANE 02 — PP PIR WP PR 4 — YOR DW PR .6 2— JAI? NV PW Pa Pn JWT og WS 5 TW PW VOW ITN YAS YT PN .7 .— Tprabyr 161M ON °F 9 YON PI PR —— TT IN Vt WP OY .8 .—— TTIW

180 ——

D8

FDI

Voy

FPR

PW

CoLLEcE

YIDDISH

10

YOYTIN

PIN

I—

TORN

ONT

——_-

IT WWI IA

BINA

11 .pdya o°n

Ty

AVI

8 Ty TINS

NIK PNR INO Woy

C. Translate into Yiddish: 1. This week I read two books: a short and interesting one and a long (=big) one that was very sad. 2. The Rabbi has two sons. He is sending one to Europe. 3. The other one studies in a yeshive. 4. Is this river deep? 5. This century is an important one. 6. She showed me his letters, and I read one. 7. Then she gave me one. 8. The new cars are the expensive ones. 9. You see the new ones everywhere. 10. I saw several old ones.

D. Supply the proper forms of }agny or 79°: yar YOR —— 387 TR AVDA PF WT) —— ON AYT

IS PNSyA

02

WP

DPN

PN 5

ANdW

NAD

OW WH

IW 7a

.4 OAR yIPW

——

ON

Oy

TMBbyA

PA

PN

.1

IS IWWW PI

HK WT BWW .2 PONT pn wd 3 PORT yw —

TT

O°

ONT

NR

Iyyo9yny

TNT 36 1X —— PR DM Pryrryr Pp qr

E. Translate into Yiddish: 1. Rabbi Yehude Khosid (on A717) was a great Jewish scholar. 2. He lived in Germany from 1150 to 1217. 3. He was a good and pious man. 4. When he was young, he studied so much that he soon knew more than (1) his teachers. 5. People traveled (from) far to hear his wise words. 6. Rabbi Yehude was a proud and strong person. 7. Once a man came to Rabbi Yehude and said: “Rabbi, it is too hard for me to be pious. The commandments are too hard.” 8. “Well (=So) what do you want of me?” Rabbi Yehudée asked. 9. “Tell me a commandment that is really an important one,” the man answered. 10. “If there were (=would be) only one commandment, I could do it.” 11. “All right (=Good) ,” said Rabbi Yehude. “I will tell you one: 12. ‘Never tell a lie’.” 13. “This I will never do,” the man said. “Thank you, Rabbi.” 14. One night he wanted to steal (qy3y533

[GA’NVENEN]) [some] money, but he under-

stood that he would have to tell a lie afterwards. 15. As a result (—So) he didn’t steal (vySaayy) it. 16. Once a friend gave him money to keep (=hide), and when he came to

LEsson

19

181

take the money back, the man did not want to give it to him. 17. He wanted to say that it had been stolen (past tense). 18. But that would have been a lie. 19. Finally he understood that if one does not tell a lie one cannot do wrong (opoy>w). 20. He understood how wise and beautiful had been (past tense) Rabbi Yehude’s words. 21. In his book, The Book of the Pious,2 Rabbi Yehude tells the following (==such a) story. 22. Once a king called a wise man and asked him for (an) advice. 23. He wanted to pay him money for the advice, but the wise [one] did not want to take it. 24. “Why don’t you want my money?” asked the king. 25. “You need not give me money, because you will not do what

I tell you, anyway.”

26. “And

I cannot

take

money which a king takes from the poor.” 27. There are many legends about Yehude Khosid in the Yiddish -nvyn 713. 28. It was printed the first time in Basle (orx3) in 1602. 29. The book is translated (yxy Y3/X) into (41) Eng-

lish.3

F. Supply the proper forms of bys, PR

OBA IW .2 WIP

O72

IT 4

—

7D

—

072 TBE

dp

°r2 PH OL —— yO NIA

YS

8

b

JAWNW

POTN

OY WoIYP

IT 3

ay tT Ayn

IVT PI ——

pps", .bINT

—— ——

PK WT

ONT

IK

INS

pod

—

WT

Ty ON

mW

Pr

TPT Ww

NT

.1

DaXSy.

oT Db»NTYT OY 5 .—

INVA TaD

w2

Or voy Ty2:

.7

yprD

.6

.odiy

BD OND BPR IWIN? yA

G. Translate into Yiddish EVERYBODY IS (=ALL ARE) RIGHT 1. Two Jews quarreled (7°1 12>4py3). 2. They decided to go to the rabbi to find out who (of them) was (present tense) right. 8. The rabbi heard what [the] one said, and answered: 4. “You are right.” 5. Then he heard what the second said, and answered: 6. “You are also right.” 7. The rabbi's wife heard everything, and (consecutive) she asked: 8. “How can they both (y72) be right?” 9. The rabbi thought and thought and said: 10. “My wife, you are indeed also right!” 2 The

title of the original is o-t'0n

3 The English

title is Ma’aseh

Book.

750 [sEYFER KhsiDIM].

182

CoLLEcE

JEWISH

YIppIsH

EDUCATION

Beginning with the present millennium, a unique system of education came into being among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe. It has been observed that the traditional Jewish way of life was in itself an education. Children were charged with duties at an early age, and every festive occasion provided for their participation. But even adults were expected by the community to improve their knowledge and conduct by life-long study. To understand traditional Jewish education, it is important to grasp the role which the ideal of learning played in Jewish thinking. Learning was the supreme value of life. Lullabies contained such sentiments as > 71ND yooy2 °7 PRX 4A (learning is the best ware) or “Grow up, my child, to be a learned rabbi.” Almost every Jewish man, and many women, were literate at a time when the

surrounding non-Jewish populations could neither read nor write; and

this

through

result

the

was

voluntary

achieved efforts

without

of the

any

state

community.

support,

If

there

only

was

an

aristocracy in Jewish life, it was an aristocracy of scholarship. The elementary school, 37m sys, was a popular and democratic institution. There was hardly a boy who failed to attend it at least for several years between the ages of four and thirteen. The teacher, called 135 y7 or 395m yt [MELAMED] would teach the boys (qy?32""09n) the alphabet, and then go on to the study of the Pentateuch. The method of word for word translation into Yiddish which they used may be thought faulty from the standpoint of present-day language teaching, but it endowed every word in the Bible with rich associations in the minds of the pupils. Quite early, the Rashi commentary

was also included in the instruction. The

teach-

ers taught their pupils their duties as Jews and the rules of prayer

and conduct. The stories and parables which the teachers told to illustrate their points left indelible impressions on the minds of the

students. The higher school was n3°v °4 [vEshivE]. Almost every town had khadorim, but only certain towns had yeshives. Not all parents could afford to send their sons to a yeshive out of town; but provi-

sions were made by the community to help the poorer students. A family in a yeshive town would invite a student to eat with them on 4 [ToyRE]

5 [skhoyrE]

LEsson a given

day of the week;

and

19

the lucky

183 student who

received

seven

such invitations was provided with at least one meal a day. Inviting a student was considered a good deed; and the whole town was thus supporting public education through the institution of 3yb }by. The basic text in the yeshive was the Talmud (x19) ‘1), the collection of laws, opinions, and parables which has served as the law of the Jews almost since the destruction of the Temple. Studying consisted in analyzing the law and comparing its parts, as well as in explaining its application to everyday life. Of a person who knows the Talmud well, it is said:

is called

}905

[Lampn]

jysny$ typ ay.

plural:

03705

A man

well versed in it

[LAMDONIM]

or

019

[Lomoim]. Yeshive students were usually given assignments to complete on their own, and their own study, supplemented by group discussion, helped them perfect their knowledge of the Talmud. After completing his studies, a student could receive authorization (n>9D [sMIKhE]) to be a rabbi. Because the study of the Talmud was carried on to so large a degree by individuals or small groups, there were informal study groups in almost every synagogue, for almost every place of worship had a set of religious books (15D [sFoRIM]) available. The rise of secular interests among Jewish youth, especially in the second half of the nineteenth century, somewhat weakened the traditional system of education, and a number of readjustments were effected. Meanwhile, a system of secular Yiddish schools was created. There, all general subjects were taught in Yiddish; particular attention was paid to Jewish subjects, such as Jewish history, Yiddish and Hebrew language and literature. Hebrew secular schools, too, came into existence.

P'WOYE BS ID NN

PAyHS 8 wspnd pwyyens

yw

MT PS SY PX PN WYP yIM9P WI? D7 AT NW SVI-AAY OYT SVIVVO wr ypaytya ppt p ypwr wast AST WIT? VS DST 28D 8 8] YPPSY YN ISD S ISI pwr wast I — Hos-pop

184

COLLEGE

PIV

SSS

YIDDISH

WoOIY pMmpIp yr Vs APOWIANS PI WS By TAA 4399 AMIN TF PS 7511 PUpT FB 11 Ts 66. PWT DIST

ABYOW MII OYT ,TWPOMYIP yr Ws ts OT OpwowyIons — JepY MD NVMIs "TNS VS OMT NYAS YT PN WPIp 2. PUT WIBT se

A -FN

PRI-PE-ThIK

+5—

P=

BRENT

A

pe

5 UN DER RE-BE

WEYS

REYS

FA-YE- aL

= LO-RNT

UN

UN DER RE-BE

LE-RNT

Et KIN-DER-LEKh

KLEY-NE

KUCY-NE

ShTUR

os A-LEF

DEM

DEM

= A-LEF

KIN-DER-LEKh

GE-DENKT

Zhe

SS) we

TAYE - RE

==

ZOGT ZW =

NOKh A MOL UN 5 i

TA-KE h

¥

ZOGT

ZhE

NOK

A MOL

UN

TAKE

-

- BEYS

=

ZOGT AE

IZ

+f ————— =

KIN-DER-LEKh

SSS

=

IN

>

+>

SSS

°

SS

v

=

NOS

WR.

LEO-RNT

——

4

NOKK A. MOL —— x

+

KO-METS< =

A-LEP

KO-METeALEE

OO

4

7

NOKK

A

MOl

VOCABULARY to teach fireplace

older

syndy

p°wpya np

yt

fire Siyx5 ox

dear children

[KO'METs-A’LEF] the letter x room

yyay>

yy>syt3p

(YI vw)

4>x-pnp aIDw

exhausted

alphabet [a’LEFBEYs] n°a-4>x TyT to look into yprp | 7278

the exile [GoLEs] myba yt

to carry the yaybw niba nyt burdens of a Jew in exile

weeping JY.

°F

to carry yy>w

to draw j}Byw

when 1x vywywyi0IN

ONT

then ywr

strength

tear (j) AyTw °F

[KOYEKh]

m>

yt

LESSON 20 yypy?

poop sssiy

ATVI ANI

PS

IMD APTS IS PR AVT AIS PS IIIS TSS OITA °T VAT PR PYOS WH OST or yryopa S$ Px AIT pws ot sw “RYE S OO DAW ppoipys pyr oy .oiyoss yonsypawas L232yO YS TVAISIYIAS Swor1w AYYI IPT IS [YO Pyags Mx Fay oT wD sonsxwo apt yn “YI OT PNA OST TY TyNya JOIST ITAA “TA Pw PS AT Pryow ws pos at Daya PYNS MT Bopmy yO SBSIw PR Pw Pp pops wy 4, FMS PPS WIyww YOM MT ApOSIYH OYT Ps WO IT pwns "ONT Apsy? “Yr DIyApI TF PB AIMS OST "Apap ApT 72°F FAST 101, ay JP AY MST AOI PR PyIs BN Oa? MS wr ws OT, YOOS POD PS “SN PR POW AIST PIS FT, PIS! T AIS Basw yp AWD JONI Ops? TOIT Pps oy oopow,, TTI 7 wast “Apos T23 DST YR YI PN Yep JES AMS ws of Yoynw apays "QYAIPMBNIS POS PR Wy me pw 8p PEST TT Tw yn oT HN, DN ww Iw opt Os yayIa pyn priww wh oT Oy, PBS pp? ovr ays PH vy jowr ayT ps wns yor PYNS Wr OIpow pO SBS2w OYyIMIPD PS PASTIVAS WS wayp " YBSD APT Jay? IB

ATS

FAST

PS

IO

WwSP?

OW

BRIS

yyy

Apapwy 7

“S2 ISTISA 7 IS HS pos pw BMY OSS TSOP OISTIA ASOMNNYD JOD PYNS JISH 4 PN ,Dryayywy °T Igy 185

186

CoLecE

YippisH

“ISB S 83 YTS AY BYT Aypoy2y> & OSA AYT AMS FAS IBYpI Vyn TY 8 Way .DyIND F PW PMN YS PAS! ¥ Pw Ys wasiw ripoysyo SPW

MNS PS

PS IIS,

— 7

OMS

AYOY9y>

PR DY,

OI

soyrps

DS

My A MR WD TS DST, "IpysID S$ OYINN TX TASNw IYI ON Bayt “JI? NOM yy Ts, “Iw ASB SIS 83 PS ISA OM Apt

PONSA :D8IP PS IY 8 wayya vgn ry? 8 "2 ONS IY WW MWVION YN IDM,

“BIYYA IAI) OST OST “SP IYO PR PIS OYVINN WI

PNR WraySpd

WMS IWILP TT

OOP

ys

s

BST SOY AYTIS TS PX PISEpyns ws istpa PW TIM Was PS SI PR PIS PS PR TS PIBHya VHS PS Tyo 11 yyIVT PSSya ASOPIIP YT DPBy pyaps a¥3 OSTA oO TS 784811 NB

ova ap

wy qyoysy> 8 By. ¥ ws appa ay NN PTY TO 8 poprypa ppd ws sT3N9DI9

OY TI JO

PS? WT AY

“TF ASPITINP AyT psBy as 9s19e yo wigs “ISOS ISP IVT Mr Pynyyss, -as wey PYNS WAST PT 7A? VS P3yd VT THIN THIS PY 9T PDP “PIS PR TY a7 Pt 19 ps ms wyr apoyoyd ays DS TSISN IVT IS Ay yt Ses IP AYT IS NIP oY BIT .21Y ASB 8 DNS HPP P3832 $ TyONN Yb aysy wow YOYIYD OYT DIAS WS NS P'S 1 ws ay DN

TY WAY

”%yy>

Ayo,

YD TT OW OM NN ToOpIy> apt wast “Ay PN Bs, TPOIS JOPSTYD PT VR O$T OY Is ,WYHS ¥ OST YR 34K, "25383 APT

TR

PS,

AYHy2y>

AT

wast

“POMP

ys

wy yrpa

os

ps,

"NSP

Ps

Lesson

20

187

VOCABULARY mover, carrier (0) 1yaynv YT to meet (75x 7bYyA) THYIV that;

that one

y2y°?

to inform 70:1 7X9 to put 729 to lie down >t 72° *

middle yy» yt in the middle (of) yu°m PR *

probably [MisToME] NmNnon furniture (plural) ayn >

plural >yxnyn °7

[MA’SE-OYTO] (0) SUNN YT truck sofa y5xd °7

maby wordy

to open

.J5y) yyays’y

(pI5yy3 sTyIV5’y

shelf (0) yxoo’Re pair (—) 4B

empty

7 °7

above (adverb) }2% below (adverb) ywnx under sypnx here (in pointing) px singular DXx¥I™R °7 closet (0) syndy ayt without yX to (ymipyay’y PN) 1yMip2’s arrive place (aypny) vx TyT “YIAVIAK

*

| VAP AN

built in yaya

Seat (piya) PIX2 °F picture (ny) 75°29 oT * ticket [BILE’T] (7) wydoa nyt «

bed () vya o7 *

grammar p px °F larger yoy

[DIRE—-s]

(MI—) YT

OT *

apartment

trousers

(plural)

yon

07

behind 4yy27 railroad car RIN YT living room

let him, let them

to put ;oyow to stand up 1 yoypw

bedroom

PINS

* * *

to move (intransitive) (75 to move (goods) 79° | aya"

vo

piano y2x°p °7 to pull (aya) Iy°x dresser 7’XN?P TY conductor (7) INYPITINP WT inspector (7) Wx>XwaNP IVT to crawl (JD81pyA PR) TDP red p17 shoe (7>w) Tw IyT chair (7) ‘ww 7 boot (—) Sow yt

PN)

*

syn°¥3/1n

side (}) byt °T * to seat Jxyr

to sitdown

sym xé’x>w ay

>t yxyr *

door +p °7 * rug (1Y) TYBy TyT *

to carry; to wear(JAN Iya)

QUESTIONS

YT

1 75x1 vy dur *

XID

HVS IY .2 MYON WT NS WIV APT MIT PR ONT HN «1 POIVAYIY YT INTRA ‘A wIydpryT oNN 3 ayn oT WWIMW PR POW LYN ON 5 WT IVT PN ST Taw Pynxoyow S61 4

*

188

Cotiece

TF POW

INT

9 IPT WWE

WM .7 MOP

pyo°a

“ANP YT DEA ONN .10 MBOYA FP TF PAYA “OB IWINP IVT OB BYNH POMAYT WO

X DNAYA

YIppIsH

IT

POW

HyIT M1 .6 MynEN

Iyny>yD

YT

DMA

os .8 IyIND

2VY°D WW MBSA TwWHIYN YOK oT WyINT ONT 11 WAN PR PWIWYAWW IWwWoprt M1 13 MBvyr Iymy>yd oyT YA ONT 12 IWINP YT Pr OT ONT .14 7y2yA ON mynyoys GRAMMAR

1. Meaning of Adverbial Complements 71W 115 \DNIPR’*nNx¥ WY LWT VX 1777/'771R DNA 119 24vN °T 14y7v9"1NN

to come back from school ~to go into the other room to carry the furniture up from the

street In the above examples, the adverbial complements —p-1x, —2277%, and —61x% are combined with familiar verbs to modify their meanings. Following are ten of the more important complements which have meanings connected with motion.

—P'yNE

away: La 2pVNX

—p’yix

IapvNY

down, downstairs: 12R859N7x 1aYIW9YI

—O'NNN

out:

HNN

Y9D1N Up, upstairs: Wips1KN

W"woNY

—n/y

rus

to put away, put down

to go away

to fall down to carry down (stairs)

to send out

to ride out to look up

to go up(stairs)

about, around: nysninw to travel about Wy IwNIN to carry about — yori under, underneath: y"21vVIIN

—IWIIN

1974119D0)118_across, over: 1v41v121v2"14_

war7gwivaNY

to put underneath

to throw

underneath

to bring over, to bring across

to jump across

LEsson

7

in:

wn

wrwi7y —3yn’xns

together:

wawiawnyns

iawvnXNy

—pons

back:

\Rny wnviIp ny

20

189

to come in

to shout in to bring together

to call together

to call back to take back

The meanings of other adverbial complements are reserved for a later stage. Verbs having complements other than the above ten will therefore continue to be listed in the vocabulary and in the glossary as separate items. 2. Adverbial Complements Used Alone DW IWIN PR WX PW PX Ww He came in and went out again DW AW 8 PR pyne vyn Ww He will leave in an hour from now WINT 116 OW 9 TR I must get out of here

In the past participles or infinitives of verbs composed of

—pyT®, —B¥1X, —O°NN, and the adverbial complement or yop the adverbial complement B18, —AyHIN, —AIW, or —Iw,

is frequently used alone; in this case are implied.

yp, TyAIRAV2, TMP. TyAIPyA

Wey PR WW PI TR DNA °T WAY PR WwW WN VSYW PR VI PRT WD [WON WONT PX TWP DYT 3. Idiomatic w°n

Verbs

of Position

19718 2°

T11 DYT

qwney PR vrow 2I0W °*7

The book is (lying) on the table The chair is (standing upright) in

the room

In describing the location of things, the verbs

}9° or prow

are

commonly used, depending on the position of the object. 19°9 means fo lie flat, as a book on a table, a rug on the floor, a person in

bed. pow means to stand upright, as furniture in a room, books on a shelf, people in the street.

190

Cot.ece

YippIsH

A similar distinction is maintained in “verbs of putting”:

(flat) on the

wry 19718 TI] DYT var» Ww He puts the book PR 2710W *T peyyw iv

WMS

table He puts the chair the room

There is a corresponding relationship between yx" verb of position and yxyt to seat as a verb of putting: DOYD WT WR vA TI? [eT DOXU WT 118 11°? UXT b¥yt WW

WD

to sit as a

His child sits on the sofa He seats the child on the sofa

All three “verbs of putting,” coupled with people moving by themselves:

ODI LR Pt yx

in

(upright)

+>,

are applied to

He lies down (=puts himself) in bed

wo 191X Tr voyyw Iv He stands up (=puts himself) on DSYD

WT

IN

Tr

yxyr

IW

the table He sits down the sofa

(—seats himself)

on

Thus the following possibilities exist: IN

FLAT UPRIGHT SEATED

POSITION

PUTTING

pow

4. That

Those

and

means

DAWITNR

to stand; to stay

VX 210W yay?

That

WIN

I want

77wN¥ ayy? PR VX vy 179 Jyay? Un

17)7

pronoun

4yiy°?

val]

211 TR

ONESELF

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE

—————|_

(=to remain)

is al-

chair is ours

What do you have in that room? again

to speak

to that woman

that is inflected as follows: MASCULINE

DATIVE

BY

(ydya) 1 (oxr>y2) 79 (PY wx ya) Pr JA (yRvwya) wow | (VYyowyr) Toyow | Cpr o>yowyr) Pr Tdyow (WOyrya) 13% (x’yTY2) yeyT (PY ve yryA) Pr ryt

Note that ways jana,

The

MOVING

ayay?

py

FEMININE

NEUTER

Ny? ay

yy? ny

ayay?

byay?

PLURAL

yay?

Lesson

20

191

The forms of the pronoun are the same whether it is used as an adjective or a noun. The only distinction is made in the possessive: that man’s father; that one’s father

VONY OVID? ;VUXD 0IWIVN OVID? Wn

OVID?

When

‘y3y?

tical with

that

07179

-1NN

that one’s

husband;

that woman’s

IWIp?

husband

is used as an adjective, its possessive form is idenof the

sive endings are. b2—

dative.

used

When

in the masculine and

as a noun,

01—

posses-

the

in the feminine.

To emphasize the demonstrative meaning of the definite article, vx is frequently placed before it. The stress falls on the article. WITn

°F

VY

WU

Oy

VY

OVI

°F

VY

swry

IVT

EXERCISES A. Translate into Yiddish:

1. My teacher wrote (into) in my notebook that I write very well. 2. Let us collaborate (—work together) on this. 3. I didn’t hear you come in (=when you came in) . 4. My friends left here (—=went away from here) by train three days ago. 5. We want to build in a closet in this room, if possible. 6. Khaim doesn’t like to crawl out of bed in the morning. 7. I wanted to embrace (=take around) her. 8. When I was Bar-Mitsve I outgrew (—grew over) all my friends. 9. I have nothing to read now, because I have given away all my old books. 10. Such a fool should not be let out among people. 11. How can I let you into the house with such shoes? 12. Tell the boy not to crawl around (=that he should not crawl around). 13. I don’t know how to get back the money that he took away. 14. Please take those shoes out of the closet. 15. When my grandfather came (over) to the United States he also brought over his whole family. 16. On Sunday I will call together the whole

club.

17. The

club includes

(=takes

in)

Khaim

and

Moyshe, too. 18. This child probably cannot yet add up (=figure together) thirteen and eighteen. 19. It seems that something fell out. 20. Put the paper away until you finish eating.

VY

192

CoLLece

YIDDISH

B. Supply the appropriate forms of (PN:

19°, (7>1) 73°, Pw, or pynw

WO 2 PI PYNK ON — P92 FW WH FT PN OY IW od VO WITT BYI PR —— WI WNT PR YX PIC IP WNYA 2 PK 2 PY J? PIVYI JAY OY Yo PR wx. we NWI ONT 2 — 3 “DWN INT NK IVP

PN Pw YOO

yr

——yaw218 INT PR 4

WT 6 PW TITNN Jay? —— yo w-Rw YT 5 .yM °F TMI aw NK PORN WI — yave °T NR WVYH W'T AW .7 JORMA OT “BYP JONNA PR YYIW —— “rm ToyN ON. IS TyMIP py WEN

9 Pay

WT WT ——

yr

°T ——

ONT PR

NH.

OM)

TOIT 72 .10 2yIN-B IVT 7ay> ——

PN

8 yy

ww IVT Typ “T9BYD

C. Supply the appropriate forms of sy3y*;

TWIT — B92 YP PK 02 OM PR 2 257 — PR oN 1 FP PIN TIM 4 PWWP-VI PR Wiyra O32 PR pa awvy — 3 OYBY Pn WME IWT .6 .wayy>yr H92 TPR aNA Ta — .5 .oxr —— O— 8 JONT —— yor bxayr ANT PR .7 .baw — pyn TR 10 BOW ONVPYT —— PR ONT 9 DI PPR OI TVA TTP PIY —— PY PVD JN H- PWT D. Write a theme of 150 to 200 words, entitled n9°t y2. The following additional words may be of use:

garage WIRINA IVT

floor (story) jy. 77

bathroom sym-xw’en syt armchair

‘’ypxd

ryt

kitchen pp >t

E. Translate into Yiddish:

1. If one cannot [go] over, one must [go] under. [Yiddish proverb] 2. If one cannot [go] over, one must [go] over. [Proverb] 3. Sit down on that chair. 4. My father had hoped (past tense) to stay, but he had to leave. 5. In the meantime, where will you put (upright) the candles? 6. Tonight (Today in the evening) we will seat (the) grandfather there and (the) grandmother near him. 7. Why is your left eye so red? 8. Could you give me another pair of shoes? 9. He came in to discuss (—talk about) the matter. 10. I was informed that the tickets have to be bought soon.

Lesson

20

193

11. Do you think we will arrive before 3:30 p.m.? 12. Let him stand in the middle of the room. 13. Stop pulling the rug from that side. 14. Without the children it seems that the whole house is empty. 15. Whose picture is this? 16. The ticket which I drew (=pulled out) will probably win. 17, He put the paper under the door. 18. Meet me in the same place as always. 19. We are very proud of (=with) our new apartment. 20, It was very hard to find

one.

F. Translate into Yiddish:

THE

KHELEM JEWS BUILD A SYNAGOGUE (wI7a"m2 yt [BESME’DREsh])

1. The Khelem Jews decided to build a synagogue. 2. (So) they had to bring wooden beams (nyxyp). from the forest. 8. The forest was on a mountain near the town. 4. (So) the Khelemians climbed (—went up on) the mountain and brought down many beams. 5. There was one wise [person] in Khelem. 6. (So) he asked them: ‘“‘Why do you have to carry down the beams from the mountain?” 7. “You could roll them down (ybp2ppyny), you know.” 8. The Khelemians realized (—saw) that he was (=is) right. 9. (So) they carried the beams back up (=on) the mountain. 10. Then they rolled them down.

JEWISH HUMOR Jewish humor is known the world over. Various attempts have been made to delineate the characteristics of the Jewish joke. Sigmund Freud, among others, was greatly interested in the problem. One

student

of Jewish

humor,

Immanuel

Olsvanger, has stated that

the essence of a Jewish joke lies in its “superclimax” which follows a “pseudo-climax.” To illustrate this thesis, he cites a similar story as it appears in a non-Jewish and a Jewish version. A Syrian, trying to explain the secret of telegraphy to his friend, says: “Imagine a huge dog with its head in Beirut and its tail in Damascus. Pull the dog's tail in Damascus, and the bark will be heard in Beirut.” This punchline, however, is only the “pseudo-climax” in the Jewish version, in which a man says to his friend: ‘Imagine, instead of the

194

CoLLEcE

YIDDISH

wire, a dog: its head in Kovno, its tail in Vilna. Pull the tail in Vilna, and the bark will be heard in Kovno.” “Yes, I see,” says the friend, “but how does wireless work?” ‘The very same way, but without the dog.” Even if the technique of the Jewish joke may be hard to generalize, its subject matter and philosophy can be characterized. It satirizes indiscriminate hatred of Jews no less than the attempts of Jews to escape it. It reflects social relations among Jews and non-

Jews, and those between different social strata within the Jewish

group. Note the biting irony of the following joke: ‘Says the rich man to his sei vant: “That beggar is breaking my heart; I can’t stand his misery. Throw him out!’” Yiddish jokes can be classified in certain large categories. Many of them pertain to individual towns and communities, such as the jokes about the Jews of Khelem, or to regions and provinces: the litvak, for example, usually figures as a dispassionate and coldblooded person. Many stories are told about certain jesters and pranksters: Motke Khaba’d is a famous prankster in folk stories of Vilna, while He’rshele Ostropolyer is characteristic of the southeastern regions. Some occupations are also favorite butts for jokes. Tailors, coachmen, and matchmakers belong to this group. In America, rabbis, particularly the reform rabbis, have been added. Jewish life in America, with its wide diversity and its considerable social mobility, lends itself well to humorous comment, and the great number of American Jewish jokes which are told should be collected and studied from a comparative point of view.

LESSON

21

PSpy? POOP BISNY PS TS

SST

AST

7 DSW NT PI PS TOWAY AYT Wupa PR Syayn ASTSye oen “yl DST UY OMIWTPAN TS moe yuom 8 Jase prgnps WIsIw pays TP MBy Wr pI 77 8 1387 PN PTR IMs WS WY wn? JWT TSOB Spy AT oy AyysIwI TNS WY B87 °7 ,YoOyIW TND WAST NS Woawepras MP PIBEAYI AS BHISTYI yoRD 3 PR ST SIS WY WIMDYI [IVT OY 17 1S S89 WINS ost m yonwyn Pp WT DY PR ABI WA VK INK, 2 BASTYA Ssnyn w Aywsr JAS? NH yD WyYapyNS YT BST yo TN BYys IT PB yor 8a ms 2sTeerpay pr Pop PTY WS oer S yunya wm WH

MSwerpas

PS

MD

pp

PBByI

tyIyr TT

yond

Jo 8 18

Mypoix

Iss

.ovwin

Sony TISNPI OAS PIV YT APTp’ JIWOY PWT BIsnys 1387 THys NOB PR PT MY MT Pw IAS S IIR WS TTT YT PS 71 PIpIMR

Wy

AVS yap

wy TROB APT

SAYYIT S$ BIBI PR MPI WYT DPFAYT PR VW"T PS TY pDy? WISOPIYOIN TS TF waypypa wen MayA PWwsya Wwys PS y Ox TY (Uyak) BwyE STI PS 1860 a BS PBNYI Wy PSX CYT WI MS PU PS BywOIyINIK PR pspryp yew DS OT WIPINIS PR yr OS Ty Tyr .anwvs 8 385 TDIST ro BMY TyoIpy2 BOMDYT PR W OPM myowIs TT DIS YBDNN Is WM PS TP YR TP PR Wt ws pI PESTNN “DAN PH 1896 PR.PIPISAA [pw OYT PS Bs YES JpIVsIaps DISA 713 SynpT WT ON PR DSI Mowe pers AT OIYP TT AVI YI WI TR PT ISS PSeMDos YB MP Dyn Isat ASBTyT wd WIN? OPM OYO (IS TT Sona jamwys pT yp yew 8 ses prs TVD IVA MT PRT VR PR OSI VAIO 8 Dy POT AIST AD YT TY WIS TWwyI wes Pay BN SY38 195

196

CoLvecE

YIDDISH

NPNT TAB]

[I MyYIY IY VST Ipoyey oxrivepas PS NpPvt SW rpIN TOD UYS Ww AY oYT Myr Sx apn yxy 1897 bowuNN PH NB Nyy AOMry APT FBI IW PX (yyw) S82 PHS DY AUIBpP 387 BIN, PAW PN PR PM Wy WIS MIN By ,Dyasyp TT FIPS Pr OST ous NN ADD pwr oT wywyr pH DVS BST TN PEIN JO S$ MX IsyA cones apyew sys TW DSN Tysy2B eT MDD pspTyways Nb mywo yr wo wTyIps TTY SNE OSyTN yom wayoya mos wsT ay .osmpr yn PSYTR OYT OD [WoIyO IOI JOY PSyIY OSA PS ADD 3389 — 1904 29) PR PN PR wpsI ApT YD TASOwWyA PR AY JOS PS .W3y? yoy. Mr AYSy ABT yNyI PN OOM TyTN DR DY NS TESA T82 Tosa ype town OS psx pyow JTS

BOM

YT

OVW

YT

yes

& BT SBS

VOCABULARY Budapest (capital of pwyax712 Hungary) altogether

x24.

PN

:p2R0 *

(periphrastic verb) ayn yay.

*

to be born

necessarily [DAFKE]

[DoR—DoYRES]

XpNT *

(n}) N17 IYT *

either... or yIy... 5978 ® to Ga-pyap’yny) raw | py drive away

August po/121N

conclusion 450%

to return

yt

+r yWyp | aN

Hungary y5y2318

generation book read on [HAGODE] 7737 °7 Passover, sometimes called Haggadah Herzliya [HERTSL1a] m>¥57 (town in Israel) reality 4x11 07

university (3) wymoryne ayt ideal (1) “xypR sy » OWN (TYIVIPNK YT) PK # before yx © beginning a°Aax 4y7 at the beginning, 2»miy ory © at first

certain, secure; sure 4y>>7 + session 331X°T °T [KhoyDEsH— (o°wIn) whnn 4yT &

begin (intransitive) anti-Semitism ppynyouay YT to touch 7999 | vg ©

Vienna

pn

khaposhim] month [KhoLEM— (m}) pion yt

KhALoYMEs] dream

©

to qa nyavy) Pr yan | vy e

assimilation yoxxbom-oy work py34X

oF °7 *

Basle (city in Switzerland) S1y3

Lesson Austria

Jp woy

197

21

diary 7129480 O87

*

political woy>xp

next year

plan, idea (nyay>B) 1X9B TYT *

Passover

[PEYSEKh] nop *

full 595 «

Zionism [TsIENIZM]

Zionist

BP3V¥

IT

*

(adjective) wvd2r¥ congress d’y23Np YT to create

(JSRwyr)

¥?

8 WAK

July

AW?

according to py) * minister (78...) WybO2

IY?

[MELUKhE— -S] (m1—) Maton 77 * state

majority 1 p»mnyn °7

JENW

*

Switzerland pw 7 small piece >p>pw ONT * later on “ypySv writer (0) 1ya2qw IT *

fairy [MA'YSELE] tale name

pony

(]¥¥3)

TVAN2

OT

WT

*

national 9389383 to end (intransitive) yr yp-ty'y *

QUESTIONS: DN .2 WDWYA WWM WT PR pw OLIVA PK ONT HN oI JDMT ONT PT IS HANTYA ONY! NT ON .3 ROB OP IVT INVA PR PK PR OND PIN WR TN VN ONT .4 WIPaya 2 IB Iw IVP WWTP WWM PN.5 NNR PR OAV TOBNYA TVIDVA .6 WN YT IY PT PeIIV>yA .7 ON YT IA TSS “38 PINOY NF aya ww ne AY OYA DwyYAw WLIW PY PR 8 2M y YW NYA PR OY .9 MyrdB yIwt poosayT by IVA NXT Ta 2y1 DHT OY v.10 WNN VW'T? 7 Pa OPEIVA NH WHONW IT AOYA OLIVA OBA OY 11 APIS IW! IVT PWV Tt YIWOWYA OSIVA PR NTN TVN1_.12 MBN PVN OWT PRY PK WT GRAMMAR 1. Relative Clauses

PR wo TI RR

Pn

PR Tl

02 vX'T Ox

WoIVN WT porv

120

wr [dW vr? OYN TAT °T

voOvt 17 OY YR

WoIVN

voVT 17 ON

WT

poru

TAIT

The man who is sitting at the table is my father The thing which is on the table is a book

The

man

whom

you see is my

father The thing which you see is a book

Relative clauses in which the relative pronoun is the subject or

direct object of the clause are formed just as in English. The relative 1 [MERHAYT]. Cf. note on p. 12].

198

CoLiece

pronoun “that.”

“DAT

R

12°9W

YippIsH

pxn corresponds to English “which,” “who,” “whom,” and

1X29 Jr OX IT?

YPN

.WoIVN ox

WT

+e Dn

199

77

The man whose idea it was... The

woman

whose

children

are

Saal playing... In relative clauses, denoting possession, the normal possessive adjective is retained, and is preceded by pyn, The combination of oyn plus the possessive adjective thus corresponds to English “whose.” TR

AW

VT TR AYA

RX wry ON

.wWHIVN IT ...UTDIWA FT PAY ON DTN? °7 6 U2" NWT

The man with whom The children about you...

I spoke... whom

I told

++ TTP FAN PR PR OY 1912n “7 The state in which the Jews... In relative clauses denoting a prepositional relation, the normal

preposition and pronoun are also retained, and are preceded by oxy.

The combination of oyn plus preposition plus pronoun corresponds to the English construction “preposition plus whom or which.” The above constructions represent only one way of forming relative clauses in Yiddish; others are reserved for a more advance d stage. Note that the preposition in a Yiddish relative clause can never stand at the end, as in the English sentence “The man I spoke with.” Nor can the relative pronoun be omitted as in the English expressions “the man I see” or “the land I love.” 2. Two Nouns in Succession

An important idiomatic construction in Yiddish consists of a noun followed by another noun without an article . The three most common uses of this construction are: (1) Partitive. The first noun denotes a part of the thing denoted by the second noun:

bybW 20 IVT

4182 P°SW

WT

DXA UrT 7

this part [of the] city

the summit

[of the] mountain

this side [of the] street

Lesson Ten Ud WT Win vd2yN °T qwney jon WT

199

21

the end [of the] week? this half [of the] month the middle [of the] room

For the second noun, the definite article is implied; therefore.

when the indefinite article is required, 18 cannot example: WI

RNS

pr9wW

WT

be omitted.

For

the summit of a mountain

(2) Quantitive. The first noun denotes a quantity or number thing denoted by the second noun: the of \woIvN wIR?"n millions [of] people

1

RR

1%

v7 10 IM WIR JOT 1Y9 WOxd 2pP°OW 2" 1Y2I wpa 2072

a lot [of] books a a a a a

pair [of] pants couple [of] things small piece [of] paper glass [of] milk bit [of] money

(3) Catecorizinc. The first noun denotes the category to which the thing denoted by the second noun belongs:

PAY-TV] VYOW VYRVVIVE VXVW ODN WN 1939 1X? wun Pn

Note that a preposition like the following: WNP? RIVA)

°7T 5

7 the city [of] New York IT the state:[of] Connecticut WT the month [of] August DNT the year 1939 WT the species [of] man is necessary

VUNY

IT

NS WoIVN

WT

n'y 1178 119 BY 22vIa

in Yiddish

constructions

the father of the children the man from New York

Bring it from the other room; etc.

3. Plural of Some Numerals and Nouns JO

X JwHIvn

AyOIWINA

—

jwIn

Vw

TIT

“ny Ww wna eee WOIDTNA

[WHIVN WIT LIT BIW “NS WIM — ID .AYOIPW TO X WWOIVN IoIT oe IVD TDR AVIVA — WN MUNI 1Y2"1 W The numerals piytai7, piri, and ym, when denoting precise 2 syn.

YT

the weekend

200

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

numbers, retain their singular forms; when denoting no definite number, however, they are used in the plural, as in English. The same rule applies to nouns which represent units of measurement, such as 4y5x1 dollar, 4y> year, nyw hour, or vi» minute. TBAT

DOIN

FIN2AVT

TOR

—

WT

VIVTNA

oes TIR28T ooo P18" DIN

OT TV?

ANAT

PIN

TO 8 —

WW

J TR2ANT TPR IWINP IDNR

NR

TWTRIN? RNIN

A?

217

TO X —

WNDW

TO X—

wen

TR? nVW

win

17R 17 Wh

4. Supporting —y— in Adjectives DIIVN WUOVNW

WIT

PR

ONT

VIYIMR

WN

AW

TIN?

LR

18

WiyarR

Nn

In many adjectives, the base of which ends in syllabic j—, a supporting —y— is inserted before the —3— in all inflected forms, except in the predicate neuter in t—. In the vocabulary, a form with the supporting —y— will be given in parentheses: CYy3¥IN

YT)

JK

yosyd

WOIYY rT ONT

17) O12 Tl

HD

PR

Tl

ONT

ONT

YB PR OVW 1) OIUNY IM PR py oT BIVA KY Jy) Iya Wwoy2 PW XT PN woayn ONT 4 VIVA TOUT OF WONT IT) IR PR YP Stn (OR WYN VOMAYT PM DONA 17) HINOVIVOYR Wm 22 OR YM PayPRA Tr ONT 17) MwoR OYIy? PSIVA) OPIPY RS yyI yr TNT Wwoayy °7 6

TSB WV) SVIA

INA

PR woayN IVT .7 CORYPR

BYT HM

PWN

TO AYA DNA AVIV? YT 8 (ADIbM ywom? B TERY IS NYA PR TWDaya °F 9 CAM IPE payN VONTYT Pr PN ANA ON 15) Wawa TRI AD" WYN WTP °F 10 .C°r BN BYIIW PR) 2d J JNA “Yd TRB PN) PR PI wosyn W711 Cr AMR DIAN TPR) Typ

SA a aay Reh

TT .2 yO ONT 3 (yap DPRO PR TWA DOPIYTYA .5 (OPT YT PR “YAN MT OYA

PR

REI

92

Se IG aii

(OY 022

a

A. Change the second sentence in each pair into a relative clause of the first sentence. For example:

ad

EXERCISES

NPT “Yd

WOH JIRA

PN

21

PR

WAI

VI

ON

OD)

PR)

ADI)

y7) wp ™ayyr voy>w

LEsson

F TNA

Pr LRT

201

PR

Tw 12 CMR Pw woy PyaNN-

.ypoys

14

7

Ayn

YT

Doys

13.799

vay>

JO

bry JONIA NX VONVVA TANT Thaw 7.15 (VPS Wo of VOT OF PWN JOYIVA 722 TPR) B. Write full Yiddish sentences containing the equivalents of the following expressions: 1. On the side of the . .. 2. The second half of the... 3. A couple of the . .. 4. A couple of parts of the. . . 5. In the middle of the .. . 6. Many thousands of .. . 7. This pair of... 8. Asmall piece of... 9. The year 1848... 10. The city of . . . 11. The month of . . . 12. The matter of money ... 13. The percent[age] of new students... 14. The ship Lusitania . . . 15. In the whole country of France. . . 16. The Freedman family ... 17. A lot of anti-Semitism . . . 18. A bitof... C. Wherever necessary, supply the plural endings: —pIrnw “YD

DIT

6

YOR

=D

3

JON

WORT

HIV

TVIVF OYT 8 .—IBOYT IPI DR

VS

LL

—Ayw

aryaya

.10

5

.2

Twosyrn

IN?

AYOIVINT

AW? UII

JO

X PSH

—b3rmip

— PAY TT

4

.7 INST WONT

9 12

—AYW

75

1

TDP

—vI

IY TWINP PSINVS

D. Translate into Yiddish:

1, When the book in which Herzl told about his plans was published (—went out) , Herzl became famous throughout (=in) Europe. 2. At first many people thought that such a thing was not possible. 8. Others believed that it was (—is)

very bad for [the] Jews. 4. “How can the Jews have a state

of their own (=own state) ?” they asked. 5. “If they would create a state, they would be a people.” 6. It was thought that the Jews were only a religion (y>a°>yn). 7. If the Jews are a people, how will they be looked upon in the countries of Europe, in which they live? 8. It was thought that the time when the Jews were a people was past (—ended). 9. Many Jews were afraid that (the) Zionism would help (the) anti-Semitism. 10. Herzl wanted to convene (=call to-

gether) the first Zionist congress in the city of Munich (753),

202

CoLLEcE

YippIsH

but the Jews who lived there did not let him. 11. Herzl was a proud [man], and he was not afraid. 12. He was so sure of (=in) his work that he demanded that everyone (should) help him. 13. Herzl went to see the emperor of Turkey (‘~pryb).l4. Palestine was then a part of Turkey. 15. There was a plan according to which [the] Jews were (supposed) to buy land (sy)

in Palestine. 16. Herzl figured that there

were enough rich Jews who could buy the land which the Jews needed. 17. The emperor of Turkey did not like this plan. 18. But many young Jews left their homes (=went away from the home) to work in Palestine and to build the country. 19. The new state could not be created without such young people who believed in this dream. 20. The country of Palestine was called by Herzl himself “The OldNew Country.” 21. It is interesting that Herzl never went to a Jewish school, and when he was young he had little to do with Jews. 22. He lived in a time of great assimilation. 23. Herzl remembered his grandfather whom he [had] loved. 24. His grandfather was a pious Jew. 25. Like all pious [ones] he lived with the dream of going (=to go) to Palestine to die. 26. Herzl was a great man and he became very important in Jewish history. E. Translate into Yiddish:

1. He was born in a different generation altogether. 2, Dovid always talks about his own ideas. 3. The book begins well but ends badly. 4. I did not hear your name at first (=in the beginning). 5. According to him, life is very hard there. 6. Do you really (==necessarily) want this apartment? 7. You can take it either now or next year. 8. I am not altogether sure that I will be there before you will come. 9. Is your university really good? 10. I cannot go (=let myself in) deeply into this. PERETZ

Yitskhok Leybush Peretz is widely read and studied as one of the three classic Yiddish writers. While Mendele Moykher-Sfor im is considered the grandfather of modern Yiddish literature, Peretz is often referred to as its father. He was a many-sided writer of poetry, prose,

.

LEsson

21

203

and drama, a master of style, the tender protector of every promising talent, and the inspirer of two generations of Yiddish writers. He stirs his readers with his search for the eternal and the divine in the lives of both the high-placed and the humble. In addition to playing a purely literary role, Peretz was also a great inquirer into problems of Jewish personality and culture in times of spiritual confusion. Born in Zamoshtsh,3 Poland (then Russia), in 1852, he was brought up, like most East-European Jews at that time, along strictly orthodox lines. But the great cultural clash had set in: Jewish culture of pre-emancipation days was changing under the impact of invading westernization. Many youths were dissatisfied with the traditional ways of their environment which, they felt, placed their thinking in fetters. Peretz, too, was swept by this discontent; but while most Jewish intellectuals of that time were simply throwing overboard everything that belonged to their historic past, Peretz be-

lieved in the continuation of Jewish life. To him, Jewishness was

not a set of petrified culture patterns, but rather “the Jewish way of looking at things, . . . the universal spirit as it is embodied. in the Jewish soul.’ In our times he declared, Jewish life must burst into blossom again. With the Bible as the germinating seed and with folk symbols and folk legends as dew and rain, the field will sprout again.

