CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971-2000 9789264097940, 9264097945

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE Au cours de ces dernières années, les gouvernements ont changé de manière radicale leur approche des problèmes d’environnement liés à l’énergie. Prenant acte de ce changement et dans l’optique de la Huitième Conférence des Parties (COP-8) de la convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur le changement climatique qui se déroulera à New Delhi, Inde, du 23 octobre au 1 novembre 2002, l’AIE a préparé cette publication relative aux émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie. Les données contenues dans ce livre sont destinées à faciliter la compréhension de l’évolution, par secteur et par combustible, de ces émissions de 1971 à 2000 pour plus de 140 pays et régions. Les émissions ont été calculées à partir des bases de données sur l’énergie de l’AIE ainsi que des méthodologies et des facteurs d’émissions par défaut des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION 1971 EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE 2000

In recognition of this change and in preparation for the Eighth Conference of the Parties (COP-8) meeting under the U.N. Climate Convention in New Delhi, India from 23 October to 1 November 2002, the IEA has prepared this publication on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of these emissions from 1971 to 2000 for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel.

IEA STATISTICS

Recent years have witnessed a fundamental change in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues.

9:HSTCQE=U^\^YU: (61 2002 22 3 P1) $150 or €165 ISBN 92-64-09794-5

2002

I E A S T A T I S T I C S

I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y A G E N C E I N T E R N AT I O N A L E D E L’ E N E R G I E

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

1971 - 2000 EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE

2002 Edition

iv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

FOREWORD Recent years have witnessed a fundamental change in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues. Promoting sustainable development and combating climate change have become integral aspects of energy planning, analysis and policy making in many countries, including all IEA Members. In recognition of the importance attached to the environmental aspects of energy, the IEA has prepared the sixth edition of its published statistics on CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion. These data are also available on CD-ROM and on the internet. The purpose of this volume is to put our best and most current information in the hands of those who need it, including in particular the participants in the UNFCCC process. The IEA is a contributor to the official Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies for estimating greenhouse gas emissions. The IEA’s basic energy balance data are the figures most often cited in the field. For these reasons, we felt it appropriate to publish this information in a comprehensive form. It is our hope that this book will assist the reader in better understanding the evolution of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion from 1971 to 2000 for more than 140 countries and regions, by sector and by fuel. This publication incorporates comments and suggestions received since the first edition in November 1997. Most of the data presented in this publication are only for energy-related CO2. They may differ from countries' official submissions of emissions inventories to the UNFCCC Secretariat. For the first time last year, summary data for CH4 and N2O, as well as for CO2 from non-energy-related sources and gas flaring, were added. This year, HFC, PFC and SF6 emissions have also been added. This information is shown in Part III. In addition, the publication this year also includes information on “Key Sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. This report is published under my responsibility as Executive Director of the IEA and does not necessarily reflect the views of IEA Member countries. Robert Priddle Executive Director

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - v

AVANT-PROPOS Ces dernières années, l’attitude des gouvernements à l’égard des problèmes d’environnement liés à l’énergie a radicalement changé. L’action en faveur du développement durable et la lutte contre le changement climatique sont désormais des aspects intégrés à la planification, l’analyse et la prise de décisions dans le domaine de l’énergie dans nombre de pays, et notamment dans tous les pays Membres de l’AIE. Reconnaissant l’importance attachée aux aspects environnementaux de l’énergie, l’AIE a préparé la sixième édition de ses statistiques sur les émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion de combustibles fossiles. Ces données sont également disponibles sous forme de CD-ROM et sur Internet. Le présent ouvrage a pour objet de mettre nos informations les meilleures et les plus récentes à la disposition de ceux qui en ont besoin, et tout particulièrement des participants aux travaux relatifs à la CCNUCC. L’AIE contribue à l’élaboration des méthodologies officielles du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) pour l’estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les données de base des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE sont les chiffres les plus fréquemment cités dans ce domaine. Il nous a donc semblé opportun, pour ces motifs, de publier ces informations de manière très complète. Nous avons bon espoir que le présent ouvrage aidera le lecteur à mieux appréhender l’évolution des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie entre 1971 et 2000 dans plus de 140 pays et régions, par secteur et par combustible. Cette publication tient compte des observations et suggestions qui nous ont été communiquées depuis la première édition de novembre 1997. La majorité des données concernent seulement les émissions de CO2 liées à l’énergie. Elles peuvent différer des données figurant dans les communications nationales officielles des inventaires des émissions transmises au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC. Pour la première fois l’année dernière, des données synthétiques relatives à CH4 et N2O ainsi qu’aux émissions de CO2 liées à des sources non-énergétiques et au gaz brûlé à la torche ont été ajoutées. Cette année, les données concernant les émissions de HFC, PFC et SF6 ont aussi été ajoutées. Ces données figurent dans la Partie III. De plus, la publication de cette année inclue aussi des informations sur les « sources principales » dues à la combustion d’énergie, comme l’indique le Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre). Le présent rapport est publié sous ma responsabilité, en qualité de Directeur exécutif de l’AIE, et ne traduit pas nécessairement les points de vue des pays Membres de l’AIE. Robert Priddle Directeur exécutif

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Introduction.......................................................... xvii A. Looking at the Past Decade ........................xxiii B. Top 15 Countries by Indicator ................. xxxvii

PART I: 1. 2. 3.

Emissions Fuel by Fuel ...................................xl Data Quality...................................................xli Conclusions..................................................xliv

4. 5. 6.

Geographical Coverage................................I.15 IPCC Methodologies....................................I.19 Energy Balances ..........................................I.39

METHODOLOGY

IEA Emissions Estimates...............................I.3 Units and Conversions...................................I.9 Indicators .....................................................I.11

PART II:

C. D. E.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

SUMMARY TABLES CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach ......................II.4 CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach .................II.10 CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers ........................................................II.16 CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers ........................................................II.22 Total Primary Energy Supply .............................II.28 GDP using Exchange Rates................................II.40 GDP using Purchasing Power Parities................II.46 Population ...........................................................II.52 CO2 Emissions / TPES........................................II.58

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates............................................................ II.64 CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities ............................................. II.70 CO2 Emissions / Population............................... II.76 Per Capita Emissions by Sector in 2000 ............ II.82 Per Capita Emissions with Electricity and Heat Allocated to Consuming Sectors in 2000.... II.85 Electricity and Heat Output................................ II.88 CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation.................................... II.90

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS World ................................................................II.100 Annex 1 Parties.............................................II.102 Annex II Parties ........................................II.104 North America ......................................II.106 Europe ..................................................II.108 Pacific ...................................................II.110 Economies in Transition ...........................II.112 Non-Annex 1 Parties.....................................II.114 Annex B Parties ............................................II.116 OECD Total......................................................II.118 OECD North America ......................................II.120

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OECD Pacific .................................................. II.122 OECD Europe.................................................. II.124 European Union ............................................... II.126 Africa ............................................................... II.128 Middle East ...................................................... II.130 Non-OECD Europe.......................................... II.132 Former USSR................................................... II.134 Latin America .................................................. II.136 Asia (excluding China) .................................... II.138 China................................................................ II.140

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - vii

COUNTRY TABLES Albania..............................................................II.144 Algeria ..............................................................II.146 Angola ..............................................................II.148 Argentina ..........................................................II.150 Armenia ............................................................II.152 Australia............................................................II.154 Austria...............................................................II.156 Azerbaijan.........................................................II.158 Bahrain..............................................................II.160 Bangladesh........................................................II.162 Belarus ..............................................................II.164 Belgium.............................................................II.166 Benin.................................................................II.168 Bolivia...............................................................II.170 Bosnia-Herzegovina..........................................II.172 Brazil.................................................................II.174 Brunei ...............................................................II.176 Bulgaria.............................................................II.178 Cameroon..........................................................II.180 Canada ..............................................................II.182 Chile..................................................................II.184 People’s Republic of China ..............................II.186 Chinese Taipei ..................................................II.188 Colombia...........................................................II.190 Congo................................................................II.192 Democratic Republic of Congo ........................II.194 Costa Rica.........................................................II.196 Côte d’Ivoire .....................................................II.198 Croatia...............................................................II.200 Cuba..................................................................II.202 Cyprus...............................................................II.204 Czech Republic.................................................II.206 Denmark ...........................................................II.208 Dominican Republic .........................................II.210 Ecuador.............................................................II.212 Egypt.................................................................II.214 El Salvador........................................................II.216 Eritrea ...............................................................II.218 Estonia ..............................................................II.220 Ethiopia.............................................................II.222 Finland ..............................................................II.224 France ...............................................................II.226 Gabon................................................................II.228 Georgia .............................................................II.230 Germany............................................................II.232 Ghana................................................................II.234 Gibraltar............................................................II.236 Greece ...............................................................II.238 Guatemala .........................................................II.240

Haiti ................................................................. II.242 Honduras.......................................................... II.244 Hong Kong, China ........................................... II.246 Hungary ........................................................... II.248 Iceland.............................................................. II.250 India ................................................................. II.252 Indonesia .......................................................... II.254 Islamic Republic of Iran................................... II.256 Iraq ................................................................... II.258 Ireland .............................................................. II.260 Israel................................................................. II.262 Italy .................................................................. II.264 Jamaica............................................................. II.266 Japan ................................................................ II.268 Jordan............................................................... II.270 Kazakhstan....................................................... II.272 Kenya ............................................................... II.274 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.......... II.276 Korea................................................................ II.278 Kuwait.............................................................. II.280 Kyrgyzstan ....................................................... II.282 Latvia ............................................................... II.284 Lebanon ........................................................... II.286 Libya ................................................................ II.288 Lithuania .......................................................... II.290 Luxembourg..................................................... II.292 Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia .............. II.294 Malaysia........................................................... II.296 Malta ................................................................ II.298 Mexico ............................................................. II.300 Republic of Moldova ....................................... II.302 Morocco ........................................................... II.304 Mozambique .................................................... II.306 Myanmar .......................................................... II.308 Namibia............................................................ II.310 Nepal................................................................ II.312 Netherlands ...................................................... II.314 Netherlands Antilles......................................... II.316 New Zealand .................................................... II.318 Nicaragua ......................................................... II.320 Nigeria ............................................................. II.322 Norway............................................................. II.324 Oman................................................................ II.326 Pakistan............................................................ II.328 Panama............................................................. II.330 Paraguay........................................................... II.332 Peru .................................................................. II.334 Philippines ....................................................... II.336 Poland .............................................................. II.338

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Portugal.............................................................II.340 Qatar .................................................................II.342 Romania............................................................II.344 Russia................................................................II.346 Saudi Arabia .....................................................II.348 Senegal..............................................................II.350 Singapore ..........................................................II.352 Slovak Republic................................................II.354 Slovenia ............................................................II.356 South Africa......................................................II.358 Spain .................................................................II.360 Sri Lanka...........................................................II.362 Sudan ................................................................II.364 Sweden..............................................................II.366 Switzerland .......................................................II.368 Syria ..................................................................II.370 Tajikistan ..........................................................II.372 United Republic of Tanzania ............................II.374 Thailand ............................................................II.376

PART III: 1.

Togo ................................................................. II.378 Trinidad and Tobago........................................ II.380 Tunisia ............................................................. II.382 Turkey.............................................................. II.384 Turkmenistan ................................................... II.386 Ukraine............................................................. II.388 United Arab Emirates ...................................... II.390 United Kingdom............................................... II.392 United States .................................................... II.394 Uruguay ........................................................... II.396 Uzbekistan ....................................................... II.398 Venezuela......................................................... II.400 Vietnam............................................................ II.402 Yemen.............................................................. II.404 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia....................... II.406 Former Yugoslavia........................................... II.408 Zambia ............................................................. II.410 Zimbabwe ........................................................ II.412

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Shares and Trends in GHG Emissions........ III.3

2.

Sources and Methods.................................. III.9

Kyoto Protocol Base Years The year 1990 should be the base year for the estimation and reporting of inventories. According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, the following Annex I Parties that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, are allowed to use a base year or a period of years other than 1990, as follows: Bulgaria: Hungary: Poland: Romania Slovenia:

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to use 1988 to use the average of the years 1985 to 1987 to use 1988 to use 1989 to use 1986

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - ix

TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION (non-disponible en français) ................................ xvii

PARTIE I: METHODOLOGIE 1. 2. 3.

Estimations des émissions de l’AIE.............I.47 Unités et Coefficients de Conversion ..........I.55 Indicateurs....................................................I.57

4. 5. 6.

Couverture géographique.............................I.61 Méthodologies GIEC ...................................I.65 Bilans énergétiques ......................................I.85

PARTIE II :EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE TABLEAUX RECAPITULATIFS Emissions de CO2 : Méthode sectorielle ...............II.4 Emissions de CO2 : Méthode de référence..........II.10 Emissions de CO2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales .............................II.16 Emissions de CO2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales.......................II.22 Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire ............................................II.28 PIB selon les taux de change ..............................II.40 PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d’achat.............II.46 Population ...........................................................II.52 Emissions de CO2 / ATEP ..................................II.58

Emissions de CO2 / PIB selon les taux de change..................................................... II.64 Emissions de CO2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d’achat....................................... II.70 Emissions de CO2 / Population............................ II.76 Emissions 2000 par habitant ventilées par secteur ... II.82 Emissions 2000 par habitant avec allocation de l’électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation........................... II.85 Production d’électricité et de chaleur................. II.88 Emissions de CO2 par kWh pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur..................... II.90

TOTAUX MONDIAUX ET REGIONAUX Monde ...............................................................II.100 Parties de l’Annexe I ....................................II.102 Parties de l’Annexe II ...............................II.104 Amérique du Nord ................................II.106 Europe ..................................................II.108 Pacifique ...............................................II.110 Economies en transition ...........................II.112 Parties ne figurant pas à l’Annexe I .............II.114 Parties de l’Annexe B ...................................II.116 Total OCDE......................................................II.118 OCDE Amérique du Nord ................................II.120

OCDE Pacifique .............................................. II.122 OCDE Europe.................................................. II.124 Union européenne ............................................ II.126 Afrique ............................................................. II.128 Moyen-Orient................................................... II.130 Europe non-OCDE........................................... II.132 Ex-URSS.......................................................... II.134 Amérique latine................................................ II.136 Asie (Chine non incluse).................................. II.138 Chine................................................................ II.140

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TABLEAUX PAR PAYS Afrique du Sud..................................................II.358 Albanie..............................................................II.144 Algérie ..............................................................II.146 Allemagne.........................................................II.232 Angola ..............................................................II.148 Antilles néerlandaises .......................................II.316 Arabie saoudite .................................................II.348 Argentine ..........................................................II.150 Arménie ............................................................II.152 Australie............................................................II.154 Autriche ............................................................II.156 Azerbaïdjan.......................................................II.158 Bahrein..............................................................II.160 Bangladesh........................................................II.162 Bélarus ..............................................................II.164 Belgique............................................................II.166 Bénin.................................................................II.168 Bolivie...............................................................II.170 Bosnie-Herzégovine..........................................II.172 Brésil.................................................................II.174 Brunei ...............................................................II.176 Bulgarie.............................................................II.178 Cameroun..........................................................II.180 Canada ..............................................................II.182 Chili ..................................................................II.184 République populaire de Chine ........................II.186 Chypre...............................................................II.204 Colombie ..........................................................II.190 Congo................................................................II.192 République démocratique du Congo.................II.194 Corée.................................................................II.278 République populaire dém. de Corée................II.276 Costa Rica.........................................................II.196 Côte d'Ivoire......................................................II.198 Croatie...............................................................II.200 Cuba..................................................................II.202 Danemark..........................................................II.208 République dominicaine ...................................II.210 Egypte ...............................................................II.214 El Salvador........................................................II.216 Emirats arabes unis ...........................................II.390 Equateur............................................................II.212 Erythrée.............................................................II.218 Espagne.............................................................II.360 Estonie ..............................................................II.220 Etats-Unis .........................................................II.394 Ethiopie.............................................................II.222 Finlande ............................................................II.224 France ...............................................................II.226

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Gabon............................................................... II.228 Géorgie............................................................. II.230 Ghana ............................................................... II.234 Gibraltar ........................................................... II.236 Grèce................................................................ II.238 Guatemala ........................................................ II.240 Haiti ................................................................. II.242 Honduras.......................................................... II.244 Hong Kong, Chine ........................................... II.246 Hongrie ............................................................ II.248 Inde .................................................................. II.252 Indonésie .......................................................... II.254 Irak ................................................................... II.258 République islamique d’Iran............................ II.256 Irlande .............................................................. II.260 Islande .............................................................. II.250 Israël................................................................. II.262 Italie ................................................................. II.264 Jamaïque .......................................................... II.266 Japon ................................................................ II.268 Jordanie............................................................ II.270 Kazakhstan....................................................... II.272 Kenya ............................................................... II.274 Kirghizistan...................................................... II.282 Koweit.............................................................. II.280 Lettonie ............................................................ II.284 Liban ................................................................ II.286 Libye ................................................................ II.288 Lituanie ............................................................ II.290 Luxembourg..................................................... II.292 Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine....... II.294 Malaisie............................................................ II.296 Malte ................................................................ II.298 Maroc ............................................................... II.304 Mexique ........................................................... II.300 République de Moldova................................... II.302 Mozambique .................................................... II.306 Myanmar .......................................................... II.308 Namibie............................................................ II.310 Népal................................................................ II.312 Nicaragua ......................................................... II.320 Nigéria ............................................................. II.322 Norvège............................................................ II.324 Nouvelle-Zélande............................................. II.318 Oman................................................................ II.326 Ouzbékistan ..................................................... II.398 Pakistan............................................................ II.328 Panama............................................................. II.330 Paraguay........................................................... II.332

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xi

Pays-Bas ...........................................................II.314 Pérou.................................................................II.334 Philippines ........................................................II.336 Pologne .............................................................II.338 Portugal.............................................................II.340 Qatar .................................................................II.342 Roumanie..........................................................II.344 Royaume-Uni....................................................II.392 Russie................................................................II.346 Sénégal..............................................................II.350 Singapour..........................................................II.352 République slovaque.........................................II.354 Slovénie ............................................................II.356 Soudan ..............................................................II.364 Sri Lanka...........................................................II.362 Suède ................................................................II.366 Suisse ................................................................II.368 Syrie ..................................................................II.370 Tadjikistan ........................................................II.372

Taipei chinois................................................... II.188 République unie de Tanzanie........................... II.374 République tchèque.......................................... II.206 Thaïlande ......................................................... II.376 Togo ................................................................. II.378 Trinité-et-Tobago ............................................. II.380 Tunisie ............................................................. II.382 Turkménistan ................................................... II.386 Turquie............................................................. II.384 Ukraine............................................................. II.388 Uruguay ........................................................... II.396 Vénézuela......................................................... II.400 Viêt-Nam.......................................................... II.402 Yémen.............................................................. II.404 République fédérative de Yougoslavie ............ II.406 Ex-Yougoslavie................................................ II.408 Zambie ............................................................. II.410 Zimbabwe ........................................................ II.412

PARTIE III : EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE (non-disponible en français) ............................... III.3

Années de référence du Protocole de Kyoto L’année de référence pour l’estimation et la notification des inventaires devrait être 1990. En application des dispositions de l’article 4.6 de la Convention et des Décisions 9/CP.2 et 11/CP.4, les Parties de l’Annexe I citées ci-après qui sont en transition vers une économie de marché sont autorisées à utiliser une année ou période d’années de référence autre que 1990, à savoir : Bulgarie : Hongrie : Pologne : Roumanie : Slovénie :

1988 moyenne des années 1985 à 1987 1988 1989 1986

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Important Cautionary Notes •

•

•

The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. There are many reasons why the IEA estimates may not be the same as the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. In this publication, the IEA presents CO2 emissions calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. In some of the non-OECD countries, there can be large differences between the two sets of calculations due to various problems in some energy data. As a consequence, this can lead to different emission trends between 1990 and 2000 for certain countries. Please see Chapter 1, “IEA Emissions Estimates” for further details. This year, information on “Key Sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, was added to the publication. These calculations are only given for combustion sources and will not include key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste. Please see Chapter 1, “IEA Emissions Estimates” and Chapter 5, “IPCC Methodologies” for further information.

Energy data on OECD and non-OECD countries are collected by the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. Ms. Karen Tréanton, with the assistance of Ms. Bénédicte Riey, is responsible for the estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Analysis on long-term trends was done with the help of Ms. Martina Bosi, Mr. Richard Baron and Mr. Jonathan Pershing in the IEA’s Energy and Environment Division. Secretarial support was supplied by Ms. Susan Stolarow and Ms. Diana Browne. CO2 emission estimates from 1960 to 2000 for the Annex II countries and from 1971 to 2000 for all other countries are available on CD-ROM suitable for

Note Attention Achtung Attenzione Nota ´ÕÍÑÊÜ.

use on IBM-compatible personal computers. An order form has been provided at the end of this publication. In addition, a data service is available on the internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http:\\www.iea.org. Enquiries about data or methodology should be addressed to: Ms. Karen Tréanton: Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33, Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49, E-mail: [email protected].

See multilingual pullout at the end of the publication. Voir le dépliant en plusieurs langues à la fin du présent recueil. Aufklappbarer Text auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario poliglotta alla fine del libro. ?  Véase el glosario plurilingüe al final del libro. ¶ÑÓ×ÕÍ×Ê ÑÒÓÈÓäÌàÜÒàÎ ÖÐÓÇÅÕá Ç ÏÓÒÛÊ ÏÒÍÈÍ.

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Avertissement important •

•

•

Les estimations des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie présentées dans cette publication sont calculées à partir des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE ainsi qu’à l’aide des méthodes et des coefficients d’émission par défaut des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996. Pour de nombreuses raisons, les estimations de l’AIE peuvent différer des chiffres communiqués par un pays à la CCNUCC, même si ce pays a rendu compte de la totalité de sa consommation d’énergie et correctement appliqué les Lignes directrices du GIEC. Dans cette publication, l’AIE présente les émissions de CO2 calculées selon deux méthodes : la méthode de référence du GIEC et la méthode sectorielle du niveau 1 du GIEC. Dans certains pays nonmembres de l’OCDE, d’importantes différences entre les deux méthodes peuvent apparaître suite à des problèmes dans les données énergétiques. En conséquence, la tendance pour certains pays entre 1990 et 2000 peut différer selon la méthode de calcul choisie. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, “Estimations des émissions de l’AIE”, pour plus de détails. Cette année des informations sur les sources principales dues à la combustion d’énergie, selon la méthodologie développée dans le Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre), ont été ajoutées à la publication. Ces calculs concernent uniquement les sources de combustion et n’incluent pas les émissions fugitives, ainsi que les émissions liées aux procédés industriels, aux solvants, à l’agriculture et aux déchets. Pour plus d’informations, consultez le chapitre 1, « Estimations des émissions de l’AIE » et le chapitre 5, « Méthodologies GIEC ».

Les données énergétiques concernant les pays Membres et non membres de l’OCDE sont recueillies par la Division des statistiques de l’énergie (ESD) du Secrétariat de l’AIE, dirigée par M. Jean-Yves Garnier. Mme Karen Tréanton, avec l’assistance de Mlle Bénédicte Riey, est responsable des estimations des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie. L’analyse des tendances à long terme a été effectuée avec l’aide de Mme Martina Bosi, M. Richard Baron et M. Jonathan Pershing dans le cadre de la Division de l’énergie et de l’environnement de l’AIE. Les travaux de secrétariat ont été assurés par Mme Susan Stolarow et Mlle Diana Browne. Les estimations des émissions de CO2 entre 1960 et 2000 pour les pays de l’Annexe II et entre 1971 et 2000 pour tous les autres pays sont disponibles sur

Attention Note Achtung Attenzione Nota ´ÕÍÑÊÜ.

CD-ROM utilisables sur ordinateur personnel compatible IBM. On trouvera un formulaire de commande à la fin de la présente publication. En outre, un service de données est disponible sur internet. Ce service comprend une souscription annuelle pour un accès illimité ou bien la possibilité de payer uniquement pour des données sélectionnées. Pour plus de détails, veuillez consulter http:\\www.iea.org. Les demandes d’information sur les données ou la méthodologie doivent être adressées à : Mme Karen Tréanton: Téléphone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33, Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49, E-mail: [email protected].

Voir le dépliant en plusieurs langues à la fin du présent recueil. See multilingual pullout at the end of the publication. Aufklappbarer Text auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario poliglotta alla fine del libro. ?  Véase el glosario plurilingüe al final del libro. ¶ÑÓ×ÕÍ×Ê ÑÒÓÈÓäÌàÜÒàÎ ÖÐÓÇÅÕá Ç ÏÓÒÛÊ ÏÒÍÈÍ.

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xiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

ABBREVIATIONS Btu: GJ: Gt C: GWh: J: kcal: kg: kt: ktoe: kWh: MJ: Mt: Mtoe: m3: PJ t: t C: Tcal: TJ: toe:

British thermal unit gigajoule gigatonnes of carbon gigawatt hour joule kilocalorie kilogramme thousand tonnes thousand tonnes of oil equivalent kilowatt hour megajoule million tonnes million tonnes of oil equivalent cubic metre petajoule metric ton = tonne = 1000 kg tonne of carbon teracalorie terajoule tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal

CEF: CHP: GCV: GDP: LHV: NCV: PPP: TPES:

carbon emission factor combined heat and power gross calorific value gross domestic product lower heating value = NCV net calorific value purchasing power parity total primary energy supply

AGBM:

Annex B: Annex I: Annex II: CDM: Convention: COP: EITs: EU: IEA: IPCC: OECD: OLADE: SBI: SBSTA: TCA: UN: UNECE: UNFCCC:

Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties to the Convention Economies in Transition (see Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage) European Union International Energy Agency Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Organización Latino Americana De Energía Subsidiary Body for Implementation Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice Technology Co-operation Agreement United Nations United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

.. x

not available nil not applicable

AIJ:

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xv

ABREVIATIONS Btu: GJ: Gt C: GWh: J: kcal: kg: kt: ktep: kWh m3: MJ: Mt: Mtep: PJ t: t C: Tcal: tep: TJ:

unité thermique britannique gigajoule gigatonne de carbone gigawattheure joule kilocalorie kilogramme millier de tonnes millier de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole kilowattheure mètre cube mégajoule million de tonnes million de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole pétajoule tonne = 1000 kg tonne de carbone téracalorie tonne d’équivalent pétrole = 107 kcal térajoule

ATEP: CEC PCI: PCS: PIB: PPA:

approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire coefficient d’émission de carbone pouvoir calorifique inférieur pouvoir calorifique supérieur produit intérieur brut parité de pouvoir d’achat

AGBM:

Groupe spécial du Mandat de Berlin sous couvert de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques AIE: Agence internationale de l’énergie AIJ: Activités exécutées conjointement en application de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques Annexe B: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique Annexe I: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique Annexe II: Voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique CCNUCC: Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques CEE(ONU): Commission économique pour l’Europe des Nations Unies Convention: Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques COP: Conférence des Parties à la Convention EET: Economies en transition (voir chapitre 4, couverture géographique) GIEC: Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat OCDE: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OLADE: Organización Latino Americana De Energía ONU: Organisation des Nations Unies SBI: Organe subsidiaire de mise en oeuvre SBSTA: Organe subsidiaire de conseil scientifique et technologique UE: Union européenne .. x

non disponible néant sans objet

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INTRODUCTION The past ten years has witnessed major changes in both our understanding – and our collective willingness to act – on climate change. The international scientific community, operating under the aegis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1, produced a series of reports on the state of our understanding of climate change. Following the release of their first report in 1990, the world moved to negotiate, and then adopt an international treaty to address the climate problem: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)2. The link between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and climate change was established by the IPCC in its second report, released in 1995. This report stated, among its other findings, that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.” Following the release of the second report in 1995, more rigorous actions were deemed necessary, and new negotiations culminated in the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC3. In late 2001, the IPCC released its 3rd Assessment Report underlining both the severity and urgency of the problem. The ongoing debate within and between countries, both about the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and about possible next steps to take to address the climate change problem, are in part driven by the increasing weight of evidence from the scientific community. 1

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. The role of the IPCC is to assess the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of human-induced climate change.

2

The full text of the UNFCCC may be found http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf

3

The full text of the Kyoto Protocol may be found at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf

at:

Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (Table 1). Fossil fuel production and use are responsible for about three-quarters of manmade CO2 emissions. The majority of this volume treats energy-related emissions of CO2. Table 1. Total GHG Emissions of Annex I Countries* (CO2, CH4, N2O and other) and the Contribution of the Energy Sector in 1999 Source Category Fuel Combustion Fugitive Fuel Industrial Processes Agriculture Other Total

11.4

Contribution to total GHG emissions 80.0%

Share of CO2 in each source category 98.2%

0.4

3.0%

14.3%

0.7

4.9%

50.5%

1.2 0.5 14.2

8.3% 3.8% 100.0%

N.A. N.A. N.A.

Total GHG emissions (Gt CO2-eq.)

Source: UNFCCC, Report on national greenhouse gas inventory data from Annex I Parties for 1990 to 1999, FCCC/SBI/2001/13, 25 October 2001, and FCCC/SBI/13/Corr.1. * Excluding Belarus, Croatia, Romania, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine for which 1999 inventories were not available.

Other “direct” greenhouse gases4 produced in energy production and consumption include methane (CH4), from the production, transportation and use of natural gas and coal; and nitrous oxide (N2O), primarily from burning wood as fuel. “Indirect” greenhouse gases emitted from fuel combustion are oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). 4

Direct greenhouse gases have warming effect of their own. Indirect greenhouse gases do not have a warming effect, except as they are involved in the chemical creation or destruction of direct greenhouse gases such as methane and ozone.

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Global emissions of methane increased about 20% from 1970 to 1990, but then stabilised due to various factors. These include changes in the types of rice produced, a trend toward surface coal mining, lower industrial and energy activity levels in the countries of the former Soviet Union, as well as reduced coal production in Germany and the United Kingdom. Global N2O emissions had an even more dramatic increase of about 40% from 1970 to 1995, of which only 2% occurred between 1990 and 1995. For these gases too, the collapse of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe was a significant factor in the 1990s. A full discussion of non-CO2 GHGs is provided in Part III. There are big regional differences in the emissions of non-CO2 gases. In fact, most methane emissions stem from non-Annex I regions such as East Asia, South Asia and Latin America, where emissions from animals and their waste are significant. Methane emissions from rice cultivation are important in Asia. Coal mines and natural gas distribution networks are important CH4 sources in North America. The largest share of nitrous oxide emissions also comes from developing countries, with the agriculture sector being the largest contributor. N2O emissions from industrial processes are greatest in OECD countries. It must be kept in mind that data on CO2 emissions from sources other than fuel combustion and on other GHG emissions are less dependable than those from the energy sector. The IPCC estimates the uncertainty of energy-related CO2 emissions to be from plus to minus 5%. The uncertainty of estimates of other sources of GHG emissions can be much higher, reaching 100% in the case of N2O from agricultural sources. Overall, the two largest sources of emissions are energy, which contributes about 70% (mainly in the form of CO2); and agriculture, which contributes almost 20% of GHG emissions (mainly CH4 and N2O). A more detailed discussion on CO2 emissions from sources other than fuel combustion, as well as on CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 can be found in Part III. Since the beginning of the industrial era, fossil energy has fuelled the global economy. As energy use has increased, greenhouse gas emissions have spiralled up, as have their build-up in the atmosphere (Figure 1). In 2000, fossil fuels accounted for 83%

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of the energy supply in OECD countries and 76% in the rest of the world. Until now, emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have come overwhelmingly from industrialised countries. However, this trend has been shifting over the past two decades. Current climate change actions being undertaken by the world community are largely based on the agreement set out in the UNFCCC. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, as set out in Article 2, is the “stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. As a first step towards this goal, Parties to the Convention agreed to mitigate emissions and to promote removals by sinks5 of all greenhouse gases. The developed countries and economies in transition (known as “Annex I” Parties6) were called upon to adopt policies and measures with the aim of returning their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. “Annex II” Parties (i.e. developed countries)7 also assumed the obligation of transferring appropriate funds and technology to other countries. All Parties, including the developing countries, are to prepare and periodically update inventories of their national emissions and sinks, to produce national communications on their climate change policies and measures. The challenge set forth in the Convention has profound implications for the way the world produces and consumes energy since energy is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. There are currently 194 Parties to the Convention, which entered into force in March 1994.

5

A “sink” is any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.

6

The “Annex I” Parties to the UNFCCC are: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Economic Community, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.

7

The original “Annex II” Parties to the UNFCCC are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Turkey was deleted from Annex II as of 28 June 2002, but is still included in Annex II statistics in this publication.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xix

Figure 1. Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Combustion, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring* by Major World Region (1870-1998) 7000 Africa Middle East

6000

Far East (including India and South Korea) Centrally-Planned Asia (including China) Central and South America

5000 Million tonnes of carbon

Eastern Europe Oceania (including Australia, Japan and New Zealand) North America

4000

Europe

3000

2000

1000

0 1870

Source:

*

1878

1886

1894

1902

1910

1918

1926

1934

1942

1950

1958

1966

1974

1982

1990

1998

Marland, G., T.A. Boden, and R. J. Andres. 2001. Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.

Emissions from cement and gas flaring are included for reference: fossil fuel combustion accounts for about 96% of the total.

With data now available for year 2000 emissions, it is possible to assess countries’ performance against the hortatory goals set in the UNFCCC. Based on statistics derived exclusively from energy related CO2 emissions, Annex I countries have collectively exceeded their 1990 levels – albeit by only about 1.1%. In fact, if emissions of other gases are included, emissions totals are indeed below the level of the UNFCCC aim. However, as Table 2 indicates, the majority of the reduction is derived from countries with economies in transition: collectively, the Annex II Parties have seen their emissions rise by 13%. A further elaboration of these trends is detailed in Part A. In part responding to the evidence for continuing increases in emissions, as well as to more robust science on climate change, the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (meeting in Berlin in 1995) agreed that additional actions were needed to combat the threat. In 1997, the Parties adopted the “Kyoto Protocol”. The Kyoto Protocol establishes a legally binding obligation on most developed countries to reduce their emissions of six greenhouse

gases (GHGs); the aggregate reduction is to be at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008-2012. There are no such obligations on developing countries. Emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol were differentiated, to take into account differing national circumstances. The targets agreed by Parties to the Protocol are listed in Table 2. Note that the United States and Australia have expressed their intention not to ratify the Protocol. Much of the text of the Protocol is devoted to questions of implementation. Some of the critical elements of the Protocol are its provisions for international emissions trading, for Joint Implementation (JI) and for a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), referred to as the “Kyoto Mechanisms”. These mechanisms seek to minimise the cost of meeting the Kyoto objective by giving Parties the opportunity to achieve emissions reductions where it is most cost-effective to do so. By counting emissionreducing projects in developing countries, the CDM also seeks to contribute to the sustainable development of those countries.

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Table 2. Total CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (million tonnes of CO2) 1990 ANNEX I Annex II North America Canada United States Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France (2) Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland (2) Turkey (3) United Kingdom Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

2000

00/90 target (1)

13 558.8 e

13 711.3

1.1%

9 871.3 5 255.9 430.2 4 825.7 3 314.7 56.9 107.2 50.6 55.0 352.7 964.1 70.6 1.9 30.3 400.1 10.5 159.8 28.5 39.6 206.5 51.2 40.6 128.8 559.9 1 300.7 259.7 1 018.7 22.3

11 151.2 6 192.2 526.8 5 665.4 3 443.3 62.8 120.3 50.1 54.8 373.3 833.0 87.7 2.2 41.2 425.7 8.0 177.1 33.6 59.6 284.7 52.0 41.7 204.1 531.5 1 515.8 329.3 1 154.8 31.7

13.0% 17.8% 22.4% 17.4% 3.9% 10.3% 12.2% -0.9% -0.4% 5.8% -13.6% 24.3% 13.6% 36.2% 6.4% -23.1% 10.8% 17.7% 50.5% 37.9% 1.6% 2.7% 58.5% -5.1% 16.5% 26.8% 13.4% 41.9%

-6% [-6%] -13% -7.5% -21% 0% 0% -21% +25% +10% +13% -6.5% -28% -6% +1% +27% +15% +4% -8% none -12.5% [+8%] -6% 0%

1990

2000

00/90 target (1)

Economies in Transition Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

3 687.4 e .. 75.2 .. 153.8 .. 70.5 .. .. 344.2 166.9 .. 55.6 12.5 ..

2 560.1 55.5 42.7 17.8 118.8 14.0 55.2 6.5 11.2 292.8 86.4 1 505.7 37.9 14.4 301.0

-30.6% .. -43.2% .. -22.8% .. -21.7% .. .. -14.9% -48.2% .. -31.9% 15.5% ..

none -8% -5% -8% -8% -6% -8% -8% -6% -8% 0% -8% -8% 0%

NON-ANNEX I Africa Middle East Non-OECD Europe (4) Other Former USSR (4) Latin America (4) Asia (excl. China) (4) China

6 512.6 e 540.8 568.8 113.9 554.1 888.3 1 557.2 2 289.5

8 906.9 685.7 986.2 79.1 325.2 1 208.1 2 587.1 3 035.4

36.8% 26.8% 73.4% -30.5% -41.3% 36.0% 66.1% 32.6%

none none none none none none none none

460.7 343.4 23 422.3

26.6% 20.4% 13.0%

7 457.0

-9.5%

MARINE BUNKERS AVIATION BUNKERS WORLD TOTAL Annex B (5)

364.0 285.3 20 720.7 8 238.2 e

(1) The targets apply to a basket of six greenhouse gases and take sinks into account. The overall EU target under the Protocol is -8%, but the member countries have agreed on a burden-sharing arrangement as listed. Because of lack of data and information on base years and gases, an overall “Kyoto target” cannot be precisely calculated for total Annex I or total Annex B. (2)

Emissions from Liechtenstein are included with Switzerland, and emissions from Monaco are included with France.

(3)

While Turkey was recently removed from Annex II, it is still included in Annex II statistics in this publication.

(4)

Composition of regions differ from those shown elsewhere in this publication to take into account countries that are not members of Annex I.

(5)

Annex B countries are those that have emission targets under the Kyoto Protocol (listed in Annex B). Membership in Annex B is almost identical to that of Annex I, except for Australia, the United States, Turkey and Belarus (The United States and Australia have expressed their intention not to ratify the Protocol and Turkey and Belarus did not agree to a target under the Kyoto Protocol).

To monitor progress toward achieving its goals, the Protocol requires the Parties to inventory emissions using internationally-agreed methodologies. The Protocol also includes articles on international cooperation in: (i) the transfer of, or access to, environmentally-sound technology, know-how, practices and processes; (ii) scientific and technical research; and (iii) education and training programmes on climate change. To enter into force, the Protocol requires ratification by at least 55 Parties to the Convention, and these

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Parties must account for no less than 55% of total Annex I carbon dioxide emissions in 1990. As of 30 August 2002, the Kyoto Protocol had been signed by 118 countries and ratified by 89, representing 37.1% of Annex I Party emissions. In the context of allowing Parties to assess their performance, and to determine overall compliance with the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, significant demands are placed upon data gathering, compilation and review, as shown in Box 1.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxi

Box 1. Data and the International Climate Change Treaties Accurate, timely and complete data are needed to establish emissions targets, policies and measures, emissions inventories, the “ Kyoto Mechanisms”, and even the review process. Defining targets and assessing compliance •

Article 4.2(a) of the Convention commits Annex I Parties to adopting policies and measures with the aim of returning GHG emissions to their 1990 levels by the year 2000. “These policies and measures will demonstrate that developed countries are taking the lead in modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions.”

•

Article 3.1 of the Protocol sets an aggregate GHG emissions goal for Annex I Parties of at least 5% below 1990 levels by the 2008-2012 commitment period. Annex B records the Parties’ individual commitments.

•

Article 3.2 of the Protocol stipulates that, by 2005, each Annex I Party shall have made “demonstrable progress” in achieving its commitments.

•

Article 18 of the Protocol: sets a process for Parties to develop “procedures and mechanisms to determine and to address cases of non-compliance...”

These commitments are legally binding, and Annex I Parties will need to prove that they have met them using relevant data. Policies and measures and national communications •

Article 4.1 (b) of the Convention commits Parties to “formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change by addressing anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks... and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change”. Reporting on these programmes is referred to as “national communications” under the UNFCCC.

•

Article 4.2 (b) of the Convention requires Annex I Parties to submit information on the impact of their policies and measures on projected anthropogenic emissions by sources, and removals by sinks.

•

Article 4.8 of the Convention calls on Parties to “give full consideration to what actions are necessary… to meet the needs of developing countries arising from… the impact of the implementation of response measures”.

•

Article 2.1 (a) of the Protocol states that Annex I Parties shall “implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures and provides an indicative list of types of policies and measures that could be implemented.

•

Article 2.3 of the Protocol requires Annex I Parties to “strive” to implement policies and measures in such a way as to minimise adverse effects on international trade, as well as to avoid undesirable social, environmental and economic effects on other parties, especially developing countries.

Monitoring domestic policies, as well as the impact of their implementation on others, will require the Parties to collect detailed sectoral data. Time-series data calculated using consistent methods will be critical for establishing trends. Emission inventories •

Article 4.1 (a) of the Convention commits all Parties to “develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties, … national inventories of anthropogenic emissions

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and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties”. It was subsequently agreed, in Berlin in 1995, that the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories “should be used by Annex I Parties in preparing their national communications pursuant to the Convention. Parties that already have an established and comparable methodology could continue to use that methodology...” The Parties also agreed that “the simplified default methodologies adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change should be used by the non-Annex I Parties, as appropriate and to the extent possible...” •

Article 7.1 of the Kyoto Protocol stipulates that each Annex I Party shall incorporate in its annual inventory, necessary supplementary information for the purpose of ensuring compliance with the Kyoto Protocol commitments.

Not only are data on emissions inventory key tools in assessing compliance, but the obligations to provide full and timely data is a treaty commitment. The value of using comparable methods is patently obvious in any examination of the existing highly variable national statistics; the use of comparable methodologies should increase the transparency, and ultimately the accuracy, of the data reported. Kyoto mechanisms •

Articles 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12 of the Kyoto Protocol allow Parties to acquire and transfer any part of their assigned amounts through international emissions trading (Article 17 of the Protocol), Joint Implementation (Article 6) and the Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12).

An international emissions trading scheme will require accurate and comparable data on countries’ emissions. Greater detail may be necessary if countries decide to devolve participation to their domestic private sectors. Even the process of determining domestic allocations could be very data-intensive. The development of project baselines, as well as the monitoring of the projects, could require significant data inputs. Expert reviews •

Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol calls for expert review teams to provide a “thorough and comprehensive technical assessment of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol”.

It is clear that data availability will be critical for this assessment. Parties may also want to provide the expert review teams with additional data indicating success as to implementing certain aspects of the Protocol.

This introduction summarises important trends over recent years in energy-related CO2 emissions. The analysis discusses energy use and emissions trends in both developed and developing countries. Reviews are provided (in Section A) of the regional trends in energy related emissions over the past decade, of various indicators of performance (in Section B), of emissions fuel by fuel (in Section C) and of data quality issues (in Section D). The full report

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is divided into three sections. Part I, on methodology, includes information on the IPCC methodology used to calculate CO2 emissions. Part II shows selected energy and CO2 emissions data and other indicators for world regions and for 130 or so individual countries. Part III provides summary information on non-energy related CO2 emissions as well as emissions from CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxiii

A.

Looking at the past decade: regional trends

The data in this publication are derived from the IEA’s energy-balance databases. Variations in annual emissions, especially from the electricity and heat sector, are caused by short-term factors including weather. For example, 1990 saw a warm winter, so less energy than usual was used for space heating in many countries and emissions were lower than in cold-winter years. Years with low rainfall tend to increase the demand for fossil-fuelled electricity in hydro-based countries, compared to “wet” years. Caution should thus be exercised when using the data to extrapolate the future. Interpretations should not be made on the basis of a single-year fluctuation. The comparison of energy-related CO2 emissions across countries and between regions is not straightforward. Absolute emission levels depend on popu-

lation, the degree and type of economic development and the availability of energy resources (Table 3). Countries’ ability to reduce GHG emissions will also differ according to national circumstances. Historically – and to a large extent even today – energy choices have been determined mostly by economics, although security of supply became an important criterion after the oil shocks of the 1970s. More recently the global environment has begun to influence energy choices. With the Marrakech Accords of 2001 refining the rules under which Parties to the Kyoto Protocol must operate, decisions on using fossil fuel combustion to generate energy will need to be made with an eye to minimising the cost of emitting CO2. While emission trends over the 1990s have shown constant increases, the rates of growth may begin to decline – and emissions actually decrease in many more countries – if the Kyoto Protocol enters into force and is implemented.