Of those who discarded the Jewish cultural ideals “which we select for future development,” Peretz said: You deserted those who preach the joy of living and are forced to endure suffering, and you escaped to those who preach suffering and live a life of joyous abandon.

He for the people, people,

did not, however, expect the intellectual to stay in Jewish benefit of ‘the masses.” “If you do not want to suffer with you need not do so,” he exclaimed. “If you cannot love it can get along without your love.” It is rather for the

life our our sake

of his own personal happiness that the modern Jew should identify

8 Polish spelling: Zamoé¢. of the YIVO Bi4 This and the subsequent quotations are from the volume Yiddish Scientific InLiptzin, Sol by edited and translated Peretz, Series: lingual stitute—YIVO, New York, 1947, 380 pp.

204

CoLecEe

YippIsH

himself with the Jewish community, and thus avoid the position of the marginal man who really belongs nowhere. This by no means implied forgetting the lofty ideals of humanity. Peretz was well aware of them: All roads lead to the ideal man, but each people has its own specified road. ... We want to... worship at our own altar in our own way... . Jewishness must struggle for the right to create a world culture according to its light.

In his day, Peretz fired the imagination of great numbers of estranged and confused intellectuals. When he died in 1915, over 100,000 persons paid tribute to him at his funeral, and the anniversary of his death was regularly observed at his grave in the Warsaw cemetery, even in the years of the ghetto. Today, Peretz’ message takes on new significance, for American Jews of the younger generation, like Peretz’ contemporaries, are perplexed by the meaning of their Jewishness and must redefine their position in the world at large.

YoIRN PR (VSP Oys1e) PIS VN

IVT

LESSON

22

PPP? POOP BINT PS NT WyOyr 482 TS RNS TOV

OPT

&

8 OISIpI OST NS TDIWOwWyA PR TY YOIs IS

spy psy

ww

yIVy pywmyys Tyo Wr

PST

pws

pT

S32 8 — TONIT DPT PS MOTT 8 TT MNS OYT WH yT 8 yt DIRIPT WS TY APT PNT PIYOSN TT Teipya Px yo yn SByD yrrpso Bp Ws 12°2aya TyIwt Dy Ts AYMya ype ysn OIA Ayo) TS PIS TPIT yo BP ays mn Ayo Bw Os JRO IY DST WOATYI WI BSA IpIsp Fs AMS DPI TES OPT PR, WasTya OYA PR aay Pp 8 ToIPYI PR °T OYM Tyo smyy yor 8 yaya ppyoe wy Ox Wy NX “TY TS SByo OR PP TS 2M PT PS IPpA OST Way Ty? womyypys Wy? 3 Wyo Bsn JDPIBYS BHASTYA {DyIYA YT WY Fay OYT AY OST BEYIW

PS WIT APIS NT

sapBwsy Ws preys Ox

SBy? [YR JBI Wyoy

SUR

TN JERIya MS F349 DST

OOMOYPY MT TY O$T OYT FBI YS TONY SByo 9 — jt TMwTY OYT BAIN 8 Sey) 6 — pW MNS YT 77 8 Sdyo

2 —

By?

17)

pW

WMT

OYT

MINI

Ww

wr

oy

S

yyosny

ay Wy? oysp? TY wx — Vy? MS Ts qDrIaya MS yapapIpy JVOpI DS TY BRT ON WI Ox Jwasyo DyT 205

206

CoLLeceE

Yippisit

D'S O°) DN

DOND DY

TS Siw-S1p,, sagtya PN TY) 8 ty Tyoipys 8D 8 PN PTW 8 DIN BIAS] HN OT DINY DYINE 8 NB AOD YIM 8 YN ISD ayn BAYT MF STIOM Dy TN AND BST NN OP PN wstya SN BIA VO VINO OY, TY AYT Bayt “ANN JN AN wopsy byt oF IS, JIT! AT wast 101 WHIT TN IY: 8, “DN BOSD OST, “ISP INA YO 8 PK oT — INN ON AMS DoySy YOIPT TSS TMK TSI STN DY TN, ”.OMN OD TINT psy vp BS NN BOSE OST Ly, “pps? oT on EVP 9D $ PN DIVA BPI ot sNON YIN PyI¥A OYT ET NY Joe No TS 33, 7.08 “DMN B12 WY WD WIND OT, DIB YN AMS DST YP 1, TY YT AY ways JIT ryt w3 DST HDYIS D DYN ASB, :TY WT Bayt "ON 2 YH BOND TS YP IS per T3877 TINT OI VK WD YD 1 YD SYT PN MHDgBONN TD DY INT “300 S$ IMY 3ST PN

TBSP BY TY

FAINT ONT ANN

AYION BAYT IIA MYO ¥ TIT Ipoydp> wie Ayoys YW BIYA 1 1A AIST wesyo IpT ws >on ys TR, APYO! WS SIT YTS Ws OT yy my ot AMI DBS 7 BST AMS TSS TYNE I M1 CYT Typ IS pe OFT APY? IS INT 7 "O°3 PR YOWISD OST — BYP DYT }INA AST vesyo apt WO THOMOND ON, YIN IT DySosy “WWI IWy3,, BY DSI ANN BY BYP 1p BSTYA OI Bes wosyo aps pp "WIT DYT PS Wys Ip

“yrayno maw ‘PISTP AVY Tyo -BY2 AYPISAP BPBYI NX BVH

PMS AYTMR ways ayy wat qyoys O [OIMYI 8 Wyo ways Wasp v 8 PN BYP WsyI § wry w2 Tr 39 AY WN Mayoyiw es Tr OMB yn HMw IS PS 19D

TF — WN

LEsson

207

22

VOCABULARY

ugly [MIEs] 01K”

nose (AYTY3) tY1 °F a ninth 9pi23 &

somebody

it

doesn’t

yib3y

fine, nice 325

tooth (7%) 1X IT

last will [TSAVOE] ANNE °7 tongue AN¥ °7

right

*

{[shaTkKhn—

poyn

*

(O°) [37U

YT

*

shaTKhoniM] matchmaker to smell jpynw to spit qyrew

abyn

hat (wn) win qT

silver (adjective) yryaor defect [khisorN] y1W0N yt

to chew 2p shorter yx7? clean, pure Pp" * riddle woayp’y7 ONT

opsy7 AN *

(adjective)

to limp qyprn

to divide j>»>pyy * head (Byp) BXP TyT *

to the right

ancestry [YIKhEs]

o1n??

4yT

to leave }1y> * to run (Bx>ya PR) 759 © to (plus dative) (r>¥ya) yx? * lend to to borrow from

...¥3 12?

to the left ppad

spoon

ax

(—) bdy> yt to lick qpy> mouth (ayb27) 9°17 ONT *

congratula- [MA’ZLTov] Sip-¥1 *

QUESTIONS

ows

JOT WT

FPN

YIVORN .2 WANN TT PT IPT TWHYA PR PR PMN .5 WY I ..7 MAB IPYA TW IHW

NN

IY

ONT PNM

PR I Wwya TN ONT WH 3 2D PAvayA ONT WN IT pT SSyd ry

8 25y>

WT YT ON .1 JONI HIBya Ty .4 Wr oT WUT SBN .6 76N>ya

Jas Iya

NE

OMT TW ID

OST ONT 10 WAAYA ADD oT HRA Nuvion yqyoyn .9

012 MYI

IM

OT WIV

KPT

*

left px *

tions

DN TORT PrwOyS I Sar ONT -b6-11 YT

*

a third byt 8

half

to break (j2N72y3) 72V7A9¥ * 2... 18I Tp

OY

you fool, you 7y2°N ANI YIMR truth [EMES] nx IY healthy, well patty.

YT

foot (0°5) 015 YT

nothing

WOND

matter to me ear (7) AYN AT with; for x

syxyn’y

(accusative-dative: yxyny) answer

to matter joy | O/1K * O71 B32 TM

AYAY2¥D

OW

WT

py

WIP

I

ON

yoyzIws APN

ll

WXP OYT IY WT AY p2%n KN

208

CoLvece “ya PP

wD

wD

Pr

3,

YIppIsH

HIND NEW

ONT

DR

OvpwINS

WPIIP

MDYI

&

PR

1

BYP

.13 war

GRAMMAR

1. Numeral Adjectives TOWTY BYT YOK IY ONT YOWIY ~T AyOWIY IyT TONY OYT YO NY ONT YO ME T yO ME syT

wyeent at

aypqyS cyt

Ist And

3rd

«4th

etc. 9yp52°5 syt = 5th

6th ayvopyr ayt «7th ayvyar oy? Sypox ayt = 8th These are the numeral adjectives are inflected like form regular adverbs, Numeral adjectives from by adding the suffix —y— ending to the corresponding

and soon

adjectives from one to eight. Numeral ordinary adjectives, but they do not nine to nineteen are formed regularly plus the appropriate case and gender numeral:

Wor] = 9th 10th qwoivy ppd 11th

In the formation of numeral adjectives of twenty and above, the suffix that is added is —yo—,;

TWYOR BIA TWHODP?D’ IT

20th 30th

WHoeyVDyS

40th

TWwPoviwwT7d1n

100th

Iwoviry

1000th

In compound numerals only the last element is adjectival: WHO?

INN

TWeop7 x5

WHOR*SIV

VR

VIT

WR

777

23rd

WR 17

47th

WoININ] ww VWINA DRVT VITMID 75

= 4683rd

119th

LEsson

22,

209

tive used when an sypbin oytis an interrogative numeral adjec

expected: answer in the form of a numeral adjective is are you? (The first, IVR VT PT WV9HN WT Which son second, third . . .?) I am the fourth child in our WITNY PR TP VOWS ONT VI TR family nnswn 2. Fractional

Numerals

SyovIWIN

one third three fourths

8) PUTT TPR Sows w17 sud2pns 47°9

(0°77

five twelfths

sixty-eight hundredths

WR VIN

PM IVT

sixty eight-hundredths

P IVT

Sovv WINAVI

four and four ninths

bum) 1S un 19

The numeral, ponding singular

by a fractional denominator of a fraction is denoted of the corresbase the to — g which is formed by addin retain its may ral nume numeral adjective. The fractional on. fracti form, whatever the numerator of the

3. Half 8

22NN

22Nn DIR

two and a half

VHS

four and a half a half twelve and

¥ 14

Y Tavus

ion of NTR. In cardinal numbers, a half is expressed by the addit

A special numeral is qobynprytay

one and a half.

Half as an adjective is inflected regularly: NV WIA X half a day Avpw yl7Nn

&

7g” dex

Half as a noun is wojvn WIT RNG

v2N wn

VT NO veva DNA

half an hour

x halfa year

pb?yn °7: 115 vVSIvn PR vs

& half of all people NR a half is more than a third

w4S2pn 77 DV)

take half of the money for yourself

210

Co.tLece

Yippisu

4. Names of the Months

January yyy

July

March yx» April 595

September syanyupyo October syayypy

June

December

February syra’y5

August

May 2»

po1K

November

»31°

yanyny3

syanyxyt

5. Dates 1940 1817209 IvUD24 IT

11940 TNINAVS

10024 DVT

PINN 1012 172 v9 115

TI

TR Wwv2dn wT

6. Nouns in Expressions T2284

-¥ VIM]

WIT

the 24th of February, 1940

(Accusative) on the 24th of

February, 1940

from March 9th to 12th

What is today’s date?

of Time

12yn

Wn

vin

We lived there for a whole month

TW?’ WW Tt Wy? PR Ta 17D7 Poway vy Wwamw IT

I have been studying for years The writer will speak to us on

BYOW

Jn the summer I will leave the city I want to finish it during this hour

TTR

19 1yH071NW Tx 2 Sym AVW °F WIV ov 21 TR

Monday

Nouns denoting specific times and dates, at or during which events take place, take the accusative in Yiddish. In such expressions, no preposition is used in place of the English “for” or “on.” But: WTIT & AN VW

VITA AW

PvINN

BOVA TTX DIED

Whieya

I wn?

& Pw

vSvn

wet

Wn

We

YT 172

TR

Iam

WwW

VIAN

WwW

Init 76K 7 Tn

v2

1 This form is used in dating letters.

came for a month staying for three years He is waiting for Monday

Visitors are coming to us for the summer Lend me your notebook for a minute

LEsson

22

21

Nouns denoting intended duration are in the dative, preceded

by the preposition

"1%, but never by any other preposition.

Note the constructions:

DV PNY

TY" TNE PR DV 1VW

Xo

p NS

WT

& PR

WW"

¥ o-

A month from now, two years from now A year ago, an hour ago

EXERCISES

A. Write out the following dates in Yiddish:

1. February 3, 1940. 2. October 18, 1929. 3. May 14, 1928.

4, September 17, 1905. 5. July 4, 1776. 6. November 11, 1918. 7. August 29, 1492. 8. October 1, 1802. 9. January 31, 1941. 10. June 6, 1944, 11. What is today’s date? B. Translate into Yiddish:

1. In the summer I went to live with my uncle and aunt. 2. (The) school ended on Friday, June 22nd. 3. For three days I did nothing at all. 4. Then I started (traveled) stay out. 5. I went by train for four hours. 6. I wanted to to wanted sister my but with them for the whole summer, . August of month the return (=travel back) home for 7. (So) we stayed with my family for one and a half months only. 8. We arrived on Tuesday. 9. Two days later two of my friends came. 10. We were very glad that they came. 11. We went swimming (infinitive) in the river for a couple of hours every day. 12. Everyone was well the whole time. 13. I had been (past tense) there four years ago with someone whom you don’t know. 14. We were far from the whole world, and we did not even receive newspapers.

15. Nothing mattered. 16. Nobody knew what date it was

(=is). 17. My aunt and uncle lived in the right half of the house and we used the left half. 18. Everything was fine

YT and clean. 19. Once my cousin lent me his bicycle (“y?yN

‘vyero), and I fell off (=down from) it. 20. I could have broken my (=a) leg. 21. I did not tell anybody about it, because my cousin would not lend me the bicycle a second

time if he knew (-=would know) about it. 22. How does one

go to the park from here? 23. I will tell you the truth: I

212

CoLLece

YIDDISH

don’t-know. Perhaps to the right, perhaps to your uncle really a matchmaker? 25. Why is red? 26. You have been running around too you want to wear this hat, wear it, but it’s you get married? Congratulations!

C. Write a theme of 100 to 150 words entitled:

now wy.

the left. 24. Is your nose so much. 27. If ugly. 28. Did

px abs o7 — ION x

D. Write out the following expressions in Yiddish:

x= %es KA + 24 = 113%; % + 8% — 44; 2% x 4 = 10%; 10% — %g = 10%g; 17 + 8 = 2%.

E. Translate into Yiddish: 1. Two and a half dollars. 2. Five and a half hours. 3. A day and a half (=one and a half days). 4. Half a minute. 5. Half a dollar. 6. Half of the country. 7. Don’t give me more than half. 8. Ten and a half thousand. 9. Half a night. 10. Over half of all people. 11. I want this half of the newspaper. F. Translate into Yiddish: A CLEVER

QUESTION

A small boy once asked his mother: “Mother, when one dies, does one die for the rest of one’s life

(=for his whole life) ?”

A CLEVER ANSWER “What is today’s date?” “I don’t know.” “But you have a newspaper in [your] hand (you know) !” “Yes, but it is yesterday's (—of yesterday) .” G. Translate into Yiddish: Yitskhok Leybush Peretz was born in Zamoshtsh on May 18, 1852. 2. His family was of honored (==great) ancestry. 3. There were many great rabbis in the family. 4. When Peretz was three years old, he began to go to kheyder. 5. When he was (==became) six years old, he was already studying the Talmud. 6. He was a very clever boy, but he didn’t like kheyder. 7. It was too small and crowded (a3y) for

213

22

LEsson

him. 8. When he was fifteen, he was given the key (90%) to a private library(p’yoyy7a7a YORI 8) in his city. 9. Peretz found many books there and read them all. 10. He learned a couple of languages. 11. Those books opened his eyes

the great world. 12. When he was twenty-

(=on)

upon

five, that is in 1877, he became

a lawyer (U/RPRINTN).

13. A

year later, he got married. 14. In 1887 he gave up law (=ceased being a lawyer) and moved to Warsaw. 15. He became a writer. 16. He did much in Jewish matters. 17. In 1899 he was put into prison for three months because he spoke at a clandestine meeting (CARTINE TONRAVIAN TE APIR 3215). 18. When he was set free, he wrote for amagazine which was called The Jew. 19. In this magazine [there] were

printed

of

many

Peretz’

famous

stories

and

poems

(=songs). 20. He remained an important leader (y7°6) in Jewish life until his (—the) death. 21. Peretz died in Warsaw on April 3, 1915. 22. Over a hundred thousand people came to his funeral (Nn? [LEVAYE]). 23.He was buried in the (j:%) cemetery in Warsaw. 24. On every anniversary of his death thousands of people came to his grave ("Sp [KEYveR]). 25. Even in the ghetto people remembered him and celebrated (uynerey3) his ninetieth birthday (QxXv-]712Y2). TRADITIONAL JEWISH CALENDAR The traditional Jewish calendar (nv>_ LueKh]) has been adhered by it, to by the Jews for many centuries. Holidays are still reckoned ions. publicat Jewish on given and the “Jewish date” is frequently Tue Monts. The Jewish month consists of 29 or 30 days. There are are 12 months in a year, but seven years in every 19-year cycle months the of names leap years, which contain a 13th month. The THE

are as follows:

YIDDISH NAME wR wen \$p"D

niyo

piv

Tishre Khezhvn Kislev

Teyves Shvat

CONVENTIONAL “ENGLISH” EQUIVALENT Tishri Heshvan Kislev

Tebeth

Shevat

214

Cottece

YippisH CONVENTIONAL “ENGLISH”

YIDDISH NAME x WN 348 1D.) WN

EQUIVALENT Ist Adar 2nd Adar? Nissan Iyar

Oder Alef Oder Beyz? Nisn Ter

1p Non

Sivn Tamez

Sx 518

Sivan Tammuz

Ov Elel

Ab Elul

Tishre usually starts in September or October of the common calendar; Khezhvn coincides with October or November, and so on. THE Days or THE MontH. The days of the month are designated not by Arabic numerals, but by Jewish letters corresponding to numbers. The system of designating numbers by letters is as follows: Ae

1

bP

YY

BY

dD»

400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 w==11; 2==12; »=13; 3=20; 83=21; 19=23; 13==54; 1B=87; py=—=99;

by ==219; pr=500;

D9

S$

dD *>

BHAIInATIOR

830 2010987654821 v2=29;

19=36;

non—465;

1n==600;

Note the special forms:

wm=700;

yyw==15

and

1Svn=737.

w=16.

Here are the dates of certain Jewish holidays: "w'n “wn

"win

x

33—1»

+

Rosheshone

Yonkiper

Sukes

“wn aa Simkhes-Toyre niv 3—\$0.> n> = Khanike 14°) Purim 10°) 32—1» ~=— Peysekh

axon

wp 2 Also called

1—1

3x 0

Leg Boymer

Shvues

Tishebov

11y) [ve'ovER]; leap year only.

LEsson

22

215

These numerals are used not only in dates, but also in many proverbs, sayings, and standing expressions. Tue YEAR. The years are reckoned from the creation of the world according to the chronology of the Bible. Thousands are usually left unexpressed, although they can be indicated if necessary. For exam-

ple:

192 — 304 —

— —

821 —

—

753 — 986 —

8279 — 4782 — 5689 —

—

ayp Ww

avr

NOAA

—

\$pAn

—

ppnin’n

— oyy3 — raBWA’s

To obtain the Jewish year, the number 3760 must be added to

the corresponding year of the Common Era (A.D.). year when America was discovered by Columbus, Jews were expelled from Spain, is the Jewish year +3760 yields 5252, abbreviated to 252 by omitting

Thus 1492, the and when the 235, since 1492 the thousands.

Try to compute the following Jewish years:

1897 (the year of the first Zionist Congress and of the founding

of the Jewish labor organization called. 4313 11); 1943

(the year of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto).

To obtain the common year from a Jewish year, the same number, 3760, must be subtracted. However, if the thousands are not expressed in the Jewish year, the number 1240 may be added instead, at least for all dates since the year 1240 a.v. (Jewish year 5000) . For example, the year nn, famous in Jewish history for the Cossack massacres, is the year 1648 a.p., since 408+ 1240-1648 (or 5408—3760—= 1648) . Try to compute the following common years: yaAR/ Jews) ;

(the year of the first Crusade, marked by massacres of

(the year in which Mendele Moykher-Sforim soun/n writing in Yiddish, a milestone in Yiddish literature).

began

LESSON

23

Spy? pOOP SIyNY PR wT TSI YUNA

O45

DY AYN TON WO YP WI AT HNP ts yD Wwesyo IDs POP SYED $ OY WYO WAST ,”1Y3 YW, TO IPT WN TS ON TAN BAYT DYN NON YPSY OST PN OX Tyas .OPISS ypyrmyprn PPASSBSIOIS 'T DYT TYT NB OY Wye oT MeAySyIONN OND NS ONT SOMERTON 18 TYIBYA OYA IY OY BY .Pry3 PH PT 4,000 YD TYR wnb |ayaya | ry. yt NB oyTYs | 59% | 57%

youba

14% | 22%

yz ip

13% | 14% |\’ywom,) yprmyprn 14% | Ovo 6% yoo eevol SO) BS TYE TYP WS3 AYT NB OYANS AyT ON? 1S YD ppt DyT NB TY SPN DY IN jon “JOST ST AYSS TYIVT YOST pI Mp gos lye DY WHND BUINByAOMW IY OPT JST OY PSOMESIIS 9D Bw ppt DR BD PWORIyIY TS OMIT My TY YD 1yNByr psn PEPIN JTS OYA Bw aywrosyyy ayt ppysyo.s 8 YONA TPRD YONA TSI YPvTAYPT 93 8 IYI ypIVa ¥ yew NB 717 BY WISWyr yO wy 1938 7B PS MW TN 7B? “WIVES TPT .B OYT wy 7H Tys7t TIS7DIN NW PMB PN PT yds VIYTIS PS WsIYHA YI PU WI PTY 2183 OS ST PS BD YT BYP YPTDPMP 138 BW Typos oyNs wsyo yprys Ayers yop NX Ayly] yprymypn porns ,oyyy ypiyswe YSIS JB YTV 93 pps VA oT PPODYD YIM, PP WI IVT Boy AYT AMR PTY wymTyo 7 TSB yo’ PR Ownd TBD ywrsoyes iy YOWIOPIDNN TH 13 YII$23 BAYA [TY Baysyw 15 yay Monoo-woyT rypwwny ryt JOIN YOY B¥nya [ayn PTY wysy1B 50 wyoD PS INT 216

LEsson

2 TYR 8 TY

23

217

FST ONT FS

sTyoysy> &$ 32 way wwys Isp S$ "Myoys $ TP ITY? Tyo 62 SOIYHVIpya AyoyIy>2 75D $Y IY SPN DY OY TDN ITT PAYS

OVS wrpmya yo

pay

WIP?

PR YOY

TPP

NAvYwyo BWoMsiyT Pr ast STINK WAST TINT PAVTNT IS PUT “98°

TRIN

HSN Tyo Yi 13,, ryT Bsn IST TD,

Yn

oyrys PR

Tis

oyIyD PR ayptp Wat .OAPSS IP WPI IPAs’ 1s 7, Pegs IP DISS PS pI8I 8 VIw IYT wa? IyIy7 SU APTS IT wast OT ANN WIA [YI PN OST, FAST pri PwWsyo MS AyMw ars STO IT IYT wast IP TPegn 7, US PIV DIYSS oy Mn ,Wos-nauN IST iyo "O69 yOD NI 1T PVHISH

OBIS UT ONT PN DIN] PIT MAYOPOS WW ASW YT Py OD DPSD NDB ANN AYO TS PUT IPH Pa woIWA PH woys

“RANEY 0

ISD ppwyD yo nwa 9 PYIDPIMp BN Boys

VOCABULARY anthropological wax>yByIvI¥ Oriental w>xniyw

Armenoid (pertaining 72439278 to racial type prevailing in Anatolia,

Caucasia)

Armenia

to mix yw to investigate wx

Asiatic wong here is what dyn bX

and

Armenian (—) y3yn7X YT

cheek () pyn °7 * to bake qpra

| O/1K | 01%

to breathe anthropo-

jynyu’s *

true [EMES]

() .’8>8BR DIN

logist anthropology

nnx ° YT

yox>xpy bay °F

218

Corece

Yippisn

lip Q) p> oT ©

both yp, e

elevator (7) p5*> ayt ©

blond

for example [LEMosht] bwnd © pejorative form of the ypuyn

floor (==story)

name Moyshe

May (ya IY) yD &

Majority pyA yn unleavened [MATSE] nxn

bread eaten during Passover,

°7 °7

sometimes called matzah

hair (—) 47 oT © fall (autumn) posqyn yt ¢

Semite(7) v*nyo yt special; especially Yysxypo * — sky[PONEM—

PE'NEMER] face

(ny) mB

DYT ©

racial

p»tayb»p

p-t0'x7

tall, high qm

(stressed prefix)

hooked

-vann e

p-taypn

light (in color) dyn ¢ (0) V¥RIPIPYRN yt

scraper (literally, cloud-scraper) vertical

form (jyn7¥5) DY IS °7 spring 335975 oy7 © round

Straight qu. ©

Toof (1y3y7) INT qyT

main

sloping [Meshu'PEpik] p>1yp wn

73453

wide pa © (0) [y2 4y7 °

oxygen

«

type

race (D) YOR” °7

S’xp>payn

AXDwWIY1T TYT each other 43 some

(}) BY ryt

almost [Kima’T]

forehead (0) yow YT thin 4yp°w narrow >xnw *

>»

pyn> ©

although wpx> ¢ air p5vd oT © Lithuania yp

QUESTIONS TD FH 2 rwaxdypy Ie TI VWINoyIONN TyD ORT OF 1 WEI BD AVORN .3 IT wa arbyra aNdN_E IOI TW OBA ITY? DAVEEWw PH 4 NT AyPIBYI HMAIYN IyT VA IyNByA Ty vgn TSP 19 WE ONE DK NOK PR OX 5 MyIy3 yPTIpPNT JANA IT! PORE YWTD OT PR ¥ 6 IT RPK OY IY “782 TT Hrd JON TT V3 POUB NT YP TION °F WR ONN 7 WOK yy B TAT PI WI YT AY PK OX 9 Ww! TV TBIWNW IVT PR OBN 8 “WWND FM YB TBA OY 611 Aw Ayw>RLIV-IY IVT PR OK «10 TBI YE AWPWVI] YN wIyAYA By’yD PR YIP °F [AYA ON .12 217 ‘T

K AyHIyM- Bw

ME

TONIPER “TP 2BN

oT HIYdpIYT IR HdET 1 13

LEsson

219

23

GRAMMAR 1. Idiomatic Verbs

All children must go to school You ought to tell him what to do

JW PRI Wa WNP Vv 1YO 1¥ DY) LAYTON pofoxt 11

The verbs and ought.

j119 and y69x¥7 correspond, 11

approximately,

to must

May I walk here? Yes, you may

YT awn TR voavn 17 Wy?

No, you may not (mustn't) In a negative stateayn ry means he is permitted to (he may). vy") DOTY

17 17)

ment, »°3 Wyo Iv is used. Thus:

07) TYO TR — awd TR

VOTIYD 17 — DOAN 17 wy Wyv W — awn W ow) yo TH — yn Tn

0)

qy3yp should also be The following distinction in using the verb noted: WT

PR

BT vt yp Ww

Is your brother here?

He can

(could)

be here (i.e. it is

possible for him to be here)

He may be here (ie. it is possible that he is here) ambiguity, the means both can and may; but to avoid

BT PR We Wy3yp

wt

WN

construction

Ww TP oy

with the 1 yt Typ oy is frequently used in Yiddish

meaning of may.

2. Avoiding the Possessive

pnyn oyt wn ye

°F 02S

vm

Ww He lives with his mother

vy WwW

He opened his eyes

obvious, the definite Whenever the possessive relationship is adjective. article is usually substituted for the possessive y is in his hand DIRT IVT PR OK VI TR 072va OYT The mone 0729 JOIN PK VI OV VT TR DT WT LR WN TT wa

I see it in her face in his brother’s house

220

CoLvece

YippisH

In expressions of place the possessive adjective or the possessive form of the noun is avoided, and is replaced by the appropriate Pronoun or noun in the dative preceded by the preposition 3, 277

PR

Wn

ON?? LX NWN

v2

ts more

~1

is more idiomatic than

idiomatic ihan

271mm

DR2P

1m

DAWN

PR;

PR.

3. Emphasizing Pronouns or Adverbs

ONT WS DITW

21 TR OWN YS = TR WN O87 PRD WN YX = WX ONT

bx vX

This is what I want That is who he is

WYN PR = Ww vIsw vdxnyt tM TR IW PX = PX 87

vy wx

That’s when he writes That's where I live

OX =

PVN

W

PR

INSIY7 vy That is why he left PDNN TR IW

OD [VID TN NDE = OV TN Wid >47Kx WY TD O8N bY = OV TN VID BY T YM DX D8

=

VVWT

VT DI-SWT

DD 1vIU PR AA AY pyN by VT AYA TR oN pryn

This is how we do it That is what we do it

with This is what I told you about

A demonstrative pronoun or an adverb is emphasized when it is

preceded by px, The stress is on the pronoun or adverb . An alternate method of emphasizing a pronoun or adverb is to use its interrogative counterpart preceded by py. The interrogative Pronoun or adverb is not treated as a separate sentence unit. In this construction, the stress ison

py.

Either type of idiomatic Yiddish construction may be used when the pronoun or adverb needs to be emphasized; a literal translat ion from English is inadmissible. 4. Definite Article WNW 2707110

WniPvA

TX 12V?2 oN

Life is difficult

TR

Death

UNV

Nyt

PR 17°2779 syt

28 PR Oru'nvo'wIN yt + TR ATR OMT DUB2WIVWIN °F

is sad

Spring has come

Anti-Semitism is old Anthropology shows us that .. .

In general, the use of the definite article in Yiddish corresponds

to English usage, but many abstract nouns which are used without

Lesson

23

221

an article in English in their generic (‘non-partitive’) sense do have an article in Yiddish. On the other hand, the Jews, meaning the Jewish people, is almost always y™. Tv

WN

NvusI

PINS

19

wNY

The Jews are a people of eleven

ww

BW WITT

million There are two main types among

YT WITT yw wa

the Jews

EXERCISES

A. Make negative statements out of the affirmative ones and vice versa: DD JBI VOIWY YT INN .2 .wOIIWA Pa yaV72 YT bay PR «1 SYIV TY? 4 INN PP PART VIBHA O° TT ALT PR 3 PAIDW oT 5 JAN OYBY Ay BT PR .6 JVI IBY BD WOYN IBEW

PA V2 VOHWT IT ..7 boyd oT Ty) rT av Ty

TWD

OX OIA

°F 9 PPR PIN Prysway porvs v7 .8 .woayn 17 Wax 1 OWN RPVNT WY PVT ONN 385 .10 5° NN TOY

PAPYNR

b°2

pn v2

B. Translate into Yiddish: 1. Sore may come soon. 2. The boy is so tall that he cannot enter (=go in) through this door. 3. You may take the elevator to the fifth floor. 4. It may work. 5. But it almost never works, 6. You must stand straight. 7. My sister may have written to me, but I never received the letters. 8. This must be your brother, because you both have the same hair

and eyes. 9. You mustn’t say such words. 10. You ought to stay with us in the spring.

C. Make the following phrases more idiomatic by avoiding the possessive adjective or the possessive form of the noun: PR 3 WD PLT PW WORT ONN .2 .THYIIW Ta 1 |PVT PR 1 TDAH IK OT

TPNdH WT

Syn pwyab°

.6 01 JOY PNR .7 YAI

oT

PINDYA

IPW YIM D. Translate 1. This is walk and

INT

.4 ASIP O°OW

‘7 PR TYNYA JOVI 7a

VT PIIYS ONT ON pw IS TK PT Www

.5 INA TINS

IVT PR

PYOWPYNR YT PK WP ¥ .8 WT ON PR TORT into Yiddish: how he told the story. 2. That is where you may here is where you may not. 3. Life may be hard,

222

Co.Lece

YIppIsH

but one must live. 4. May I come in? 5. Can I help you? 6. Yes, this is what you can do. 7. You may put all these things in the big closet, but you must not mix them [up]. 8. That’s how much it costs. 9. I would like (—want) to visit you during the fall. 10. Although you have little money, you could give me a dollar. 11. The main thing is not to be afraid. 12. Can one have black hair and light eyes at (=in) the same time? 13. Yes, my sister, for example. 14, The air is very good here. 15. Why should we walk up? We can ride up in (with) the elevator. 16. The main street is wide and straight, but the other streets are narrow. 17. It is hard to believe that this is the capital (—main city). 18. The room is so small that one can hardly (=almost not) breathe in it. 19. I find that during a holiday I work very little (during Passover, for example). 20. He has a lot of plans in his head (no article). 21. Esther's right hand is strong. 22. The child's mind (—head) really works well. 23. This is a true story. 24. Take the elevator to the sixth floor. 25. Which floor (Ist, 2nd, 3rd?)

does he live

on? 26. This is how round his head is. 27. This is where both people met. 28. This is the girl I am going to marry. 29. Autumn is beginning. 30. This is where I work. JEWISE

FAMILY

NAMES

Jewish family names in this country, if they have not been Anglicized beyond recognition, are sometimes fascinating clues to events or situations several hundreds of years back. Legally, it was over a hundred years ago that all inhabitants of Austria-Hungary, the different German states, and Russia, were required to assume formal family names. However, many names registered at that time with the authorities go back to much older surnames or nicknames. Many family names are connected with towns and cities in Europe; some refer to occupations; many others are derived from popular first names. Here are a few sample names of the various groups: From first names: Abraham—Abramson, Abramovitch, Abramsky, Abrahams, etc.; Jacob—Jacobson, Jacubowitz, Jacobovsky, Jacoby, and many others.

Lesson

23

223

From names of cities and countries: Berlin—Berlin, Berliner, Berlinsky; Warsaw—Warshaw, Warshawsky, Warshawer; Poland—Pollack; Speyer (Germany) —Spiro, Shapiro, Sapir, etc.; Prague—Prager, and others. From names of occupations: syyp\w (cobbler)—Shuster, Shusterman; sy1y (tailor)—Schneider, Snyder, Shneiderman; +39 (rabbi) —Rabinowitz, Rabiner, Rabin, and so on. From Hebrew initials: Shalit, derived from the initials »”*5w of

the

phrase pSio omy JINd MMW

[ShEYIKhYE

LEOYREKh

YOMIM

TOYVIM] may he live long and happily; Katz, derived from the ini-

tials y”» of pay m3

[KOYEN TsEDEK] the good Aaronite.

Certain combinations were considered elegant at the time that legal family names became a requirement, especially those beginning

with -yy3, Toy, “319, “SEY (green, gold, roses, apple), etc.; and ending in siy3-, b\93°, D¥S3°, 19¥b", IID” (mountain, flower,

leaf, field, wreath) , and so on. Many of these were imposed in purely German form. From these we have family names like Rosenthal, Rosenberg, Rosenfeld, Rosenbaum, Rosenzweig, and innumerable other combinations, many of which today appear in this country in Anglicized versions. Still other names, less pleasant ones, were at that time forced upon the Jews by government officials.

LESSON

Pp?

24

poop IgE NN WB

“yors “yIytsea ays Bayeya MSAWePIN PR OST PIS IQ? ww MIE ys ww yaw 9 AY YS MAYS Ayiy? aywrm syo na ¥ DYN Owyn yor pos NB aynyow 9 way yr OD 8 Typ BSN PYQDYS DST PN ON TNO TYP wasyo s MS APTS .pooys OST PN APTS, swiypsyiyps pyow | yn BST TPeBSOY BS .29°7 PI TAY AyT NB Tyy> opsytdy3 8 on TVBIYID BHI AT pew oYT BOAT DY Ay yy apt IY AYT ANN we VEIyo WT woMIYT THY? opt NB Sy IDey dys, JSST [OD 3 WIS HIST IT MW APTS wa BYT (OIST YT OD YO B92 YT AYT HIM AIYT SByw yO OY, JSST Ww. Yo “OMT NR WIG Bs OT AT BOAT CAyeY yp DY, ON YI VYS WYO Jy AVI AyAs PANT “O73 PS WH APTS B92 OX Apt wor SByow wos os, DSN OT Dy HT AY ASS js V3 ByS yO AYIYN Is2 PINT OYWISH OYT PUNT Pr TB Mr WS 9% Pt ST TVD IVT BY WB 72°2 O8T TSE Ns PBYOY IyBbIB ryt, WO APTS IMT WII OY YI WI PO. OY PS jw YT ByD J3yays APTS YT OST Dy Ayr JO. Ap OY OT ADM PS WAH 7391 DYN TIS yop Ysa ywopyr ow TB Os JOM PAP OBIT WHYS APTY ayyt wap oy ayn MOP + yoy TVD ATS WIS 7392 OY YT yO MIAyT MBSE Tys"t oY, DSN TN APTS TF wap DY Ayr jeez OM MT NW Yr YD pps J3YIYA WT OYA DY Trt ws yO oF Wp 224

225

24

LEsson

OYT IY38, YT IS TH ON °F WWI TDAYT Spyuw TOs o yyy? OBI OT APTS YP MP JOIST OT TO Pet WwIy o Wwosy DMS DSN DYT wyII 73°23 JO TO IBWASD .NDV7D ¥ "NSYA IVT PRT PIS WS Ns 3 OY AD OW ms yer DwyD yyy, swagiya Nyew ™ ws App yew pps “$y DYyND pew AYT yy Mt TA yyy? om ? DYIYT “yor

yas? 8 Po “PU Asn pry JAVT TPTVIY yoy?

MEY YoOS* Vos pIyTa OST Os 8 PN yprytrD OST OYT PI YS AIST

Abb

PwyasD

JVPewIes Os Po ro Ps xT O93 YORD pHOYIW 8 JMOWABE 3 PO S VO OU TIyIW ABB past dywow YIyT?

JIB

pwyasa

QMowes O's Po 3 QM PR OST yoxso poopy § JMOWABs Ws PO

4agn

a

Bopp 77 WOM TT 3st PR Typ TR

WEY yoS? Vos pIyT DST OST 8S Fn Y2yTD OT pyT ys Wyo AST

ws

Oy?

ws

ms

Bosyp 31 BOM 3st Ts TYP WN

8 VO MEY yoOS? yos? OW pIyT OST OSN SAN

Jagr pW

8 3

yryTD

O8T

YT PA yo FIST

ee

226

CotvecEe

YIDDISH

Ab

Pwyoso

8

mre

OW ISE Pw Wo woIyp IT PD PN OST BY BOM IT yOso you $ ISN TS JPVOVISE PW WO WYP oy pK goa

pS Se4

NO-WE YO-ME SPI HIR A LI-DE-LE

YOS DOS WEY-DE-LE Vi,

(2S ie =

DARE MEN GEYH DEM SHNAY-DER

SSS

DOS MEY-DE-LE VILA KLEY-DE-LE HO-BN

SSS

ZO-GN

i

NEYN vyn

>

Messiah [MEshiEKh] mwn both...and »0 ...20 earth

34Y °%

humiliated pnywrgs to spread yoo™pwxd to feel qr

y5°6

to lead 715 charity [TsDOKE] Apty °7 little dress ybytp ox?

shoemaker syvow sy

step (y) Saxo YT little shoe (7) yoys°w oN? man’s name [shIMEN] pynw

(Yiddish equivalent of Simeon, Simon)

top paw syt

the Jewish Law [ToyreE] 7717 °7 (usually referred

English as Torah)

to in

to teach yysy> | oN best yooya ox?

golden

generous py yng Mysyt>yx ays) 7582

heart (dat.:

to reach

}D-9yT

yx0¥n) poyn ONT aid nbn ot

heaven; sky

bmn

ayt

than less syp>32>™1 knowledge jo") ox

bride- [kho'snDL] Stan ot

groom (endearing) endearing form of ynx? 9°32. [BENYOMEN], Benjamin little song yby1) ladder syp>

Mommy

ot yt

>-wyn'xn °%

little girl ybyyn oyt to mean

7y2°

occupation [MELOKhE] 7x9” °7

LEsson

227

24

EXERCISES

A. Translate into Yiddish:

broke 1. The groom must kiss the bride. 2. Khaim fell and

(=mathis left arm (—hand). 3. The money doesn’t count d. finishe is matter ter) any more (=already), because the true a this Is . 4, Somebody says that you have more money me the story? 5. No, I have nothing else. 6. Either give up Stand 7. book as a gift or lend it to me for a week. Now 8. w. on the chair, or stand there near the windo born on come down. 9. When were you born? 10. I was part of this in September 29, 1907. 11. We got an apartment to do time the city. 12. On holidays we will probably have the all ear what we want. 13. Why does he touch his left pen (=the whole) time? 14. I don’t like to lend my good to anybody. 15. Please let us know when you will arrive, so we can meet you. 16. Let him stay in his own house. ly) . 17. At first he wanted to speak to you only (==necessari

18. Surely it wasn’t too important. 19. The holiday began

yesterday and will end the day after tomorrow. 20. It seems that this is the main matter which we have to talk about. 21. Although the house is almost full, perhaps we can ask

a couple of people more to come. 22. I like both pairs of

shoes, but I want you to give me the brown one. 23. Remember that I only want one. ive: B. Conjugate in the present, past and future tenses, and imperat rww .1 Prywrrpynw 2 yn prwya 3° OPW A

C. Write four sentences with each of the following words:

ps) D. Supply

6

wayaya.5

the appropriate

Soy

NI

forms of

32°, (Tr) 12%, PW,

(Pp), as the case may be: PR —— “PR ABA ING PR 2 Wy TOK — PT YA PR 4 PR PR boyd oT FW MN PIP WOHINT FINO Wayp OV TT IW FPN DIVA PT ——_HW OYA WY Uy

E. Translate into Yiddish:

.2

1H 4

THK od oF Joyo!

yous} oT pox 1 pyNe —— 3 bya S WY WT PIR .6 0H °F —— 17

1. You may shout as much as (how much) you want, but

228

CoLLecE

YIppIsH

nobody can help you anyway. 2. You are in my hands (singular) now. 3. I told you that you should never come into this house, but you did. 4. No one must come here. 5. I may demand anything from you. 6. I will tell you once more, and this will be the last time. 7. You may come only if you are called. 8. Do you think that this can be done differently? 9. Yes, here is how it should be done. 10. She may want to know how to say “piano” in Yiddish. 11. He doesn’t know it himself; (so) let him ask the teacher. 12. One must not judge anybody who is not present (Shere). 13. May I sit down on that chair? 14. No, you must sit on this chair.

F. Write a theme of 150 to 200 words describing your clothes. Use as many of the following words as possible, as well as those which have already appeared in the vocabulary:

pocket (0) ysyw’yp °7

jacket; skirt (qy) Spy ox shawl >xw °7

necktie op Ww YT Adjectives

cotton Sy351V7x"9

woolen sy3ybyy) linen Syayp22>

Verbs

to take off (NDYID/™1K) TD | ON to get undressed

TT

INVOON

Nouns

blouse (0) ynba o7 belt (qy) Sung, yt

suit (0) YONA

trousers

(plural)

shirt

qin

YT

(ny) Tayn ONT

glove (0) ypwuayn oT vest (JY) byoyn ONT stocking; sock (1) pyr yt overcoat

pajamas apron

(7¥) Svaxe

IY

(0) ynxwre °7

(JY)

JyH RNs IT

to put on (qyuya7’y) TWH | 38 dress (ny) T>p ONT to get dressed 4+ quay clothes (plural) sy mp °%7 G. Translate into Yiddish: 1, This year Passover will begin on April 14. 2. During

Passover we will be free from school. 3. We will have eight

free days. 4. (So) I have made many plans. 5. My brother will be Bar-Mitsve on May 9. 6. My brother is a clever boy and everybody likes him. 7. He may have to say a few words. 8. I must give him some (—=an) advice. 9. We asked our whole family to come. 10. Nobody knows how many people will really come. 11. This will be the fourth time

Lesson

229

24

this year that I am to (=will) meet all my uncles, aunts, and cousins. 12. Many years ago Bar-Mitsve was a very important matter. 13. A boy who was (==became) 13 years old became a man. 14. He had to fulfill (—do) the commandments which all Jews obey (—do). 15. From then on he himself was judged for the things he did, not his father or mother. 16. He had to show everyone what he [had] learned. 17. Is this the truth or another lie? 18. Show me how you made

it. 19. I may decide to go with you. 20. He

never speaks; either he shouts or he is silent. H. Change the singular nouns into the plural and the plural nouns into the singular; make the appropriate changes in the article. 7 qoya °F yIN’D Ba yT onysaww 7 jy opbyena oT wo 1592 ONT pyda ay OF | DYLPONYIPIIN WT poy TI? WT prs. wn yt OF So 0y7 «o qy>yayp Pay WT OF mvt °F pon yt = PROM BIRT oT) syaen bprvw ont

Syne YT WR. WT 1X WT

Sypyy

I.

J.

Ot

ORYTDN YT

OF «yb BNP YT 7 mnt Ww

WT

yop

oF

7 ob me] OOF ROIN-RW WT oytayay>

mon

[> syoen po

7

eo oT

«°F | TywITy>ya WT

oF pw WYNN YT °F Pea OT Wn of clause relative a into pair each Change the second sentence in the first sentence: TVNYA TP TV] PST ON PIR) PIWYI PR PR Bry na IT «1 I PR Ay %F 2 (TT Tw 97 03 (OTYAYA OF DONT YT) NON wee ON PR 4 .CTyba B32 Baws 1) TORT WA TNH poax>oeb Spy ONT PR ONT 5 (PINIP WT PKR YORY Yt) NY? TI ONT YT JAYN ONT PW PT INT PNK 6 (VK I THIN PR PN) PAN OT TBYIYA IVA PR .7 (OR PAN BPs wT IW POT 17) 39 SYIVIW YT PR ONT .8 COB PYA °F PR BAYT a) ITP 7 TWO BYR ¥ PX OYA I .9 .7yaMAyrowyy YX PR TWN2 12) Pm TIM WE 3A PR 10 .ywde IVT ON AI? OE B2 PR WY) (JIVIW V2 PR YP VR WW) Wis Translate into Yiddish:

THE JEWISH

BANDIT (joa [GAzLEN])

1. A poor Jew once heard that there were bandits [Gaz-

230

CoLLecE

YIDDISH

LONIM] in the world. 2. He had no money and had not eaten (past tense) anything for a couple of days (already) . 3. (So) he decided to become a bandit himself. 4. He left his town and went to the big forest (75x11 3y7) not far from the town. 5. The forest was uninhabited (—empty), and for two days nothing happened. 6. On the third day the bandit heard (that) someone approaching (=is arriving). 7. He stood (up) in the middle of the road. 8. The man who approached (arrived) was a Jew from another town. 9. He stopped (—remained standing [infinitive]) . 10. (So) the bandit said to him: “Give me your money. If not, I will kill you.” 11. Said the other [one]: “You are crazy (yawn [MrshucE]). 12. I am a poor Jew, and I have a wife and children. 13. How can I give you [all] my (whole) money? 14. And how can you kill me? 15. Don’t you have pity on my children?” 16. The bandit thought a little and answered: 17. “It is really true. I pity your children. 18. (So) give me a ruble

(9219).” 19.

“What

do

you

think?”

the other

[one]

shouted. 20. “Am I rich? How can I suddenly give you a ruble.” 21. “Well, (so) give me ten kopecks (oypys’xp).” 22. “Are you crazy? Even a rich [man] does not give ten kopecks as alms (7573 x [NEDOVE]).” 23. “Well, all right, give me a cigarette (o’yypyp).” 24. “I myself don’t smoke and where can (=should) I get you a cigarette in the middle of this forest?” 25. “Well, give me a pinch of snuff

(9p°a’ND pynw NX).” the bandit said. 26. “That you can have

(=get) . Why not?” 27. And he gave him a pinch of snuff and went out of the forest unharmed (abv [BEShoLEM]) .

REVIEW

QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions in English: 1. In what way was the traditional Jewish life an education in itself?

2. What evidence is there of the high regard which the Jews

had for learning? Who attended the kheyder? What was studied there? 5. What are some of the differences between a kheyder and a yeshive?

os

3.

LEsson

11.

24

231

Jewish What was the role of the Talmud in traditional education? ional How did the new secular schools differ from the tradit system? What feature has been found typical of Jewish jokes? humor? What subject matter is frequently treated by Jewish can be jokes Jewish What are some categories into which classified?

huWhy does Jewish life in America lend itself so well to morous comment?

12. When and where did Peretz live? 13. What was his position in Yiddish literature? ’ 14. What caused the discontent among Jewish youth in Peretz time? la15. How did Peretz’ reaction differ from that of the assimi tionists? ectual 16. Why, according to Peretz, would the young intell Jew? ed cultur a ning benefit by remai Peretz? 17. In what ways did the Jewish people pay tribute to 18. What is the importance of the luekh? 19. How many days are there in the Jewish month? 20. How often does leap year occur? 21. Enumerate the months of the Jewish year. 22. With what months of the common calendar does the month of Tamez usually coincide? 23. What day of the month is designated by mt 24. Which holiday occurs on the 14th of Oder? 25. In what Jewish year did Israel become an independent state 26.

(1948)?

What year in the general calendar corresponds to the Jewish year

mann ‘n?

In what Jewish year did the United States declare its independence? ’s 28. Enumerate some Jewish family names derived from women first names. of 29. What are some family names derived from names countries? 30. What initials does the name Katz represent?

27.

LESSON 25 Pspy?

yoopryiany

px

As

naw THN IT NE ayy 17 738A Woy oT yw. BST BRI IN TT PR BY AYN TS Aywospw apt Px Dy Yr NB ayn jwaeapyy DR Toy PI PR, Aw IyYeMAy AYT wayty2 wy yop won TESYY2 OSI ONT TyOSNY Wo wy 917 YSS JN TB yp won TYOINH NS pw? wl yay Yn IY Ne WORD TS aysy oyt “AOD TYNYI YES SI PIB VS ws Ty DYT AYP WIN PI MS, WATT avy AYY NS IT yn YT BABI NT ODT TYSPD OMI DYT wosMyI wY2 OST ASD TNE “22D DYT I WD TS TIpIONN opr ABO TOT OYT FPS PIN TN, AY AYE yt wastps psn PS }OPBN TIMMY JAY AHI NS WA NS TY oT SN] OS “AYROP WIN AYT TR AywoOpryaw ayt os

TOPS

OW TS pIyIDBI BST?

wr3 JUS BST ASD Ayo ys ryt

DYT IBY TYOHID IYI anya ws yww pp ps 359 DP TW pp (OY 7S WH OT TS 995 7 TSS OSI ORT ON OD TS AAyoya BST IB AYBOPyT AYT .paytas wT pwd App ws Ay TH TRIS ST APY AYT NS AY oT SHYyA YIyT ON OD Ty wAyTyI YS PB AywoOP wn AT ay ONS ABO TPES APT SY APTI 8 YT DN Orsopesas Jr os DIVYA OW AYO PAYTS 17 1ayT "AOD AYN pK, Toys wy "ay P2 “ps, "MODIY DYN PS, "OI, HYD DYl DST ON TIN ANT ASN, :wIDmwyI ayy “1 yBNA "MMIYN AYT AMIN BSW WT "VT UT BIT AYT AMS TyoDIppa PS Tn On, 232

Lesson

233

25

N BPIPyA 13877 aye 4 Jyspwrws 3 HS YTS NN AYIN yyA pIs VXI B84, voyr wy yyIt oyT Ay Bsn Wp IN, -Bagtya n3v Pst “| pwnsyayr Tsywss yt By We Ty ps3s3 7D TMOPIMT AT TS PS SSBIyT BST wT Wh PR WT 188 Dsl Dw, swastya PAB # IO PPD DyT TyIVW swags nsw Bsn , pone YT MENS wes BOWS TM yyIww mwsyn eT Py Syn By Bs PDR Osi 97 swastya Ty Ys FIST ST yeoyys 97 PS 7348, PBPRYD WS PMB 4 TR Magy PYDt oyT Tors BY NIw IIs p'sys BOND 11, swIyssyya VR PPI 3 TWH BAYT yors PS wW1 may SVN sorprbys pos yayn "NT TR, nsw AT Ost "Ps, FIST YTD. ppt oT Pn Mayiya YI OY) WHIYH YT RSopy AYT 178 TAT YN) STAY TT AME wesyo TYTN .opy YT TS Tew Pret ow WS wy 1M wy s wt Byn pop psssa "7 ypc? 8 ppn Ye PN PPA Wop TN 28D 77 yd RTT Yes WH syT AMS yY2s WH ” wOyN Ts yy yy nay IT gy BAyMApT A BT pTYT Bp ayy AY PIB, vw pb 7p TINT Ms 7 NB age WT Naw NR SPOT “iayenprnt YT OVW PBN TT PR spr *T TE yyorys TW 1B aye yoy 13388 TDNTYIAy FN nay T1539 Naw BYT OS ya NS ppyyooyrx7a

2” 3 pd

VPP¥ITVI'R

VOCABULARY to create (j5RWNA) TEXWRA Creator yfywxa YT tree (Wyma) O23 TYT * blue yb * to bless ywuiya * better yoya

grass

to be heard

TN.

ONT

>t FWYANYT

holy pon *

(YTYAO/N) IyT | ON * to look (appear) eternal; for ever p23" one upon PYTIN YOK WIK the other otherwise

to separate

tern

OX (1) OPy

0/928 | BN

IT

todescend 41 11y? | BSW

284

Cotxece

totake

YippisH

piyn °T 985 Tr WyAy3

sky; heaven

each other’s hand

earth

Wy

°7

bird (536) bab oyt « to quarrel >t y>4pys * voice [KOL]

‘yp ONT

rest

19 °%

peace [shoLEM]

...093 pn

animal [KhaYE—-s] (n—) mn °7 ©

(peri- [KhorEv] Jayn Sin

phrastic verb) to be destroyed [TAYNEN—GE-

(biTIvHYA)

InayD

TAYNET] to claim, to maintain

to rest yy star (—) yoy YT to shine

if not for...

(1y) buon 997 © void pon

sea [YAM—YAMEN] (jy) O° yt * to suffer (qu°bya) p12 ©

qy2~w

orb oy «

slave (j) "W2pw ryT ©

to give in (jayayaa’ya) jaya | 5°43 next IypoMsy’yI IYT

QUESTIONS TAY O¥N Pay .2 tor PYS INN AYT NH ayo °F Pr yaRA WN 1 ORT 4 WARD AYHWIY YT DAIVHYA ONT OMT 3 IDAMpyS pr oT TOOTT BYT FERRI OYD OYA ON 5 TBD IYO MY IVT Hr»RID? DRT PR O¥N DM .7 YY WHObIYYI IVT VABTYA DBT ON .6 D¥D ben DINIZVA Nav OYT OXN 8 wPvoN yNyr AND IYLOPYT Iy7 O¥N 10 2NIW OPT wAxTYA TAY OF TR Ne °F PARA ON 9 MPT mn NE Mp OST DAY OY ON «11 wyhysyys naw vxN tow AYNVA PR ”¥ .12

GRAMMAR 1. Comparative WHY

WII

DIyIVI7G

YAWN

XY VYowW

Ti

WT

wr

xX aclean room;

vIVI-S

x

vyow

& 1

a cleaner room

a gay city; a gayer city

77 XY a new house; a newer house

The comparative of adjectives is formed by adding sy— to the base of the adjective. The comparative may then be inflected accord: ing to gender, case, and number by means of the usual adjective endings:

SyN27y0W DIVS2YOW

OYT

DV IYY?2’YowW

7

©

:p2yoW AIVS2’YOW

(D)WVS27yoW

DVT

AD IYY2’YowW

WT

235

25

Lesson

changes in the comIn many adjectives, the vowel of the base parative: syuby — ON beKP — syvbyp syny> — oR?

aynyep

—

WW?

sysop

—

PP

sypiy’y) syoyny sy~op syn5 syspp syprrys

— Divs] — >yny — xp — Ss aan yr? — — blyA

syoyn, — orn wyy — Pv won — PT irregular in the comparative: etely Several adjectives are compl

ayoya — syany

Also:

ota

— oye

ayn Aya — D8 which is subject From now on, the comparative of an adjective vocabulary in the in listed be to a change in its base vowel will parentheses. conjunction After a comparative, the preposition 5 or the to English “than.” 16 are used interchangeably, and are equivalent a nominative. is followed by a dative, while ‘ requires soN PR

=

WwIvW

oN WoO

=

YR

Vo

NS

y5

Wivw

awo8v.a7

2. Superlative

room spn’y 1pyo2"7 17 the cleanest city t pyvw pYdIVI|S 77 the gayes Tin puow) DYT

the newest house

proper case or gender To form the superlative, —vo— plus the adjective. Adjectives, the ending is added to the base form of the retain that change in the bases of which change in the comparative, superlative:

236

CoLvece

YippisH

Woy?

WT—

Way?

WvdIy??

WT

WIyr7?

—

Way

rep

—

vovw

WoDaryy

—

WI—

—

33K?

There is no superlative form without a case or gender ending.

If the base of the adjective ends in p—, Proper ending is added in the superlative. TWwe0wn

wt

Wwvoy3s

WI—

—

only

worn

—

om

weys

—

012

—p—

plus the

Note that the superlative of biyya is usually syvopsy’y3 ayt the

nearest. The special form

IYbONIY’NI

TyT

means

the next.

EXERCISES

A. Supply the comparative form for the adjectives given in italics: OST

PINT? TBNyA PR M6 T2t YN .2 SM WI & PX pny 1 Vt wy OVI Ova pr YYT 3 AYYPYT OZ w yA oy. DIWNW ¥ 37 PR 5 1 -W OB PK PR PD -NW oF TDN 4 by NS

B TVNYA PR Aan

PR

TL7

PR

YN

Tom 7A Way? Ws

IT

vy

WW POINT

yong

9 .PN?

oT .7 “PU

Pr

ORT

11 Wy

RON

Ayons9

oF TIPSY

PN

DO2N ABW BINA

ypad

PNR .6 .vysw wr

.8 DIIN?

TS°BRIYE NYT 10 tnawn

IMR IP TI RR

POY

MW

IT Bw

12

3 APY?

way

IVD 12a

BON

PR OF 1S VNU? X WA VON ¥ PRX OWA OF 014 9 PT Ser YA ONT AY 17 wwys TO & yr mS DY Ty .16 .VITW X WA

MSY TO 8 yayaya

B. Rewrite the above sentences, using the superlative form of the adjectives. Omit sentences 16 and 17. C. Translate into Yiddish: 1. A Jew without a beard is better than a beard without a Jew. [Proverb] 2. On a colder day one should wear warmer clothes. 3. Every child thinks that it has the best mother in the world. 4. Saturday is the holiest day. 5. This sea is larger and deeper than that one. 6. Which tree is taller? 7. That one is the tallest. 8. He claims that this is the most interesting book which he has read. 9. I think that today was the hottest day of the year. 10. Soon it will become colder. 11. If you won't eat more, you (yourself) will suffer. 12. This is the brightest star in (=on) the sky. 13. I will

Lesson

237

25

er. 14, (The) father wait until the water will be warm best thing would be to have blessed his oldest son. 15. The e). 16. Which bird is peace and not to quarrel (mor this room because it is (=appears) prettier? 17. 1 dislike My father went to the best much darker than the other. 18. est trouble is that this kheyder in his town. 19. The bigg that your watch is newer water will not suffice. 20. It seems e closer. 22. What is the than mine. 21. Please come a littl world? 23. My grandfather name of the smallest bird in the this man. 24. Moyshe is has an even longer beard than all; he may also be the probably the most peaceful of us demand anything now. strongest. 25. It is wiser not to nsive than that one, it 26. Although this pen is more expe (=with) the shortest looks uglier. 27. He came (here) by way to do it. 29. What route (=way) . 28. This is the best is the most beautiful is more important? 30. This picture (the) mother’s. [Proverb] of all. 31. The warmest bed is otten. [Proverb] 33. (It 32. The quietest (vw) child is forg is) better

ful hole

(to have)

(q¥¥ 7).

an ugly patch

(ypx? 7)

than a beauti-

er [Proverb] 34. The worst life is bett

best horse (1795 than the best death. [Proverb] 35. The

needs a whip (wuva 7), the wisest man erb] YIDDISH

FOLK

(an)

087)

advice. [Prov-

SONGS

this textbook are but a The folk songs which are included in folk songs which the Jewish minute sample of the vast number of n that even people who people has created. Experience has show faction from singing Yidknow little Yiddish derive no end of satis songs express are easily apdish folk songs. The feelings which the far removed from the preciated even though their content is often present. nment value, folk songs Apart from their emotional and entertai udes and culture patattit h are a rich source of insight into Jewis y rewarding, both highl fore terns. A scientific study of them is there . music the of from the point of view of the text and put their feelings into In times of greatest suffering the Jews catastrophe in World War song. Even during the years of the great

238

CoLiece

Yippisu

H, the Jews in the German-made ghettos sang old songs and created scores of new ones—songs of love and of fear, of defiance and even of hope.

The range of topics treated in Yiddish folk songs is wide. There are songs of children and of mothers, of students and of soldiers,

There are orphans’ songs and wedding songs, devotional and holiday songs, ballads, fantasies, and many, many love songs. The song yoytn yw yt 142 Wn (p. 144) expresses love and desire just as other songs bring out the bitterness of separation or the disappointments of unrequited love. Some of these songs are well up-to-date, others reflect a bygone age when a child had no say in the choice of a mate and had to abide by the decision of his parents. In the song

you’

(p. 225)

we see a girl waiting for her mother to guess her

thoughts, not daring to speak out directly. There are folk songs which can be considered “international,” since their themes are found in the folk songs of many nations. As in the case of proverbs, the Jews have been active carriers of many such songs from nation to nation. In the case of certain song patterns which are found all over Europe, such as that of “The Song of the Kid” (x72 Sn [khap GapyE] sung during Passover, there seems to be general agreement that it was the Jews who spread them among their neighbors.

The borderline between folk songs and formal poetry is, as in other languages, quite fluid. Starting with the oldest times we have examples of poems becoming folk songs as their true authors are gradually forgotten; we witness this process in our own day, too. The Song pwbyenp j61N (p. 183) is sung as a folk song although it was written by M. Varshavski only two generations ago. On the

other hand we see folklore motifs and patterns enriching artistic lit-

erature; Peretz’ writings are a conspicuous example.

Dw) TST PN VERB

PASTY STS 3D PN DMT IST ON ASB IISA TO WT MS .Dy9 OF YO AT Ww ISIS JWI IYO WIT pyrya pyayaw woyi> DIVA PVT POMS IS PS OB PY PT WwIp

Lesson

QPNYA ANN F JTYIPI OAT gl Bs BOI AMT PRIVY YIWT IS

PK PS P32 B83 V3 yoay3 PS IY ITM yw oD WTI — TIM yIvw OB YIVT w TY2Vaye ys

ISBOIBS WO 2UgI Dy! Jey DyT WI JPIPVT YIN

DN YT Sa Ws? 17,1 x wo NID wos Wy ByT CYT ANS prysw B32 YD TUT POY? OF WO BO TR

=

Pa-PIR

NOKh

DOKhK

A-NAND

MAYN

TsU

HARTs

KU-ShN

BAYN

honor [KovED] N43 497 PON PR = PPNI’D in a Tow

dear 3°?

72/838 83

pws = A

rich man [oysheR]

73

1wiy 197

paper /°BXB O87

request

32’R9985 1Y7 Jo x= 5 to be like 1% yy” to kiss ywip little house pyar OX always, any time p>T3ybw

es

SS \Z

DOK

DIR

TU

SAVARTs

MAYN

Se

=

T

TsIT

TINT

UN

~=VAYS

IZ DOKR -

LE-8N TEG

=~

oy

4

7

==

289

25

KR VOLT SREYN

DRAY

SkTEN-DIK GE-ZE-SN HAL-TN DAYN

PO-NEM UN TW

tohear

dear little eye

Z1S

WANT

yoym | 0%

(7) poya7°R O87

TININ

WI — 13’

3382 YI ¥ OD 338A bountifully 382 093

cia; belonged to Austria until the end of World War I) modern }yT¥R to drudge yr jyp’RA music (i.e. the artof pony 7 « music or the sounds of music) written music (plural) ywxi °7 audience, [OYLEM]

py

public

enthusiasm

pry°nwiy

IyT *

7

somewhere i pyany * nowhere, 0°)... PysIY PR *

anywhere

paper BRB ONT *

to try pip * simple [PoshET] biwp *

father (more (0) Typyi formal than yoxy)

IT

*

to prohibit yNINs

to shut, to close

Nn NS

to perform

| 1x5

performance a319ypw’xb °7 j>ypw

(Jaws)

to write down

*

AwIwaNS

used to paydh

early °5 *

in the morning

5 1y7 PRX * Czarist wonyy

certainly [AVADE] to invent yoosxww to make use of 7x93 to wake up 4r yeRD QYINOWYIs/AK PR) MoD to get up (TONBYAEN PR) NS to

| | | |

°xTY 07K 071% BK SK

¢ © © © *

| VN

©

occur

qhe

& PRsVIIEN

PR Dn

an idea occurred to me to fool yrx3 | BN Operetta (0) YOPIYEY 7 Open (ayayhy Iy7) TEN *

actor (3) VyUPK YT *

to mix in ywon | 2 separately “yTIN¥2 as soon as °1) T9X3

[BINYEN— (O°) P32 97

BINYONIM] building

happy yy%p»2 ©

taste p’xawya YT

to permit yadoyt toap- Qpoxnya) ... 15 IeNT * prove of, to be fond of dance

hungry

pyai

(p3yb) PIXD YT

¢

theater (0) TYOXYD IYT ® tradition yoyo °7

in order to [KEDE'y] 1¥ °1D *

hardly [KiMa’T] 93 pyn> ¢

Lesson

27

251

(DYWHBYWYA) WWE!

to whisper

play Saw

part, role (0) yon

°7

Rumania yaya government 33179397 °7

°T

late pypy *

(REVOLUTSYE]

revolution

to jump qyaMBVYA PR) Way I|w joy; party [simKhE] Anew ot

y>xY2RNI97 °F

stable Sypw °7 quiet pw

QUESTIONS .2 Wrwgnya Pya PETIA PNK WN 1 DIVYA OD FWY OKT ywrn? TH WoORS WT YN Vaypya TY ONT ON Kv 3 MPN THYDRVD WWTP PP Trya D2 Sy R PN ONT WH .4 MYDRyD VORVY PP POWWYA OD TEINA PNR ONT 12 WH ONT HOT >’ 5 PP TVNYA 03 IVI ON WH WW NK PK °F .6 WIVTRETA 192 WVYI VYIW OPTRETHYA PX OT INE .7 IYD NK ITP? yw NH PRSyPYN PHVA PR PAN 8 wWoynw Vw WH T NA ONT OY .9 JON ON .10 WIyany> PR OIVAVA DBO PR TNH YAP PWN OT BY TING PN ISD ONIIBYA PWR YW??? LL WwW? PIN WoORyD yor! IZ HAYNE

TIRBTOND HBT

NN TINETONA “PT OMT ON WS PWV]

OY

12 MW yoxry? yavt w2mYyr PR IVORYD TW. PR wmsya

GRAMMAR 1. Present Participle Used as an Adverb WT

PR YO] PR WIMP WAIWAVIPVNN

“D1 TR

AYA DN pm

WT

TR

1 prtayyt

Seeing

that

nobody

was

home,

I

left

Pa on

PIR pray lawn 19370 yovaws vyn Ww

As 7 was walking in the street, I met Moyshe He ate in silence

The present participle of a verb is formed by adding pt— to the

first or third person plural form of the present tense. The following verbs are exceptions: pom0/N pryvyn pma’ya prmay/at

— FON TVD — jn or — = DPA OF — IVT PD

252

PINT

CoLiece

TR

VI

1wvoya

PR

YippisH

PTIVyvT

While

I was in Boston

I became

sick

yw

In the present participle of complemented verbs, the adverbial complement is prefixed to the participle, and the entire form is spelled as one word: MTNA

1ANIY

PTNWAINN

117

MTIWSP VNR

sWYSPVINN

In the above examples, the present participle has been used as an adverb of time.

“AYP"TIIN?

WT

F2°TIIN?

OVT

WUIDN

Y2TIIN?

17

ie ae

WUIDN

TNR YPTIIN2 VYT TV?

2°TIIN? B

Note that the present participle cannot be used as a noun in Yiddish. The English form in —ing has a number of functions which the present participle in Yiddish does not share. Care must therefore be taken not to use the present participle in Yiddish in rendering phrases such as “I am sitting” (Yiddish: present tense) or “Smoking

is prohibited” (Yiddish: infinitive; see below). 3. Infinitives as Nouns

DWINNS

PR

MyI"

INOTS YVR yazw 115 wav? WT? WM ?27 Wp

VMN

yar avn

5

vr] ven

w31ywa on

Ww

WW TA

DVwWPYT sONTYA TR yoR> (D9°2D-012W) JX?

Smoking is prohibited

He makes a living by writing fora He

I

newspaper doesn’t

songs

know

approve

nothing

of

singing

about

buying

clothes Laughing is wholesome, doctors prescribe laughing (Sholom Aleichem)

padi Wek tae SS

WOIDN

hk Nin Sine

2. Present Participle Used as an Adjective The present participle can also be used as an adjective; when so used, the customary adjective endings for case and gender are added to it:

Lesson

27

253

The infinitive is used in Yiddish when a verb is the subject of a sentence, its object, or the object of a preposition. In this usage it usually corresponds to the English gerund in —ing. 4. Repeated Action

Goldfaden used to write songs

wT? yaw vaydd 17x57242 JOVI

WwW

wT

vay?S

used to work

He

ww

very hard

To denote an action which was repeated more than once in the past, the infinitive of the desired verb is added to the auxiliary 4y%6, which is conjugated as follows: (Px)

(pa)

(yp) (Pp)

(pa)

(pa)

BK

PR

poay>S

37

vay?B ay yoh Pa

vay>S

PN

ay?

5. Conditional

AyIpya vow>Nn 17 NRW yo°baya YT poyiy jIwya vr] wowdyn 17 wii

TR poy

DRAYA WIV

If you came (had come), I would stay (would have stayed) here If you didn’t shout, the child

07) TI? DVT

would not be afraid

popbyn 17 TY WYwyA WowrNN DYN! What would you do if you had a

PIWAT WN

million dollars?

Y ORAYI

In conditional sentences, the conditional of the verb is used in both clauses. The conditional form of a verb consists of its past par-

ticiple added to the auxiliary poyn,

which is conjugated as follows:

(yaIwaya)

VY

PR

(IVRIRAYA)

VEY PR

(yaawaya) vowdyn 17 BEN IY. (Tyaagaya) (TVAIRAYA) WORN Wn Tr «WY (VARA) interchangeably to The conjunctions x, yw, and 1 are used mean if. Other ways of forming conditional sentences will be explained at a more advanced stage.

254

CoLLEcE

YIDDISH

EXERCISES A. From

the verbs given in parentheses, form

present participles

used as adjectives in sentences 8, 9, 10, and as adverbs in all

others:

DNA 2 OM FON SPM NYT BA Day bya Wy DNA (7y>D»nw) «1 (Pip) 3 .woySyayya wesmIwa PSA NX (AM) YpIpya ON IN ANA WT PP (TVIVP) WD 4 TED KW PORBVAN WM 1K PT APN ET IT NH (PON) 5 way PW YIWIVA ON YM TK “yx Pn PR AyosIyS JOy> (7Br) .6 .HIyD OY I IVA PR IVT 1S JONOWND PR ABT p> PP PRT (MBL) 02.7 .woRP Ayr BN TS PN YON ws 9 yON (75°19) PP Hrs YT IRA WP 8 AVN PR 611 1OMW Tyr TSI (VIVA) °F HW MN 10 INH CYAN) OB AMO! WT APN (Pt) 12 ya PR (7°) ay ww 3d aRA SOWIN YT TK (JOM) OI PYNK PI PR .13 PIT PR Iwya PR O>YX

B. Make as

ONT UP WYA

TN

IV ONT

TSYA

TK

(79~11) 14

up sentences containing the following infinitives used

nouns:

Waywww TOONIWOW

4

Tr wrens 8

ywiays

3 47

Jay Towa

NW

2 «6

wen

ol

wewn

.5

C. Translate into Yiddish: 1. When we heard that a Yiddish theater had been opened (past tense), we decided to go [to] see it, because we are fond of Yiddish theater. 2. The day before yesterday I went downtown (=in town) in order to buy tickets for everybody. 3. Last night (—Yesterday in the evening) my whole family went to the (=in) theater. 4. An old Yiddish operetta was performed. 5. It was called Shulamis (mn?iw). 6. It is Goldfaden who wrote it. 7. The play was very good, and the audience liked it. 8. I liked especially the playing of the main actor. 9. The play included (=took in) singing and dancing. 10. Some of the songs are very famous. 11. Looking at the performance I thought that we ought to go to the theater more often. 12. Although the seats (=places) are more expensive near the stage (y2°3 °7), it is good to sit close to the stage. 13. After the play I asked whether there were (present tense) any more Yiddish theaters in the city. 14. I am told that there are others, but they

LEsson

27

255

are not as (==so) good. 15. They perform operettas about girls who left their fiancés, mothers who lost their daughters, husbands who left their wives, and so on (=further) . 16. The music in the play was good. 17. I have heard it somewhere. 18. I always sleep better near an open window, and I do not find it (=it is not) difficult to wake up. 19. One can get up faster in the morning than in the daytime. 20. It occurs to me that you have hardly eaten today. 21. I didn’t go anywhere; I simply stayed at home. 22. Although the child is hungry, it is very quiet. 28. Try to write with this pen in order to see whether it writes well on this paper. 24. I was there for several happy weeks. 25. Certainly I am the owner of this house. D. Conjugate in the conditional: J2ayT

nwa

3

JOSNIWOAW

.2

TIVSIB

oL

PA

.L

E. Conjugate in the ay>S form: F.

pr

«3

7339

2

yepy

TVRREY

2

Make conditional sentences out of the following: yoydoy PT ay vx .pdya Pp 2 PONT 7 WN OR WOALT IT «1 POY YT DWN «3 ON PT PN PID DRE YI 7 VOD 17.2 ARPT Tivyn °F 4 TBD IS ONN JON OS PR YN Py>pIyT pee 2 VP (PIVIP PR Ty 5 PONdyA WT WM TANT Vp Tayya DI Pr OYT THE DI IY DOSY AWWHOPH INN 1K PK I .6 by. PR IW pa OME WT PT IY VIVOND YI POA X ORT IW .7 ABP _TYT 2 ON PR Isa Ww" Wo vn oI Ww 8 1¥ DOOWRA PR 9 TR OD

PP

WYIW

voybyr SP

PR BBA Pn

PD PR OF

BW oJya Vary AyIMp

WAIN

PR

OT

AY

PPIY

ONT .10 .7K PYXNI ONIN

yIrw ayy

PIPYNN

OVI

PR 1 DONT

.7INN

TN

12

“yx POR ABT PR 14 TVSRBY Pr Vr Ty) IP -Vjzayr oy .13 DYT OR PNT PR 15S 02 WW PK PK Pp IWS AW OYT bp PA 1% PW AY vOMN ayn

G. Translate into Yiddish:

HE FORGOT HIS COAT

(9u380 5y7)

1. Khelem Jews are so famous that when a Jew is asked: “Are you from Khelem?” he answers: “You are a fool yourself!” 2. A Khelemian once went away to another city.

{ 4

256

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

3. When he arrived there he saw that he had forgotten (past tense) his coat at home. 4. (So) he [therefore] sent the following (=such a) letter to his wife in Khelem. 5. “Dear Sore! Send me your coat which I forgot at home. 6. I write ‘your coat,’ because if I would write ‘my coat,’ you would read ‘my coat’ and you would send me yours. 7. And what would I do with your coat? 8. Therefore I write simply ‘your coat,’ so you should read ‘your coat’ and send me mine. 9. Be well. Your husband, Yankl.” THE

PHILOSOPHY

AND

INFLUENCE

OF

THE

KHSIDIM

The khsidim (opm, sometimes referred to as ‘‘Hassidim” in English texts) represent a powerful school of thought in the past two centuries of Jewish history. Beginning in the province of Podolia, the movement

eventually

swept

through

almost

all of Poland,

Galicia,

and the Ukraine, and penetrated to a lesser degree even into Lithuania and White Russia, despite the resistance of its opponents, the misnagdim (n’q22nd). The khsidim stress devotion and religious intent more than learning; they believe that a man can serve God not only by specific prayers but by all his deeds. Their ideal was democratic, for it freed the poor and less educated members of the community of the contempt in which they had been held by the more learned. Ecstatic love of God became an important value; and God is worshipped by the khsidim in joy rather than in sadness. The place of the rabbi, called rebe (135) instead of rov, was raised to a new prominence. The followers of the rabeim celebrate them as their leaders and intercessors with the Lord. A khosid considers it a good deed to visit his rebe at least once a year, usually for important holidays. Many rabeim have been saintly men, thoroughly aware of their responsibilities in the face of the authority which they wielded over their adherents. The

founder of the movement

was Reb Yisroel Bal Shem Tov,

usually referred to as der Bal-She’m or, by his Yiddish initials, as der Besht. The Bal-Shem gained a reputation as a miracle worker and became a popular hero. He preached the new religious philosophy as he went from town to town. Of the Bal-Shem it was said that he was one of the Thirty-six Good Men (see p. 276), and scores of wondrous tales are told about his sayings and exploits. Many other

LrEsson

27

257

rabeim also were picturesque persons and became the subjects of folk stories and legends. Artistic forms, such as stories, songs, and dances are an essential

in the life of the khsidim, and they have been stimuli to modern Jewish art. The moral tales of one rebe, Reb Nakhmen Bratslaver, are unsurpassed for their artistic imagination and moral element

significance. Peretz and other Yiddish writers adopted and developed numerous motives of khsidic lore. Typical khsidic melodies

without words, called nigunim

(p°2\3°3), are among the most popu-

lar Jewish songs; they turn up again and again in the more formal works of present-day Jewish composers. The khsidim also cultivate the dance as an expression of religious joy; some of their traditional themes reappear constantly in the Jewish dance. Thus the movement of the khsidim has been influential beyond the immediate sphere of religion, in which it started. Whatever one’s attitude towards khsidic teachings, one may take it for granted that khsidic lore contains many elements which are yet to develop and expand in the Jewish culture of tomorrow.

3

Ww TOR

S

LESSON 28

PIpY? POOP INN DIAYIMW

PX ws

PNR OI Aysyys Yura

AIMS PP ST WES PS WIpI APT AMIS Has yw? pos ps TYT PR ON YIST YONI SIS WOBwWyr YI PST VS PS oY yey FMR TISMwya WS S PMB yyw wT apwy awyT px DS TIN PS AVA wryly yas. Tyla ws PMT Ss IMT WITT PR WYY JO S$ WIzIpIDIWS 3p? yy3sa OST 1asM Aysyo FIST VT WIIY2ya P17 PT TASA TIM PINS Ps TI? od Prysy2p oT ww Pr yyoyIsS .OvT AT PR pays wists way2H BSA ANN yyI wr yn .oposm yryyr wIyn pp TT TPIT MING FDS PR AINY ISI Py Bes pay apr AVIV 1 WYIAWVYA [V7 PPI JO $ DIM YI TAs °F Jynyps yyw PEASMYI PMI JST TS SIS AMR oy Mw IIs DMyoyIp DVD PSION yp wI SIS PN OST AMBwWH “Tt WDoSMbrN PISS

ywsts

DIPPPA WD WT ISA ITP pa Pr Wr Ws yp 1 ys TH DY MSD TPS UOMNN OIypya 3 JAS PS wIyprsyn WD pp S85 TVD OST ISBTYT wesp2ya apts pS yy3sD pryyr yay eT ANS OME PIT WS TPOyeY PN ypDww I TD NnypIy Mr YI

PS

BMAD

YIpTMWASH

9H

os

pyrsayswo ns

yyw

oy

STOSIMO'HY A YIIsI $ PSN PN oY ts WI WIV TIPIYI WYO YP ,WrytMTAs® 719 p32 yw15 Pb TV AID pests TB OIpSsp TX Drysy yoopwon 7 rynys YT MD IS TPO BPAyOS. ws yy’? pors oF wa wy? iyo INS Spspap

BDOSAYS

BSS

AT

TIT

CPINS

oT YD

ONAN

YT DB FI ayn Tt OMS Bs PTYT AyD To ysp9 oF Iw DWN TX Apwyo psrw yaya ow 9H pyr er as. SWw3 WIP? BS pay? PR PVH IS Pr TIIYIS Tyo FIST Yr 11H O81 258

Lesson

28

259

ABB, IDWYPr PIV VT WSs Apa pws "TBS PR yPsy Wo SP MONT OST Ty 11 Us TINT Oy Tysyo WB sy Tyne “yysiy? 82 iyayP PIN WI nya pyswt os yszy? Wa ws ST DYNA TOS IpH? AyLTY ApIH?y IpT mH papaya poowsswopryo3s DAYTITAY?

[OID

IIB

NR PISyst

AI yayn .2087 Spooa TNS

yrs ISS Dy TORT PIWwya NUM JD 8 yIMwyay y BST YOM West vt AYP POINDYTOIN TS PN PD OST PVH IS PT SSS ISOs Mw IWyr JI PX DYT YO VS PR OM TO “ASE PR OM MYI OYA Pa .wvy Iysp? NB Mino’ eT wo Ay psy yy OST BUS pus? $ TISweyt PR MPA yw Bs wiypa PR AYT ORBY 2087 PS TH ST JYORI PR BOP JOIST JYOR TBE DPS s9y0 PH RWIS PIV OY PTY tps 28 VST oT NT TYIPI PIs BST 7 PWT DST DIS BHR WUPpNSI SEMI “ANB [DBM Mw PS SEN Iw IY WIYPays IST DST PTY 13y? Sxieeyprs YP TSH Wo ways WT Tas TS TINT pays wep PS PDWNS 9p ORT POS OST .wIpYD PI PR ANI 17 an PIN WOOT PIN S PIC MUI PRS WIT WHIT DIMIYIVW JOS ST PINT Wasrpywy? aywes II WT Ts “TPB Pwd Py SYED OPT [pAIpIDsIWAS Wstya Px 4 nb JERWyI IVD 8 JBN DAyswW ywrt Dx Ty IWS nibr SISTA Tyo BST wee AMR PIMWYI TNH IWS MPBA TBS pyays’ S$ .oyspTy pyyvys ppn nvwyo pore w 3°? 787 FMS DPD PX TISNPI OYBY DAY PR ,2wo? Tyo WewPsayT OST JSOIES ON JOSPWHI YT PIN ST OMWPIBY PT Ty MS LOW AMN Wr, swIastpa FRAT S “UNS SWS DVN

TTY pIyTY ISD WS PS ys

POY SIND & ANN SAN POND IT OD Tawsays IM POW DST PR 7330) 8 PIPIVT IPT NS BaD Ppayy TW Tyrya I Vy .waysssp BYWSIND O$11 ISH, :POSO IT WI Ty waynb .wsyn 7 wp BIS "8S Ty Vast 7 SI OVINVT TY WI HYWS ID Ty, spoxd Poy BYWNP DST IWS 8B, ,793 OST MAW “WS 3K,

260

CoLLEcE

SBYO

YIDDISH

OX

SPS OByY S$ apy ny S$ YW 1 IpI Wp S$ BA psy ¥ SBYO OST JOYS POPPI psypT porns oT PN Ome Bows Ipwmw TS JPTyI °F OSA IST PX yyowya Op OS tr Ty ayss .p ny DST, TMI IW PD WypIIZ Vt MST JORDY 92 8 PN Jy Oy SBYO ONT JDSIDYS IST OS WS Zpyy pw Op Wys TS YYA "N92 JOS IST PS DY SUN BPD PR WI www Sw, spsyTY pryws oT woySyosp Pw DY PS OI Ny jJOSIDyS oss WwWYY OST PN OIOW IY S87 DIT PS 2°72 WO DY OST WS AYTYN JOSIsyy yyrya "VOBYD PP

IYI

WI

ISD PP

JIN WI PN

VOCABULARY woman’s name

(obsolete) 9p»

2(TOVIYA

PN) THR IA

20018 TOYIYA DO PN OY

*

I succeeded in... to prepare Pr JW * light; easy a3, ¢ to pray yyINNT * maid servant (}) v02°T °7 conduct (an orchestra) 999° conductor (of an orchestra)

pa’ya°0°" YT

Hameln (in western Prus- dayn sia, famous as the town of the Pied Piper) historical written work (—)

wo yvon puyn ONT

[Z1KhROYNEs] 1321921 °7 (plural) memoirs pot >ByD ONT AN

grief ayy oyT OYD PR [KAAS] DyD *

angry with

autobiography y*Sx73¥ ANDO to (qudxmyad 1) y>oxT maintain since 1) contents (singular) poynyx

IWF | 51 18 ® yt ©

institution (0) yoy po K »T

to write (2°WWyaVN) yIWIWw | VR

to play a (qybyan’x) TN | BS trick on

to draw an inference-yaty) | B’x to cut off (U*2WyIB’Y) TIBI | B's (JVAINAYAO’*IANW

TN)

to be published

772 | O71

to engulf

yex5| nN

movement (}¥) ANAYNR2I 7 *

to notice }prynxa * to describe (72°"W¥3) J2VWI education 3317999 °T (Bow

TA"-Fa)

WIWs"Ne.

[BESMEDRESh—BOTE-

ONT

MEDRO’ShIM] synagogue salvation [GEULE] 7>1RA °F serves him right! too 1X pa

*

Lesson

form pynKd °7 to feel y°6 « to conduct oneself

>t

77°5 *

to adjust yoxp | "¥ * concert DVYEINP WT [KEHILE— -s] (M—) AP OF * community

28

261

Bogdan

Messiah” of the 17th cen-

tury, sometimes referred to in English as Sabbatai Zevi

torious for his massacres of Jews literature (3) Vwxyy?? 7 * to be able yxy yyayp ty39y? to read the Talmud wave ...0° JOR?

Messiah [MEshiEKh] mwn * [MoshL— (0°) 2wm YT

MEsho.iM] fable

written in Yiddish

ANA

OT

}|ywxnvo

to threaten

Law, usually referred

[TKhINE—-s] (M—) prayer for women

silly wmK3 low pyt *

style po “pT

the Jewish [Tore] ANN 7 to in English as Torah

leader of

the 17th century, no-

to scream 7 | ywornp role yox7 °7

hush xw * °S¥™°nIw [ShaPsE-TsvI'] “false

Khmelnitski,»py>3>yn3

Cossack

*

both .. . and »0...20 *

[SEYFER—SFORIM] sacred. book to spend

(time)

(0°) 150 7Y7 qyayna qs

*

prayer [TFILE—-s](mM—) ABA T * — (TyDIIIN) ... ba TPT TyAyIINS © to take care of

QUESTIONS DORN INS .2 TWD WI PRIYA OND K TN TART 13T2°I WORN «1 ANK TID yoyoxyso yayzownw ws wya Ws WH ye OKA WNYA WoeIyyd yor 7 PN TAY IVT Ww IP TV Pa 3 wT? 4 toyIy YK WH Ip'y IT VONBYAS “Yo TR NK PN Ww 5 MysIp Wa WIS °F WayT YO yoo Iwas TPN I oy DET yy INE .6 MEH’ IyIyHey YT NS Pryanw TINK WH PVN TI WK PR ON BM .7 WIT YR ya wya Sew “PIN PP PRS I WM IyA Pr TT? Way ONT WH .8 2bIV W17 PR WPIYIVIW YW XT PMA WIV -y .9 wy WO VR WOYIBN Y3yT? °F wy My .10 THON P OWING Iypyr D2 9a? ONT ORT ONN -11 TOBY OYT PVA ORT ONT YIyT? OT WARIVA OY OY 12

WIR

262

Co.tece

Yippisu

GRAMMAR 1. The Suffix

sy— iv’?

WT

reader

I91"W

WT

writer

y5? Ww buyer ‘yd127N5 WT seller (salesman) The noun denoting the performer of an action is formed from most verbs by the addition of the sufix Sy— to the base of the verb. Yiddish is rich in formations of this kind. 2. Feminine

Suffix

}}—1 *T

woman

pwaw

ypviv’"?

*t

woman

reader writer

p1v9/1774N5

*1

woman

seller (saleslady)

The female performer of an action is frequently denoted in Yid-

dish by a feminine noun which is formed by the addition of the suffix }*— to the masculine equivalent. “yor?

WW

WT

9

D3"VIV"?

DIV"? *7 Ney YR DIVIV™?

the readers of Yiddish literature men and women readers

The masculine noun in the plural applies to men and women. It specifies men only by contrast with a feminine noun close-by. The noun yy was originally formed from 7 by the addition of a suffix and meant simply Jewess. But it has since taken on the meaning of petty, sentimental, talkative Jewess. The normal expres-

sion for an adult Jewish

woman

is ty>p-w°Tm

¥ or TYUDNY

yw”

¥&.

3. Numeral Adverbs

bvwr dung 030777 0301p

first (ly) secondly thirdly fourthly

Numeral adverbs are formed by the addition of p:— form of the corresponding numeral adjectives. 1

p—

is sounded as a

syllabic

(N); e.g.

pryay”> [LE'YENERN].

to the base

Lesson

263

28

4. “Feeling” TR

WII pre The

verb

MPT wos

TR

PI 2

PINW

711

How

is used when

371 795

feel? I feel good.

do you

I

feel sick

it denotes someone's

condition

or state of health, and is followed by a predicate adjective.

win yt 75 TR I feel his grief VIV2W

WT

I feel that

1H ,2°9 TX

DYT

TR

this is very

bad

The verb }>°B is used to describe a feeling about something, and is followed by an object noun or clause. 5. Base of Verb Ending in Unstressed DOW TP

17

vpwu?

IW

puunpe VDWUN?

DWRIWD

TR

voODWUN?

VODWRIDD YDWAIVD

~“T

TR 17 1

VDWRIVD

Vn TR

WRI

“T

ywwRIwO

7 TR

pune

Y—

yWR100 YDWAIWODA

ypuwne vWD

A number of Yiddish verbs have bases which end in unstressed y—. In such verbs, the ending in the first and third person plural, as well as in the infinitive, is simply j— (compare p. 55). Verbs the bases of which end in y—, will be indicated in the vocabulary by a vertical bar before the infinitive ending to distinguish them from verbs in which the y in the infinitive is due to the preceding consonant: yoonp px alywonp yoyo Px qlynyw’yxr but NNT

PR

YVINVT

EXERCISES A. Translate into Yiddish:

1. Dr, Berg is a specialist in (=knower of) Jewish history. 2.

Most (yuonyn)

3. The

Jews who came to the U.S. became workers.

builders of Israel were young people. 4. He who

264

CoLuece

YippisH

takes does not give. (=A taker is not a giver) . [Proverb] 5. Sore is a very fine [story] teller. 6. Who was the winner? 7. Don't speak Yiddish so fast; I am still a beginner. 8. Have you seen my new lighter? 9. Lincoln was the liberator of the slaves. 10. Every watch has two hands (noun

formed from

ym),

11. Yesterday I heard a new singer, and

she was very good. 12. Please bring me the [can] opener from the other room. 18. She used to work as a saleslady in a large store in New York. 14. My mother is a reader of Yiddish newspapers. 15. My grandfather was a great scholar (=learner). 16. Since you know history so well, tell me something about the movement of the khsidim. 17. If you threaten me, I'll get angry. 18. We Possess (=have) both written and printed books. 19. This book is very easy for

children, but is it appropriate

(yoxpynx)?