Table 3. Growth in Indicators (Percentage change between 1990 and 2000) Total CO2 Emissions

Total Primary Energy Supply

GDP GDP (constant 1995 US$ (constant 1995 US$ using PPPs) using exchange rates)

Population

UNFCCC Categories Annex I Countries* Non-annex I Countries* Annex II Countries** Annex II North America Annex II Europe** Annex II Pacific Annex I EIT* Annex B Countries* ***

1% 37% 13% 18% 4% 17% -31% -9%

OECD Total Africa Latin America Former USSR Non-OECD Europe Middle East Asia excluding China China Region

13% 27% 42% -34% -38% 73% 62% 33%

World

13%

.. .. 17% 19% 12% 21% .. ..

24% 55% 26% 37% 22% 17% -20% 17%

22% 59% 28% 37% 23% 18% -15% 14%

4% 18% 7% 10% 6% 4% -2% 2%

18% 28% 35% -32% -32% 71% 45% 31%

27% 25% 37% -36% -9% 26% 67% 139%

29% 27% 32% -37% -11% 41% 65% 156%

8% 27% 18% 0% -3% 27% 20% 11%

16%

29%

35%

15%

Geographic Regions

* Data for the former USSR are not disaggregated for individual republics prior to 1992. The IEA Secretariat has estimated the emissions but not the total primary energy supply for 1990. ** Turkey is included in Annex II statistics. *** In these statistics, Annex B countries do not include Australia and the United States.

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xxiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Between 1999 and 2000, emissions have grown in all regional groups identified in this publication. OECD countries accounted for more than half of the increase (37% for North America alone) with Asia (excluding China) and the Middle East accounting for 13 and 11% respectively.

Global Overview Emissions of CO2 from fossil-fuel combustion increased from 20.7 billion tonnes (Gt) in 1990 to 23.4 Gt in 2000, albeit with significant variations among regions (Figure 2). In 1989, the economic collapse of the economies of the formerly centrallyplanned countries of Central and Eastern Europe led to a rapid decline in inefficient industrial sectors and a sharp reduction in output. Since 1990, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in the Former USSR have dropped by 34% and those from non-OECD Europe declined by 38%. In 2000, however, emissions from the Former USSR countries increased by 1.1% from 1999. After a several-year period during which emissions remained lower than the 1996 peak, China’s energy-related CO2 emissions began to increase in 2000, albeit very slowly, with 0.6% growth.

An aggregate view of total CO2 emissions misses major differences across regions. On a per-capita basis, the OECD regions emit almost three times as much CO2 than the world average, and close to thirteen times as much as Africa (Figure 3). Within the OECD, European countries with temperate climates consume less energy for heating and cooling than do the United States and Canada. Main factors explaining these differences are the relative wealth of countries, types of economic development, the availability of various natural resources and local climate.

Figure 2. World CO2 Emissions* by Region Gigatonnes of CO2 7 OECD North America 6

5

4

OECD Europe

3

China Former USSR

2

OECD Pacific Middle East

1

Asia**

Latin America Africa Non-OECD Europe

0 1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

* Emissions from fuel combustion only. ** “Asia” excludes China. Note: OECD membership changed since 1990: the Czech Republic (1995), Hungary (1996), Korea (1996), Mexico (1994), Poland (1996) and the Slovak Republic (2000) all joined the OECD. In the interest of having comparable data, all these countries are included for all years despite different entry dates into the OECD.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxv

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions per Capita by Region tonnes of CO2 per capita 14

12 OECD Total 10

Non-OECD Europe

8

Former USSR

6

Middle East

4 World

China Latin America Asia Africa

2

0 1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Figure 4. CO2 Emissions per unit of GDP by Region kilogrammes of CO2 / US dollars, using 1995 prices and purchasing power parities 2.5

2.0 China

1.5 Non-OECD Europe

Former USSR Middle East

1.0 World

Africa

0.5

OECD Total Asia

Latin America 0.0 1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxvi - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Emissions can also be compared in terms of their relationship with the wealth of a country or region: CO2 emissions per unit of GDP provide an indication of the intensity with which fossil fuels are used around the world. Different economies have different industrial structures which can be more or less energy intensive. This leads to higher or lower ratios of CO2 to GDP, depending decisively on the contribution of fossil fuels in countries’ energy mixes. The relative degree of efficiency with which fossil fuels are used in two countries or regions cannot always be determined simply by comparing the CO2/GDP ratio. The ratio is more useful for comparing one country’s CO2/GDP ratios in different years. Four regions have witnessed growing CO2 emissions per unit of GDP since 1971 (Figure 4). For Africa and Latin America, the switch from non-commercial energy such as wood, charcoal and agro-industrial waste to commercial fuels such as coal, oil and gas has meant that more fossil fuel is now needed to produce one unit of output. Increasing extraction of oil and gas in the Middle East (an energy and CO2 intensive activity) and the important contribution this activity makes to the region’s economic output explain the growth in CO2 per unit of GDP since the mid-1970s. In countries of the former USSR, the surprising increase in emissions per GDP is caused by the even more rapid decline in economic output since 1990. The OECD’s decline in emissions per unit of GDP reflects a combination of growing efficiency in the use of energy and a general trend away from heavy industry toward less energy-intensive light industry and services, as well as some fuel-switching away from coal and oil toward natural gas, nuclear, and renewable energy. China has seen one of the most dramatic declines in energy intensity of any country over the past three decades. While its overall emissions, due to high coal consumption levels and a dramatic increase in vehicle traffic have risen over most of this period, the late 1990’s saw Chinese emissions declining even though its GDP continued to grow. However, some experts question the dramatic decrease in reported Chinese coal supply, and existing data may well underestimate CO2 emissions.

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Industrialised Countries: Annex I and Annex B8 Annex I emissions commitments are not limited to energy-related CO2, but apply to all anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gases and sinks. It is therefore possible for a country to increase its energyrelated CO2 emissions while reducing its overall net emissions of greenhouse gases. In most cases, however, energy-related emissions remain a good, although imperfect, indicator of overall GHG performance. The following discussion of emission levels and trends divides the industrialised countries (Annex I countries) further into Annex II countries, which are mainly member countries of the OECD, and countries undergoing the transition from a planned to a market economy (EITs)9. The last year for which data are provided in this book is 2000. In 2000, aggregate CO2 emissions of Annex I Parties under the Convention showed a slight increase from 1990 levels (1.1%, see Figure 5). Using the Kyoto Protocol grouping, Annex B Parties were 9.5% below their 1990 emission levels, at 7.5 Gt CO2 (Figure 6). This was some 86 Mt higher than in 1999. The major difference between the two groupings is accounted for by the United States, but also Australia and Turkey, with increases of 17%, 27% and 58% respectively over the period Figure 5. Annex I CO2 Emissions Gigatonnes of CO2 16 14 1990 levels

12

Economies in Transition

data for EIT group are not available before 1990*

10 Pacific

8

Europe

6 4

North America 2 0 1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

* IEA data. EIT emissions for 1990 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat since data for the former USSR are not disaggregated for individual republics prior to 1992.

8

In these statistics, Annex B countries do not include Australia and the United States.

9

The Economies in Transition (EITs) in Annex I are: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxvii

Figure 6. Annex B CO2 Emissions Gigatonnes of CO2 Annex B (including USA and Australia)

15

12

Kyoto target (excluding USA and Australia)

9

Kyoto target (including USA and Australia)

6

Annex B (excluding USA and Australia)

3

0 1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

While the Kyoto Protocol objective seems within reach for Annex B as a whole, most countries on an individual basis are, however, well above their targets. The gaps between the Kyoto targets for several EIT countries and their actual emission levels – especially those of Russia and Ukraine – are largely responsible for the overall lower Annex B emission level. Either additional, aggressive domestic action, or a significant number of transactions under Article 6 (Joint Implementation), Article 12 (the Clean Development Mechanism), or Article 17 (emission trading) of the Kyoto Protocol would need to take place for all countries to achieve compliance.

Annex II countries Annex II Parties, as defined by the UNFCCC, are those which were members of the OECD in 1992 when the Convention was adopted. It thus does not include the newer members: Mexico, Korea, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and the Slovak Republic. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Annex II countries have risen steadily since the beginning of the 1990s. Emissions grew 13% from 1990 to 2000. This represents an increase in the rate of growth in previous decades: emissions grew only 3.4% between 1973 and 1990. From 1999 to 2000, this group’s emissions increased by 2.6%. The emission trends do mask some positive developments: while there was a 17% increase in total primary energy supply (TPES), there was a 26% increase in GDP during this period. In 2000, the CO2-intensity of Annex II countries’ GDP reached its lowest point since 1973. After declining in 1999, the CO2-intensity of energy supply increased slightly (0.7%) in 2000. CO2 emissions per capita increased by 4.5% during the 1990s, due to relatively low population growth coupled with increasing energy use in many countries.

The partial decoupling of energy use from CO2 emissions, and of GDP from CO2 emissions, was due to several factors. Countries responded to the first oil shock of 1973-1974 by reducing their use of oil in power generation, developing non-fossil-fuel energy sources such as nuclear and renewable energy, and increasing energy efficiency in vehicles. Structural changes in the economies of Annex II countries, especially the rise of the non-energyintensive services sector, also reduced energyintensity in total GDP. Electricity generation has increased by more than 2000 TWh, or about 28%, since 1990. However, here too efficiency and some switching of fuel sources have led to emissions benefits: the share of electricity in energy consumption has grown faster than have emissions from electricity generation, thanks to the de-carbonisation of some electricity inputs. Since 1990, the shares of coal and oil in electricity generation have decreased, while the shares of natural gas and nuclear energy have increased. Coal, nonetheless, remains the main source of electricity generation for Annex II countries overall. In 2000, CO2 emissions from the sector represented 38% of total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, slightly more than the 35.9% of 1990. Figure 7 illustrates the large and growing importance of the electricity and heat generation sector, as well as that of the transport sector, in CO2 emissions. Figure 7. CO2 Emissions by Sector in Annex II Countries Gigatonnes of CO2 4.5 4.0

Electricity, CHP, Heat (1)

3.5 3.0

Transport

2.5 Industry

2.0 1.5

Other Sectors (2)

1.0

Other Energy Industries

0.5 0.0 1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

(1)

Production of electricity, combined heat and power (CHP) and heat. Includes autoproducers (selfgenerators of electricity and heat).

(2)

Includes residential, commercial, public services and agriculture.

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xxviii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Luxembourg

Luxembourg

UK

Denmark

Denmark

Finland

Finland

Sweden

Sweden

Sweden

Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland

France

France

France

Italy

Italy

Italy

Austria

Austria

Austria

Netherlands

Netherlands

Netherlands

Belgium

Belgium

TPES

Belgium

Japan

Japan

Australia

Ireland

Ireland

Ireland

Spain

Spain

Spain

N.Zealand

N.Zealand

N.Zealand

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Turkey*

Turkey*

Turkey*

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

0%

Australia

20%

Australia

40%

Greece

60%

Greece

80%

Greece

100%

Canada

120%

Canada

0%

Canada

10%

Norway

20%

Norway

30%

Norway

40%

USA

50%

USA

60%

USA

70%

Iceland

-30%

Iceland

-20%

Iceland

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Japan

50%

60%

CO2 Emissions

Finland

GDP

UK

* In this publication, while Turkey was deleted from Annex II, it is still included in Annex II statistics.

Germany

Denmark

70%

Luxembourg

Germany

UK

-10%

Figure 8. Growth in CO2, TPES and GDP in Annex II Countries* (1990-2000)

Germany

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxix

Annex II emissions from transport increased by 21% between 1990 and 2000 as a result of growing demand for mobility, even in countries with high taxes on transportation fuels. Transport emissions accounted for 28% of the Annex II total in 2000. While emissions from other industry increased by a lesser amount (0.4% over the decade) they had a much larger growth rate in 2000 (with a 3.3% annual growth). Residential emissions from direct fossil fuel uses grew only by some 7% over the ten-year period. This relatively slow rate of increase in emissions reflects the replacement of direct fuel use in homes and industry by electricity, increased energy efficiency, and the shift in economic activity from heavy industry to services. A detailed analysis on a country-by-country basis indicates that a variety of factors are at play in the emission dynamics of Annex II countries. In European Annex II countries, CO2 emissions in 2000 were only 3.9% above those of 1990. Unlike the North American and Pacific regions of Annex II, emissions from electricity and heat production in Annex II Europe grew modestly from 1990 to 2000, by 13 Mt CO2 or 1.3%, as a result of the move away from coal toward lower- and non-emitting electricity sources. Annex II Europe’s emissions from manufacturing, construction and energy (outside power and heat) also dropped by 9 Mt CO2, or 1.1%, during the period, offsetting some of the 139 Mt CO2 growth (+18.4%) in the transportation sector. In 2000, CO2 emissions in Annex II Europe increased by 3.9% (as compared to 1999) partly because countries experienced a colder winter in 2000, which had increased the demand for heat. GDP growth was also unusually high in Europe (3.4%, against an average of 2% over the decade). Emissions in industry grew correspondingly by 3.6% (excluding power and heat). Annex II Europe emission trends over the past decade were heavily influenced by several key factors. The United Kingdom’s so-called “dash-for gas” in the power-generation sector was especially important to the country’s reducing CO2 by more than 5% below 1990. Germany experienced an even steeper reduction in its CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2000. After the reunification of Germany, the closure of many dirty heavy industries in the former East Germany was the main cause of a 13.6% decrease in the country’s total CO2 emissions below 1990 (Figure 8). Fuel switching in power generation was a central element in this sector’s remarkably low growth in emissions (1.3%, compared to more than

20% in both North America and the Pacific Annex II countries). Countries such as France and Sweden, where a large share of non-emitting energy sources was already part of the 1990 energy mix, were able to stabilise their CO2 emissions by using more non- or low-emitting fuels in primary energy supply. Such trends continued despite a 27.8% increase in total electricity and heat generation in France, and a 13% increase in Sweden. Some Annex II Europe countries í*UHHFH,UHODQG Portugal, Spain and Norway í UHFRUGHG VLJQLILFDQW growth in their CO2 emissions after 1990. Ireland’s spectacular 102% economic growth over the decade was accompanied by greater energy consumption and higher CO2 emissions. Emissions rose by 36%, even as CO2 per unit of GDP declined by 32% from 1990 to 2000 due to the increasing role of non-CO2intensive sectors (computers, software and pharmaceuticals). The Irish CO2 intensity of energy supply also declined as gas replaced coal in the electricity supply. Although many EU countries experienced emissions growth since 1990 (Table 2 and Figure 8), the European Union as a whole saw emissions of energyrelated CO2 increase only slightly over 1990 levels. In fact, the EU reports having met its objective when all six greenhouse gases are taken into account. It is unlikely, however, that circumstances which helped the EU keep its emissions close to 1990 levels will suffice to reduce emissions by a further 8% by the Kyoto commitment period (i.e., 2008-2012) without further policies. CO2 emission trends do not yet indicate that decoupling between GDP growth and CO2 emissions has been achieved, even though emissions have remained roughly stable for the last 5 years (Figure 9). Figure 9. GDP and CO2 Emissions in the European Union, 1971-2000 Mt CO2

billion 1995 US$ 12000

3500 3400

10000

3300 8000

3200 3100

6000

3000

4000

2900 2000

2800 2700

0 1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates)

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xxx - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Among non-EU countries, most remaining Annex II Parties saw a rapid growth in emissions. Norway, benefiting from increased production in its North Sea oil and gas fields, saw both an impressive 39% increase in GDP from 1990 to 2000, but also an increase in CO2 by 18% over the same period. This increase came in spite of a 12% reduction in 2000 due to reduced gas consumption by the energy industry. Unlike the United Kingdom, Norway’s electricity is almost entirely generated by hydropower and so there are virtually no domestic CO2 reduction gains to be made by greater use of natural gas. Norway’s CO2 emissions per GDP and per TPES are still, however, more than 30% below the average for Annex II Europe. In 2000, 56% of CO2 emissions from Annex II countries were attributed to North America, with the United States alone accounting for half of all Annex II emissions, and almost a quarter of world CO2 emissions. Economic growth in North America during the 1990s was much greater (37%), than in Europe (at 22%) or the OECD Pacific (17%). Population growth over that period was also greater in North America, at 10.3%, than in the two other regions (5.6% in Europe and 4.1% in the Pacific region). CO2 emissions in Annex II North America grew by 3.3% in 2000. U.S. emissions amounted to 5.7 Gt CO2, up 3.2% from 1999 and 17% from 1990. The high growth between 1999 and 2000 is largely explained by the mild weather in North America in 1999, which contributed to that year’s relatively lower emissions – and then to a sharp increase when weather-related demand in a more “normal” year returned electricity and heat requirements to their usual levels. Fuel switching has been rather limited in the United States, with coal still amounting to 53% of generation. Since it is the world’s largest CO2 emitter, U.S. actions to limit greenhouse gas emissions will be critical to curbing the trend in global emissions. According to the recently announced domestic target, calling for an 18% decline in the greenhouse gas intensity of the U.S. economy by 2012, emissions would be some 390 Mt lower than under business as usual trends, but still some 31% above 1990 levels10. Over the last decade, the trend indicates a 15% reduction in the CO2 intensity of the U.S. economy, a less pronounced reduction than during the 1980s, when the U.S. economy was adapting to a higher oil prices (Figure 10). 10 See "Addendum to the Global Climate Change Policy Book", White House, Feb. 2002. www.pi.energy.gov/enhancingGHGregistry/addendum.pdf

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Figure 10. GDP and CO2 Emissions in the United States, 1971-2000 Mt CO2

billion 1995 US$

6000

10000 9000

5000

8000 7000

4000

6000 3000

5000 4000

2000

3000 2000

1000

1000 0

0 1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates)

Canada’s relatively cheap energy and the high percentage of its GDP that comes from resource extraction and manufacturing industries make it an energy-intensive economy. A high percentage of non-emitting sources, mainly hydro and nuclear, was already being used in 1990 to generate electricity. Although further emission reductions from the electricity sector are possible, Canada – like Norway – has less potential to make emission reductions in the electricity sector than many other countries. Strong economic growth during the 1990s, combined with one of the highest rates of population growth among Annex II countries has pushed CO2 emissions upward throughout the decade. They were 22% higher in 2000, at 527 Mt, than in 1990. As is the case in the United States, weather anomalies in 1999 lead to a significant emissions increase in 2000, with emissions rising 4% over the year. Emissions from the Canadian transportation and electricity sectors increased by 21% and 35% over the ten-year period, while residential-sector emissions grew more slowly, due to energy-efficiency gains. Projections indicate continued growth in emissions from Annex II North America. Aggregate emissions from Annex II countries in the Pacific region í $XVWUDOLD -DSDQ DQG 1HZ =HDODQG í LQFUHDVHG E\  RYHU WKH V DQG E\  during the year 2000. The region’s GDP rose by similar rates, so the CO2 intensity of the region’s economies remained essentially unchanged. Japan’s emissions grew by 13% from 1990 to 2000 (2.4% in 2000), while Japanese energy needs increased by 20%. Greater use of nuclear power and gas in power generation (largely replacing oil) contributed to the reduction in CO2 intensity of Japan’s energy supply. Emissions from power and

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxxi

heat generation, nevertheless, increased by some 3.8% in 2000, with a 2% increase in the contribution of coal-based generation to the total. Emissions in Australia and New Zealand grew less rapidly in 2000 than over the past decade, mostly as a result of slower economic growth that year. In particular, Australia’s electricity emissions declined slightly in 2000, apparently due to a more efficient use of coal in power generation (overall electricity demand still grew by 2.4% in 2000). This is in sharp contrast with the 35% increase in the electricity sector’s emissions over the last ten years. The majority of emission reductions in Annex II countries between 1990 and 2000 were made in industry, while transport, electricity and heat have seen the largest increases. The exception to this trend occurred in Europe, where the United Kingdom’s and Germany’s reductions, and rather stable emissions in other big emitting countries have considerably lowered the electricity sector’s contribution to the region’s total emissions. In electricity and heat, the carbon intensity of generation has been reduced by switching from coal to gas; further reductions have also been achieved through the use of alternative sources, such as nuclear and renewables. The efficiency of coal and gas-fired electricity has also increased. These changes have largely taken place to enhance economic efficiency or energy security rather than as a direct response to climate change. While the technical potential exists for further reductions, it is not clear that they will be achieved by 2008, due to the long time needed to renew capital stock. Changes may be further complicated due to government efforts to increase competition and cut end-use prices in the power sector. For some countries in Annex II, the fact that only a small share of electricity is generated by fossil fuels limits the potential for further reductions (Table 4). Transport-related emissions continue to rise in most Annex II countries, giving rise to a growing concern about the impact of cars and trucks on both the local and global environment. Some technological developments have been adopted that help enhance fuel efficiency and reduce both the emissions of local air pollutants as well as greenhouse gases. However, to date, such improvements, along with other urban planning measures have not offset emissions from ever-increasing demand for personal mobility and freight transport.

Table 4. Fossil fuel in Electricity Generation in Annex I Countries (2000) Electricity Coal Generation (terawatt hours)

Oil

Gas

Belarus Estonia

26.1 8.5

90.2%

Poland

143.2

96.1%

1.3%

0.7%

98.1%

Ireland

23.7

36.3%

19.6%

39.1%

95.0%

Greece

5.9% 0.7%

Total Fossil Fuels

94.0% 8.9%

99.9% 99.8%

53.4

64.2%

16.6%

11.1%

91.9%

208.1

77.2%

1.3%

12.6%

91.1%

Netherlands

89.6

28.4%

3.5%

57.7%

89.6%

Denmark

36.2

46.0%

12.2%

24.3%

82.5%

269.9

11.3%

31.8%

37.5%

80.7%

Australia

Italy Czech Rep. Turkey UK United States Portugal

72.9

73.1%

0.5%

4.3%

78.0%

124.9

30.6%

8.4%

36.1%

75.0%

372.2

33.4%

1.5%

39.4%

74.3%

4 003.5

52.7%

3.1%

15.7%

71.6%

43.4

33.9%

19.4%

16.5%

69.7%

Russia

876.5

20.0%

3.8%

42.3%

66.1%

Germany

567.1

52.7%

0.8%

9.3%

62.8%

Romania Japan Hungary Spain Luxembourg

51.9

37.2%

6.5%

17.3%

61.0%

1 081.9

23.5%

14.7%

22.1%

60.3%

35.0

27.7%

12.6%

18.9%

59.2%

221.7

36.5%

10.2%

9.1%

55.8%

0.4

-

-

53.1%

53.1%

Bulgaria

40.6

42.3%

1.6%

4.7%

48.7%

Ukraine

171.4

26.8%

4.0%

17.4%

48.2%

Croatia

10.7

14.5%

15.8%

14.7%

44.9%

Belgium

82.7

19.4%

1.0%

19.3%

39.7%

Slovenia

13.6

33.7%

0.5%

2.2%

36.4%

Finland

70.0

18.9%

0.9%

14.4%

34.1%

Latvia

4.1

1.9%

2.6%

27.3%

31.7%

Slovak Rep.

30.4

18.5%

0.7%

11.1%

30.3%

605.1

19.5%

2.5%

5.5%

27.5%

Austria

60.3

11.1%

3.3%

13.0%

27.4%

New Zealand

39.0

2.6%

-

23.8%

26.4%

Lithuania

11.1

-

5.9%

15.3%

21.2%

France

535.8

5.8%

1.4%

2.1%

9.3%

Sweden

145.9

2.1%

1.2%

0.3%

3.6%

66.0

-

0.1%

1.5%

1.6%

Norway

142.4

0.1%

0.0%

0.1%

0.3%

Iceland

7.7

-

0.1%

-

0.1%

10 347.1

37.4%

5.1%

18.3%

60.7%

Canada

Switzerland

Total Annex I

* Includes public utilities and autoproducers (self-generators of electricity and heat). More detailed information on electricity generation is available in Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

xxxii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

IEA Member countries have started to take measures11 to meet their commitments under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Legislation has been planned or introduced in many countries to promote the use of renewable energy in power generation. Five years after adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, governments and industry alike are actively debating ways to implement measures to deliver on the agreed objectives, domestically and internationally. Entry into force of the Protocol would provide further impetus to implement additional CO2reducing policies and measures.

Countries with Economies in Transition (EITs) In 2000, estimated emissions in the transition economies were 2.6 Gt CO2, accounting for 19% of Annex I energy-related CO2 emissions. For the second consecutive year since 1990, overall EIT emissions increased in 2000 – albeit very slowly (+0.4%). This two-year series should not, however, be taken to confirm that emissions would necessarily increase in these countries from now on. In 2000, emissions of transition economies in Annex I remained some 31% below 1990 levels. Only three Annex I countries with economies in transition (Russia, the Czech Republic and Romania) recorded rising CO2 emissions in 2000 (with increases of 32 Mt, 10 Mt and 4 Mt respectively). Ukraine’s emissions declined by 4% in 2000. This is noteworthy, as all Annex I countries in transition have recorded positive – and sometimes significant – GDP growth in 2000. Future data may confirm whether a true decoupling between CO2 and GDP growth is occurring in these countries. Russian CO2 emissions increased by 2.2% in 2000, against an 8.3% GDP growth. Most of the increase in CO2 emissions took place in manufacturing and construction industries. Heat and power generation and other energy industries contributed only modestly to the increase. Interestingly, transport-related emissions declined by 5% (including rail and air), although road transport emissions have been roughly stable. Notwithstanding the decline in CO2 emissions since 1990, this region remained one of the most CO2intensive in the world for several reasons:

11 Dealing With Climate Change – Policies and Measures in IEA Countries (IEA, 2002) describes energy-related policy actions that IEA Member countries undertook in 2000, which lead to climate change mitigation in the energy sector.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

•

the large share of coal in many EITs’ energy mix;

•

the presence of energy-intensive industry;

•

the historical lack of pricing incentives;

•

the decline in economic growth since 1990.

In all EIT countries, the move to market economies after 1992 was accompanied by a deep downturn in GDP, the collapse of traditional foreign markets, a slump in domestic consumption and decreased industrial output. The break-up of the former USSR, a declining supply of fossil fuels from Russia, and Russia’s need for hard currency from energy exports caused spectacular declines in the energy supply to the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia), Belarus and the Ukraine. All these countries were, and are, highly dependent on Russia for energy supplies. In the early part of the decade, energy use and energy-related CO2 emissions dropped sharply along with GDP in all the EITs, except Poland. Some EIT countries experienced slight emissions increases after 1992, but emissions decreased again in the second half of the 1990s. Despite an increase in 1999 and 2000, Russia’s emissions in 2000 were still 377 Mt CO2 lower than in 1992, a decrease of 20%; while Ukraine’s CO2 emissions dropped by 253 Mt CO2, or 46%, over the same period. On a much smaller scale, the three Baltic States, have recorded dramatic drops in their energy use and corresponding CO2 emissions, with levels respectively 38%, 54% and 45% lower than 1992. Poland and Slovenia give a somewhat different picture, with emissions only 15% below 1990 levels for Poland and 16% above 1990 levels for Slovenia. A sectoral disaggregation of emissions in the EITs reflects the overall economic situation. The electricityand heat-generation sector is by far the largest source of emissions, contributing more than half the total. Emissions from coal, oil and gas in the power sector have declined since 1992, with a very marked cut in oil-fired electricity generation, largely because more oil and petroleum products are exported, as they have become an essential source of foreigncurrency revenues for the Russian Federation. Emissions from transportation contributed less than 11% to total 2000 emissions, a striking contrast to the 28% for that sector in Annex II countries (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Sectoral Shares of CO2 Emissions, 2000 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Other Energy Industries 40%

Other Sectors (1) Transport Industry Electricity, CHP, Heat (2)

20% 10% 0%

East Asia (6)

China

South Asia (5)

Middle East

Latin America

Africa

Non-OECD Europe (4)

Other Former USSR (4)

Economies in Transition

Annex II Pacific

Annex II Europe (3)

Annex II North America

Non-Annex I

Annex I

World

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

(1)

Includes residential, commercial, public services and agriculture.

(2)

Includes autoproducers (self-generators of electricity and heat).

(3)

In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II statistics.

(4)

Excludes countries in Annex I. Non-OECD Europe here includes Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus, Gibraltar, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Former USSR here includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

(5)

Includes Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

(6)

Includes Brunei, Chinese Taipei, Indonesia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxxiii

30%

xxxiv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Drawing conclusions about future CO2 emissions from past trends is difficult. On the one hand, EIT emissions have declined so much since 1990 that further emission reductions in the future seem unlikely. On the other hand, the EITs continue to have high CO2 emissions per unit of economic output. That fact suggests that there is a potential for energy-efficiency improvements and reduction in emissions. A major factor will be the choice of fuel for power generation in the Russian Federation, if electricity demand recovers with the economy. This huge resource-rich country could opt for natural gas or coal or non-emitting technologies such as nuclear, hydro or renewable sources. Time will tell whether 1999 and 2000 turn out to be indicative of a future trend in Russian energy use.

Non-Annex I Countries (developing countries) The Convention’s aim to return GHG emissions to their 1990 level by the year 2000 did not cover developing countries (i.e., the non-Annex I countries). Developing countries also do not have quantified emissions commitments under the Kyoto Protocol12. They are, however, required to collect and publish data on their emissions and to take unspecified measures to mitigate climate change. They are also eligible, under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism, to generate emission credits arising from projects that generate emission reductions. In this publication, developing countries are grouped into seven world regions: Africa, Middle East, nonOECD Europe13, former USSR14, Latin America, Asia (excluding China), and China (including Hong Kong). In all regions, energy-related CO2 emissions increased in 2000, compared to their 1999 levels. There is much diversity among developing countries. For example, while they generally have lower CO2 emissions per person than OECD countries (i.e. 1.9 t CO2/capita compared to 11.1 t CO2/ capita), the Middle Eastern per capita emissions were more 12 In November 1998, Argentina and Kazakhstan expressed a willingness to take on some form of quantified emissions commitment. In November 2001, Kazakhstan went one step further and presented the Conference of the Parties with an Amendment to add its name to the list of Annex I to the Convention. 13 The non–OECD Europe region includes: Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Former Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia and the Former Republic of Yugoslavia. 14 Many former USSR countries are not part of the Annex I EIT group of countries, e.g. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Georgia and others (see section on Geographical Coverage in Part I).

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than double the non-Annex I total. In terms of emissions per GDP (using PPPs15), non-OECD Europe, the Former USSR, the Middle East and China have higher CO2/GDP ratios than that of OECD countries (0.6 kg CO2/GDP). Their energy mixes are also significantly different. For example, while coal was the source of only 9% of Latin America’s total energyrelated CO2 emissions in 2000, it accounted for almost 80% in China. With the exception of countries of the former USSR and non-OECD European countries, developing countries have generally seen rapid growth in total primary energy supply and emissions since 1990. The link between energy use and CO2 emissions remains strong in most developing country regions because of the predominance of fossil fuels in the commercial energy supply. Economic growth drives the increase in both the energy consumption and the CO2 emissions in these regions. For many regions, the past decade was one of significant economic growth: 32.4% in Latin America, 41.3% in the Middle East, 64.6% in Asia and an enormous 156.5% in China. Another contributing factor is population. Population growth is, and is expected to remain, much higher in developing than in OECD countries. For example, the OECD population increased by 7.5% between 1990 and 2000, while it rose 20.1% in Asia, 26.9% in the Middle East and almost 28% in Africa (where GDP only grew by 26.8%). Along with economic development, population growth will continue to put upward pressure on energy demand in the foreseeable future. This will have implications for global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2000, non-Annex I energy-related CO2 emissions totalled 8.9 Gt CO2, or 38% of the world total. Emissions grew by 37% between 1990 and 2000. The majority of non-Annex I emissions is accounted for by China (including Hong Kong), with 13% of the world’s total; and the rest of Asia, with 9.2%; followed by the Middle East, with 4.2%; Latin America, with 3.6%; and Africa, with 2.9%. The remainder comes from the former USSR and other European countries that are not included in Annex I. Growth in emissions between 1990 and 2000 tracks a longer-term upward trend. Since 1971, China has multiplied its emissions threefold and the rest of 15 The discussion on GDP and emissions per GDP for NonAnnex I countries is based on purchasing power parities (PPPs) instead of on exchange rates as was done for Annex I countries. This is because PPPs are more indicative of relative prices in the developing countries.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxxv

Asia by almost five times. Africa’s and Latin America’s emissions have more than doubled. The Middle East has seen its emissions grow eightfold. Non-Annex I emissions from fossil fuel combustion increased by some 262 Mt CO2 in 2000, compared to a small decrease (i.e. 9 Mt CO2) in the previous year. This was a 3.0% increase and can be compared to the group’s 0.1% decrease in CO2 emissions in 1999 (the first emission reduction since 1990). The increase in total Annex I emissions in 2000 was stimulated by an increase in GDP of more than 5% during the year. Asia’s recovery from the 1998 financial crisis continued, leading to a 4.7% increase in its GDP in 2000. This put upward pressure on the region’s primary energy demand (with a 4.4% increase) largely supplied through coal. With 48% of the region’s total energy-related CO2 emissions from coal, the result was that Asia’s CO2 emissions increased by 3.7% in 2000, and by 62% since 1990. India accounted for 44% of the Asian region’s total CO2 emissions in 2000. India’s emissions increased by a little more than 2% in 2000. This growth rate is only half that of the previous year (when growth totalled 4%). However, over the ten year period from 1990-2000, growth is estimated at more than 60%. India’s GDP rose by 4% in 2000 and its TPES, which represents almost 45% of the region’s TPES, increased by 3.3%. Increases in GDP and TPES, combined with the coal-intensity of the power generation (i.e. 77%) which accounted for a significant 51.4% of the country’s total CO2 emissions, all had an upward impact on the country’s emissions. India’s population totalling more than one billion inhabitants also grew by 1.8% in 2000. Sustained TPES and emissions growth in the Middle East also contributed to the non-Annex I emission increase in 2000. The year 2000 was a profitable one for oil producing countries, as oil prices hit historic high levels and world production of crude oil and NGL increased by 3.7% (after having fallen 2.2% in the previous year). For the Middle East, which accounts for almost one third of the global oil production, this increase meant an increase of its GDP by just over 5% compared to 1999. The effect on the region’s energy-related CO2 emissions was direct: a 6.9% increase in 2000 alone. Iran and Saudi Arabia together accounted for more than half (i.e. 56%) of the region’s total CO2 emissions. However, Lebanon, an oil-importing country, experienced a 9% reduction in its 2000 CO2 emissions – the only Middle Eastern country to do so, deriving from a

slight reduction in its GDP and a 7.4% reduction its total primary energy supply from oil. In 2000, energy-related CO2 emissions from the non-OECD Europe countries also increased (by almost 4%), for the first time since 1996. A 4.0% increase in the region’s GDP mirrored the region’s CO2 emissions increase. Africa’s emissions increased by 4% in 2000 but remain relatively small in absolute levels (2.9% of global emissions). Egypt and South Africa are the continent’s two largest contributors, with 108 Mt CO2 and 296 Mt CO2 respectively, representing almost 60% of the continent’s total emissions. South Africa, the world’s fifth largest producer of coal, accounted for 97% of the African coal production16. Its emissions grew modestly, at less than 2% in 2000. Egypt, as a producer of both oil and gas, saw its emissions increase by more than 13% in 2000, as a result of the oil market dynamics during the year. Gabon, Angola and Ghana saw their CO2 emissions decrease ( –8.8%, -4.5%, and –3.7%, respectively), while they still experienced an increase in their respective GDPs. All three countries had a decrease in their oil-related emissions, which may, in part, be the result of a high international oil price in 2000. Three other country regions experienced a smaller increase in their emissions in 2000: the former USSR by 1.1%; China by 0.6%; and Latin America by 2.2%. As China is the world’s second-largest CO2 emitter, its emissions trends affect the global picture. Chinese CO2 emissions ceased their previous upward trend in 1996, when they peaked at 3 177 Mt CO2. Since then, emissions seem to have stabilised, even decreasing in some years. While emissions increased only slightly in 2000 the overall growth in China’s emission between 1990 and 2000 was 33%. However, GDP and emissions in China appear to be significantly decoupled. In spite of its small CO2 increase, China’s GDP grew by 8% from 1999 to 2000, albeit at a slower rate than at the beginning of the 1990s (Figure 12). In fact, China’s GDP rose 156% in the past decade (i.e. between 1990 to 2000). China has the world’s second highest TPES, but it increased only slightly (1.9%) in 2000, compared to 31.4% between 1990 and 2000. These rather small increases in CO2 and TPES take into account the IEA’s revised data on Chinese coal production17.

16 Around 6% of world coal production came from Africa in 2000. 17 These are IEA estimates and do not represent official data released by the Chinese government.

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Figure 12. GDP and CO2 Emissions in China 1971-2000 Mt CO2

billion 1995 US$

3500

1400

3000

1200

2500

1000

2000

800

1500

600

1000

400

500

200 0

0 1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

Chinese oil-related emissions grew by 90% and natural gas emissions by 82% between 1990 and 2000, but the latter only amounts to 1.9% of the country’s total energy-related emissions. Constantly rising demand for mobility contributed to a 125% increase of CO2 emissions from the road transportation sector between 1990 to 2000, as well as a 46% increase in “other transport”.

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates)

The Chinese decoupling of emissions from economic growth has occurred in spite of the fact that China remains the world’s largest coal producer and its economy relies on coal as an abundant and cheap resource. A number of studies have identified factors that help explain the de-carbonisation of the Chinese economy. The emission reductions follow the reduction in domestic coal production through the closure, mainly for safety and environmental reasons, of unauthorised pits starting in 199718. The restructuring of state-owned enterprises also had a depressing effect on demand for coal, as has the privatisation of inefficient firms that has lead to more efficient use of energy in response to competitive pressures. Similarly, energy conservation measures, along with environmental regulations have resulted in inefficient plants shutting down or increasing productivity and efficiency. Residential and commercial consumers have also been switching to oil and gas, partly offsetting the overall increase in demand for energy services. Nonetheless, China’s emissions are still principally derived from coal use. Coal accounted for 79% of total energy-related CO2 emissions in 2000. In addition, there may be factors that are pushing emissions up further íDOWKRXJKVRPHRIWKHLQFUHDVHPD\QRW be picked up in official statistics. For example, since 1997, some small private mines that were ordered to shut down have re-opened illegally, but their coal output is no longer included in official statistics. Replacing the same quantity of low-quality coal with higher-quality coal produces more energy, but

18 IEA (1999), China’s Worldwide Quest for Energy Security, Paris.

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could also drive emissions up. Based on the IPCC methodology, more CO2 is emitted per unit of highquality coal than of other coal.

Given these factors and the questions regarding the reliability of Chinese energy and GDP data, Chinese emission trends must be assessed with caution. Similar caution should be applied to interpretations of the global CO2 trends given the share Chinese emissions represent of the world total. Latin America’s CO2 emissions increased by 42% between 1990 and 2000, mirroring the region’s 32% GDP growth. Latin American emissions increased every year except 1999, when they dipped by 0.5%, as GDP decreased by 0.6%. However, in 2000, both GDP and CO2 increased (3.2% and 2.2% respectively). Venezuela’s emissions increased by 7.3%, as a result of greater oil (+6.2%) production, as well as natural gas (+4.3%) and coal (+13.0%). Argentina’s emissions increased only slightly (0.4%), even though the country experienced a 10% increase in electricity generation in 2000, which was mostly met through hydropower (up 33%). Argentina also saw its GDP decline (by 0.5%) in 2000. Emissions from oil went down, but this decrease was offset by increased emissions from oil and gas, with gas production increasing 5.8%. Only two other countries accompanied Argentina in lower economic growth in 2000: Paraguay and Uruguay; both had significant declines in their CO2 emissions (i.e. –17% and –21% respectively). Brazil, the largest economy of the region, experienced growth both in its economy (4.5%) and in CO2 emissions (3.0%). Chile, with the region’s fourth largest GDP, experienced a remarkable economic growth throughout the decade, i.e. +89% between 1990 and 2000 – the highest of the region. Its GDP also grew in 2000 by 5.4%, but its CO2 emissions dropped 8.3%. This emission reduction can largely be explained by shifts in the country’s power generation. The country’s overall 7.5% increase in electricity generation in 2000 was met through a 40% increase in zero-emitting hydropower and a 55% increase in natural gas, which displaced

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xxxvii

higher CO2-emitting coal-fired generation (-23%), the main power source in 1999, as well as oil-fired generation (-66%). At the sectoral level, public electricity and heat production accounts for the largest share of most developing countries’ emissions. There is one exception. In Latin America, where the bulk of electricity demand is supplied through non-emitting resources such as hydroelectric power, transport is the most important contributor to CO2 emissions, accounting for 35% of the region’s total in 2000. After public electricity and heat production and transport, industry is an important contributor to developing countries’ emissions, as their economies industrialise and their infrastructures expand. Emissions from transportation have grown rapidly since 1990: by 56% in the Middle East, 47% in Latin America, and by 88% and 82% in China and the Asian regions. The relatively low share of transport emissions in total non-Annex I emissions (at 16% compared to that of OECD countries at 27%) seems to indicate a potential for more growth in the future. Such growth seems likely to occur even though transport already creates serious air-quality and health problems in many cities of the developing world. Many non-Annex I countries obtain a high proportion of their energy supply from biomass, much of which is not sold commercially and is therefore not counted in national energy statistics. Although biomass use produces some CO2 emissions, following IPCC methodology, these emissions are not included in the statistics presented here19. However, should net deforestation occur as a result of biomass consumption, the depletion of the resource would eventually require that energy demand be increasingly met through conventional fuels. Currently, what is generally observed is a shift from biomass to commercial energy sources in the residential and services sector. As a result, the growth in emissions of the category called other sectors, which includes residential and services, may in some cases be overestimated, because earlier emissions from nonsustainable biomass use were not taken into account.

19 Any CO2 emissions from biomass energy use are assumed, under IPCC methodology, either to be sustainable, i.e. leading to no net deforestation, or to be accounted for elsewhere in a country’s emission inventory, i.e. under Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry statistics.

B.

Top 15 Countries by Indicator

Based on the statistics collected by the IEA and included in this publication, this section presents various indicators that could be useful in better understanding different countries’ contributions to global CO2 emissions, as well as their relative capability to address them. Different circumstances, levels of economic development and demographic trends are all at play. It is useful to step back and look at how various countries fare according to various indicators. The “top 15” countries according to each indicator are listed in Table 5. The world’s “top-15” countries, in terms of CO2 emissions, represented 71% of the world’s total emissions in 2000. Similarly, 74% of the world’s total GDP (calculated using PPPs) was concentrated in 15 countries. Both these “top-15” lists are perhaps unsurprisingly similar, given economic activities’ influence on CO2 emissions. In fact, all of the top 15 countries with highest total CO2 emissions, except for Ukraine, are also those with the highest GDP (Australia is the country with 16th highest GDP). Out of the 15 countries with highest CO2 emissions, ten of them are Annex I countries; two others are nonAnnex I-OECD countries, i.e. Korea and Mexico, and three are highly populated developing countries: China, India and Brazil. Other indicators, especially relative indicators, are also important to consider when seeking to better understand countries’ CO2 trends. Among such indicators are emissions per capita, GDP, and GDP per capita. Unsurprisingly, countries with the highest CO2 emissions per capita are either OECD countries or non-OECD oil exporting countries. Among the OECD countries, it is interesting to note the different “membership” from that in the previous two lists. The United States, Australia and Canada also had among the world’s highest CO2 emissions and GDP (Australia, as mentioned previously, ranked 16th). But Luxembourg, Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic only figure high on the per capita indicators due to their relatively small populations combined with fossil fuel-intensive energy supply and industrial structure. Given the CO2intensity of their oil-dominated economies, several oil exporting countries in the developing world also have high CO2 per capita ratios.