20. Do you live

on the fourth floor? 21. No, I live much lower, on the first floor. 22. First, I don’t feel well (=healthy). 23. Secondly, it is not easy for my parents to live where there is no elevator. 24. Thirdly, it is hard to get an apartment, and we took what we could get (=got). 25. Hush! The whole family is asleep (=sleeps) .

B. Write four sentences with

15

and four with

C. Translate into Yiddish:

spr qb6.

1, My grandfather said that he learned to pray when he was going to kheyder. 2. When he came to the United States he noticed that not all Jews were pious. 8. He could not understand why. 4. For some time he himself prayed only on Saturdays. 5. Now he again prays three times a day. 6. On Yonkiper I went with my grandfather to the synagogue. 7. I understood the prayers because I know a little Hebrew. 8. I wasn’t sure how to conduct myself in a synagogue, but I did what everybody did. 9. I liked the old rabbi with the long white beard. 10. I didn’t know that there are such Jews in America.

11. The

rabbi looked hand-

some and proud. 12. After the praying the rabbi spoke to the congregation (—public). 13. Since he spoke in Yiddish, it was easy to understand almost everything. 14. The rabbi said that many Jews in Europe had not yet succeeded

Lesson

265

28

(past tense) in finding homes (to find a home). 15. Many Jews want to leave Europe, but they will not be able to go anywhere for a long time. 16. American Jews, who live more securely and are richer than the Jews in Europe, can help rebuild (=build back) the Jewish communities in Europe. 17. Everyone can help; both those who have relatives in Europe and those who haven't. 18. When the rabbi finished speaking, my grandfather and I went home. 19. I am glad that I went to the synagogue and I am preparing to go again. 20. Did you know that this book was printed in America? 21. What are the contents of this book? YIDDISH

IN AMERICA

When the Jewish immigrants came to America from various parts of Europe, they spoke various dialects of Yiddish. The development of the new standard language, which had begun in the middle of the 19th century, had hardly affected them. In this country their dialects have mixed to some extent, and it is therefore rather difficult to find American Jews who continue speaking exactly their old home dialect. The Jews, like the other immigrant groups, incorporated many English words into their speech. It seemed to the newly arrived that the more English words they used, the more Americanized they were, and, consequently, the more advanced socially. As a result, the colloquial Yiddish of careless speakers in this country is today heavily polluted with English words. Some interesting shifts in meaning have occasionally taken place. y1"p, for example, derived from “payday,” has come to mean simply pay, wages. Cultured Yiddish speakers in America are careful to differentiate indicate between two sorts of borrowings from English. Those that previJews n Europea which new, specifically American concepts for lanthe broaden and enrich to ously had no designations serve only that however, Those, ons. guage and are treated as useful acquisiti tend to replace good Yiddish words of long standing are not granted a legitimate place in the cultivated language. Hence, from the point ask of view of standard Yiddish, it is quite incorrect, for instance, to for word Yiddish The Geriup ayoOxY ANN or to say ND INH x. for tion justifica no is street is px3, boy is $39 or na; thus there

replacing these words by English ones. $4353,

however, is accept-

266

Co.tecEe Yiwpisu

ed, since it denotes a concept new to the language.

y3y1)’y is another English loanword which has been taken over, since European Yiddi

sh did not distinguish between streets and avenues, A number of loanwords have become so deepl y rooted in American Yiddish or have come to connote insti tutions so specifically American that they are accepted in the stand ard language. A trade union

called

,»xixb “YSyN DYES BD

in European

Yiddish,

is thus

called only }y»3)) in the United States, just as y’/spInD is its equiv-

alent in Latin-American Yiddish. By the same token, »)3yp_ is used by Yiddish speakers even outside Ameri ca when applied to American subways; with reference to the Paris subway, the French word ’y"pyM (métro) is used, and since the French word has also been taken over into Russian, the same desig nation is applicable to the Moscow subway, too. The overall term is }eanyHI/IN 4. The word

pyor5

appears in non-American Yiddish, too; but in

a more theoretical sense, the expressions $138n or (now are preferred. Businessman is usually jNopw dywys sys, An American innovation,

13193

[MiskhER]

to like, is considered correct on

the colloquial level. Words from the worlds of industry or Sports, which have passed from English into many other languages, are also current in Yiddish.

€.g.

TVSDINI,

word); ANeI others.

[IOND,

y19°S-*SopyDN

bluff, wwrs

jazz, HYD

(372°5

for line is an old Yiddish

safe (deposit box) , and many

LESSON PSpy?

29

POOP ISVS

Ps

T3

2yP 73y9 Dan 1s DY DYES BN TT pS anos ot 11) pprsyr TPR AT YS “Ty TB jOsOw popyyxiss 7 PS INTYPIySS3 Ips3sa BysWw JANN PR rpsyo yrs NB 8.1% paypsya 1960 PS 2wH? JT Wasp pos NH 1% M1 Tyo ws KADY WY3s Sypyyas WS Ppyyos WP Worwpysa iysyt Osn TWISIVONK ys 5 Wihys 10% isu 1925 ji 1900 DYN HNIOBBywyr ys NB ji JT 65% — DIYTIIW YI NB TTY 267% — iyHrpya Tyr PB Ow yO S .pPmyos psyaya TO 8 1387 Diyptesw yur PS DY .WNIpANS ITY JIBT PWDOITDNAYTMIP YIP YOY YT yyunya PPMYOS PIS PMIPSD PTY WS Waytpa BYiT Tyo TYTN WS 8S Ts 1 8 SPS PTY PIB DIyHyI WP MISS WNpys ysIVI TT JO 18b LIBYUSIAYOPIAW WISPYOS YT PS BAS PPI 8 Tyo TY yyw yyNya TB “BYDIS Wiyoys WS FSP YIN yowUry ww. py PYP AOSP PR NS PIVOTS TISPMYES YT PR YT PR IPY WI AY WY? pABS PR TIS YOO DRY SN MIND YESH 1387 PTY “DIIDN WI PS OI POI S POWIVS TB 40% Aonro-peyn ApHOYuns AT SSB Own? TysVT POD PN yew ASH TIS MIDVIO-VyD TyNyI TTY pop wsywss yrs DIYHYIIS-P MIND PR AUYNSIAYBYIW purr ot J83 YUNPA PS PEST PMpos PS 11 P2p wz Ayo “Sqyo PR MoAp yor Brwyasws PIs OY THNMTIP *T AYO SAPD PS PIS PIV PSB TN ISIS? PS Aw? YPESIVN DYMOOIIDN YIPTVWISS PS OP wAYWSS TYNys DSB TINT MT PI IPTV Tyas WIV OB PT 7 pb MD 8 18 OyT Ws PT 1sT ypwayos PP yyorpya PD JOS .yswyss ogN TINT MDyI-7y2 AIB oOTywyIIS Tyinyps AME yy 267

268

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

TABAYA PW WIV AYTHP Yryyr 7 WH wvsowsywys mynys TONS PVIPWIOS TOSPSNTS MBPT MspI Ns wrIySyp pHs DAYSVIW-ANVYS /DIYAYISS DYESIB ST ws yyw py DS DOB PR OI [PIN SF WA YOWISA JK PTY PONT OME TOS THPISI YON NH MS ISD YOK YH DY rnypdye DS Ss “INN ROAD TILT SHY YOPUYNASS 1 PX YOOSSI-pyy> NK ATY BIYISIB W398 S$ 11 App

oT Dysrs (1962—1888) pn)

wh ns

Taswaya WO yyIVT pw ys Ww IPA TF ANS pIMD Pr pyspoysn ABSowya 82 BYT Hx °F .Wy3 TyOsIs BIYIBYA PT JST wos93oyI

TANS YTP!3 Bo wpipys wp ysyn SOESIPYI Pr PV YIOPIB PX PX BWIYHys PITS pw Wr NT OBYIYIDNN BYIA °F Wt ANS px

TVIIsayr PUY OVA WO TyINT OOYwWYI Yr TYoOIP WS MA PX PX JOY1 WIS BAyTsnya wo yn .BIYM TF AND pS Tr pyawoyn

TH DYSISYIB AS TS PT WS BT AY IS MOM SIyT poywy OND Ss Bsn TY yg TS WYOMNS AT AYOPYT 8S MN AYIMN cosyroyorN TyIMT pos “WOYBSB ¥ Ay Iys AT PS rysww y yw st ays AOSPSNTS "S98 YH BYT DYN TN, :wayIya Oc8 Tyo BYN WB, BAYtYI TW Wt Vy "“Woowbywys 8 ps yoy TH, 12Y? TysyP ADB ys yoxt wo rps pms TS JPPIST Ww wea “HeB psa opt mb

Diss "Ew N72 8 PN NVM 8

Lesson

269

29

VOCABULARY to wander yUy77/8N * to look for y>1 * television yopnybyy °7

lamp (q) Bay? IT * measure

East; eastern [MizREKh]

ON

°7

non

*

[MELOKhE— -s] (MI—) 79870 OT *

trade (craft) West; western [MAYREV] Syn

system O’yv0°D °7

(VROvEyID) WwWOYSRIB WT * professor (7) p77axs

(stress on preposition)

for oneself, i.e. inde-

oT *

71 7B

pendent

distribution

publisher to occupy

anb°unRs

7

(©) syay?7"5 Jy

(qym1z7K5) IyAyIINS

film (yy) no°5 yt *

to rise earlier

Jt JUYT’y5

strange 7y 6 * struggle xp 7 to knock yex’p=? JER

radio (0) ¥°1R) YT *

MYpywEny) sweatshop

PRVDNW

to be ashamed

41

IVT

yyn/yw *

(q) U/RPYNIW WT

immigrant

(0) yNWOTTIN OF *

engineer

(j) V39WI2N

IT

intellectual (3) va’yx9yoPN IVT

developed

work

worker

condition

(inflected

*

(}) DYN KR WT

industry

*

agriculture DYIININY 7 occupation yoySy1p °7

factory

lawyer

to snatch up (some-jBx> | 018 thing scarce) to build up yy | 67"

*

vp nay pya¥

(0) TYbyIN

°7 *

WT *

(jy) 32122°7K2 °F *

7yonXXa-pIa

YT

like an adjective) bank clerk banker

(3) Vp~382

population

V7

a2 yp?’yhxa °F *

to clothe 77 pra employed pp piywxa

(M—) Adyon-bya IVT * [BALMELOKhE-— -s] artisan ay Na=—TT Wyayn3 thank God

yypix7 3S bx

BAB? — BON'2IO'NA IT (omboubywyr) jnopbywya yt * businessman to hold, to

(UONTYA) WONT

*

keep to hold payn >t Wb 7r }ORT hands

business

(trade)

5732N7n TY *

QUESTIONS nN yprndyr oT opOyByIB wry IT? NS aH INS OF PR OS oD AVP POSSI WON PK .2 wIyprySxa wen ps WT Pa Syn YT IMT POyHYI WORN PR 3 mT Wyn 8T ond WVINPYOY IT PK VMpwya WT? Way yoy) ayoxn 4 277?

270

Co.Lece

YippisH

WT PR yew 7 TNA pI yon .5 DIVNKI“ YIN TR? TAB YIWOTTIPN AYO 6 MyTIy> YoyTe PRP DWOrTIOR “TV TSIVIOMN OYA 1.7 BVP YON PN TyNDHWK Woxaya Sy>xyeo WY WIAB NA PW Tr Tay TT Jo x yn AIMypoybya ywom THVT YP YOK PK TVPIWA YN NH SOIT BM NOK PR ox 8 bre “731 BYIW. 39 OFT NS woxnyR oyt vo yoy 9 aT IVVIYN YIy-K YIy MR GRAMMAR

1. Compound Nouns

Yiddish is rich in many types of compound words, which will be studied systematically at a more advanced stage. One of the most common patterns is that of the compound noun which consists of a combination of two nouns: ANAVUNI-WvIA

MNY2I0R1 T207245

*1

IT DYT

labor

movement

street lamp folk song

74n-2w WT school friend The second component determines the gender and the plural form of the compound noun. If the compound has three syllables or less, it is written as one word. If it has more than three syllables, or if one of the components is a word of Hebrew derivation, the components are separated by a hyphen. Note that Yiddish compounds are never written as two Separate words,

2. Points of the Compass m1

ont any

[MIZREKh] East

[DoREM] [MAYREv]

South West

Nx [TsorN] North The names of the points of the compass are very often used as parts of compounds, in places where English uses the corresponding adjectives: DIN

TNIVN

T2WIVI-Awn

DTNINP-DINT

ve-wnx- pds

eastern Europe

western France southern Canada

North America

Lesson

29

271

The names of the intermediate compass points can also be used

as parts of compounds:

mnt §ovn-0117 mrn-9s Spn-1158 DuIN-MrN- INT TN701771 nN“

southeast southwest northeast northwest southeastern Asia

northwestern Russia

Direction is indicated by the preposition "1: mrn

VIR

eastward

Ann

PIR

westward

SR

TR

northward

DIT

WIR

southward

3. Dative of Reference PA DYT V2V5VA yoXD YT

Mother likes the book

SYP WT 11 VV yx

Mother has a headache

VIPW X UNIAN

TT USN pax

“YI IS TINK LOYWA

V2

IyT

TW

PR yay WT wns

1829 B [2NSVAIVN PR yaa DW

WT

OV VINN

yoke

Mother dreamt of something beautiful

Mother succeeded in finding us

WT

An idea occurred to Mother

WT

It doesn’t matter to Mother

A number of constructions which use a dative of reference have

_already been explained. They usually are related to human experience and require the noun or pronoun denoting the person who has the experience to be in the dative, and the noun denoting the object of the experience to be in the nominative. It is the dative of reference, also, that is used in such expressions

as:

DVI TR Ya Ia? pVIW TR Wo 1

rR ve TR Yo

I am cold; I am warm Lam well off; Lam badly off

272

CoLtecE

4. Use of Tenses ‘29D0 DYT HY PR PA TR

in Indirect Discourse

oT TN wayTDA bxn ‘tT She said

°¥ wows

the pot

wy

vyn

qw

un WT bea TW TY WIW22IWT Wn vXA Ww PYNN

WT

WM WISI

that she

was

borrowing

He did not know whetherI was at

home He explained to me that he was leaving

DDSW 1S PR OV TY VITNYI AAT

PR PII

YippisH

ANA TR

We thought that it was too late

I asked where

the park was

In indirect discourse, that is in clauses which constitute objects

of verbs

like

y>»x y7, TY2PIVT,

Ty,

TOK Ww, TO,

YI,

wx the present tense denotes action simultaneous with the thinking, asking, explaining, etc. DNT yaya ONT OT TR AORTA DNT WW Pa

TR

OX

2900

HYyN oT Te WaxTDA vy

2900

°¥

wvnws wv) DN WT PR

Tat Syn PR oy vO

"tT She

said

that

‘1 She

said

that she

vyn ww yynyr

uy vyn 1 DN WT PR

she

the pot [before]

the pot [later]

He

didn’t know been at home

He didn’t know be at home

had

borrowed

would

borrow

whether

I had

whether I would

The past tense in indirect discourse indicates action prior to, while the future tense denotes action that follows the thinking, asking, explaining, etc. Yiddish and English usage differ widely on this point and literal translation is impossible. EXERCISES A. Translate into Yiddish:

1. I have a large book closet (==books closet) . 2. My older brother wants to be a university professor. 3. What did you do in the second World War? 4. Come into the nursery (=children’s room). 5. Let us learn this Khanike song. 6. Part of my family lives in South America. 7. This could

Lesson

29

273

be a fine wedding gift for Sore. 8. She is going away on her honeymoon (=honey month). 9. My father was a kheyder boy and then a yeshive student (—young man). 10. He lived in a part of western Russia which later became a part of northeastern Poland. 11. This is an interesting month{[ly] magazine. 12. If the child is sick, you ought to take him to a pediatrician (—children|’s] doctor). 13. What did you do during (—=in) the war years? 14, I have read a book about the Warsaw (adjective) ghetto uprising. 15. My uncle is in the clothing industry. 16. Before that he had a book(s) store. 17. Once he gave me a Yiddish-English dictionary (—words book) .-18. The Yiddish language was born in western Germany. 19. There is a children{’s] theater in New York. 20. He is always dreaming of his homeland. 21. There are not many cities in northwestern Australia. 22. It would probably be better to wear your winter coat.

23.

I

like

piano

music,

but

this

music

is

awful

(==ugly). 24. I see that you are not a great letter writer. 25. I have never been in the southwestern part of the United States. B. Write two sentences with each of the following, to include a dative of reference in every sentence: qo OM 5 SNA 4 REIN 3 Pr yyarn 2 peybya .t wDyow TT .8 OYIN Wr .7 JDRMOW .6 C. Translate into Yiddish: 1. My friend told me that he would probably buy a new radio. 2. He explained that his old one no longer worked (=already didn’t work) well. 3. I knew that he had bought it a long time ago. 4. I was ashamed that I came so late. 5. Our history teacher told us that the Jews had been good artisans, but many were now workers, and many others would perhaps become businessmen. 6. Her leg hurt her very [much]. 7. She thought she would never be able to walk again (already). 8. I wandered through the streets looking for the house until I finally found it. 9. It was empty and I saw that everybody had left for the weekend. 10. A strange man came out and asked me who I was. 11. I told

him that I knew the people well and I had been there many

274

CoLLece

YippisH

times. 12. I asked him when they would come back. 13. He believed they would be back on Monday [at the] latest. 14.1 saw an interesting movie yesterday. 15. It showed that we had won the war but not the peace. 16. It showed that in times of crisis (0%%"p) there was not always enough work for the factory workers in this country. EARLY YIDDISH

LITERATURE

Yiddish-speaking immigrants

IN AMERICA

in the United States produced

a

series of writers and poets who created an original literature on

American soil. To us, who appraise literature mostly for its artistic excellence, this early American Yiddish literature may appear somewhat primitive in contrast to later works of Yiddish authors both in this country and abroad. But what it lacks in aesthetic value and universal interest, it makes up by reflecting the life of the immigrants and their struggles in a country that was new and strange to them. Yiddish literature in America made its beginnings in the 1870's. It developed to a greater extent in the eighties and nineties, when immigrants began arriving from Russia and Austria-Hungary in great numbers and began to work in the sweatshops as clothing workers, cigar makers, and so on. Labor conditions were so cruel that the immigrants had to improve them in order to survive. The struggle for better living conditions was echoed in the poems of the

outstanding writer of that period, Morris Rosenfeld.

The character of Rosenfeld’s writings attracted the attention of socially-minded intellectuals interested in the living conditions of the immigrants. Many of his poems were translated into English, and soon after into German, Czech, and other languages. But obviously his poetry was most popular among the Yiddish-speaking public. The main outlet for his poems, as well as those of other authors, were the newspapers. These poems were frequently recited also at workers’ meetings. Many were set to music, sometimes by the author himself, and taught to the audiences at labor rallies. No poem is more touching, perhaps, than Rosenfeld’s song about his little boy (see page 290). The early literature of the immigrants was largely dominated by socialist-inspired ideals of labor organization; conservative writers

Lesson

29

275

time there is turned out to be less articulate. In the poetry of the Czarist opfrom free y countr a in evident the joy of being, at last, between st contra the by struck pression. But the immigrants were lot. The their was which y povert political freedom and the desperate strugof themes Jewish c histori Yiddish poets made ample use of the the of revolt the and Egypt gle and liberation. The exodus from eduional tradit his from Jew Maccabees, stories well known to every the concation in the old-country kheyder, were interwoven with were ts concep age-old The temporary problems which he faced. more and r happie a in life mingled with the hopes for an easier just America.

LESSON

30

Pspy? poop ow rt

pps "54 POOP TNE pI DS DyTIyay? pert

Me POM wT IWS AyIMP TY,’ ISH yoosyw oT NB yes ps pT wo nip Dp Ty 79 3T Pay ppsw PYDWIT TN OPyt ST WIV WT TY? PR swe sx yt poss ost

TIS

PPO

DOPY Baypys

Wry By

oT WIT

PF WT

WY

opty

BOM AYIMP .PIPMOSAYD ASI DP TS ypspSs pp ws pyr Yr TYIVT MT WIAA WI PS POH Os PyIMT Vp pyr er Ay wy TOYIWS OS MDVer7ya poyrs ways ps oIyT3Iw ,DIymoIw DOT MT TY WD By ApIp Py Tsay .w 13 Ipww ws apy DoS TY BasyId Ppa PS Isypoy ts ayn pyngn-w? 8 yn DWIYITVT PPSISI IN Py AIST POY IS TI Dy I oOpBY Tyasyrs .wrya 93 ¥$ Png? $ oO wayw ,wy ws ps DR OST — PW OYT PN ASS TS TIVN OOS TYPISIAP & pINn TVD BONTYT BOY PSX IMB YI .P NIT TN? 8 IS Bp IS TIMP .PYNS TSI Ty WI PINTO? $F YT OM WAST tS Fr PIVIS IY WS NSD Pp wd M1 Ay PS Ip apr 71 ws Iw OS PAY TTY FT Tyo ,°3 01 ay MP MI BN PR OW Mw os wosyo pw 7ww 8 AN PINS? SP FWY ep pas TWD DNAS PexH OST Bast OP TY 79 oT PAY yTIpay? AYT PS JOS BYS

STOPS Dy jyoopow Tyr Jwosyo pIs TO AYDIpN ANS wWYpow s — BIN

SPT PUT IS TYDIP BY Mw

ors we aoa Opt WI ANN wyppnia

Ss 7392 PTY Dw YP OI wap Tyo PS ws yy Woy T Iyyspys yyp waxyra wosyp sayy WIP OT PMIONN WY TNS

Lesson

277

30

VOCABULARY

stove JINN IVT

thirty-six [LAMED-vov] 1”?

to save 7p

(according to the traditional num-

designating

of

system

bers by letters, explained on one of the 36 good men

poor

saintly man

7/RAyI

Iy'T

good dpa OST

goodness p»ponr °F faith ya’. YT

rent [DI'REGELT] pya-"77°T

shoemaker sypoiw “yt

reward

man

hidden (ayayo>’NAI IY) WENT.

legend (0) yrayay> °7

to exist ppuD-OPY [TSADEK—TSADI'KIM] (0°) p°7¥ YT

| OR

widow [ALMONE] 739% °F

p. 214).

[LAMEDVOVNIK] p>2TIy}-79? IY

| OK

to start a fire in qx

[skhaR] 19Y 7y7

OYT

wood yoxyit O8T

honor [KovED] 113) 497

EXERCISES A. Translate

into Yiddish:

1. I was hoping that you would look gay. 2. I became angry, and we quarreled. 3. Instead of working (=to work) he is preparing to leave. 4. When he woke up in the morning he got up immediately (—soon). 5. It occurred to me to treat him to some candy (=good things) . 6. Since you have so much strength, we could make good use of you. 7. They invited us to spend the summer with them. 8. I am fond both of Khaim and of Dovid. 9. When I was in Poland before the war I saw many famous synagogues. 10. In the children{’s] sanatorium (y°"ypxINo) near Warsaw there were several hundred children, boys and girls. 11. They were students of Yiddish schools in the whole country. 12. How could he win if he hardly tried? 18. 1 saw her every day except Thursday. 14. I was on the point of writing (2871 TR yawiw wa yo>xmya)

coming.

you a letter to let you know

that I was

B. Supply the proper forms of the present participle of the verbs given in parentheses: PW IW IAM PA DW YT TAMNM ws °F IF (PT TORBIS) o1 OSYa MIVA OD BVT PK WW TVIVA PR IBA (TPYARA) .2 TVR VI

278

CoLLEecE YIDDISH

DPA PYF PR PI OYEW I Pw PX oy mw (Pr yoy) 3 “YS OY ONT (NB) 5 TONEY TY PR OR IT PW (PBI) .4 BPR IY .7 boy? (PY) N LEPYA IVA PR .6 .O1 ¥ NID “YA EPR PR IT TIN IS WRN GwVyYIINS) 8 .woayn (7722) (RRS) OM PN IY .9 yDIP TN SyT IyVOYNW JT OPS T9P TY ONN POR (7°20 NN) YN HYD WYA OXA IY .10 PD °F C. Translate into Yiddish:

1. This is where I bought my blue suit which you liked so much. 2. This is how much I paid for it. 3. Why did you buy it here, of all places? 4. It was my friend who treated you to all those sweets (—sweet things) . 5. I thought that he would bring me a book, but he brought me a pen. 6. It is I who invented this story. 7. It was Peretz, not Mendele, who wrote the story “Seven Years of Plenty’ (—Seven Good Years) . 8. It’s the 18th, that’s what date it is.

. Supply the comparative given in italics:

forms

for

the adjectives

or adverbs

WRPW PP BS PS wrya woxn wn .2 1a Hd wp ot .1 PR A OTR VPRO PN Wp WN 3 7y2H IIW NI WII ¥ wn BANK TNO ONT TP yy 5 2 IWIND ONT PR dy vn BOON AYA PR .7 PWT) PABVIW voH ws 7 .6 7K WWI PR WA OPP 2 9 NA VIINNW OYA ON .B wy DUIN? 2PM W227] FPR IvOPNW Jw .10 VON ¥

. Rewrite the above sentences, supplying the superlative forms of the same adjectives. . Change the singular nouns into the plural and the plural nouns into the singular; make the appropriate changes in the article. SW UPR WI WHI «YT yyw ys boon wT wropw ot AYORYD YT JORPNIT ot yn? PIWONTIPR oT WIM. WT voya °F YTD 7 WV YT ww yy?> = oot "YORE YT mibonp 7 Wpyn

oT

m>sn

oT

many.

yt

moxbn-bya

mioxon

«=o: RmOvSYWYX

ot

wn>5

TBAB?

oT

WNOYEEND

bani Suypw

oqyt ONT

IB m

YT

OT YT

YT

OIYYYIWN

PrN Ww

mim ayaa

7 wy at ” 7

Lesson

30

279

G. Translate into Yiddish: 1. Avrom knows some songs, but he doesn’t want to sing them now. 2. He doesn’t know any music. 3. You can go everywhere. 4. Instead of keeping all those clothes for yourselves, could you give us some? 5. Looking for work is easy but finding [it] is difficult. 6. First of all you are demanding too much. 7. And secondly, you are not a good businessman. 8. I don’t approve of dancing. 9. By (=With) threatening (inf.) one cannot win. 10. Hush! Somebody might notice you. H. Make conditional sentences out of the following: DONT DIN 092 WIV WW .2 HI. HI PT PK 5H O° OY PR 1 POI 17 3 2° DON Ty” TYT PIN VYWYA OY ON WOM BW ww woswyp IT 4 woyn ayt 5 INN TTY? WOPHWINH wm DW WT .6 WANT NH PIA ON Wr Oyt py Ts2 wh INPES IN

PR AMP Y¥INA MT .7 AVDA PAN Wy IP PR WP Ayvayy2 PR yyawt pox IT ONN syp> oT 8 8 02 OY Ty IVP YT TayP Sy

paps

WAM

NH

0.2 ONT

PMS?

9 PW

MT PR

APs YIM

D2 Yn Vpydp ATM PA ME WAMAyA Pa PR 10 Ay?

oF wr

TAVERN IZ MD Pp

I.

Conjugate the following verbs in the past, present, and future tenses, the imperative, the conditional, and the form indicating repeated action: “Hw

J.

3

yaayyaqwN

«2

el (qyNya TID AYA TPR) Tt 733" ‘TPT IBS PwOWEW 4

Translate into Yiddish: THE

YOUNG MATCHMAKER 1. An old matchmaker had a pupil, a young matchmaker. 2, Where the old matchmaker went, the young one also went, and studied how to make (=speak) a match (71?U

[shtpexh]) . 8 .Once the old one told him: 4. “You know, of

course, that a matchmaker must always exaggerate (j=? O14 [MEGAZEM ZAYN]) . 5. For example, if a girl has a thousand rubles, the matchmaker should say that she has three thousand. 6. From now on, when you go with me, always exaggerate what I say. 7. Thus I will see (already), whether you can be a good matchmaker.” 8. The young matchmaker

280

CoLiecE

YippIsH

understood this well. 9. Once they came to a Jew to discuss a match (see sentence 2) for his son. 10. As always, the old matchmaker started to speak (the) first. 11. (So) he said: “You ought to know that this girl is from a fine family.” 12. (So) the young one interrupted him: 13. “From a fine family? An old famous family of rabbis.” 14 “And they are tich people.” 15. “Rich? [As] rich as Koyrekh (np; cf. p. 85).” 16. “And the girl is a beautiful girl.” 17. “Beautiful? [As] beautiful as the world.” 18. “Only one thing,”

the old one said,

“she has a little hunchback

®

Saypn).”19. “A little hunchback?” asked the young one. 20. “A hunchback (yp x) like a mountain!”

K. Translate into Yiddish:

THE

EXCUSE

(y1A

“yt [TERETs])

(Meay-2y3 Ay

OF A COACHMAN

[BALEGOLE])

1. Aman (—Jew) had to leave on [a] Monday. 2. (So) he called a coachman on Sunday and ordered him to come

for

(7¥3)

him

Monday

evening.

3. The

coachman

arrived

exactly (upavp) a week later. 4. The Jew was very angry and shouted at (on) him: 5. “You were supposed to come a week ago (}a80 BOX 385) Monday (you know)! 6. Must I wait for you for a whole week?” 7. The coachman said: 8. “I am notat fault (p*t>1w).” 9. “You aren’t at fault? Am I at fault?” 10, The coachman said calmly: 11. “You certainly are not, but neither am I. 12. You told me on Sunday to (=that I should) come on Monday; 13. I forgot on Tuesday, and on Wednesday I saw that I would not be able to come on Thursday, and on Friday evening I could not come because of Saturday, and on Sunday I didn’t come because you ordered me to come on Monday, so I really came on Monday. 14. (So) what do you want of me?”

REVIEW QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in English or in Yiddish:

1. Of what value are folk songs in the study of Jewish culture? 2. What are some topics that are treated in Yiddish folk songs? 3. What has been the role of the Jews in regard to so-called “international” folk songs?

Lesson

30

281

Is the borderline between folk songs and formal literature a stable one? How do certain pairs of synonyms provide an insight into

the attitudes of Yiddish speakers? pore

What are attitude words? Explain the derivation of yrn-py yp.

10.

When and where did the movement of the khsidim begin?

What is the function of diminutives in Yiddish? When are pejorative forms used? What are their opponents called?

12.

What are some of the religious ideals of the khsidim?

13.

Who was Reb Yisroel Bal Shem Tov?

14.

What is Reb literature?

15.

What artistic forms were cultivated by the khsidim?

16.

Nakhmen

Bratslaver

known

for in Yiddish

In what way does the influence of the khsidim extend be-

yond the immediate sphere of religion?

17.

How did the migration to speech of the immigrants?

America

affect

the

dialectal

18.

What factors motivated the introduction of English words into Yiddish?

19.

Which English loanwords are considered legitimate Yiddish

20.

What is the chief point of interest of early Yiddish literature in America for present-day readers?

21.

When

22.

What social conditions are reflected in early Yiddish literature in America?

words?

did Yiddish

literature

in America

have

its begin-

nings, and when did it develop more substantially?

Who was the outstanding poet of that early period? 24, What traditional Jewish themes were utilized by the writers of that time?

23.

282

CoLLecE

YivpisH

TEVA INOOS TUYA PS OY pI NH pra wen pwyr psn 19 ot ISBT VENT OT AYINPOIVE § MSNyI OYT ISI ON PS SHyI PN Yet OT NB Tyo YT riya ps 79 Ost wey IayImN oN BY WYANT BINT NS JWOYT Typ ANNID AT PX oipssroiss PY TYSISI AYT PR pT AYN [Oyo DPT wows wT ys OY Pp Os ast AYO YS?3 Popowr ys ysy93 yoo

yn

AY! YOPIpIpAD"NN APIS Is3 yy iyo “IST IYINT VD, SW IVI WO PyNB $ yn oy 83Y TOWN NB 738? M3 TS 2yHoSB oye Nb VN IPDS OD TYE IIIS WY TY ypoip Yo 2193 APTS NB pay 8& Os PSByr 3 NN HID AYMTDIN JANA ATTN BAYT py pysiey MIVA DYT MN PTA. PWIIAYY "T By oY “TIS OD PIPNWASH By pops ayT 1s APP OYT PS Pt T By TOSSA sw y3 {WT AS VT NB 9 O8t 193 Ost OSB 8 on 073 OD OI TS O93 wD WO ONT THN Tawys — PB YT AMS 9B 8 1 919 YD ws ND DIP YPTs9sb ups posh $ pxn ost DIY YT PR DYISISI OD yprps 199 OxT AYN PSY? QYT WO IT IS Io Mp wos Ist yB AYO S73 PPYQWASD y3yy?> yon

py

MY YOPIPIpION APIS FSI yyn yyorp “IST TINT VO, BSW IYI WY PAB $ gyn oy ——* =~ ws H) Ts

Vibe

cE

ahaa VY) wS-you-P bond ag hry ww

go

ayy

a YO-

aM

—

PT

wa - yy?

Y-p wn me TRS OW-W-PIVA - YD

eee

oy YTS

Td FO

Rows

baw

7

38- pet

Wyo

oy

Lrsson

283

30

VOCABULARY

(type of) pistol yxax32 YT

land of palms s2x>3y729’XB O¥T

password >’¥7NB YT p3xPDINE YT guerrilla fighter to drum out 7D Pp» ¥ sp anguish 729 °7% to miss yyaxToxd to disappear yr>nNwIxb to conceal

j>ypwixd

enemy 71225 “YT free 26 IT PIR ww ONS = Wy dawn VXXpP WT to sprout }¥87_Bv spurt

poopy

“y7

long-awaited ppayayr0/1X%

to cover with gold }1%>ax3

lead, lead pencil 273 0x7 leaden qy23 fortitude [GvuRE] 7715) °F green 772 OWT = OST anthem yyn7 yt wall (wsyn)

bagi

°t

wherever 7%3 11 pain °™ 497 step DTD YT little song 51° ONT morning sun }i317'¥9 77

courage DID TT

SUPPLEMENTARY

READINGS

The

supplementary readings can be taken up after the past and future

tenses have been studied, i.e. beginning with lesson 16.

The vocabulary after each reading covers all “passive” words. The words have not been arranged alphabetically, as in the regular lessons, but in the order, and according to the line or stanza, in which they occur. The Yiddish abbreviation n'1, and adjectives, stands for 10122? — in outline on p. 247.

which will be the diminutive

found after some nouns form, which is explained

“SIN “AY (1916—1859) ps*oy-mibw 116 SK

WS PT OPHya Waa na WO MYwI7 AWA Ow IWIy? PR OVO PN PINK LI POYWYA Ty ONT Pyn Svypw pe 1M? YOM WE aI ME HD PR WIN OS WIP W:2 “yx. OR WR Vy V>RayT JO ON yo Tay. Tr IbyN NX orbwa yay? V5 VYOY PR TINK WI VOYIWWYA 9 ORT Ue D2

ARYP

PP

PT

2 VN

OY

JIB

PR

PP

yay? Py

1m

YOK

We TN

Pr Oy We DR MIs PP Iw pNw> pp rw ap Pp ANP! Pp TT? “APY PI OY WY — WD WH PW TB OT TWAS 1 OY YON Ieys oo PWN WY WT PR Po JDWYI ORT TO NX POYOW PN TIN VI VOVWWYI Ty OT ns SY VARTA OMT IVT BT WT AVI WY sbAsTYA ORT IVT REY OS Tt ZS PR PT PEO I OIA WNW 02 OMT 1 NX JOWT 7 WT yoy

POR WoW

OF

POR AVPITYVA OY... TSW

—

hatred [sing] TRY

7

quarrel 29p 7 [Loshn-HORE] YU}? O¥T

8

into the ground

2%

DR=Ds MY 7

IS Pr

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OF GRAMMAR

MORPHOLOGY A. NOUNS

1. Gender.

the definite article which The gender of Yiddish nouns is expressed by masculine, feminine, and genders: three are There nouns. the nies accompa ne; those denoting masculi usually are neuter. Nouns denoting male beings which denote innouns of gender The e. feminin usually are female beings from the meaning either y certaint animate objects cannot always be inferred with memorized with be e therefor must article correct The word. the or the form of each new noun. On articles, see par. 6 below.

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IN WORT IVT «W’*YOOTYN SRyPR (TY) 2A YT WIVVIPR vBoya o7 DByT 7 (TY) TRIBE Wh

7

ayn 997 pdyn °F W877 (TY) HE OT

IVT WT OF IVT INT 97 IT VT

VROPK

vy (TY) -a200"7K2 (TY) aavaynya ay) wa

IYI

7 77 °7 7

304

COLLEGE

b. Pluralin

o—.

yn yaw

1 7

yr YT YoRD YT TYORYD YT yyvp

TylIya YT

ayTyh °7 yoy oy? WHIP IT WWI YT wy? oy7 ayarw yt e. Pluralin

YIDDISH

YOR YON TYOYIVN yaya

BONNDO’ND SyT yay> o7 yryay> 7 IY? YT

Yorn

Doiy-n7a YT

Nw yt TYO"IINA YT yoya 7 IMT YT

77

y—. 19 TDP TOPIVHOYNY

ONT ONT ONT

7292 DBT

DIY 3PN_ wIPID DIVTIANY?

yt ONT TT yt

OI SHIN sya 02 TyD2 32 VIDA LPT TYOIYN sVIKN WII) sTINP Tyayn 18

YT 47 OYT OYT O87 ONT YT

Pow IVT

d. Plural

in

7 IVT YT 7

1y— with a vowel change.

Ton

3519 ONT

“yy>B

3qIN>B IyT

TyPryh

sp>oxs ox7

TYTYI

[PONIM—PE'NIMER]

7972

SIRI OF

32°29

ONT

TYOIVNI BY sDIYNI BY ONT e. Plural without an ending

(same form as in the singular).

wb ryt syoxay6 7 U6 YT ayvoynw 4 TyHw ryT

393 497 WI IT D8

f. Plural without an ending, but with a vowel change. DSYI

VON]

OT

JOYA sTyORI YT

2a7B :)96 97 DH

3015 ryt

YS 21S YT BYP :BYP YT PV se 497

DYDW

sDROW

7

gs. Plural in

0°— and, occasionally, a vowel [KheyDeR—KhADorIM] 7N 497 [KhosN—Khasanim] ynn 197

[YONTEV—YONTOYVIM]

S)v-n”

47

O87

ye DYYERID YT

WYANT Ty. sTyA TF IVPIA SYN YT DOA :vORA IT DID DIRT OT Pr spe ys ayo syd IyT TyvoyD sqyDDyD 7 Pry spy IT

change.

[BOKhER—so’KheRIM]

[GuF—cUFIM]

[KhAVER—KhAVEYRIM]

N23 197 42 497

40 597

$05

SyYNoPsis OF GRAMMAR [MEYLEKh—MLOKhiM] [NovI—NFVIIM]

[INYEN—INYONIM] 2Y 97 [PoYER—Po'YERIM] 1°15 197

TQM

[TALMED—TALMIDIM]

[NES—NISIM]

TT

[MELUKhE— -s] 13172 7 [MILKhoME-— -s] N71 7

[BALMELOKhE— -s]_12872°792 197 [poR—DoYRES] V7 YT

[KEHILE— -s] 72°07 °7 [TFILE—-s] 12°6A 77 [TFIse—-s] 7D°BA 77

[KALE—-s] i773 "9 [MrTsve—-s] 73D 77 [MELOKhE— -$] 1287 °7

[pmE— -s] 77 [Khave—-s] nT [khoLEM—KhALOYMES] pron TyT [kovexh—KoyKhes] MD 197

[Mishrokhe— -s] NBwWA > [MATONE— -8] 329 °7 [EYTSE— -s] 3Y °7 [TsorE— -s] MY 7

i, Plural in 1y—-

inflected

like adjectives.

yosvyoya

O87

ST

ONT

St

bar Oyt

bprow ONT j. Nouns

02 37

(if any), and, occasion-

4

with the dropping of final h. Plural in m—, ally, a vowel change.

329 797 #52 197

bead OKT

sayosvyoya

yt

k. Irregular plurals.

[os—oysyEs] NVPMIK :n® [BESMEDRESh—BOTE-MEDRO'shIM] DWIID7AA 2W INA [BALEBO’S—BALEBATIM] paaa>ya smanbya pedovbywya syRooMBywya DV IUPVT

[khoypesh—xKhaposhim]

DWI

sWOPRT

DBI]

[MAYsE—-s]

DIYOP

WT

:WTIN TT NI

TYt

sWO”P

IVT

npvyn

[ROV—RABONIM]

97 ONT qt 197

invyn

09229 37 “WY?

3. Declension of Names. While to

names,

common both

and

ending is }—, (or }— if the stressed vowel or diphthong).

feminine,

name

Nouns

A few common

ends

in

in

the

|—, B-~

and

are dative.

syllabic

Teepr? TAPBPY?

Which Are Declined.

nouns are declined:

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE& DATIVE

case endings

accusative

2270 nea yawn = yarn

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE & DATIVE

4, Common

case endings,

not have

nouns do

masculine

YoRO JORDY

YTD WY DYT = TMT

YT DY

[REBE] 729 97 [REBN] 729 O97

%—,

added The

or

a

306

Cottece

YIppIsH

5. Possessive Form. To obtain the possessive form apostrophe) is added to the noun:

of a noun, OMAISN

Danyatdya OyAR

the

ending

o—

(without

an

:O775N

sanyaTbya

WT

syoN

7

However, the ending by— takes the place of 0— Yr, V—, Wo—, I—, TI, WI—, or WII:

if the noun

ends in 0—

DYDYORIPYO sOyDRIPYO

oyswp :77p

OPYONRIVAKT

swWomevaN

If a noun with final p— has the stress on the last syllable, it takes no ending. In writing, an apostrophe is used as the sign of the possessive:

WA ‘OPIRD :OpIRD Sn

The possessive form of a noun

‘orn

orn

in the plural is rarely used.

The following nouns have irregular possessive forms: DIIMT

OYF

YIP

WT

DIORY BYT sYOROY IVT DITY DYT TP IVT

DIWwIVD

OYF

[REBNs] 02°29

:woIym

DY

IyT

2°25 7

B. ARTICLES

6. Definite Article. case:

The

following are the

forms of the definite MASCULINE |

article for each

FEMININE

NOMINATIVE

Yt

ACCUSATIVE

byt

4

DATIVE & POSSESSIVE

by?

at

NEUTER

ca

gender PLURAL

ORT :

and

n

DBT

7

oy?

"

For examples of the use of the definite article, see par. 11 below.

7. Indefinite Article. The indefinite article in the singular is %, except that before words beginning with a vowel it is jy. In the plural, no indefinite article is used. In negative statements, the indefinite article is replaced by the negative article 3”p. The article }»p is also used in the plural.

DBya yp 02 ayT PR — vbya K agT PR Toya 1p bs ART PR — yohyr aga PR

SYNOPSIS

307

OF GRAMMAR

BY".

8. Contractions with

and neuter) immediately The dative article nyt (masculine sition, as follows: prepo the with fused preposition is usually

pra :pyT yoy :DyT TRS spyT pynB spyt pis :DyT

a

following

{OK :DyT PIR TyONN sDyT TSI TDR :DyT IDK pyYR :DyT PK wa spyT Pa

22 Tw Ww 1 1

Cc. ADJECTIVES

9, Base Form.

form to which case and gender endThe base form of the adjective is the ings are added. their base form: A few adjectives are never used in ayprayyr WT (p72297) syoxyd 197 (OXY?)

10. Gender Endings.

base a noun, endings are added to the When an adjective is used before nouns line mascu With noun. gender of the of the adjective, according to the y—s with 13—+ with feminine nouns, it is is g endin the , ative nomin the in definite the by ded prece ending y— when neuter nouns, the adjective has the plural, the In e. articl nite indefi the ded by article, but no ending when prece the with used er for all genders, wheth the ending of the adjective is y— article or without it. bnyp ayo 12 17 Tydnyo yorna °7

vyow yor

pypw yon

77

sand O72 &

sytiy? yor 11. Declension. ‘

ase:

An

adjective

is declined

wv

NOMINATIVE

ay—

ACCUSATIVE

WV

the

by

addition of the

endings

DEFINITE _| INDEFINITE — y—

y—-

—

y—

y—

I

following NEUTER

FEMININE

MASCULINE

°7

52K yorrna OYT

sytay? yorrna 7

DATIVE &

to its PLURAL y— 3-

S== 7 | py WW Ww POSSESSIVE | DY— V¥— I— if the base of the adjective ends The ending jy— is used in place of j— in a stressed vowel or in B— appropriate) is optional in the 1 The ending |— (or }y— or Dy— if constructions with the indefinite in ves adjecti neuter of and possessive oe article: DWP

yr

R=OWp

o1

¥

sIPP

TI

¥ wI=WP

pn

& DD

308

COLLEGE

YippISH

The ending ny— is used in place of }— if the base of the adjective ends in |—. The adjective 21 is an exception in that it, too, takes on the ending by instead of jy—. MASCULINE wR Tyo IT TRO yo. DYT

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE

DATIVE

FEMININE

Na yor DyT

POSSESSIVE

DIN

JoI

NEUTER DEFINITE NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE

IPP TDP

DATIVE POSSESSIVE

YOI2 Yo

ORT ONT

3yp yr oyT DWP yr DyT

7B

DYT

2775 yor oT 716 yor oT

OMB

AyvI. YT TyHID

YT

— NEUTER INDEFINITE Wp Tp

vIL KR 012

Ip 2v12 DIP 2y1 K

PLURAL IVP IVIDPP

yor 7 yor oF

IVIPP yor 7 DIP yor

Base ending in a stressed vowel:

NOMINATIVE

ACCUSATIVE DATIVE POSSESSIVE

MASCULINE

way

ayPIB qT

woiyn Ty215 pyt woiy yerb oy DIWvIV TYR nyt

NEUTER DEFINITE

TaRd yrIB oyt

TINd YOIB OYT TaN? TMI oyT

—AI other endings

are the same as for aypi

Base ending in }—: NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE

DATIVE POSSESSIVE

MASCULINE Two IM! YT No Dy! oYT

Wea DyI~! DYT DIN OYIMY DPT

NEUTER DEFINITE wp yiry oy — All other endings Ip yirw oyr _— are the same as for

IP pyIMY DyT OTP oYIMY DYT

aye

12, Adjectives in the Predicate. In the predicate, adjectives are without an ending (i.e. they are in their base form), or they are preceded by the indefinite article and have the usual nominative endings; but a neuter adjective in the predicate, if used with the indefinite article, has the ending 0—. If the base of the adjective ends in o— a second 0 is not added. TYOOR IN PK Woy IVT=LdR PR woayn IT YOOR WH PRB OT =PdR PR NG OF OUOK IN PN PRE ONT =DON TR P>YH OYT DN. K PR RD ONT=ONA PR TWRD OYT YOOR TYIVT YOOR TIVT YOON TyIVT YONA JyIVI 2 See footnote on p. 307.

Jworyd T.IH AypryS WIAY>

-T=HdK TIME TwwIyn 7 T=OdN TIVE TI °F -T=vdN JyIMT IypoyB 7 °F =O TyIMT IYTIY>S 7

13. Supporting

309

GRAMMAR

OF

SYNOPSIS

—Y—.

in syllabic }—, a supIn some adjectives, the base form of which ends forms, except the inflected all in j— the porting —y— is inserted before 0—. in neuter predicate osToyA

WT 168

piby IR — DyryD’S YT -YIyH’R ONT YIVH'Y 7 yiyhe Ro —

DyIyTeYA

DYT

MYA

PYVPYANS

YIVI'A

OBT

2PTM!WrARS

7

PAyayTP'BA

WT

3777Ba

14, Comparison. a. Comparative. to the base of the adjective. The comparative is formed by adding y— to gender, case, and number according inflected be then may comparative The by means of the usual adjective endings: oayaysa

SPIVRYVRN

RWI

OT

yt

SYIBYVRN

°F

YIM

AVI

OVD

ONT

-YIYRYTVRN

Ayyyvey

AYIWAYYRN

7

ONynyVRN

8

WI

WI

—

b.

Superlative. plus the The superlative is formed by adding —vo— is no There adjective. the of base the to gender endings without a case or gender ending. yoo JOORyYYRN DYT

DYT ,yvOI7T OT *yOOI7 OF AYOOIPT IVT YR -YoOORYIRN ONT ,VOOOPVRN 7 PIYOORY

If the base of the adjective ends ending is added in the superlative:

o—,

in

only

—v—

—

WIM

sk

sByIRN

WYK

proper case and superlative form 37 WT

plus

SOY

the

proper

YOO WT sor Tyoorn WT sozn

c. Changes in the base vowel. In many adjectives, the stressed vowel of the base changes in the comon the parative and the superlative. The following is a list of those adjectives and the active word list, the base vowel of which changes in the comparative superlative: syvondy yt — Tyody — OOK syooudyp ryt — Tyodyp — DIN

WoMrtya — vy ya Jyoowyrya IYI syooyna yt — ToOyIa — O73 yoosya WYI— WIA — PIT

syoos yp IVT — IWsPP — PNP syoonyop YT — IV IY2p — WP syvor dp IVT — Iy2p — 219P

sypoaay WI — IyP — 1? sypouy> ryt — yay? — 1K? Sybovay’y2 yt — TW osy’y2 — dyy2

sypoay>p Ty — ryaydp — 1° syvoiye yt — I wiye — ro ayoobynw IYI — Tyne — RDw

Syponnb

yt — ya

Several adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives:

Also:

Sypoya yt syoony WWI —

— yoOya Way —

— vu voyoe

ayy ya — JOR

—

aonb

YIDDISH

COLLEGE

310

15. Uninflected Adjectives.

Adjectives the bases of which end in 1y— or geographical names, are not inflected. They retain the and genders, in the singular as well as in the plural. OK OYT VTP WIP VOK TIP WIBPMYNK °F ,OITP IVI IMP YOK 27 OPH WARP IVAN IVT PINE TARP YAK TW SYTIVd IYIMP YOR 77 /TIRY WARP MYR OYT :TIK?

y3R—, formed from same form in all cases OYT IP IIAP IVER IV IVT 2778 WIN MYO 77 IWIRP YOK OYT

16. Possessive Adjectives. Following

are the possessive adjectives in their base forms: yer its yen my yet your (singular) our ITN yx your (plural) yor his syyr

their

1

her

Possessive adjectives, when preceding a noun in the singular, remain in y— their base form in all genders. With nouns in the plural, the ending is added to the base. IVIPp

ywvt —

Wp

JORT

Trt

In the predicate, possessive all adjectives in the predicate: DIPIIIINW

—

IVI

adjectives

WRT

psn

IVT

have

DIM IVT

YIP WIN SVT -VIVIIM DIVER YJIER AYILK LK sayT AVIV DIYYT PUM

DIT DVR

yp

I5n

—

yaya

usual

the

endings

gender

AYIV AYIWT IVI IVT YVR AVR

,YIVD YIVI

of

syLD sjLT syVT 2 VK

When used in the predicate, the possessive adjectives correspond to the English ‘long’ forms “mine,” “yours,” “hers,” and so on. With neuter nouns modified by possessives, regular .adjectives have no

ending:

wp via yen

(like Ip v2 X)

17. Numeral Adjectives. Numeral adjectives are formed from the corresponding Following are the numeral adjectives from | to 8: pyar DR

7

8

vhrb

5

wt

3

voy

1

popy?

6

wiy5

4

pens

2

To form adjectives out of the numerals 9 to 19, the 9 vy:

vays s1y%

To form is added:

adjectives

numerals.

b— is added:

10

vb>y syndy 11 out of the numerals 20 and DOP INNS sp'kINNZ VOPPOMIT spOwIT: POBWIYTIT sH Ty

suffix

20 «=: 30. «100

above,

the suffix

0O—

SyNopsis In compound

oF GRAMMAR

numerals, only the last element DOP SINNS

DOP

ys

PR

PH

oayw7

JOWIY JOYNS

BYT

WWI

DYT JOIN]

PDOPOMIT

,H MS YT

sph

inflected

LIT

px

like

YowrIy

ONT

,Yowry

YOM

ONT

YO

N

,YOIMI

ONT

YOOPOMIT

WH

NE

°T

Inflection of

VI

23

BIyTIIA

119

WE

444

oy

adjectives,

Ayowoy TF Ayo

,oIMI

TF

NY

sbYny

they

do

sbID2

sDOp ONT

JoOp’onI7 DyT

“p38.

When preceded by the indefinite article yx or ™p, other remains uninflected in all genders and cases of plural, the usual ending y— is added.

TAN? TYTN Tory

cpm

IVT IVT

IYT

but

IT

AYHIM

~T YOOP’ONT

On numeral adverbs, see par. 25 below.

18.

into an adjective:

YR

sy¥IMI

ordinary

R

ONT

is made

sp MINS

OWI

IK OVI

K -YOOP'OMIT

BIFIMI

WH

Numeral adjectives are not form regular adverbs.

PR

311

IN ROW

YIN

°F

IWR

JWoIys

the adjective 138 the singular. In the

KX ,WoIYD IVR

YW

Ip

1K

jjwo1ys

yiywK

When preceded by the definite article, it is inflected like an ordinary adjective to agree in gender and case with the noun which it precedes:

TRI YIN

OWT YOY

YIIK

°F ,woyy ITN

497

In the predicate, it is inflected even when preceded by the indefinite article:

DIT

WR PX OLB F — IYIVTIN IN PN VoOIpD YT D. ADVERBS

19. Adverbs Formed from Adjectives. An adverb formed of the adjective:

from

an

adjective w pa

pi

is identical

in form

with

the base

beautiful: beautifully correct; correctly

good; well

Some adjectives, namely those which have no base forms, possessive adjectives, numeral adjectives, and superlatives, are incapable of forming regular adverbs.

20. Comparative. The comparative of an adverb is identical with the corresponding adjective without gender or case ending: WAYYRN yyw

more warmly more beautifully

comparative

of the

COLLEGE

$12

YIDDISH

21. Superlative. The superlative of an adverb consists of pv¥ plus the dative form of the superlative of the corresponding adjectives yoo—).

Joony YR DIX JOOUBR OYS yoosyw nix yoo yn

ny

masculine-neuter (ic. the form in

most warmly most often most beautifully most

22. Adverbs Indicating Place. Adverbs indicating place are: 231 where? (with prepositions: }y3XN) 81 here (with prepositions: }y3¥7) JOI’T there (same form used with prepositions)

2TYINN PID AYYIRN WNT r1yIKN 5 san WANT PA TYINT NT TINT 1H 38T JOWT PD TOW TNT TOW 1H 277

Separate adverbs are used to indicate “place to which”: 277s where to? Vy here VOR there These “whither,”

regular Yiddish adverbs “hither,” and “thither.”

correspond

to

the

rare

English

words

23. Additional Adverbs Indicating Place. 21n_ Mm yyy DIDyMW Py PN

02

where? somewhere everywhere nowhere

24. Adverbs Indicating Time. t1yn_ 28% N 2B YOR 7] 7 IPP

25.

when? sometimes always never

Numeral Adverbs.

Numeral adverbs are formed by the of the corresponding numeral adjectives:

first (ly)

Secondly thirdly

fourthly

addition

dIBwIY svwrY

dID~NE sbyny DIVAT 3°77

odivry5 svyS

of

0:—

to the

base

form

Synopsis

oF GRAMMAR

318

E. PRONOUNS

26. Personal

Pronouns.

The personal pronouns are as follows: SINGULAR

NOMINATIVE 7X

1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON

38RD PERSON

IMPERSONAL PLURAL

7,1

"I

Ww

ON

ON

” oy

" oy

VR ON

1

1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON

~ YR

SRD PERSON

DATIVE yn

7

MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER

ACCUSATIVE ya

a

Tae

ear

TIN TOR

TIN JON

™

™”

27. Other Pronouns Indicating Persons.

a. Wyn Who

yn

NOMINATIVE

ryayn ryayn

ACCUSATIVE DATIVE POSSESSIVE

b.

yxyn’y

Somebody,

osyayn

Someone

aysyn’y Tsyey ys9n’y oisye’y

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE DATIVE POSSESSIVE

ce.

yyy?

Everybody, Everyone NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE DATIVE

02 "y3~p

FEMININE

ry ry wy ayy

onyry?

POSSESSIVE

d.

MASCULINE TWIT? ny THyTy?

Nobody, No One pa bo 2

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE DATIVE

2

POSSESSIVE

28. The Pronoun

IyImp py DyIMp DRyIMP

“y"y'.

The pronoun y1y? is, as a rule, not inflected. It may be used in its base form in all cases and genders. However, inflected forms of this pronoun, such as are given below, are also admissible:

NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE DATIVE & POSSESSIVE

MASCULINE yy my ry

—

FEMININE yy? yy? ayy?

NEUTER oyty? oyTy?

ny

314

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

29. Pronouns Indicating Things. The

following

pronouns, which are the same in all cases, indicate things. oxn =. what oypy something YOR everything pa

30.

Demonstrative

pranya 2

qr

me

§

i

nothing

Pronouns.

cyt, °1, and d¥7 can be used as demonstrative pronouns meaning this, these. When so used, they are stressed. They are declined exactly like the corresponding definite articles (see par. 6 above). The pronoun +ysy? that is declined as follows: MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER PLURAL NOMINATIVE yay? yay? yay? yay” ACCUSATIVE py3y” yay? yay” yay? DATIVE & POSSESSIVE pyay? syay? oyay? yay? When used as a noun, the endings of the possessive o»n— in the masculine and 07— in the feminine: YOR’

OryIy?

sYORD

form

of

y3y?

are

Omyzy?

F. NUMERALS

31. Numerals. Numerals from twenty on p. 159.

1 to 20 are listed and

explained

on p. 149;

those

Methods of indicating time and age are explained on pp. 160-161; in which dates are expressed is indicated on p. 210.

32. The Numeral

above

the way

One.

In counting off numbers object is specified, the proper adjective: it has no gender or have endings added when used

as such, 03%R is used for one. But when one numeral is yx. It is inflected like a possessive case endings when preceding a noun, but does in the predicate.

TINO JOR ROT TPR OR TR DIPR PR UN? ONT IPR PR OYVY 77 AYIMK PK YI SVP PF YH OR JWI °F PH yIPK Aaya 7 TH IIR

33.

Fractional Numerals.

The which is adjective. numerator

denominator of a fraction is denoted by a fractional numeral, formed by adding b— to the base of the corresponding numeral The fractional numeral may retain its singular form, whatever the of the fraction:

SYNopPsis OF GRAMMAR Sot

ONE PONT

315

PK PVT

KR — POT

HT

Seiab Ph bv26 27 ehy6 yor — Yebr6 :yb2°5 TeIyh ,bvaxayt DON ,boIZdyT VII — dvaxa’y? sbayoyT

dwasoyr

Soop SIyH YN WIT TOK — PoP ryh px WIT spopysrys pK 27 SOOVIYTNIT P'SINNEY PIR PN ,Pvop WIT APS — Yoo svoDIyIIT 25ua_ & is added after a numeral it is inflected regularly:

to indicate a half.

But

as an adjective

QONT ON TVS sa2KT RN PnE

33ND TION KX AKD TINA WW? INT NR TYY yao“ JAONAD IVI

v

«means one and a half. G. VERBS

34.

Base of Verb.

The base of the verb is the element to which the endings of the present tense are added. It is identical in form with the first person singular of the present tense and the singular imperative.

35.

Present Tense. The

following

present tense:

endings

are

added

to

the

base

SINGULAR IsT PERSON

b.

pa PR

Pw PR vopw 17

FT

wpe

TW

Md

TY

£02 WO

19— as the ending of the first and

If the base of the verb ends in

oy

is added

WY LRT Ty oN

19712 YF TVA WD 7a PK TIT PF TVYT WD YF PR

MT TYSDMMw

WD

IN!

PR

in the third person IY ANT

third persons plural.

J—, nB—, x1—, pi—,

stressed vowel or diphthong, the ending for the first and is not j—, but }y—. For example:

WIDw

the

v— -

a. No ending in the third person singular. A few verbs are irfegular in that no ending singular. They are: AYO

form

(send):

Pw

WY

to

-

vo— v—

Pw pw

WP

the verb

PLURAL

—_—

2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON For example —p’w

of

syllabic

b—,

or a

third persons plural

Tynys MT yay) Wn soy. PR TVIPN YT TYIPN PI syn PR TVAMT PF FVII

PIN

MT YP

WD

22d PR

WH PIN PR

316

COLLEGE

c. Base ending in unstressed

YIDDISH

y—.

If the base of a verb ends in unstressed JORIS

d. Base ending in

MF

JYWRIWO

W

y—, the regular endings are added: sYWNIOO

v—.

If the base of a verb ends in p—, singular or the second person plural: DYI

YR

If the base of a verb ends singular is »— instead of po—:

in

no ending is added

WY

I

soya

DYIIN PR PYIIN IY soy DONT PN WONT IY sOONT e. Base

ending

in

PR

in the third person

PR

PX PR

o0—. o—, DOY

VOOWRD

IT

the

ending

IT OY

:OOWNA

for

the

second

person

PR

PR

pOYyAINE 97 sOyAINH PR

f. Base ending in syllabic

|—.

In a number of verbs the bases of which end in syllabic }—, a “supporting y” is inserted before the final consonant when adding the plural ending: WIVYYT

Tyaye’y Yr wady PR AyIyh’y Wn vI5y Ty omy 17 BY PR MT IYI VR TYyys’y VP IYI I /PoIwyI 17 797 PR

Note, however:

TVINNT

YF TYINNT

VW

sTNRT PR

Tyry>

r

TyIIV>

WD

sp

PR

g. Irregular Verbs. Three verbs are conjugated

pa PR yo 17 PRY Taz pn DPT PR yarn r

irregularly in the present tense:

2a vor ba ma v2. Pa

PR 17 oy vn PR or

IBA poxt DNA yawn DRA yDNA

The verb yy3yS2. represents a conjugational of which is not included in the present course. h,

100—

PR 17 OY Pn PR MT

pattern

the

full

treatment

Form.

If the subject of a sentence the verbal ending for the second ending \vo—:

is 17 person

you and it comes after the verb, singular is fused with 11 into the

yooiy> = 17 + voryr Wooyaw

yooyaN5

=

IT

+

= 17 +

vovyaWwW

voyarnb

SYNoPsis

OF GRAMMAR

317

36. Imperative. a. Imperative Proper. The singular imperative is identical in form with the base of the verb. The, plural imperative is formed by adding the ending v—; but if the base ends in p—, no ending is added: boy — oy bya — bya

wp Ae

DYIIN — LYDIN

Also:

— pw — 3F

vyr — yr

ven — 3NA per

—

MF

oa — 32

b. First Person. A construction corresponding to the is the infinitive (see par. 38 below) added pw vay? War ymN> = ce. Third

imperative to “pny: «let us send let us sing

for the first person

plural

Person.

A construction the infinitive added

corresponding to the imperative to y der, 7 T>RT pw wy KT = let him send TP?

Mr

for

the

third

person

is

TNT = let them send

37. Present Participle. The

present participle of a verb is formed

by adding

py—

to the

form

of the first or third persons plural of the present tense: PUPP

PPS?

STVVT MT STH?

PNP’

MT WD

PTYANT

s1P'Y

VII

FT

MT /

The following verbs are exceptions: PIPVN sT>-N PT WD PUY sTyIVy MT WD

The present participle can usual case and gender endings: (DB) P7WIYAMT

On

NK ,YP*WYIAIMy

OWT

PPWIYA 273° PION sJOrN

be changed

-YpTsyayy

F

into

,yPrTyIzywy

an OYT

the use of the present participle, see par. 71

MF, MF VD

adjective

by

Ap Iy»Py

adding WT

the

sp Iyary

below.

38. Infinitive. The infinitive of a verb is base. The ending is }—, (or syllabic 9—, or a stressed vowel is identical in form with the first

formed by adding an ending to the verbal }9— if the base ends in J—, B—) N— PI— or diphthong). Thus the infinitive, as a rule, and third persons plural of ihe present tense:

318

Co.LLEecE YippisH pre yoya

yew Taya yen

Pw MT YD

Pw PR

yoys

DPI PR

7

YD

TORIWd MF Wy ways MT YD yn 7 yD

Tyssr Typ

yar JPM

49773

yoRIWO PR py? TR mn TR

YF MF PD

133 PR PIPW PR

12 YF PD

na PR

Several verbs have irregular infinitives: Ist & 8RD PERSONS PLURAL

INFINITIVE

T9P2 MF Ld yaa F 1°2 jyorn F 1

ma yaya yon

Tn Pr 1y227 PT PD

yoyn ei

Wy? Mr wry MT 7D

Pow IRS TIPOW

ro wD

Mr MT WD

prow pov

On the use of the infinitive, see par. 70 below.

39.

Future Tense.

The future tense of a verb is formed by the infinitive preceded by the proper form of the future auxiliary, the conjugation of which is illustrated by the following examples: Togo

T™

ya ya

To send

991 TR

boyn

17

eyn

oy

Pw

Pw 1pw

ya yn ve pra

CIN

Tm yogn

Pw

WR

IPO

In PR voyn

17

vyn

ay

toyn WV CIN

YR

PW yoyn MF

40. Past Participle. The past participle of a verb is used are two types of past participles. a.

0—

in forming

the past

tense.

There

participles.

Some verbs form the past participle by prefixing —y1 to the verbal base and adding the suffix v—, (If the base ends in »w—, no suffix is added.)

waym>ya s—aynd vpewy :—pow DYIIGA :—UPIW

SyNopsis

OF GRAMMAR

319

b. }— participles. Other verbs form the past participle by prefixing —yax and adding the suffix }— (or }¥—) to the base of the verb. In many participles of this type, there is also a change in the base itself.

JOPRnYA MPR sTOPRN TIMIPHA :—!Ip

JD wWya —awIWw yaya s—s

JAWowyA

s— INO

The prefix —yx is added to the past participle stress falls on the first syllable in the present tense.

of

verbs

only

if the

VVYIPIVT SVVIPIYT PR DOM INA :0773KI TR

JORIWRD :07>WRI PR

qriBya syBya PR

Of the verbs on the active word list, the following have participles in }—: yd

sy yds

BByA PR 377N5 ys syyny Ks WMO NE 3]POe INS qandBya 1x 319298 sya s1y7¥ JDBIBVT yy ayy Wo PA PR sap TPP 31222 BMP sp TVA PK 37D P Wry 367 Jxwyr sore Wnvya spwne JDIWYO!YA PR syI INOW WIROWYA PR Pow Pedy e>owya

spew : Buby

WPBVYA s1yPIV! jayvwya yaw Pwya sw

TIVIONN: s Tyo TYOYIOMNN 2TYOON TURAYABMN sTyAIyAHAN

TORAYA sO"

y>erya

18995

JOPRNYA PK syOpRN TORN. swRN yonya yen Pynya PRX spyn yyaarya 3729 JONIVA PR s1¥°7 ytya sTyT TWEIA 318d PYIWwYa spAyIw Tprrpya syypI7w Wyrvya :}by70

TAROWPIHNK PK

WDMYAB

yOy7—IN

PR

army

316 1DIN

PISA 2772°E28 WPI MR s1yDIPIW

TT yoOORARD spr yoOoNARA JORPWND s}O°>wRA

Toya 3192?

qymraya s1yays

yoyaya 3709 re

s}ORTIVIN

PoRByAIK PR 2 17NGIVK

TEyrya x 27619 PAVdMA PR 3729 yordya 3172?

yoeBya

s]PoWHMK

JOAN

syoub

Joya NS syoya ws JOyIWNS :;Oy2KE

yoyaya soya TAMIYA PR 372 yayaya :73y3 Wanya sy Nya qy2Byr sy Bya

YoyBya

1K

szoybya

yOoRAy.

syOoRA

TORIVA PR pox Iya Woya PR syywyr jwya

33297

41. Past Tense. The past tense of a verb is formed by adding proper form of the auxiliary verbs }ayn or yor Togo Tamaya PIA yamaya vora TyVAIRAYA PK yasmaya jyIVt TVARIyA VT WINayA yyw

JOVAVA IVI TPR

yoyAyA VOT 17 yoyaya OY Ty

TOyaya J3NA W7

yOyaya ORT WRK TOyaya

Jay

participle

to the

To send

To eat

PR 17 IY Vn WK YT

its past

MT

OP wyA IBA Dp wy VORA Dpwyr DYT vpreya JIyT OP WyA

OBI

vpwyr Jaen

PR 17 IY IW VK

FT

320

CoLLEcE

YIDDISH

Of the verbs on the active word list, all form their past tense with except those in the list in par. 40 above which are accompanied by PX.

42.

Conditional

jayn

Form.

The conditional of a verb is formed by adding its past participle to the proper form of the auxiliary v>yn, which is conjugated regularly, as illustrated by the following examples:

TARAYA BONN TYURAYA voOV?NN TyAMAyA LONN ywuraya yooyn Tamaya TARA

PR 17 IY 19

vprwyr won PR vprwya vowdyn 17 VpPwYA OY IY vprwyr TOoRN Vn

BORN “PX TSR YT

ppwyr DPWYr

Vd>yn TK TORN 8

43. Repeated Action. Repeated action in the past is expressed by the infinitive added to the proper form of the auxiliary .y6, which is conjugated regularly, as illustrated by the following examples: yon aydB px

1p°w aydB px

ya poaydd 17

pw

pra vaydd ry pa yay?h yn yr. vay?B YN ya yay?h 8

vory?B 17

Iw vayrB ry Iw yayh yn 1pw way>h PN Ipw wy>h 7

44. Complemented Verbs. Complemented verbs consist of an inflected flected adverbial complement, which is stressed.

verbal

part

and

an

unin-

The adverbial complement follows the inflected verb as a separate word in the present tense and the imperative. It is prefixed to the verb to form one word in the infinitive, the present participle, and the past participle. If 4x is used with the infinitive of a complemented verb, it is inserted between the complement and the verb itself, all written as one word. To begin

WW IT PR W

oan

PRESENT TENSE

17

IA

Wyn Ww

3a

1 barn

17

1S DOND IY 1¥ ORB

YR

yr

YE OND “PR 1S DON

W pa77 ly BW 324 9 J

To adjust

1S

IMPERATIVE

DON

WK

3 JORD »F 1S ORB

1 OND

Synopsis

OF GRAMMAR

To begin

$21 To adjust

INFINITIVE

ya7717'8 TB-MSR

JORDY TONDIS1E FUTURE

JIMMY

YN

q27My voy

TENSE

PR

JONBIS PYN PR

17

JONBIE voyN 17

yarPmMY vyn ry

JONDIS yn

etc.

etc.

ay5 FORM yarmMy 1ylH TR

JONBIE 2¥9H PR

Jayme voay>d 17 yarmy vayldS wy

JONBIY vdIyrD 17 yORB)S bay?B ry

etc.

etc.

PRESENT

PARTICIPLE

PUIMAYY WPUIMAW WT

PTIONDE TYP TIONDIS YT PAST

PARTICIPLE

ywrayayry

DONDYIS PAST

THWyAY AYA PR JPwyAN VORA 17 TDWyAY ONT

TENSE

VONBYIS IYI PK DONDYRIY VORA 17 VONSYNS ONT IY

etc.

.

etc.

CONDITIONAL

JDIAYAN OPN TR JD wyAR vowdyxn 17 TDwyA voNN

DONDE OWN PR DONBYIIS VOVINN 17 DONDE CONN IY

etc.

45. Verbs with

etc.

4%.

A number of verbs are always accompanied by yt. on the active word list, the following belong to this group: PT JOINT TT py

Among

the

TPT YOON

PT yymysINd TT 1yP5 yr yw pys Tr poyow

Vr ONT Vr IsyT 7 ty1en yr yy

TRIS Yr 12PMY YP? TYOIwW Pr PyIAWHAw

TT 1yaye

PY POND

7? TyIyPRA yr yor

TP? pow

Vr 19

46. Periphrastic Verbs. Periphrastic verbs consist of an invariable element and is conjugated in all tenses.

?

verbs

Pr yORARI

an auxiliary which

322

Co.LecE

YIppIsH

To treat

To be afraid

PRESENT

TENSE

7339 3 PR 7a5m ora 17 3299 PR W

WD IBA PR RN VORA 17 RNB OYA IY

etc.

etc. IMPERATIVE

3339 PT 7299 VP

wn aya RID. YT INFINITIVE

yor 3399 yor 8 3399

y2ua WN Jay 1¥ ND

FUTURE

TENSE

J2r Tam Syn PR

JANA WI

yor TaD voyn 17 TPT Tap LYN TY etc.

etc.

ay95 JOY 79m

Fyn PR

JBI NI voyN 17 TARA KID KYN IY FORM

ayPH PX

yaa

y2I Tan woay?h 17 yor yas vay ay

wis

aydH PR

727A WI voOIy?B 17 JBYT WD vay>d oy

etc.

etc.

PRESENT

PARTICIPLE

prayer 7257 PAST

nya

PBB

7327 PAST

RV

PARTICIPLE

DNAY. NW TENSE

Siynya 13D INI PR TNY2 W379 YOR 17 Tnya 3239 OBI IY

ONAYA NWN BWI PR DNAYA NNW OYA 17 DRAYA NI ORT WY

etc.

etc. CONDITIONAL

TYNYA 7299 BONN PR

Jynya tase vowdyn TyNYA

W399 OR

17

IY

RAYA

NI

OY

TPR

DNAYA NWN vOoIBN 17 DRAYA NI

etc.

OORN IY

etc.

The following periphrastic verbs are included in the active word list:

[MEKABER] ]23 137?

yaya vied [RAKhMONES] Ja¥7_ 137207 8 Note the type

yynya 3239

yayn 2d

[MoyRE] ]387 N19 [MEKhABED] ]¥1 7232 ayn

yy

WWwIsy2

[KhA’sENE] J3¥

pRwhile the past of yrr is

wo

on 73)nN

JyNyr PA TPR

Synopsis

OF GRAMMAR

323

SYNTAX A. NOUNS 47.

Choice of Masculine or Feminine Nouns.

If a masculine noun has a suffix y— (or in other ways, the masculine noun is applied to to designate a mixed group, the

feminine equivalent formed by adding the to be explained at a more advanced stage), males and the feminine equivalent to females; mascuine is used. TyaPW RK MPR IW PIVIVW X PK 7

DIWAVIW

TIT

OF

TIN IW) °F

48. Choice of Singular or Plural. Most nouns which represent units of measurement the singular if they are preceded by a precise numeral: WW

TVW PYIYH PR VON YY DIV

When

VOR

PIR

AY?

HYP

MNS

AVOIVWIT

1°K

swIyww

IK

in

PLINY PR YH AYW MME say! 1>R

VIYWIT

VII

Pry ww

JO K -THYwW JOR BX

a couple

VHS

PW?

JOR

are treated as numerals and

WW? WSN

(IY) 1B" YT () 013% 77 (IY) Ty

require

W yay70y AY! yoyrDY YY

We

The following nouns which, according to the singular, are included in the active word list:

OF

K

above rule,

(1) BT Cy) wy

Qy) baw

AT YT

YT

(1) WW O¥T

Use of Nominative.

a. Subject. The subject of a sentence is always in the nominative. b. Predicate. A noun

sy?

are

no precise numbers are specified, the plural is used.

yoyvy several and the singular:

49.

WY?

or calculation

in the predicate is in the nominative. YAY? AVI PI PR TX PadA IVT PX OPN

IVIV) WT DYN Fn PR Twn worn INI In

appear

in

the

YIDDISH

CoLLEGE

324

c. Two Nouns in Succession.

An important idiomatic construction consists of a noun followed by another noun in the nominative without the article. The three most important uses of this construction are: (1) Partitive. The first noun denotes a part of the thing denoted by the second noun: pyow 5° IyT OKA OWT

°F

cymes yom 17 (2) Quantitative. The first noun denotes a quantity or number second

noun:

(3) Categorizing. The first noun denotes second noun belongs:

of the thing denoted by the

Tworyy Tay TPR WE YOND 2p’ K the category

to which

the

thing denoted

by

the

PIBTYA HYD! OT 1939 1%? O87

PONRIINP

50.

ANEW

°F

Use of the Accusative.

a. Direct Object. A noun used as the direct object of a verb is always in the accusative case.

yor oT pyr Ty

JORD DYT 3 b.

In Expressions of Time. Nouns denoting specific times piace are in the accusative.

or

dates

OYA IY

at or

during

which

events

take

S977 WK VH TyNyr YI PX IY eayH yO12 DY? 12t YI yn IY WIN Jak NR VT PW orn WwW

51.

Use of the Dative.

a. With Prepositions. Every preposition requires the dative case.

Sy tyd pYT IRE AyIy> OYT 1B AYIY? YT DD

Syooyney YT

YN

AyHoynw

IT

Is AyboyNwy

IVT

Ie AyDoyNY

IVT wn

b. Indirect Object. A noun, when used as the indirect object of a verb, is in the dative case without a preposition.

yore iyt Boyan 1

TDP DYT OY ja w>ys Yaa IVT 1p’

WD WA

Synopsis

OF GRAMMAR

$25

ec. Dative of Reference. An important group of verbs relating to human experience requires the noun denoting the experiencer to be in the dative, while the noun denoting the experience is in the nominative.

DYDIN OT JORIYA PR YOR IT DINT TON DID YOR IT VOY 17 ON OK OT LOND YONI WT Compare

52.

Jia ONT vdyBya yarn yt DONP PN YOR IT «RT YW RPT won YON IT TREN

par. 75 below.

PONByAIWN PR yon

IyT

Use of the Possessive.

The possessive and, as a rule, only In expressions a noun is avoided, the dative preceded

is usually formed only from nouns denoting human beings from nouns in the singular. of place the possessive adjective or the possessive form of and is replaced by the appropriate pronoun or noun in by the preposition »3;

ORDP PR JHwy va IYOS PR Ioo9ynwy

is more idiomatic than ON? ONWM PRs 129 Ya is more idiomatic than Jymy DIYVOYNY

12

PR.

B. ARTICLES

53.

Use of Definite Article.

The use of the definite article in Yiddish corresponds, in general, to English usage, but many abstract nouns which are used without an article in English in their general (‘‘non-partitive”) sense do have an article in Yiddish: Tyne

PR

WBy>

ONT

IN

WT

Tyrrpya Pw PR ay PINOY 117, meaning out an article.

the

Jews,

WIM

PR

OPH MYO

on

the

other

WIT

PH

POX

hand,

K oye

IT

is almost

yyw

always

used

with-

pT

54. Negative Article. In a negative statement, the sentence unit except the subject, beginning of a sentence): TdM

JP

negative article }p replaces & in every which retains X (provided it is at the

2 PR HOY s POA

K PR HO?

O°) PR ayT vby7 yp spx ays vbyn K TRIM MP OI PR II?

55. Omitting the Article in Expressions of Place. In many

idiomatic expressions of place, the definite article is omitted.

Dw PR RN PR ORO PR PWS PR AyOs dw yayd ype 15 Pome pb.

PR 15

$26 56.

COLLEGE Indefinite Amount

YIDDISH

or Number.

Materials or things in indefinite amounts or numbers are denoted by nouns without any article, both in affirmative statements and questions. But in negative statements, the negative article is used.

prem 2

Tarr

Iy>3

rosy)

PR Ty

Id.

DT PR WPy

IYI2

Pp

3

PIYPIY OVI YR

PR ys WP

yp

Cc. ADJECTIVES

57. Agreement with the Noun. An adjective must agree in gender, which it precedes and to which it refers:

case,

and

number

with

the

noun

7B yor XK — woayn ayo x 776 THI X — Woayy yor 795 Tyo WT — wosyn yor oT WIE yor — jwoayn yor

58. Agreement with the Article. In the neuter singular, the form of the adjective also depends on whether the definite or indefinite article precedes it: TIN

YONA

OYF — WNP

O72

K

IPP yIP9P ONT — TP MP

K

59. Adjectives Used Without Nouns. Adjectives can be used

as nouns, but they are inflected as adjectives: JAI?

JOD

PYOYIA

YT

IY IVA

IVT

PR

TTYA IWBT PR

YOOR Tp Wd v2 BRA PR

An adjective is often used without a noun in order to avoid nouns. No equivalent of the English pronoun “one” should be used. YVI TR

YOO

TART WY?

2 yD3

ONT WR

Do

you

have

books?

Yes,

new ones and old ones.

redundant we

have

60. Adjectives in the Predicate. The adjective in the predicate, if it refers to the subject, must it in gender and number: IyaP

ION RK PR

RPK WMI

AWA 120

The adjective in its base form may also be used: BMI RY?

PR

PR

AYN

Aw JI

agree with

SYNopsis

OF GRAMMAR

327

61. Avoiding Possessive Adjectives. Whenever the possessive relationship used instead of the possessive adjective. (YOR

PLT V3)

is

Yow

obvious,

WI

VI

(JORD JM WM) TORO TO

opm

the

definite

article

is

IW

IVI PR

If the relationship is not obvious, the possessive is not omitted, but it is frequently replaced by the more idiomatic construction of the dative plus the preposition 2 (compare par. 52 above). (PVT PR PR) PU PR VR VI TNYA Ta PR (JAIN YIVT PR) JAW PF PR WI VI OY YT PR

62. Comparative. The preposition 5, followed by the dative, or the followed by the nominative, is used after the comparative.

conjunction

PRM Aoyta= we pH ryo9y7a PRM Iyayw=VP 16 yyw

(The rules on Pronouns as well.)

63. Use of

the

use of

D. PRONOUNS

the cases, given

in

par.

49-51,

apply

to

the

jy.

ya is an impersonal pronoun which means one, people, they. It is very often rendered in English by a passive construction without a subject. It takes the third person singular of the verb. DONP IVT RK OY IR WANT 1972 Tarwyy YI vb ripwb jym

64,

They say it’s very cold Newspapers are sold here

“py and %.

The pronoun 4y is used in place of masculine nouns, and ‘1 in place of feminine nouns, to refer to inanimate obiects. py is used in reference to inanimate objects only if the implied noun is of the neuter gender. SypyaN

KR NYA

PK

IW

HINA

PR

OY

Tinyay 6 77a

65.

pr vet or

STIROWHW

NNR

IVT

°F

sp>yB ONT

Familiar and Formal Address

Whenever a close friend or a child is spoken to, i.e. someone who would ordinarily be called by his first name, the second person singular is used (familiar address). When one is not on intimate terms with the person addressed, and would ordinarily call him “Mr.,” “Mrs.,” or “Miss” So-and-So, the second person plural is used to show respect (formal address). TPN

raw AO PAN 47 YR OMI PIN

YIDDISH

CoLLEGE

328

E. NUMERALS

Use

66.

PAYA

WOYN

VP

be

may

a noun

To avoid redundancy, reference is obvious. PIT

a Noun.

Without

of Numerals

WoSYSY

PB WWI NT

PR

after

omitted

Ayoprow

PNY

PMR

a numeral

if the

2

9

PR YX DYIPR PI AB “PR

‘

ca cea

F. VERBS

67. Meaning of Present Tense. The present tense in Yiddish covers both the simple and the progressive present of English. It also describes uncompleted action which continues into the present, expressed in English by the form “have been —ing”: JON 1%. PRI read much, I am reading much, I have been reading much

68. Meaning of Past Tense. Yiddish

The past tense in past progressive tenses: youdwya

69.

English

present

past,

perfect,

and

I slept, | have slept, I was sleeping

PR

aya

the

covers

Use of Tenses in Indirect Discourse.

In indirect discourse, that is in clauses which constitute the direct objects and the like, the of the verbs JART, J2PSIVI TY2PIVT T¥IM7, JOINW, TOM, yay, asking, etc. The thinking, the with simultaneous present tense denotes action past tense indicates action prior to, while the future tense indicates action that follows the telling, asking, etc. This is irrespective of the tense of the main verb. Od BYOWINE F TR Wayrya ORT 7 She said that she did not understand JPINDWINH

PPOWINS

02

7

ORT

ONT

IN PARTYA

°F

ONT 7

WaRtya

O72 LYN FTN

She said that she had

not understood

She said that she would not understand

70. Use of the Infinitive. The TIYP

without

infinitive is used APY

WW

WD

YA

1¥ after the following verbs: JD

APH

IV?

PIND PR YP

[Bays

oTeyN

,7O%T

BWI

71 PN

BONN IN TVS Pr py? PR

The use of 1¥

JOYIW

with the infinitive is optional after the following verbs:

JIPMV PVAAN NAB PPOWINE (13) PAN YA PR

Every infinitive can be used a verb, or with a preposition:

OY) NM

PR

as a noun, either as the subject or object of

syp>

VITYA PR JOR? yarw 16 vay? qy

sym>p TB 1p TYN HBr

OPN PR

SYNopsis

329

OF GRAMMAR

71. Present Participle. The present participle is used to indicate action by the subject simultanethe action described by the main verb. with ous

Trrsyya PR ay prayra Oyaya

PNAMNY

ON

I

72. Avoiding Redundant Verbs.

When the same verb appears in two consecutive clauses, whether in the same form or not, there is a redundancy which should be avoided. If the verb in the second clause is in the same tense as the verb in the first, it is not expressed:

WD TIN TT WYAW wD Typ rar? JIN PR PR TRONS YT IY

But follows:

only

to express

it is wrong

PIN

AVA

PR

PR

the

auxiliary

AYINOW IRE

in

OYA

the

second

clause,

as

IY

Therefore, if the verb in the second clause is the same, but in a different tense, the verbal construction must be entirely expressed or entirely omitted:

POI

DD JAW WAR “PR VYIIW VIPAT 2 PR Dyn Ww WIR -PR oyIw VT G. WORD

73.

ORDER

Sentence Units.

A sentence unit is a word or a group of words which perform, together, a syntactical function in a sentence. The subject, for example, is a sentence unit. It may consist of a single word: Or of a group of words:

yprigay px yr | 1”

ws pre vyaw

Or of a whole clause:

pIMoyIyoPR rer

| ayqyd ayKoX yor | Ty

PR OYN WII

TyT 9K

The following sentence units occur in Yiddish: subject, inflected verb, uninflected verb, direct object, indirect object, predicate, adverbs of time, and place, and manner, adverbial and prepositional phrases of time, place, “inflected manner, infinitives, and subordinate clauses of various types. The the personal verb” is that part of a compound verbal construction to which endings are added; for example: TVIRD WH o2yN PR DRAYA RIV OV IY.

(except Adjectives (except when used as nouns), prepositions, numerals They units. sentence separate as treated not when used without a noun) are precede. they which noun the as unit same the to usually belong

330

CoLLEGcE

YIDDISH

The following conjunctions, although not are nevertheless not treated as sentence units: BOY

BO

TYN

PLN

PM

PMB

The following adverbs are treated direct questions, but are not treated questions: PAN

For example:

YN

WH

WK

as as

parts

TR

IW

WY ORT

AN

/TVN YN

Normal

Word

units,

VIB

P¥ INDIRECT QUESTION

JOYAVA OY

¥

2TYOYA YR OYA oyn 2X DD PAIN 74.

AW

sentence

sentence units when introducing units when introducing indirect

DIRECT QUESTION PIOYAYA

of other

TOYA

IY °¥ O72 OM

OYT VR

OYN AVI

7A YR PAN I

PR PR

Yt PR

Order.

The basic rule for normal word order is that the inflected verb, unless it is an imperative, must be the second unit of the sentence. Any other one unit may precede it. In a sentence containing, in addition to the inflected verb, an uninflected part of the verb, sentence units are placed between the two parts of the verb and after the uninflected part, as shown by the following table:

NONUNIT WORDS pe

ay38

Bans pero ee Any unitexcept

the inflected

part of the

WB

verb (Imper

etc.

SECOND | FIXED PLACE

|Thein-

flected | verb

atives may, however, come first.)

75. Expletive

ANY OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING

[Subject pro-

noun

THIRD FIXED PLACE

ANY OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING

|Theun-

inflect- |

| Direct object

|Other infini-

tives

ed part |Object nouns

pronoun

ofthe |

Indirect object] pronoun Adverbs Subject noun

verb

and phrases

| Predicate nouns or adjectives Adverbial and prepositional phrases and clauses

by.

The pronoun dy may take the place of the subject at the beginning of the sentence, while the logical subject is placed after the verb. In this function by is called expletive. DB

Ypros

FT WoIPyYA PR OY BINA OT PN TW

s1pMIPyA PR OMY yprvD HID OY s/n WD ID VIKA

If the logical subject is in the plural, the Expletive oy is never used when the logical This construction is usually employed in sentences containing a dative of reference (see DIT

OF PN

WR

verb is subject phrases par. 51c BID

OY

TWD HK TORByILK PN PR oY

7 °F

also in the plural. is a pronoun. about the weather above).

and

SyNopsis

OF GRAMMAR

331

76. Consecutive Word Order. In the consecutive

word

order, the inflected verb is the first sentence unit.

POMIW IY PWWMYAY PR IVA PK Paya PR Pa TI Wowya PR YORo 72 H. CLAUSES

77.

Relative Clauses.

Relative clauses in which the relative object are formed just as in English.

pronoun

YORD JPN PX WD OYA YT JORG

JP

PR

COT

In relative clauses denoting possession, is retained and is preceded by dyn: eee Pr

is the

or

direct

ORN WoI~D IVT

IT ONN

the

subject

Woayn

normal

WT

possessive

adjective

eee T9NYA PN TRIB TPP ONN Lory IVT VO TPB IVIDP YVR O- OBN 6 7

In relative clauses denoting a prepositional relationship, the normal preposition and pronoun are retained, but they are preceded by dyn: TSN

78.

Conditional

TL PR VIVA PR IVT ON 0 OMN WIV IVT YOU DIVA PR [NVA PR PI PR VI on 76 °F

Sentences.

In conditional sentences, the conditional clauses: PORT JOR OH Py.

WT PR SYN

form

TP

of the verb is used in both

Tynya OoBN PR Ty

79. Direct Questions. A question requiring an answer of “yes” or “no” usually begins word °¥ which is treated as a sentence unit:

(772_W) TIYNYA JWT

the

wo8.a °F

¥ (172-1) to change is type this of questions asking Another way of while retaining the word order of the affirmative sentence: PYTYA

with

OY WORT

the intonation

TTVNYA JOIWT YO’ 17 TTPTyA OY WORT

17

Questions requiring an answer other than “yes’ or “no” begin with interrogative pronouns or adverbs, which are treated as separate sentence units (see par. 73 above):

ty PR IN ry vID ON ry vn in

332

COLLEGE

YIDDISH

80. Indirect Questions. In indirect questions, the interrogative treated as separate sentence units:

pronoun,

adverb,

and *¥

are

not

If the interrogative pronoun is the subject of the indirect question, Pronoun oy is inserted between it and the inflected part of the verb:

the

TINYA

OWT PR WY PR OYT IN

,b°3 OM 022 O-M

DID TY ON OK wy

DINN WV IN POWIWE

PR PR

PR

pR

VIVID OY yn ,b°D TyA PR TYwyA yn OY OYN Wn ayT

81.

Consecutive Clauses.