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xxxviii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Table 5. Top 15 Parties to the UNFCCC CO2 Emissions (share of world CO2)

GDP (share of world total using PPPs)

United States (24.19 %) People’s Republic of China (12.79 %) Russia (6.43 %) Japan (4.93 %) India (4 %) Germany (3.56 %) United Kingdom (2.27 %) Canada (2.25 %) Korea (1.85 %) Italy (1.82 %) France (1.59 %) Mexico (1.54 %) Australia (1.41 %) Brazil (1.29 %) Ukraine (1.29 %)

United States (21.53 %) People’s Republic of China (11.31 %) Japan (7.53 %) India (5.38 %) Germany (4.58 %) France (3.25 %) Italy (3.03 %) United Kingdom (3.03 %) Brazil (2.84 %) Russia (2.66 %) Canada (1.96 %) Mexico (1.95 %) Spain (1.72 %) Korea (1.56 %) Indonesia (1.38 %)

World (23422 Mt CO2)

World (41751 billion US$)

CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP)

Qatar (59.99 t) Kuwait (31.53 t) United Arab Emirates (23.66 t) United States (20.57 t) Bahrain (20.44 t) Luxembourg (18.24 t) Australia (17.19 t) Canada (17.13 t) Brunei (14.95 t) Saudi Arabia (12.58 t) Belgium (11.73 t) Trinidad and Tobago (11.63 t) Czech Republic (11.56 t) Netherlands (11.13 t) Ireland (10.88 t)

Iraq (2.4 kg) Qatar (2.28 kg) Kuwait (2.13 kg) Uzbekistan (2.09 kg) Turkmenistan (1.86 kg) Ukraine (1.72 kg) Kazakhstan (1.59 kg) Bahrain (1.44 kg) Libya (1.38 kg) Trinidad and Tobago (1.38 kg) Azerbaijan (1.36 kg) Russia (1.35 kg) United Arab Emirates (1.3 kg) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1.2 kg) Saudi Arabia (1.2 kg)

World (3.89 t)

World (0.56 kg) GDP per capita (1000 US$ PPP)

TPES (share of world total)

Luxembourg (42.36) United States (32.63) Ireland (27.67) Switzerland (27.49) Iceland (26.75) Canada (26.6) Norway (26.29) Qatar (26.27) Denmark (25.7) Belgium (24.88) Japan (24.77) Netherlands (24.72) Australia (24.71) Austria (24.17) Finland (23.83)

United States (22.76 %) People’s Republic of China (11.31 %) Russia (6.08 %) Japan (5.19 %) India (4.97 %) Germany (3.36 %) France (2.55 %) Canada (2.48 %) United Kingdom (2.3 %) Korea (1.92 %) Brazil (1.81 %) Italy (1.7 %) Mexico (1.52 %) Indonesia (1.44 %) Ukraine (1.38 %)

World (6.93)

World (422970 PJ)

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There has been much discussion on the “decoupling” of CO2 emissions from economic growth. In most OECD countries, the CO2 intensity of the economy has in fact decreased over the past decade, largely as a result of economic growth in non- or less-CO2-intensive sectors, and energy efficiency improvements. Such a de-coupling has not occurred in all regions of the world, due to developing countries’ generally energy-intensive development processes, except in China (as discussed above). All countries figuring in the top 15 countries according to their CO2 per GDP ratio (calculated using PPPs) are in fact developing countries, except for Russia and Ukraine. Ukraine and Russia also figured in the top ranks of CO2 emitters. For those two countries, as well as for the other countries which were part of the former USSR, the high CO2 per GDP can be explained by their relatively energy intensive economies, combined with a dramatic drop in their GDP following 1992. The other countries are mainly oil and gas exporting developing countries. Per capita GDP is often cited as a key indicator of a countries’ ability to pay for GHG reductions (the distinction between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties is largely based on the level of economic development, of which per capita GDP is a good indicator). All countries at the top of this list are unsurprisingly OECD countries, except for Qatar, a small oil exporting developing country. Another way to look at how countries fared is to consider whether they have been successful in terms of trends in “de-coupling” CO2 emissions from economic activity. Table 6 includes a ranking of the top 15 countries according to their CO2 reductions (in percent) over the 1990-2000 period, as well as over the last year for which statistics are available (i.e. 1999-2000). Corresponding changes in their GDP are provided to help assess this parameter. Countries with the largest CO2 reductions over the past decade have primarily seen these decreases as a result of a drop in economic activity; all of the top 15 countries have seen both their GDP and CO2 decline during the period (except for Albania). It is notable that all 15 countries with sharp decadal declines are either non-OECD European countries or countries of the former USSR where economic re-

structuring has been accompanied by a significant decline in CO2 emissions. But only four of these countries (i.e. Tajikistan, Lithuania, Moldova and Latvia) have also seen emissions drop sharply over the past year (1999-2000). The top 15 countries in the year 2000 encompasses a much more heterogeneous group, including three OECD countries (Norway, Hungary and Denmark), three Latin American countries and two African countries. While more analysis would be needed to better understand these statistics, the drivers behind the reductions in these countries are likely different. For some countries, e.g. Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, greater use of hydropower and less diesel-fired power generation in 2000 contributed to reducing CO2 emissions from their respective power sectors. For Norway, as mentioned earlier, the 2000 CO2 reduction came from reduced gas consumption by the energy industry. Tajikistan, which tops both lists, has experienced a dramatic drop in its GDP since 1990 (i.e. -62%), but is slowly increasing, although it is still at about half the level it was in 1992. Nonetheless, its total primary energy supply has dropped significantly since 1992 (i.e. -68%) and declined again in 2000 (-13%), after increasing slightly in 1998 and 1999. No single indicator is perfect, as it only gives part of the picture, and the series discussed above is certainly incomplete. For example, another important factor influencing a country’s level of GHG emissions is its energy trade situation, i.e. whether it is a net exporter or importer of energy. As shown in a recent IEA study, the GHG emissions associated with the production and transportation of that energy to the border can be significant for some energyexporting countries. Among OECD countries, such a situation partly explains relatively high emissions for Canada, Norway, Australia, the United Kingdom and Denmark. The oil exporting developing countries are also good examples. Their CO2 emissions per GDP are higher than most countries, as shown in Table 5. The future will tell which next steps the international community will take to address global climate change. Looking through different “indicator” lenses may contribute to this process.

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Table 6. CO2 Reductions – Top 15 UNFCCC Parties Ranked by Per Cent Change 10-year CO2 reductions (1990-2000) Country Tajikistan * Republic of Moldova * Armenia* Kyrgyzstan* Georgia* Latvia* Albania Kazakhstan* Romania Ukraine* Lithuania* Belarus* Bulgaria Estonia * Azerbaijan*

1-year CO2 reductions (1999-2000)

Reduction in CO2

Change in GDP

-79.5% -67.6% -66.9% -65.8% -56.9% -53.6% -51.5% -50.7% -48.2% -45.7% -44.9% -43.8% -43.2% -38.1% -37.2%

-61.9% -65.5% -11.0% -35.8% -61.0% -37.6% +11.1% -52.7% -17.2% -56.6% -32.1% -11.3% -17.9% -14.0% -20.8%

Country Tajikistan* Uruguay Paraguay Lithuania* Norway Republic of Moldova* Zimbabwe Latvia* Lebanon Hungary Gabon Chile Denmark Myanmar Malta

Reduction in CO2

Change in GDP

-22.1% -20.8% -17.0% -12.8% -12.5% -12.4% -11.5% -9.9% -9.1% -9.0% -8.8% -8.3% -7.4% -5.9% -5.7%

+8.3% -1.3% -0.3% +3.9% +2.3% +1.9% -4.9% +6.6% 0.0% +5.2% +2.0% +5.4% +3.2% +5.0% +4.7%

* 1990 data not available; used 1992. Note: ranked according to per cent reduction in CO2 emissions.

C.

Emissions Fuel by Fuel

On a fuel-by-fuel basis, CO2 emissions have been clearly linked to economic growth. They have also been influenced by changes in international energy prices. Oil is still the largest contributor to world emissions, even though the upward trend was interrupted by the oil shocks of 1974 and 1979 (Figure 13). Emissions did not resume their steady increase when prices declined after 1985, because consuming countries had adopted more energyefficient technologies and behaviour, and had done some fuel switching. Figure 13. World CO2 Emissions by Fuel Gigatonnes of CO2 12

Oil

10 8

Coal

6 4

Gas 2 0 1972

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1992

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2000

Coal is a close second in the ranking of emission sources. In non-Annex I countries, the contribution of coal emissions is actually greater than that of oil. The share of natural gas has been steadily increasing together with its growing use in power generation. In fact, from 1990 to 2000, world CO2 emissions from natural gas grew at the highest rate, of 23.6%, as a result of rapidly growing gas use in both generation and residential sectors (emissions grew 23% and 40% respectively). Emissions from other fossil fuels grew more slowly over the decade: CO2 emissions from oil and coal increased by 12% and 9%, respectively. However, the sectoral picture shows some interesting underlying trends: emissions from coal use in electricity and heat generation rose by 32%, and emissions from oil in road transportation by 29% in the period. Except in the transportation sector, where oil products dominate energy use, the consumption of various fossil fuels for different uses depends on the availability of domestic fossil and non-fossil fuels. Coal, for instance, is mostly consumed domestically, while oil is extensively traded internationally (see share of coal consumption in China and Asia in Figure 14).

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xli

Figure 14: CO2 Emissions by Fuel* by Region in 2000 Gigatonnes of CO2 10

8

6

4

2

Coal Products

*

Oil

Am er Fo ica rm er No US nO SR EC D Eu ro pe M As id dl ia e ex Ea clu st di ng Ch in Ch a in a Re gi on

Af r ic a

La tin

An ne x

W or ld No IC no an un ne t ri es x IC An ou ne nt x r ie II An C s ne ou x nt II r ie N s* or * th A An m er ne ica x II Eu ro An pe ne ** x II Pa ci fic An An ne ne x x IE B IT Co un tri es ** O * EC D To ta l

0

Natural Gas

Emissions from other sources (I.e. industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste) are too small to appear.

**

In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II.

***

Annex B does not include Australia, Belarus, Turkey and the United States.

Natural gas trade is more limited, because of the high cost of transporting liquefied natural gas or building pipelines. In all, oil dominates other fuels in CO2 terms in the OECD regions, while coal’s contribution remains highest in non-Annex I countries. This balance may change if the past growth in transportation needs in developing countries is confirmed. Oil could then supersede coal in its contribution to non-Annex I countries’ CO2 emissions. Although natural gas is higher cost, it is still projected to continue increasing in the future. Price fluctuations also lead to some fuel switching in the power sector. Constraints on greenhouse-gas emissions would not affect all fuels equally. Coal releases more CO2 per unit of generated energy than does oil, and oil more than natural gas. A tax on carbon, for instance, would hit coal harder than oil or gas. In the medium to long term, the possibility to capture and store CO2 emissions from large combustion facilities may offer an attractive solution, allowing the continued use of fossil fuels without contributing to CO2 build-up in the atmosphere. Increasingly, R&D budgets are being devoted to this option, looking at possible new

designs of power plants, as well as issues related to the transport and storage of CO2 extracted from combustion gases.

D.

Data Quality

The data in this publication are derived from the IEA’s energy-balance databases. The CO2 emissions figures are calculated using default methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. According to the IPCC Guidelines countries may calculate their CO2 emission inventories using either the Reference Approach (a relatively aggregate, default methodology) or a Sectoral Approach (a more detailed bottom-up method). In most cases, the difference in results will be small. In some instances, however, statistical differences in the basic data or unexplained differences between the two approaches may cause significant discrepancies. To facilitate comparisons with the emission figures presented in countries’ National Communications, the IEA presents both calculations here.

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xlii - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Table 7. UNFCCC versus IEA Emissions Data for Annex I Countries Million tonnes of CO2 IEA

IEA

UNFCCC

Reference Approach

Sectoral Approach

Sectoral Approach

1990

2000

Annex II North America Canada 421 341 515 116 United States 4 852 403 5 718 276 Annex II Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey**** United Kingdom

57 131 106 548 49 513 53 351 363 894 968 735 68 985 1 997 32 166 397 298 10 452 156 488 28 391 39 929 211 617 48 524 41 861 138 287 569 662

00/90

22.3% 17.8%

62 496 121 464 50 323 55 908 353 448 820 121 84 910 2 162 41 513 427 196 8 054 173 094 34 388 59 658 285 893 47 438 39 912 206 005 552 018

9.4% 14.0% 1.6% 4.8% -2.9% -15.3% 23.1% 8.3% 29.1% 7.5% -22.9% 10.6% 21.1% 49.4% 35.1% -2.2% -4.7% 49.0% -3.1%

Annex II Pacific Australia 260 651 328 645 Japan 1 048 516 1 184 341 New Zealand 23 366 32 161 Economies in Transition Belarus .. 58 637 Bulgaria 76 134 43 629 Croatia .. 17 773 Czech Republic 150 395 122 034 Estonia .. 14 722 Hungary 67 555 55 177 Latvia .. 6 486 Lithuania .. 11 286 Poland 351 945 296 280 Romania 171 503 87 707 Russia .. 1 524 221 Slovak Republic 55 364 35 414 Slovenia 12 852 14 423 Ukraine .. 345 711

1990

2000

00/90

430 214 526 773 4 825 715 5 665 443

56 901 107 248 50 558 54 983 352 682 964 130 70 579 1 903 30 256 400 073 10 465 159 786 28 534 39 612 206 511 51 169 40 608 128 797 559 886

22.4% 17.4%

62 774 120 282 50 092 54 789 373 257 832 950 87 750 2 162 41 197 425 731 8 043 177 115 33 578 59 613 284 694 51 988 41 686 204 084 531 470

10.3% 12.2% -0.9% -0.4% 5.8% -13.6% 24.3% 13.6% 36.2% 6.4% -23.1% 10.8% 17.7% 50.5% 37.9% 1.6% 2.7% 58.5% -5.1%

26.1% 13.0% 37.6%

259 705 329 279 1 018 721 1 154 842 22 300 31 652

26.8% 13.4% 41.9%

.. -42.7% .. -18.9% .. -18.3% .. .. -15.8% -48.9% .. -36.0% 12.2% ..

.. 55 506 75 214 42 705 .. 17 766 153 772 118 784 .. 13 990 70 530 55 216 .. 6 544 .. 11 216 344 170 292 817 166 896 86 449 .. 1 505 740 55 556 37 851 12 502 14 445 .. 301 033

.. -43.2% .. -22.8% .. -21.7% .. .. -14.9% -48.2% .. -31.9% 15.5% ..

1990

2000 *

421 613 516 512 4 794 093 5 645 957

UNFCCC National total for CO2, CH4, N2O & F-Gases **

00/90

22.5% 17.8%

733 160 7 122 556

53 319 114 126 50 694 54 932 376 294 832 036 95 682 1 933 41 239 433 984 4 707 170 142 30 957 57 106 281 298 50 851 40 014 .. 521 612

9.5% 4.5% -1.1% 1.9% 3.4% -15.7% 25.1% 18.5% 39.4% 6.6% -61.2% 8.3% 16.7% 44.5% 37.3% -1.1% 0.8% .. -6.3%

81 490 152 926 69 323 74 499 553 223 993 867 127 494 3 067 66 277 549 240 6 004 222 687 57 285 84 858 396 482 70 069 53 476 .. 660 631

265 220 326 378 1 052 782 1 147 945 22 265 27 395

23.1% 9.0% 23.0%

485 069 1 346 321 77 094

.. -42.0% .. -22.3% -56.0% -18.2% -70.6% -62.5% -18.6% .. .. -33.7% .. -55.6%

.. 77 740 .. 148 521 19 746 87 058 10 585 23 851 387 810 .. .. 49 251 .. 454 934

48 698 109 210 51 266 53 893 364 047 986 832 76 474 1 631 29 577 407 074 12 133 157 143 26 523 39 533 204 854 51 439 39 684 .. 556 607

.. 76 804 .. 160 080 37 494 68 105 22 964 37 332 371 433 165 382 2 298 900 55 724 13 294 672 075

.. 44 513 .. 124 420 16 495 55 734 6 746 13 982 302 282 .. .. 36 965 .. 298 489

*

Except for Australia, Germany, Japan and Bulgaria 1999, Lithuania and Ukraine 1998.

**

Except for Australia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Luxembourg and Bulgaria 1999, Lithuania and Ukraine 1998.

***

Excluding land use change and forestry.

****

In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II statistics.

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2000 ***

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xliii

Although estimations of energy-related CO2 emissions are subject to fewer uncertainties than those of CO2 from other sources or other greenhouse gases, the data presented in this publication may still differ from those submitted by individual countries to the UNFCCC Secretariat. Differences may be due to different methods of calculation, including how bunker fuels are treated (see Chapter 1, IEA Emissions Estimates). Table 7 presents data for 2000 submitted by Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC Secretariat together with IEA data for the same year, calculated both by the Reference and Sectoral Approaches. Because of the size of energy-related emissions in most countries’ total emissions, CO2 from fuel combustion remains a reliable rough indicator of GHG emissions, and a useful tool for examining GHG emissions trends. This edition of CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion contains a discussion (Part III) on CO2 emission sources other than fuel combustion, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, which

helps provide a more comprehensive review of total GHG emissions. This publication raises some substantive questions about overall data quality. As briefly explained below, calculation of countries’ CO2 emissions can vary depending on the approach used. Figure 15 gives an indication of such differences for the main world regions. Differences are sometimes much more significant for individual countries. For example, under the Reference Approach, France’s CO2 emissions in 2000 were 2.9% below 1990. Under the Sectoral Approach, however, France’s 2000 emissions are estimated to be 5.8% above their 1990 levels. The same anomaly appears in Sweden, where 2000 CO2 emissions are estimated to be 2.2% below 1990 under the Reference Approach and 1.6% above 1990 under the Sectoral Approach. The opposite effect also occurs. For instance, Finland meets the Convention’s aim using the Sectoral Approach, just 0.4% below 1990, but is relatively far above the target (4.8%) when emissions are calculated with the Reference Approach.

Figure 15. CO2 Emission Trends: The Reference Approach vs. the Sectoral Approach % increase between 1990 and 2000

80% 70% 60%

20% 10%

Former USSR

30%

Non-OECD Europe

40%

Annex B**

Annex I Economies in Transition

50%

0% China

Asia excl. China

Middle East

Latin America

Africa

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

OECD Total

Annex II Pacific

-50%

Annex II Europe*

Annex II North America

Annex II*

-40%

Non-annex I

-30%

Annex I

-20%

World

-10%

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

*

Turkey is included in Annex II statistics.

**

Annex B does not include Australia, Belarus, Turkey and the United States.

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xliv - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Seeking explanations for the differences in emission estimates stemming from the different calculation methods and determining which approach is more accurate is not always straightforward. Both calculation methods are accepted under the IPCC Guidelines. Emission calculations using the Reference Approach are based on the supply of energy in a country. As a result, all emission inventories calculated using this method include fugitive emissions from energy transformation, such as oil refineries. Using the Reference Approach may thus lead to an overestimation of national CO2 emissions. This partly explains differences with emission calculations using the Sectoral Approach. This latter approach accounts for emissions only once the fuel is actually burnt. Discrepancies could also come from statistical differences between production and consumption data, as well as differences in data sources. See Part I on Methodology for more information. Accurate emissions information is crucial in assessing Annex B Parties’ compliance with their Kyoto Protocol commitments. Furthermore, trading of emission allowances by Annex I Parties will be based on national inventories. Traders will need to have reasonable confidence about the quality of the underlying data. While estimates of emissions from fossil fuel combustion present less uncertainty than estimates of other greenhouse gases and uses, this publication shows that additional efforts may be required to obtain coherent emission-information. Statistics on energy use and related CO2 emissions in developing countries also show discrepancies. While the Kyoto emission commitments do not apply to developing countries, those countries may engage in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism and may “export” emission reduction units to Annex I Parties. For projects in the energy sector, establishing baselines will require accurate local, national or regional energy statistics. At present, indicators such as those for CO2 per kilowatt hour, not published here for non-Annex I Parties, sometimes show unrealistically wide year-to-year variations or impossibly high or low levels. Such anomalies are likely to reflect a statistical discrepancy rather than real changes in energy use. Clearly, more work is needed to refine energy statistics. At the same time, it may be unrealistic to expect complete accuracy of data, at least in the short term. While seeking to improve data accuracy, it may be necessary to develop methods to assess the Parties’ commitments and emission transfers that take into account the uncertainties and discrepancies embedded in energy data.

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E.

Conclusions

Clearly, the political, social and economic events in 2000 have implications for the longer-term effort to mitigate climate change. In particular, 2000 marks the culmination of the ten-year period set out in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. By this date, emissions of developed countries were to have been returned to their 1990 levels. Based exclusively on their energy-related CO2 emissions, the Annex I countries did not reach that goal (measured collectively) falling short by about 1%. Of the 36 countries that took on the UNFCCC “aim”, less than half met it – and national emissions ranged widely – from 58.5% above 1990 levels to 23.1% below. The majority of the success stories were in the countries of the former Soviet Union, where economic collapse brought sharply reduced emissions. Only five of the original Annex II countries met the nonbinding goal when looking at energy-related CO2 emissions. While more of the Annex I countries appear likely to have met the aim if both sources and sinks of all six gases are counted, data for the decade is still not available for all Annex I Parties on nonCO2 emissions. Using the past decade’s emissions as a predictor of the success in meeting Kyoto is difficult. The analytic problems are increased, for example, by the potential for Parties to use the Kyoto Mechanisms (allowing trading of emissions among Annex I Parties, and the options to gain “emission credits” by reducing emissions in developing countries under the Clean Development Mechanism). However, some conclusions can be reached. The still rather low efficiency levels of fossil fuel use in countries in transition and developing countries indicate a large potential for improvement. However, particularly for countries with economies in transition, it remains to be seen if future efficiency gains can keep pace with economic growth in light of the already low levels driven by the economic collapse of the 1990s. Similarly, the U.S. withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol suggests that the gap to be closed between present emissions and the Annex B target levels is smaller – and thus likely to be easier to achieve (albeit less environmentally ambitious). Some countries with declining emissions in 1999 saw them increase in 2000 (in particular, China, the world’s second largest emitter). However, a number of countries (also including China) showed a sig-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - xlv

nificant decoupling between their emissions and their economic growth over the decade of the 1990s, with economic growth at high (and sustained) levels, while emissions were stable or declining. The data also suggest the sensitivity of national emissions to annual weather. The year 1999, an unusually warm year, saw reduced energy demand in much of the world. The return to a more “normal” winter weather season in 2000 led to an increase in energy consumption – and a consequential increase in emissions. This increase occurred in spite of the simultaneous increase in international energy prices. Both factors were further affected by the robust economic growth (GDP using exchange rates increased by 3.9% world-wide). In addition, the decade of the 1990’s saw a significant increase (15.2%) in the global population – which alone accounts for a substantial share of the global increase of 13% in CO2 emissions. It also appears that price fluctuations in oil markets (e.g., driven by external market signals) decisively influenced oil demand í WR D PXFK greater extent than did policies taken for security or environmental reasons. This demand in turn influenced emissions. Of course, such market prices could also have indirect climate benefits, creating incentives to develop new and more efficient technologies, which in turn, could lead to lower CO2 emissions. Emissions in Annex I countries continue to exceed those in the developing world: in 2000, 13.7 Gt CO2

were emitted by the Annex I parties, while only 8.9 Gt CO2 were emitted by non-Annex I Parties. However, efforts to reduce emissions in Annex I countries were outweighed by the growth in the developing world: Annex I emissions increased by only 1.1% over the decade, while non-Annex I countries emissions increased by 36.8%. On a per capita basis, however, the ratio is still disproportionate: Annex I per capita emissions are six times larger than non-Annex I per capita emissions. There continue to be some uncertainties and inaccuracies in the data available on CO2 emissions from energy-related activities – although this information is significantly better than that available for most other sectors and gases, and has continued to improve over the past decade. Data quality will need to continue to improve – particularly as the demands placed on the data become more stringent and they are used to measure legally binding targets. The underlying causes for declining emissions (or limited emissions growth) remain hard to ascertain. The countervailing influences of multiple variables challenge our ability to fully and accurately analyse long-term reductions in energy-related CO2 emissions. However, this volume indicates that adequate information does exist to begin to understand the trends in emissions, and hopefully, facilitate the development of appropriate mitigation policies.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.1

PART I: METHODOLOGY

PARTIE I : METHODOLOGIE

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.3

1. IEA EMISSIONS ESTIMATES The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy data1 and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC/OECD/IEA Paris, 1997 (IPCC Guidelines).

the UNFCCC Secretariat. In this way, problems in methods, input data or emission factors may become apparent. However, care should be used in interpreting the results of any comparison since there are many reasons why the IEA estimates may differ from a country’s official submission. These reasons are examined in detail in Section B.

The IEA Secretariat reviews its energy databases each year. In the light of new assessments, important revisions may be made to the time series of individual countries. Therefore, certain data in this publication may have been revised with respect to previous editions.

A recent comparison of the IEA estimates with the inventories submitted to the UNFCCC showed that for most Annex I countries, the two calculations were within 5%. Where this was not the case, it was possible to identify the reasons:

A.

Inventory Quality

The IPCC Guidelines allow Parties under the UNFCCC to prepare and periodically update national inventories that are accurate, complete, comparable and transparent. Inventory quality is an important issue when countries start to implement legally-binding commitments. One way to assess inventory quality is to do comparisons among inventories, methodologies and input data. The IPCC Guidelines recommend that countries which have used a detailed Sectoral Approach for CO2 emissions from energy combustion also use the Reference Approach for verification purposes. This will identify areas where a full accounting of emissions may not have been made (see Chapter 5, IPCC Methodologies). It is also possible to use the IEA CO2 estimates for comparison with the National Communications to 1

Published in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA/OECD Paris, 2002.

• Three countries, which had differences between 12% and 22%, did detailed inventories for the iron and steel industry and included these emissions in the Industrial Processes module and not in the energy module (this is acceptable under the IPCC Guidelines). • One country used a much higher emission factor for lignite, which caused their inventory to be 9% higher than the IEA estimate, which used the default IPCC emission factor. • The inventory for one small country was 71% lower than the IEA estimate. The difference came from the transport sector. Although no background data were provided in the UNFCCC Common Report Format (CRF), it is likely that the difference is due to unofficial cross-border trade in automotive fuels as a result of different tax policies on fuel. • For one country, the difference of 15% was due to the fact that the IEA includes oil shale with lignite in its statistics so a lower emission factor was applied when the estimate was made. This will be corrected in future versions of the IEA estimates.

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I.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

For some EIT and non-Annex I countries, differences between the IEA estimates and national inventories tended to be larger. In some of the countries the underlying energy data were different, suggesting that more work is needed on the collecting and reporting of energy statistics for those countries. Some countries (in both Annex I and non-Annex I) have incorrectly defined bunkers as fuel used abroad by their own ships and planes. Still other countries have made calculation errors for carbon oxidation or have included international bunkers in their totals. Since all of the above will affect the national totals of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, a systematic comparison with the IEA estimates would allow countries to verify their calculations and produce more internationally comparable inventories. In addition, when looking at trends in CO2 emissions from energy, it is important to remember that the main bias in the energy data and emission factors will probably be systematic and not random. This means that the emission trends will usually be more reliable than the absolute emission levels. By comparing trends in the IEA estimates with trends in emissions from the National Communications, it should be possible to identify definition problems or changes in the calculations, which were not reflected in the base year.

B.

Differences with UNFCCC Submissions

There are many reasons why the IEA estimates may not be the same as the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. No attempt has been made to quantify the effects of these differences. In most cases these differences will be relatively small. Some of the reasons for these differences are: • Energy activity data are extracted from the IEA energy balances and may differ from those used for the UNFCCC calculations. Countries often have several “official” sources of data such as a Ministry, a Central Bureau of Statistics, a nationalised electricity company, etc. Data can also be collected from the energy suppliers, the energy consumers or customs statis-

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tics. The IEA tries to collect the most accurate data, but does not necessarily have access to the complete data set that may be available to national experts calculating emission inventories for the UNFCCC. • The IEA uses average net calorific values. The IEA uses an average net calorific value (NCV) for each secondary oil product. These NCVs are constant across countries and over time. Country-specific NCVs that can vary over time are used for NGL, refinery feedstocks and additives. Crude oil is further split into production, imports, exports and average. Different coal types have specific NCVs for production, imports, exports, inputs to public power plants and coal used in coke ovens, blast furnaces and industry, and can vary over time. Country experts may have the possibility of going into much more detail when calculating the heat content of the fuels. This in turn could produce different values than the IEA. • The IEA uses average emission factors. Again, the IEA uses only the default emission factors which are given in the IPCC Guidelines. Country experts may have better information available. • The IEA does not have detailed information for the stored carbon calculation. The IEA does not have complete information on the non-energy use of fuels. The amount of carbon stored is estimated using the default values given in the IPCC Guidelines. For “other products” in the stored carbon calculation, the IEA assumes that 100% of kerosene, white spirit and petroleum coke that is reported as non-energy use in the energy balance is also stored. Country experts calculating the inventories may be able to go into much more detail. • The IEA cannot allocate emissions from autoproducers into the end-use sectors. In the IPCC Guidelines, it is recommended that emissions from autoproduction should be included with emissions from other fuel use by end-consumers. At the same time, the emissions from the autoproduction of electricity and heat should be excluded from the energy transformation source category to avoid double counting.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.5

Comparing IEA Emissions Estimates with National Inventories In order to facilitate the comparison of the IEA emissions estimates with a national inventory: 1. Decide whether to start with the IEA estimate for the Reference Approach or the Sectoral Approach (recommended). 2. Check total emissions by fuel (i.e. oil, coal and gas) to see if the numbers are comparable. 3. If coal is higher in the IEA estimate, check to see if emissions from the iron and steel industry have been included in Industrial Processes (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2) in the national inventory. If so, deduct that amount from the IEA estimate. 4. Check to see if there is a large difference in the stored carbon calculation. If so, and if the calculation within the national inventory is well documented and can be justified, adjust the IEA estimate accordingly. 5. If there are still large differences in emissions from one fuel, check the emission factors in the national inventory and compare them with the default IPCC emission factors used by the IEA. If this accounts for the difference, decide whether the emission factor of the national inventory seems realistic. 6. Compare emissions by sector (if available) keeping in mind that the unallocated autoproducers will be included with industry, transport and/or other sectors in the national inventory. NOTE: a more detailed comparison by specific fuel and sub-sector may be done by obtaining the CO2 emissions estimates on CD-ROM or over the internet from the IEA. Detailed emissions are provided for 36 fuels and split into about 45 sources. To compare the basic energy data used in the national inventories with those used in the IEA estimates, consult the data services: Energy Statistics of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, also available from the IEA. The IEA is not able to allocate the fuel use from autoproducers between the industrial and “other” sectors. Therefore, this publication shows a line called “Unallocated Autoproducers”. However, this should not affect the total emissions for a country. • Military emissions may be treated differently. In the IPCC Guidelines, military emissions should be reported in Source/Sink Category 1 A 5, Other (Not Elsewhere Specified). The IEA questionnaires request that warships be included in international marine bunkers and that the military use of aviation fuels be included in domestic air. All other military use should be reported in nonspecified other sector. However, the IEA has found that in practice, most countries consider this information as confidential and therefore either combine it with other information or do not include it at all. • The IEA estimates include emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces. Countries may have included these emissions in the IPCC category Industrial Processes. National greenhouse gas inventories submitted to the UNFCCC divide emissions according to source categories. Two of these IPCC Source/

Sink Categories are Energy and Industrial Processes. The IPCC Reference Approach estimates national emissions from fuel combustion based on the supply of fuel to a country and by implication includes emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces in the energy sector. However, when doing detailed sectoral calculations, it is possible to distinguish certain non-energy processes. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. The IEA estimates of emissions from fuel combustion in this publication include the coke inputs to blast furnaces. • The emissions inventories submitted to the UNFCCC might have been temperature adjusted. Some countries experience wide variations in the annual mean temperature. These differences may mask the underlying emissions trends. As a result, in addition to providing unadjusted data, some countries may adjust their emissions estimates to correct for these temperature variations.

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I.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

• The emissions inventories submitted to the UNFCCC may have been adjusted for electricity trade. Certain countries are subject to extensive fluctuations in CO2 emissions due to electricity trade. The fluctuations are large enough that it is difficult to evaluate the underlying trends. For example, Denmark prefers to be judged on the basis of figures corrected for electricity exchange, when evaluating the CO2-reduction performance of the country. The adjustment suggested by Denmark is made by adding, in import years, the emissions that would have been emitted, had the imported electricity been produced in Denmark, and similarly, by subtracting, in export years, the emissions in Denmark caused by the export. • The units may be different. The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with National Inventories expressed in Gg, multiply the IEA emissions by 1000.

C.

Key Sources

In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary accepted the report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in determining their key source categories since by identifying these key sources in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. The Good Practice Guidance identifies a key source category as one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both.

are distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the main fuel types. If emission factors are determined independently for some sub-source categories, these should be distinguished in the analysis.” Since the emission estimates in this publication were produced using the default emission factors from the IPCC Guidelines, this means that the fuel combustion categories would have been divided into: stationary combustion – coal stationary combustion – oil stationary combustion – gas mobile combustion – coal mobile combustion – oil mobile combustion – gas Clearly this level of aggregation is not particularly useful in identifying where additional work is needed in refining the inventory. It does not take into account the possibility of improving data collection methods, improving emission factors or using a higher tier calculation for certain key sectors within the Energy from Fuel Combustion source category. For this reason the IEA is presenting the Key Source analysis at the level of detail presented in the country tables of this publication. For each country, the 11 largest of these sources, split by coal, oil, gas and other, has been shown in the Key Sources table. To calculate the level assessment, where possible, the IEA has used the total emissions for CO2, CH4 N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry2, that were submitted by the Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the Common Reporting Format. These countries are Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.

For a more complete description of the IPCC methodology for determining key sources, see Chapter 5, IPCC Methodologies.

For the rest of the Annex I Parties and the NonAnnex I Parties, total emissions for 2000 were estimated as follows. For CO2 from fuel combustion, the numbers used were those calculated by the IEA. For the rest of the emissions, the 1995 data from RIVM (in Part III of this publication) were used.

In the Good Practice Guidance, the recommendation for choosing the level of the key source analysis is to “disaggregate to the level where emission factors

2

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As recommended in the Good Practice Guidance.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.7

The assumptions on the change in emission levels between 1995 and 2000 were: •

CH4: remained constant

•

N2O: increased by 8%

•

F-gases: increased by 50%

•

CO2 not from fuel combustion: the growth rate of 1995-2000 was the same as 1990-1995

The cumulative contribution only includes the 11 largest key sources from fuel combustion. As a result, in most cases the cumulative contribution will not be 95% as recommended in the Good Practice Guidance and key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste will not be shown. The per cent of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in total GHG emissions has been included as a memo item at the bottom of the table.

D.

Notes on Tables and Graphs

In the 2002 edition, the product “other” has been added to the total national emissions. “Other” includes emissions from industrial waste and nonrenewable municipal waste.

Row 3: Unallocated Autoproducers contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and “other” sectors. Row 4: Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. When doing detailed sectoral calculations, it is possible to distinguish certain non-energy processes. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.

Row 1: Sectoral Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. Emissions calculated using a Sectoral Approach include emissions only when the fuel is actually combusted. Differences between the Sectoral Approach and the Reference Approach include statistical differences, product transfers, transformation losses and distribution losses.

Row 5: Manufacturing Industries and Construction contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the IPCC Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions from industry autoproducers that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated Autoproducers. Manufacturing Industries and Construction also includes emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces, which may be reported either in the transformation sector, the industry sector or the separate IPCC Source/Sink Category 2, Industrial Processes.

Row 2: Public Electricity and Heat Production contains the sum of emissions from public electricity generation, public combined heat and power generation, and public heat plants. Public utilities are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. Emissions from own on-site use of fuel should be included. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a.

Row 6: Transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector, except for international marine and aviation bunkers. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3. In addition, the IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the autoproducer consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated Autoproducers.

I.

Table of CO2 Emissions by Sector

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I.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Row 7: Road contains the emissions arising from fuel use in road vehicles, including the use of agricultural vehicles on highways. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 b. Row 8: Other Sectors contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, residential, agriculture/forestry/fishing and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4. In the IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific enduse and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated Autoproducers. Row 9: Residential contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Row 10: Reference Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A with the following exception. The Reference Approach is based on the supply of energy in a country and as a result, all inventories calculated using this method include fugitive emissions from energy transformation (e.g. from oil refineries) which are normally included in Category 1 B. For this reason, Reference Approach estimates are likely to overestimate national CO2 emissions. Row 11: Differences due to Losses and/or Transformation contains emissions that result from the transformation of energy from a primary fuel to a secondary or tertiary fuel. Included here are solid fuel transformation, oil refineries, gas works and other fuel transformation industries. These emissions are normally reported as fugitive emissions in the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 B, but will be included in 1 A in inventories that are calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach. Theoretically, this

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category should show relatively small emissions representing the loss of carbon by other ways than combustion, such as evaporation or leakage. A negative emission for one product and a positive emission for another product would imply a change in the classification of the emission source as a result of an energy transformation between coal and gas, between coal and oil, etc. In practice, however, it often proves difficult to correctly account for all inputs and outputs in energy transformation industries, and to separate energy that is transformed from energy that is combusted. Therefore, the row Differences due to Losses and/or Transformation sometimes shows quite large positive emissions or even negative ones due to problems in the underlying energy data.

Row 12: Statistical Differences can be due to unexplained discrepancies in the underlying energy data. They can also be caused by differences arising between emissions calculated using the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach. Row 13: International Marine Bunkers contains emissions from fuels burned by sea-going ships of all flags that are engaged in international transport. These emissions should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 d i. Row 14: International Aviation Bunkers contains emissions from fuels used in international air transport. These emissions should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 a i.

II. Figures 2 and 3: Emissions by Sector The sector Other includes emissions from commercial and public services, agriculture/forestry/fishing and Unallocated autoproducers.

III. Figure 5: Electricity Generation by Fuel The product Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables and waste, etc.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.9

2. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS General Conversion Factors for Energy To: From:

TJ

Gcal

Mtoe

MBtu

GWh

238.8

2.388 x 10

947.8

0.2778

-3

1

10

3.968

1.163 x 10

4

10

1

3.968 x 10

11630

-3

0.252

2.52 x 10

1

2.931 x 10

860

8.6 x 10

3412

1

multiply by: 1

TJ Gcal

4.1868 x 10

Mtoe

4.1868 x 10

MBtu

1.0551 x 10

GWh

3.6

-5

-7

7

7

-8

-5

-3

-4

Conversion Factors for Mass To:

t

lt

1

0.001

9.84 x 10

tonne (t)

1000

1

0.984

1.1023

2204.6

long ton (lt)

1016

1.016

1

1.120

2240.0

short ton (st)

907.2

0.9072

0.893

1

2000.0

pound (lb)

0.454

4.54 x 10

From: kilogramme (kg)

kg

st

lb

multiply by:

-4

-4

-4

4.46 x 10

1.102 x 10

-4

5.0 x 10

-3

2.2046

1

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I.10 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Conversion Factors for Volume To: From:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft

3

l

m

3

multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal)

1

0.8327

0.02381

0.1337

3.785

0.0038

U.K. gallon (gal)

1.201

1

0.02859

0.1605

4.546

0.0045

Barrel (bbl)

42.0

34.97

1

5.615

159.0

0.159

7.48

6.229

0.1781

1

28.3

0.0283

0.2642

0.220

0.0063

0.0353

1

0.001

264.2

220.0

6.289

35.3147

1000.0

1

3

Cubic foot (ft ) Litre (l) 3

Cubic metre (m )

Decimal Prefixes 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

deca (da) hecto (h) kilo (k) mega (M) giga (G) tera (T) peta (P) exa (E)

deci (d) centi (c) milli (m) micro (µ) nano (n) pico (p) femto (f) atto (a)

Tonne of CO2 The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with National Inventories

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expressed in Gg, multiply the IEA emissions by 1000. Other organisations may present CO2 emissions in tonnes of carbon instead of tonnes of CO2. To convert from tonnes of carbon, multiply by 44/12, which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.11

3. INDICATORS A.

Population

The main source of the 1970 to 2000 population data for the OECD countries is National Accounts, Volume 1, OECD Paris, 2002. Population data for 1960 to 1969 for some countries have been estimated using the growth rates from the series published in 2000. For the Czech Republic, the population data for 1961 to 1964 are IEA Secretariat estimates. For Korea and Poland, the population data for 1960 to 1965 have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on data from the World Bank. For the Slovak Republic, population data for 1971 to 1992 are from the World Bank. The main source of the population data for the nonOECD countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2002. Population data for Gibraltar and three regions Other Africa, Other Latin America and Other Asia are based on the CHELEM-CEPII CD ROM. Population data for Chinese Taipei come from the Council for Economic Planning and Development, Republic of China, Taiwan Statistical Databook 2001.

B.

GDP

The main source of the GDP series for the OECD countries is National Accounts, Volume 1, OECD Paris, 2002. GDP data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates from the series published in 2000. Data prior to 1990 for the Czech Republic and Poland, prior to 1991 for Hungary, and prior to 1992 for the Slovak Republic are IEA Secretariat estimates based on GDP growth rates from the World Bank.

The main source of the GDP series for the nonOECD countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank Washington D.C., 2002. GDP figures for Cuba, Gibraltar, Iraq, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Libya, Myanmar, Qatar, and the three regions Other Africa, Other Latin America and Other Asia are from the CHELEMCEPII CD ROM, Paris, 2002. For a more detailed description of the methodology please see The Chelem Database, CEPII Paris, 1998. GDP figures for Angola (1971-1979), Albania (1971-1979), Bahrain (1971-1979 and 1999-2000), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1993), Brunei (1971-1973 and 1999-2000), Bulgaria (1971-1979), Cyprus (19711974), Ethiopia (1971-1980), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-1994), Former USSR (19711991), Former Yugoslavia (1971-1991), Islamic Republic of Iran (1971-1973), Jordan (19711974), Kuwait (1990-1991), Lebanon (1971-1987), Mozambique (1971-1979), Namibia (1971-2000), Netherlands Antilles (1987-2000), Oman (19962000), Romania (1971-1974), United Republic of Tanzania (1971-1987), the United Arab Emirates (1971-1972 and 1999-2000), Vietnam (1971-1983) and Yemen (1971-1989) have been estimated based on the growth rates of the CHELEM-CEPII CD ROM. GDP figures for Chinese Taipei come from the Council for Economic Planning and Development, Republic of China, Taiwan Statistical Databook 2001. Due to a lack of complete series Other Latin America does not include Anguilla. The GDP data have been compiled for individual countries at market prices in local currency and annual rates. These data have been scaled up/down to the price levels of 1995 and then converted to US dollars using the yearly average 1995 exchange rates or purchasing power parities (PPPs).

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I.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

In recent years, there have been wide fluctuations in exchange rates, consequently there has been a growing need and interest in developing energy indicators using a measure of GDP which would avoid these fluctuations and better reflect the relative purchasing power of different currencies. As a result, this publication is presenting GDP calculated using PPPs as well as with the traditional exchange rates. Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. A given sum of money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP rates, buys the same basket of goods and services in all countries. In other words, PPPs are the rates of currency conversion which eliminate the differences in price levels between different countries. For the OECD countries, the PPPs selected to convert the GDP from national currencies to US dollars come from the OECD and were aggregated using the Geary-Khamis (GK) method and rebased on the United States. For a more detailed description of the methodology please see Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures, GK Results, Volume II, 1990, OECD 1993. The PPPs for the other countries come from the World Bank and CHELEM-CEPII.

C.

TPES

For the first time in 1997, the IEA published detailed data on combustible renewables and waste for all non-OECD countries for the years 1994 and 1995. Data for combustible renewables and waste are often from secondary sources and may be of questionable quality, which makes comparisons between countries difficult. The IEA has extended this information to cover the years 1971 to 2000. Where historical series are incomplete or unavailable, they have been estimated using a methodology consistent with the projection framework of the IEA’s 2000 edition of World Energy Outlook, IEA/OECD Paris, October 2000. For a complete explanation of the methodology used to estimate these data, please see Energy Statistics of NonOECD Countries, 1999-2000, IEA/OECD Paris, 2002. The IPCC methodology does not assign any CO2 emissions to fuel use of biomass per se, only if it is used in an unsustainable way. This is evaluated in the Land Use Change and Forestry module of the IPCC Guidelines. So although the inclusion of bio-

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mass in the IEA energy data does not alter its CO2 emission estimates, it gives more insight into the CO2 intensity of national energy use.

D.

CO2 Emissions

Total CO2 emissions represents the total emissions from fuel combustion and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A (see Chapter 5). In this publication, total emissions have been calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Sectoral Approach. Reference Approach totals may include certain fugitive emissions from energy transformation which should normally be included in Category 1 B. National totals do not include emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers. See Chapter 1, IEA Emissions Estimates for further details.

E.

Electricity and Heat Output

Total output (shown in the Summary Tables section) has been given for the Annex I countries and includes electricity and heat generated in the transformation sector using fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc. Both public3 and autoproducer4 plants have been included. For electricity, data include the total number of TWh generated by power plants (including both electricity plants and CHP plants). For heat, data include the total amount of TJ generated by power plants (including both CHP plants and heat plants). To calculate the total electricity and heat output, the heat generated in TJ has been converted to TWh using the relationship 1 TWh = 3600 TJ and added to electricity generated. 3

Public supply undertakings generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

4

Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.13

F.

Ratios

CO2 / TPES: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per terajoule. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and total primary energy supply (including biomass and other nonfossil forms of energy). CO2 / GDP: This ratio is expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per 1995 US dollar. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and is shown with both GDP calculated using exchange rates and GDP calculated using purchasing power parities. See Section B above for further information. CO2 / Population: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per capita. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions. Per capita CO2 emissions by sector: The per capita ratios have been calculated in two different ways. In the first ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately. In the second ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed by those sectors.