A in the or the implies

consecutive clause describes actions which follow the events described preceding sentence. The consecutive clause may show either the result consequence in time of the first clause. The use of the consecutive clause the words “so,” “therefore,” “then.” Wherever by is used as the impersonal or expletive subject of a sentence, it is dropped in the consecutive clause:

BYINN IMF PR LIT LIP! TTT COPINN IVT PR oy 1 PT DAI AW PR sYo pr vnrdn op In sentences containing the imperative or the form with YB? or Ty yr, ™Y TXT (see par. 36b and 36c above), the verb cannot be moved to first Place; the conjunction yo is therefore used with the same effect as the consecutive word order in other sentences: by

WM

IA

Yo

IPD

PR

YI

OYT

TPA PAB YL jTOYIVA Pw TARA A aves OF PT BD HP TIYyA B92 TBI DRA OT This conjunction is also used with questions in which the first unit is an interrogative pronoun and must therefore be the first sentence unit:

TAY PR IYI

21VO7N

OB

BO PON

OIyMyN RO AYN

PY

WT

voy

17

II Oy PR ayn mK

82. Emphasis. In order to be emphasized, any sentence may be placed first or last in the sentence.

unit

except

‘112 ONT Jayaya 7 OR YOR Ta OV? ayaya YoORY IVT OXA

97

VP Vd

IVT IY

JID ONT Jayaya JAYAYA “I OT

ON OR

YOR YOR

the

inflected

verb

SYNopPsis OF GRAMMAR

333

preceded by d¥. A pronoun or adverb may also be emphasized by being is used pronoun or adverb the of art counterp Sometimes the interrogative unit. sentence separate a not is tion construc latter The py. with

Son PR OWN VR=PK Wn OYT OY TAN PR IN OY=YR PM YI OY TOPYA PI PR OMT INS CY=TyMIPVA TPR PI WET OF

the verb, while The subject may be emphasized by being placed after is similar in tion construc This verb. the word Dy1 takes its place before the c, and can emphati more is it but oy, e expletiv the with that word order to . pronoun be used even when the subject is a personal

yIWS IYVOYNY JV PHY OYT YIN'B bby aypoyny 2 THYA YI DK PI OT syyNyA BT Wa PR

Ay ago)

GLOSSARY

‘The Yiddish-English section of the glossary contains all Yiddish words which have been used in this book, listed in their Yiddish alphabetical order. Words which form part of the active word list are preceded by asterisks. The English-Yiddish section contains all active words and such passive words as may be useful in translation and composition. Only the meanings in which words occur in this book are listed. The pronunciation of words which are spelled according to the traditional system is indicated in brackets. The article listed with a noun indicates its gender. Listed in parentheses is the plural ending, or the entire plural form, if there is a change inside the word. A dash (—) indicates that there is no ending or change in the plural. The comparative form of an adjective is given in parentheses if the vowel is inserted in the inflected forms of of the base changes. If a supporting —y— the adjectives, an inflected form is given in parentheses. Adjectives incapable of forming adverbs are themselves listed in parentheses. Verbs have p— participles unless the past participle is listed in parentheses. Verbs are conjugated regularly unless an irregularity is specifically noted. 1% preceding a past participle indicates that the past tense is formed with yr. | separates an adverbial complement from the main verb, or an infinitive ending from a verbal base ending in y— (see p. 263). < or — means “see.” The following abbreviations are used: abbr abbreviation ace

adj adv art aux compl conj dat fem gn inf infl int inter intr lit

mase mn

accusative

adjective adverb article auxiliary complement conjunction dative feminine geographic name infinitive inflected interjection interrogative intransitive

n neut num periph pers pl poss pron rel sg trans uninfl v wn

literally

337

masculine man’s

name

noun neuter numeral periphrastic person plural possessive pronoun relative singular transitive —_uninflected verb woman's name

YIDDISH—ENGLISH August nm yt pow Ke dear me! int my-1 stove 7m (0) 1YT ANN car 7m (0) TRONS auto- 7 °F YSN IANO IN biography also, too

long-awaited

8

Yiddish

adj wpayayno 1K"

lawyer

TROON — JNOYIO AN

invented adj pox vyi0 1K (AVIYORIYIOIN YT) TONDYAO’WN adj lewd

the 6th

over the tomb of an important person certainly adv [AVADE]

YD | oN

4» yp | oN *

evening

oye

om»

7 (1) qyT.uINK®

in the evening ping pxe DIA — DIN TH

away

compl

-p’ynye

TYIINAVAPYNY = P’PN * JALIW ~— FAMIWp YN

yoxn| one

v_

(rBEyapITY PR) TBE | PyE to leave

if

DoW B93 197 DIN OY

it doesn’t matter to me

v ywn| orm

adv

structure m [OYEL] (0°) \y7 5mKX

uv prqysybox

to mix

497 ,77x

backwards adv syy2nx here (place to which) adv vyny«

v qwoxn| ome

uv

ayy.

syty... 9y7%*

n [opER]

home

to save uv yp] oN to teach =v qymyd | 07K

to matter

conj

there (place to which) adv yrnye

Australia gn yobynuonne to snatch up v ypx>| 0/7 (something scarce) to learn

or

calendar

to appear

to invent

pnnSxe

(}) YT DNR ©

month in the Jewish

adj pywyinyio 1K

to get undressed

”

either...or

TVLWOW — JPIWYIONN to hear v pya| on (OPRNYAONN TN) TORN | OW ® v_ to grow up

v(Rpyro-N)

mn [avro’M]

equivalent of Abraham

TYIOMN — TVTVIONN

take off

sysx°

the Ith x [ov] 5y1,4x month in the Jewish calendar

neither »°3 pe nomore adj ox

v (rytya0/ 1) Tt | ONe

xe

v yD 3¥2K conj ax

but; however; again conj

adv Ke

to look,

art

aslongasI Tym wry AR can be with you

TOPRNOAN — JOPRNYIONN

exhausted

a

to subscribe to as long as

above

$38

eye

conj adv

axe

2%

nm (1) ONTAK®

339

GLOSSARY

us

Hungary gn yyai1K pron (acc-dat of 7°) TINK*

poss adj yrtnKX* below adv yon under prep rypnx* subway 7 (7Y) °F JNAIVOIN

to make use of

to investigate conclusion

our, ours

(QAyvaAIYHIAN)

v_

“PT Jaya | IVOIAK

to surrender

FIPVIYOIN — PINYIIVOINAN QE IWNyIIVHIN) JINN | IVHIAN

v

to abandon

to

v_

to set fire to

“YINYOIAN PR) TIP

to come along

| IYDIAN

v (qynip

“9YOINN PR) TAP IBW | YHININ

v (qyampwya

to hop N

(3) WT VW’YOOTVWIIN &

university

[OYFN—

OYFA'NIM] 7 way

(0°) IyT JOIN *

n

7 treasure

[Os—OYSYEs] (MYNIN) TYTN * letter (of the alphabet) that; when; if conj we

(uninfl in sg; pl: yooyrs) “are *

pron

such

so;

thus

adv

since conj so much, so many 45 such pron Asiatic adj

ear

WIM

Asia

— WAM N

gn y™RK

NIN — YIPVTN

7 (1) TYT AYR

= }1K*

[oyF,uF] on; for; in; with

to build v qy12 | 571% POWHW — WINdwWyAHWwW IN) NA | FN # (TODRAYIB/

v

to maintain

v_

toraise, to lift

(FD -AYAHW) FIT | HN &

(TRAIBAYIH/AN). TVIAIyiT | 67K * to hang (up)

v

to cease v yoyn|5K* to wake up v yoxn | 51% to wake up v 71 qBxD | 5K DYT PIN — JW behavior

n

y7 7°65RK

(THMIPYAH™N PR) yMIP | 571K v_

to

arise

to froth

uprising

v qynnw | 6K

7 (q) TY /TIRDWE IW *

QYIROWYIMW PR) POW | HN ©

uv

1KN¢

>NKN* "11x* YUN wor TK

seem

(TWyAO/MN) IIWw | O71

prep. [AF], adv. compl.

[OYTSER— (n}) IVT EIN

OYTSRES]

wos | 0/1N

(7) y7, 50K

to cry out

DY'T NYDN — PYHIAN

v_

7

v q¥°3|o™K*

(TVMIPYIOMN PR) yp | O71

uv

(a child)

(TINRYAIIVOINN) PTI? | AVOINK

v

to get up

to kill

illegal

everywhere death

v_

v

qyayra| ae

adj dxayonin nm

adv opynix® YT DIpAIN

(TVMIPYIAN PR) TIP | 197K

to perish

to return

innocent

v pryqyp|

KN

adj pth w’nix and

conj

yw,

340

Co.LLecE

tolight

v (plusacc) xn | yon

a fire in

num oye

one

one pron sy2R« you fool, you! : 5ym% 382

“AN (.. 109% DIR) TEN VION

upon (to, with...) yt one another together py2x px to Y (ToRBYAI ER PR) TO|NS Ke occur TROD 8 PPREYIION PN PN OY an idea occurred to me Singular n 7 ,byyy>y single

adj

to persuade

pyr

v yryy| yn

your, yours poss adj ayy the day before adv ypoynyx yesterday the 8th n [IER] sy7 1X month in the Jewish calendar Europe gn ypy 3x European

adj

YippisH

except,

here

him; it

pron

immigrant

n (1) 97 LEMON

.. later

v

5

industry contents

engineer

WT

DT

PRX

EB WIN

OYd — OYD PN

(}) 4y7

IVI

yays | WYAIPN

to transmit, to pass the

word to translate v Tsy | 9y2°N t the day after adv JAIN IVDN &

tomorrow

“YIIVIMN PN) MIP | wyI 3K to survive

v (ymip

(FOPMYAAVA’R) To | WyAON

v_ is

to interrupt ideal n () qyT bxy DN

vu (8rd pers sg of 72) PN ©

Italian

n (—) each

Italy

ese

NT NTON gn yobgnoy

syt syay>ynoy

pron sysybyox

1 (TY) ONT IN

eternal; adj & adv pray

own adj (ny3y9/R YT) 2K e dear little eye n (7) ot yoyrr before; than conj sy1x«

7 (0) ys wortx« (sg) m syt .vbynpRe n

a bite

(ayaa IVAN)

forever

TINA — ININA PR

DT

to have

u_

in; to prep px « DVN... PR*

YIVNVI — YIVIVNIN PR

adv vN

over adv & prep sya N breakfast n (0) ox TOVIIVANN {TO°ayAIYIN) Jor | WAIN

WY YENION

»y; dat of DY) ON ©

(in pointing)

here is what ONT ON to breathe v TWayo’y*

I pron (acc: spn; dat: 79) PR (ace-dat of

prep [axhu’Ts] ping

besides mn [AKhAshveyresh] winnwnr king of Persia, also known as Ahasuerus

*

you

pron (acc-dat of =x) >xe

one num pye bookbinder n(o) 37 vy1392EN TREIN — POREYIIMN

341

GLOSSARY truth

n [EMEs]

qy7 .noNX*

an

without

art

je

prep

Ne

We. TH eW (TYAIBAYAVE PR) Pa | VN uv to go on TDMA — PDA TIPSIN — PINAW TDP — MPA TIWWAK — PDPIWYAW other adj yny72’8 YT (TYTN) * some; others yoy73’X differently adv woytix*

beginning

7 () ay7 2°78

in the beginning a °nay oy * to begin v (q2>wyay’y) 12° | 8 *

to begin (intr) prqa%n | vE*

to Vv (JOPRNVINN PR) OPN | YB appear

to put on

v (FRDYII’N) IND | 38

to get dressed >>r yuIx

developed adj poponvix YT OPO Myo UIE *

n anti-Semitism

to flee,

to run anthro-

pologist

uv (7éxbvax PR) VIN & away 7 (7) DY

’RORNBR IWIN

anthropology 7 °7 .yax>NBNIIN anthropologic adj wrX>NBYIWI’ otherwise conj y3X anecdote 7” (3) DVT .UWNIPYIN to light v (qrziyyary) 712° | ’8* v

v

(iymIpyay’y PR) TIP | 28 *

to arrive

to touch

v poise

instead of prep v’xvwix* (WR Wy IAN) J2WWw | 8 to write

intellectual

1 () WT VY YYVPR

internatio- adj b/ZINYNIWOIN nal, cosmopolitan interesting

adj

institution nm

pixoy nyo NK *

(0) °T ,Y°¥WVOIN DYT PN — OYIN

you

now

adv pyxe

(acc-dat:

72x) PR*

her, hers

pron

poss adj

x*

her pron (dat of 1) K* Irishman n (—) ay7 Ay TIVYION

eight

num vox *

eighth num adj vx * eighty num poxyoxe

eighteen num yxox* the 12th n [ELEL] ay ,>1oX month in the Jewish calendar old adj (nypby) vox * [ELYOHU-HANOVI]

8°53771799X

the prophet Elijah alone;

oneself

adv

y»bxe

[ALMONE— -8] (M—) °7.7190>R n widow closet n (0) Ty? Wyn>K all

pron;

adj yoxe

ABV — ABD YN

allkinds of

Dun < yn YON

uninfladj »> rybx

[A’LEFBEYS] yt .N°a-Hoe n_ alphabet all; everything pron poxe Syn — Oud of old adj p>xynx America gn ypyoxe to bicker

true

v 7°t [YBN

adj [EMES] nnx*

342

CoLLecE

v_

(IyDNYIB’S WY) yay. | BIN

assimilation

to take off

work 7 (})°T,UYDI8 * to work v ypoyayxe worker n (0) 4YT AYDYIVN*

organi-

7

(0) °T.Y°RNPINIWN

zation to organize v yp PPR Argentina gn yxpi1ya9x out compl -on ys

(0) °7 .prpb->-banyon assembly line Esther wn [ESTER] 7nON* airplane 7 (qy) YT ROBE * TTRIVEY 7K« TVAIMAVIIVI’ AN — IVI & (T8dya Iya PX) PWS | IYI uv tomove (intr)

| Bx

(0) ‘T,YoOy IYER

to suffer

cut off

*

v yo

(IyaIPYAB’S PN) TyRDIP | BR

often

to go around to engulf v ypax>| nN

original

v_

to

about

place

7

to lead off

uv to board; to ascend around, prep & compl nn

v_

v qymy>| 5x

inference

(TRAIAYAH/ IAN PN) 79 | BIN

PR — DN... PN (TVAINAYIAI/IAN PR) 72 | IN

v yo>u| px

to draw an

| OTN

— VAN

v yor] pK

trick on to play a wp ayy AN NODS

compl -5>17y

WAIINIVAH/ 7

v 3357 | 5’

to play av (qyvyaB’y) IND | Bx

Qayayao/7719¥) pays | O71 v_ to publish; to produce (JBANNYAO/IAN) JEN

7 > yoxxbmroy

many, a lot of adj; (ayy) JOR * much, a lot adv

to resound

JAINIPIO/ IAN — OPIN *

v_

YIDDISH

adv (syp5y) pix«

adv [AFILE] 1>°dx*

open

adj (ayayb’8 77) 15x *

perhaps

adv [EFshER] 7wdxe

Africa

October actor

7

Ox

gn yp>5’x

7 syt 7yaxppy* (J) IVT ,VRUPR*

7” (1) WT OPN

Opposite prep jaypx plowshare n (0) ay .JreR-7WP'R

down, downstairs compl

pxny

TYINAYAS’NAN — BRA «

to descend

v +pryr | aay yd

343

GLOossARY

to put (into prison) v pxyr | 227K * to mix in v yw | aN

to notice v qpnynxas train, railroad n qy)°T.7.Na* by train 7a qy7 bn *

QyMIPYA DAW PR) TIP | WW

seat 7 (p3y3) °T PIN

uv

adj) n_ bank clerk banker n (1) 97 /P282 to decree v (j>>1HN2) yoydNA taskmaster 7 (0) 4y7 y>ydx2

population

7 >

to pay

v yoxyxne

«

to clothe v yT>pxa to bake vu (jpxays) IpRa to get ac- vu (yn) Pr VAypRa * quainted (with); to meet

mountain beard

7 (99y3) 9YT ANS* =m (tYy2) 7 79N2*

famous

to boast

beet soup

to create

v

adj pn

xn

prqiym° 12

7 4y7 ,DW>N2

v (J5XwNa) XWNI

to accuse v wpb awa to decide v (jox>wxa) jooowya* to smear v ])PRWN2 employed Creator

adj vp viywxa 7 45y7 .5ySywRa

(infllike an syt Myorywxa

adj)

n_

beloved

to describe v (q2>AWRA) JALIWA Budapest (capital gn pwyeyxta of Hungary)

tree om (ayn) WTO * olive oil n sy7t,5n2

potato

book

n

to build

v wy

7 (qy5°3) ONT 12 *

[BULBE] (0) °7.ya1A3

in

in

architect Armenian

cheek 7 (3) °7 .pra® v (qyMIPX2) TYDIPNA

to receive

come

v yoynw | vz

Oriental

yp >’ydxa*

liberation 7 > 25ND to set free v yy dx

to

to put

(infl like an syt Ayonyxa" pix

adj w>xyayony

7 (3) YT Up’yD DN 7 (—) 497 ,"y2yN7¥

poor

adj oye

arm 7 (0) YT 0998 poor 7 (BB>- YOY) IVT V/RAVAW man poverty 7” > u»payyy n [ERTSISROEL] >xIW>-PIK*

Palestine (lit. Land of Israel)

adj [AshKENAzIsh]

Ashkenazic

3

bobsled

grandmother

w°TI3UX

n ryt yboaxa n

(bd) °T.yaxne

to cover with gold

v ytbax3

to bury v (yay 083) yANIANI* to welcome, to v j7O°7289

congratulate

condition to bathe

adj

v

7 (7y) °T,23122°9R* (7TNOYa) Pr TWN.

covered adj pp’y7x3 Cayayoo/NANA TY) PO>RAA

hidden

to hide v (qubxmxa) ?t ONAN * movement 7” (7y) "7 ,ANAyNND* to move

(trans)

cotton adj (129183 separate Basle (city Switzerland) balalaika nm (0) soon;

v yayTIR2

IY) PyIVRA adj 7y731IN2 in gn Six 7 .ypu>x>xa

immediately adv 7byn* as soon as 1) T5x2

344

Cotiece

YIppIsH

blond adj 73x52 bluff n syt.qyda

blouse n (0) >t. ynba blood n oxt.wibae bloody adj ppida toremain;

to stay

lead

n

glance

until, up to

n (1) ayT pa

adj [BENEI'MESDIK] graceful to ask

bed

whip

uv (quyaya) jwyn>

(= to request)

©

baseball n yt ,5yn0%9 (YDIPYIA PR) TIP | 2 to overcome a 3°32 picture n (qy) oxt 7999«

uv

host, owner

(0) °7 pyomanm>yo

[BALEBO’sTE— -s] n hostess;

lady of status (M—) IYT TN dya © [BALMELOKhE-— -s] 7 artisan to bless

v qwniyns

[BALAGOLE— (m—) Iy7 a>ay-dya -s}_ m coachman bia (voya) better

than

while

DI — IWodya

4y7K... IyOyn* AW TW

conj [BEYs] nya

adv [BEYS-MA’YSE] meanwhile

to fry

AIA — YA

nVyn-nya

v (HN aya) jRI

both adj yr 7 ()°7,wor oyt 3 = aya O73 — 772

7 (1) 1.wyne

(q™x) PT YA PR

prep & conj pre

DONI — DIN] YI ANY — ANY YI

p>7nw°y29

(ona->*ya) yt Mandya [BALEBO'S—BALEBA'TIM] 7

(9°) \y7 12

oyT Pa = pra business (colloquial) n > ,oy3P3 at...’s house; at; with prep »3

(0) °7,yx2°>2

[BINYEN— (0°) DY7 7°32 BINYONIM] 7 building

please

[BOKhER—

Bo’KhERIM] n young man faith n [BITOKhN] 4y7,7\nNv2 (Christian) Bible n (yy °7,52°3 library 7 (1) tT p’yoxrdora

adj y2

leaden adj (nyry’2>2 9y7) TyLd2 blind adj 3

p-yadia

nization in Europe

v (7a>baya PR) 7222 ©

cheese pancake

potato pudding

Jewish labor orga- n sy7 179

n oxt mba

pale

(7) ONT YoY

n

education

7 °7,,21793

ticket n [BILE’T] (1) nyt v’yooa © am _ v (Ist pers sg of p>) pare are

bundle n (qy) oxt bora stage 7 (0) °7T.y29

v (2nd pers sg of 1) von

a few, a little boage sbo°9 gradually adv pmpsybora [BEYSAMIK- 087 WTP *NA Na

DEsh]

”

the Temple

(BwIIA-?AA) WT

won ©

[BESMEDRESh—BOTEMEDRO’'shIM] 7 synagogue

[BESOYLEM— (0) 7y7.n?1y-"n2 *

-s]_

m cemetery

blue adj yba«

to blow v (qrxbaya) y1yb3 to put on airs >; 15 pINb2

*

345

GLossAaRY

street

guest

to visit fork emphatic lesson 26) garage belt

m

floor (== story)

m (1) °T,0NX*

(bdyA) TT POX *

poxa IY TyDIp* m (qy) YT YER adverb (see 7Kx* 7 (7) DT WIR 7 Qy) yt bur

7 (©) qyT7.7741*

nothing at all adv suit

m

fortitude

pron;

pKa

(0) "YT YyDITNA©

m [GvuRE]

(aypoya

AyT

>t 75.

yoya)

good adj; well, O.K., allright adv (AN? PID N) ANY JIN * good-bye good-night

pias

pox3 yo x *

hello; (ayg°-wia) PIWWA-wIA *

good morning good

evening pany-jpn *

please pra 1 (v0) 21 * serves him right tox pax 1a goodness

(Ta

7 > ,y»pon

yora) WT

n close friend

TI

I AyHI

body n (om) "y7 NA° [GAZLEN— (9?) YT 7213

GAZLONIM]

v_

7

bandit

Jaya — 7379 3° Jaya — 0 (TYAINAYA TK 379A T7979) 7 &

to go, to walk; (of a watch) to work come now! 11) ,y fast adj px.

high

brother

school

7 (pb) °T ,yor379°2

and junior college (in Europe) to pour; to run

yaya — bo

v (JONI) JO.

n

(ay? 93) WT AYIA

bread n oxtwnae brown adj prae to hum v qynna ITN

letter n

— WPI

n (—) syTAYIA®

(0) YT yay N-Tive7a mailman wide adj py n« generous, adj p>xnynpa

magnanimous

diamond 7 (}) 9y7,7’x?°92 n [BARMITSVE] 7 ,AN¥2D"92*

a boy’s 13th birthday, when

he comes of age, accord-

ing to tradition to bring

v qyaayn2 *

to burn Iv IS =

adv

v qyayna

Fr yay

[BEshOoLEM] ovbwa

in peace, unharmed

a to gaggle

v }|ywoxaxa

salvation n [GEULE] °7 AKI (poison) gas 7 (1) TYT.TNX (usually without

the article) God thank God

n sy .pxya®

jyp3x7 wy pga*

God (endearing) gold

y3yu'y)

7 oxt.toyae

golden adj (ayay7>’ya 97) 1772 Jew on (—) ryt aya xx from Galicia

JIN BYIPMW K 07 :3INA

bountifully goose

gander

7

(TT3IYI) °F TINA

7 (0) 997 7Y24a

whole

altogether, at all

adj ypixae

qx249 pR*

$46

Co.Liece YIppisH TOPRN — JOPNNYI My —pNNya TORN — JWRVYA

weeping

to win

WV — Way yor) — voy THAN TPA

to glisten

v (yIMya) IMyr*

certain

adj (nyvrya) baitya *

good-bye; farewell vaya (vo) 21 TPMT — pavyra family n (y) ONT DTD

bay — HI TyA T9T — TVTVA

ghetto

7m

bed

(infl like an sayt nyorvy>ya + n scholar mood 7 (4Y) ONT Yony) TINA TTA enough adv yy, TYMYI — TMA

adj pay

DONA — WOyA

(obsolete) dp»

moa — Tytyda n [GMoRE] »4 X59 °

Talmud

[GA’NVENEN— (pyS3ay3) 1y3y323

to steal

GEGANVET] v

to steal pyay a oy y3y5a9 across the border

tobe

n_

T°? — pavbys

v yay +

happy adj qybp>a«

TBD < RbYI

n (0) oxt Ayaydya

experienced

wn

born

divided by sx v>pyr wyw — bya money 7 oxT.vdya* TTR? © wry

[GOLEs] qyt m1.

to believe

straight adj quxb,* to like (colloquial) v yo»

Te OMIA

(0) °T.NDYyA*

mn

v yx3x3

mn syt,jaba

faith

exile

adj ony

Iwhya = pynys T2t Vy arms 7 ONT /Vynyr TAIT — WYaAI4yA

well;

7 ox mda

reason

7 oNT 72193

healthy, wholesome

adj)

glass

drinking 7 (nytyba) oT Eda glass without pr -1y pxda ONDA

periphy

yynpmayr

GYD") WT AXY-PA aya

birthday

(Javaya 37392 v_ to give

yawba — yar>aya A WO 32) JAVA * TOYA — Wysys

TD — TVIINAYA JO? — JONAYA Jaya — yayaya TOY dynamite n.4y7.y xT maid servant Tuesday

you; thee n

7 (7)°7,vo27® nm syt.pyonT*

to serve v yy27 pron (dat of 17) 7718

[DIRE—-s]

apartment [DI'REGELT] n rent to conduct

chestra)

(M—) TTT

ox7 ,wbya-net (an or-

79°99

349

GLOSSARY hunger

hungry

adj pyniine

one hundred num prytnne hundred n (ny) oy Hoyt n

(0) YTS T3yAVT IT

wholesale

cap

trader

bine 7 (j¥) ONT. Son PA — IIB holy adj pb»ne

home

nm

n 4y79ya317

7 (gy) 7.0"

at home pn yt pxR* the old country a7 yody °7 today adv yirne hot adj o»n«

to be called; v (Jory) Jorn+ to order that is porn ont © to wrap v yon

aid not nbn sky; heaven 7 (qy) Iy7 boone behind prep syvrn ayTIyIA = pyNIeA to limp) v (ypaimya) ypnn historical adj wo yvon

[HAKhNoE] 7 > Ay307 humility Persian mn [HOMEN] yan

minister, also known as Haman [HO’MEN- (3) DY ,WRO-WIT

TAsh—-N] 1 triangular Purim pastry thrill = [HANOE] > .ANIn Hebrew adj & n wynayne [HAVAYE— -S] (M—) ‘TNA n grimace

light (in color)

adj byn«

royn — ayrtbyn brave adj wotbyne half n () st .ubbyne

Mr. (abbr of sym) ‘a “YD ;JANT ONT DONT DNF) JIN

half

to have

v

(poxa

adj & num abyne

throat nm (yrtbyn) yt tox to embrace v 97 yrT>xn tohold

v (qu>xmya) joan «

(plus inf) ...oza o>yn

to be about to to be fond, to ... ni jbane approve of wood 7 ox¥tT.poXN Hamburg gn ananxn Hameln

Prussia)

(town

in

business (trade)

n

nya

syt.bt3Nn®

to trade v yyb>t3xA hand 2” (p3ym) 1 wine honey

7

94y7,p°3xn

TOY — DONT

to hope

v jixne

to hope for... ... 71x Jun to hope to... ...3¥ 76xn hair n (—)°t,5gn¢

the least bit wrx AN autumn

heart

7

5Y7,DO2°9NT ®

7m (Ay¥7yA) OT PARA

[HAFTOKhE—

(ni—) °7 .7nvSn

-s] _ promise book read n [HAGODE] °7,7797 during Passover service, sometimes called Haggadah house

hat

7

on (oA) oYTLDW

(AYyTVN) OXT Ne

trousers (pl)

tall, high

main

n °T P17

adj (yy) qn

stressed prefix -vpyne

hunchback

hooked

7 (0) 4YT yp nT

adj pomypn

Co.LLecE YIDDISH

350

the... the... ... pox... ONN “yoy pox Ty5°2 ONT the faster the better

water

shirt

7 (1) ONT/YORN*

which, what kind of to vu (intr)

inter pron

reality

m °T,"¥N

v_ (q5>xmya) 15>yn« nm

glove n notebook

ryoxN*

(JOPRNYA PR) TOPRN*

grow

n

to help

herring

to hear;

(0) n

mn (—)

word 7m (AYO YN) ONT WINN * to wait (for) v (Rx) }wIRNe

dinner

n_

ONT DYN

warm

worm

7”

adj

py ne

(OY5YN) WT OVI

Warsaw

gn

ywoxne

Warsaw uninfladj aynywyvEn to wash Vv (JWNNY) TWXN

bathroom)

where to adv ymINe to live v qymne n

(0) 4Y7 4730

how inter pron; as, like, than

conj

N=

confession

UN

[VIDE] °7 7°70

of sins before death

again

visa”

to greet each other

pain

adv ay}

(0) °T.YPN

v pryyon

7 (y) TPM

wife n (My) ONT aN to show v Qrnya) nm handofaclock n (0) 9y7 AYR

to hurt

far adj pme periph yom

Mister

YT,

syn*

YA

mn owoyn

stray, ownerless [HEFKER] 7671 gn [HERTSLIA] m>xI7 Herzliya (town in Israel)

the

n [HASKOLE] > Ab>wn

Jewish Enlightenment movement, sometimes called Haskalah

1

[VEHO’-RA’YE]

RINT

and here is the proof

railroad

living room n (j) AYT Ayas31N miracle, wonder

Tt .ypwoayn (3) .v5yn*

PBA WEA

=n (7) YT Ayasw’/NN

where inter pron me (with prepositions: yy3Xn)

DIXT — Day

to listen v yiyne listen! sy3 4y7

(OY) IVT PH” IRIN

sparrow

(AY) ONT Tayn

car 7 (q) TYT,]’RaNN week on (1) °T,WNN®

every week JN yox

to be awake v ox common, mean adj p»ty>’s to lie around v sx Ayaan forest

n (ayTbYN) IVT TORN

(used in forming aux v voxne the conditional) would woolen adj (ayay9’X1) IY) YN sky- 7 (0) IVT AYER IPP’ scraper to wander v yrytyxne wall

nm (wiyn) *T.paNn

M WANN

what inter pron; which,

oxn*

who, whom, that rel pron what’s the matter? 2px oxn *

$51

GLOSSARY

supper 7” (0) T.yaywo’yn

aux

v py wy woyn yn *

(used in forming the future tense) shall, will bicycle n () yt -T’yBON>yN world n (q)°T,vbyn* in the world pbyn yt pix * which

inter adj

aysbyne

byn poy mya s7o017 211 Woden Yon) poyn ©

to want v (vo’RN pron (acc-dat of myn) ynyn* whom pron (poss of syn) diynyn * whose

when

conj; pron

if not for...

qyn*

...p°27;yn)

DANN — H3yN

vest

inter pron who

dyn — poyn 7” (TY) ONT. SvOyN

(acc-dat: yynyn) yn *

vertical

adj ‘xp nny

to pass remarks to become to defend oneself

v 37 yybpoyn

DIN

BYIWNN — DYN

laundry

7

ONT poy

nox. wy

}

page (abbr of wm) to say; to tell (some- yaxt* one to...) full (after a meal) adj vxr

thing

nm ()°T.qNTe

should v (byr sy) dyre let him, »+ ;dxt5y dere

let them

adv yy2 soft adj pn because conj »me

wine

n

7

(TY) ITM

CAYIVIYIIAN) IT JOIN

vineyard

few.adj;

little

to cry white

wheat

adv

pope

v qyrmne

yoo — O°"

adj ome

yon — von

7 4Y7,7>"

important

adj pyone py 9 wild adj to Williamsburg gn amon on (a poor section of Brooklyn, N. Y.) pyn Pn will

Vilna

n (0) 9yT7 750 Vilna gn yan

uninfl adj syn

— WAN

v (q3¥NYI PR) YN * v (wvynya) Prayn

written work

DIN PF 71 7979 HID OY

my hand hurts next, again

winter

poy — vodn Vienna gn pn

7 () qT AyDIN*

in the winter pyx syn corner STOMA OMT

Pry

= px

7 (jy) ayT,5p3n void adj yon HO

to know knowledge

,O71) Om

v (poinya 7 oxt Joon

how many, inter num how much inter num

&

bone

adj (y>Bn)*

which (in order) road, way 7 (})qyT,AyN* about prep yryne by — pyn

352

Co.iiece

YippisH

salt n >t,poxr sand 7 ONT TNT

TANT TY JIN JVI IY JAA

to have

no end of trouble

(9295921) TyTN canary sinful adj pr

nm

sink

to sin

bag on

oxygen

v yp°T3>F

memoirs (pl)

sixty

sixteen

num

num

poxoyr*

six num opyte sixth num adj vopyre [ZOKN—SKEYNIM] (0°) YT 77 n old man

magazine

n (j) qyT,bRITWTe

Zhitomir (town in Russia)

she

pron

adv

ywr

n

friend (fem); Mrs., Miss

(9°) 4y7,"7n*

KhaboriM] 7 traditional

elementary school

7 (})°7.Bi

>;

dat:

seventy

num

they

pron

poxyare

mum

to cuss

7x) 1*

num yo1* adj vyn 1 yxyr>1

v pr yy t>7

(acc-dat:

>) »7«

be (imperative of pr) ort wre please pya ‘11x (u)2r*

watch, clock

n (0) 4yT4y2"7#

o'clock

n

yarx *

(ace-dat: 77) (0) AYTLYTr* grandfather

UT

OU

side; page n (1) T.uyre his poss adj yore

HYIWT VT TYIVTPN VOD ,79) wr * v (ux 27 sV/VNYI PNR

poss adj sy

very

[Kha’VERTE— -8] (0) Tyo 5n* [KhEYDER—

(acc:

their, theirs

[KhaveR— (9°) ay7,5n* KhAVEYRIM] 7 friend; Mr.

v y>1T*

n 41y7,pyme

soup

seventeen

to be

A

for

7 (qy) ayT boys’

seven seventh num

gn mxyuwt

then

.PXt

NOW YT

to look

Sunday

yoyre

v (q’Yrya sz¥yrr,) Tyr® to seat v jpxyT to sit down 71 yxyt* PRT — pyt

“YT

sun 7” (jY) TJ * son om (Pr) YT Te

same adj ypoab’yr ryt (prabyt) * rare adj (nyayu>’yr ay) woyt

to see

7 (3) TY

summer 7 4yni* in the summer p»x syn

session 7” (JY) TAIN to sit v (jOyTYA PN) JET

»7,M121731

7

index

v (yypairya) yyp2T sweet adj or* sweetness 7 °7 ,U%pD°T to sigh 7x¥5°r

n [z1KhROYNEs]

(pyr) aT pyr

stocking; sock

adv

4y 7

adj

4y>>7*

oneself; my-, pron (yx) pre your-, him-, herself; our-, your-, themselves; each other certain, secure; sure

silver

to sing

silver

7

oxt yabor®

adj yrysb

v (jyaztya) qyaT*

3538

GLOSSARY

to get married

periph v yaynannne

to marry yn JOXNT ADIN [Khosn—

(no) 0y7 JN *

so; in that case; then

snuff

conj

ype

»4 yp°r’xp

a pinch of ypoa'yy pynwx

day

nm (yy) qyTaxD*

DID AND VIN

every day 3x0 yx *

in the daytime diary

axv »a

12 noon xp »2 12*

7 (y5°20’Xb) ONT -TIDINY

blackboard

n (y) nyt. 5nKD +

n (acc-dat: JOR) (0) IVT YOND* father daughter n (nyvoyv) °7 YON * valley 7m ()3yT,5xD v

7” month

khuMo’shim] 7 Pentateuch [KhipEsh—

(O°) 9Y7 WIN

Khipu’shiM] 7 surprise

n [KhAYE—-s] (nI—) 7 DN® animal n [KhAYE-ROE] °7 .AyI"7N wild beast mn

[khayIM]

— one

[KhoxhEM— (O°) ny 09"

b

snuff

Khaboshim]

[KhuUMEsh— (o°) yt ,wnin *

Khasa’NIM] n bridegroom(to-be), fiancé [Kho’sNpL— -EKh] (Ty) O87 -T3NN n bridegroom (endearing) [KhOsN-KALE] 713";nn the engaged couple

tobacco;

[KhoyDEsH— (>w7N) YTWTINn *

(VRBYA sTVIO IW VOID 1B) IO * to do dance

7 (p3yv) IVT ,PIXv to dance v yINv*® tank 7 (qY) YT PIND

indeed, really adv ypxv« TINY B72 — TWND the 4th n [TEYVEs] 1y7.niv month in the Jewish calendar

ND — vID 1D

dew 7 (jy) 9yT.10 one thousand num pimve

kKhakhoMIM]

n

wise man

[KhoLEM— (n}) yt ovr *

KhALOYMEs] n dream to dream [kho’LEMEN] v jynibn* yard wo Vn pr yarn oy I dream of my mother cavity mn [KhoLEL] ny ,bon Yiddish wn [KhANE] fan equivalent of Hannah Jewish holiday,

n [Kha’NIKE] Dun * sometimes called

Hanukkah

[KhoseD—

(0°) “YT PON

xhsiptM] 7 follower of the movement of khsidim (sometimes called hassid)

[KhisorN— (>) Wy J90N KhESROYNIM] 7 defect

midnight n [khTsos] sy7 nxn

periph v [khorEv] y.y11 519n

to be destroyed

the 2nd n [Khezhvn] nyt wn

month in the Jewish calendar [khash-

(Q) IVT

PRIwN

MENOI— -M] n Maccabean [Kha’sENE— -S] (mI—) °7 731NN n wedding

Co.Lece

354 drop

tractor

7 (0) YT ,7B870

7 (J7'¥..) IT ABYPRIY

Troyes (city in France) ‘xiv dream =n (jy) YT. grief

n ayT Ayn

sad

to grieve

adj pyre v yD pyd D0

step by step py va pw to drive v (qa°-pya) 7220 consolation

7 °7 yor"

to drink vu (qypamyr) Typ * mover 7 (0) IY79Y32990 to trample to guess;

(trans)

Sabbath

thousand

tear

(My) syT wary*

river

to kill v yo»y 7 (}) IYT,720*

part n (}) VT, >D* some pron oy

some people qwpiyn oy dear; expensive adj yxy

wn Pry

7” () TAY

dish,

n

death 7 4yT,.0D* dead adj uv (infl like an adj) ayy ayT corpse mist 7 (Y) TYT VR uproar 7 (jy) IYT,bnID* dark adj (aybyp3w IY) bp tower 7 (0) 7Y7 DYN tea not. yD wn Yavy

v (jpox bya) WYN v (j5y bya) JByIv*

to meet

to meet

YIDDISH

ink 7 () ‘T.vrDe type 7m (1) YT BD deep adj my+

n ‘yt .ui>xwD

prepared on the previous day herd n (0) 7 .yIyYywY

door

table

tablecloth 9 n (My) ayt Ayowen

theater

yes

int ye

Benjamin (endearing) mn ynx? January

NAYT

year

century

1 (7) ONT AN?®

DW — TW? DW

to maintain

scholar

and

[YONTEV—

YONTO’YvIM]

July

leader

1 syt os

(o>) oy ,S}u-aP *

7 holiday

v

to claim,

pot 7 (Ty) ONT SByD rug 7” (Ay) WT TyeyN* Turkey gn ‘~pryv Turkish

on A717"

of the 12th century

7 oT wrnydyy

7 (jy) ayT ’xby>yD

GETAYNET]

7” SyT WYNN?*

[YEHUDE KhosID]

7 (0) SYT YDRYD © ayDOND — Iyvsyy

plate n (0) ay7 ."y%yD [TAYNEN— (vmiyuya) 7| my «

” (Ty) IyT DIYTINTIN? *

anniversary of death

Jewish

television

telephone

ARR?

next year WY? ¥OYDN

7 Q)°T,7D*

n () ayT won

to carry; to

adj wpnyv

¥ (qaN Yd) TANI *

wear

traditional

adj >’y3x°x°TRIWU

tradition $n (0) °T.yoe TRY step 9m (uN) WT DRI to think

v yuo De

GLossARY Yiddish

mn

[yIsROEL] bxiv>*

equivalent of Israel; also the state of Israel

honor n [KOVED] nyt, 15

conj [KEDE’Y] °13*

[KoYEKh—Koy- (n}) 4Y7 MD * khEs] n strength (sg or pl) n [KOS—KOYSES]

wine glass

(n}) YT ,D1D

the 3rd [KIsLEV] 497 1%0°D month in the Jewish

calendar all the [KoL-DIKhFIN] }»5977>D hungry (a passage in the Passover service beginning: “Let all the needy come and eat...”’) n [KALE—-S] (m—) "77193* bride(-to-be), fiancée

as if adv [KLOYMERShT] pw nid

conj [KOLZMA’N] y1->d as long as

almost

n

[YO'NTEVL]

oyt,2S1w-or

[YONKIPER]

4y7 ,718°D"DOY

little holiday

n

Day of Atonement young adj (aya3m) 21 *

3 in order

355

adv [KIMA’T] pyn>*

hardly y.3...vbyn>*

angry "PIWOYD PR :[KAAS] oyd with kosher adj [KoshER] 7w>

2 although conj; at least advwpys * to catch; to grab v jBxND* chorus 7 (7) "Y7..9¥D Chinese (—) 997 AYTY2°9 to sob v 1] yp°>

Bogdan Khmelnitsky, »px>abyn> A Cossack leader of the 17th century, notorious for his massacres of Jews

June

nm aytpive

labor union 7 (0) °7 ,JRPI (in the United States) Yiddish mn [yoysEF] yo *

equivalent of Joseph

Jew;

n (poss:

d3?) (9) WILT

(colloquially also) a person

aman,

Jewish adj; Yiddish adj wom & on Jewess 7 (0) °T .yay77* (especially a petty, sentimental, talkative Jewess) ancestry 7 [YIKhEs] ty ,01m boy 7 (TY) OXT ba?*® aa 9n* millionaire n (3) 997 dairy

n

milk

food minute

no,»

7 oxt,ops>>n 7 (7) °7,0/71297*

minus prep 012° (RDI) WT YOR minister (of state) Munich gn yor Minsk gn porn

n [MiskheR] 7y7,9n0°7 trade, commerce [MITSVE— -s] nix?) oT ANY *

n commandment; good deed me pron (dat of 7X) 1n* we pron (acc-dat: m1718) YR * to judge, v [Mi’shPETN] Dawn * to try periph v [MEKhABED] 7217252 * to treat [MakhshER—

(0°) qy7 ,7°w27

Makhshi'RIM] 7 vessel [MELOKhE—-s] (M—) °7 73872 * n occupation; trade (craft) , [MALEKh-

yt mii 9X29

AMo’vEs] n Angel of Death [MELUKhE—-s] (m—) °7 73190 « n state [MILKhoME— (n}—) °7.7Nbn * s] nm war , [MEYLEKh— (0°) YT ,799* Mtoxhm] 7 king

YIDDISH

periph v [MoyDE] > yr TT to confess music (the n °T,p>nn* art & the sounds) must v (1 7Y) IND *

periph v [MoyKht]

to forgive

courage

mouse

y~r bn

7” 4Y7,DI

7 (1227) TP

mouth

7 (qyd2) oxt bn *

[MU’SER-SEY-

(0°) IY7,9507701%

aunt 7 (0) Tyan * periph v [MoysEF] 721-019 to add

FER— -SFORIM] edifying book

periph v [MoYRE] y2N7 N19 *

to fear

to drill

v prpwin

[MA’ZLTOV] congratulations

S1p-b19 «

[MEKhUTN— (0°) SY

MEKhUTONIM] 7 (actual

mM

or prospective) relation by marriage to mew

ugly East; eastern

with;

++

v 7|ywown

adj [MIEs]

possible

pion

adj 4yba»«

[M1zREKh] yt 717 * adj by;

plus

prep y+

ago prNy... wn * Ox < NDR DD lunch (dinner) () sy7 AND DM a.m. 3x0 TNS * p.m.; in the after- 3x0.” N32 *

noon

Wednesday 1 (}) YT 4D * middle n (0) 4y7.,;0°”

v

(IyMIPYyAw/” PR) AIP | 07 to join in coming May

7 xe

359

GLOSSARY

n [MAYSIM] deeds (pl)

periph v [MAFSEK]

to interrupt n

>7 .D>vyn

}21 p?05n

[MATSE—-S] (MI—) °T 7%

unleavened bread eaten during Passover Egypt gn [MITsRAIM] o°9¥2

periph

v [MEKABER]

to bury

}213p”*

periph v [MEKUYEM] JAYN O17 to materialize; to be done

Yiddish mn [MorRDKhE] °3797 equivalent of Mordecai [Mo'RDKhELE] y>>3797

endearing form of Mordkhe Yiddish mn [MoysheE] 7wn* equivalent of Moses [MoyshE RABEYNU] 1129 7» Moses (our teacher) crazy adj [MEShUGE] yawn adj [MEshU’PEDIK] p>Typiwn sloped Messiah [MEshiEKh] mwn [MoshL— (0°) WyT wn

MEShoLIM]

[MishPOKhE—

-s]

7

fable

the good yy? o»pxyayo 70

old days

[MALKE—-s] (m—) °7.7199

n

queen; also woman’s name [MELAMED— (0°) 9y7 7797

MELAMDIM] 7 teacher in a kheyder

periph v,[MENADER]

probably adv [MisTOME] anon * furniture (pl)

n 7 ,7>x>Ty7 medicine; medical supplies subway

gift

(6°) 9Y7,723N79

MISNAGDIM] 7 opponent of the khsidim

man,

here is 72X DRI ,T NI

(type of) pistol n (oy) IyT 17RaN3

person

knife

ND — yaya

nm (0) YT

yoy

Mexico 7 yp»op’yn to bleat v 3|ypyn

more

adv

sy syn Ayn*

no more 0°] 799 ¢ West 1; [MAYREV] 3Y7,S0yn* western adj >T,v»Anyn majority plural

i here (in giving) x:

°7,/37DyD

n (poss: owYIYN) (1) IVT WHsyr*

n family; relatives, kin

[MISNAGED—

7

(in Paris or Moscow) flour 7 >t ,byn one; they; impersonal pron yyn« people

[Ma’sE- (0) YT NOMN-RYD * oYTo] truck n

n > ,Yayn

v (yn ry) jaya *

may

(mi—) °7 .7mBwn *

[MATONE -S] (MI—) °7.77300 *

}2 7739

to promise n [MENOYRE] °7 77139 ceremonial lamp in the Temple (sometimes called Menorah)

[MaysE—-s]

n ot Sxxnyn PI — PIV

(nY—) "7 LAbyn ©

story [Ma'YSELE— (7) O87 .Yonwyn -Kh] 1 fairy tale n_

360

Cotiece [NIGN—NIGUNIM]

not

adv

px +

AgOID (TYINT) PN OY PNW * there is (are) not may ¥ (02 DNV IY) NY YI * not, must not

non-Jewish

adj w°Tm-p2

(masc acc & masc & neut dat: adj

needle

(0°) 5Y'T 71292

n melody, especially melody without words low adj pyt3

nyy3)

YIDDISH

»3*

new

»1/0 PIN no int pre nine num yoy ninety num poyiy*

November

change

nose 7 (7Y¥TY3) °T 1N3* written music (pl) n »7 wxI after prep 71 afterwards pyt 443 * more, another, else; still adv qy3 # not yet y2 7¥I* bun — OND 8 NI

still poy 732 in a TOW TRIN WI

to

use

v

give

DON] — bSy2

yesterday adv yoyie to take from v »9 (;ymr2y3) Jyny3 * to begin v (tymiiy3) Tyay3

to set out to

soul

DONIIS Naw pw» 5 *

Friday, Saturday evening

to imitate

v_

PROYTPR OY = [SIZ] PR’D

to accede to

name

7 (jyMy3) WT 7yex2® God. yynx3 1y2°9 121

adj (yway’y3) viyx2 *

national adj ‘’x1oyN: fool m (D°28783) YT 783*

n n

Soviet 3y'T TINIE -T’yNYO Union

v yoxn | 2’32

OYT JWI = JONI

(1yBIPYAD’NI PR) WIP | 3°82 close

>ryyny3

(m—) 7 ,79W2

7 (yDy3) °T,.UDNI©

at night pox: 23 + 12 midnight pox: »2 12+

vINS — Iyway’ya m [NEKOME] °7 7773

[NEShoME—-s]

n

in

DI — DON] YON

TYAN] — TyAyI

revenge

y

adj ysybu’y *

adv [DERIKER] 47°y Y7* py mainly woN — IyDby n [aLtE—-s] (m—) "1 Dby call to read the Torah immigra- n [AL1a’] >t my tion to Palestine/Israel [ALEYKhEM-shoLEM] nowy *

greeting (in answer ap y-nibw) eleven

emigrant

secret

to chirp

(n}) IY

,710

v 7|ywowno

n [SUKE—-s]

(m—) °7 7310

tabernacle Jewish holiday, [sukEs] mi>10 sometimes referred to as Sukkoth end n [soF] syt.m0* at the end mo pix« weekend 4yg11"A10 YT

adv [sOFKL-so’F] "}0->>-M0

finally

[skhovRE—-s]

n

goods, ware

(m—) 7 .77INd

Statistics (sg) m >t .pyoopRDD poise, dignity nm yt .popxpo

university or n (}) \y't.wa‘yTIVO college student style n (}) ay7,5°0d

to threaten v 7] ywxovos the 9th month in n 4y7,7.170

the Jewish calendar both...and conj »o...20* anyway adv »o»oe safe deposit box n (}) yt 70

labor union

n

(}) nyT .wW’Rp?T

7 (}) 97 .DYRIVRY

(in Latin America) system 7 (jy) °T .D’yHd°D Syrian adj woo

adj & n wbaay

fir branches n [skhakh] “y7 430 n [smrKhE] °7 75°70 authorization to. be a rabbi

num

nbye

pron (acc-dat: yxyny) IyRyn’y* somebody crowded adj a3

English

festive Passover meal

n [SOD—sOYDES]

(0) °T,3yNY

the world to come; a share in the world to come

to

n

(—) YT NITY

audience; n [OYLEM] nYyT_ovty * public n

7” (0) "T ,YoNYRIND sofa 7 (d) *T.yd5x0 whata...! pron !,..89N0 [SEYDER—sDORIM] (0°) YT 710

(0°) 9Y7,950

Sephardic adj [sFARDIsh] w>7750

witness m [EYDES]

sanatorium

to finish v ypotyy* to end (intr) prqp-tay« enthusiasm 7 ‘4y7 onenDay

JO ¥— 70

n [suDE—-s]

festive meal

(m—) "T.ANYO

362

Co.LLEGcE YIDDISH mail n ™T,WOND by mail poxs 77

paper

7 ONT,V°5RB*

cigarette 7 (J) TYTO’S VERB pair, couple m (—)°T,"NB*

password

guerrilla

7 (3) IYT/2/89NB

nm (0) WYT AYIRPOIND

fighter sea-” (UJLYWOINB) 7 VOWYIND port Paris gn 1 9KB couple 7 (jy) ONT YUND mean, peasant

park 7 (1) YT.pqNS* cheap adj ywwxs

Polish adj woop Poland gn yo p*

7m

(O°9y/B) YT AYN

to drum out qv PB 8 :P NB exactly adv ppp

empty

adj pois

Purim holiday op

pioneer 7 (}) 9Y7/7724°3 piano 7 (0) *T.yayra* pajamas (sg) n (0) °T.yoNwre

anguish

[PEYREsh—

n

7,725

(0°) IVT ,WIDB

PEYRU’shiM] m commentary plan, idea n (ny2ybs) ay7 WNbD* fence nm (7) ayT.0"bB

plus

suddenly

[PONEM—

prep oibpe

adv

n

y7 nop

> ,yo.x>x>°DB

peddler n (0) 5y7 4y>tys* penny 7” (0) 7yT.39B person- 7 (3) T .v»poy>a’yrye ality Persia

to celebrate

(0°) YT 29 *

to

v yy5vi’y*

answer

7 (0) "YT "ySbiy

answer

pron (acc: py; dat: ox) by *

it; also expletive pron

Austria gn Joy * to eat v (jOyaya) Toy® food 7 (0) ONT JOY

epidemic 1 (0) 7 .ynyTEy something pron oypy* DEN — IYDEY

“yB’y ,wiby osby Sy) yay’ n

to open v (piByya s1¥3 [EYTSE— -S] (M—) °T SY *

piece of advice

end 7 (3) .Y7.p¥ 7 (0) °T,Y°RipyIpy

execution

he

pron (acc & dat:

pron

ox) y*

MI PyVAIY PR * :pyary

nowhere somewhere

311 pyany

poyow — yay

land, earth n > ,."y on the ground 7y YT PIN agriculture 7 °7 YyaINTVy adv

[EREKh]

DIN — WoW

779 18/779

approximately first num adj; only adv

ywny*

(7Y) 087,025 *

PE'NEMER] 17 face Passover n [PEYSEKh] psychology

»byibp+

[INYEN—INYONIM] nm matter

gn

y°onyp

v 7| ynynp

pogrom 7” (7¥) YT O'S ANB * to slap WONB 8 7aY2 WORD

political

shelf land of n palms

slow

adj wp>xp

nm (0) Tt .yx°o’ND oxt,taxbiyn>’xB adj

4ybyoxe

363

GLOssARY to forget

v (joya7N5) yOYIINS

to earn

v qT *

to turn (trans) uv yy nT7Nd draped over adj qya2XT7R5 why pron oxi Kb * to prohibit v yp ynnxN5

meeting

n

(sY) 07 ,A219MRTINS

to miss distribution n

apron

7”

v_ yyDXTUNS »>7,,21o°UNK5

(Ay) WT /TYVINS

request 7 (j¥) WYT 32/89 7N5 to demand v_ qyaax"N5* qwybord — TWRoWS

to lose publisher

v (qb 9N5) TPIS * n (0) AyT Tyay?9N5

to extin- v (qwx> yd) wy? TNs guish to shut, to close v y]DNMIND*

v [FARMI’shPETN]

to condemn

]OBW°R7N5

to go (by v (qNSya PX) TNS * vehicle); to travel; to ride tooc-

(TYROYEN BS) IT

to take care of to poison

form

pn Jr Tyny2IN*

v [FARSAMEN] ]y/0°N5

n (jy N85) °T DY IS

to be lost periph v yayn PRs NS to sell v 5 pnxs * salesman 7 (0) YT 795 PIN5

(yMIPyAVND PR) TyDIP | VRS to happen

(WYP AS) Pr PAVprAns

v_

to gather

v_

to disappear

uv

to understand

(FINNWAN PR) TIPNW INS QYINDWANS) POWINS *

per- nm (qy) oT ANeypw VRS

formance

NOYER1D *

professor

(IY) WT

Y/PRIN

ay>yax°oyexrD

n labor union (in Europe)

occupation

percent

7

m

(0) °7,y°0ySN7_

(—) YT ,D2’ysxnB*

to try

v ynnee

private adj vx n (oy) YT .pwoya7D

fire-

place

simple

adj [posheT]

factory

armchair father to fall

people

7

piwe

(})°T.paN5*

n (3) 7y7)’yord n (d) “YT TYONS to obey v y>x5

uv (bxdya PR) 7x5 ©

n (ayp>y5) ONT poyd

elementary

school

Vv (qyMi3N5) TRYIN *

cupy

v_

n__

7 (1) 7 21wpoXd

for; before

prep 7x5*

for oneself, i.e. 7>1 1x5

independently

United

+ .oRDW yop? >RIWE *

States (pl) to unite

v yp?7/™N INS

color 7 (})°7,29N5 embittered adj voyuoanNd along, past prep /2anKNd

to link v (q7a1a9Ns) 7712739785 (AY39029N5 YT) JOIN adj tight adj

(ayaa 7x5 YT) 729275

remaining

to invite v_ (quya Nd) }yIINS to spend (time) v yya3y7aqNb5

to burn up

to spill

past

v qya3y 29N5

adj yyaiga7Kd

uv (qoxanNd) 7O°A7NS

364

COLLEGE 015 05

four num 5° to drive; to lead; to uv y )5* conduct; to move (trans) to conduct oneself 41 775 * fish n (—)syT we butterfly 7 (Ty) ont boyv’Rdd to flutter v ynyuxds wing 7 (qy) Ty ,229>5 meat

to fly

7” ONT ,W»>d

uv (qx-1ddSya PR) 1y25»

(used in describing

aux v ayb5*

repeated action) used to

Spot

7m (1) YT .py¥b

feather

7 (q)°T 4y7¥5

February n yt qNID/y5* pen 7 (0)°T,"yty5© to rise earlier v 1 yqyT’y5 uncle n (0) 5yT AyDy5* field n (ay) ont Toys POND — Iypbyd

window

horse

7 (—)>y7T Ayoxiy5* n

fourth

(—) oXT ThY5

num

forty

fourteen

Mrs.

(abbr

question woman; Mrs.

France wife;

adj

num

num

pry5«

poysy5«

yx4y5*

of 5)

5

7 (0) °T,yaxn5 * gn qo 5paxnd * n (qy)°T,.1n5°

pious adj (ym5) pn « piety nm > ,.p»pnn5 early adj 5«

in the morning

»5 4yT7 pre

free

adj »15°

free 275 TYTN

Friday friend

gay

n 4yt poms * Miss ,»>»95 *

adj qyo5 «

n (—) 497 72075*

YIDDISH

to conceal; to block v ybypwiyé

to disguise... 985 7>r PoyUWIRE oneself as...

to perform

v ybyvw | x5

humiliated

adj pn’ywrxd

dif. adj (yaytwrysd) TWINS © ferent periph v yay yox3bwoxd to be locked, sealed to humiliate

v yynywoxd

to spread)

v yo EwINd

to write uv (a°-TwKs) AWW ANS down

bird

1 (695) ay bab © full adj 5«

of; from; than prep be from... on q¥...715*

toseparate leg,

v 77»w | IyT7NI5

foot

soccer fifty

n

(0°5) "YT O15©

7 7Y7,5xa015 num pxbibe

fifteen num jibe fox n (q) 7yT.0p5 pattern 7 (0) 9y7 .OyN5

baw — 96

fine, pretty; nice adj y5* enemy 7 (—) 97,7325 to dislike; periph v yaynvim5* to hate fire 7 ()oyT Ayes

fire

7 (Ty) ONT Pay’ to whistle v 755

philosophy

7 °7,yS5xoxd>5

film 7 (jy) syT nbd« to feel (trans) vu yo%5 to feel (intr) 3175 fifth

five

num

num

75°

adj pir5«

dark adj nyuxr5« darkness n > ,wosnyoy35 to glitter uv qybp36

365

GLossARY

sugar

back

to be glad

7 “YT YPIS adv

spring

poy

back compl pox * whether conj y+ goat

Zion

Zion-

Zionist trembling

time

7 (7) 7,28

n [TSIEN] 7198 adj woo adj p»tnyp>y

newspaper

to count

*

room

vzb»ye INE PR 7” (}) WT yNx *

to pull

v (qanxya) Ty?x©

to break

to melt

ANY — WAM

v (oN TAY) Joy TAYE *

v (qya3INAY¥ PN) AVY

(AvaYSVRNYE V7) INNS adj scattered pained adj ypu nyy to divide

uv yoovyy*

to scat- v (q2°NVY) JIWWYS

ter

(trans)

to scat- v (jByxdys rx) Pr bys ter (intr) confused

census

ten

tooth

Czarist

to quarrel

7

[TSAVOE— -S] (MINN) °F ANS

n last will

twenty

pruning

hook

dispersed adj yp ™™pwyx North n; [TSoFN] 1y7,"5¥* northern adj

p°¥inns*

num

nN (B) ONT AYO

twelve

to promise together

myx*

VN

wnx+ ywny*

num

"byny*

adv

jynxny«

v 7xT| 1%

together compl. -iypxny* because of prep 21¥*

tongue (7ya2¥) TANS toadjust v 7Ox5| "x

v pry pyx*

YT yx

num

two

second numadj between; among prep

adj vn’y>pyx

[TSAR]

wnxy

TSADI'KIM] 7 saintly man charity 7 [TSDOKE] °7 ,7p7x to prep; too adv 1¥* toadd v (yayaynr¥) 7293 | 13

yyxe

to stretch out v qpynpwys to cut up v (qD°IWYY) TIIWYE

adj

[TSADEK— (O°) YT ,p°7E

pwonyy

num

nm (7) WT TNE*

to wiggle, to wince v ]y>BNx

7 (0) 7YT YbIyS

depressed

sorrow

adj

3

7 (}) DYT ONYX

center

7” (0) 7yT Ayoyn5

7 (q) Tuy «

7 (qY) °T ANY

4y7,r2b°75«

first (lit: earlier) adv sym5* fresh adj won5 Miss (abbr of y>275) 75 toask (=toinquire) v yayn5* strange adj Imynh * glutton

on time oy 22 unstressed suffix prx- *

during

v pr ayn *

ond — sym

n [TSIENIZM] or3yx *

ism

n

v_

(PREYIIE 1) THRE | to fall ¥ DONS INI OT night is

falling

tolead

satisfied

v y5| 9%

adj 1751

366

CoLLEcE

[KEYVER—KVoRIM]

(0°) “y7 757

nm

[TsoRE— -s] (M—) °7 ,7¥ * trouble

n

grave n [KEHILE—-s] (ni—) "1 .79°Mp* community n [KOOL] ox dnp people of the community cow 7 (0p) TAP quota 7 (0) *T.yoxnp toscream v 7|ywunp n

YIDDISH

p coffee

dawn

cold

color

to buy v yinp* [KOL—KELER] (7Y) ONT "IP

voice to come

committee company

it is not 7°71 w2 DIP oY like you at all

adj (yz7°p) pNP* to kiss

v wip

WTP

any,

not

never

inspector:

conjugation

any

art

pop

*

0°3...°X9 7p *

[KEYN EN- yuA Py Pp orE] no Evil Eye! nobody, anybody

emperor

pron

to prep mp*

y°3...991") *

(Q°YO%p) IVT AYO”? * to chew v jy»p to roll v yybpxp

cowlike adj wp kitchen 7 (1) °T,°p

7 (7) 0YT,.v’yDoANP 7” (0) °T Y°INBAN?P

7 (1) TyT ADNP

7 (}) IVT THN IWINP n

(0) °T .Y°¥RaPIvP

canned

°7 {1 7YOINP

to conjugate

adj prtayoxp«

nothing y3... INT Pp *

nm yt wriy>xp

canary 1 (OY) IVT PIN congress 7 (}) DVT ,O’YTIINP (TV ROPITINP) IVT AROPITINP nm conductor continent 7 (3) YT .wi/yrvINP

cooperative settlement the bene- [kipEsh] sy7,wit?p diction over wine on the Sabbath and holidays round

nm (j).yT 77>Np

struggle

to kiss wip x yaya * wip

[KiBU’Ts—KIBUTSI'M]

v jDNp

round (figure 7 (jy) IVT ANP in dancing) Canada gn yrxixp

v (A>1N) IpIp*

Korah [koyrexh] np (biblical figure)

short

to cook

dresser 7 (3) YT ,T’8ONP combine 7 4y7,]2anKNP

v (jYMIPYA PR) [NIP*

(at)

>T.ynNp

4Y7,7XNP

adj (nyp>yp) voxp*

college

to be like 1x yymip

to look

n

7

v

foods (pl) nm

Qj) Wt

yDAPaNp

PIYANP-" YY’ NIWIYBINP

concentration camp concert 7 (}) YT .UYRINP competitor NM (}) IVT YIP NPINP to cost v ]DONp*

head

1 (byp)

kopeck

(small

Russian cat

7 BNP*

7 (0) °T .Ypyb’NP coin)

7

stingy

playing card

map

n

(PYP) TL PRP

adj

x9KP

(q)°7 .wINP

7 (0) *T,.YO INP

367

GLOSSARY shop,

store

7 (jy) °7 .O"p*

sick quarrel

jug

adj paynpe n °7,2°"p

7 (Jy) ONT .2a°4p

to receive, v (JA¥ pyr) }°7p * to get to quarrel v (ux >pyd) Tr 1299p crisis

PVP. WE YP pillow n (0) 5y7 .w>p sound 7 (Ty) YT AINdp class 7 (3) nyT.ON>p© to knock v qpBxbpe

7 (3) 9YT.D°P§P

(of a watch) to be slow

Christian 7 (3) yT,po-p * Christian adj yybvo-np storekeeper 7 (0) 7Y7T ,AYAy Np * "

Mr. [REB] (abbr. of 39)'9 radio 7 (0) TYTN * raisin 7 (0) *T.ypowrsy town

hall

to save role

racial

n ogt.miapyy

v q|ynyv’x* 7 (0) °T,Y5X9

adj p>t30’x9

race 7 (0) *T.YOR n [ROSHEShONE] AIWA-WE Jewish New Year, sometimes called Rosh-Hashanah

Mr. (@ traditional

[REBE—RABEIM]

(07°27) YT 29 *

n teacher in a kheyder; rabbi of the khsidim

[ROV—RABONIM] rabbi

ya

Awe — 1339

(07325) I97,55 *

TBN?P = Tr BRP

wooden beam

n (ayxy>p) IT LYR>p

adj My yp) adp club 7 ()sYT a15pe clever, wise adj (nyx°%p) nop© to collect v (ya°>pya) yawdp«

clear

dress n (7y) ONT,T™>D little dress n (7) oyt yoyt>>p

clothes, (pl) n >t Ay>p clothing little, small adj Cyaybp) »>p*

bran (pl)

> yp

climate n (qu’x°>p) WT DRD?>P to ring uv (qyan’pya) TyA29>p

pp — Way YR?P — WEY

[REB] 29

title prefixed to man’s first name) [REBO’YNE- 4y7oo1y">w-10139 shELOYLEM] Lord of the World gentlemen [RABOYSAY] >m27

adj 4p

generations 4y72°po72p dear little children qy>ny737p

chalk no,7p v (I>¥IPYI IN) TIP*

to crawl;

n_

cool

envy, jealousy 7 [KINE] °7 AXP child n (y) ont ,t2°p ©

the

tosuffice v jpybpe to think v pybp gop — ay y>p n [KOMETS-ALEF] 9°x-pnp letter x

against

comb

7

prep

yayp*

PNP — IVV?¥P

(JY) ONT ,bnYP

to fight

v

ybnype

to be able to; v (qyp TY) 1yI9P * can; to know (a person, a language, a skill, etc.) BYP < BYP grain nm (IY) ONT. PTI Pp

368

Co.LLecE YIDDISH

Rashi, famous com- [RASHE]

*w7

mentator of the 11th century; also, his commentary

Yiddish

wn

[RIVKE]

rest

ruble

uv hush! int xw* a pity INw Ne sTRW shadow 7 (0) 1Y7 JURY

shawl

humiliation

red peaceful, calm Rumania

create

n °7,72xw

v (J5xwya) JONW*

to estimate

v y¥NW*

chocolate n [7y7.,7’x>NPRW to rock v prqyoprw

Saturday n [shaBEs] ny7.nav* [shaBsE-Tsv1] >Sy~>naw a “false Messiah” of the Jewish

n [shvuEs]

[shaTKhN—

shaTKhoniM] maker

to be silent

(O°) YT ,JOTW*

n match-

black v

adj poxnw*

(qa°nwya) yAawrw*

Switzerland gn -T.prnw toswim v (TyANWYA PR) Waenw * n

CYSYWRNW)

sweatshop

sister

WT

PRUs vw

to float v yaynw n (—) T Aypoynw*

v (diya) 1

slide rule nm (0)°T.yPNp/19 Yiddish equiwn [Roxht] 5m valent of Rachel [RAKhMONES]

7347 N139N7

periph v to take pity

spade

nm (qy)ayT.2T

to ride

myiaw

Shabuoth

yaynn

to slide v pn to move (intr) yrqpn

v (qy>sya) jw rich adj y*

to smoke v yy9"™ clean, pure adj p+

holiday, sometimes called

the 5th n [shvaT] sy7.vaw month in the Jewish calendar

adj pn adj pxn* gn

to call

17th century, sometimes

called Sabbatai-Zevi

07,19

Russia gn ixbo1 * to rest v qyIn

DREW PW TIN TIN PAX

to

”

n (—)oy7,5219

(Russian coin)

7 (3) °7 Rw

in disgrace and humiliation shot 7 (}) IVT ON

mpin*

equivalent of Rebecca moment n [REGE—-s] (0) °T,Ya7

right, correct

adj

nm

ox7 12°99

to move slander

(intr)

[REKhILEs]

government

rain

MN

pyon*

v pryyy

(TY) TAN VAY

7m (0) YT 7,99*

to speak

v yTy4*

riddle 7 (q) ONT .wrayy’y right (direction) adj poyn* to the right oysyn AKN* to finish off, to kill jax vy 1¥ IDV

to figure

WOIDVI

JY)

Wayo’y7

v (WISP NYA sT¥IyI’7

religion

jacket; skirt

m

(0) °7,y?2?7y7

m (qy) ONT 2py7

*

369

GLOSSARY

small

to stop pow ya22 quiet adj o> pws quiet 7 >7 .p>phouw voice 7 (qy) 7 .muw piece m (jy) OXT.>p°ow* path n ()ryTAyow town

to stand

always, any time

star

n

to

stream

v ybyows

up

-pry>yuw

adv

p>tayow

(—)YT.FyoW*

7”

(0) 1Y7.J,yOW

punishment

v

7

straw

(shipEKh—

jyAR IY

(7) °7 ANDY

n oT DW

(0°) 4yT JPW

adj

good-looking

(Myiyw) pws

to shine

v yyi>w

Ww epPpv

little shoe 7 (7) oxT. .yoyoow bootblack 7 (0) ay7 AYE ship ticket m

ship

7 ()-TApws

(0) “7 .yorRpOSw

(female) n (—) »7 Ayvoynw5w fellow passenger to send v jpwe [shokhn—

(0°) .y7.J9w

shkhEYNIM] n neighbor

v (qaxbwya) paRow tofight uv pryaxbw

to sleep v (j5y>wya) ox>w * bedroom =n (3) YT Ayn Nd’Row

peace nm [shoLeM] yt .nIbw (shoLEM-ALE'Y- n>>-by-oibw* KhEM] hello! how do you do?

adj aynw*

sword 7 (3) °7,79ynw to swear v (INwyar) DYNwW froth

already

shoe

7

4y7.O

adv pws

7 (7>wW)7YT,/Tw*

school;

synagogue

n ()°t,>w*

guilty adj prbw [shuLKhn- 4y7 yoy Inw O'REKh] 7 the prescriptions

of Jewish ritual shoemaker 7 (0) 1yT .9yDOIW n [shxhiTE— -s] (m—) °7 .ANW

slaughter state city

n match thin adj ayuw

beautiful,

to beat

heavy, difficult; hard

(Jy) ONT .DOyOWwe

to put (in an upright position)

shipukhiM]

(TY) ONT TIP ywOyNW * cousin

oxoy < vyDw

7

forehead

n

m (7) YT .URDw

nm (DyDW) 7 .DRDW*

stable m (})°7 DRow proud adj poyuws

tobe descended

step

v jyynxvw

7” (qy) TYT.DBROW

mortality

7 >7,p»p avRDY

to die v (GA nXDWYA PX) JAINDY * strong adj prxpw* to strengthen

room

7

v yp xv

(AyD vw) °T.2W

amazement 7 > ANDY chair n ()-t,b0w* to assault v qynys Dw little n (7) oxt.yoya>pw

house

doorpost boot

Moy —ya°Dw

7 (jy) YT YD n (—) 17.5 pow cage 7 (1) TAD

stone

7” (AY) WWTP OW

“YX PR TYP MT TW) PW & to stand

to oppose

v (qyixpw

pryppax PW

370

CoLuLEGE

to draw ridicule

Spaniard

n

v yeyw

[ShALAKhMONES]

sy .uxsw

n (—) 57 "y°2NBv Spanish adj woixsw*

to take v JW RRBW 72 J PRNEY © a walk to dispute v 1 ][NBw track n () 7. NewW

mirror

7 (jy) IyT.>SwW

to be reflected

to spit

play; game to play

player

7”

top

nm (1) °7,2°Bw

v (>X) }>>BY

uv prypw*

1” (}) yT.p°ay

ynan-5w

[shIMEN]

}iynw

(OY) IT PAY IDIW

tailor (pejorative) n

[sho—shoEN]

hour to be ashamed

& joy; party

nm (jy) IyT.22°aw

mn

n

(0) 9yT [yaw *

to shout v (q2°"wWya) TyzIWw * terrible adj qybpyrw

n

smile

v yoynw (piIX) TPnAw

to smell v ypynw snow ” (jy) qT Iw * to cut v Qu*awya) Taw tailor n (0) aT Ay TZ *

slave 7m (1) ay7 -ANYpw to write v (a-qwyr) jazWw *

[siMKhE— -s] (mI—) *7 Aa

to chat (into) v

equivalent of Simeon, Simon bunw — yoynw

in the Passover service)

7m

to forge

Yiddish

MO’skho] pour out Thy wrath (a famous passage

writer

7 oxT,ovoy>w

tosmile v yybo~nw* to whip v (jo°mwyar) joNNw

7 oyT.p pw

[shroyxkh-kha-

bad

over

7 (7) 7 qNIBw*

tov (TyAIIIBWYA PX) TAIMIBW spurt

(AYVOAIY IVT AWAIY) Voy>w *

chat 7 (}) yt .oyinw to talk things oyimw 8 7BX>

late adj pypw* later on yyy

proverb

jump

[shLoyME] nnbw* of Solomon

tocarry,todrag v Byow (a heavy burden) narrow adj (ay>ynw) xnw* Yiddish mn [shMUEL] bxinw* equivalent of Samuel

to sprout v 7x¥NBW CAYDIYND/Bw) OXT WAY BW * n_

yt ,ncndw

gift (qyanbwya) 1yap>w down 7 Qy) ayt,20°>w qosbwya) Pr Oow

evil, wrong

7m (0) ay7 Ay>BW

language

n Purim to swallow; v to gobble key to uv close (intr) Yiddish mn equivalent adj

(})°T Paw

v (°Bwyr) TyVEwW

to play (trans) summit,

v >t jy>a°pw

spear

YIDDISH

*

to give

(1y) 7 .Ayw*

v >t }ynyw*

PV — WAY

v (ypaywya) Iypayw*

away (as a gift)

to whisper

v }| ywupyw

371

GLossARY

the Ist [TIshRE] 4YT 29w>n month in the Jewish calendar Tel Aviv gn [TELAvI'v] 5°4y7>n

n

[TLie—-s]

(mM—) °7.7>n

gallows

[TALMED—

(0°) YT Pon *

TALMI'DIM] n student Tammuz n [TAMEZ] 4yT.Nan the 10th month in the Jewish calendar always adv [TOMED] tn Old n[TANa’Kh] 1y7,93n Testament [TONEs—

(O°) YT MayA

[TFILE—-s]

(m—)°T.7>°5n

TANEYSIM] n fastday nm prayer topray periphy n_

[TFISE—-s]

prison

yyvadn

(m—) °T .70°DA *

[SIMKhES-TO’YRE]

Jewish

holiday

ATNA-nNDY

hatred 7 [sINE] > nN? reward n [skhar] 1y7 030

Yiddish

wn [sore] mv

equivalent of Sarah

A Torah n [TOYRE] >T.771n n [TKhINE—-s] (m—) 7 .7NA

prayer written in Yiddish and

intended

chiefly

for

women; sometimes called tekhinah

immediately adv [TEYKEF] 4>>n [TERETs—

(0°) YT .PIDA

TERUTSIM] 7 excuse n [tTI’shEBov] Sxa-aywon Jewish fastday

ENGLISH—YIDDISH A ax able: to be able (yp sy) qyayp

aid

to be about to... .,, 022 judy above (preposition) sy2x (adverb) aK Abraham [avro’M] pmax to accede -ya5’xa 1x) qym1p | 9°82 (yr according to yb to accuse yp-T> wa acquainted: to get acquainted “x9 Th iyayp across "y2°4N actor (J) VOPR IVT

all (every)

airplane (qY) VR>BSIYN IT airs: to put on airs >t 335 pryda

about yay; oO’

to add

at all

to allow

day

alone

along

afterwards ays 3x3 again YT; NM 8 INI against y,yp

ago pms... 0” two

years ago

agriculture

py

(ayn 4y) ayn

yx

/227%5

already

pw

also 1X although wox>

always yn y>x; pyTayow; TN [TOMED] a.m. 1(9”B) AV WH; 15 WT PX am-—to be America yp-yyny

among wy an W ancestry [YIKhEs] on? 4yt

IVDN

and 1K anecdote

JAIN

(}) U’8Ipy3N YT

anew 29/0 MIN

angel of Death myan-qrdn ay [MALEKh-AMO’VEsS]

angry (with) (>I) oy> PR

“1¥ 44° »>NY DN ytyy °7

1x

alphabet [a’LEFBEYS] n°374>X

ayy» 43

after tomorrow

(everything) poy

all right pia almost [KIMA’T] vynd alms [NEDOVE— -s] (m\—) 7573 7

to adjust yous | 1x advice: a piece of advice [EYTSE—-s] (m—) nxy ot afraid: to be afraid—to fear Africa yp5’x

the

ybx;

qxaga PR, WIIWD

to be allowed

(yayayaay) yaya | 1x

after qy3 in the afternoon

nba ot

air vei °7

[Kaas] anguish yp >t

en

372

yt

378

GLOSSARY

animal [KhAYE—-s]

(m—) 7°n°7T

anniversary of deathq) px x? ay

another (different) syt3% 1

(more) ¥3

answer (0) TySv3y Ty to answer y{yEDy’Y anthropologic wx >xey wae anthropologist (7) .‘g>xBx vIN IVT

anthropology y>agbypx wie °7 anti-Semitism pry nyoruly yt any (not any) }»»p

(every) ayTy?

anybody

»3...992"p

anyway %0 11 20 apartment [DIRE— -s] (MI—) 79° °7 ape (0) YBOND °T to appear (to seem) yyt | 0°1% (19TY30/71N) apprentice (qy) ba3°27’y> ONT

to approve of

approximately

8 (ubxmya) woRT

[ANEREKh]

Jy 18

Ashkenazic w12wx [AshKENazish] Asia yw Asiatic wopyore to ask (to inquire) yayn6 (to request) (quyaya) joys to assault yyayiiwy assimilation

yoxx5°n°DN °F

at (place) wa; (time) omitted athletic league

audience

“yp xypo (0) Y°SRPINAW

[OYLEM]

August y0/121% YT aunt

(6) yaya >t

Australia

yo>ynv0K

Austria yoy autobiography -x°ayy1N °7 (0) y°Bx72, PdA5Na WT (0) PayiVy °T

autumn avenue

awake:

to be awake

away

p’/yiZ

Argentina yx payxnx to arise QyMIpyAB/K PN) [IPHAN arm (0) DY 8 YT armchair (7) ’yuxs yt

back

pony

arms

bandit [GAZLEN—

April > mpy nyt apron

obiy Iy7

y>x11

(4Y) yb INS WT

architect (7) vp’yyd7¥ IVT are—to

be

(collective)

s’yyya OX

Armenian (—) yaya 8 YT around px to arrive (yym1pyrs’y 1X) TVDIPIN artisan (m—) m>x>n-bya IyT [BALMELOKhE— -s] as 1)

as if [KLOYMERshT] (1) pwnd

to ascend ~ya610% 1X) pra | HN (ryaaea ashamed: to be ashamed>t yynyw

backwards

bad

syp27K¥

(ayany) voy>w

bag (pyr) pyrayt to bake

(jp¥aya) 1PRa

GAZLONIM]

bank

(O°) 71. YT

poys°t

bank clerk (infl like an adj) banker

baseball

IVDANNI" PII IT

(}) 72x23 5Y7 Syno2 Sy

to bathe (77RBY3) 7°t TRI bathroom (q) Ty °Sw’RN WT

to be

OY JyIVTPR VOD 73) 12

(PITT

YT

2s VVNYA sTVIVT

374

Cotiece

how are you? 2X DN ONT there is yt PRX oY

beam (ayxy>p) yx>p oy7 beard (maya) TY3 7

to beat (pxbwya) paxdw beautiful yyw) pow because 5» because of 3x to become (j1y¥Nya PR) YN

bed (q) pya 7; (0) Tyay>ya ONT before (preposition) 7x6 (conjunction) syP%

to begin (trans) -yaz'y) 2077 | 3'8 (intr) pryan| a8

qann

beginning (q) 2°728 oy7 in the beginning 37x oy behavior >55°x% 0y7

behind

4yyn7

to believe (opinion) jy» (conviction) ya°*>3 to belong yynya

beloved (infl like an adj)

IDOIVWRI YT

below yon belt (qy) bongs It besides [akhu’Ts] ying best>good better>good between

wns

Bible 52°23 > to bicker 7>t WyBn’x bicycle (1) vyp°oxdyn IT

big (yoy) 0°12

bird (626) ba6 997 birthday

(yp-) av-yWAyI IT

black payne dlackboard

(jy) bnxD YT

to bleat 3| ypyn to bless qwraya

blind 33°53

YiwpisH

to block ;byuwiyd blond 73x53 blood pib3 oxt bloody pia blouse (0) yriba °t to blow (ry>aya) 17829 blue yb3 bluff mya syt to board -yasyny 1x) pr | BOW (TYAINI to boast 4°r yya°"N3

body (o>) Ma ay

book (qy5°3) T13 OXT (religious book) (a°) 960 997 [SEYFER—SFORIM] bookbinder (0) 5y72922’2R IY boot (—) Spy oy7 bootblack (0) yx" IY

bore (oy) p:2 73 IY born:

to be born

yayn pay

to borrow from »3 (7293) 192

both y79 both...and..

boy (qy) 2az” O¥7

+ 000 06 BO

bran (pl) yep ot

brave wotbyn

bread p12 ONT

to break (j2N73Y¥) DV729% breakfast (0) JoW2799R ONT to breathe jynyu’x

bride(-to-be) (m—) 79D 7 [KALE— -s] bridegroom(-to-be)

(0°) jnn yt

[khosn—KhasANIM] bride and groom jb2-jnn bright (opposite of dark) prys to bring yyaay72 brother (9y7°72) 7y192 YT

brown 7173 to build yyora; yy°13 | 679K

$75

GLOSSARY building.

(B°) 2232 WT

[BINYEN—BINYONIM] bundle (qy) 5p2°2 ONT

to burn yy3y93 to burn up qyaynaKs

to catch 1px> to cease

yn

| 61%"

to celebrate }| ynyne

cemetery (0) o>1y"n3 YT [BESOYLEM— -s]

to bury [MEKABER] }2°t 727%; (JAY7AVI) JAY IAI business (enterprise) (1) DEywya ONT

census (}) D13p¥ V7 center (0) Tyb39¥ IY7 century (7Y) DIY TITY? WT

businessman

chair (3) Sw

(trade) 97aNn Iy7

yRnoviywya nyt (owryovbywya)

busy yym1¥5

certain 4y5°t

certainly [AVADE] °x 7X °%

chalk pp °7 change: for a change yayiv’¥3 & PR

but sax

charity

to buy 361p

to chat yoyrnw

butterfly (qy) 9yp'N?6 OT by (train, ship, etc.) u-»

(agent) 710

cage (1) wow °T

(Jewish)

[LuEKh—LUKhEs]

to chirp 7| ywowno

chocolate (Mm) m? 4y7

to be called (to have the name) (jO°°Mya) JO"

can-able

ytxixp (09) PIRAXP IVT (qy) 55>? ost food (plural) yiyoryp °7

cap (19) 20° ONT

car (automobile) (0) yO"K IY car (railroad) (yy) ygaxN 597

card (}) wig 7

care: to take care of 93 yyny29Nb

bn (797032786) CaITY (AY IVYI) YI case: in that case xp

cat (737) VSP °F

to chew 1yyp

Chinese (person) (—) ayty3°2 197

to call (yéy9) 51

Canada canary candle canned

cheek (1) px2°T

child (y) 33> OX

c calendar

[TSDOKE] ApT¥ >t

chat (3) oywaw 77

7x>xpxw IyT

to choke (to death) }poywiyt

chorus (}) WN24Y7 Christian

(noun)

(1) vO

(adj) qy2vop cigarette (1) D'S PEED TYT

IYT

city (oyoy) pyDY °7 to claim (unaypya)3 | mzyD [TAYNEN]

class (}) ox?p YT clean p*

clear (yy >p) WP

clever (9y2*p) 219

climate (o’ym¥p) DED??? IVT clock (0) 9y2t YT

close (ypay’y3) Daye

to close (trans)

yoRn Ks

(intr) Qoxbwya) Pr yO°ow

closet (0) "9098 997 to clothe ym >pxa

376

Cotece

clothes (plural) sy >p 07 clown (oy) p>>yw'xn Iyt club (}) aybp nyt coat (7y) Sux Ty coffee ynxp °7

cold (nypbyp) voxp to collect (ja°>pya) av>p college (1) wrty>xp ay

color (7) 25%5 °73 (3) YON IVT

comb (1y) app ONT to come

(jymipya 1X) TIP

to come along jymip | oyv21K (TYAIPYIIYHINAN PN)

commandment

(nny) ANY” °F

[MITsvE— -s] commentary (0°) yin°B IYT

[PEYREsh—PERUshIM]

YippIsH confused

pw nyy

to congratulate joaxa congratulations $)y->19 [Ma’ZLTov] congress o’y 7338p YT to conjugate yaP3Kp conjugation (b) yoxxA1 aN? °7

consolation yoy °7 content poynnx ay continent (}) pa/y2vaNp IVT

to cook }>¥p cool 5» corner (jy) Span syt corpse (infl like an adj) correct p>y5°9

cosmopolitan

AYO ND WYT

> gnoxR

commerce 5 33x7 Yyt committee (7) y’'yu°nN? IyT

to cost ywoxp cotton (adj) sy) yoyivx2

community

to count p>» country (ay72y>) 73x> ONT

common

(mean)

p-ty>’xn

(n—) n>°np 7

[KEHILE— -s] the people of the com-

munity [KOOL] bap oxt

company (0) Y°IXBRXP 7 competitor (3) pyyNpIXP IVT to conceal ybypwrxs concentration camp ~3y¥3xXp Ty (1) WAR? PAB ID concert (1) DY yxaNp IVT conclusion (}) 960°" yt to condemn yay nis condition (ty) 9293297%2 7 toconduct 776 (an orchestra) 7999997 to conduct oneself 4>r 7° conductor (of an orchestra) () BPIVT NYT (railroad) syuprtayp ayt (TV'sOPITIBP) to confess [MOYDE]

97 }231 77179

HIN

(ayab 13

the old country on yodyx o7 in this country 73¥5 PR yt couple (—) XB °7: (TY) SI8B O8T

courage pi Yt

cousin (9Y) T3°p yHOyNW ONT

covered pp’ytxa Cow (>) 1p °7 craft (m—) Moxon °F [MELOKhE=-s] to crawl (jox7py2 1K) 1° crazy [MEshUGE] yawn to create (“Sxwys) xv Creator sySywx3 ty

crisis (1) OOP IYT crowded jay

to cry 72 to cry out -o/°1) yw to cuss >>3 yy>7°r

| O7"1K

Qawya

877

GLOSSARY to

cut

(b2Wy)

pIwIWyS

tocut off (uowpaD’y) ZW | BS Czarist wonKx

dinner

dark

sypx2°6; oy) Yp2p Cy?ypip darkness w°s7yb¥3/75 OST date: what's today’s date WIV PR IoIH WT daughter (ypsyy) yDONv °F

dawn yx? YT

day (ayy) axp ay7

in the daytime ayv v3

everyday 2xD y>x dear yxy; 2° !> 1%

death pow iy; aipaiKn IyT December syanyxyt iy to decide (joxbwxa) jOoowRA to decree (75° 16x) }oySx2 deeds (pl) [MAYsIM] pvyn °T

deep "pp

defect [KhisoRN— (O°) }10n YT KhESROYNIM] to defend oneself 91 yn to demand yyaax> x8 to descend

axv°n SY; OYNVN OST

to disappear

dance (p3yv) P3Xv IYT to dance yx3x0

depressed

differently waytax dificult synw

to dig (ax a3) 72872 dignity pooxpo ay

D

dear me dead pv

different (yayt wr) TWINS

pn’y>pyy

-p’gny) PTT? | BW

(pIg?ya

to be descended jynyuw to describe (a>nwxa) JA WHA

destroy: to be destroyed yayn S19n [KhoreEv] dew ‘pv ay diamond (}) »2x°9°92 WT to die Qanyvwya rx) 27yOw

-"x6 1X) TTINWINS (aw to disguise oneself as q>r yoyowixs Nb

to dislike jayn p26 dispersed p> pwys

to dispute (intr) pt NBw

distribution ynb»pgs 7 to divide }>»nys divided by x vbpya to do ;YyIb bib OID 1b) 1BY (gbya this will do ypybp vyn oy doctor (O° 1WP¥T) WPT WT dollar (77/8587) IN>NT IYT door () 1p °% down px downstairs Dr. "7%

draped over to draw

p/x7¥

yyw

yyaaxn7es

dreadful pm. dream [KhoLEM— KhALOYMES]

(n}) Ov?n OY

to dream [Kho’LEMEN]: yynv9n

I dream of you yonionit 1 Pr dress (My) Tp O¥T

to dress (intr) -ya3’y) Tt Wd | 3

dresser (1) 1’¥R¥P IVT

ep

to drink (yypanbya) 197270 to drive (ya>wya) 12270

(a car) 116 drop (0) jax70 IVT

$78

Cotece

drown: to be drowned yp

qpsyt

(T9PIINW AY) 37

to drudge

41 yp’xn

during (prep) [BEYs] nya

TIT

early "6

earn qy279N6 earth 39y°7

east [MIZREKh] m1»

easy 32°92

to eat (joyaya) joy education 39317593 + CSE (MY) PN ONT

Egypt [MITsRAIM] p39

eight pox eighteen yx5x eighth pox eighty

pxox

either...or... SY... WW elementary school (1) Swp>xb °7 elevator (1) p6*> ay eleven nby

(1) 1>3ywr2°R IVT

English

w>baay

enough

9339

enthusiasm

pnenviy oy7

envy [KINE] 7X2°p °T epidemic (0) yonyt By °7 equal 73 especially S’yoxypo

Esther [EsTER] 9nOX to estimate qxxw

eternal pK

Europe ypxx European w?yex.r

even [AFILE] .°6% evening

(3) bing IT

in the evening

good evening

wig PR

ping7yb13

Friday, Saturday evening ever:

forever

every “yy?

vox IY Naw pws

pax

everyday 2b y>8 every week 3 y>R

else 92; 743

everybody

emigrant

everything y>x everywhere p/wyax

embittered paypatxs to embrace (intr) pr ymben (1) y2/"70 mY YT

emperor (B°9¥0°%7) IYO" IVT employed pp piywxa

empty

pow

end [sor] "0 537

at theend "0 oy to end (trans) yp-tny

(intr) sprypyty'y

FN

to engulf ypx5 | ane Enlightenment (Jewish) [HASKOLE] Avant

“ay oy... 992°R

ear (7) DYN WT

dd BVYN INN

engineer

p942°7 ayT

each 4y7y? each other

enemy (—) 7325 4y7 engaged: to become engaged engaged couple jbo-jnn

(suffix) oxy-

dynamite

Yippisn

everyone

sy y‘t’y?