CO2 Emissions per kWh: These ratios have been calculated for the Annex I countries and expressed in grammes of CO2 per kWh. They have been cal-

culated using CO2 emissions from electricity and heat as shown in the country tables in the rows “Public Electricity and Heat Production” and “Unallocated Autoproducers”, and electricity and heat output as described in Section E above. In the first table on CO2 emissions per kWh, the CO2 emissions include emissions from fossil fuels, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste that is consumed for electricity and heat generation in the transformation sector and output includes electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc. As a result, the emissions per kWh can vary from year to year depending on the generation mix. In the ratios of CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel: •

Coal includes primary and secondary coal, peat and manufactured gases (excluding gas works gas).

•

Oil includes petroleum products (and small amounts of crude oil for some countries).

•

Gas includes natural gas and gas works gas.

Emissions per kWh have not been calculated for Non-Annex I Parties due to data quality problems relating to electricity efficiencies for some countries.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.15

4. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE •

Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa.

•

Other Africa includes Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland and Uganda.

•

Middle East includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

•

Non-OECD Europe includes Albania, BosniaHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Malta, Romania, Slovenia and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

•

Former USSR includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

•

Latin America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Latin America.

•

Other Latin America includes Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, St. Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines and Suriname.

•

China includes the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong (China).

•

Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei, Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, DPR of Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia.

•

Other Asia includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Maldives, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

•

The Organisation for Economic CoOperation and Development (OECD) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Within OECD: Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts.

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I.16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

France includes Monaco, and excludes overseas departments (French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion).

The countries and regional economic integration organisation that are listed above are included in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as amended on 11 December 1997 by the 12th Plenary meeting of the Third Conference of the Parties in Decision 4/CP.3. This includes the countries that were members of the OECD at the time of the signing of the Convention, the EEC, and fourteen countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union that are undergoing the process of transition to market economies.

Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards. Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican. Japan includes Okinawa. The Netherlands excludes Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira. Spain includes the Canary Islands.

•

Switzerland includes Liechtenstein. United States includes Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands and the Hawaiian Free Trade Zone. •

•

•

5

The European Union (EU) includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Annex I Parties include Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic5, Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (included with Switzerland), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic5, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries.

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Annex II Parties include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the European Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein (included with Switzerland), Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Annex II of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change includes OECD24 and the European Community. According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4, Turkey has been deleted from the list of Annex II countries to the Convention. This amendment entered into force on 28 June 2002. However, the change has not been implemented in this publication.

•

Economies in Transition (EITs) are those countries in Annex I that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. This includes Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic5, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic5, Slovenia and Ukraine.

•

Annex B Parties include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.17

The countries and regional economic integration organisation that are listed above are included in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Annex B is almost identical to that of Annex I, except for Australia, the United States, Turkey and Belarus (the United States and Australia have expressed their intention not to ratify the Protocol and Turkey and Belarus did not agree to a target under the Kyoto Protocol).

Please note that the following countries have not been considered due to lack of data: • Africa: Comoros, Saint Helena and Western Sahara; • America: Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Saint Pierre-Miquelon and Turks and Caicos Islands; • Asia and Oceania: American Samoa, Cambodia, Christmas Island, Cook Islands, Laos, Macau, Mongolia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Tonga and Wake Island.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.19

5. IPCC METHODOLOGIES A.

General Notes

In December 1997, Parties met in Kyoto to agree on a Protocol with quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments for developed countries. Parties included in Annex I of the Convention agreed to promote sustainable development by: • enhancing energy efficiency; • protecting and enhancing sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol; • promoting sustainable forms of agriculture; • researching and promoting new and renewable forms of energy, of CO2 sequestration technologies and advanced environmentally sound technologies; • reducing or phasing out market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies; • encouraging appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol; • implementing measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector; • limiting and/or reducing the methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy. The Kyoto Protocol will enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than

55 Parties of the Convention, incorporating Annex I Parties which accounted in total for at least 55% of the total CO2 emissions for 1990 from that group, have deposited their instrument of ratification. The ultimate objective of the Convention is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Convention also calls for all Parties to commit themselves to the following objectives: • to develop, update periodically, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP) their national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks, of all GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. • to use comparable methodologies for inventories of GHG emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the COP. The IEA, together with the IPCC, the OECD and numerous international experts, has helped to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology for the calculation and reporting of national GHG emissions from fuel combustion. This methodology was published in 1995 in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Since the initial dissemination of the methodology, revisions have been added to several chapters, and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) are now available6. Since the IPCC

6

The IPCC Guidelines are available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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I.20 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

methodology for fuel combustion is largely based on energy balances, the IEA estimates for CO2 from fuel combustion published in this document have been calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default IPCC methodology. However, other possibly more detailed methodologies may be used by Parties when calculating their inventories. This may lead to different estimates of emissions. See Chapter 1, IEA Emissions Estimates for further details. As described in the IPCC Guidelines, the calculation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion may be done at three different levels referred to as Tiers 1, 2 and 3. Tier 1 methods, described here, concentrate on estimating the emissions from the carbon content of fuels supplied to the country as a whole (the Reference Approach) or to the main fuel combustion activities (IPCC Sectoral Approach). The following chapter summarises the IPCC Tier 1 methodology. This is the methodology that has been used for estimating the emissions published in the present document. A more complete description can be found in the IPCC Guidelines.

B.

Reference Approach

Introduction Carbon dioxide emissions are produced when carbon-based fuels are burned. National emissions estimates are made based on amounts of fuels used and the carbon content of fuels. Fuel combustion is widely dispersed throughout most activities in national economies and a complete record of the quantities of each fuel type consumed in each "end use" activity is a considerable task, which some countries have not undertaken. Fortunately, it is possible to obtain an accurate estimate of national CO2 emissions by accounting for the carbon in fuels supplied to the economy. The supply of fuels is simple to record and the statistics are more likely to be available in many countries. In accounting for fuels supplied7 it is important to distinguish between primary fuels (i.e. fuels which 7

The following discussion excludes all non-carbon energy sources such as nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, etc.

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are found in nature such as coal, crude oil, natural gas), and secondary fuels or fuel products, such as gasoline and lubricants, which are derived from primary fuels. Accounting for carbon is based mainly on the supply of primary fuels and the net quantities of secondary fuels brought into the country. To calculate supply of fuels to the country necessitates the following data for each fuel and year chosen: • the amounts of primary fuels produced (production of secondary fuels is excluded) • the amounts of primary and secondary fuels imported • the amounts of primary and secondary fuels exported • the amounts of fuel used for international marine and aviation bunkers • the net increases or decreases in stocks of the fuels For each fuel, the production (where appropriate) and imports are added together and the exports, bunkers, and stock changes are subtracted to calculate the apparent consumption of the fuels. The manufacture of secondary fuels is ignored in the main calculation, as the carbon in these fuels has already been accounted for in the supply of primary fuels from which they are derived. However, information on production of some secondary fuel products is required to adjust for carbon stored in these products. The procedure calculates the supply of primary fuels to the economy with adjustments for net imports (imports - exports), bunkers and stock changes in secondary fuels. It is important to note that, in cases where exports of secondary fuels exceed imports or stock increases exceed net imports, negative numbers will result. This is correct, and should not give rise to concern. Three other important points influence the accounting methodology: • Stored carbon Not all fuel supplied to an economy is burned for heat energy. Some is used as a raw material (or

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.21

feedstock) for manufacture of products such as plastics or in a non-energy use (e.g. bitumen for road construction), without oxidation (emissions) of the carbon. This is called stored carbon, and is deducted from the carbon emissions calculation. Estimation of the stored carbon requires data for fuel use by activities using the fuel as raw material. • International Bunker fuels The procedures given for calculating emissions ensure that emissions from the use of fuels for international marine and air transport are excluded from national emissions totals. However, for information purposes, the quantities and types of fuels delivered for international marine and aviation bunkers and the emissions should be separately reported. • Biomass fuels In the IPCC methodology, biomass fuels are not included in the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and are only shown for informational purposes. This is because for CO2 emissions, biomass consumption for fuel is assumed to equal its regrowth. Any departures from this hypothesis are counted within the Land Use Change and Forestry module of the IPCC Guidelines. For this reason, emissions from the burning of biomass for energy are not included in this publication.

Methodology The IPCC methodology breaks the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion into six steps: Step 1: Estimate Apparent Fuel Consumption in Original Units Step 2: Convert to a Common Energy Unit Step 3: Multiply by Emission Factors to Compute the Carbon Content Step 4: Compute Carbon Stored Step 5: Correct for Carbon Unoxidised Step 6: Convert Carbon Oxidised to CO2 Emissions

Completing Worksheet 1 This section is from the Workbook of the IPCC Guidelines and provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions at the detailed fuels and fuel products level. Worksheet 1 can be consulted at the end of this chapter. NOTE: The main worksheet allows CO2 emissions from biomass fuels to be calculated but it does not include them in the national total and they are not included in this publication.

Step 1 Estimating Apparent Fuel Consumption 1 Apparent consumption is the basis for calculating the carbon supply for the country. To calculate apparent consumption (or total fuel supplied) for each fuel, the following data for primary fuels are entered: • • • • •

Production (Column A) Imports (Column B) Exports (Column C) International Bunkers (Column D) Stock Change (Column E)

For secondary fuels and products, the only figures entered are: • • • •

Imports (Column B) Exports (Column C) International Bunkers (Column D) Stock Change (Column E)

These allow the overall calculation to account for all consumption. Amounts of all fuels can be expressed in joules (J), megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), terajoules (TJ) or thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe). Solid or liquid fuels can be expressed as thousands of tonnes (kt) and dry natural gas can be expressed as teracalories (Tcal) or cubic metres (m3). NOTE: The figure for production of natural gas, used in Worksheet 1, does not include quantities of gas vented, flared or re-injected into the well. Quantities are expressed in terms of the net calorific values (NCV) of the fuels concerned. NCV is

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

sometimes referred to as the lower heating value (LHV). NCVs are approximately 95% of the gross calorific value (GCV) for liquid fossil, solid fossil and biomass fuels, and 90% of the GCV for natural gas. 2 Apparent Consumption is calculated for each fuel using this formula: Apparent Consumption = Production + Imports - Exports - International Bunkers - Stock Change The results are entered in Column F. Particular attention is given to the algebraic sign of “stock change” as it is entered in Column E. When more fuel is added to stock than is taken from it during the year there is a net stock build and the quantity is entered in Column E with a plus sign. In the converse case (a stock draw) the quantity is entered in Column E with a minus sign.

Step 2 Converting to a Common Energy Unit (TJ) 1 The conversion factor used for each fuel is entered in Column G. 2 The Apparent Consumption is multiplied by the relevant Conversion Factor (NCV or scaling factor) to give Apparent Consumption in terajoules. The result is entered in Column H.

TABLE 1 CONVERSION FACTORS Unit

Conversion Factor

J, MJ or GJ

Number is divided by the appropriate factor, 1012, 106 or 103 respectively, to convert to TJ.

106 toe

Number is multiplied by the conversion factor, 41868 TJ/106 toe, to convert to TJ.

TABLE 2 SELECTED NET CALORIFIC VALUES Factors (TJ/103 tonnes) Refined Petroleum Products Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Refinery Gas Other Oil Products

44.80 44.59 44.75 36.00 43.33 40.19 47.31 47.49 45.01 40.19 40.19 31.00 44.80 48.15 40.19

Other Products Coal Oils and Tars derived from Coking Coals Oil Shale Orimulsion

28.00 9.40 27.50

NOTE: When converting from 103 t, for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite, separate country specific net calorific values are used for Production (Column A), Imports (Column B), and Exports (Column C). For these fuels, Apparent Consumption is calculated by converting Production, Imports, Exports, and Stock Changes to TJ first. For International Bunkers (Column D) and Stock Change (Column E), either a weighted average net calorific value or a factor appropriate to the dominant source of supply is used.

Step 3 Multiplying by Carbon Emission Factors

Tcal

Number is multiplied by the conversion factor, 4.1868 TJ/Tcal.

1 The Carbon Emission Factor (CEF) used to convert Apparent Consumption into Carbon Content is entered in Column I.

103 t

The Net Calorific Value of each fuel is used (see Table 2).

Table 3 shows default values used in this publication.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.23

TABLE 3

Notes to Table 3

CARBON EMISSION FACTORS (CEF)

(a) This value is a default value until a fuel specific CEF is determined. For gas biomass, the CEF is based on the assumption that 50% of the carbon in the biomass is converted to methane and 50% is emitted as CO2. The CO2 emissions from biogas should not be included in national inventories. If biogas is released and not combusted 50% of the carbon content should be included as methane.

Fuel

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

LIQUID FOSSIL Primary fuels Crude oil

20.0

Orimulsion

22.0

Natural Gas Liquids

17.2

(b) For use in the sectoral calculations. (c) Emissions from the use of biomass for fuel are not shown in this publication.

Secondary fuels/products Gasoline

18.9

Jet Kerosene

19.5

Other Kerosene

19.6

Shale Oil

20.0

Gas/Diesel Oil

20.2

Residual Fuel Oil

21.1

LPG

17.2

Ethane

16.8

Naphtha

(20.0) (a)

Bitumen

22.0 (20.0) (a)

Lubricants Petroleum Coke

27.5

2 The Apparent Consumption in TJ (in Column H) is multiplied by the Carbon Emission Factor (in Column I) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes of C. The result is entered in Column J. 3 The Carbon Content in tonnes C is divided by 103 to give gigagrammes of Carbon. The result is entered in Column K.

Step 4 Calculating Carbon Stored 1 Estimating Fuel Quantities

Refinery Feedstocks

(20.0) (a)

Bitumen and lubricants

Refinery Gas

18.2 (b)

Domestic Production for bitumen and lubricants is added to the Apparent Consumption (shown in Column F of the main Worksheet 1) for these products and the sum is entered in Column A of Auxiliary Worksheet 1.

(20.0) (a)

Other Oil SOLID FOSSIL Primary Fuels Anthracite

26.8

Coking Coal

25.8

Other Bituminous Coal

25.8

Sub-bituminous Coal

26.2

Lignite

27.6

Oil Shale

29.1

Peat

28.9

Secondary Fuels/Products BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven / Gas Coke

(25.8) (a) 29.5

Coke Oven Gas

13.0 (b)

Blast Furnace Gas

66.0 (b)

GASEOUS FOSSIL Natural Gas (Dry) BIOMASS

15.3

(c)

Solid Biomass

29.9

Liquid Biomass

(20.0) (a)

Gas Biomass

(30.6) (a)

Coal oils and tars For coking coal, the default assumption is that 6% of the carbon in coking coal consumed is converted to oils and tars. The Apparent Consumption for coking coal (from Worksheet 1, Column F) is multiplied by 0.06. As no better information on production of coal oils and tars is available to the IEA, the result is entered in Column A. Natural gas, LPG, Ethane, Naphtha and Gas/ Diesel oil The amount of these fuels used as a feedstock for non-energy purposes is entered in Column A. 2 Converting to TJ The appropriate Conversion Factors are inserted in Column B. The Estimated Fuel Quantities (Column A) are multiplied by the relevant Conversion Factor to give the Estimated Fuel

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Quantities in TJ. The result is entered in Column C of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. 3 Calculating Carbon Content The Estimated Fuel Quantities in TJ (Column C) are multiplied by the Emission Factor in tonnes of carbon per terajoule (Column D) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes of C (Column E). The figures are divided by 103 to express the amount as gigagrammes of carbon. The results are entered in Column F of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. 4 Calculating Actual Carbon Stored The Carbon Content (Column F) is multiplied by the Fraction of Carbon Stored (Column G) to give the Carbon Stored. The result is entered in Column H of Auxiliary Worksheet 1. When Auxiliary Worksheet 1 is completed 5 The values for Carbon Stored for the relevant fuels/products are entered in Column L of the main Worksheet 1. 6 The values for Carbon Stored (Column L) are subtracted from Carbon Content (Column K) to give Net Carbon Emissions. The results are entered in Column M.

Step 5 Correcting for Carbon Unoxidised 1 The values for Fraction of Carbon Oxidised are entered in Column N of Worksheet 1. Table 4 provides information on typical values measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2 Net Carbon Emissions (Column M) are multiplied by Fraction of Carbon Oxidised (Column N) and the results are entered in Column O, Actual Carbon Emissions. TABLE 4 FRACTION OF CARBON OXIDISED Coal1

0.98

Oil and Oil products

0.99

Gas

0.995

Peat for electricity generation2

0.99

1 2

This figure is a global average but varies for different types of coal, and can be as low as 0.91. The fraction for peat used in households may be much lower.

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Step 6 Converting to CO2 Emissions 1 Actual Carbon Emissions (Column O) are multiplied by 44/12 (which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C) to find Total Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emitted from fuel combustion. The results are entered in Column P. 2 The sum is total national emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion. These are the numbers shown for total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in this publication.

C.

Sectoral Approach

Introduction A sectoral breakdown of national CO2 emissions using the defined IPCC Source/Sink Categories is needed for monitoring and abatement policy discussions. The IPCC Reference Approach provides a rapid estimate of the total CO2 emissions from fuels supplied to the country but it does not break down the emissions by sector. The more detailed calculations used for this approach are essentially similar in content to those used for the Reference Approach.

Completing Worksheet 2 This section is from the Workbook of the IPCC Guidelines and provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions by fuels for each of the main source categories using the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. A sample sheet of Worksheet 2 can be consulted at the end of this chapter.

Step 1 Estimating Sectoral Fuel Consumption The amount of each fuel consumed by sector is entered in Column A. Energy and Transformation Sector Special care needs to be taken when considering the fuel use of the Energy and Transformation sector so that double counting is avoided.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.25

Fuel use in the Energy and Transformation Sector can be divided into three groups: Transformation Sector 1 Fuels transformed into secondary fuels by physical or chemical processes not involving combustion (e.g. crude oil to petroleum products in refineries, coal to coke and coke oven gas in coke ovens) 2 Fuels combusted to generate electricity and/or heat (excluding fuels used for autoproduction of electricity and heat, which are reported in the sector where they are used) Energy Sector 3 Fuels combusted by the energy (energy extraction and transformation) industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes (e.g. refinery gas for heating distillation columns, use of colliery methane at mines for heating purposes). In this worksheet, only fuel use by Groups 2 and 3 (fuels that are combusted) is included. However, see Step 4 for the reporting of lubricants used by the energy industries. For emissions resulting from fuel use by Group 1, no worksheets are available. They should be reported under the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1B: Fugitive Emissions from Fuels. It is most important that this distinction be appreciated. The quantities of primary fuels reported in Column A will understate the quantities used for Group 1 activities. The reported quantities cover only the combustion needs of these industries.

Step 3 Multiplying By Carbon Emission Factors 1 The Carbon Emission Factor used to convert Consumption into Carbon Content is entered in Column D. 2 The Consumption in TJ (in Column C) is multiplied by the Carbon Emission Factor (in Column D) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes of Carbon. The result is entered in Column E. 3 The Carbon Content in tonnes of Carbon is divided by 103 to express as gigagrammes of Carbon. The result is entered in Column F.

Step 4 Calculating Carbon Stored For the calculation of carbon stored, fuels are distinguished into four groups: • Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane • Lubricants • Bitumen and coal tars • Fuels for which no carbon is stored Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane: This subsection on feedstocks applies only to the Industry Source Category. 1 Estimating Fuel Quantities The amount of fuel used as a feedstock for nonenergy purposes is entered in Column A of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 2 Converting to TJ

Step 2 Converting to a Common Energy Unit (TJ)

1 The conversion factor to convert to terajoules is entered in Column B. 2 The Consumption is multiplied by the relevant Conversion Factor (NCV or scaling factor) to give Consumption in terajoules. The result is entered in Column C.

The appropriate Conversion Factor is inserted in Column B. Feedstock Use (Column A) is multiplied by the relevant Conversion Factor to give the Feedstock Use in TJ. The result is entered in Column C of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 3 Calculating Carbon Content The Feedstock Use in TJ (Column C) is multiplied by the Emission Factor in tonnes of carbon per terajoule (Column D) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes C (Column E). The figures are

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

divided by 103 to express the amount as gigagrammes of carbon. The results are entered in Column F of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. 4 Calculating Actual Carbon Stored The Carbon Content (Column F) is multiplied by the Fraction of Carbon Stored (Column G) to give the Carbon Stored. The result is entered in Column H of Auxiliary Worksheet 2. After completion of Auxiliary Worksheet 2 5 The amount of Carbon Stored for the relevant fuel/product is entered in Column H of Worksheet 2 for the Industry Source Category. 6 The amount of Carbon Stored (Column H) is subtracted from the Carbon Content (Column F) to give Net Carbon Emissions. The results are entered in Column I. Lubricants: It has been estimated that during the first use, recycling and final disappearance of lubricants, approximately half of the production is oxidised as CO2. 1 For each sector where lubricants are used, the Fraction of Carbon Stored for lubricants is entered in Column G. The default value of 0.5 is used for this publication. 2 The Carbon Content (Column F) is multiplied by the Fraction of Carbon Stored (Column G) to obtain the amount of Carbon Stored. The result is entered in Column H. 3 The amount of Carbon Stored (Column H) is subtracted from the Carbon Content (Column F) to obtain the Net Carbon Emissions. The result is entered in Column I.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Bitumen and Coal Tars: Bitumen and coal tars are usually not combusted but used in a manner that stores almost all of the carbon. Therefore, in contrast to the IPCC Reference Approach, bitumen and coal tars do not figure in the list of CO2 emitting fuels. Emissions of Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from the use of bitumen for road paving are estimated in the Industrial Processes Chapter. Fuels for which no carbon is stored: Step 4 is skipped and the values from Column F are entered in Column I before continuing with Step 5.

Step 5 Correcting for Carbon Unoxidised 1 Values for Fraction of Carbon Oxidised are entered in Column J of Worksheet 2. Table 4 provides information on typical values measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2 Net Carbon Emissions (Column I) are multiplied by Fraction of Carbon Oxidised (Column J) and the results are entered in Column K, Actual Carbon Emissions.

Step 6 Converting to CO2 Emissions 1 Actual Carbon Emissions (Column K) are multiplied by 44/12 (which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C) to find Actual Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions. The results are entered in Column L. These are the sectoral emissions which are included in the present publication.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.27

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

1 OF 5 STEP 1 A

B

C

Production

Imports

Exports

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels

D

E

F

International Stock Change Apparent Bunkers Consumption F=(A+B -C-D-E)

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

2 OF 5 STEP 2

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

G(a)

H

Conversion Factor (TJ/Unit)

Apparent Consumption (TJ)

Carbon Carbon Content Carbon Content Emission Factor (t C/TJ) (t C) (Gg C)

H=(FxG)

J=(HxI)

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(b) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) Please specify units. (b) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

STEP 3 I

J

K

K=(Jx10-3)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.29

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

3 OF 5 STEP 4

STEP 5

L

M

N

O

P

Carbon Stored

Net Carbon Emissions

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions

Actual CO2 Emissions

(Gg C)

(Gg CO2)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])

(Gg C)

(Gg C) M=(K-L)

FUEL TYPES Liquid Fossil

Primary Fuels

STEP 6

Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids

Secondary Fuels

Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil

Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil

Primary Fuels

Anthracite(a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat

Secondary Fuels

BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke

Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil

Natural Gas (Dry)

Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

4 OF 5 EMISSIONS AIR TRANSPORT)

FROM INTERNATIONAL

STEP 1

BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE

STEP 2

STEP 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Quantities Delivered(a)

Conversion Factor (TJ/unit)

Quantities Delivered (TJ)

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)

FUEL TYPES Solid Fossil

Other Bituminous Coal

Liquid Fossil

Gasoline

AND

Sub-Bituminous Coal

Jet Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants Total (a) Enter the quantities from Worksheet 1, Sheet 1, Column D: “International Bunkers”.

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (REFERENCE APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

1

SHEET

5 OF 5 EMISSIONS AIR TRANSPORT)

FROM INTERNATIONAL

BUNKERS (INTERNATIONAL MARINE

STEP 4

Liquid Fossil

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

Other Bituminous Coal

0

0

Sub-Bituminous Coal

0

0

Gasoline

0

0

Jet Kerosene

0

0

Gas/Diesel Oil

0

0

Residual Fuel Oil

0

0

Lubricants

STEP 6

G

FUEL TYPES Solid Fossil

STEP 5

0.5 Total(a)

(a) The bunker emissions are not to be added to national totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

AND

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.31

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM ENERGY

WORKSHEET

AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 1: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

FUEL TYPES

1 OF 1 A

B

Estimated Fuel Quantities

Conversion Factor (TJ/Units)

C

D

Estimated Fuel Carbon Quantities Emission Factor (TJ) (t C/TJ)

C=(AxB)

E

F

G

H

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

H=(FxG)

Naphtha(a)

0.80

Lubricants

0.50

Bitumen

1.0

Coal Oils and Tars (from Coking Coal)

0.75

Natural Gas(a)

0.33

Gas/Diesel Oil(a)

0.50

LPG(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)

0.80

Other fuels(b)

(a) Enter these fuels when they are used as feedstocks. (b) Use the Other fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS

SHEET

SAMPLE SHEET - FILLED OUT FOR EACH SECTOR

STEP 1 Energy Industries

STEP 2

STEP 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consumption

Conversion Factor (TJ/unit)

Consumption (TJ)

Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

specific fuels listed for each sector (a)

C=(AxB)

Total Memo items: Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Certain sectors have specific calculations for some products. See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for further details.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.33

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

2 STEP BY STEP CALCULATIONS

SHEET

SAMPLE SHEET - FILLED OUT FOR EACH SECTOR

STEP 4 Energy Industries

specific fuels listed for each sector (a)

STEP 5

STEP 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction of Carbon Stored

Carbon Stored (Gg C)

Net Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Oxidised

Actual Carbon Emissions (Gg C)

Actual CO2 Emissions (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

Total Memo items: Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Certain sectors have specific calculations for some products. See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for further details.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

MODULE

ENERGY

SUBMODULE

CO2 FROM FUEL COMBUSTION BY (TIER I SECTORAL APPROACH)

WORKSHEET

AUXILIARY WORKSHEET 2: ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS

SHEET

1 A

B

Feedstock Use

Conversion Factor (TJ/Units)

FUEL TYPES

C

D

Feedstock Use Carbon (TJ) Emission Factor (t C/TJ)

C=(AxB)

E

F

G

Carbon Content (t C)

Carbon Content (Gg C)

Fraction of Carbon Stored

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

H Carbon Stored(a) (Gg C) H=(FxG)

Gas/Diesel Oil

0.5

LPG

0.8

Ethane

0.8

Naphtha

0.8

Natural Gas

0.33

Other Fuels(b)

(a) Enter the result of this calculation in Worksheet 2 Step by Step Calculation, in the Manufacturing Industries and Construction sector. (b) Please specify.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.35

D.

Key Sources

In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary, at its 16th session held in Montreal, accepted the report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories8. The report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in producing inventories that are neither over nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable. It supports the development of inventories that are transparent, documented, consistent over time, complete, comparable, assessed for uncertainties, subject to quality control and quality assurance, and efficient in the use of resources. The report does not revise or replace the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, but provides a reference that complements and is consistent with those guidelines. Methodological choice for individual source categories is important in managing overall inventory uncertainty. Generally, inventory uncertainty is lower when emissions are estimated using the most rigorous methods, but due to finite resources, this may not be feasible for every source category. It is good practice to identify those source categories that have the greatest contribution to overall inventory uncertainty in order to make the most efficient use of available resources. By identifying these key source categories in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. Such a process will lead to improved inventory quality, as well as greater confidence in the emissions estimates that are developed. It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner. A key source category is one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both.

8

The report on IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

Any inventory agency that has prepared an emissions inventory will be able to identify key source categories in terms of their contribution to the absolute level of national emissions. For those inventory agencies that have prepared a time series, the quantitative determination of key source categories should include evaluation of both the absolute level and the trend in emissions. Evaluating only the influence of a source category on the overall level of emissions provides limited information about why the source category is key. Some key source categories may not be identified if the influence of their trend is not taken into account. In the Good Practice Guidance, both a basic Tier 1 approach and a Tier 2 approach are described. The basic difference between the two approaches is that the Tier 2 approach accounts for uncertainty, In each country’s national inventory, certain source categories are particularly significant in terms of their contribution to the overall uncertainty of the inventory. It is important to identify these key source categories so that the resources available for inventory preparation may be prioritised and the best possible estimates prepared for the most significant source categories. The results of the key source category determination will be most useful if the analysis is done at the appropriate level of detail. The Good Practice Guidance suggests at which levels of details the various IPCC Source Categories should be analysed, and identifies special considerations related to the analysis, where relevant. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels is a large emission source category that can be broken down into sub-source categories, and even to the level of individual plants or boilers. The following guidance describes good practice in determining the appropriate level of analysis to identify key source categories: •

The analysis should be performed at the level of IPCC source categories (i.e. at the level at which the IPCC methods are described). The analysis should be performed using CO2equivalent emissions calculated using the global warming potentials (GWPs) specified in the IPCC Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (UNFCCC Guidelines).

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I.36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

•

•

Each greenhouse gas emitted from a single source category should be considered separately, unless there are specific methodological reasons for treating gases collectively. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are emitted from mobile sources. The key source category evaluation should be performed for each of these gases separately because the methods, emission factors and related uncertainties differ for each gas. In contrast, a collective evaluation of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) may be appropriate for some source categories, such as emissions from substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes). Source categories that use the same emission factors based on common assumptions should be aggregated before analysis. This approach can also help deal with cross-correlations between source categories in the uncertainty analysis. The same pattern of aggregation should be used both to quantify uncertainties and to identify key source categories unless the associated activity data uncertainties are very different.

are distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the main fuel types. If emission factors are determined independently for some sub-source categories, these should be distinguished in the analysis. When using the Tier 1 approach, key source categories are identified using a pre-determined cumulative emissions threshold. The pre-determined threshold has been determined based on an evaluation of several inventories, and is aimed at establishing a general level where 90% of inventory uncertainty will be covered by key source categories. The Tier 1 method to identify key source categories assesses the impacts of various source categories on the level and, if possible, the trend, of the national emissions inventory. When the national inventory estimates are available for several years, it is good practice to assess the contribution of each source category to both the level and trend of the national inventory. If only a single year’s inventory is available, only a Level Assessment can be performed. For the Tier 1 Level Assessment, the contribution of each source category to the total national inventory level is calculated according to Equation 1: EQUATION 1

Quantitative approaches to identify key source categories

Source Category Level Assessment = Source Category Estimate / Total Estimate

It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner, by performing a quantitative analysis of the relationships between the level and the trend of each source category’s emissions and total national emissions.

Lx,t = Ex,t / Et

Any inventory agency that has developed an emissions inventory will be able to perform the Tier 1 Level Assessment and identify the source categories whose level has a significant effect on total national emissions. Those inventory agencies that have developed emissions inventories for more than one year will also be able to perform the Tier 1 Trend Assessment and identify sources that are key because of their contribution to the total trend of national emissions. Both assessments are described in detail in the Good Practice Guidance. For CO2 emissions from stationary combustion, the Good Practice Guidance suggests that the emissions be disaggregated to the level where emission factors

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Where: Lx,t is the Level Assessment for source x in year t Source Category Estimate (Ex,t) is the emission estimate of source category x in year t Total Estimate (Et) is the total inventory estimate in year t The value of the source category Level Assessment should be calculated separately for each source category, and the cumulative sum of all the entries is calculated. Key source categories are those that, when summed together in descending order of magnitude, add up to over 95% of the total. Any source category that meets the 95% threshold in any year should be identified as a key source category. The Tier 1 Trend Assessment, calculates the contribution of each source category trend to the trend

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.37

in the total national inventory. This assessment will identify source categories that have a different trend to the trend of the overall inventory. As differences in trend are more significant to the overall inventory level for larger source categories, the result of the trend difference (i.e. the source category trend minus total trend) is multiplied by the result of the level assessment (Lx,t from Equation 1) to provide appropriate weighting. Thus, key source categories will be those where the source category trend diverges significantly from the total trend, weighted by the emission level of the source category.

If nationally derived source-level uncertainties are available, inventory agencies can use Tier 2 to identify key source categories. The Tier 2 approach is a more detailed analysis that builds on the Tier 1 approach, and it is likely to reduce the number of key source categories that need to be considered. Under Tier 2, the results of the Tier 1 analysis are multiplied by the relative uncertainty of each source category. Key source categories are those that represent 90% of the uncertainty contribution, instead of applying the pre-determined cumulative emissions threshold.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.39

6. ENERGY BALANCE METHODOLOGY A.

Introduction

An analysis of energy problems requires a comprehensive presentation of basic statistics in original units such as tons of coal and kilowatt-hours of electricity. The usefulness of such basic data can be considerably improved by also expressing them in a common energy unit suitable for uses such as estimation of total energy supply, forecasting and the study of substitution and conservation. The energy balance is a presentation of the basic supply and demand data for all fuels in a manner which shows the main fuels together, but separately distinguished, and expressed in a common energy unit. Both of these characteristics allow easy comparisons to be made of the contribution each fuel makes to the energy sector and their interrelationships through the conversion of one fuel into another.

B.

Data Sources

Each year, the International Energy Agency collects, processes and publishes energy statistics for all OECD Member countries, as well as for over 100 non-OECD countries and regions. The IEA then calculates energy balance tables based on a standard methodology for all these countries and regions. The IEA collects the basic statistics from various sources, as shown below.

OECD Member Countries Administrations of Member countries provide the IEA with five annual questionnaires: • Coal and manufactured gases; • Crude oil and petroleum products; • Natural gas;

• Renewables; • Electricity and heat; These five annual questionnaires are completed and returned to the IEA in the period up to the end of March of the following year. Once all the data for all countries are checked and the changes verified with Member countries, national energy balances are prepared and published in Energy Balances of OECD Countries, in May of each year.

Non-OECD Member Countries Data on annual energy production, consumption and trade for non-OECD countries are compiled from a variety of sources: • Questionnaires for UNECE Member countries (these questionnaires are identical to those sent to OECD Member countries); • Other International Organisations, e.g. United Nations, OLADE (for the Latin American countries); • Close co-operation with national statistical bodies; • Direct contacts with energy consultants and companies; • Publications; • Estimates. Where the series for combustible renewables and waste are incomplete or unavailable, they have been estimated using a methodology consistent with the projection framework of the IEA’s 2000 edition of World Energy Outlook (October 2000). For a complete explanation of the methodology used to estimate these data, please see Energy Statistics of NonOECD Countries, 1999-2000. Data for the preceding year are collected and finalised progressively from September to July. Missing

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I.40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

data are estimated down to the level of final consumption sectors. In July, basic energy statistics and balances for the whole world and for regions are prepared. These aggregated data, together with the national energy statistics and balances, are published in September in the publications Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Balances of NonOECD Countries.

C.

Units

For the purpose of presenting total primary energy supply (TPES) the IEA has adopted Million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) as a unit of account. One tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is defined as 107 kilocalories (41.868 gigajoules). This quantity of energy is, within a few per cent, equal to the net heat content of 1 tonne of crude oil.

categories of each quality of coal and for each flow or use (i.e. production, imports, exports, electricity generation, coke ovens, blast furnaces and industry). For crude oil, specific factors have been used for production, imports and exports based on consultations with experts from the national administrations, while petroleum products have a single set of conversion factors for most countries. The balances are expressed in terms of "net" calorific value. The difference between the "net" and the "gross" calorific value for each fuel is the latent heat of vaporisation of the water produced during combustion of the fuel. For coal and oil, net calorific value is 5 per cent less than gross, for most forms of natural and manufactured gas the difference is 9-10%, while for electricity there is no difference as the concept has no meaning in this case. The use of net calorific value is consistent with the practice of the Statistical Offices of the European Communities and the United Nations.

However, the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that energy data be shown in TJ. For this reason, in this publication, TPES has been presented both in Mtoe and in TJ.

Electricity data are converted from original units of gigawatt hours to energy units using the relationships:

D.

E.

Conversion (from original units to energy units)

The change from using the original units (e.g. thousand tonnes or cubic metres) to energy units (e.g. Mtoe or TJ) implies choosing coefficients of equivalence between different forms and sources of energy. This problem can be approached in many different ways. For example one could adopt a single equivalence for each major primary energy source in all countries, e.g. 29 307 kJ/kg (7 000 kcal/kg) for hard coal, 41 868 kJ/kg (10 000 kcal/kg) for oil, etc. The main objection to this method is that it results in distortions since there is a wide spread in calorific values between types of coal and individual coal products, and between calorific values of these fuels in different countries. The Secretariat has therefore adopted specific factors supplied by the national administrations for the main

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1 terawatt hour = 0.086 Mtoe 1 terawatt hour = 3600 TJ.

Primary Energy Conventions

When constructing an energy balance, it is necessary to adopt conventions for primary energy from several sources such as nuclear, geothermal, solar, hydro, wind, etc. Two types of assumptions have to be made:

I. Choice of the primary energy form For each of these sources, there is a need to define the form of primary energy to be considered; for instance, in the case of hydro energy, a choice must be made between the kinetic energy of falling water and the electricity produced. For nuclear energy, the choice is between the energy content of the nuclear fuel, the heat generated in the reactors and the electricity produced. For photovoltaic electricity, the choice is between the solar radiation received and the electricity produced.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.41

efficiency of 33%, which is the average of nuclear power plants in Europe. In the case of hydro, as electricity is the primary energy form selected, the primary energy equivalent is the physical energy content of the electricity generated in the plant, which amounts to assuming an efficiency of 100%.

The principle adopted by the IEA is that the primary energy form should be the first energy form downstream in the production process for which multiple energy uses are practical. The application of this principle leads to the choice of the following primary energy forms: •

•

Heat for nuclear heat and electricity production, geothermal heat and electricity production and solar heat production, Electricity for hydro, wind, wave/ocean and photovoltaic solar electricity production.

II. Calculation of the primary energy equivalent There are essentially two methods that can be used to calculate the primary energy equivalent of the above energy sources: the partial substitution method and the physical energy content method. •

•

The partial substitution method: In this method, the primary energy equivalent of the above sources of electricity generation represents the amount of energy that would be necessary to generate an identical amount of electricity in conventional thermal power plants. The primary energy equivalent is calculated using an average generating efficiency of these plants. This method has several shortcomings including the difficulty of choosing an appropriate generating efficiency and the fact that it is not relevant for countries with a high share of hydro electricity. For these reasons, the IEA, as most of the international organisations, has now stopped using this method and adopted the physical energy content method. The physical energy content method: This method uses the physical energy content of the primary energy source as its primary energy equivalent. As a consequence, there is an obvious link between the principles adopted in defining the primary energy forms of energy sources and the primary energy equivalent of these sources. For instance, in the case of nuclear electricity production, as heat is the primary energy form selected by the IEA, the primary energy equivalent is the quantity of heat generated in the reactors. However, as the amount of heat produced is not always known, the IEA estimates the primary energy equivalent from the electricity generation by assuming an

Since these two types of energy balances differ significantly in the treatment of electricity from solar, hydro, wind, etc., the share of renewables in total energy supply will appear to be very different depending on the method used. As a result, when looking at the percentages of various energy sources in total supply, it is important to understand the underlying conventions that were used to calculate the primary energy balances.

F.

Layout

As shown in the example of the 2000 energy balance for the United Kingdom, an energy balance is presented in tabular format: columns for the various sources of energy and rows for the different origins and uses.

I.

Columns

Across the top of the table from left to right, there are eleven columns with the following headings:

Column 1: Coal includes all coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite/brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this category. Column 2: Crude Oil comprises crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks, and additives as well as other hydrocarbons (which are shown separately in the row "from other sources" in the Energy Statistics publications). Column 3: Petroleum products comprise refinery gas, ethane, LPG, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other petroleum products. Column 4: Gas includes natural gas (excluding natural gas liquids) and gas works gas. The latter appears as a positive figure in the "gas works" row but is not part of production.

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I.42 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

United Kingdom : 2000 Million tonnes of oil equivalent SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION

Coal

Crude Petroleum Oil Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro Geotherm. Combust. Electricity Solar Renew. etc. & Waste

Production Imports Exports Intl. Marine Bunkers Stock Changes

18.58 15.28 -0.70 2.80

131.66 56.37 -96.77 1.14

14.65 -21.46 -2.08 -0.35

97.62 2.01 -11.32 -0.84

22.17 -

0.44 -

0.09 -

2.13 -

1.23 -0.01 -

TPES

35.96

92.40

-9.24

87.47

22.17

0.44

0.09

2.13

0.08 -28.16 -0.16 -2.57 e -1.07 -0.16

-3.78 -0.48 -91.35 3.55 -0.33 -

3.79 -0.54 -0.91 -0.11 89.37 -0.18 -3.42 -5.14 -

-1.14 -22.31 -1.88 -6.22 -0.96

-22.17 -

-0.44 -

-0.08 -

-1.23 -0.18 -

Transfers Statistical Differences Electricity Plants CHP Plants Heat Plants Gas Works Petroleum Refineries Coal Transformation Liquefaction Plants Other Transformation Own Use Distribution Losses

Heat

Total

-

272.69 89.55 -130.27 -2.08 2.75

1.22

-

232.64

30.01 2.00 -2.29 -2.65

-

0.01 -2.08 -45.29 -0.33 -1.98 -2.75 0.13 -15.07 -3.76

TFC

3.92

-

73.63

54.96

-

-

0.01

0.72

28.29

-

161.53

INDUSTRY SECTOR Iron and Steel Chemical and Petrochemical of which: Feedstocks Non-Ferrous Metals Non-Metallic Minerals Transport Equipment Machinery Mining and Quarrying Food and Tobacco Paper, Pulp and Printing Wood and Wood Products Construction Textile and Leather Non-specified

2.20 1.07 e 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.28

-

12.46 0.13 6.75 6.39 0.04 0.25 0.17 0.26 0.35 0.29 0.07 0.02 0.44 0.14 3.55

16.53 1.65 5.43 1.01 0.45 1.17 0.87 1.17 2.48 1.36 0.16 0.58 1.22

-

-

-

0.35 0.35

9.76 0.85 1.96 0.51 0.64 1.79 1.07 0.97 0.14 0.34 1.50

-

41.30 3.71 14.39 7.39 1.17 2.22 1.07 3.23 0.35 3.96 2.47 0.02 0.74 1.08 6.89

-

-

51.92 6.71 4.71 39.11 0.46 0.94 -

-

-

-

-

-

0.76 0.76 -

-

52.68 6.71 4.71 39.11 1.21 0.94 -

1.72 0.00 0.17 1.54 0.00

-

5.37 0.60 1.56 3.07 0.14

38.43 0.11 7.58 28.62 2.11

-

-

0.01 0.01

0.37 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.02

17.77 0.33 7.82 9.62 -

-

63.67 1.12 17.20 43.06 2.29

-

-

3.88 3.49 0.29 0.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.88 3.49 0.29 0.09

124324 119524 4800 -

-

5597 4439 1158 -

146807 129880 16927 -

85063 85063 -

5110 5110 -

947 947 -

4360 3937 423 -

-

-

372208 348900 23308 -

TRANSPORT SECTOR International Civil Aviation Domestic Air Transport Road Rail Pipeline Transport Internal Navigation Non-specified OTHER SECTORS Agriculture Comm. and Publ. Services Residential Non-specified NON-ENERGY USE in Industry/Transf./Energy in Transport in Other Sectors Electricity Generated - GWh Electricity Plants CHP plants Heat Generated - TJ CHP plants Heat Plants

Source: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2002 edition.

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.43

Column 5: Nuclear shows the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by a nuclear power plant with an average thermal efficiency of 33%. Column 6: Hydro shows the energy content of the electricity produced in hydro power plants. Hydro output excludes output from pumped storage plants. Column 7: Geothermal, solar, etc.; indigenous production of geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave energy and the use of these energy forms for electricity generation. Other uses shown in this column relate only to geothermal and solar heat. Unless the actual efficiency of the geothermal process is known, the quantity of geothermal energy entering electricity generation is inferred from the electricity production at geothermal plants assuming an average thermal efficiency of 10 per cent. For solar, wind, tide and wave energy, the quantities entering electricity generation are equal to the electrical energy generated. Column 8: Combustible renewables & waste comprises solid biomass, liquid biomass, biogas, industrial waste and municipal waste. Biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuels (e.g. charcoal) or electricity and/or heat. Included here are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/wastes and sulphite lyes. (Sulphite lyes are also known as "black liquor" and are an alkaline spent liquor from the digesters in the production of sulphate or soda pulp during the manufacture of paper. The energy is derived from the lignin removed from the wood pulp.) Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by the residential, commercial and public service sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. Hospital waste is included in this category.

comparisons between countries difficult. Where the series for combustible renewables and waste are incomplete or unavailable, they have been estimated using a methodology consistent with the projection framework of the IEA’s 2000 edition of World Energy Outlook (October 2000). For a complete explanation of the methodology used to estimate these data, please see Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 1999-2000.