9y5y7’y?

evil opoy>w oxt example: forexample [LeMoshr] except [Akhu’Ts]

ying

>wn>

execution (0) S>xIpytpy 7 exhausted pywpwsya0/"1K exile [GoLEs] nyba ny

GLOossARY

expensive 7y20 experienced (adj) y/7293 toexplain yry>pryt to extinguish (wxb Kb) wyo Ws

Ye (7) AN OFT

F fable [Mosht— MEShoLiM]

(0°) Swn ny?

face [PONEM— ("Y) 0°35 O$7 PE’NEMER] factory (7) p77ard 7 fairy tale (7) yonvyn oxt [Ma’YSELE— -kh] faith [BIToKhn] pnva 47; yaa WT fall>autumn

to fall (>xBys 1x) 7x6

family (n\—) anpwn °7

[MishPokhE— -s] famous pn7¥2 far pom fast

spa

to be fast (of a watch) 36

fastday [TONES— TANEYSIM] father (informal) (acc-dat: yoXD (more formal) to fear [MOYRE]

(1EB¥2 TR)

(O°) Magn IVT

(0) yoxd AY By) (0) 1yvxb YT ]247 8719

feather (3) oy 795 °7 February 74172’y 7

379

field (My) thy5 oxt fifteen

yx6.6

fifth piss

fifty p>x6.6

to fight °r yaxbw; Snyp to figure (7397 7>X) T3ys’y9 film (jy) ob°6 oy

finally [SOFKL-so’F] o-bD-710 to find (jyarbya) 1y27bya; yor | BS

to find out =~ y7) Pryo° nyt

fine 726 tofinish

(vom

yy

fire (1) y26 197 to set fire to 71°¥ | yDI1K

(WINVIIYVHI"N)

to start a fire in yy

first (adj) wry (adv) ay275

fish (—) wb oy7 to fit joxp five 73°5 to flee (7hxbp3x PR) SHIN flesh 395 ox to float yaynw

floor (story) (0) 7783 797 flour byx» °7 to flutter yryv’R>b to fly qardSya mm) 19295 fond: to be fond of 6 oben

to feel 597 75°6; 15

fool (a°2¢7%3) 782 YT

fiancé [KhosN— KhASANIM]

for

fence (q) p*1>B TYT few pr a few boa x

(6°) jnn 7y7

fiancée [KALE— -s] (M1—) 193 °7

| 272%

(plus acc) fireplace (oy) p>woya/7D IY'T

(To?)

to fool yx | 9’ foolish w°1%3 foot (0°6) 016 YT

yb; (intended duration)

forehead (0) MyDw IY forest My t>yn) TNT IYT

1%

Cottece

forever pa>K to forge into

gay IP

"nx yPnw

to forgive [MoYKhL] y21 bmi

fork (yy) Saya ayT form

(Ty

N65) OY INS °F

fortitude [GvURE] 97192 °7 forty poxiyé

four 5 fourteen jx>y6 fourth psys

to set free yy» 5x2 fresh wb friend [KhAVER- (0°) 95M “7y%; KhAVEY'RIM]; (—) 72295 7

(female) [Kha- (0) yo Sn °7 VERTE— -S]; (close) sywix YT (Tae B"yyra)

from...on

(n}) 17 4y7

4y72°p072p

generous p xy ynye"ng gentle 75» gentlemen [RABOYSAY] German

(noun)

>n\35

W...nb

(qy) SP

ONT

#7292 8A WO

2d) Jaya

(layaya to give away (as a gift) (9PINWY) IpIyy to give in (yayaya>’8}) J294 | 382

glad:

to be glad

pr yy»6

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to froth yyn-ww | 61%

funeral (ny—) mn 7 [LEVAYE— -S] furniture (pl) bayn >

i

(0) xpya °7

to give

73275

froth (yy) aw YT

to fry yybaynp full 5\6; (after a meal)

iS

qa

gift [MATONE— -s] (m—) 73N9 °7

girl

vxr

G

to glisten jxaxba to glitter jy>p2°6

glove

(©) ypwnayn ot

to

(walk)

glutton go

(0) \yoy75 ay

(by vehicle) goat (7) 2°3°7

79°99 OD

72) P72

(JVAINAYA TN s7YPA

(qyéya 1x)

to gaggle 7| ywoxaya gallows [TLIE—-s] (m—) 9n°7

gold 7x, ox

gander

golden (ryzyt>’ya 17) 179N3

game

(1) Bw

7

(0) \y382 1YT

garage (}) WINN WT Gas (7) WA IyT gather (intr) yr ya2>pqxb

(12°9p7N8)

God

E ; 4

(}) wort IY

(YINDWYIHIN PR)

ghetto

Friday popy6 oy

16

DOYRES] generations

to get ahead yr qoyany | 5°18 to get up prow | 51%

26; 276 WT APIN

from

generation [poR—

(adj) wort Germany 3x>wywt to get (jas npya) 12°9P

fox (1) opi6 Iy7 France 277376 free

YippisH

Ba bh a itn ant

380

6

pxa (Yt)

to cover with gold

y;tb:axa

good (qyoya) pia good evening piny77pin

good morning y:7¥97b12

good night poxi yonx

3

: :

4

881

GLOossARY good-bye

axp yp

good deed (mi—) mx" [MITsVE— -s]

Haman [HOMEN] yan hand (p3yn) p3xn°%; (clock) (0) AYTIN YT

°7

good-looking (yiyw) pw

to hang (up) qyaayn | 61%

goodness p» poi °7

goods

(mi—) mind

ZOose

(HII) PIINA °F

[skhoyRE—-s]

government

Hanukkah to happen

°7

(7y) 32109299 °F

to grab ypx> graceful [BENEI’MESDIK]p°7n10°y32

gradually pmsyboa

grain (qy) 91S yP ONT grammar

(0) yt 4y

(acc-dat: yt Dy)

grandmother (o) yax2 °7 grave [KEYVER— (9°) 957 7

KVORIM] great (Tyoyna) O72 Greek

ground 7 y°7 into the ground

guilty

OT Ty 77%

me

yopH | 07K (TOPRNYAO/K PR)

(boyd) DORA YT

p»tdw

H

hair (—) 2977 half vSbyn °7; aban

synw

hatred [sINE] mXY °7 to have ;.2y7 WY VOT INN) TARA (O’RAYI

to have to (787 1) 15787 he oy

to be heard

guerrilla fighter (0) TYANP YING YT to guess (}5x7bvy3) }ByID guest

(work)

91 rymnyt

heart (yx ym) PANT ONT

to grow (intr) (jopyNya 1x) TOPRN to grow up

hard

hardly [KIMA’T] 13... bym> hat (v7) pin ayt

head (Byp) exp 17 healthy (yp2rya) priya to hear yoyn

(}) P22 97

green pp grief synp yt to grieve YN grimace (ni—) MNT [HAVAYE— -S]

happy yp»

to hate yaxn p32

ppxnxra °T

grandfather

(yAaINTVIAH/N) [kha’NIKE] 72130 (to) (7ywya PR) Tywyr (or)

heaven (jy) ‘aon ayt heavy synw Hebrew woynayn hello yanygn-w1. LINY-T3;

[ShoLEM-ALEY- p>°by-mibw KhEM]; oybw-nby

[ALEYKhEM-shoLEM] to help (yd>ympa) Boyan

her (pron), see p. 318, par. 26 her (poss adj) 7”

herd (0) y1y7’ywn °7

here (yay) 87; (place to which) syng; (in pointing) vx herring (—) a2syn 5y7 herself 43; 7>>x% >t

hidden Myayp>enyga Iy7) wOoRTNA

Co..ece

382

to hide (intr) 9°: jbanya (To? RT¥A) high ysyn) 1171

him, see p. 318, par. 26 himself

4°; p>>x oy

his px historical wo ngvo°n

history (0) yus*wya °7

to hold (qubdymya) joan hole (ayy) q¥> >t

YIppIsH

to hurt yom my hand hurts

»"»n pw oy DIRT OT

husband (qy) }¥2 IY hush! !xw

I

PR

idea (Myayb) 1e>B YT ideal (}) “xy TR ryt idol (1) yyx 797

holiday (») Siw-py sy

[YONTEV—YONTOYVIM] holy pon

if 1%

if not for...

60092 TN

home (noun) (jy) O° 07 (place to which) nom

illegal bgaybnne

honey p°24¥7 1y7

immediately [TEYKEF] 42°M; 7982

at home O° 17K

honor

[KOVED]

to imitate

‘N43 4y7

in honor of [LEKOVED] to hop yaa pw | HIN

1239

(TYAN NBWYIIYwI/IN TN)

to hope to hope

for m1 }64n to 4x 7647

(—)

my6 ONT

host (o>na->ya) man-bya IyT

BALEBO’S—BALEBA TIM] hour [sho—shoEN] (]y) nyw >

house

(ayM~Z7) 1171 OT

at...’shouse how

»9

however 4y2% how many, how much to hum yarns to humiliate

yynywoxs

humility [HAKhNoE]

hundred

a hundred

psytnzn

hungry

pyaz1n

immigration to Palestine my ot

[AL1a’} important poyon in px; (street; language) "1%; indeed ypxv independently 1 745 index (yy) bvyxo’t IY industry

(0) yeWWOTTIR77

inference: to draw an inference to inform

b§™

jAyion ot

(My) priya qyT

Hungary yy22K% hunger yan ayt

immigrant (3) b2’892°2°R IVT

(time periods) omitted; (adverb) 127%

horrible qypynw horse

y>xn | 5’g3

ink

yo°1 7x9

qa? | B's

Q) orp >t

innocent inspector

instead of

institution

intellectual

p Twn RK (}) Vg°>x wIBP YT p’xgpw3X (©) YS

HOI

OF

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interesting py’KOyIYUI-R

international $’g.xy°xyRyH2°K

to interrupt yo | 999°

(JOYA IVAN)

$88

GLOSSARY into

"327%

all kinds of

to investigate

ywoyd | 071%

king [MEYLEKh— MLOKhIM]

Irishman (—)

syt3y59°R yt

kitchen (1) ppt

invented

pox wyr0/1K

to invite

Quya7Kb)

ys TNs

is: how much is...? poxp S61 that is (97) von ONT

Isaiah [ytshaYE] myw? Israel [yIsROEL] Sx?

it

oy

Italian (—) syayodywn YT

Italy yobyo its yor itself >>7

sy17’R? IY

Jew (1) PT

Jewess sypoxp ywom; IDp-wITs (sentimental, petty, talkative

Jewess) (0) yay? °7

Jewish wm Joseph [voyseF] 01° joy [sIMKhE] anny ot to judge [Mi'shPETN] }oBw°D

jug (iy) 9979p OMT

PR) AP DY

,po> 0°") JO"

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(persons, languages, skills)

(9? TY) TyAvP

knowledge 30°11 Ox? kosher [kosher] 3w>

(0) ny0" IYT

any °7

language (}) Te7BU °T large (yody73) 0°13

last sypzy> ryt (oxy) late pyav later sypyay four years later 7¥° 196 7X to laugh yox> laundry wyn ox

ne

law (q) y/prya ONT lawyer (1) D/RPENTR IVT to lay q% lead (metal) »a oxt

to lead 376; 11°5 | "¥ leaden yy2>3

to learn (study) 4ryy299"

K

least: at least

key (qy) Sooow ay Khelem

to know (facts)

land

jealousy [KINE] 72°p °T Jerusalem [vERUshoLaIM] p>owiy?

BWV

knife (0) wyoyn IYT to knock jpaxbp

lamp (1) Bay? yt

jazz tywrt yt

to jump (yA June »37 4y7

to kiss wip ¥ 12y3s TWP

ladder

jacket (qy) »pyn ONT

July yoy

(0°) 79p 1y7

L

J January

> ybx

ayy

Khelemian (—) syny’y> qy7 to kill yyaay a | 971%; HD

kind: what kind of

syoyn

pr yaIy> | O71”

woxd

to leave (trans) tb

(intr) “pyn® PR) 7° | PINS PR) TWH | P’VNB s(TVAIwAyS (NBbyap’ NS

384

CoLiece

left p32

little (small)

to the left op ax

to lend (3x>bya) yx indirect obj)

lesson

(plus

(0) yoxpy) °7

[LExTsyE— -s] tolet yrx> let him, let them 5y dyt oT ONT

let us sx

letter (—) 1993 4Y7 letter (of the alphabet) nix oy7 [Os—oysyYEs]

(nv°n1x)

lewd -xbya0'K YT) TORIYIO/NN Qyayo

to liberate jy26x9 liberation a3176x¥2 library (}) p’yyy?oaa °7 to lick }py> lie (©) 72° yt to tell a lie y2° x aur

to lie (aydya mR) 12°9 to lie around

to lie down

life (0) yay> ox

77 Ayao’eN

47 31%

to lift (ja>1nya6/1N) 1277 | 67K light (in color) dyn (in weight) 12°92

to light (ptargyaa’y) 72x | 28

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to like-to please

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(ayayp) pp;

(not much) porn a little bony

leg (06) 016 nyt

legend (0) ytayay> 7

YippisH

linen (adj) yonvyd to link (y1aya7N6) 7737S lip () Bo to liquidate pomnp?> to listen y yn literature wx yD °F Lithuania yy

live (alive) p>tya’yd to live yy; Jay

living room (q) 5y7°3/°111 YT loaf (Jy) bay xt long (sya3y) aK?

as long as [KOLZMA’N] yat"¥>

to long for 3x3 pays

long-awaited

ppayayir0/1n

to look (appear) -o/"1K) ryt | 0/1 to look at 1x }pIp to look

(1yt¥a

for y>11

to lose (qx 78) p> love yard >t to make love spr 7| yar to love ayn 2% low

pyt3

lunch

(3) 280°” YT

Maccabees p°x21nwn °7 [khashMENOIM]

magazine () ’xINwT YT magnanimous pynynv"32

mail poxp >t by mail poxs J7 mailman (0) ayaynw-p73 WT

main (stressed prefix) -yEn

mainly [DERIKER] py 1y7 to maintain -y96yx) wdNT | 67" (rorya majority () yyy 7 to make 75xn man (19332) 182 YT (person) (7) wp3ayn IyT young man (6°) 11M3 1y7

[BoKhER—BO’KhERIM]

$85

GLOSSARY

many [asa’Kh] (ny 3y) JON map (0) YO Np 7 March yx wy market (piyn) pxe WT

Mexico

ypop'yn

middle

(0) jun Iy7

million

(yy) 7’x°°n IYT

to mew

jywHIKND

to marry yn 7aNn AIAN [Kha’sENE]

midnight pox2 23 Ayn; [KhTsos] nxn 1y7 milk 5° >t

matchmaker

mine>my

to get married yxn ADIN (0°) }>3v 1yt

[shaTkhn—shaTKhoniM]

to materialize yyy ape [MEKUYEM] mathematics p>yynyprn °7 matter [INYEN— (0°) Py IY INYONIM]

what's the matter?

7px oyn

to matter pox» | OK

OWN 92 19 WON OY

May

May May

»nay7

(m—) 739 °7

(yy) Ty

Not

(6°32 WD IY) FW

me, see p. 318, par. 36 meal (}) pesdyn 397

073

(festive) (m—) anyd °7 [supE— -s] mean (cheap) yivwnxe to mean 1y2"» meanwhile 9m y7 meat wr6 ONT medical supplies y>¥>Ty7 °7 medicine y>x¥tyn >t to meet

(trans)

-y3) 7° Jy 0

pn (35870 meeting (7y) x217NT TNS 97 melody

[NIGN—

(O°) 712°2 YT

NIGUNIM] tomelt (qya3Xayy 1R) 129¥

memoirs [ZIKhROYNES] merry

pvot>

Messiah [MEshiEKh]

n\31731 °%

mwn

027

minute

() 0/1299 °7

miracle

[NES—NISIM]

(0°) 03 YT

mirror (ty) 9 Bw Yt Miss (’66) 7?>26; (yb’n) yOISN

[Kha’VERTE] miss yaxTaNd mist

it doesn’t matter to me

matzah [MATsE—-s]

minister (y7’y00°2"%) IYO" IT

minus

(7) y’RRIw IYT

Mister (a) ym; [KhAVER] (’n) 95n to mix won| 07%”

modern

yy7K

moment Monday

[REGE—-S] (0) 929% pny yt

money »>y3 O87 monkey

month

(0) yabxn °t

(o°w in) win yt

[khoypEsh—khaposhiM]

mood

(4y) bY. O8T

moon [LEVONE] 71359 °T

more 4¥2; 1y7y7 No More 83 IY; OK morning: in the morning MB VT PR mortality

p»payvRDy >t

Moses [MoyshE]

nwa

mother

(0) ynxn °%

mouse

(2279) 19179 °F

mountain

(a3y3) 983 IVT

mouth (sy>27) 9°19 O¥T to move (trans) yayn¥2

(intr) pr

886

Co.Lece

(toa new home) y x6 | 9¥2798 (MBBYINVIA PR)

movement (TY) a21a9N1R3 °7 mover (0) IyayIw Wt

Mr. (’n) o97; [KhAVER](‘n) 57

Mrs.

(/6) *176; (yo’n) YHISN

[kha’VERTE]

much

[asa’kh]

Munich 452°” music pr °F

70%

written music (pl) ywx3°7

must (179 7Y) 31179 Must not (092 WY IY) TY 03 my 729

myself >t P>% PR

(prep) yay?

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(0°) }>W 7Y7

never 0°3...9%9 1°? new %3 (T¥) AwS

°F

next (adj nyuonay’¥3 TT (VODIYy3) (adv) yun nice 36 night (u>y3) DORI °F at night pox3 22 nine 723 nineteen

}¥323

non-Jewish w°Tm-w3

noodle (3) wpx> ryt noon 3Xb Ya Avyns no one »3... 192"? north [TSOFN] }16% Nose (AYTY3) 183 7 not 03 notebook (3) p6yn >t to notice

jp 7yx2

nothing w27%2; 03... TRIPP November pyRx

y2nyi¥i 17

93... 7YI¥ PR

to obey

15x6

occupation

to occur

(0) y°oyhy7B °T

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it occurs tome o'clock 5y2°t €

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J2R

WY

(ord VRS

yaxvpy WT

of 1b often (nypby) vbx O.K.

on

old (ypy) vox old man [zOKN—

3 1%

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(art) »p

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oO

national 5y3x°sx3 near (adj) ("YwIy’y32) H3¥B3

[shokhn—

p°x322

no (int) p>

nowhere

Name (]yMY3) TAI WT narrow (Aybynw) NRW

shkhEYNIM]

ninety

now

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neighbor

Y1ppIsH

SKEYNIM] olive oil 513 yt

Old Testament

[TANA’Kh]

(0°) }pt 37

43n 7

on "IN Once S¥D ¥ 92 PR once again >xy ¥ 183

one (numeral) PR, OP%

(pron) qyn

OY

GLossaRY one

another

yy73¥ BYT IYI"N

oneself 97 only 3x3 Open (y2y6y 77) 168

to open poiby by) Wyayb’y

(Dabyya ; TWayh’y wry Operetta (0) YOSTYBN °7 to oppose yAypHIN POW

Opposite jaypy

or “YT

orange (3) 72‘RND YT

order: in order to [KEDE’Y] 1¥ 7D to order (jo”ny2) yOr"N organization (0) Y°¥RTPINAIE °F to organize PIN oriental w>yviyny

original (7) 5’y22°5y 9YT Other y738 1s WAYS IVT otherwise

p3x

ourselves

9%; 7>%x 97

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out

°o°1"8

over 3Y2% overcoat (jy) Saxe IYT to overcome 1x) yynip | ‘22 Qyaipya/23 OWN (AYIVIMN AY'T) APN

owner

(o°na-*’ya) man-bya ay

[BALEBO’S—BALEBATIM]

OX (3) OPS IVT oxygen

FAXDwW IY’ 1 IYT

P pagan

(0) 9Y32°T"73’ya YT

page (7) burt pain Gy) M1 YT pained ypu mys

pair (—) 4B °7

pajamas (0) yaxwre °T pale >a

387

Palestine [ERTs- $x¥>-y9K ISROEL] pancake (0) ypuxd >t (cheese pancake) (0) yx2°b3 07 paper 7px oN; cf. newspaper Paris 1>°7KB

Park (1) p7yB 137 part (q) 9D IY?

party (entertainment) [simKhE] (m—)

jnay ot

Passover [PEYSEKh] nop 197 password (3) 9’R7NB IYT past (adj) yya32R7Nd

patch (0) yoxd°7 path ()aypw ot

pattern (0) ay 76 1y7 to pay y>yxxa peace [shoLEM] ni>w nyt

in peace [BEShOLEM] p1>wW3

peaceful px peasant (Q°) 9yB YT peddler (0) sy> yp ay pen

(0) sy ty5 °7

penny (0) 2yB Wy7 Pentateuch [khUMEsh] wnin iy people (ethnic group: singular) (Aypeys) PONS ONT (persons) wusyr 7; 1y29 percent (—) pyyxxne 4y7 to perform ybyuw | 1x5

performance (jy) a?yowT’RB °F perhaps [EFshER] W5Xx

to perish -yan/1x 1X) 1y217/K (iynIp to permit yanbayt Persia

yoonye

person (7) wyayn IyT personality (1) p»poyda’yraye oT

to persuade 7799 | 22K

philosophy y>Sxox>>6 °7

piano

(0) yax°p °7

888

Co.ece

YIDDISH

picture (iy) 1992 ONT

potato [BULBE]

piety p»pninb ot

to pour (jOxaya) 7072 poverty p»pay’s 7

piece (small) (yy) 2p pw ox7

pillow (0) }w°p ryt

(0) yab19 °7

to pray yyInN7

pioneer (7) 9938°B YT pious (aym°%6) and

pit (yaa) 3192 yt

prayer [TFILE—-S] (m—) 7>°6n°7 last prayers [VIDE] °77°1) >7 preacher [MAGED— (0°) 717 Y7 MAGI'DIM]

pity: to take pity yoxnnunn [RAKhMoneEs] a pity wwwR place (ypoy) x8 ty

to prepare (intr) pro. pretty y5 principal (prefix) -ven

plate (0) ybyp apt

private pyi"B

plan

(yay>p) op ayt

play

() >pw >t

to play (trans)

(intr) pr poaw

player

to proceed

to please (j>yBya rR) toysya

this pleases me (=I like it) sn poYSyA OT (q28) JT DYD PR

DID NN (Y)VT

plowshare

(0) 2N-IYP’S IT

plural byxnyn ot

plus oybp, p>”, NX P-M. (29”3) ABV WI pogrom

poise

to poison [FARSAMEN] Poland ;5> Polish woop

poor

xnnon

1x) 72 | 0°79

(YaIWAyrO”79N “O/I9K) Jaya | O771¥

produce

(jayaya

professor

-yBx Bp) ¥OYSE1B YT {7780 to prohibit yryinys

promise (m—) anvSn°t [HAFTOKhE-— -s] to promise

TNT | AE

[NEVUE— -s]

yyno0"Kb

wopdyxp

eyny

poor man

to

[MIsTOME]

proud pbypw prophecy (m—) 78153 °7

(jY) O’87a8B WT

pvxno yt

political

qp1n7

probably

yew

(0) sy>>py yt

please

to print

prophet [Novi— NEVIIM]

proportion: proverb

in

(o°) ¥°53 4y7

proportion

Sy Ww SINENID

-53 pW) DIXTD BY OYT Qypayn

//Xmy0¥ Yt

psychology yray>ys°op *7

(D2>-yay7Y) population (y) anyp>’yhx2 °7

public [oYLEM]

pot

publisher (0) syayo 7x6 197

possible

yyb2°»

(Ty) ayy ox

py yt

publish: to be published {TVAIWAYAO’2T7WW FN) 7°79 | O70

889

GLOSSARY to pull to

rarely ywoyt to reach }™597

(garzya) 1928

punish

}by70vKa

punishment

to read

(}) \y70v °7

pure p>

Purim p12 push: to push one’s way through

(yO!™YIDINT) Pr OX | 9717 to put (upright) }>ypw (lying down) 31° (into prison) yxyt | 3278 to put on (clothes) yyv |

(18D92’8)

Q quarrel

3°57 °T

to quarrel

pr J PY¥s Tr 1.99P

queen [MALKE—-s] (mi—) 139 77 question

(0) yaxnb °7

quiet (adj) byw (noun) p»pboww ot to be quiet

(anwya) pnw

quota (0) yoxtp °7

[Rov—

RABONIM]

to receive

(JAS IPya) 12°7P

red p17 relation (by marriage)

yminv qy7

[MEKhUTN—MEKhUTONIM]

relations (collective) nnawn

to remember

jypayTya

rent [DI'RE-GELT] poya-n7°T OYT (jbyay3) yA

19°%

to rest qyI7 to return (intr) prmyp| aK revenge [NEKOME]

11273 °7

reward [skhar] 73 7y7

racial p70’) radio (0) 8°78 YT railroad (TY) 1¥3 07

rich

OY

to raise (janyAb/N) 727 | 6K

(0°)

[MishPoKhE] religion (0) y92°%y9 07 to remain (72°>3ya 1X) [929 remaining ~¥6 7Y7) 12°727N5 cyrya3 remark: to pass remarks Triyoy ayn

[DERKhERETS]

(title) (REB] 35 race (0) YOR °T

(0) yp2°wr'yn °F

reality ¥1°7 reason: without reason PT BRIA

rest

[REBE—RABEIM]

raisin

NOX

ypyv

to resound 3397 | 8 respect PAX" JI7 IY?

(khsidic) (a») 29 97

it is raining yay Rb”

really

to request

(9395) $9 4y7

rain (0) },y9 77

real [EMES]

request (7¥) 1289745 IY

R rabbi

yyy’

72

rich man [oyshER] wiy 4Y7T riddle (1) w*syy’y7 OT to ride (qyHya 1X) WS (horseback) (joy) 10279

right (direction) poy

390

to to to to

Co.tece

(correct) p95" (person) b>’ynya the right opsys °K ring (qyasiopya) 1939p rise “yd PR) PW | 57K Qyixnw rise early pr yy T’yh

YppisH

to say yXT to scatter (trans) (ja>-qwyd) JAY

(intr) (S8?ys PR) Pr vys scholar (inft like an adj) yt ayosyy>ya

(Talmudic) (a) 1» 4Y7

[LAMDN—LAMDONIM] school (}) 51°; (traditional) [kheYDER—KhaDoRIM] 571 9y7

river (j) 720 997 road (q) NWT to rock (intr) pr iyopyy

to scream | ywunp

role (0) yox3 °7 to roll 3°: yy %pyp

sea [YAM—YAMEN]

roof

(AYSyT) WT Wt

seat

room

(j) 1y2°S Wt

round

seaport (UYOWUIBB) DXDWOIND °7 second

row: in a row 32/838 7¥3 rug (1¥) TYByD NYT Rumania y3yn1

secret

torun (76x92 1°R) 161? to run away (q5x9b3% RN) 7H Russia 732x909

safe (deposit box) saintly man

(3) 0

Iy7

(0°) p°TS Yt

[TSADEK—TSADI'KIM]

salesman

salt pourot

(0) 9YS 1p IN5 AT

salvation [GEULE] 791K) °T

same SYp?D>’yt Wy (p?2791)

sanatorium

sand

(0) Y°IRORIXO °7

‘xt O87

sandwich (}) yornT2yo IT satisfied }1 61x

(p3ya) pak3 °F

to seat

ppyoyp

sad py nD

(JY) D° 097

Saturday [shaBEs] naw y7 to save 7| ynyU; 17% | 0/-1K

aN

]x¥yT

py

(N}) TO TYT

[SoD—SOYDES]

secure “Y5°T to see sTYYT WY VOYT Yt) IVT (ytga to seem

‘9°t JOORT

it seems

to me

PT PINT

self 7 to sell 6p7¥K5 Semitic w°vnyo to send 1p°V separate

TINK

to separate September

qv | B’8

syanypayo yt

servant (maid) (3) 0297 °7 to serve yy2° serves him right! :o°x 1K 01a session (q¥) ABT 7 to set out to (jymi2ya) Tt Tv2 seven

32%

seventeen seventh

seventy several

}¥Y2t

pyar

p°xyar

yoyby’y

391

GLOSSARY

settlement (cooperative) [kiBU’Ts— (0)

p13?

WT

to sit down six Opyr sixteen ]¥5yt

KIBUTSIM] shadow (0) }O8U 797

sixth

popyt

shall

sixty

p?xoyt

shawl

Sy); 5x

(3) 5xv 7

she

shelf (0) y3°9’8B °7 to shine yy22w ship () Pvt

(0) yorpoby °7

ship ticket

shirt (Ay) Ty ONT

shoe (PW) Tw YT

(0) TYVOW “YT

shoemaker

shop (ty) O877 °7 short (Ay¥7P) YUP

4°r ¥yr

skirt (Ty) 9py7 ONT sky (19) 9°71 197 skyscraper (0) IY¥¥7P"1P7’BN IVT

slander [REKhILES] 19°37 O87 to slap

WoXB 8 7ay2

slaughter (ny) AYNW °F [shxhiTE— -s] slave (}) Aw>pw IT to sleep (jby>wya) 1x°U slide rule (0) ywNp 7

sloped [MEshuU’PEDIK] p°TyBWP

should xr to shout (q2°9Wys) WLIW

slow y%yRXe to be slow (of a watch) y2°"p {12BIP II PR) small (y3yp) mop

to shut

to smear

]WAWNI

to smoke

y7y9°°

shot (}) 08 YT to show

(qrnya) 720

yous

to sigh y36°t

to smell }pynv smile (qy) 9»nw IVT to smile yyoovnw

silly wony3

to snatch up

sick pvp

side (}) DYtOT silent: to be silent ((~1Wyd) WAN

silver (noun)

(adj) y"y29"

“ya? oy7

simple [PoshET] piwa sin (—) 33°37 to sin qp°T3°F since (cause) °1) "1X

sinful

pt3°t

single

x2"

to sing (1¥A31tY3) 1933°T

singular

5xx2°x °T

to sink (1yp2iTya) 1yp2"t sister (—) TyoOyTIW °T

to sit (JOtya TR) 1¥°T

snow

(Ty)

qBRD| 01K

WU YT

¥ DOF it is snowing »3W snuff of pinch a snuff: ypra’Rd pynw ¥ so NR: BD so many, so much %°6 11% to sob | yB°%9 soccer x3015 IY7

sock sofa

(}) PYTTYT

(0) y6XO °T

soft pm some y yx; 9D

392

CotLEcE

to stand ,y»uw vornw yy) mow

somebody syxyn’y (acc-dat: y3xyn’y) something

yn ¥8

somewhat somewhere

40°28 pyay

son

song soon

(VANOWPA PN s OW to stand up pr j}>ypw

oyay

sometimes

state (mi—) mD19n °F

[MELUKhE— -s] Statistics popo°MRNd >t

to stay (ja>¥aya rR) jaws to steal (uySaay3) 1y29523

(7) 7°) O8T ‘hX2

[GA’NVENEN—GEGANVET]

as °1) 15x89

step

sore vn’/ypys sorrow [TSAR] IY¥ “yt soul

[NEshoME—-s]

soup

(}) BY °T

sound

(q¥) 23x9p Yt

south [DOREM] Union

spade

(7y) S19 ay

Spaniard

(n}—) 72w3

-ypynyo sy TINIAN

(0) DY°INBw YT

Spanish woaxpw sparrow (OY) PwWHMayIWN IT to speak j1y5

spear (}) PRY °T special

“’yxypo

to spend (time) yyaayn27N5 to spill (yoxa7NB) O°7NS to spit

(.,°BWYd) WLW

spoon (—) ¥6y> ay7

sport wX¥Bd IY? spot (dirt) to spread

(3) py>S qyt Tor IawNS

(0°Tb) DSI YT; IT

(y) DBxow step by step popy 22 p°ND still 7x3; POX 183 stingy 7Np (7) pyt yt

stocking

p17

Soviet

JIyDwW YT

star (—)

(7°t) TW YT

as soon

YippIsH

stone (Ty) POW IVT to stop (intr) pow yaya store (jY) ON p °F storekeeper

(0) \yny p IY7

story (nYwyn) nyyn °7 [MAYSE— -s] Stove (0) PIN WT

straight qa

strange Ty5 to strangle (}~ WNIT) PAIYINYT Straw

0W.°7

stray

[HEFKER]

to stream

“p6n

jyny uw

street (]) ON) °7 strength mim °; M3 YT [koYEKh—xkoykhes]

to stretch out }py wwys pIXvw

spring

325°96 4y7

strong

sprout

j;x¥N"BW

student [TALMED— (0°) 799M YT

Spurt

(1) POBW YT

stable (1) bypw 7 stage (0) 392 °%

struggle

(3) oxp IT

TALMIDIM] (college or university student) (D) BI’y TIVO IVT

398

GLOSSARY

to study pr qy29y>

stuffed v>Bya style (}) vo TyT subject (of instruction) 2° ay [L1mep—LimupIM] (0°) to subscribe to 73°2428 subway JRIIYYINK 7 NAN °F to succeed (qU8 YI PR) JORIYA Isucceeded in wx ya WN PRK OY such /xr

(plural: yodyre)

suddenly 32>31>B

Switzerland

sword

pow °t

(3) TAyNw >t

synagogue

“°M3) WITA"Ma ONT

[BESMEDRESH—BOTE- (0°W77 MEDRO'SHIM]; (3) 91 °7 Syrian wo system

(j¥) B’yHOrd °F

T tabernacle

(mi—) 7310 °7

[suKE— -s]

to suffer (yu>>ya) 712s MIP | BN CVBIPYAB’S TK) to suffice qpy>p

table

Sukkoth

to take off -p’x7N) TyAy3 | BEI

sugar “PIs IT suit (of clothes) (0) 9yb°27¥2 TY

[suKEs] ni3\0

summer

‘ynit IT

summit

(}) Bw YT

sun

(7¥)

Sunday supper

suppose: sure

to talk

tall (yaya) pn

to be supposed to CWT IY) HAW

surprise [khipEsh] wrpn qy7

to surrender (intr) yaya | 9yD3/1K (ayayaryor iN) 7°? to survive (intr) yay> yanba

(trans) PR) yap | TALK

sweatshop sweet OT sweetness to swim

yy"

(to chat) yoynw

pnt qt

to swear

tailor (0) DYTZaIw YT to take from (jym393) 23 9993

(11399

(0) YUYWL’YN °T

to swallow

(ay) Jypw°r YT

(clothes) (7yByaD/IK) TBD | OK

°F

Yo"

(7) wv YT

tablecloth

(T9MIPYAIIVIMN

(qya>wya) 1ya2>w

Talmud (usually) x vax 97 [GMorE] tank (jy) paxv IY

taste p’yDwyr IT

tasty p’xawya tea 0 °T to teach qysy> | 071" teacher (0) yny? YT (in a kheyder) [REBE] °25 7YT (acc-dat: [REBN] 7°29 OY")

team

(JMVyYI) NW

“¥/N1W) BRU NW IVT

Cypyy

YpO°T °% (ym Nwya PR) RNw

tear to

(q) DExwaARD OT

(7) 0Y70°7

tear

(JOYS) OVS

Tel Aviv [TELAvI'v]

4°4x79n

telephone (1y) 7’x8y9yb IYT to tell (relate) y>»x5y7

394

Co..ece

(say) Tax?

thousand

three 297

terrible yybpynw terms: to come to terms | ov

than 1; 16; TPR to thank: thank God yypayt 13 bg3

thanks p3yt8

yay?

(conj) 8 the Sy, °7, ORT

theater (0) SyDxyD OY

thee, see p. 318, par. 26 their p>

them, see p. 318, par. 26

thrill [HANOE] man ot

throat (yrt>ym) rrban sy through 3717 to throw

(15°5¥Ny2) }99n

Thursday

pw yaxt Iyt

thus

11%

thy pT

ticket [BILE’T] time

(1) p’yo°2 D9

(}) DYE °T

on time

o9302¥ 23

time (instance) (—) one

themselves 4; 15x then pbxnyt (in that case) xv there

pry

to threaten | ywxnvo

tent (3) D>’yxya DYT

(T9D1PYIIWVIT HR) TIP

(my) D311 Syt

a thousand

ten 19%

that (pron)

YippisH

time

yn PR

many times

the first time

5yn70¥ 5x» yowsy ox

three times two »y 5xn 2797 any time (always) p>tayow

}D1y7

(place to which) yong

CO

(in giving) yx vy3

tobacco yp°a’xD °T today pin

(in pointing) vy

there is yt rx oy

xn O¥7

IB; 13s PR, PP

together

jyagny

there is not ‘yu: PR oy therefore 1x6>y7

tomorrow

they > 19

too (also) 71% (excessively) 4¥ tooth (7%) 18x Iy7 top (toy) (9) S177 OxT (summit) (}) p°Bw yt Torah [ToyRE] mn °7

these

°7;°7 py

thin pt (rare) TyD°W

thing (1) Trot

to think J yp; yy2°7; OKI third p07 thirteen x27 thirty prow this IY (Dx), °7 (O¥), OFT (OY) those y3y? thou

17

339%?

the day after tomorrow TAIWP IVI"R

to touch tower

town town tractor

75 | 38

(0) BYN0 IT

(TY) Soypw ONT hall pinpys oxt (J1’%...) WHPRID

WT

GLossARY

trade (commerce) [MISKhER]

> 1247 1Y7;

70°n 197;

(craft) (n—) 7Dy%n °F [MELOKhE— -s}

to trade yy>7aKn tradition (0) ¥°R"TNID °T traditional Yyayy°TyID train

(qY) 182 °7

$95

under yu to understand

(IN_WANE sw ANS 4

to undress (intr) 71 Tv | 071K (wwYIO’wN)

unharmed [BEshoLEeM] ovbwa union (labor) (0) 742319 °T to unite

7p?"

to trample (joy bya) Hy to translate pxyt | 1y3/°K

United

to travel (ysya PX) WS treasure (N)) IZ1K TT

university until 13

[OYTSER—OYTSRES]

to treat [MEKhABED]

}2% 7292

tree (yma) O12 WT trick: to play a trick on

(rgvyan’s) wd | BY

trouble [TsoRE—-s] (Mi—) 77% °7 to have no end of trouble JABT IE TK TANT IY JIA trousers (plural) ywnot

truck yoweKoD IVT [Ma’sE-oYTO]

true [EMEs] NOX truth

[EMEs]

nox 197

to try (to attempt)

jB

(to judge) [Mr’shPETN] }OBW°D

Tuesday p°po2°T 1y7 Turkey ‘ypryy Turkish wpsye to turn (trans) Jr TNS twelve

ybynz

twenty p°xiuny twice dgn°mMs two "1%

type (1) 2°D VT U ugly [MIEs] 01%°2

uncle (0) *yoy6 Yt

,.°7) PWNS

up

up

States

NS ypps>°x

Nb °7

TORO (}) D/YW°ONYNIIK IT

ne to

19

uprising (7) T2RUWHK IVT uproar (jy) bs IyT

upstairs 19% us, see p. 318, par. 26 use: to make use of 7x93 | 0° to use

7393

used to

3B

Vv valley (1) yp yt vegetable (3) 03°93 O¥T vertical ‘“’xppryn very

“yt

vest (TY) SDOy1 O8T Vienna 7% vilification yan [Loshn-Ho’RE] Vilna yson vineyard

-3/2M)) }OYAI2M"1 WT

visa (0) yr) °T to visit

pox 1¥ TRIP

voice [KOL—KELER] void

ox

pon

yi07ya

(19) 71? 087

396

Cotiece

WwW to wait

for

west

"1% yOIRN

to wake up 7° 7x9 | 51K to walk

PR qy72 TM) Pra (1yaawaya

to go for a walk yxReW p>

wall

(bay) DaRN OT

to wander

to want

yy73’xN

[MiLkhoME-— -s]

ware

(ni—) NNO

[skhoyRE— -s]

warm

°F

Ay INN

(0) 9y2"T IyT

water (}) TYORT O¥T

wave (v) »” 189 way (road) (}) ayn qyt (manner)

(6°) 761% 197

[OYFN—OYFANIM] we

9

to wear (JAY WY) 7xwD

wedding

(ny—) 72nn °T

[Kha’sENE— -s]

Wednesday 3xn0» IY week (}) 181° every week

JN yx

weekend [sorvo’Kh] to weep jy2 to welcome

70°.82

well (adj) wyya (adv) vn

(int) 2

Syn

what kind of syoyn

wheat

pny

when

yn

where

(jy3¥11)

to which)

whether which

yomn

°¥ yoy

(relative pron)

dyn

(num adj) rybebn q97 while [BEYs] nya

to whip (jo°mwy)) ORD to whisper }| ywosyw

Warsaw yw xn to wash (trans) (qwexiys) wn (intr) pryoRn

watch

[MAYREV]

what og) what a... ...¥7¥0

(place

,b11,p0%°N ,b>1) yoy (DORs ; Poon (ni) monbn °7

war

YippisH

’x1)7"10 Ty

to whistle white

7626

02m

who syn

(acc-dat:

(relative pron) whole y3¥a

wholesome

yy)

oN

(AYb32°t343) 03/1t99

whom—who whose

o3ynyii

why

ogi 46

wide p72 widow (ni—) me [ALMONE— -3]

°7

wife (qy) 195° to wiggle yy Ex

wild so) will on IT

(last will) (nygny) ARNE °F

will

dyn

to win

window

[TSAVOE— -s]

(y3 ya) VI°Nyr

wine glass

(—) Iypx2y6 IY (m1) 01D SY

[KOs—KoysEs]

GLossARY

397

wing (jy) 53° yt

Y

winter 3yp2°1 IT wise (19299) x1op wise

man

(O°) O59" oy

with

pm 22

(khokhEM—khakKhoMiM]

without

witness [EYDEs] (—) woman

wood

nyTy 1Y7

(}¥) 176 °7

pbx OST

woolen (Wy2yo’x1 IW) EN word (IYbIYN) VINN ONT work (]) DY29¥ 7% work (written) (—) pry ONT to work ypyn’K

worker

(0) TYOY2V¥ IT

world (3) poy 7 worm (YY) BY worse “YI0y would pbxyn

to wrap

to write (once)

writer

wrong

IT

you (sg) 17 you (pl) 1x

(7ya%) a2 man (6°) 91M YT

yourself >t; 75x 17

(12299378) ALIW

|."8

~ y6) aww is

dysy>w Ox

JODVINV’PN

[BokhER—BO’KhERIM] your (singular) yx your (plural) ayyK

}°7

(0) "yazWw YT

yet J¥a (nevertheless) 7X7 Yiddish wom

young young

(j2°Wya) Aww

to write down

year (7) WY? ONT next year WYN WINK yellow 5y3 yes x? yeshive (mi—) mow o7 [YEshivE— -s] yesterday yusy3 the day before yesterday

q2~w

yourselves >t; 7X PR

Z Zion [TSIEN] {VY Zionism [TSIENIZM]

AIrIYYS WT

Zionist (adj) wono321%

398

Cotiece

YwpisH

GRAMMATICAL Accusative, use of 39, 210, 824 Address, familiar and formal 64, 327 Address, titles of 64 Adjectives

agreement 326 base form 39, 307

comparison 284-236, 309, $27 inflection for case and gender 39, 40,

48, 307-308

numeral 208f., $108. possessive 130f., 810;

219f., 327

avoidance

of

predicate form 128, 308; use of 123,

326 supporting —y— 200, 309 uninflected 182, 810

used as nouns 177, 826 Adverbs comparison 242f., S11f. formed from adjectives 85, 311

indicating place 132, 812 indicating time 312

numeral 262f., $12 Age, expressions of 161 Agreement —> Adjectives, agreement

Alphabet 25-29 Article, definite $1, 39f., 48, 806; con-

tractions with 48, 101, 307; omission of 57, $25; use of $25 Article, indefinite 31, 306 Article, negative 40f., 325 Clauses as sentence units 92

conditional 253, 381

consecutive 382 relative 197, 881 Comparative, comparison —» Adjectives, comparison; Adverbs, comparison Complements, adverbial 108, 188f., $21 Consonants 19-21

Dates 210

Dative, use of 48, 324f.

INDEX

Dative of reference 92, 124, 271, 825 Devlension —» Nouns, inflection; Names, inflection Dialects 43 Diphthongs 22 Emphasis 244, 332f. Expletive oy 99, 123, 151, 330, 382 Fractions —» Numerals, fractional Greetings 77E. Hebrew derivation, words of 28f., 66f. Indefinite amount or number 243, $26 Indirect discourse 272, $28 Indirect questions —» Questions, indirect Mathematical expressions 151

Names, personal, inflection 56, 181, 305

Nominative, use of 196f., 328f. Nouns avoiding redundance 177 compound 270 feminine suffix 262, $28 gender 31f., 308, 328 inflected 56, 131, 805 inflected like adjectives 305 plural 46-48, 199, 303-5, $28 possessive 181, 3806; avoidance of 219£., 325 two in succession 198f., 324 Numerals, cardinal 149, 159, 199, $14 fractional 159, 209, 314f. ordinal —» Adjectives, numeral without nouns 177, 328

Possessive, avoidance of 219, $25, 327

Predicate

adjectives in 123, 308, $26

nouns in $28 Object, direct 39, 324 Object, indirect 75, $24 Prepositions, contracted with definite article 48, 101, 307 use of 48; see also list of special constructions below

GRAMMATICAL Pronouns demonstrative 190f., $14 indefinite 49, 827 indicating things 314 interrogative 92, 110, 318 personal 55, 63f., 92, $18, 827 Questions, direct 38, 110, $31 Questions, indirect 110, 151, 382 Redundance —» Nouns, avoiding redundance; Verbs, avoiding redundance Script 26, 36 Sentence units $2f., 92, 109f., 244, 829f. Sounds 19-28 Spelling 25-29 Stress 22-23 Superlative —» Adjectives, comparison; Adverbs,

comparison

Tenses —» Verb; Indirect discourse Time, expressions of 160£., 210, $24 Verbs auxiliary 84, 189, 140, 149, 258 avoiding redundance 140, 829

899

INDEX

base form 315; ending in unstressed y— 268, 316 complemented 106f., 321f. conditional 253, $20 future tense 140, 318 idiomatic usage 132, 150, 179, 189f.,

219

imperative 68, $17 infinitive 76f., 317£., $28 irregular 65, $16 past participle 88f., 91f., 108, $18 past tense 83, 84, $19f., 328 periphrastic 149, $21f.

present participle 251f., $17, 829 present tense 41, 55, 140, 315£., $28 repeated

action 258f., 20

tenses in indirect discourse 272, 328 with yr 122, $21

Vowels 22

Vowel signs 29 Word order 32f., 109f., $298. consecutive 122f., 381 normal $80

Constructions with the following: 327 A9 192 178 7% 313 Al Bb” 313 IyZyoy 151 96 263 176 101°100 By 100 PR “1p 313 &3 TIMP 178 pes

313

150

332 ,123 yD

ISTVTy?

AY? 179 oD