Column 9: Electricity shows final consumption and trade in electricity, which is accounted at the same heat value as electricity in final consumption (i.e. 1 GWh = 0.000086 Mtoe). Column 10: Heat shows the disposition of heat produced for sale. The large majority of the heat included in this column results from the combustion of fuels although some small amounts are produced from electrically powered heat pumps and boilers. Any heat extracted from ambient air by heat pumps is shown as production. Column 11: TOTAL = the total of Columns 1 to 10.

II. Rows The categories on the left hand side of the table have the following functions:

Row 1: Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. hard coal, lignite/brown coal, peat, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, combustible renewables and wastes, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heat from heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). Calculation of production of hydro, geothermal, etc. and nuclear electricity is explained in Chapter 2, Units and Conversions.

Data under this heading are often based on small sample surveys or other incomplete information. Thus the data give only a broad impression of developments, and are not strictly comparable between countries. In some cases complete categories of vegetal fuel are omitted due to lack of information.

Row 2/3: Imports and exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place.

NOTE: for the first time in 1997, the IEA published detailed data on combustible renewables and waste for all non-OECD countries for the years 1994 and 1995. These data are often from secondary sources and may be of questionable quality, which makes

Imports and exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.

a) Coal

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b) Oil and gas Quantities of crude oil and oil products imported or exported under processing agreements (i.e. refining on account) are included. Quantities of oil in transit are excluded. Crude oil, NGL and natural gas are reported as coming from the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. Re-exports of oil imported for processing within bonded areas are shown as exports of product from the processing country to the final destination.

c) Electricity Amounts are considered as imported or exported when they have crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is “wheeled” or transited through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export.

Row 4: International marine bunkers cover those quantities delivered to sea-going ships of all flags, including warships. Consumption by ships engaged in transport in inland and coastal waters is not included. See internal navigation (Row 41) and agriculture (Row 44). Row 5: Stock changes reflect the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number. Row 6: Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production (Row 1) + imports (Row 2) exports (Row 3) - international marine bunkers (Row 4) ± stock changes (Row 5). Row 7: Transfers include interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled products (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed). Row 8: Statistical differences is a category which includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also includes the statistical differences that arise because of the variety of conversion factors in the coal and oil columns. Row 9: Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a combined heat and power (CHP) unit, and the inputs and outputs can not be

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distinguished on a unit basis, then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Both public9 and autoproducer10 plants are included here. Columns 1 through 8 show the use of primary and secondary fuels for the production of electricity as negative entries. Gross electricity produced (including power stations' own consumption) appears as a positive quantity in the electricity column. Transformation losses appear in the total column as a negative number.

Row 10: Combined heat and power plants (CHP), refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity). UNIPEDE refers to these as co-generation power stations. If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above is adopted. Both public and autoproducer plants are included here. Note that for autoproducer’s CHP plants, all fuel inputs to electricity production are taken into account, while only the part of fuel inputs to heat sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production of heat consumed within the autoproducer’s establishment are not included here but are included with figures for the final consumption of fuels in the appropriate consuming sector. Columns 1 through 8, show the use of primary and secondary fuels for the production of electricity and heat as negative entries. Total gross electricity produced appears as a positive quantity in the electricity column and heat produced appears as a positive number in the heat column. Transformation losses appear under the total column as a negative number.

Row 11: Heat plants refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designed to produce heat only, which is sold to a third party under the provisions of a contract. Both public and autoproducer plants are included here. Columns 1 through 8, show the use of primary and secondary fuels in a heating system that transmits

9

Public supply undertakings generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

10 Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.45

and distributes heat from one or more energy source to, among others, residential, industrial, and commercial consumers for space heating, cooking, hot water and industrial processes.

Row 12: Where there is production of gas at Gas works the treatment is similar to that for electricity generation, with the quantity produced appearing as a positive figure in the gas column, inputs as negative entries in the coal, petroleum products and gas columns, and conversion losses appearing in the total column. Row 13: The row Petroleum refineries shows the use of primary energy for the manufacture of finished petroleum products and the corresponding output. Thus, the total reflects transformation losses. In certain cases the data in the total column are positive numbers. This can be due either to problems in the primary refinery balance, or to the fact that the IEA uses standardised net calorific values for petroleum products. Row 14: Coal transformation contains losses in transformation of coal from primary to secondary fuels and from secondary to tertiary fuels (hard coal to coke, coke to blast furnace gas, lignite to BKB, etc.). It is often difficult to correctly account for all inputs and outputs in energy transformation industries, and to separate energy that is transformed from energy that is combusted. As a result, in certain cases the data in the total column are positive numbers, indicating a problem in the underlying energy data.

shown as negative figures. Included here are, for example, coal mines’ own use of energy, power plants’ own consumption (which includes net electricity consumed for pumped storage), and energy used for oil and gas extraction.

Row 18: Distribution and transmission losses includes losses in gas distribution, electricity transmission and coal transport. Row 19: Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors. In final consumption, petrochemical feedstocks are shown as an "of which" item under chemical industry, while non-energy use of such oil products as white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and other products are shown under non-energy use, and are included in Total final consumption only. See Rows 48-51 (Non-energy use). Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption (see Row 16, other transformation). Rows 20-34: Consumption in the Industry sector is specified in the following sub-sectors (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport): •

Iron and steel industry [ISIC Group 271 and Class 2731];

•

Chemical industry [ISIC Division 24];

•

of which: petrochemical feedstocks. The petrochemical industry includes cracking and reforming processes for the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butylene, synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene and other hydrocarbonbased raw materials in processes such as steam cracking, aromatics plants and steam reforming. [Part of ISIC Group 241]; See feedstocks under Rows 48-51 below (Non-energy use);

•

Non-ferrous metals basic industries [ISIC Group 272 and Class 2732];

•

Non-metallic mineral products such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc. [ISIC Division 26];

•

Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 34 and 35];

•

Machinery comprises fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32];

•

Mining (excluding fuels) and quarrying [ISIC Divisions 13 and 14];

Row 15: Liquefaction plants includes diverse liquefaction processes, such as coal liquefaction into oil in Germany, and natural gas to gasoline in New Zealand (stopped in 1997). Row 16: Other transformation covers non-specified transformation not shown elsewhere, such as the transformation of solid biomass into charcoal. It also includes backflows from the petrochemical sector. Note, backflows from products used for non-energy purposes (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but in non-energy use. Row 17: Own use contains the primary and secondary energy consumed by transformation industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC11 Divisions 10, 11, 12, 23 and 40]. These are 11 International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Series M, No. 4/Rev. 3, United Nations, New York, 1990.

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I.46 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

•

Food and tobacco [ISIC Divisions 15 and 16];

•

Paper, pulp and print [ISIC Divisions 21 and 22];

•

Wood and wood products (other than pulp and paper) [ISIC Division 20];

•

Construction [ISIC Division 45];

•

Textile and leather [ISIC Divisions 17, 18 and 19];

•

Non-specified (any manufacturing industry not included above) [ISIC Divisions 25, 33, 36 and 37].

NOTE: Most countries have difficulties supplying an industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the non-specified industry row has been used.

Rows 35-42: The Transport sector includes all fuels for transport (in mobile engines) except international marine bunkers [ISIC Divisions 60, 61 and 62]. It includes transport in the industry sector and covers road, railway, air, internal navigation (including small craft and coastal shipping not included under marine bunkers), fuels used for transport of materials by pipeline and non-specified transport. Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing should be included in agriculture (Row 44). For many countries, the split between international civil aviation and domestic air incorrectly allocates fuel use for both domestic and international departures of domestically owned carriers to domestic air. Rows 43-47: Other sectors cover agriculture (including ocean, coastal and inland fishing) [ISIC Divisions 01, 02 and 05], residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95 and 99], and non-specified consumption. In many cases administrations find it impossible to distinguish energy consumption in commercial and public services from residential consumption. Some cannot distinguish consumption in agriculture from that in residential. In these cases, the residential sector will also include consumption in agriculture and/or commercial/public services. The non-specified row may include military use that is not shown in the transport sector. The other sectors total is, therefore, more accurate than its components.

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Rows 48-51: Non-energy use covers use of other petroleum products such as white spirit, paraffin waxes, lubricants, bitumen and other products. It also includes the non-energy use of coal (excluding peat). They are shown separately in final consumption under the heading non-energy use. It is assumed that the use of these products is exclusively nonenergy use. An exception to this treatment is the petroleum coke, which is shown as non-energy use only when there is evidence of such use; otherwise it is shown under energy use in industry or in other sectors. Non-energy use of coal includes carbon blacks, graphite electrodes, etc. and is also shown separately by sector. Feedstocks for the petrochemical industry are accounted for in industry under chemical industry (Row 22) and shown separately under: of which: feedstocks (Row 23). This covers all oil including naphtha (except the other petroleum products listed above) and gas used as petrochemical feedstock. However, please note that fuel inputs for the production of ammonia and methanol are included in non-energy use.

Row 52-54: Electricity generated shows the total number of GWh generated by thermal power plants separated into electricity plants and CHP plants, as well as production by nuclear and hydro (excluding pumped storage production), geothermal, etc. (see, however, the notes on Rows 9 and 10). Please note that electricity produced from crude oil and NGL is included in the petroleum products column. Rows 55-57: Heat generated shows the total amount of TJ generated by power plants separated into CHP plants and heat plants. Please note that the heat produced by electric boilers is shown in the electricity column and heat produced by heat pumps is shown in the heat column.

G.

For Further Information

Further information and complete energy balances for OECD countries are published in Energy Balances of OECD Countries. The underlying data in original units are available in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Data for non-OECD countries can be found in Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.47

1. ESTIMATIONS DES EMISSIONS DE L’AIE Les estimations des émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion d’énergie qui figurent dans la présente publication sont calculées en utilisant les données énergétiques de l’AIE1 ainsi que les méthodes et les coefficients d’émission par défaut tirés des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996, GIEC/OCDE/AIE Paris, 1997 (Lignes directrices du GIEC).

Lignes directrices du GIEC recommandent aux pays qui ont utilisé une méthode sectorielle détaillée pour comptabiliser les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie de recourir également à la méthode de référence à des fins de vérification. Cette démarche permet d’identifier les domaines dans lesquels les émissions risquent de ne pas avoir été comptabilisées intégralement (voir chapitre 5, Méthodologies GIEC).

Le Secrétariat de l’AIE réexamine ses bases de données sur l’énergie chaque année. A la lumière des nouvelles évaluations, d’importantes révisions peuvent être apportées aux séries chronologiques des pays. En conséquence, certaines données de la présente publication ont été révisées par rapport aux éditions précédentes.

Il est possible également de se servir des estimations des émissions de CO2 établies par l’AIE pour les comparer aux données des communications nationales adressées au Secrétariat de la CCNUCC, ce qui peut faire ressortir des problèmes concernant les méthodes, les données d’entrée ou les coefficients d’émission. Il faudrait toutefois interpréter avec prudence les résultats des comparaisons quelles qu’elles soient, car les estimations de l’AIE risquent, pour plusieurs raisons, de différer des chiffres indiqués dans les communications nationales officielles. Ces raisons sont analysées en détail à la section B.

A.

Qualité des inventaires

Conformément aux Lignes directrices du GIEC, les Parties à la CCNUCC doivent préparer et mettre à jour périodiquement des inventaires nationaux précis, exhaustifs, comparables et transparents. La qualité des inventaires est un aspect important lorsque les pays commenceront à traduire en actes des engagements juridiquement contraignants. Pour évaluer la qualité des inventaires, on peut notamment effectuer des comparaisons entre inventaires, méthodologies et données d’entrée. Les

1

Publiées dans les Statistiques de l’énergie des pays de l’OCDE, les Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE, les Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres et les Bilans énergétiques des pays non membres, AIE/OCDE Paris, 2002.

Une comparaison récente entre les estimations de l’AIE et les inventaires soumis à la CCNUCC a révélé que, pour la plupart des pays de l’Annexe I, l’écart entre les deux calculs ne dépassait pas 5%. Lorsque ce n’est pas le cas, il est possible d’en connaître les causes : • Trois pays, ayant des différences comprises entre 12% et 22%, ont établi des inventaires détaillés pour l’industrie sidérurgique et pris en compte ces émissions dans le module Procédés industriels et non dans le module de l’énergie (ce qui est une approche acceptable dans le cadre des Lignes directrices du GIEC).

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I.48 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

• Un pays utilise un facteur d’émission plus élevé pour la lignite, ce qui conduit à un inventaire supérieur de 9% à l’estimation de l’AIE qui utilise le facteur d’émission par défaut du GIEC. • L’inventaire d’un petit pays est de 71% inférieur à l’estimation de l’AIE. La différence provient du secteur du transport. Bien que les données de base ne soient pas fournies dans le « Common Report Format (CRF) » du CCNUCC, il est probable que la différence soit due aux échanges non-officiels hors des frontières du territoire national pour les carburants, en réponse aux différentes politiques fiscales appliquées aux carburants. • Pour un pays, la différence de 15% est due au fait que dans ses statistiques l’AIE inclut les schistes bitumineux avec la lignite. Ainsi, un facteur d’émission plus faible est appliqué lors de l’estimation. Cela sera corrigé dans les futures estimations de l’AIE. Pour certains pays EET et certains pays non visés par l’Annexe I, les écarts entre les estimations de l’AIE et les inventaires nationaux sont en général plus grands. Dans certains de ces pays, les données énergétiques fondamentales étaient différentes ; il y a donc lieu de penser que des travaux plus poussés doivent être réalisés sur la collecte et publication des statistiques de l’énergie. Certains pays (figurant ou non à l’Annexe I) ont incorrectement défini les soutes, considérant qu’il s’agissait du carburant utilisé à l’étranger par les navires et avions de leurs flottes nationales. En outre, d’autres pays ont fait des erreurs de calcul de l’oxydation du carbone, ou ont inclus dans leurs totaux les soutes internationales. Etant donné que tout ce qui précède influe sur les totaux nationaux des émissions de CO2 imputables à la combustion d’énergie, une comparaison systématique avec les estimations de l’AIE permettrait aux pays de vérifier leurs calculs et de produire des inventaires se prêtant davantage aux comparaisons internationales. De surcroît, quand on se penche sur les tendances des émissions de CO2 liées à l’énergie, il importe de rappeler que les erreurs sur les données énergétiques et les coefficients d’émission sont probablement plus systématiques qu’aléatoires. De ce fait, les tendances des émissions seront généralement plus fiables que les niveaux absolus de ces émissions. En

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comparant les tendances qui se dégagent des estimations de l’AIE aux tendances des émissions reportées dans les communications nationales, on devrait pouvoir identifier des problèmes de définition ou des changements dans les calculs qui n’apparaissaient pas dans l’année de référence.

B.

Ecarts par rapport aux communications destinées à la CCNUCC

Pour de nombreuses raisons, il se peut que les estimations de l’AIE ne soient pas égales aux chiffres qu’un pays communique à la CCNUCC, même si celui-ci a rendu compte de la totalité de sa consommation d’énergie et appliqué correctement les Lignes directrices du GIEC. On n’a pas encore chiffré l’impact de ces différences. Dans la plupart des cas, ce sont des écarts relativement faibles. Certaines des causes de ces différences sont les suivantes : • Les données sur les activités énergétiques sont extraites des bilans énergétiques de l’AIE et peuvent différer de celles utilisées pour les calculs destinés à la CCNUCC. Les pays disposent fréquemment de plusieurs sources « officielles » de données, par exemple un ministère, un bureau central de statistiques, une entreprise d’électricité nationalisée, etc. Les données peuvent aussi être recueillies en s’adressant aux fournisseurs et aux consommateurs d’énergie, ou en puisant dans les statistiques douanières. L’AIE s’efforce de rassembler les données les plus exactes, mais elle n’a pas toujours accès à la série complète de données dont peuvent disposer les experts nationaux chargés de calculer les inventaires des émissions pour la CCNUCC. • L’AIE utilise les pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs moyens. L’AIE applique à chacun des produits pétroliers secondaires un pouvoir calorifique inférieur (PCI) moyen. Ces PCI sont constants d’un pays à l’autre et au fil du temps. Des PCI propres aux différents pays qui peuvent varier dans le temps sont utilisés pour les LGN, les produits d’alimentation des raffineries et les additifs. Le pétrole brut est subdivisé en production, importations, exportations et moyenne.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.49

Comparaison des estimations des émissions de l’AIE avec les inventaires nationaux Afin de faciliter la comparaison des estimations des émissions de l’AIE avec un inventaire national, il est recommandé de procéder comme suit : 1. Décider de commencer la comparaison avec les estimations de l’AIE basées soit sur la méthode de référence, soit sur la méthode sectorielle (recommandée). 2. Vérifier les émissions totales par combustible (c’est-à-dire pétrole, charbon et gaz) pour voir si les chiffres sont comparables. 3. Si le chiffre correspondant au charbon dans l’estimation de l’AIE est plus grand, vérifier si les émissions de l’industrie sidérurgique ont été comptabilisées avec les « Procédés industriels » (Catégorie 2 des sources et puits du GIEC) dans l’inventaire national. Dans ce cas, déduire cette quantité de l’estimation de l’AIE. 4. Vérifier s’il existe une grande différence dans le calcul du carbone stocké. Dans l’affirmative, et si le calcul dans l’inventaire national est solidement étayé et peut se justifier, ajuster l’estimation de l’AIE en conséquence. 5. S’il subsiste des écarts importants dans les émissions totales imputables à un combustible, vérifier les coefficients d’émission employés pour établir l’inventaire national et les comparer aux coefficients d’émission par défaut du GIEC utilisés par l’AIE. Si la comparaison permet de justifier la différence constatée, décider si le coefficient d’émission de l’inventaire national est réaliste. 6. Comparer les émissions par secteur (si disponible), sans perdre de vue que les autoproducteurs non spécifiés sont comptabilisés avec l’industrie, les transports et/ou les autres secteurs dans l’inventaire national. NOTE : On peut effectuer une comparaison plus détaillée par combustible et par sous-secteur en se procurant auprès de l’AIE les estimations des émissions de l’AIE sur CD-ROM et Internet. Les émissions détaillées sont indiquées pour 36 combustibles et réparties en 45 sources environ. Pour comparer les données énergétiques de base utilisées dans les inventaires nationaux à celles qui ont servi aux estimations de l’AIE, consulter les services de données : Statistiques énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE et Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres, également diffusées par l’AIE. Les différents types de charbon ont des PCI spécifiques pour la production, les importations, les exportations et les apports dans les centrales électriques publiques, de même que le charbon utilisé dans les fours à coke, les hauts fourneaux et l’industrie, lesquels peuvent varier dans la durée. Les experts nationaux ont parfois la possibilité de procéder à des calculs beaucoup plus détaillés des pouvoir calorifiques des combustibles, ce qui peut donner des valeurs différentes de celles de l’AIE. • L’AIE utilise des coefficients d’émission moyens. Dans ce cas également, l’AIE n’utilise que les coefficients d’émission par défaut qui sont indiqués dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC. Les

experts nationaux peuvent disposer d’informations plus précises. • L’AIE ne dispose pas d’informations détaillées pour le calcul du carbone stocké. L’AIE n’a pas accès à des données complètes sur les utilisations non énergétiques des combustibles. La quantité de carbone stocké est estimée à partir des valeurs données par défaut dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC. S’agissant des « autres produits », pour calculer le carbone stocké, l’AIE table sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle 100 pour cent du carbone contenu dans les kérosènes, le white spirit et le coke de pétrole figurant à la rubrique des utilisations non énergétiques du bilan énergétique sont également stockés. Les experts nationaux qui calculent les inventaires peuvent être à même de procéder de façon beaucoup plus détaillée.

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I.50 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

• L’AIE ne peut pas imputer les émissions produites par les autoproducteurs aux différents secteurs d’utilisation finale. Dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC, il est recommandé de comptabiliser les émissions dues à l’autoproduction avec les émissions attribuables à l’utilisation d’autres combustibles par les consommateurs finaux. Dans le même temps, les émissions résultant de l’autoproduction de chaleur et d’électricité devraient être exclues de la catégorie de source « Transformation de l’énergie » afin d’éviter une double comptabilisation. L’AIE n’est pas en mesure de répartir entre l’industrie et les « autres secteurs » la consommation de combustibles des autoproducteurs. Par conséquent, la présente publication prévoit une ligne dénommée « Autoproducteurs non spécifiés ». Toutefois, le total des émissions au niveau national ne devrait pas s’en trouver modifié. • Les émissions imputables à la consommation à des fins militaires peuvent faire l’objet d’un traitement différent. Dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC, les émissions liées à la consommation à des fins militaires devraient être indiquées dans la catégorie 1 A 5 de sources et puits, Autres (non spécifié ailleurs). Dans les questionnaires de l’AIE, il est demandé que la consommation des navires de guerre soit prise en compte dans la rubrique des soutes maritimes internationales et que la consommation de carburants dans l’aviation à des fins militaires soit comptabilisée dans la rubrique du transport aérien intérieur. Toutes les autres consommations à des fins militaires devraient être indiquées dans la rubrique autres secteurs non spécifiés. L’AIE a toutefois constaté, dans la pratique, que la plupart des pays considèrent qu’il s’agit de données confidentielles et, par conséquent, soit ils les regroupent avec d’autres informations, soit ils s’abstiennent de les communiquer. • Les estimations de l’AIE tiennent compte des émissions liées à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux. Il est possible que des pays aient inclu ces émissions dans la catégorie « Procédés industriels » du GIEC. Les inventaires nationaux des émissions de gaz à effet de serre communiqués à la CCNUCC répartissent ces émissions par catégories de sources.

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Deux de ces catégories de sources/puits s’intitulent « Energie » et « Procédés industriels ». En appliquant la méthode de référence du GIEC, on estime les émissions nationales dues à la combustion d’énergie sur la base des approvisionnements énergétiques d’un pays, ce qui sous-entend que les émissions dues à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux sont comptabilisées dans le secteur de l’énergie. Cependant, si l’on procède à des calculs sectoriels détaillés, il est possible de distinguer certains procédés non énergétiques. Lors de la réduction du fer dans un haut fourneau par combustion de coke, l’oxydation du coke a pour principal objectif de produire de la fonte brute et les émissions correspondantes peuvent être considérées comme imputables à un procédé industriel. Il faut veiller alors à ne pas compter en double ces émissions dans les catégories « Energie » et « Procédés industriels ». Les estimations des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie qui figurent dans la présente publication comprennent les émissions associées à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux. • Les inventaires des émissions communiqués à la CCNUCC peuvent contenir des données corrigées en fonction des variations des températures. Dans certains pays, les températures annuelles moyennes accusent de fortes variations. Ces écarts risquent d’occulter les tendances sousjacentes des émissions. C’est pourquoi quelques pays corrigent leurs estimations des émissions pour prendre en compte ces variations des températures, en plus de fournir des données non corrigées. • Les inventaires des émissions communiqués à la CCNUCC peuvent contenir des données corrigées pour tenir compte des échanges d’électricité. Certains pays connaissent d’importantes fluctuations des émissions de CO2 dues aux échanges d’électricité : en raison de leur ampleur, il est difficile d’évaluer les tendances sous-jacentes. Par exemple, le Danemark préfère que l’évaluation de ses résultats en matière d’émissions de CO2 fasse l’objet d’une appréciation fondée sur des chiffres corrigés pour tenir compte des échanges d’électricité. L’ajustement

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.51

que ce pays propose consiste à ajouter, pour les années affichant un solde importateur, les émissions qui auraient été rejetées si l’électricité importée avait été produite dans le pays et, inversement, à soustraire, pour les années faisant état d’un solde exportateur, les émissions rejetées au Danemark par suite de la production de l’électricité exportée. • Les unités peuvent être différentes. Dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre aussi bien que dans les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, il est demandé que les émissions de CO2 soient indiquées en Gg de CO2. Un million de tonnes de CO2 étant égal à 1 000 Gg de CO2, pour comparer les chiffres de la présente publication avec les données des inventaires nationaux exprimées en Gg, il faut multiplier par 1 000 les émissions calculées par l’AIE.

C.

Sources principales

En mai 2000, la Session plénière du GIEC a accepté le rapport intitulé Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre), qui indique les bonnes pratiques pour aider les pays à définir leurs catégories de sources principales car, en identifiant ces sources principales dans leur inventaire national, les entités responsables des inventaires peuvent hiérarchiser les priorités de leurs travaux et améliorer leurs estimations globales. Dans le Good Practice Guidance, l’expression catégorie de sources principales désigne une catégorie de sources qui bénéficie d’un rang de priorité élevé dans l’inventaire national car les estimations la concernant influent beaucoup sur l’inventaire total des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre du pays, que cette influence s’exerce sur le niveau absolu des émissions ou sur l’évolution des émissions ou sur les deux. Pour une description plus complète de la méthodologie employée par le GIEC pour définir les sources principales, se reporter au chapitre 5, Méthodologies GIEC.

Dans le Good Practice Guidance, il est recommandé, pour choisir le niveau d’analyse des sources principales, de procéder à une désagrégation jusqu’au niveau où les coefficients d’émission sont discernables. Dans la plupart des inventaires, il s’agira des principaux types de combustibles. Si les coefficients d’émission sont déterminés de manière indépendante pour certaines sous-catégories, il faudrait que cela apparaisse dans l’analyse. Etant donné que les estimations des émissions dans cette publication ont été calculées en utilisant les coefficients d’émission par défaut des Lignes directrices du GIEC, les catégories de combustion d’énergie devraient se subdiviser en: combustion, sources fixes --- charbon combustion, sources fixes -- pétrole combustion, sources fixes -- gaz combustion, sources mobiles -- charbon combustion, sources mobiles -- pétrole combustion, sources mobiles – gaz. A l’évidence, ce niveau d’agrégation n’est pas particulièrement utile pour déceler sur quoi doivent porter les travaux complémentaires nécessaires pour affiner l’inventaire. Il ne tient pas compte de la possibilité d’améliorer les méthodes de collecte de données, d’affiner les coefficients d’émission ou d’utiliser un calcul à un niveau supérieur pour certains secteurs principales dans la catégorie d’activités de combustion de combustibles. C’est pourquoi l’AIE présente l’analyse des sources principales au niveau de détail des tableaux par pays de cette publication. Pour chaque pays, les 11 sources les plus importantes, ventilées entre charbon, pétrole, gaz et autres, ont été indiquées dans le tableau des sources principales. Pour évaluer le niveau des émissions, l’AIE a utilisé, chaque fois qu’il en existait la possibilité, les émissions totales de CO2, de CH4, de N2O, de HFC, de PFC et de SF6, à l’exclusion des émissions/ absorptions de CO2 dues au changement d’affectation des terres et à la foresterie2, qui avaient été communiquées en 2002 par les Parties à la CCNUCC visées à l’annexe I à l’aide du Cadre commun de présentation. Ces pays sont l’Autriche,

2

Comme le préconise le Good Practice Guidance.

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I.52 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

la Belgique, le Canada, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, la Lettonie, le Luxembourg, la Norvège, la NouvelleZélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la République slovaque, la République tchèque, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède et la Suisse. Pour le reste des Parties visées à l’annexe I et les Parties non visées à l’annexe I, les émissions totales ont été estimées comme suit. Pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie, les chiffres utilisés sont ceux qui ont été calculés par l’AIE. Pour les émissions restantes, les données de 1995 du RIVM (présentées dans la Partie III de cette publication) ont été utilisées. Les hypothèses sur les changements du niveau des émissions entre 1995 et 2000 sont : •

CH4 : reste constant

•

N2O : augmente de 8%

•

HFC, PFC et SF6 : augmentent de 50%

•

CO2 non-issue de la combustion d’énergie : le taux de croissance de 1995-2000 est le même que celui de 1990-1995.

Parmi les principales sources d'émission dûes à la combustion d'énergie, seules les 11 plus importantes ont été prises en compte dans le calcul cumulé des émissions. De ce fait, dans la plupart des cas, la contribution cumulée ne représentera pas 95% comme le préconise le Good Practice Guidance, et les sources principales d’émissions fugitives, ainsi que d’émissions liées aux procédés industriels, aux solvants, à l’agriculture et aux déchets, ne seront pas indiquées. Le pourcentage d’émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie dans les émissions totales de GES a été précisé pour mémoire dans le bas du tableau.

D.

Notes concernant les tableaux

Dans l’édition 2002, le produit Autres a été ajouté aux émissions nationales totales. Autres comprend les émissions provenant de déchets industriels et de déchets urbains et assimilés non renouvelables.

Ligne 1 : La rubrique intitulée méthode sectorielle indique les émissions totales de CO2 dues à la

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combustion d’énergie calculées en appliquant la méthode sectorielle de niveau 1 du GIEC. Les émissions calculées à l’aide de la méthode sectorielle ne tiennent compte des émissions que lorsqu’il y a combustion effective de l’énergie. Les différences entre les données obtenues au moyen de la méthode sectorielle et de la méthode de référence s’expliquent notamment par les écarts statistiques, les transferts de produits, les pertes de transformation et les pertes de distribution.

Ligne 2 : La rubrique production publique d’électricité et de chaleur représente la somme des émissions imputables à la production publique d’électricité, à la cogénération publique et aux centrales calogènes publiques. Les entreprises de service public sont, par définition, celles dont l’activité principale est d’approvisionner le public. Elles peuvent être publiques ou privées. Il conviendrait de tenir compte des émissions associées à la consommation propre d’énergie sur site, qui correspondent à la catégorie 1 A 1 a des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 3 : La rubrique autoproducteurs non spécifiés présente les émissions liées à la production de chaleur et/ou d’électricité assurée par des autoproducteurs. On entend par autoproducteurs des entreprises qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité venant à l’appui de leur activité principale. Ces entreprises peuvent être publiques ou privées. Selon les Lignes directrices du GIEC, ces émissions devraient normalement être réparties entre les secteurs industrie, transports et « autres ». Ligne 4 : La rubrique autres industries de l’énergie comprend les émissions dues à la consommation propre dans le raffinage du pétrole, l’élaboration de combustibles solides, l’extraction du charbon, l’extraction du pétrole et du gaz ainsi que dans d’autres industries productrices d’énergie. Elle correspond aux catégories 1 A 1 b et 1 A 1 c des sources/puits du GIEC. Selon les Lignes directrices du GIEC, les émissions liées à la consommation de coke des hauts fourneaux peuvent être comptabilisées dans cette ligne ou dans la catégorie de sources et puits intitulée « Procédés industriels ». Si l’on procède à des calculs sectoriels détaillés, il est possible de distinguer certains procédés non énergétiques. Lors de la réduction du fer dans un haut

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.53

fourneau par combustion de coke, l’oxydation du coke a pour principal objectif de produire de la fonte brute et les émissions correspondantes peuvent être considérées comme imputables à un procédé industriel. Il faut veiller à ne pas compter en double ces émissions dans les catégories « Énergie » et « Procédés industriels ». Dans les estimations de l’AIE, ces émissions ont été prises en compte dans cette catégorie.

Ligne 5 : La rubrique industries manufacturières et construction représente les émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans l’industrie, qui sont comptabilisées dans la catégorie 1 A 2 des sources/ puits du GIEC. Cependant, dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC, cette catégorie du GIEC comprend également les émissions des autoproducteurs de l’industrie qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur. Les données de l’AIE ne sont pas recueillies de manière à permettre la répartition de la consommation d’énergie par utilisation finale spécifique, de sorte que les autoproducteurs figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. La rubrique industries manufacturières et construction comprend aussi les émissions imputables à la consommation de coke dans les hauts fourneaux, qui peuvent être comptabilisées dans le secteur de la transformation, dans celui de l’industrie ou dans la catégorie distincte 2 des sources/puits du GIEC, correspondant aux procédés industriels. Ligne 6 : la rubrique transport fait état des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans toutes les activités de transport, quel que soit le secteur, à l’exception des émissions liées à l’utilisation du carburant dans les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 des sources/puits du GIEC. D’autre part, le mode de collecte des données de l’AIE ne permet pas de répartir par utilisation finale spécifique la consommation des autoproducteurs, c’est pourquoi ils figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés.

Ligne 7 : La rubrique transport routier présente les émissions découlant de la consommation de carburant des véhicules routiers, y compris celle des véhicules agricoles sur route. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 b des sources/puits du GIEC.

Ligne 8 : La rubrique autres secteurs indique les émissions imputables aux activités commerciales et institutionnelles, au secteur résidentiel, à l’agriculture/foresterie/pêche et d’autres émissions non spécifiées ailleurs qui sont inclus dans la catégorie 1 A 4 des sources/puits du GIEC. Dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC, dans cette catégorie sont comptabilisées aussi les émissions rejetées par les autoproducteurs des secteurs commercial, résidentiel ou agricole qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur. Le mode de collecte des données de l’AIE ne permet pas de répartir par utilisation finale spécifique la consommation des autoproducteurs, c’est pourquoi ils figurent dans une rubrique à part dans la présente publication. A cet égard, le lecteur devra se reporter à la ligne 3, autoproducteurs non spécifiés. Ligne 9 : La rubrique résidentiel fait état de toutes les émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie dans le secteur des ménages. Elle correspond à la catégorie 1 A 4 b des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 10 : La rubrique intitulée méthode de référence indique les émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie calculées en appliquant la méthode de référence du GIEC et correspondent à la catégorie 1 A des sources/puits du GIEC, compte tenu de l’exception suivante. La méthode de référence est basée sur les approvisionnements d’énergie d’un pays, donc, tous les inventaires calculés selon cette méthode de référence comprennent les émissions fugitives dues à la transformation de l’énergie qui entrent normalement dans la catégorie 1 B. En conséquence, il est probable que les chiffres de cette méthode surestiment les émissions nationales de CO2. Ligne 11 : La rubrique écarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations correspond aux émissions découlant de la transformation de l’énergie pour faire d’un combustible primaire un combustible secondaire ou tertiaire. Elle recouvre la transformation de combustibles solides, les raffineries de pétrole, les usines à gaz et d’autres industries de transformation de combustibles. Ces émissions entrent normalement dans la catégorie 1 B des sources/puits du GIEC en tant qu’émissions fugitives, mais elles figureront à la catégorie 1 A dans les inventaires calculés exclusivement avec la méthode

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de référence du GIEC. Théoriquement, les émissions correspondantes devraient être relativement faibles et représenter le carbone émis autrement que par la combustion, par exemple par évaporation ou fuites. Une émission négative pour un produit et une émission positive pour un autre produit impliqueraient un changement de classification de la source d’émissions par suite de la transformation de l’énergie de charbon en gaz, de gaz en huiles, etc. Toutefois, dans la pratique, il est souvent difficile de comptabiliser correctement tous les intrants et les extrants dans les industries de transformation de l’énergie et de faire la distinction entre l’énergie transformée et l’énergie brûlée. Par conséquent, la ligne écarts dus aux pertes et/ou aux transformations présente parfois des émissions positives très importantes, voire des émissions négatives, en raison des problèmes que posent les données énergétiques de base.

Ligne 12 : Les écarts statistiques peuvent provenir d’anomalies inexpliquées dans les données énergétiques de base. Elles peuvent aussi avoir pour origine des écarts dus aux différences entre les émissions calculées au moyen de la méthode de référence et de la méthode sectorielle.

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Ligne 13 : La rubrique soutes maritimes internationales fait état des émissions dues à l’utilisation de combustibles de soute par des navires de haute mer engagés dans le transport international, quel que soit leur pavillon. Il convient d’exclure ces émissions des totaux nationaux. Cette rubrique correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 d i des sources/puits du GIEC. Ligne 14 : A la rubrique des soutes aéronautiques internationales figurent les émissions dues à l’utilisation de carburants pour le transport aérien international. Ces émissions devraient être exclues des totaux nationaux. Cette ligne correspond à la catégorie 1 A 3 a i de sources et puits du GIEC.

II. Graphiques 2 et 3 : émissions par secteur Le secteur Autres comprend les émissions du secteur commercial/services publics, de l’agriculture/foresterie/ pêche et des autoproducteurs non spécifiés.

III. Figure 5 : Production d’électricité par source d’énergie Le produit Autres comprend les énergies géothermique, solaire et éolienne, les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets, etc.

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2. UNITES ET COEFFICIENTS DE CONVERSION Coefficients de conversion généraux pour l'énergie Vers : De :

TJ

Gcal

Mtep

MBtu

GWh

238,8

2,388 x 10

947,8

0,2778

-3

1

10

3,968

1,163 x 10

4

10

1

3,968 x 10

-3

0,252

2,52 x 10

860

8,6 x 10

multiplier par : 1

TJ Gcal

4,1868 x 10

Mtep

4,1868 x 10

MBtu

1,0551 x 10

GWh

3,6

-5

-7

7

-8

-5

7

-3

11630 -4

1

2,931 x 10

3412

1

Coefficients de conversion pour les mesures de masse Vers :

t

lt

1

0,001

9,84 x 10

tonne (t)

1000

1

0,984

1,1023

2204,6

tonne longue (lt)

1016

1,016

1

1,120

2240,0

tonne courte (st)

907,2

0,9072

0,893

1

2000,0

livre (lb)

0,454

4,54 x 10

De : kilogramme (kg)

kg

st

lb

multiplier par :

-4

-4

-4

4,46 x 10

1,102 x 10

-4

5,0 x 10

-3

2,2046

1

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Coefficients de conversion pour les mesures de volume Vers: De:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

ft

3

l

m

3

multiplier par:

Gallon U.S. (gal)

1

0,8327

0,02381

0,1337

3,785

0,0038

Gallon U.K. (gal)

1,201

1

0,02859

0,1605

4,546

0,0045

Baril (bbl)

42,0

34,97

1

5,615

159,0

0,159

7,48

6,229

0,1781

1

28,3

0,0283

0,2642

0,220

0,0063

0,0353

1

0,001

264,2

220,0

6,289

35,3147

1000,0

1

3

Pied cube (ft ) Litre (l) 3

Mètre cube (m )

Préfixes décimaux 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018

déca (da) hecto (h) kilo (k) méga (M) giga (G) téra (T) péta (P) exa (E)

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

déci (d) centi (c) milli (m) micro (µ) nano (n) pico (p) femto (f) atto (a)

Tonnes de CO2 Dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre aussi bien que dans les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, il est demandé que les émissions de CO2 soient communiquées en Gg de CO2. Un million de tonnes de CO2 étant égal à 1 000 Gg de CO2, pour comparer les chiffres de la présente publication avec les données des inventai-

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res nationaux exprimées en Gg, il faut multiplier par 1 000 les émissions calculées par l’AIE. D’autres organisations peuvent exprimer les émissions de CO2 en tonnes de carbone au lieu de tonnes de CO2. Pour effectuer la conversion des tonnes de carbone, il faut multiplier les émissions par 44/12, ratio du poids moléculaire du CO2 à celui du C.

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3. INDICATEURS A.

Population

Pour les pays membres de l’OCDE, la source principale des données de population de 1970 à 2000 est la publication Comptes Nationaux, Volume 1, OCDE Paris, 2002. Les données de population pour la période de 1960 à 1969 ont été estimées pour certains pays à partir des taux de croissance des séries publiées en 2000. Pour la République tchèque, les données de population de 1961 à 1964 ont été estimées par le Secrétariat de l’AIE. Pour la Corée et la Pologne, les données de population de 1960 à 1965 ont été estimées par le Secrétariat de l’AIE à partir des données de la Banque mondiale. Pour la République slovaque, les données de population de 1971 à 1992 proviennent de la Banque mondiale. World Development Indicators, La Banque mondiale Washington D.C., 2002 est la principale source de données concernant la population des pays non membres de l’OCDE. Les données de population pour Gibraltar ainsi que pour les trois régions Autre Afrique, Autre Amérique latine et Autre Asie proviennent de la base de données Chelem-PIB du CEPII. Les données de population pour le Taipei chinois proviennent du Conseil de planification et de développement économiques, République de Chine, Taiwan Statistical Databook, 2001.

B.

PIB

Pour les pays membres de l’OCDE, la source principale des données de PIB est la publication Comptes Nationaux, Volume 1, OCDE Paris, 2002. Les données du PIB pour la période de 1960 à 1969

ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance des séries publiées en 2000. Les données antérieures à 1990 pour la République tchèque et la Pologne, antérieures à 1991 pour la Hongrie, et antérieures à 1992 pour la République slovaque ont été estimées par le Secrétariat de l’AIE basées sur les taux de croissances du PIB de la Banque mondiale. World Development Indicators, La Banque mondiale Washington D.C., 2002 est la principale source de données concernant le PIB des pays non membres de l’OCDE. Les données du PIB pour la République populaire démocratique de Corée, Cuba, Gibraltar, l’Irak, la Libye, le Myanmar, le Qatar, ainsi que pour les trois régions Autre Afrique, Autre Amérique latine et Autre Asie proviennent de la base de données Chelem-PIB du CEPII Paris, 2002. Pour une description plus détaillée de la méthodologie, le lecteur est invité à se reporter à l’ouvrage La banque de données Chelem, CEPII Paris, 1998. Les données du PIB pour l’Albanie (1971-1979), l’Angola (1971-1979), les Antilles néerlandaises (1987-2000), Bahrein (1971-1979 et 1999-2000), la Bosnie-Herzégovine (1992-1993), Brunei (1971-1973 et 1999-2000), la Bulgarie (1971-1979), Chypre (1971-1974), les Emirats arabes unies (1971-1972 et 1999-2000), l’Ethiopie (1971-1980), la République islamique d’Iran (1971-1973), la Jordanie (1971-1974), le Koweit (1990-1991), le Liban (1971-1987), le Mozambique (1971-1979), Namibie (1971-1979), Oman (1996-2000), la Roumanie (1971-1974), la République unie de Tanzanie (1971-1987), le Viêt-nam (1971-1983), le Yémen (1971-1989), l’ex-URSS (1971-1991), la République fédérative de Yougoslavie (1992-1994) et l’ex-Yougoslavie

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(1971-1991) ont été estimées à partir des taux de croissance de la banque de données Chelem CEPII. Les données du PIB pour le Taipei chinois proviennent du Conseil de planification et de développement économiques, République de Chine, Taiwan Statistical Databook, 2001. En raison de séries incomplètes, Autre amérique latine n’inclut pas Anguilla. Les données relatives au PIB ont été calculées pour chaque pays à partir des prix du marché en monnaie nationale et des taux annuels. Ces données ont ensuite été recalées par rapport au niveau des prix de 1995, puis converties en dollars US en utilisant les taux de change moyens annuels pour 1995 ou les parités de pouvoir d’achat (PPA). Au cours des dernières années, de larges fluctuations dans les taux de change ont été observées, si bien qu’il devient de plus en plus nécessaire et pertinent de développer des indicateurs énergétiques basés sur une mesure du PIB qui permet d’éviter ces fluctuations et de mieux refléter les pouvoirs d’achat relatifs des différentes monnaies. En conséquence, cette publication présente, d’une part, une valeur du PIB calculée de manière traditionnelle en utilisant les taux de change habituels, et, d’autre part, une seconde valeur du PIB basée, cette fois, sur les parités de pouvoir d’achat. Les parités de pouvoir d’achat représentent les taux de conversion monétaire qui égalisent les pouvoirs d’achat des différentes monnaies. Ainsi, une somme donnée d’argent, une fois convertie en différentes unités monétaires à partir des taux PPA, permet d’acheter le même panier de biens et de services dans tous les pays. En d’autres termes, les PPA sont les taux de conversion monétaires qui permettent d’éliminer les différences dans les niveaux de prix entre pays. Les PPA retenues pour convertir le PIB d’unités monétaires nationales en dollars US pour les pays membres de l’OCDE sont agrégées selon la méthode de Geary-Kharies (GK) et recalées sur les Etats-Unis. Pour une description plus détaillée de cette méthodologie, il convient de se référer au document suivant: Parités de Pouvoir d’Achat et Dépenses Réelles, Résultats GK, Volume II, 1990, OCDE 1993. Les PPA des autres pays proviennent de la Banque mondiale et de la base de données Chelem-PIB du CEPII.

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C.

ATEP

Pour la première fois en 1997, l’AIE a publié des données sur les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets concernant tous les pays non membres de l’OCDE, pour les années 1994 et 1995. Les données sur les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets proviennent souvent de sources secondaires ce qui soulève des interrogations tant pour la qualité intrinsèque des données que pour les limites d’une comparaison entre pays. Néanmoins, et reconnaissant ces limites, l’AIE a élargi le champ couvert par ces informations, pour y inclure les années 1971 à 2000. Lorsque des séries chronologiques étaient incomplètes ou non disponibles, le Secrétariat a procédé à l’estimation des données selon une méthodologie compatible avec le cadre prévisionnel de l’édition 2000 de l’ouvrage de l’AIE intitulé World Energy Outlook, AIE/OCDE Paris, octobre 2000. Le lecteur en trouvera une explication complète dans la publication Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres, 1999-2000, AIE/ OCDE Paris, 2002. La méthodologie du GIEC n’assigne pas les émissions de CO2 à l’utilisation énergétique de la biomasse en tant que telle, sauf si la consommation de la biomasse dépasse la biomasse régénérée. Ceci est pris en compte dans le module consacré au Changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie des Lignes directrices du GIEC. L’intégration de la biomasse dans les données énergétiques de l’AIE permet de mieux appréhender l’intensité des émissions de CO2 dans l’utilisation nationale de l’énergie sans toutefois altérer ces émissions.

D.

Emissions de CO2

Les émissions totales de CO2 représentent le total des émissions dues à la combustion d’énergie et correspondent à la catégorie 1 A des sources/puits du GIEC (voir chapitre 5). Dans cette publication, les émissions de CO2 ont été calculées selon deux méthodes : la méthode de référence du GIEC et la méthode sectorielle du GIEC. Le total de la méthode de référence peut comprendre aussi certaines

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.59

émissions fugitives liées à la transformation de l’énergie qui devraient normalement être comptabilisées à la catégorie 1 B. Les totaux nationaux n’incluent pas les émissions dues à l’utilisation de carburant pour les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, Estimations des émissions de l’AIE, pour plus de détails.

E.

Production d’électricité et de chaleur

La production totale des pays de l’Annexe I (présentée dans la section des tableaux récapitulatifs) comprend l’électricité et la chaleur produites dans le secteur de la transformation en utilisant des combustibles fossiles, de l’énergie hydraulique (à l’exclusion des centrales d’accumulation par pompage), de l’énergie géothermique et solaire, de la biomasse, etc. Les centrales publiques3 et les installations des autoproducteurs4 sont prises en compte. En ce qui concerne l’électricité, les données indiquent la quantité totale de TWh produite par des centrales électriques (centrales électriques et centrales de cogénération). S’agissant de la chaleur, les données correspondent à la quantité totale de TJ produite par des centrales électriques (centrales électriques et centrales de cogénération). Pour calculer la production totale de chaleur et d’électricité, la chaleur produite exprimée en TJ est convertie en TWh en appliquant le rapport 1 TWh = 3 600 TJ, puis ajoutée à la production d’électricité.

3

La production publique désigne les installations dont la principale activité est la production d’électricité et/ou de chaleur pour la vente à des tiers. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public. Il convient de noter que les ventes ne se font pas nécessairement par l’intermédiaire du réseau public.

4

L’autoproduction désigne les installations qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité qui contribue à leur activité principale. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public.

F.

Rapports

CO2 / ATEP : Ce rapport est exprimé en tonnes de CO2 par térajoule. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle et les approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire (y compris la biomasse et d’autres formes non fossiles d’énergie). CO2 / PIB : Ce rapport est exprimé en kilogrammes de CO2 par dollar des Etats-Unis de 1995. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle. Deux variantes sont indiquées : dans l’une, le PIB est calculé en appliquant les taux de change et, dans l’autre, en fonction des parités de pouvoirs d’achat. Le lecteur trouvera plus d’informations à cet égard dans la section B cidessus. CO2 / population : Ce rapport est exprimé en tonnes de CO2 par habitant. Il a été calculé en utilisant les émissions de CO2 estimées selon la méthode sectorielle. CO2 par habitant ventilées par secteur : Ces rapports par habitant ont été calculés selon deux méthodes différentes. Dans le premier rapport les émissions pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur sont présentées séparément. Dans le second rapport, les émissions pour le secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur ont été allouées aux secteurs de consommation finale proportionnellement à l’électricité et la chaleur consommées par ces secteurs. CO2 par kWh : Ces rapports ont été calculés pour les pays de l’Annexe I et sont exprimés en grammes de CO2 par kWh. Ils ont été calculés en utilisant les émissions de CO2 du secteur de l’électricité et de la chaleur présentées dans les tableaux par pays dans les lignes « production publique d’électricité et de chaleur » et « autoproducteurs non spécifiés » ainsi que la production d’électricité et de chaleur décrite à la section E ci-dessus. Dans le premier tableau concernant les émissions de CO2 par kWh les émissions de CO2 englobent les émissions imputables à la consommation de combustibles fossiles, de déchets industriels et de déchets urbains et assimilés non renouvelables pour la production d’électricité et de chaleur dans le secteur de la transformation et la production tient compte de l’électricité et de la chaleur produites à partir de combustibles fossiles, d’énergie nucléaire, d’énergie hydraulique (à l’exclusion des centrales

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d’accumulation par pompage), d’énergie géothermique, d’énergie solaire, de biomasse, etc. En conséquence, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier d’une année sur l’autre en fonction du type d’énergie utilisée.

•

Le pétrole recouvre les produits pétroliers (et de faibles quantités de pétrole brut dans certains pays).

•

Le gaz recouvre le gaz naturel et le gaz d’usine à gaz.

Dans les rapports de CO2 par kWh par source d’énergie :

Les émissions par kWh n’ont pas été calculées pour les parties non visées par l’Annexe I en raison de problèmes de qualité de données relatives à l’efficacité électrique pour certains pays.

•

Le charbon recouvre le charbon primaire et secondaire, la tourbe et les gaz manufacturés (à l’exclusion du gaz d’usine à gaz).

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4. COUVERTURE GEOGRAPHIQUE •

•

l’Afrique comprend l’Afrique du Sud, l’Algérie, l’Angola, le Bénin, le Cameroun, le Congo, la République démocratique du Congo, la Côte d’Ivoire, l’Egypte, l’Erythrée, l’Ethiopie, le Gabon, le Ghana, le Kenya, la Libye, le Maroc, le Mozambique, la Namibie, le Nigéria, le Sénégal, le Soudan, la République unie de Tanzanie, le Togo, la Tunisie, la Zambie, le Zimbabwe et les autres pays d’Afrique. Les autres pays d’Afrique comprennent le Botswana, le Burkina Faso, le Burundi, le CapVert, la République centrafricaine, Djibouti, la Gambie, la Guinée, la Guinée-Bissau, la Guinée équatoriale, le Lesotho, le Libéria, Madagascar, le Malawi, le Mali, la Mauritanie, Maurice, le Niger, l’Ouganda, le Rwanda, Sao Tomé et Principe, les Seychelles, la Sierra Leone, la Somalie, le Swaziland et le Tchad.

•

Le Moyen-Orient comprend l’Arabie saoudite, Bahreïn, les Emirats arabes unis, la République islamique d’Iran, l’Iraq, Israël, la Jordanie, le Koweït, le Liban, Oman, le Qatar, la Syrie et le Yémen.

•

La région Europe hors OCDE comprend l’Albanie, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Bulgarie, Chypre, la Croatie, Gibraltar, l’ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine (FYROM), Malte, la Roumanie, la Slovénie et la République fédérative de Yougoslavie.

•

L’ex-URSS comprend l’Arménie, l’Azerbaïdjan, le Bélarus, l’Estonie, la Géorgie, le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizistan, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la République de Moldavie, l’Ouzbékistan, la Fédération de Russie, le Tadjikistan, le Turkménistan et l’Ukraine.

•

L’Amérique latine comprend les Antilles néerlandaises, l’Argentine, la Bolivie, le Brésil, le Chili, la Colombie, le Costa Rica, Cuba, la République dominicaine, El Salvador, l’Equateur, le Guatemala, Haïti, Honduras, la Jamaïque, le Nicaragua, Panama, le Paraguay, le Pérou, Trinité-et-Tobago, l’Uruguay, le Venezuela et les autres pays d’Amérique latine.

•

Les autres pays d’Amérique latine comprennent Antigua-et-Barbuda, les Bahamas, la Barbade, le Belize, les Bermudes, la Dominique, la Grenade, la Guadeloupe, le Guyana, la Guyane française, la Martinique, Saint-Kitts et Nevis, Anguilla, Sainte-Lucie, Saint-Vincent et les Grenadines et le Suriname.

•

La Chine comprend la République populaire de Chine et Hong Kong (Chine).

•

L’Asie comprend le Bangladesh, Brunei, la République populaire démocratique de Corée, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, la Malaisie, Myanmar, le Népal, le Pakistan, les Philippines, Singapour, le Sri Lanka, le Taipei chinois, la Thaïlande, le Viêt Nam et les autres pays d’Asie.

•

Les autres pays d’Asie comprennent l’Afghanistan, le Bhoutan, les Fidji, Kiribati, les Maldives, la Nouvelle-Calédonie, la PapouasieNouvelle-Guinée, la Polynésie française, le Samoa, les Iles Salomon et Vanuatu.

•

L’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, la Corée, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l’Islande, l'Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, le Mexique, la

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Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la République slovaque, la République tchèque, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède, la Suisse et la Turquie.

•

Dans la zone de l’OCDE : L’Allemagne tient compte des nouveaux Länder à partir de 1970. Le Groenland et les Iles Féroé danoises ne sont pas pris en compte dans les données relatives au Danemark. Cependant, les données sur le pétrole du Groenland sont prises en compte dans les statistiques avant 1990. L’administration danoise envisage de les réviser jusqu’en 1974 afin d’exclure ces montants.

Les pays et l’organisation régionale l’intégration économique énumérés ci-dessus figurent à l’Annexe I de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques telle qu’elle a été amendée le 11 décembre 1997 par la 12ème réunion plénière de la troisième Conférence des Parties dans la Décision 4/CP.3. Cette Annexe regroupe les pays qui étaient Membres de l’OCDE à la date de la signature de la Convention, la CEE, ainsi que quatorze pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et l’exUnion soviétique qui se trouvent en transition vers une économie de marché.

L'Espagne englobe les Iles Canaries. Les Etats-Unis englobent Porto-Rico, Guam et les Iles Vierges ainsi que la zone franche d’Hawaï. Dans les données relatives à la France, Monaco est pris en compte, mais non les départements d’outre-mer (à savoir la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Polynésie française et la Réunion). L’Italie englobe Saint-Marin et le Vatican. Le Japon englobe Okinawa.

•

Ni le Suriname ni les Antilles néerlandaises ne sont pris en compte dans les données relatives aux Pays-Bas. Le Portugal englobe les Açores et l'Ile de Madère. La Suisse englobe le Liechtenstein. •

•

L’Union européenne (UE) comprend l’Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Danemark, l'Espagne, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, l'Irlande, l'Italie, le Luxembourg, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni et la Suède. L’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE) comprend l'Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, la Corée, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l'Irlande, l'Italie, le Japon, le Luxembourg, la Nouvelle-Zélande, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le RoyaumeUni, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque et la Turquie.

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Les Parties de l’Annexe I comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, le Bélarus, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Communauté européenne, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein (inclus avec la Suisse), la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Monaco (inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la Fédération de Russie, la République slovaque5, la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque5, la Turquie et l’Ukraine.

Les Parties de l’Annexe II comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Australie, l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Canada, la Communauté européenne, le Danemark, l’Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, le Liechtenstein (inclus avec la Suisse), le Luxembourg, Monaco (inclus avec la France), la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni, la Suède, la Suisse et la Turquie. L’Annexe II de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques comprend 24 pays de l’OCDE et la Communauté européenne. La décision 26/CP.7 (FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4), stipule que la Turquie a été ôtée de la liste des pays de l’Annexe II à la Convention. Cet amendement est entré en vigueur le 28 juin 2002. Cependant, ce changement n’est pas reflété dans cette publication.

5

La Tchécoslovaquie figurait dans la liste initiale des pays de l’Annexe I.

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Les économies en transition (EET) sont les pays de l’Annexe I qui se trouvent en transition vers une économie de marché, à savoir le Bélarus, la Bulgarie, la Croatie, l’Estonie, la Hongrie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Fédération de Russie, la République slovaque6, la Slovénie, la République tchèque6 et l’Ukraine. Les Parties de l’Annexe B comprennent l’Allemagne, l’Autriche, la Belgique, la Bulgarie, le Canada, la Communauté européenne, la Croatie, le Danemark, l’Espagne, l’Estonie, la Finlande, la France, la Grèce, la Hongrie, l’Irlande, l’Islande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Lettonie, le Liechtenstein, la Lituanie, le Luxembourg, Monaco, la Norvège, la Nouvelle-Zélande, les Pays-Bas, la Pologne, le Portugal, la Roumanie, le Royaume-Uni, la Fédération de Russie, la République slovaque, la Slovénie, la Suède, la Suisse, la République tchèque et l’Ukraine. Les pays et l’organisation régionale d’intégration économique énumérés ci-dessus figurent à l’Annexe B

6

du Protocole de Kyoto à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques. La liste des pays de l’Annexe B est très proche de celle de l’Annexe I à l’exception de l’Australie, des Etats-Unis, de la Turquie et du Bélarus (les EtatsUnis et l’Australie ont exprimé leur intention de ne pas ratifier le Protocole, et la Turquie ainsi que le Bélarus n’ont pas accepté d’objectif dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto). On notera que les pays suivants n’ont pas été pris en compte par suite d’un manque de données : Afrique : Comores, Sainte-Hélène et Sahara Occidental. Amérique : Aruba, Iles Vierges Britanniques, Iles Caïmanes, Iles Falkland, Montserrat, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon et les Iles Turks et Caïcos. Asie et Océanie : Samoa américaines, Cambodge, Ile Christmas, Iles Cook, Laos, Macao, Mongolie, Nauru, Nioué, Palaos, Tonga et Ile de Wake.

La Tchécoslovaquie figurait dans la liste initiale des pays de l’Annexe I.

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5. METHODOLOGIES GIEC A.

Notes générales

transport et de distribution d’énergie afin de l’utiliser.

En décembre 1997, les Parties se sont réunies à Kyoto afin d’adopter un Protocole prévoyant des engagements de limitation et de réduction chiffrées des émissions pour les pays développés. Les Parties figurant à l’Annexe I de la Convention ont convenu de promouvoir le développement durable par les moyens suivants :

Le Protocole de Kyoto entrera en vigueur le quatrevingt-dixième jour après la date à laquelle non moins de 55 Parties à la Convention auront déposé leur instrument de ratification, dont notamment des Parties de l’Annexe I contribuant ensemble au moins pour 55 pour cent des émissions totales de CO2 imputables à ce groupe en 1990.

• améliorer l’efficacité énergétique ;

L’objectif ultime de la Convention est de stabiliser les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêche toute perturbation anthropique dangereuse du système climatique. La Convention stipule aussi que toutes les Parties s’engagent à atteindre les objectifs suivants :

• protéger et renforcer les puits et réservoirs de gaz à effet de serre non réglementés par le Protocole de Montréal ; • favoriser les formes d’agriculture durables ; • mener des recherches sur les sources d’énergie nouvelles et renouvelables, les technologies de piégeage du CO2 et les technologies de pointe écologiquement rationnelles, et encourager leur utilisation ; • réduire ou éliminer progressivement les imperfections du marché, les incitations fiscales, les exonérations d’impôts et de droits ainsi que les subventions ; • inciter à réaliser les réformes appropriées dans les secteurs pertinents en vue de promouvoir les politiques et mesures de nature à limiter ou à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre non réglementés par le protocole de Montréal ; • appliquer des mesures visant à limiter et/ou à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre non réglementés par le Protocole de Montréal dans le secteur des transports ; • limiter et/ou réduire les émissions de méthane en récupérant ce gaz lors de la gestion des déchets ainsi que dans les activités de production, de

• établir, mettre à jour périodiquement, publier et mettre à la disposition de la Conférence des Parties (COP) leurs inventaires nationaux des émissions anthropiques par leurs sources et de l’absorption par leurs puits de tous les gaz à effet de serre non réglementés par le Protocole de Montréal. • utiliser des méthodes comparables pour établir les inventaires des émissions et des absorptions de GES, dont il sera convenu par la COP. L’AIE, en collaboration avec le GIEC, l’OCDE et de nombreux experts internationaux, a contribué à élaborer et à perfectionner une méthodologie qui a recueilli l’approbation internationale pour le calcul et la notification des émissions nationales de GES dues à la combustion d’énergie. Cette méthodologie a été publiée en 1995 dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre. Depuis sa première mise en diffusion, des révisions ont été apportées à plusieurs chapitres, et les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée

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1996 (Lignes directrices du GIEC) sont désormais disponibles7. Etant donné que la méthodologie du GIEC utilisée pour calculer les émissions imputables à la combustion d’énergie est largement fondée sur les bilans énergétiques, les estimations de l’AIE des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie publiées dans le présent document ont été calculées en recourant aux bilans énergétiques de l’AIE et à la méthode par défaut du GIEC. Il peut arriver toutefois que des Parties utilisent d’autres méthodologies, éventuellement plus détaillées, pour établir leurs inventaires. De ce fait, elles peuvent aboutir à des estimations différentes. Le lecteur est invité à se reporter au chapitre 1, Estimations des émissions de l’AIE, pour plus de détails. Ainsi qu’il est précisé dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC, le calcul des émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion d’énergie peut être effectué à trois niveaux différents, référencés méthodes de Niveau 1, de Niveau 2 et de Niveau 3. La méthode de Niveau 1 est décrite dans le présent ouvrage. Cette méthode vise essentiellement l’estimation des émissions dues à la teneur en carbone des combustibles fournis, soit au pays considéré dans son ensemble (méthode de référence), soit pour les principales activités de combustion d’énergie (méthode sectorielle du GIEC). Ce chapitre résume la méthode GIEC du Niveau 1, qui a été utilisée pour estimer les émissions publiées dans le présent document. On en trouvera une description plus complète dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC.

B.

Méthode de référence

Introduction Les émissions de dioxyde de carbone accompagnent toute combustion de combustible à base de carbone. Les estimations des émissions nationales seront alors fondées sur les quantités de combustibles consommées et sur la teneur en carbone des combustibles.

finale » représente donc un travail considérable, que certains pays n’ont pas entrepris. Heureusement, il est possible d’établir une estimation précise des émissions nationales de CO2 en se basant sur la quantité de carbone contenue dans les combustibles livrés à une économie. Il est en effet relativement facile d’évaluer et de consigner l’approvisionnement en combustibles ; par conséquent il est probable que les statistiques correspondantes sont disponibles dans de nombreux pays. Lors de l’inventaire des combustibles livrés à l’économie8, il est important de faire la distinction entre, d’une part, les combustibles primaires, (c’està-dire ceux que l’on trouve à l’état naturel tels que le charbon, le pétrole brut et le gaz naturel), et, d’autre part, les combustibles secondaires ou produits combustibles, tels que l’essence et les lubrifiants, qui sont tirés des combustibles primaires. Le calcul du carbone consommé est basé principalement sur les approvisionnements en combustibles primaires et les quantités nettes de combustibles secondaires importées dans le pays. Afin de calculer la quantité de combustibles disponibles pour le pays, il est alors nécessaire de disposer des données suivantes relatives à chaque combustible et pour chaque année retenue : •

les quantités de combustibles primaires produites (à l’exclusion de la production de combustibles secondaires) ;

•

les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires importées ;

•

les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires exportées ;

•

les quantités de combustibles utilisées pour les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales ;

•

les variations nettes de stocks de combustibles.

La combustion est un processus intervenant largement dans la plupart des activités des économies nationales ; l’établissement d’un inventaire exhaustif des quantités de chaque type de combustible consommé dans chaque activité de « consommation

Pour chaque combustible, il convient de faire la somme des quantités produites (le cas échéant) et des importations et soustraire du total les exportations, les soutes et les variations de stocks pour calculer la consommation apparente de combustibles.

7

8

Les Lignes directrices du GIEC sont disponibles auprès du Programme des inventaires de gaz à effet de serre du GIEC (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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Les explications suivantes ne concernent pas les sources d’énergie qui ne contiennent pas de carbone, comme le nucléaire, l’hydraulique, le géothermique, le solaire, etc.

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La production de combustibles secondaires ne doit pas être prise en compte dans le calcul principal, étant donné que le carbone de ces combustibles a déjà été pris en compte dans l’offre des combustibles primaires d’où ils sont dérivés. Toutefois, il y a lieu de mentionner les informations disponibles sur la production de certains combustibles secondaires afin d'apporter des rectifications pour tenir compte de la quantité de carbone stockée dans ces produits. La procédure consiste à calculer l’offre de combustibles primaires dans l’économie, en apportant les corrections nécessaires pour tenir compte des importations nettes (importations - exportations), des soutes et des variations de stocks des combustibles secondaires. Il importe de noter qu’au cas où les exportations de combustibles secondaires dépassent les importations ou lorsque l’accroissement des stocks dépasse les importations nettes, le calcul conduit à des nombres négatifs. Ce résultat est correct et il n’y a pas lieu de s’en inquiéter. Trois autres éléments importants entrent en ligne de compte dans la méthode de comptabilisation : • Le carbone stocké La totalité des combustibles livrés à une économie n’est pas brûlée pour produire de l’énergie thermique. Une partie est utilisée comme matière première (ou intrant) pour la fabrication de produits tels que les plastiques ou à des fins non énergétiques (par exemple la fabrication de bitume pour le revêtement des routes), sans que le carbone ne soit oxydé et par conséquent, sans émissions. C’est ce carbone qui est appelé carbone stocké, et qu’il convient de ne pas prendre en compte dans les calculs des émissions de carbone. L’estimation du carbone stocké fait appel à des données relatives à la consommation de combustibles, ventilée par activités utilisant le combustible comme matière première. • Combustibles de soutes internationales Les méthodes de calcul des émissions présentées ici font en sorte que les émissions imputables aux combustibles de soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales soient exclues des totaux des émissions nationales. Toutefois, à des fins d’information, les quantités ainsi que les types de combustibles réservés aux soutes, maritimes et aéronautiques internationales, de même que les émissions, doivent être consignés séparément.

• Combustibles issus de la biomasse D’après la méthodologie du GIEC, les combustibles issus de la biomasse ne figurent pas dans les inventaires nationaux d’énergie de CO2 et sont montrés uniquement à des fins d’information. Ceci est dû au fait que dans le cadre des calculs de CO2, la biomasse consommée est supposée être équivalente à la biomasse régénérée. Tous les écarts à cette hypothèse doivent être mentionnés dans le module consacré au Changement d’affectation des terres et foresterie des Lignes directrices du GIEC. Pour cette raison, les émissions dues à la combustion de la biomasse ne sont pas comprises dans cette publication.

Méthodologie La méthodologie du GIEC répartit le calcul des émissions de dioxyde de carbone issues de la combustion en six étapes successives : Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation apparente de combustible, exprimée en unités d’origine Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune Etape 3 : Multiplication par les facteurs d’émission pour calculer la teneur en carbone Etape 4 : Calcul du carbone stocké Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte de la combustion incomplète Etape 6 : Conversion du carbone oxydé en émissions de CO2

Pour remplir la feuille de calcul 1 Cette section provient du Manuel simplifié des Lignes directrices du GIEC et fournit des instructions étape par étape pour le calcul détaillé des émissions au niveau des combustibles et des produits dérivés. La feuille de calcul 1 peut être consultée à la fin de ce chapitre. NOTE : la feuille de calcul principale permet de calculer les émissions de CO2 à partir de combustibles issus de la biomasse mais le résultat de ce calcul ne figure pas dans le total national et n’est donc pas inclus dans cette publication.

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Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation apparente de combustible

2 La consommation apparente pour chaque combustible est calculée à partir de la formule cidessous : Consommation Apparente =

1 La consommation apparente est la base sur laquelle s'effectue le calcul de l’offre en carbone du pays. Afin de calculer cette grandeur pour chaque combustible, les données ci-après relatives aux combustibles primaires sont entrées : • Production (colonne A) • Importations (colonne B) • Exportations (colonne C) • Soutes internationales (colonne D) • Variations de stocks (colonne E) S’agissant des combustibles secondaires et des produits dérivés, les seules données à entrer sont les suivantes : • Importations (colonne B) • Exportations (colonne C)

Production + Importations - Exportations - Soutes internationales - Variations de stocks Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne F. Une attention particulière est accordée au signe algébrique de la « variation de stocks » au moment du report de cette grandeur dans la colonne E. Lorsque la quantité de combustibles ajoutée au stock dépasse la quantité qui en est soustraite au cours de l’année, il y a un accroissement net du stock et cette quantité entrée dans la colonne E est dotée du signe plus. Dans le cas inverse (un prélèvement sur le stock), la quantité figure dans la colonne E avec le signe moins.

Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune (TJ)

• Soutes internationales (colonne D) • Variations de stocks (colonne E) Ces données permettent d’effectuer le calcul global rendant compte de la totalité de la consommation. Pour tous les combustibles, les quantités peuvent être exprimées en joules (J), en mégajoules (MJ), en gigajoules (GJ), en térajoules (TJ) ou en milliers de tonnes équivalent pétrole (ktep). Les quantités de combustibles solides et liquides peuvent être exprimées en milliers de tonnes (kt) et les quantités de gaz naturel sec peuvent être exprimées en téracalories (Tcal) ou en mètres cubes (m3). NOTE : les valeurs de production de gaz naturel reportées dans la feuille de calcul 1, ne comprennent pas les quantités de gaz rejetées dans l’atmosphère, brûlées à la torche ou réinjectées dans le puits. Les quantités de combustibles sont exprimées en pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs (PCI). Le PCI représente approximativement 95% du pouvoir calorifique supérieur des combustibles fossiles liquides et solides ainsi que des combustibles issus de la biomasse, et 90% du pouvoir calorifique supérieur pour le gaz naturel.

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1 Le facteur de conversion utilisé pour chaque combustible est inscrit dans la colonne G. 2 La consommation apparente est multipliée par le facteur de conversion appropriée (PCI ou facteur d’échelle) pour obtenir la consommation apparente en térajoules. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H. TABLEAU 1 FACTEURS DE CONVERSION Unité

Facteur de Conversion

J, MJ or GJ

La donnée est divisée par le facteur approprié respectivement, 1012, 106 or 103 pour convertir en TJ.

106 tep

La donnée est multipliée par le facteur de conversion, à savoir 41868 TJ/106 tep pour convertir en TJ.

Tcal

La donnée est multipliée par le facteur de conversion, à savoir 4,1868 TJ/Tcal.

103 t

Le pouvoir calorifique inférieur pour chaque combustible est utilisé (voir tableau 2).

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TABLEAU 2 VALEURS CHOISIES DE POUVOIR CALORIFIQUE INFERIEUR Facteurs (TJ/103 tonnes) Produits pétroliers raffinés Essence

44,80

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

44,59

Autres kérosènes

44,75

Huile de schiste

36,00

Gazole/diesel

43,33

Fioul résiduel

40,19

GPL

47,31

Ethane

47,49

Naphta

45,01

Bitume

40,19

Lubrifiants

40,19

Coke de pétrole

31,00

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries

44,80

Gaz de raffinerie

48,15

Autres produits pétroliers

40,19

Etape 3 : Multiplication par les coefficients d'émission de carbone 1 Le coefficient d’émission de carbone (CEC) utilisé pour convertir la consommation apparente en teneur en carbone, est inscrit dans la colonne I. Le tableau 3 présente les valeurs par défaut qui sont utilisées dans cette publication. 2 La consommation apparente exprimée en TJ (dans la colonne H) est multipliée par le coefficient d’émission de carbone (dans la colonne I) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de C. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne J. 3 La teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de C est divisée par 103 afin de l’exprimer en gigagrammes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne K.

Etape 4 : Calcul de carbone stocké 1 Estimation des quantités de combustibles

Autres produits Huiles et goudrons de houille dérivés des charbons à coke Schistes bitumineux Orimulsion

28,00 9,40 27,50

NOTE : Lors de la conversion d’une quantité d’anthracite, de charbon à coke, d’autres charbons bitumineux, de charbons sous-bitumineux et de lignite, exprimée en 103 tonnes, des pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs spécifiques par pays sont utilisés pour la production (colonne A), les importations (colonne B) et les exportations (colonne C). Pour ces combustibles, la consommation apparente est calculée en convertissant d’abord en TJ les chiffres de production, d’importation, d’exportation et de variation de stock. S’agissant des soutes internationales (colonne D) et des variations de stocks (colonne E), on utilisera soit une valeur moyenne pondérée du facteur de conversion, soit un facteur de conversion correspondant à la source d’approvisionnement dominante.

Bitume et lubrifiants La production intérieure du pays pour le bitume et les lubrifiants est ajoutée à la consommation apparente (exposée à la colonne F de la feuille de calcul principale 1) pour ces produits et la somme obtenue est inscrite dans la colonne A de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1.

Huiles et goudron de houille Pour le charbon à coke, l'hypothèse par défaut postule que 6% du carbone du charbon à coke consommé est transformé en huiles et goudron. La consommation apparente du charbon à coke (figurant à la feuille de calcul 1, colonne F) est multipliée par 0,06. Des informations plus précises sur la production des huiles et du goudron de houille n’étant pas disponibles à l’AIE, le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne A.

Gaz naturel, GPL, éthane, naphta et gazole/ diesel La quantité de ces combustibles utilisée comme produit d’alimentation à des fins non énergétiques est inscrite dans la colonne A.

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I.70 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

TABLEAU 3 COEFFICIENTS D’EMISSION DE CARBONE (CEC) Combustible

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES LIQUIDES Combustibles primaires Pétrole brut

20,0

Orimulsion

22,0

Liquides de gaz naturel

17,2 18,9

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

19,5

Autres kérosènes

19,6

Huile de schiste

20,0

Gazole/diesel

20,2

Fioul résiduel

21,1

GPL

17,2

Ethane

16,8

Naphta

(20,0) (a)

Bitume

22,0 (20,0) (a)

Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole

27,5

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries

(20,0) (a)

Gaz de raffinerie

18,2 (b)

Autres produits pétroliers

(20,0) (a)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES SOLIDES Combustibles primaires Anthracite

26,8

Charbon à coke

25,8

Autres charbons bitumineux

25,8

Charbons sous-bitumineux

26,2

Lignite

27,6

Schistes bitumineux

29,1

Tourbe

28,9

Produits/combustibles secondaires BKB et agglomérés Coke de four à coke/coke de gaz

(25,8) (a) 29,5

Gaz de cokerie

13,0 (b)

Gaz de haut-fourneau

66,0 (b)

COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES GAZEUX Gaz naturel (sec) BIOMASSE

(a) Cette valeur est une valeur par défaut à retenir jusqu'à ce que soit déterminé un CEC propre au combustible. Pour les combustibles gazeux issus de la biomasse, le CEC est fondé sur l'hypothèse que 50% du carbone de la biomasse est converti en méthane et que 50% sont émis sous forme de CO2 . Les émissions de CO2 liées à la combustion de biogaz ne doivent pas être incorporées dans les inventaires nationaux. Si le biogaz est relâché dans l'atmosphère au lieu d'être brûlé, 50% de la teneur en carbone devrait être pris en compte comme méthane. (b) A utiliser pour les calculs sectoriels.

Combustibles secondaires/produits Essence

Notes relatives au Tableau 3

15,3

(c) Les émissions liées à l’utilisation de la biomasse en tant que combustible ne sont pas montrées dans cette publication.

2 Conversion en TJ Les facteurs de conversion appropriés sont insérés dans la colonne B. Les quantités estimées de combustibles (colonne A) sont multipliées par le facteur de conversion approprié pour estimer les quantités de combustibles exprimées en TJ. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1. 3 Calcul de la teneur en carbone Les quantités estimées de combustibles en TJ (colonne C) sont multipliées par le facteur d’émission exprimé en tonnes de carbone par térajoule (colonne D) pour obtenir le contenu en carbone exprimé en tonnes de C (colonne E). Les chiffres sont ensuite divisés par 103 pour exprimer la quantité en gigagrammes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrit dans la colonne F de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1. 4 Calcul du carbone réellement stocké La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stocké (colonne G) pour obtenir le carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1. Lorsque la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 1 est complétée 5 Les valeurs du carbone stocké applicables aux combustibles/produits sont reportées à la colonne L de la feuille principale de calcul 1.

(c)

Biomasse solide

29,9

Biomasse liquide

(20,0) (a)

Biomasse gazeuse

(30,6) (a)

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6 Les valeurs de carbone stocké (colonne L) sont soustraites de la teneur en carbone (colonne K) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne M.

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Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte du carbone non-oxydé

C.

Méthode sectorielle

Introduction 1 Les valeurs de la fraction de carbone oxydé sont inscrites dans la colonne N de la feuille de calcul 1. Le tableau 4 présente des valeurs types mesurées dans des centrales à charbon et propose des valeurs globales par défaut applicables aux combustibles solides, liquides et gazeux. 2 Les émissions nettes de carbone (colonne M) sont multipliées par la fraction de carbone oxydé (colonne N) et le résultat obtenu est inscrit dans la colonne O, émissions de carbone réellement stocké. TABLEAU 4 FRACTION DE CARBONE OXYDE Charbon1

0,98

Pétrole et produits pétroliers

0,99

Gaz

0,995

Tourbe pour la production d’électricité2

0,99

1

Cette valeur représente une moyenne globale mais elle varie en fonction des différents types de charbon et peut descendre jusqu'à 0,91.

2

La fraction de carbone oxydé pour le tourbe utilisée par les ménages peut être beaucoup plus faible.

Il est nécessaire de procéder à une analyse sectorielle des émissions nationales de CO2 selon les catégories des sources/puits du GIEC en vue d'établir un suivi et une discussion des politiques de réduction des émissions. La méthode de référence du GIEC offre un cadre d’estimation rapide du total des émissions de CO2 provenant des combustibles livrés dans les pays mais elle ne permet pas de subdiviser les émissions par secteur. Les calculs plus détaillés utilisés pour cette approche sont dans l’ensemble similaires à ceux utilisés pour la méthode de référence.

Pour remplir les feuilles de calcul 2 Cette section provient du Manuel simplifié des Lignes directrices du GIEC et fournit des instructions relatives aux calculs étape par étape des émissions par combustibles pour chacune des principales catégories de sources selon la méthode sectorielle de niveau 1 du GIEC. Un exemple de la feuille de calcul 2 peut être consulté à la fin de ce chapitre.

Etape 1 : Estimation de la consommation de combustible par secteur La quantité de chaque combustible consommé est inscrite par secteur dans la colonne A.

Etape 6 : Conversion en émissions de CO2

1 Les émissions de carbone réelles (colonne O) sont multipliées par 44/12 (le coefficient du poids moléculaire du CO2 par rapport à celui du C) pour obtenir le total de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) émis lors de la combustion. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne P. 2 La somme ainsi obtenue représente le total des émissions nationales de dioxyde de carbone provenant de la combustion. Celles-ci correspondent aux émissions totales de CO2 dues à la combustion présentées dans cette publication.

Secteur de l’énergie et de la transformation Il convient de prendre soigneusement en considération l'utilisation des combustibles dans le secteur de l'énergie et de la transformation afin d'éviter toute double comptabilisation. On peut diviser l’utilisation des combustibles dans le secteur de l’énergie et de la transformation en trois groupes :

Secteur de la transformation 1 Les combustibles transformés en combustibles secondaires au moyen de procédés physiques ou chimiques ne comportant pas de combustion (par

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exemple : du pétrole brut transformé en produits pétroliers raffinés dans les raffineries, le charbon transformé en coke et en gaz de hauts fourneaux dans les fours à coke). 2 Les combustibles utilisés pour la production d'électricité et/ou de chaleur (non compris les combustibles utilisés à des fins autoproduction de l'électricité et de chaleur, qui sont mentionnés dans le secteur où on les utilise).

Secteur de l'énergie 3 Les combustibles utilisés par les industries énergétiques (extraction et transformation) pour les besoins de la production de chaleur, le pompage, la traction et l’éclairage (par exemple : les gaz de raffinerie utilisés pour le chauffage des colonnes de distillation, l'utilisation du méthane des houillères à des fins de production de chaleur). Dans cette feuille de calcul, seul les combustibles des groupes 2 et 3 (combustibles brûlés) sont notifiés. Toutefois il convient de se reporter à l'étape 4 pour la présentation des lubrifiants utilisés dans les industries énergétiques. Aucune feuille de calcul pour les émissions imputables à l'utilisation de combustibles du groupe 1 n'est disponible. Ils doivent être mentionnés sous la catégorie de sources/puits I B du GIEC : émissions fugitives issues des combustibles. Il est très important de veiller à cette distinction. Les quantités de combustibles primaires mentionnées dans la colonne A devront venir en déduction des quantités utilisées pour les activités du groupe 1. Les quantités mentionnées ne prendront en compte que les besoins en combustion de ces industries.

Etape 2 : Conversion en une unité énergétique commune (TJ) 1 Le coefficient de conversion en térajoules est inscrit dans la colonne B. 2 La consommation est multipliée par le facteur de conversion approprié (PCI ou facteur d'échelle) pour obtenir la consommation en térajoules. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C.

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Etape 3 : Multiplication par les coefficients d’émission de carbone

1 Le facteur d’émission de carbone utilisé pour convertir la consommation en teneur en carbone est inscrit dans la colonne D. 2 La consommation en TJ (colonne C) est multipliée par le facteur d’émission de carbone (colonne D) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne E. 3 La teneur en carbone exprimée en tonnes de carbone est divisée par 103 afin de l’exprimer en gigagrammes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne F.

Etape 4 : Calcul du carbone stocké Pour calculer le carbone stocké, les combustibles sont divisés en quatre groupes. • Les combustibles utilisés comme produits d'alimentation, tels que le naphta, le gaz naturel, le gazole/diesel, le GPL ou l’éthane • Les lubrifiants • Le bitume et les goudrons de houille • Les combustibles pour lesquels le carbone n’est pas stocké Les combustibles utilisés comme produits d'alimentation, tels que le naphta, le gaz naturel, le gazole/diesel, le GPL ou l’éthane : Cette sous-section concerne uniquement la catégorie des sources d’émissions de l’industrie. 1 Estimation des quantités de combustibles La quantité de combustibles utilisée comme produits d'alimentation à des fin non énergétiques (intrant) est inscrite dans la colonne A de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 2 Conversion en TJ Les facteurs de conversion appropriés sont inscrits dans la colonne B. La quantité d’intrant

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.73

utilisée (colonne A) est multipliée par le facteur de conversion approprié pour obtenir la consommation utilisée exprimée en TJ. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne C de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 3 Calcul de la teneur en carbone La quantité d’intrant utilisée exprimée en TJ (colonne C) est multipliée par le facteur d’émission en tonnes de carbone par térajoule (colonne D) pour obtenir la teneur en carbone en tonnes de C (colonne E). Les chiffres sont alors divisés par 103 pour exprimer la quantité en gigagrammes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne F de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. 4 Calcul du carbone réellement stocké La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stocké (colonne G) pour obtenir le carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2. Lorsque la feuille de calcul auxiliaire 2 est complétée 5 La quantité de carbone stocké du combustible/ produit approprié est inscrite dans la colonne H de la feuille de calcul 2 pour chaque catégorie de sources d’émissions de l’industrie. 6 La quantité de carbone stocké (colonne H) est soustraite de la teneur en carbone (colonne F) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne I. Lubrifiants : On estime qu'environ la moitié de la production est oxydée sous forme de CO2 au cours de la première utilisation, du recyclage et de la disparition finale des lubrifiants. 1 Pour chaque secteur où des lubrifiants sont utilisés, la fraction de carbone stocké par les lubrifiants est inscrite dans la colonne G. La valeur par défaut de cette fraction utilisée dans cette publication est 0,5. 2 La teneur en carbone (colonne F) est multipliée par la fraction de carbone stockée (colonne G) pour obtenir la quantité de carbone stocké. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne H.

3 La quantité de carbone stocké (colonne H) est soustraite de la teneur en carbone (colonne F) pour obtenir les émissions nettes de carbone. Le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne I. Bitume et goudrons de houille : Habituellement, le bitume et les goudrons de houille ne sont pas brûlés mais plutôt utilisés d’une manière telle que presque tout le carbone se trouve stocké. Ainsi, contrairement à la méthode de référence du GIEC, le bitume et les goudrons de houille ne figurent pas sur la liste des combustibles émettant du CO2. Les émissions de composés organiques volatiles non méthaniques (COVNM) liées au bitumage des routes sont estimées dans le chapitre consacré aux procédés industriels. Combustibles pour lesquels aucun carbone n’est stocké : L’étape 4 ne s’applique pas ; les valeurs de la colonne F sont alors inscrites dans la colonne I avant de passer à l’étape 5.

Etape 5 : Correction pour tenir compte du carbone non-oxydé 1 Les valeurs de la fraction de carbone oxydé sont inscrites dans la colonne J de la feuille de calcul 2. Le tableau 4 présente des valeurs types mesurées à partir de centrales à charbon et propose des valeurs globales par défaut pour les combustibles solides, liquides et gazeux. 2 Les émissions nettes de carbone (colonne I) sont multipliées par la fraction de carbone oxydé (colonne J) et le résultat est inscrit dans la colonne K : émissions réelles de carbone.

Etape 6 : Conversion en émissions de CO2 1 Les émissions réelles de carbone (colonne K) sont multipliées par 44/12 (le coefficient du poids moléculaire du CO2 par rapport à celui du C) pour obtenir les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Les résultats sont inscrits dans la colonne L. Ceux-ci correspondent aux émissions sectorielles qui sont présentées dans cette publication.

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I.74 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 1 DE 5 ETAPE 1 A

B

C

Production

Importations

Exportations

D

E

Soutes Variation de internationales stocks

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles

Combustibles Pétrole brut

liquides

Primaires

Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Combustibles Essence Secondaires Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole

Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles Combustibles Anthracite(a) solides

Primaires

Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux

Tourbe Combustibles BKB & agglomérés secondaires coke de four à coke / coke de gaz Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Si les données relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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F Consommation F=(A+B -C-D-E)

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.75

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 2 DE 5 ETAPE 2 G(a) Facteur de conversion (TJ/unité)

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles

Combustibles

Pétrole brut

liquides

Primaires

Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes

Combustibles Secondaires

ETAPE 3

H Consommation apparente (TJ) H=(FxG)

I Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

J Teneur en carbone

K Teneur en carbone

(t C)

(Gg C)

J=(HxI)

K=(Jx10-3)

Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles Combustibles Anthracite(b) solides

Primaires

Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe

Combustibles secondaires

BKB & agglomérés coke de four à coke / coke de gaz Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Prière de préciser les unités. (b) Si les donnés relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 3 DE 5 ETAPE 4 L

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles liquides Combustibles Primaires

Combustibles Secondaires

ETAPE 5 M

N

ETAPE 6 O

P

Carbone stocké Emissions nettes Fraction de (Gg C) de carbone carbone oxydé (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de C (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

M=(K-L)

O=(MxN)

P=(Ox[44/12])

Pétrole brut Orimulsion Liquides de gaz naturel Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Autres kérosènes Huile de schiste Gazole Fioul résiduel GPL Ethane Naphta Bitume Lubrifiants

Coke de pétrole Produits d’alimentation des raffineries Autres produits pétroliers Totaux combustibles fossiles liquides Fossiles solides Combustibles Primaires

Anthracite(a) Charbon à coke Autres charbons bitumineux Charbons sousbitumineux Lignite Schistes bitumineux Tourbe

Combustibles secondaires

BKB & agglomérés coke de four à coke / coke de gaz

Totaux combustibles fossiles solides Fossiles gazeux

Gaz naturel (sec)

Total Biomasse totale Biomasse solide Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse (a) Si les données relatives à l’anthracite ne sont pas disponibles séparément, les inclure dans les autres charbons bitumineux.

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MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 4 DE 5 EMISSIONS PROVENANT DES SOUTES INTERNATIONALES (TRANSPORTS INTERNATIONAUX MARITIMES ET AERIENS)

ETAPE 1

ETAPE 2

A

B

C

D

E

F

Quantités livrées(a)

Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unité)

Quantités livrées (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

C=(AxB)

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles solides

ETAPE 3

Autres charbons bitumineux Charbon sousbitumineux

Fossiles liquides

Essence Kérosène pour carburéacteurs Gazole Fioul résiduel Lubrifiants Total

(a) Entrez les valeurs reportées en Feuille de calcul 1, Feuille 1, Colonne D : « Soutes internationales ».

MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) 1 5 DE 5 EMISSIONS PROVENANT DES SOUTES INTERNATIONALES (TRANSPORTS INTERNATIONAUX MARITIMES ET AERIENS)

ETAPE 4

Fossiles liquides

G

H

I

J

K

L

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

Emissions nettes de carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone oxydé

Emissions réelles de carbone (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(Kx44/12)

Autres charbons bitumineux

0

0

Charbon sousbitumineux

0

0

Essence

0

0

Kérosène pour carburéacteurs

0

0

Gazole

0

0

Fioul résiduel

0

0

Lubrifiants

ETAPE 6

Fraction de carbone stocké TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE Fossiles solides

ETAPE 5

0.5 Total(a)

(a) Les émissions issues des soutes internationales ne doivent pas être incluses dans les totaux nationaux.

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MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 EMIS PAR DES SOURCES D’ENERGIE (METHODE DE REFERENCE) FEUILLE DE CALCUL AUXILIAIRE 1 : ESTIMATION DU CARBONE STOCKE DANS CERTAINS PRODUITS 1 DE 1 A

B

Quantités Coefficient de estimées de conversion combustible (TJ/unités)

TYPE DE COMBUSTIBLE

C

D

E

F

G

H

Quantités estimées de combustible (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone stocké

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

C=(AxB)

H=(FxG)

Naphta(a)

0.80

Lubrifiants

0.50

Bitume

1.0

Huile de houille et goudrons (à partir du charbon à coke)

0.75

Gaz naturel(a)

0.33

Gazole(a)

0.50

GPL(a)

0.80

Ethane(a)

0.80

Autres combustibles(b)

(a) Reporter ces combustibles s’ils sont utilisés en tant que produits d’alimentation. (b) Entrez dans la ligne « Autres combustibles » tout produit susceptible de stocker du carbone.

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MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) 2 CALCULS ETAPE PAR ETAPE FEUILLE DONNEE A TITRE D’EXEMPLE - A REMPLIR POUR CHAQUE SECTEUR ETAPE 1

Industries énergétiques

ETAPE 2

ETAPE 3

A

B

C

D

E

F

Consommation

Coefficient de conversion (TJ/unité)

Consommation (TJ)

Coefficient d’émission de carbone (t C/TJ)

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

E=(CxD)

F=(E x 10-3)

liste de combustibles par secteur (a)

C=(AxB)

Total Pour mémoire : Bois/Déchets provenant du bois Charbon de bois Autres biomasses solides Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse Total biomasse (a) Certains secteurs nécessitent des calculs spécifiques pour quelques produits. Pour plus de détails, voir les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) 2 CALCULS ETAPE PAR ETAPE FEUILLE DONNEE A TITRE D’EXEMPLE - A REMPLIR POUR CHAQUE SECTEUR ETAPE 4

Industries énergétiques

ETAPE 5

ETAPE 6

G

H

I

J

K

L

Fraction de carbone stocké

Carbone stocké (Gg C)

Emissions nettes de carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone oxydé

Emissions réelles de carbone (Gg C)

Emissions réelles de CO2 (Gg CO2)

H=(FxG)

I=(F-H)

K=(IxJ)

L=(K x [44/12])

liste de combustibles par secteur (a)

Total Pour mémoire : Bois/Déchets provenant du bois Charbon de bois Autres biomasses solides Biomasse liquide Biomasse gazeuse Total biomasse (a) Certains secteurs nécessitent des calculs spécifiques pour quelques produits. Pour plus de détails, voir les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre - Version révisée 1996.

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MODULE SOUS-MODULE FEUILLE DE CALCUL FEUILLE A

ENERGIE CO2 DU A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE PAR (METHODE SECTORIELLE DE NIVEAU 1) FEUILLE DE CALCUL AUXILIAIRE 2 : ESTIMATION DE LA TENEUR EN CARBONE DANS LES PRODUITS 1 B

C

D

Quantité de Coefficient Quantité de Coefficient produits de conversion produit d’émission de d’alimentation (TJ/unités) d’alimentation carbone utilisée utilisée (t C/TJ) (TJ) TYPE DE

C=(AxB)

E

F

G

H

Teneur en carbone (t C)

Teneur en carbone (Gg C)

Fraction de carbone stocké

Teneur en carbone(a)

E=(CxD)

F=(Ex10-3)

(Gg C)

H=(FxG)

COMBUSTIBLE

Gazole

0.5

GPL

0.8

Ethane

0.8

Naphta

0.8

Gaz naturel

0.33

Autres combustibles(b)

(a) Inscrivez le résultat de ces calculs dans la feuille 2 : Calcul étape par étape, Feuille 4, dans le secteur Industries de fabrication et construction. (b) Veuillez préciser.

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D.

SOURCES PRINCIPALES

En mai 2000, la Session plénière du GIEC, lors de sa 16ème réunion tenue à Montréal, a accepté le rapport intitulé Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Guide de bonne pratique et gestion des incertitudes dans les inventaires nationaux de 9 gaz à effet de serre) . Le rapport donne des orientations pour aider les pays à établir des inventaires qui ne soient ni sous-estimés ni surestimés, pour autant que l’on puisse en juger, et dans lesquels les incertitudes seront aussi minimes que possible. Il sert à étayer la mise au point d’inventaires transparents, documentés, cohérents dans la durée, exhaustifs, comparables, dont les incertitudes sont quantifiées, qui sont soumis à des procédures de contrôle et d’assurance de la qualité, et qui reposent sur une utilisation rationnelle des ressources. Le rapport n’est pas une révision ou une version de remplacement des Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre version révisée 1996, mais sert de référence pour compléter ces lignes directrices, tout en étant compatible avec elles. Le choix méthodologique appliqué aux différentes catégories de sources est important pour gérer l’incertitude de l’inventaire global. D’une manière générale, l’incertitude de l’inventaire est moindre lorsque les émissions sont estimées à l’aide des méthodes les plus rigoureuses, mais étant donné le caractère fini des ressources, ce ne sera peut-être pas possible pour toutes les catégories de sources. Une bonne pratique consiste à identifier les catégories de sources qui contribuent le plus à l’incertitude de l’inventaire global, afin d’utiliser aussi rationnellement que possible les ressources disponibles. En recensant ces catégories de sources principales dans l’inventaire national, les entités responsables des inventaires peuvent hiérarchiser les priorités de leurs travaux et améliorer leurs estimations globales. Cette démarche permettra d’améliorer la qualité des inventaires, ainsi que d’accroître la fiabilité des estimations des émissions. La bonne pratique 9

Le lecteur trouvera le rapport IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories dans le Programme d’inventaires nationaux des gaz à effet de serre (http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

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consiste, pour chaque entité responsable de l’inventaire, à définir de manière systématique et objective les catégories de sources principales. L’expression catégorie de sources principales désigne une catégorie de sources qui bénéficie d’un rang de priorité élevé dans l’inventaire national car les estimations la concernant influent beaucoup sur l’inventaire total des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre du pays, que cette influence s’exerce sur le niveau absolu des émissions ou sur l’évolution des émissions ou sur les deux. Toute entité responsable de l’inventaire ayant déjà préparé un inventaire des émissions sera en mesure d’identifier les catégories de sources principales compte tenu de leur influence sur le niveau absolu des émissions nationales. Pour les entités qui ont préparé une série chronologique, la détermination quantitative des catégories de sources principales devrait comporter une évaluation à la fois du niveau absolu et de l’évolution des émissions. Si l’évaluation ne porte que sur l’influence d’une catégorie de sources sur le niveau global des émissions, elle renseignera peu sur les raisons pour lesquelles cette catégorie de sources est principale. On risque de ne pas inventorier certaines catégories de sources principales si l’influence de l’évolution des émissions n’est pas prise en considération. Le Good Practice Guidance décrit la méthode de référence de Niveau 1 et la méthode de Niveau 2. La différence fondamentale entre les deux tient à la prise en compte de l’incertitude dans la méthode de Niveau 2. Dans l’inventaire national de chaque pays, certaines catégories de sources sont particulièrement importantes compte tenu de leur influence sur l’incertitude globale de l’inventaire. Il importe d’identifier ces catégories de sources principales afin de pouvoir définir les priorités d’utilisation des ressources disponibles pour la préparation de l’inventaire et établir les meilleures estimations possibles des catégories de sources les plus significatives. On pourra tirer le meilleur parti des résultats de la détermination des catégories de sources principales à condition d’effectuer l’analyse au niveau de détail approprié. Le Good Practice Guidance propose les niveaux de détail convenant à l’analyse des diverses

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.83

catégories de sources du GIEC et précise des considérations spéciales concernant l’analyse, le cas échéant. Par exemple, la combustion de combustibles fossiles est une grande catégorie de sources d’émissions qui peut être ventilée en souscatégories, et même au niveau des installations ou des chaudières elles-mêmes. Les conseils ci-après indiquent ce qu’il convient de faire pour choisir le niveau approprié d’analyse afin d’identifier les catégories de sources principales :

Méthodes quantitatives pour identifier les catégories de sources principales

•

L’analyse devrait être réalisée au niveau des catégories de sources du GIEC (c’est-à-dire au niveau où sont décrites les méthodes du GIEC). Elle devrait utiliser les émissions exprimées en équivalents CO2, calculées à l’aide des potentiels de réchauffement de la planète (PRP) figurant dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour la préparation des communications nationales des Parties visées à l’annexe I de la Convention, Première partie : Directives CCNUCC pour la notification des inventaires annuels (Directives CCNUCC).

•

Toute entité responsable ayant établi un inventaire des émissions sera en mesure de procéder à l’évaluation du niveau de Niveau 1 et d’identifier les catégories de sources dont le niveau des émissions influe beaucoup sur les émissions nationales totales. Les entités ayant établi des inventaires des émissions depuis plus d’une année seront également à même d’effectuer l’évaluation de l’évolution des émissions de Niveau 1 et d’identifier les sources qui sont principales en raison de leur influence sur l’évolution globale des émissions nationales. Ces deux types d’évaluations sont décrits en détail dans le Good Practice Guidance.

Chaque gaz à effet de serre émis par une catégorie de sources devrait faire l’objet d’une évaluation distincte, à moins qu’il ne faille considérer plusieurs gaz ensemble pour des raisons méthodologiques particulières. Par exemple, le dioxyde de carbone (CO2), le méthane (CH4) et l’hémioxyde d’azote (N2O) sont rejetés par des sources mobiles. L’évaluation des catégories de sources principales devrait porter sur chacun de ces gaz séparément, parce que les méthodes, les coefficients d’émission et les incertitudes connexes diffèrent pour chacun d’eux. En revanche, il peut s’avérer approprié d’évaluer ensemble les hydrofluorocarbones et les hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC) pour certaines catégories de sources, telles que les émissions de substituts des substances qui appauvrissent la couche d’ozone (substituts des SAO).

•

Les catégories de sources auxquelles s’appliquent les mêmes coefficients d’émission sur la base d’hypothèses communes devraient être agrégées avant l’analyse. Cette méthode peut également aider à traiter les corrélations croisées entre catégories de sources dans l’analyse de l’incertitude. Le même modèle d’agrégation devrait servir à quantifier les incertitudes et à identifier les catégories de sources principales, à moins que les incertitudes des données d’activité associées ne soient très différentes.

La bonne pratique veut que chaque entité responsable de l’inventaire définisse ses catégories nationales de sources principales de manière systématique et objective, en effectuant une analyse quantitative des relations entre le niveau et l’évolution des émissions de chaque catégorie de sources, d’une part, et les émissions nationales totales, de l’autre.

Pour les émissions de CO2 dues à la combustion dans des installations fixes, le Good Practice Guidance recommande de présenter les émissions au niveau de désagrégation auquel les coefficients d’émission sont discernables. Dans la plupart des inventaires, il s’agira des principaux types de combustibles. Si les coefficients d’émission sont déterminés de manière indépendante pour certaines sous-catégories, il faudrait que cela apparaisse dans l’analyse. Lorsque l’on applique la méthode de Niveau 1, les catégories de sources principales sont identifiées à l’aide d’un seuil prédéterminé d’émissions cumulées. Le seuil prédéterminé a été défini après évaluation de plusieurs inventaires pour fixer un niveau général auquel 90% de l’incertitude de l’inventaire correspondent aux catégories de sources principales. La méthode de Niveau 1 utilisée pour identifier les catégories de sources principales évalue les incidences des diverses catégories de sources sur le niveau et, si possible, sur l’évolution, de l’inventaire des émissions nationales. Lorsque l’on dispose d’estimations sur plusieurs années dans l’inventaire national, la bonne pratique consiste à quantifier la part qui revient à chaque catégorie de sources dans le niveau aussi bien que dans l’évolution des émissions de l’inventaire national. En revanche, on ne peut évaluer que le niveau des émissions si l’inventaire disponible couvre seulement une année.

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Pour l’évaluation du niveau de Niveau 1, la contribution de chaque catégorie de sources au niveau total de l’inventaire national est calculée à l’aide de l’Équation 1 :

EQUATION 1 Évaluation du niveau de la catégorie de sources = Estimation de la catégorie de sources / Estimation totale

Lx,t = Ex,t / Et dans laquelle : Lx,t est l’évaluation du niveau de la source x dans l’année t L’estimation de la catégorie de sources (Ex,t) est l’estimation des émissions de la source x dans l’année t L’estimation totale (Et) est l’inventaire total dans l’année t

l’estimation

de

La valeur de l’évaluation du niveau de la catégorie de sources devrait être calculée à part pour chaque catégorie de sources, pour ensuite procéder à la somme de toutes les entrées. Les catégories de sources principales sont celles dont la somme dépasse 95% du total, lorsque les émissions correspondantes sont additionnées par ordre décroissant. Toute catégorie de sources qui atteint le seuil de 95% dans une année donnée, quelle qu’elle soit, devrait être considérée comme une catégorie de sources principales.

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L’évaluation de l’évolution de Niveau 1 calcule l’influence de l’évolution de chaque catégorie de sources sur l’évolution de l’inventaire national. Cette évaluation permettra de trouver les catégories de sources dont l’évolution s’écarte de celle de l’inventaire global. Dans la mesure où les différences d’évolution sont plus significatives pour le niveau global de l’inventaire lorsqu’il s’agit de catégories de sources plus importantes, le résultat de la différence d’évolution (c’est-à-dire évolution de la catégorie de sources moins évolution du total) est multiplié par le résultat de l’évaluation du niveau (Lx,t dans l’équation 1) pour effectuer la pondération appropriée. Par conséquent, les catégories de sources principales seront celles dont l’évolution s’écartera sensiblement de l’évolution du total, pondérée par le niveau d’émissions de la catégorie de sources dont il s’agit.

Si les incertitudes au niveau des sources sont connues à l’échelon national, les entités responsables des inventaires pourront utiliser la méthode de Niveau 2 pour identifier les catégories de sources principales. La méthode de Niveau 2 est une analyse plus fine qui s’appuie sur la méthode de Niveau 1 et qui est susceptible de réduire le nombre de catégories de sources principales à prendre en compte. Dans la méthode de Niveau 2, les résultats de l’analyse fondée sur la méthode de Niveau 1 sont multipliés par l’incertitude relative de chaque catégorie de sources. Les catégories de sources principales sont celles qui représentent 90% de la part d’incertitude, et non plus celles qui répondent au critère du seuil prédéterminé d’émissions cumulées.

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6. BILANS ENERGETIQUES A.

Introduction

L’analyse des problèmes dans le domaine de l’énergie nécessite une présentation exhaustive des statistiques de base exprimées en unités d’origine, par exemple en tonnes de charbon ou en kilowattheures d’électricité. On peut considérablement accroître l’intérêt de ces données de base en les exprimant également en une unité énergétique commune qui se prête notamment à l’estimation des approvisionnements énergétiques totaux, à l’établissement de prévisions et à l’étude de la substitution entre énergies et à l’étude des économies d’énergie. Dans le bilan énergétique, les données fondamentales sur l’offre et la demande de toutes les formes d’énergie sont présentées de manière à regrouper les principaux combustibles, mais en les distinguant les uns des autres ; ces données sont exprimées en une unité énergétique commune. Ces deux caractéristiques permettent de comparer aisément la contribution que chacune des formes d’énergie apporte au secteur de l’énergie et leurs liens d’interdépendance, en opérant une conversion de l’une à l’autre.

B.

Sources des données

Chaque année, l’Agence internationale de l’énergie collecte, traite et publie des statistiques énergétiques concernant tous les pays Membres de l’OCDE, ainsi que plus de 100 pays et régions non membres. L’AIE calcule ensuite les bilans énergétiques, qui sont présentés sous forme de tableaux, à l’aide d’une méthodologie normalisée qui s’applique à tous ces pays et régions. L’AIE recueille les statistiques de base auprès de diverses sources, dont il est fait mention ci-après.

Pays Membres de l’OCDE Les administrations des pays Membres répondent à cinq questionnaires annuels de l’AIE relatifs respectivement : • au charbon et gaz manufacturés ; • au pétrole brut et aux produits pétroliers ; • au gaz naturel ; • aux énergies renouvelables ; • à l’électricité et à la chaleur ; Ces cinq questionnaires annuels sont remplis et renvoyés à l’AIE avant la fin de mars de l’année suivante. Après avoir contrôlé toutes les données de tous les pays et vérifié avec les pays Membres les modifications qui y sont éventuellement apportées, les bilans énergétiques nationaux sont préparés et publiés sous le titre : Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE.

Pays non membres de l’OCDE Les données sur la production, la consommation et les échanges annuels de produits énergétiques des pays non membres de l’OCDE sont compilées à partir de différentes sources : • questionnaires adressés aux pays Membres de la CEE (ONU) (identiques à ceux envoyés aux pays Membres de l’OCDE) ; • autres organisations internationales, par exemple Nations Unies, OLADE (pour les pays d’Amérique latine) ; • étroite coopération avec des organismes nationaux chargés des statistiques ; • contacts directs avec des consultants et des entreprises dans le domaine de l’énergie ; • publications ;

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• estimations. C’est notamment le cas pour les données relatives aux énergies renouvelables combustibles. Si la série sur les énergies renouvelables combustibles et déchets est incomplète ou non disponible, les données sont estimées selon une méthodologie compatible avec le cadre prévisionnel de l’édition 2000 de la publication de l’AIE intitulée World Energy Outlook (octobre 2000). On trouvera une explication complète de cette méthodologie dans la publication Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres, 1999-2000. Les données concernant l’année précédente sont collectées et progressivement mises sous leur forme définitive entre septembre et juillet. Pour les données qui font défaut, des estimations sont calculées en les ventilant jusqu’au niveau des secteurs de consommation finale. En juillet, les statistiques et bilans énergétiques fondamentaux sont préparés pour les différentes régions et pour le monde entier. Ces données agrégées, ainsi que les statistiques et les bilans énergétiques nationaux, sont publiés en septembre dans les publications Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres et Bilans énergétiques des pays non membres.

C.

Unités

L’unité adoptée par l’AIE pour présenter les approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire (ATEP) est la tonne d'équivalent pétrole (tep) définie comme étant égale à 107 kilocalories (41,868 gigajoules). Cette quantité d'énergie est équivalente, à quelques points de pourcentage près, au pouvoir calorifique inférieur d'une tonne de pétrole brut. Cependant, dans les Lignes directrices du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre et les CCNUCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories, il est demandé que les données relatives à l’énergie soient exprimées en TJ ; c’est pourquoi, dans la présente publication, les ATEP sont indiqués en Mtep et en TJ.

D.

Conversion (des unités d'origine en tep)

La conversion des unités d'origines (par exemple de milliers de tonnes ou mètres cubes) en unités énergétiques (par exemple tonnes d'équivalent pétrole ou

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térajoules) suppose le choix de coefficients d'équivalence entre les différentes formes et sources d'énergie. Il existe de nombreuses solutions à ce problème. On pourrait notamment adopter une seule équivalence pour chaque source principale d'énergie primaire dans tous les pays, par exemple 29 307 kJ/kg (7 000 kcal/kg) pour la houille, 41 868 kJ/kg (10 000 kcal/kg) pour le pétrole, etc. La principale objection que l'on peut opposer à cette méthode est qu'elle aboutit à des distorsions, car il existe de grandes différences entre les pouvoirs calorifiques des diverses catégories de charbon et de produits dérivés du charbon, ainsi qu'entre les pouvoirs calorifiques de ces combustibles selon les pays. Le Secrétariat a donc adopté les coefficients spécifiques communiqués par les administrations nationales pour les principales catégories de chaque qualité de charbon et pour chaque flux ou utilisation (c'est-à-dire la production, les importations, les exportations, la production d'électricité, les cokeries, les hauts-fourneaux et l'industrie). Dans le cas du pétrole brut, les coefficients spécifiques utilisés pour la production, les importations et les exportations ont fait l'objet de consultations avec les experts des administrations nationales, alors que les coefficients de conversion utilisés pour les produits pétroliers sont les mêmes pour la plupart des pays. Les bilans sont exprimés en pouvoir calorifique inférieur (PCI). Pour chaque combustible, la différence entre le pouvoir calorifique inférieur et le pouvoir calorifique supérieur correspond à la chaleur latente de vaporisation de la vapeur d'eau produite pendant la combustion. Pour le charbon et le pétrole, le pouvoir calorifique inférieur représente environ 5 pour cent de moins que le pouvoir calorifique supérieur et, pour la plupart des types de gaz naturel ou manufacturé, la différence est de 9 - 10 pour cent, tandis que, pour l'électricité, il n'y a pas de différence, la notion correspondante n'ayant alors aucune signification. L'emploi du pouvoir calorifique inférieur est conforme à la pratique des Bureaux de statistiques des Communautés Européennes et des Nations Unies. Les données relatives à l'électricité sont fournies initialement en gigawatts-heure et sont converties en unités énergétiques au moyen de la relation suivante : 1 térawattheure = 0,086 Mtep 1 térawattheure = 3600 TJ.

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E.

plus haut est représentée par la quantité d’énergie qui serait nécessaire pour produire la même quantité d’électricité dans une centrale thermique conventionnelle. L’équivalent en énergie primaire est calculé sur la base du rendement de production moyen de ce type de centrale. Parmi les limitations inhérentes à cette méthode il convient de citer la difficulté de choisir un rendement approprié et l’inadaptation de cette méthode aux pays dont la production d’électricité provient pour une large part de l’hydraulique. Pour ces raisons, l’AIE, à l’instar de la plupart des organisations internationales, n’utilise plus cette méthode et a adopté la méthode du contenu énergétique.

Conventions sur l’énergie primaire

La construction d’un bilan énergétique nécessite l’adoption de conventions sur l’énergie primaire relatives à plusieurs sources d’énergie, et notamment à l’énergie nucléaire, géothermique, solaire, hydraulique, éolienne, etc. Deux hypothèses doivent être posées :

I.

Le choix primaire

de

la

forme

d’énergie

Pour chacune des sources d’énergie, il convient de définir la forme d’énergie primaire à prendre en compte; par exemple dans le cas de l’énergie hydraulique, le choix doit être fait entre l’énergie cinétique de la chute d’eau et l’électricité produite. Dans le cas de l’énergie nucléaire, le choix est entre le contenu énergétique du combustible nucléaire, la chaleur produite dans les réacteurs et l’électricité produite. Dans le cas de l’électricité photovoltaïque, le choix est entre le rayonnement solaire capté et l’électricité produite. Le principe adopté par l’AIE est que la forme d’énergie primaire à prendre en compte doit être la première forme d’énergie rencontrée au cours du processus de production pour laquelle il existe plusieurs usages énergétiques possibles. L’application de ce principe conduit au choix des formes d’énergie primaire suivantes : •

la chaleur pour la chaleur et l’électricité d’origine nucléaire, la chaleur et l’électricité d’origine géothermique et la chaleur d’origine solaire,

•

l’électricité pour l’électricité d’origine hydraulique, éolienne, marémotrice et des océans ainsi que solaire photovoltaïque.

II. Le calcul de l’équivalence de l’énergie primaire Il existe essentiellement deux méthodes de calcul de l’équivalence de l’énergie primaire des sources d’énergie citées plus haut: la méthode de la substitution partielle et celle du contenu énergétique. •

La méthode de la substitution partielle : dans cette méthode, l’équivalent en énergie primaire des sources de production d’électricité citées

•

La méthode du contenu énergétique : cette méthode consiste à comptabiliser l’équivalence en énergie primaire d’une source d’énergie en utilisant le contenu énergétique de la forme d’énergie primaire retenue. Il existe par conséquent un lien évident entre les principes adoptés pour le choix de la forme d’énergie primaire d’une source d’énergie et son équivalence en énergie primaire. Par exemple, dans le cas de la production d’électricité d’origine nucléaire, la chaleur étant la forme d’énergie primaire retenue par l’AIE, l’équivalent en énergie primaire est la quantité de chaleur produite par les réacteurs. Cependant, comme la production de chaleur n’est pas toujours connue, l’AIE estime l’équivalent en énergie primaire à partir de la production d’électricité, en appliquant un rendement de 33% (rendement moyen des centrales nucléaires en Europe). Dans le cas de l’énergie hydraulique, l’électricité étant la forme d’énergie primaire choisie, l’équivalent en énergie primaire est le contenu énergétique de l’électricité produite dans la centrale, ce qui revient à supposer un rendement de 100%.

En raison des différences significatives de traitement de l’électricité d’origine solaire, hydraulique, éolienne, etc. dans ces deux types de bilans énergétiques, la part des énergies renouvelables dans le total des approvisionnements en énergie peut faire apparaître des différences sensibles en fonction des méthodes utilisées. Il est par conséquent essentiel, lors de l’examen des contributions des diverses sources d’énergie dans l’approvisionnement total de comprendre les conventions implicites qui ont été utilisées pour calculer les bilans énergétiques primaires.

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F.

Présentation

Comme le montre l’exemple du Royaume-Uni pour 2000, le bilan énergétique se présente sous forme de tableau : les colonnes indiquent les différentes sources d’énergie et les lignes les différentes origines et utilisations.

I.

Colonnes

En haut du tableau, et de gauche à droite, on trouve onze colonnes avec les titres suivants :

Colonne 1 : Charbon - Comprend tous les charbons (y compris la houille et le lignite) et les produits dérivés (y compris les agglomérés, le coke de four à coke, le coke de gaz, les briquettes de lignite, le gaz de cokerie et le gaz de haut fourneau). La tourbe entre également dans cette catégorie. Colonne 2 : Pétrole brut - Comprend le pétrole brut, les LGN, les produits d'alimentation des raffineries et les additifs ainsi que les autres hydrocarbures (qui, dans les Statistiques de l'énergie, sont comptabilisés séparément sous la rubrique autres sources). Colonne 3 : Produits pétroliers - Comprennent les gaz de raffineries, l'éthane, les gaz de pétrole liquéfiés, l'essence aviation, l'essence moteur, les carburéacteurs, le kérosène, le gazole/carburant diesel, le fioul lourd, les naphtas, le white spirit, les lubrifiants, le bitume, les paraffines, le coke de pétrole et autres produits pétroliers. Colonne 4 : Gaz - Comprend le gaz naturel (à l'exception des LGN) et le gaz d'usine à gaz. Ce dernier est comptabilisé dans le tableau, affecté d'un signe positif, à la ligne « usines à gaz », mais il n'entre pas dans la production. Colonne 5 : Nucléaire - Indique l'équivalent en énergie primaire de l'électricité produite par les centrales nucléaires, sur la base d'un rendement thermique moyen de 33 pour cent. Colonne 6 : Hydraulique - Indique l'équivalent en énergie primaire de l'électricité produite par les centrales hydroélectriques. La production d'énergie hydraulique ne comprend pas la production des centrales à accumulation par pompage.

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Colonne 7 : Géothermique, solaire, etc. - Indique la production intérieure d’énergie géothermique, solaire, éolienne, marémotrice et houlomotrice ainsi que l’utilisation de ces formes d’énergie pour produire de l’électricité. Les autres utilisations figurant dans cette colonne ne concernent que la géothermie et la chaleur produite au moyen d’énergie solaire. Sauf dans les cas où le rendement effectif du procédé géothermique est connu, la quantité d’énergie géothermique employée pour la production d’électricité est calculée par convention à partir de la production d’électricité des centrales géothermiques, en tenant compte d’un rendement thermique moyen de 10 pour cent. Pour l’énergie solaire, éolienne, marémotrice et houlomotrice, les quantités utilisées pour la production d’électricité sont égales à celles d’énergie électrique produite. Colonne 8 : Energies renouvelables combustibles et déchets - Comprend la biomasse solide, le biogaz et les liquides tirés de la biomasse, les déchets industriels et les déchets urbains. La biomasse est, par définition, toute matière végétale utilisée directement comme combustible, ou bien transformée en combustibles (par exemple charbon de bois) ou en électricité et/ou chaleur. Cette définition recouvre le bois, les résidus végétaux (y compris les déchets de bois et les cultures destinées à la production d’énergie), l’éthanol, les matières/déchets d’origine animale et les lessives sulfitiques (les lessives sulfitiques sont également désignées par le terme « liqueur noire », ce sont les eaux alcalines de rejet issues des digesteurs lors de la production de pâte au sulfate ou à la soude dans la fabrication de la pâte à papier. L’énergie provient de la lignine extraite de la pâte chimique). Les déchets urbains correspondent aux déchets des secteurs résidentiel, commerce et services publics qui sont recueillis par les autorités municipales pour élimination dans une installation centralisée et pour la production de chaleur et/ou d’électricité. Les déchets hospitaliers sont indiqués dans cette catégorie. Les données figurant sous ce titre sont souvent fondées sur le résultat d’enquêtes portant sur des échantillons réduits, ou sur d’autres informations incomplètes. Ainsi, elles ne fournissent qu’une indication générale des évolutions et ne sont pas strictement comparables d’un pays à l’autre. Dans certains cas, des catégories entières de combustibles végétaux sont omises faute d’information.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.89

Royaume-Uni : 2000 Million de tonnes d'équivalent pétrole APPROVISIONNEMENT ET DEMANDE

Charbon

Pétrole Produits brut pétroliers

Gaz

Nucléaire

Hydro Géotherm. En. Ren. Electricité Chaleur solaire combust. etc. & déchets

Total

Production Importations Exportations Soutages maritimes internat. Variation des stocks

29.61 13.75 -0.89 -2.47

134.24 51.96 -82.47 -0.22

8.74 -27.36 -2.93 0.53

77.46 1.09 -1.68 -0.49

25.58 -

0.36 -

0.06 -

1.68 -

1.43 -0.00 -

-

268.99 76.96 -112.40 -2.93 -2.64

ATEP

40.01

103.52

-21.03

76.38

25.58

0.36

0.06

1.68

1.43

-

227.98

-2.15 -27.13 -0.24 -2.77 e -1.08 -

-3.62 0.91 -0.12 c -101.03 0.81 -0.46 -

3.57 -0.01 -0.98 -0.60 -0.05 100.35 -1.44 -6.46 -

-1.42 -17.24 -1.59 -5.25 -1.01

-25.58 -

-0.36 -

-0.06 -

-0.08 -0.46 -0.38 -

27.90 1.67 -2.22 -2.18

-

-0.05 -2.76 -44.03 -1.13 -0.05 -0.68 -2.77 -0.64 -15.48 -3.18

Transferts Ecarts statistiques Centrales électriques Centrales de cogénération Centrales calogènes Usines à gaz Raffineries de pétrole Transformation du charbon Unités de liquéfaction Autres transformations Consommation propre Pertes de distrib. / transport CON. FINALE TOTALE

6.63

-

73.35

49.87

-

-

-

0.76

26.60

-

157.21

SECTEUR INDUSTRIE Sidérurgie Ind. chimique et pétrochimique Dont : produits d’alimentation Métaux non ferreux Prod. minéraux non métalliques Matériel de transport Construction mécanique Industries extractives Produits alimentaires Pâtes à papier/papier/imprim. Bois et produits dérivés Construction Textiles et cuir Non spécifiés

4.18 1.99 e 0.55 0.15 0.60 0.07 0.02 0.21 0.14 0.04 0.41

-

12.55 0.04 7.06 6.67 0.05 0.24 0.22 0.34 0.31 0.45 0.12 0.02 0.54 0.09 3.06

14.09 1.62 4.39 0.93 0.36 1.14 0.73 0.97 2.09 1.16 .. 0.13 0.52 0.98

-

-

-

0.44 0.44

9.01 0.89 1.63 0.45 0.62 1.72 0.99 0.85 0.13 0.32 1.40

-

40.27 4.54 13.63 7.59 1.01 2.62 1.01 3.04 0.31 3.75 2.27 0.02 0.81 0.98 6.28

-

-

49.93 5.25 3.68 39.31 0.50 1.19 -

0.00 0.00 -

-

-

-

-

0.67 0.67 -

-

50.60 5.25 3.68 39.31 1.17 1.19 -

2.45 0.00 0.28 2.06 0.11

-

6.43 0.78 2.24 3.22 0.20

35.78 0.11 4.07 26.73 4.86

-

-

-

0.33 0.06 0.09 0.18 -

16.92 0.33 7.61 8.98 -

-

61.91 1.28 14.29 41.17 5.18

-

-

4.43 4.01 0.31 0.11

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4.43 4.01 0.31 0.11

119793 117944 1849 -

-

8056 6304 1752 -

107457 94812 12645 -

98146 98146 -

4128 4128 -

665 665 -

5611 2391 3220 -

-

-

343856 324390 19466 -

SECTEUR TRANSPORTS Aviation civile internationale Transport aérien intérieur Transport routier Transport ferroviaire Transport par conduites Navigation intérieure Non spécifiés AUTRES SECTEURS Agriculture Commerce et services publics Résidentiel Non spécifiés UTIL. NON ENERGETIQUES

Dans l'industrie/transf./énergie Dans les transports Dans les autres secteurs Electricité produite-GWh Centrales électriques Centrales de cogénération Chaleur produite-TJ Centrales de cogénération Centrales calogènes

Source : Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE, édition 2002.

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I.90 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

NOTE : pour la première fois en 1997, l’AIE a publié des données détaillées sur les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets pour tous les pays non membres de l’OCDE et pour les années 1994 et 1995. Ces données proviennent souvent de sources secondaires ce qui soulève des interrogations tant pour la qualité intrinsèque des données que pour les limites d’une comparaison entre pays. Lorsque des séries chronologiques de données sur les énergies renouvelables combustibles et les déchets étaient incomplètes ou non disponibles, on les a estimées selon une méthodologie compatible avec le cadre prévisionnel de l’édition 2000 de l’ouvrage de l’AIE intitulé World Energy Outlook (octobre 2000). Le lecteur en trouvera une explication complète dans la publication Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres, 1999-2000.

Colonne 9 : Electricité - Indique la consommation finale et les échanges d'électricité (calculés sur la base du même pouvoir calorifique que l'électricité à la consommation finale, à savoir 1 GWh = 0,000086 Mtep). Colonne 10 : Chaleur - Indique les quantités de chaleur produites pour la vente. La majeure partie de la chaleur figurant dans cette colonne provient de la combustion de combustibles, encore que de faibles quantités soient produites par des pompes à chaleur et des chaudières électriques. La chaleur extraite de l’air ambiant par les pompes à chaleur entre dans la production. Colonne 11 : TOTAL = total des colonnes 1 à 10.

II. Lignes Les catégories figurant sur la partie gauche du tableau sont utilisées de la manière suivante :

Ligne 1 : La ligne Production concerne la production d'énergie primaire, autrement dit houille, lignite, tourbe, pétrole brut et LGN, gaz naturel, énergies renouvelables combustibles et déchets, énergies nucléaire, hydraulique, géothermique et solaire, ainsi que la chaleur extraite du milieu ambiant par les pompes à chaleur. La production est calculée après élimination des impuretés (par exemple, élimination du soufre contenu dans le gaz naturel). Le mode de calcul de la production d'énergie hydraulique, géothermique, etc., et d'électricité d'origine nucléaire est expliqué dans le chapitre 2, Unités et coefficients de conversion.

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Lignes 2 et 3 : Importations et exportations représentent les quantités ayant franchi les limites territoriales du pays, que le dédouanement ait été effectué ou non. a) Charbon Les importations et exportations comprennent les quantités de combustibles obtenues d'autres pays ou fournies à d'autres pays, qu'il existe ou non une union économique ou douanière entre les pays en question. Le charbon en transit n’est pas pris en compte.

b) Pétrole et gaz Cette rubrique comprend les quantités de pétrole brut et de produits pétroliers importées ou exportées au titre d'accords de traitement (à savoir, raffinage à façon). Les quantités de pétrole en transit ne sont pas prises en compte. Le pétrole brut, les LGN et le gaz naturel sont indiqués comme provenant de leur pays d'origine. Pour les produits d'alimentation des raffineries et les produits pétroliers, en revanche, c'est le dernier pays de provenance qui est pris en compte. Les réexportations de pétrole importé pour raffinage en zone franche sont comptabilisées comme des exportations de produits raffinés du pays où le traitement est effectué vers leur destination finale.

c) Electricité Les quantités sont considérées comme importées ou exportées lorsqu'elles ont franchi les limites territoriales du pays. Si l’électricité transite par un pays le montant correspondant est inclu à la fois dans les importations et les exportations.

Ligne 4 : Les soutes maritimes internationales correspondent aux quantités fournies aux navires de haute mer, y compris les navires de guerre et les navires de pêche, quel que soit leur pavillon. La consommation des navires assurant des transports par cabotage ou navigation intérieure n'est pas comprise. Voir navigation intérieure (ligne 41) et agriculture (ligne 44). Ligne 5 : Les variations des stocks expriment la différence enregistrée entre le premier jour et le dernier jour de l'année dans le niveau des stocks détenus sur le territoire national par les producteurs, les importateurs, les entreprises de transformation de

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.91

l'énergie et les gros consommateurs. Une augmentation des stocks est indiquée par un chiffre affecté d'un signe négatif, tandis qu'une diminution apparaît sous la forme d'un chiffre positif.

Ligne 6 : Les approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire (ATEP) correspondent à la production (ligne 1) + importations (ligne 2) - exportations (ligne 3) - soutes maritimes internationales (ligne 4) ± variations des stocks (ligne 5). Ligne 7 : Les transferts couvrent aussi bien le passage d’un produit d'une catégorie à une autre, le transfert matériel d'un produit et les produits recyclés (par exemple, les lubrifiants usés qui sont régénérés). Ligne 8 : Les écarts statistiques correspondent à la somme des écarts statistiques inexpliqués pour les différents combustibles, tels qu'ils apparaissent dans les statistiques de base de l'énergie. Cette rubrique comprend également les écarts statistiques qui proviennent de l'utilisation de coefficients de conversion différents dans les colonnes du charbon et du pétrole. Ligne 9 : Centrales électriques désigne les centrales conçues pour produire uniquement de l’électricité. Si une unité ou plus de la centrale est une installation de cogénération (et que l’on ne peut pas comptabiliser séparément, sur une base unitaire, les combustibles utilisés et la production), elle est considérée comme une centrale de cogénération. Tant les centrales publiques10 que les installations des autoproducteurs11 entrent dans cette rubrique. Les colonnes 1 à 8 indiquent les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires utilisés pour la production d'électricité, les chiffres correspondants étant affectés d'un signe négatif. La production brute d'électricité (qui comprend la consommation propre des centrales) figure dans la colonne de l’électricité, sous forme d'un chiffre positif. Les pertes de transformation sont indiquées dans la colonne du total, et sont affectées d'un signe négatif. 10 La production publique désigne les installations dont la principale activité est la production d’électricité et/ou de chaleur pour la vente à des tiers. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public. Il convient de noter que les ventes ne se font pas nécessairement par l’intermédiaire du réseau public. 11 L’autoproduction désigne les installations qui produisent de l’électricité et/ou de la chaleur, en totalité ou en partie pour leur consommation propre, en tant qu’activité qui contribue à leur activité principale. Elles peuvent appartenir au secteur privé ou public.

Ligne 10 : Centrales de cogénération chaleur/ électricité désigne les centrales conçues pour produire de la chaleur et de l’électricité. Dans la mesure du possible, les consommations de combustibles et les productions de chaleur/électricité doivent être exprimées sur la base des unités plutôt que des centrales. Cependant, à défaut de données disponibles exprimées sur une base unitaire, il convient d’adopter la convention indiquée ci-dessus pour la définition d’une centrale de cogénération. Tant les centrales publiques que les installations des autoproducteurs entrent dans cette rubrique. On notera que, dans le cas des installations de cogénération chaleur/électricité des autoproducteurs, sont comptabilisés tous les combustibles utilisés pour la production d’électricité, tandis que seule la partie des combustibles utilisés pour la production de chaleur vendue est indiquée. Les combustibles utilisés pour la production de la chaleur destinée à la consommation interne des autoproducteurs ne sont pas comptabilisés dans cette rubrique mais dans les données concernant la consommation finale de combustibles du secteur de consommation approprié. Les colonnes 1 à 8 indiquent les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires utilisés pour la production d'électricité et de chaleur ; ces chiffres sont affectés d'un signe négatif. La production brute d'électricité figure dans la colonne de l’électricité, affectée d'un signe positif, et la production de chaleur apparaît dans la colonne de la chaleur, sous forme d'un chiffre positif. Les pertes de transformation sont indiquées dans la colonne du total, et sont affectées d'un signe négatif.

Ligne 11 : Centrales calogènes désigne les installations (pompes à chaleur et chaudières électriques comprises) conçues pour produire uniquement de la chaleur et qui en vendent à des tiers selon les termes d’un contrat. Cette rubrique comprend aussi bien les centrales publiques que les installations des autoproducteurs. Les colonnes 1 à 8 indiquent les quantités de combustibles primaires et secondaires utilisés par les systèmes de chauffage qui transportent la chaleur, produite à partir d'une ou de plusieurs sources d'énergie, et qui la distribuent à des consommateurs résidentiels, industriels et commerciaux, entre autres, pour le chauffage des locaux, la cuisson des aliments, la production d'eau chaude et les procédés industriels.

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I.92 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Ligne 12 : Lorsqu’il y a production de gaz dans des usines à gaz, les données sont traitées de la même manière que dans le cas de la production d'électricité : les quantités produites apparaissent sous forme de chiffres positifs dans la colonne du gaz naturel, les quantités utilisées sont représentées par des chiffres négatifs dans les colonnes du charbon, des produits pétroliers et du gaz naturel, et les pertes de transformation apparaissent dans la colonne du total.

le pompage, la traction et l’éclairage [Divisions 10, 11, 12, 23 et 40 de la CITI12], ces chiffres étant affectés d'un signe négatif. Cette rubrique comprend, par exemple, la consommation propre d'énergie des mines de charbon, celle des centrales électriques (y compris la quantité nette d'électricité consommée par les installations hydroélectriques à accumulation par pompage) et l'énergie employée pour l'extraction du pétrole et du gaz.

Ligne 13 : La ligne raffineries de pétrole indique les quantités d'énergie primaire utilisées dans les raffineries et la production de produits pétroliers. Le total tient compte des pertes de transformation. Dans certains cas les données dans la colonne total sont des nombres positifs. Cela peut être dû soit à des incohérences du bilan primaire de raffinage, soit au fait que l’AIE utilise des pouvoirs calorifiques inférieurs standard pour les produits pétroliers.

Ligne 18 : Les pertes de distribution et de transport d'autres secteurs. Les utilisations non comprennent les pertes dans la distribution du gaz ainsi que les pertes dans le transport de l'électricité et du charbon.

Ligne 14 : La transformation du charbon comprend les pertes liées à la transformation du charbon de combustible primaire en combustible secondaire et de combustible secondaire en combustible tertiaire (de la houille en coke, du coke en gaz de haut fourneau, du lignite en briquettes de lignite, etc.). Il est souvent difficile de prendre en compte correctement l’ensemble des entrées et des sorties des industries de transformation de l’énergie, et de faire la distinction entre énergie transformée et énergie brûlée. Par conséquent, dans certains cas les données dans la colonne du total sont des chiffres positifs, indiquant un problème dans les données. Ligne 15 : La ligne unités de liquéfaction comprend la liquéfaction des combustibles solides comme, par exemple, la liquéfaction du charbon en hydrocarbure en Allemagne, et la transformation du gaz naturel en essence en Nouvelle-Zélande (arrêtée en 1997). Ligne 16 : La ligne autres transformations comprend les transformations non spécifiées ailleurs telles que la transformation de la biomasse solide en charbon de bois. Elle comprend aussi les retours de l’industrie pétrochimique. Il convient de noter que les retours en raffinerie des produits pétroliers utilisés à des fins non énergétiques (i.e. white spirit et lubrifiants) ne sont pas inclus sous cette rubrique, mais sous utilisations non énergétiques. Ligne 17 : La ligne consommation propre indique la consommation d'énergie primaire et secondaire des industries de transformation pour le chauffage,

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Ligne 19 : La ligne consommation finale totale (CFT) donne la somme des consommations des différents secteurs d'utilisation finale. Dans la consommation finale, les produits d'alimentation de l'industrie pétrochimique figurent sous la rubrique industrie chimique, sous-rubrique dont : produits d’alimentation, tandis que les utilisations non énergétiques de produits pétroliers comme le white spirit, les lubrifiants, le bitume, les paraffines et autres produits figurent dans les utilisations non énergétiques et ne sont prises en compte que dans la consommation finale totale. Voir lignes 48 à 51 (Utilisations non énergétiques). Les retours de l’industrie pétrochimique ne sont pas comptabilisés dans la consommation finale (voir ligne 16, autres transformations). Lignes 20 à 34 : La consommation du secteur industrie est répartie entre les sous-secteurs suivants (l'énergie utilisée par l'industrie pour les transports n'est pas prise en compte ici mais figure dans la rubrique transports) : •

Industrie sidérurgique [Groupe Classe 2731 de la CITI ] ;

•

Industrie chimique [Division 24 de la CITI] ; dont : produits d’alimentation de l’industrie pétrochimique. L'industrie pétrochimique comprend les opérations de craquage et de reformage destinées à la production de l'éthylène, du propylène, du butylène, des gaz de synthèse, des aromatiques, du butadiène et d'autres matières premières à base d'hydrocarbures dans les procédés mis en œuvre, par exemple, pour le vapo-

271

et

12 Classification internationale type par industries de toutes les branches d’activité économique, Série M, No 4/Rév. 3, Nations Unies, New York, 1990.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - I.93

• •

• •

•

• • • • • •

craquage, dans les installations d’élaboration d’aromatiques et pour le reformage à la vapeur [Partie du Groupe 241 de la CITI] ; voir produits d'alimentation, lignes 48 à 51 (Utilisations non énergétiques) ; Industries de base des métaux non ferreux [Groupe 272 et Classe 2732 de la CITI] ; Produits minéraux non métalliques tels que verre, céramiques, ciment, etc. [Division 26 de la CITI] ; Matériel de transport [Divisions 34 et 35 de la CITI] ; Construction mécanique. Ouvrages en métaux, machines et matériels autres que le matériel de transport [Divisions 28, 29, 30, 31 et 32 de la CITI] ; Industries extractives (à l’exclusion de l’extraction de combustibles); [Divisions 13 et 14 de la CITI] ; Produits alimentaires, boissons et tabacs [Divisions 15 et 16 de la CITI] ; Papier, pâte à papier et imprimerie [Divisions 21 et 22 de la CITI] ; Production de bois et d’articles en bois (sauf pâtes et papiers) [Division 20 de la CITI] ; Construction [Division 45 de la CITI] ; Textiles et cuir [Division 17, 18 et 19 de la CITI] ; Non spécifiés (tout autre secteur industriel non spécifié précédemment) [Division 25, 33, 36 et 37 de la CITI].

Note : La plupart des pays éprouvent des difficultés pour fournir une ventilation par branche d'activité pour tous les combustibles. Dans ces cas, la rubrique non spécifiés a été utilisée. Les agrégats régionaux de la consommation industrielle doivent donc être employés avec précaution.

Lignes 35 à 42 : Le secteur transports regroupe tous les combustibles utilisés pour les transports (liées á des moteurs mobiles), à l'exception des soutes maritimes internationales [Divisions 60, 61 et 62 de la CITI]. Elle englobe les transports dans le secteur industriel et couvre les transports routiers, ferroviaires et aériens ainsi que la navigation intérieure (y compris les petites embarcations, les bateaux de pêche et les caboteurs dont la consommation n'est pas comptabilisée dans la rubrique

« soutes maritimes internationales »), les combustibles utilisés pour le transport par conduites et les transports non spécifiés. Les combustibles utilisés pour la pêche en haute mer, sur le littoral et dans les eaux intérieures doivent être comptabilisés dans le secteur de l’agriculture (ligne 44). Pour nombre de pays, la ventilation entre aviation civile internationale et transport aérien intérieur impute incorrectement la consommation de carburants pour les vols intérieurs aussi bien qu’internationaux des transporteurs nationaux à la rubrique du transport aérien intérieur.

Lignes 43 à 47 : La rubrique autres secteurs couvre le secteur de l’agriculture (y compris la pêche en haute mer, sur le littoral et dans les eaux intérieures) [Divisions 01, 02 et 05 de la CITI], le secteur résidentiel ainsi que le commerce et les services publics [Divisions 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95 et 99 de la CITI], ainsi que les consommations non spécifiées. Dans bien des cas, les administrations n'arrivent pas à faire la ventilation de la consommation d'énergie entre le secteur commerce et services publics et le secteur résidentiel. D’autres administrations ne peuvent pas ventiler les consommations des secteurs agriculture et résidentiel. Dans les cas de ce genre, le secteur résidentiel comprend également la consommation du secteur agriculture et/ou celle du secteur commerce et services publics. La rubrique non spécifiés peut comprendre les utilisations à des fins militaires qui ne figurent pas dans le secteur des transports. Le total de la ligne autres secteurs est donc plus exact que les éléments qui le composent. Lignes 48 à 51 : La rubrique utilisations non énergétiques regroupe la consommation des autres produits pétroliers comme le white spirit, les paraffines, les lubrifiants, le bitume et divers autres produits. Ils incluent également les utilisations non énergétiques du charbon (excepté pour la tourbe). Ces produits sont indiqués à part, dans la consommation finale sous la rubrique utilisations non énergétiques. Il est supposé que l'usage de ces produits est strictement non énergétique. Le coke de pétrole fait exception à cette règle et ne figure sous la rubrique utilisations non énergétiques que si cette utilisation est prouvée ; dans le cas contraire, ce produit est comptabilisé à la rubrique des utilisations énergétiques dans l'industrie ou dans énergétiques du charbon comprennent notamment la préparation de noirs de carbone, d'électrodes en graphite, etc. et sont par ailleurs indiquées séparément par secteur.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

I.94 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Les chiffres concernant les produits d’alimentation de l'industrie pétrochimique sont comptabilisés dans le secteur de l'industrie, au titre de l'industrie chimique (ligne 22) et figurent séparément à la rubrique dont : produits d’alimentation (ligne 23). Sont compris dans cette rubrique tous les produits pétroliers, y compris les naphtas, à l’exception des autres produits pétroliers énumérés ci-dessus, ainsi que le gaz utilisé comme produit d'alimentation de l'industrie pétrochimique. Cependant, veuillez noter que les combustibles utilisés pour la production de méthanol et d’ammoniac est comprise sous la rubrique utilisations non énergétiques.

Lignes 55 à 57 : La rubrique chaleur produite indique le nombre total de TJ produits dans les centrales, avec une distinction faite entre centrales de cogénération et centrales calogènes. Il convient de noter que la chaleur produite au moyen de chaudières électriques est comptabilisée à la colonne électricité et la chaleur obtenue au moyen de pompes à chaleur figure à la colonne chaleur.

Lignes 52 à 54 : La rubrique électricité produite indique le nombre total de GWh produits par les centrales thermiques, ventilées entre centrales électriques et installations de cogénération, ainsi que la production des centrales nucléaires, hydroélectriques (à l'exclusion des centrales à accumulation par pompage), géothermiques, etc. (voir cependant les notes relatives aux lignes 9 et 10). Il convient de noter que l'électricité produite à partir du pétrole brut ou des LGN est prise en compte dans la colonne produits pétroliers.

Des informations supplémentaires et les bilans énergétiques complets concernant les pays de l’OCDE sont publiés dans l’ouvrage intitulé Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE. On trouvera les données fondamentales en unités d’origine dans la publication Statistiques de l’énergie des pays de l’OCDE. Les données correspondantes pour les pays non membres de l’OCDE sont disponibles quant à elles dans les publications Statistiques énergétiques des pays non membres et Bilans énergétiques des pays non membres.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

G.

Informations supplémentaires

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - II.1

PART II: CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION

PARTIE II : EMISSIONS DE CO2 DUES A LA COMBUSTION D’ENERGIE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - II.3

SUMMARY TABLES

TABLEAUX RECAPITULATIFS

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.4

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971 Monde *

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

14 106.6 15 666.7 15 723.3 17 163.5 18 211.8 17 830.3 17 754.0 18 671.1 19 036.4 19 713.2 20 427.9 20 820.2

.. 8 657.3 4 636.3 3 120.9 900.1 .. ..

.. 9 551.0 5 079.1 3 405.9 1 066.1 .. ..

.. 8 957.8 4 744.1 3 173.7 1 040.0 .. ..

.. 9 687.7 5 229.5 3 344.6 1 113.6 .. ..

.. 9 988.8 5 298.8 3 558.2 1 131.8 .. ..

.. 9 360.8 5 013.1 3 277.4 1 070.4 .. ..

.. 8 933.0 4 731.5 3 149.7 1 051.8 .. ..

.. 9 286.7 4 959.2 3 215.0 1 112.5 .. ..

.. 9 287.8 4 927.8 3 247.1 1 112.8 .. ..

.. 9 495.3 5 086.7 3 277.5 1 131.1 .. ..

.. 9 804.1 5 322.6 3 271.4 1 210.1 .. ..

.. 9 937.7 5 379.2 3 306.0 1 252.5 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

343.8 166.4

380.1 184.2

327.1 170.5

337.8 188.1

350.4 204.1

319.6 204.8

266.5 214.8

290.7 229.0

310.0 249.3

305.1 262.6

321.1 276.3

321.0 290.2

Total Non-OCDE

4 236.4

4 779.2

5 429.3

6 010.0

6 637.3

6 892.8

7 270.7

7 724.6

8 046.1

8 473.4

8 847.1

9 085.9

Total OCDE

9 359.9 10 323.2

9 796.4 10 627.7 11 020.0 10 413.1 10 002.1 10 426.8 10 431.0 10 672.1 10 983.4 11 123.1

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

339.5 97.3 4 296.8 4 733.6

375.1 121.7 4 703.9 5 200.7

377.5 139.2 4 366.7 4 883.3

405.2 159.4 4 824.3 5 388.9

422.9 191.0 4 875.9 5 489.8

411.3 229.4 4 601.7 5 242.4

385.5 232.7 4 346.1 4 964.2

403.1 252.1 4 556.1 5 211.3

394.5 249.2 4 533.4 5 177.0

406.4 259.8 4 680.4 5 346.5

436.8 260.4 4 885.8 5 583.0

452.6 274.1 4 926.7 5 653.3

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

48.9 117.6 156.1 55.6 40.1 435.4 983.7 25.4 63.0 1.4 21.9 295.2 15.5 130.4 23.8 296.1 14.6 39.2 120.8 83.3 39.5 41.5 626.5 3 675.3 3 014.8

54.2 133.6 153.0 56.6 48.4 489.0 1 058.7 34.4 69.1 1.7 21.0 334.4 16.5 153.8 24.2 321.0 16.4 41.6 141.6 84.9 43.6 52.8 640.0 3 990.6 3 283.5

50.4 116.3 158.6 53.0 44.7 434.4 980.6 34.8 73.4 1.6 21.3 322.6 12.1 141.7 24.4 348.5 18.3 43.9 157.8 80.3 37.2 59.7 582.4 3 798.0 3 050.8

52.2 124.3 174.1 60.2 50.5 458.7 1 022.6 40.7 80.6 1.7 23.9 338.8 12.4 149.6 27.4 384.0 19.1 46.4 168.1 84.2 39.5 72.5 598.4 4 029.6 3 203.6

57.6 130.8 178.2 63.2 54.7 485.4 1 109.5 45.4 87.8 1.9 27.4 362.6 12.7 162.9 29.8 404.4 22.2 52.3 177.9 81.2 39.2 67.9 626.0 4 280.9 3 419.5

53.6 114.1 172.6 52.7 46.3 417.3 1 026.9 45.2 87.0 1.8 26.2 353.2 10.1 151.3 26.5 384.2 25.2 52.0 192.7 66.9 37.4 71.5 558.6 3 973.2 3 140.2

51.6 101.0 175.5 50.9 43.4 386.1 991.9 49.7 83.6 1.6 25.6 344.8 8.9 138.7 25.6 392.2 26.4 50.5 191.1 55.6 39.3 83.5 534.1 3 851.4 2 999.7

54.5 102.6 179.6 60.2 48.9 365.8 1 021.9 55.0 85.1 1.6 26.3 351.2 9.9 147.7 27.4 420.4 24.9 51.4 176.8 58.8 42.0 95.3 544.2 3 951.4 3 048.7

53.8 103.3 176.9 60.7 49.8 353.2 1 021.8 55.0 81.2 1.7 28.0 353.1 9.6 152.0 30.5 427.0 28.4 50.9 180.6 60.4 41.9 103.9 559.6 3 983.1 3 069.2

55.6 103.5 177.3 59.0 54.1 346.7 1 013.5 60.4 81.8 1.8 29.7 373.5 9.1 155.0 28.5 442.2 29.1 51.1 181.7 58.3 40.3 114.4 563.4 4 029.8 3 092.5

52.9 105.3 173.3 55.5 53.4 342.9 1 007.8 64.5 76.8 1.8 28.7 378.2 9.5 155.8 28.5 430.5 30.6 50.7 186.2 55.9 40.1 109.9 564.0 4 002.7 3 091.1

52.9 106.7 165.9 49.8 53.2 356.1 984.2 69.6 75.5 1.8 29.8 396.0 10.2 157.3 28.0 413.6 38.9 57.7 203.6 53.1 39.7 121.6 553.6 4 018.8 3 115.0

143.4 743.1 51.0 13.7 951.1

157.9 891.2 65.8 17.0 1 131.9

179.5 843.4 75.1 17.0 1 115.0

196.3 897.9 95.5 19.4 1 209.1

197.8 917.7 117.5 16.3 1 249.3

208.1 846.0 127.1 16.4 1 197.5

202.4 831.3 134.6 18.2 1 186.4

221.0 871.7 151.6 19.8 1 264.1

222.1 871.9 158.2 18.8 1 271.0

232.3 878.7 164.6 20.1 1 295.7

242.2 946.5 187.6 21.4 1 397.8

256.0 974.4 198.5 22.1 1 451.0

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe B Soutes maritimes Soutes aéronautiques

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

* Total Monde inclue le Total Non-OCDE, le Total OCDE ainsi que les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.5

CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

20 720.7 20 912.0 21 092.1 21 224.9 21 386.4 21 809.4 22 565.9 22 631.4 22 767.5 22 844.7 23 422.3

13.0%

13 558.8e 13 462.7e 13 352.1 13 255.4 13 064.7 13 124.8 13 450.8 13 362.3 13 359.3 13 423.6 13 711.3 9 871.3 9 900.9 9 977.3 10 058.9 10 205.8 10 289.3 10 645.8 10 729.3 10 803.9 10 873.7 11 151.2 5 255.9 5 203.9 5 323.9 5 471.2 5 558.6 5 569.9 5 766.7 5 888.5 5 929.1 5 993.5 6 192.2 3 314.7 3 370.0 3 309.0 3 252.8 3 257.6 3 313.9 3 428.6 3 387.4 3 425.8 3 394.2 3 443.3 1 300.7 1 327.1 1 344.4 1 334.9 1 389.6 1 405.5 1 450.4 1 453.5 1 449.1 1 486.0 1 515.8 3 687.4e 3 561.8e 3 374.8 3 196.6 2 858.9 2 835.5 2 805.1 2 632.9 2 555.4 2 550.0 2 560.1 6 512.6e 6 784.4e 7 067.7 7 302.5 7 640.4 7 983.1 8 395.4 8 525.2 8 653.1 8 644.5 8 906.9

1.1% 13.0% 17.8% 3.9% 16.5% -30.6% 36.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

8 238.2e 8 184.2e

World *

7 962.2

7 729.1

7 476.5

7 520.9

7 633.1

7 423.5

7 367.6

7 371.0

7 457.0

-9.5%

Annex B Parties

443.5 333.1

460.7 343.4

26.6% 20.4%

Marine Bunkers Aviation Bunkers

9 933.5 10 169.1

12.3%

Non-OECD Total

11 013.6 11 053.9 11 131.1 11 232.0 11 422.7 11 529.9 11 932.3 12 036.6 12 050.8 12 134.6 12 449.0

13.0%

OECD Total

364.0 285.3

384.9 280.1

397.9 274.5

386.4 280.6

391.7 289.6

403.4 298.0

412.8 306.9

426.8 317.1

432.5 322.5

9 057.8

9 193.2

9 288.6

9 325.9

9 282.5

9 578.1

9 913.9

9 850.9

9 961.6

430.2 292.0 4 825.7 5 548.0

422.4 301.7 4 781.5 5 505.5

435.6 306.7 4 888.4 5 630.6

435.8 307.0 5 035.4 5 778.2

450.0 326.9 5 108.6 5 885.5

461.2 312.6 5 108.7 5 882.4

476.8 318.8 5 290.0 6 085.5

493.1 331.8 5 395.4 6 220.2

496.6 352.2 5 432.4 6 281.3

505.5 344.2 5 488.0 6 337.7

526.8 359.6 5 665.4 6 551.8

22.4% 23.1% 17.4% 18.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

56.9 107.3 153.8 50.6 55.0 352.7 964.1 70.6 70.5 1.9 30.3 400.1 10.5 159.8 28.5 344.2 39.6 55.6 206.5 51.2 40.6 128.8 559.9 3 938.7 3 114.8

60.7 113.3 140.7 60.6 56.5 380.1 941.5 70.4 67.1 1.9 30.9 397.9 11.0 167.9 26.9 342.6 41.0 50.0 215.1 51.0 42.8 131.9 568.8 3 970.3 3 166.5

55.6 112.2 130.0 54.8 54.3 368.5 892.6 71.8 61.1 1.9 30.6 398.1 10.7 166.7 29.9 334.6 44.9 48.3 227.4 52.2 43.1 137.8 555.7 3 883.0 3 096.2

56.0 109.7 126.8 57.1 55.3 349.3 884.9 71.5 60.2 2.0 30.9 393.8 11.0 170.0 31.5 337.0 43.7 44.1 212.9 52.1 40.9 142.7 537.4 3 820.8 3 035.7

57.3 114.1 120.6 61.0 61.9 345.0 871.8 73.2 58.7 2.1 32.3 391.0 10.2 170.8 33.3 330.4 44.4 41.0 223.1 54.4 39.8 141.2 530.8 3 808.2 3 041.3

58.8 113.6 125.7 57.9 56.4 354.5 870.0 73.2 58.6 2.0 32.7 412.9 8.2 174.5 32.7 331.9 48.8 41.7 235.3 53.8 40.7 155.4 532.6 3 871.8 3 083.1

61.8 121.0 123.3 70.9 63.6 368.3 908.4 75.7 59.5 2.2 34.3 409.4 8.3 182.0 33.2 347.3 46.9 42.2 224.6 59.0 41.7 171.7 545.7 4 000.9 3 179.8

63.2 117.7 116.9 61.3 61.2 361.7 879.7 79.4 57.3 2.1 35.8 413.7 7.8 179.5 35.1 338.0 49.2 41.8 242.5 52.9 40.4 180.6 523.6 3 941.4 3 129.1

62.2 120.2 114.8 57.4 57.4 384.8 861.9 83.8 57.4 2.1 38.0 424.2 7.2 177.1 37.0 315.0 53.6 40.0 249.3 53.5 42.2 182.2 532.0 3 953.0 3 162.4

62.3 116.3 109.2 54.1 56.2 376.7 830.7 83.1 60.7 2.1 39.8 423.1 7.5 174.5 38.4 305.0 60.4 39.0 267.5 52.3 42.2 181.3 526.0 3 908.1 3 130.3

62.8 120.3 118.8 50.1 54.8 373.3 833.0 87.8 55.2 2.2 41.2 425.7 8.0 177.1 33.6 292.8 59.6 37.9 284.7 52.0 41.7 204.1 531.5 3 947.9 3 161.7

10.3% 12.1% -22.8% -0.9% -0.3% 5.8% -13.6% 24.3% -21.7% 13.7% 36.2% 6.4% -23.2% 10.8% 17.7% -14.9% 50.5% -31.9% 37.9% 1.6% 2.7% 58.4% -5.1% 0.2% 1.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

259.7 1 018.7 226.2 22.3 1 526.9

260.9 1 043.3 251.0 22.8 1 578.1

264.8 1 054.8 273.2 24.8 1 617.6

268.8 1 042.2 298.1 24.0 1 633.0

271.8 1 093.3 339.3 24.5 1 728.9

280.0 1 099.9 370.2 25.6 1 775.7

296.1 1 126.9 395.5 27.4 1 845.9

302.9 1 120.9 421.5 29.7 1 875.0

318.9 1 101.5 367.4 28.8 1 816.5

327.5 1 127.7 402.9 30.8 1 888.8

329.3 1 154.8 433.6 31.7 1 949.3

26.8% 13.4% 91.7% 41.9% 27.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international marine and aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.6

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971 Total Non-OCDE

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

4 236.39 4 779.19 5 429.34 6 009.95 6 637.31 6 892.83 7 270.70 7 724.63 8 046.13 8 473.36 8 847.08 9 085.87

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

8.91 1.72 0.30 0.73 0.58 2.76 2.38 20.27 .. 1.32 0.47 1.93 3.79 3.73 6.82 2.89 .. 5.78 1.21 173.85 3.27 1.53 0.30 3.56 3.43 7.23 6.99 265.76

11.78 2.30 0.41 0.79 0.65 2.83 2.69 20.82 .. 1.31 0.60 2.10 4.32 5.78 8.58 2.73 .. 9.05 1.38 187.92 4.60 1.78 0.28 4.15 4.19 8.00 7.57 296.61

14.54 2.08 0.46 1.04 0.66 2.85 3.01 25.88 .. 1.19 0.75 2.35 4.36 9.18 9.92 2.34 .. 11.50 1.60 209.23 3.29 1.51 0.29 4.89 4.40 7.19 8.29 332.78

18.98 1.59 0.33 1.39 0.70 2.81 3.39 32.52 .. 1.19 1.31 2.53 5.14 10.69 11.95 2.28 .. 18.26 1.83 223.41 3.49 1.51 0.33 5.87 3.85 6.89 9.54 371.78

29.10 2.18 0.38 1.59 0.76 3.27 3.63 37.28 .. 1.36 1.32 2.26 5.19 14.04 13.62 1.87 .. 23.37 1.96 204.73 3.24 1.64 0.43 7.58 3.31 6.96 11.87 382.93

34.68 2.01 0.30 1.74 0.81 3.47 2.97 48.26 .. 1.53 1.66 2.82 5.47 18.32 14.11 2.01 .. 29.67 2.00 221.13 3.62 1.56 0.34 8.54 3.06 7.95 12.58 430.59

46.78 1.96 0.36 2.08 0.89 3.70 3.72 57.45 .. 1.49 1.85 1.64 4.57 21.16 15.58 1.70 .. 33.10 1.90 213.20 3.79 1.46 0.31 9.53 2.83 7.95 12.28 451.29

47.42 3.21 0.47 2.43 0.84 3.37 3.04 60.78 .. 1.42 1.74 2.16 5.47 22.04 16.48 1.49 .. 31.60 2.11 229.05 4.20 1.53 0.30 10.05 2.80 9.58 12.55 476.12

52.39 3.13 0.41 2.35 0.76 3.04 3.03 66.49 .. 1.67 1.60 2.29 6.10 23.39 17.01 1.46 .. 30.00 2.03 226.09 4.12 1.58 0.45 10.22 2.82 10.77 13.15 486.35

52.24 3.13 0.36 2.33 0.77 3.44 2.99 71.52 .. 1.90 1.45 2.49 6.25 24.11 17.43 1.45 .. 31.09 2.06 240.75 3.23 1.58 0.49 10.22 2.77 14.16 17.00 515.20

54.85 3.45 0.35 2.51 0.72 3.62 2.93 73.04 .. 1.97 1.70 2.56 6.21 25.61 18.22 1.47 .. 32.42 1.96 241.58 4.58 1.62 0.48 10.98 3.07 13.77 17.25 526.92

55.03 3.51 0.28 2.75 0.74 3.56 2.81 71.71 .. 2.07 1.33 2.81 6.56 27.17 19.36 1.44 .. 33.49 2.07 249.48 4.17 1.64 0.49 11.91 3.15 14.13 16.97 538.63

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

3.01 36.92 12.30 14.40 1.31 23.24 4.64 0.25 2.17 13.62 6.80 2.45 1.19 122.31

4.37 49.03 14.25 16.19 1.68 26.62 6.40 0.29 3.41 18.89 6.29 3.21 1.86 152.48

5.31 66.64 15.57 17.06 2.09 22.91 5.65 0.72 4.93 24.91 10.29 4.74 1.97 182.78

6.40 82.88 20.18 17.87 2.72 23.76 4.78 1.37 4.38 37.07 12.86 10.18 2.54 226.98

7.23 86.38 31.38 19.58 3.39 32.48 6.30 1.93 9.51 72.16 16.28 13.57 2.95 303.13

7.93 81.04 33.40 20.36 5.17 31.20 6.33 2.49 9.45 126.19 17.03 18.44 4.03 363.06

8.61 108.48 42.70 22.36 6.42 38.55 6.61 3.71 10.77 138.66 23.10 19.14 5.06 434.18

10.39 128.56 48.24 24.52 7.36 38.39 7.66 5.45 12.25 126.26 23.62 26.16 5.97 464.83

11.70 123.26 50.72 27.00 8.11 41.02 7.78 5.99 12.79 139.72 24.40 30.55 6.35 489.39

11.37 129.84 53.86 29.40 8.58 42.92 7.85 6.08 12.97 153.28 27.33 34.33 6.59 524.41

11.50 132.49 59.83 31.07 8.32 48.00 6.08 6.40 13.81 161.86 27.82 35.59 6.95 549.73

11.46 144.23 64.16 32.37 8.42 50.97 6.39 6.61 13.62 163.74 27.61 41.56 7.14 578.26

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

3.91 63.07 1.80 0.10 0.66 115.14 63.54 .. .. .. .. .. 248.21

3.93 66.89 2.33 0.09 0.79 129.53 68.35 .. .. .. .. .. 271.92

4.48 72.46 1.69 0.10 0.65 140.94 75.55 .. .. .. .. .. 295.86

5.25 75.13 2.17 0.08 0.78 161.23 81.47 .. .. .. .. .. 326.10

7.55 81.40 2.49 0.11 0.89 179.03 91.60 .. .. .. .. .. 363.07

6.45 80.15 2.57 0.09 1.13 177.59 98.41 .. .. .. 13.99 .. 366.38

7.35 80.41 2.68 0.11 0.97 177.43 114.73 .. .. .. 14.12 .. 383.68

7.21 81.27 2.81 0.12 1.15 173.61 122.08 .. .. .. 13.63 .. 388.25

7.24 82.31 3.09 0.14 1.87 178.70 127.86 .. .. .. 14.20 .. 401.21

7.46 83.32 3.65 0.15 1.96 187.49 123.80 .. .. .. 13.44 .. 407.83

7.60 82.35 3.68 0.17 2.13 191.96 129.23 .. .. .. 13.02 .. 417.12

7.20 81.71 3.83 0.16 2.30 188.11 130.30 .. .. .. 12.93 .. 413.62

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.7

CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

9 057.83 9 193.17 9 288.61 9 325.91 9 282.48 9 578.05 9 913.91 9 850.91 9 961.64 9 933.49 10 169.13

12.3%

Non-OECD Total

54.72 4.09 0.25 2.67 0.70 3.01 2.63 73.29 .. 2.21 1.03 2.71 6.34 26.52 19.64 1.08 .. 28.60 2.12 254.64 5.51 1.71 0.54 12.24 2.60 15.94 16.04 540.83

58.46 4.19 0.20 2.46 0.70 2.58 2.72 74.55 .. 2.26 1.19 2.46 6.05 26.70 20.63 0.90 1.20 33.83 2.12 251.21 4.96 1.68 0.50 12.51 2.77 17.57 16.08 550.47

59.08 4.06 0.21 2.30 0.68 2.36 2.70 75.16 0.42 1.46 1.22 2.84 6.34 26.80 22.12 1.09 1.32 43.83 2.31 250.79 4.64 1.67 0.39 13.18 2.74 17.72 17.30 564.74

61.06 4.37 0.21 2.44 0.66 2.22 2.87 74.15 0.63 1.82 1.30 2.82 6.72 28.05 22.78 1.28 1.52 37.41 2.25 251.37 3.34 1.61 0.18 14.08 2.40 16.40 17.60 561.54

58.73 4.26 0.21 2.58 0.56 2.07 3.02 71.42 0.71 2.11 1.19 3.05 7.11 32.48 24.93 1.07 1.75 32.97 2.31 257.97 4.84 1.61 0.53 14.04 2.07 15.25 17.26 566.10

59.26 4.04 0.22 2.50 0.53 2.13 3.20 76.76 0.76 2.35 1.32 3.29 7.25 34.62 25.39 1.14 1.81 35.72 2.46 276.77 4.55 1.60 0.59 14.25 2.05 14.83 17.42 596.82

58.59 4.32 0.90 2.44 0.51 2.02 3.61 78.18 0.85 2.61 1.44 3.61 7.70 35.54 24.92 0.96 1.96 39.00 2.57 286.23 4.35 1.61 0.83 15.06 1.68 14.32 17.77 613.59

60.22 4.46 1.15 2.57 0.39 2.05 4.33 83.43 0.81 2.78 1.60 3.66 7.57 38.44 25.82 1.03 2.00 41.11 2.85 299.64 5.32 1.86 0.76 15.62 2.17 13.18 16.54 641.35

61.91 4.12 1.20 2.68 0.41 2.06 4.51 93.43 0.58 2.94 1.65 4.38 8.03 37.43 27.13 1.16 2.04 36.80 3.17 309.79 4.87 1.46 0.86 16.45 2.07 13.43 16.86 661.43

65.75 4.74 1.32 2.40 0.37 2.06 5.97 95.68 0.61 2.89 1.50 4.88 8.53 36.56 29.47 1.16 1.89 39.41 3.52 291.24 5.19 1.52 1.00 17.25 1.70 15.19 17.55 659.34

66.61 4.52 1.43 2.79 0.59 2.07 6.30 108.48 0.59 3.18 1.36 4.70 9.32 38.85 29.27 1.18 1.87 43.36 3.60 295.79 5.72 1.55 1.26 17.80 1.70 13.44 18.41 685.72

21.7% 10.5% 472.0% 4.5% -15.7% -31.2% 139.5% 48.0% .. 43.9% 32.0% 73.4% 47.0% 46.5% 49.0% 9.3% .. 51.6% 69.8% 16.2% 3.8% -9.4% 133.3% 45.4% -34.6% -15.7% 14.8% 26.8%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

11.70 158.98 57.02 33.58 9.20 19.98 6.39 10.68 14.02 169.09 30.99 40.91 6.31 568.83

11.45 175.41 44.48 34.09 9.25 21.09 8.05 14.67 16.41 176.46 35.66 47.88 7.89 602.78

11.84 187.52 54.73 38.14 10.69 37.36 7.83 15.43 25.76 187.43 36.12 45.73 8.67 667.25

11.49 197.99 64.12 41.06 10.82 44.22 10.17 15.67 27.54 200.83 38.66 46.30 7.06 715.93

11.57 216.67 69.88 43.55 11.43 50.67 11.03 14.95 27.80 206.77 39.33 53.12 7.53 764.29

11.63 223.60 69.10 47.08 12.12 51.72 12.57 15.58 28.05 206.33 42.20 53.94 8.27 782.19

12.24 241.48 68.24 49.42 12.59 55.06 13.67 15.49 28.75 223.81 42.99 62.46 8.32 834.52

12.84 254.41 69.41 52.38 13.12 58.68 15.58 16.00 30.66 229.34 44.48 60.75 8.52 866.17

13.78 259.66 71.46 53.60 13.61 66.56 15.39 16.92 31.26 236.77 49.53 64.39 8.66 901.59

13.76 271.25 70.79 54.99 13.63 61.39 15.59 19.66 32.28 243.24 51.27 65.85 8.94 922.64

14.12 292.08 77.20 62.39 14.30 62.55 14.17 23.51 35.10 260.60 52.29 68.74 9.17 986.22

20.7% 83.7% 35.4% 85.8% 55.4% 213.1% 121.8% 120.1% 150.4% 54.1% 68.7% 68.0% 45.3% 73.4%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

6.26 75.21 3.88 0.20 2.30 166.90 131.76 .. .. 9.15 12.50 .. 386.49

4.38 58.56 4.43 0.22 2.20 140.82 115.68 .. 15.82 8.87 11.91 55.97 326.29

2.73 55.51 4.71 0.26 2.16 126.18 105.95 19.58 15.29 8.82 11.51 50.74 297.51

2.21 56.23 4.94 0.30 2.79 116.37 94.45 16.59 15.86 9.07 12.19 40.74 277.29

2.27 53.76 5.16 0.40 2.50 112.56 79.30 3.68 15.09 8.81 12.39 39.35 255.96

1.87 54.78 5.06 0.40 2.23 116.94 83.41 3.96 15.92 8.81 13.04 41.67 264.69

1.88 55.13 5.36 0.40 2.33 121.21 90.38 4.50 15.71 9.99 14.04 46.14 276.69

1.44 50.68 5.50 0.42 2.48 111.32 102.73 9.70 17.39 8.91 15.40 51.33 274.56

1.68 48.62 5.83 0.44 2.36 96.75 108.88 12.56 18.51 9.62 15.04 53.15 264.56

2.89 43.15 6.09 0.46 2.42 82.57 94.59 11.78 18.44 8.80 14.60 40.97 232.17

3.04 42.71 6.33 0.48 2.28 86.45 99.18 15.37 17.77 8.41 14.45 43.19 240.46

-51.4% Albania -43.2% Bulgaria 63.1% Cyprus 140.0% Gibraltar -0.9% Malta -48.2% Romania -24.7% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia -8.1% FYR of Macedonia 15.6% Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -37.8% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.8

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971 Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 993.92 2 253.88 2 568.34 2 731.60 2 951.70 3 048.24 3 118.89 3 205.44 3 282.04 3 390.77 3 448.71 3 465.87

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

83.12 2.14 90.90 20.84 26.55 1.26 18.40 3.45 3.54 1.31 2.28 0.37 1.11 5.93 14.59 1.47 2.55 0.60 15.57 6.29 5.22 46.71 4.93 359.12

87.87 2.49 115.94 19.82 28.51 1.61 23.03 4.56 4.05 1.75 2.66 0.36 1.26 8.48 15.69 1.65 2.97 0.75 16.39 6.67 5.32 57.01 6.86 415.72

85.98 3.19 136.56 16.98 28.26 1.74 25.45 5.13 5.91 1.99 3.04 0.41 1.32 7.74 10.28 1.83 3.24 0.74 18.43 5.98 5.46 60.52 7.36 437.52

93.59 3.69 155.44 18.56 31.58 2.30 25.75 5.59 8.06 2.08 3.38 0.59 1.57 7.05 11.06 2.59 3.14 1.04 18.36 7.52 5.51 67.34 8.02 483.80

98.15 4.13 182.56 20.51 32.78 2.46 27.97 6.05 9.74 2.02 4.26 0.65 1.67 7.30 9.33 1.52 3.16 1.22 19.34 8.06 6.21 81.82 7.77 538.69

94.70 4.52 165.85 21.16 34.94 2.03 29.65 5.91 11.90 1.55 3.67 0.52 1.60 6.75 8.24 1.87 2.55 1.29 21.42 8.68 4.94 91.33 6.59 531.68

95.49 4.94 158.85 18.86 38.13 1.75 29.16 6.65 11.13 1.54 2.80 0.74 1.75 5.86 7.04 1.94 3.36 1.33 17.81 9.86 3.73 91.97 5.73 520.41

88.69 4.47 166.90 19.44 38.83 2.00 30.58 6.14 11.72 1.68 3.26 0.79 1.67 5.03 4.68 1.80 2.63 1.49 18.21 9.71 3.12 92.79 6.04 521.66

94.90 4.50 184.50 20.06 38.81 2.07 31.16 6.96 11.99 1.66 2.39 0.73 1.69 4.76 4.46 2.12 2.71 1.52 19.59 9.84 3.09 93.47 6.88 549.87

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

3.19 0.40 30.92 203.29 24.82 68.92 12.71 4.49 0.19 16.60 22.77 5.95 2.76 16.10 16.14 5.58 434.83

3.92 0.75 39.37 213.33 31.63 83.32 12.93 3.42 0.39 17.71 26.83 8.06 3.65 20.54 17.38 6.08 489.32

4.66 1.61 42.42 240.72 38.07 92.00 16.09 3.93 0.32 20.91 28.17 8.39 2.69 20.96 16.71 6.64 544.30

5.32 2.29 53.84 270.75 47.76 96.81 17.38 4.47 0.29 21.17 32.32 10.24 2.97 26.52 12.65 6.71 611.48

6.20 2.25 65.36 287.49 62.73 107.33 21.44 4.75 0.45 24.38 34.67 12.69 3.71 31.81 13.66 6.53 685.43

7.59 2.57 68.20 329.59 77.34 112.02 25.06 5.01 0.44 28.93 26.69 13.76 3.80 32.19 14.48 6.50 754.16

7.66 2.87 70.05 367.86 80.65 123.18 29.19 4.93 0.71 33.53 32.71 15.31 4.49 34.26 16.59 6.55 830.54

8.98 2.90 72.24 417.26 88.75 139.12 32.52 5.74 0.55 39.50 26.86 16.24 3.57 40.32 16.55 7.75 918.86

10.04 11.08 11.74 13.02 2.90 2.94 3.08 3.06 83.06 88.21 102.35 111.58 450.54 486.99 522.77 566.17 95.47 102.08 111.08 123.50 150.65 165.59 184.49 191.77 32.60 34.08 35.72 40.68 6.08 4.59 4.36 4.25 0.73 0.74 0.73 0.57 41.47 48.23 52.10 56.29 25.61 31.42 34.05 36.90 16.46 16.98 19.57 20.61 3.56 4.05 3.86 3.64 41.41 47.86 54.72 64.18 18.23 20.63 19.96 16.91 7.47 7.61 7.39 7.65 986.29 1 073.09 1 167.96 1 260.79

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

803.08 9.16 812.24

889.68 1 056.95 1 243.74 1 398.15 1 382.59 1 511.98 1 727.17 1 825.74 1 966.82 2 118.58 2 194.98 9.58 10.81 14.48 14.21 16.12 19.72 22.30 25.24 27.68 30.81 32.15 899.26 1 067.76 1 258.22 1 412.36 1 398.72 1 531.70 1 749.47 1 850.98 1 994.50 2 149.40 2 227.13

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

99.58 4.56 189.22 20.36 40.62 2.23 32.14 7.95 11.69 2.03 2.78 0.80 1.89 5.07 4.14 2.15 2.99 1.61 21.13 10.12 3.52 92.63 8.37 567.55

104.86 4.60 194.13 24.07 41.98 2.32 33.38 8.01 12.37 2.13 2.97 0.88 2.08 5.26 3.63 1.92 2.28 1.68 21.47 10.70 4.45 93.88 8.21 587.24

102.87 5.13 196.89 28.23 43.12 2.64 34.93 8.54 12.12 2.07 3.12 0.92 2.30 6.69 3.14 1.70 2.38 1.83 19.37 10.55 4.78 99.16 9.06 601.57

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.9

CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode sectorielle million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

.. .. 10.75 5.03 2.77 3.43 2.50 3.19 3.31 2.96 3.56 .. .. 44.99 39.64 36.43 31.00 27.87 26.46 26.87 26.32 28.24 .. .. 98.81 79.55 66.60 59.83 60.01 59.93 58.29 55.90 55.51 .. .. 22.61 17.36 17.19 15.49 16.37 15.98 15.43 14.33 13.99 .. .. 14.01 9.79 5.83 2.23 4.01 4.39 5.18 5.54 6.04 .. .. 248.81 212.03 189.25 165.69 144.84 125.47 123.39 113.99 122.78 .. .. 13.40 9.76 6.33 4.64 5.72 5.52 5.86 4.71 4.59 .. .. 14.10 11.90 10.71 9.15 9.05 8.55 7.86 7.26 6.54 .. .. 20.36 16.11 15.19 14.34 14.98 14.33 15.12 12.86 11.22 .. .. 19.72 16.30 13.04 10.95 11.45 10.83 9.52 7.29 6.38 .. .. 1 882.44 1 820.72 1 607.64 1 588.90 1 562.13 1 450.74 1 433.46 1 473.35 1 505.74 .. .. 21.59 13.97 5.22 5.30 5.94 5.24 5.59 5.69 4.43 .. .. 29.13 27.19 33.49 34.00 29.91 29.70 28.35 33.73 34.25 .. .. 553.99 482.26 397.14 389.28 364.23 334.64 319.10 313.54 301.03 .. .. 112.25 112.63 106.75 97.49 98.53 100.08 115.95 116.88 114.91 3 344.83 3 277.18 3 106.96 2 874.26 2 513.59 2 431.71 2 357.52 2 195.03 2 173.27 2 194.36 2 219.19

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -33.7%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

130.17 7.63 303.31 48.08 57.17 4.55 31.37 17.77 17.03 5.22 8.82 1.41 4.41 9.76 3.28 3.53 4.87 3.31 26.41 15.13 5.31 128.57 11.42 848.52

33.1% 40.0% 57.0% 58.9% 27.8% 74.3% -1.1% 132.6% 35.3% 141.7% 166.5% 50.0% 106.1% 35.9% 15.1% 92.9% 98.8% 70.6% 37.7% 38.7% 41.6% 25.4% 24.4% 42.3%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

13.70 12.77 14.53 16.37 17.79 22.23 22.07 23.75 24.93 24.86 26.87 3.20 3.34 3.57 3.80 4.07 4.48 4.65 5.00 4.91 4.92 5.05 113.95 122.60 131.04 141.85 151.18 158.67 167.06 177.21 189.59 198.29 215.26 583.39 631.94 667.11 693.31 738.29 787.87 832.47 857.91 882.38 917.32 937.28 134.63 147.73 155.19 169.38 179.85 190.66 209.60 227.94 226.20 246.83 269.33 198.55 201.42 192.66 193.55 186.84 182.17 178.14 175.93 166.49 168.00 167.32 47.40 56.55 59.40 65.17 68.85 75.54 85.46 92.14 92.65 99.14 106.12 3.94 3.82 4.07 4.67 5.46 6.58 7.07 8.00 7.74 8.77 8.26 0.88 1.11 1.12 1.28 1.60 1.74 1.81 2.07 2.17 2.96 3.02 59.02 60.18 65.51 70.67 74.41 80.08 85.31 88.12 89.62 98.11 98.01 36.01 36.40 40.39 44.18 53.84 59.50 63.86 68.27 67.62 67.73 68.93 28.76 30.13 31.09 35.57 37.62 37.78 39.03 39.19 40.69 40.48 41.99 3.74 3.91 5.00 4.91 5.46 5.52 8.09 8.03 8.35 9.20 10.89 77.90 86.90 95.00 107.22 120.20 136.24 152.89 156.74 141.58 147.25 147.20 17.96 16.81 18.05 19.97 21.73 25.80 29.24 32.83 33.04 36.60 40.69 8.01 7.90 7.12 6.90 6.79 6.90 6.92 7.05 6.87 7.05 7.33 1 331.06 1 423.52 1 490.86 1 578.82 1 673.99 1 781.78 1 893.68 1 970.18 1 984.84 2 077.50 2 153.57

96.1% 57.8% 88.9% 60.7% 100.1% -15.7% 123.9% 109.6% 243.2% 66.1% 91.4% 46.0% 191.2% 89.0% 126.6% -8.5% 61.8%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

2 256.49 2 371.28 2 499.76 2 631.81 2 803.06 2 973.80 3 142.87 3 068.23 3 102.01 2 974.56 2 996.77 33.01 35.79 40.27 42.62 36.08 35.81 34.16 31.18 39.78 42.64 38.68 2 289.50 2 407.06 2 540.03 2 674.43 2 839.14 3 009.62 3 177.03 3 099.42 3 141.80 3 017.20 3 035.45

32.8% 17.2% 32.6%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

97.77 5.45 193.16 30.26 44.72 2.61 31.73 7.64 12.59 2.16 3.31 0.94 2.14 7.18 2.85 1.83 2.45 1.94 19.18 10.91 3.75 102.55 9.18 596.28

103.28 5.92 200.89 29.06 46.72 2.74 25.08 7.81 13.38 2.82 3.51 0.90 2.13 7.15 2.99 1.80 2.92 1.87 18.66 11.02 4.31 101.98 8.95 605.88

105.04 6.23 204.62 29.88 49.87 3.85 22.83 9.18 13.65 3.23 4.35 0.83 2.44 7.83 3.04 2.10 3.46 2.33 19.41 11.35 4.67 102.60 8.47 621.26

107.62 6.43 212.84 31.54 54.01 3.82 22.37 9.09 12.94 3.63 4.74 0.67 2.58 8.02 2.80 2.07 3.50 2.61 20.20 10.87 4.40 108.26 8.65 643.64

111.20 7.14 221.70 34.74 55.05 4.44 24.01 10.73 13.67 4.20 5.04 0.19 2.97 8.10 3.10 2.36 3.76 3.07 20.95 10.99 4.07 109.13 8.78 669.40

111.36 8.17 238.79 37.50 57.93 4.44 25.59 11.39 15.34 4.69 6.00 0.90 3.88 8.35 3.11 2.49 4.11 3.38 23.71 11.17 4.53 115.62 8.80 711.24

121.53 7.98 258.37 43.48 58.46 4.17 26.87 12.21 16.40 4.11 5.88 1.05 3.52 8.70 3.15 2.66 4.17 3.31 25.77 12.16 5.34 122.53 9.05 760.88

121.56 8.06 277.08 49.10 63.13 4.08 27.88 13.88 17.36 4.94 6.22 1.29 3.61 8.89 3.18 2.85 4.43 3.57 25.59 12.72 5.41 128.81 10.56 804.20

125.69 8.44 284.69 49.58 64.28 4.56 27.47 15.81 17.62 5.29 7.87 1.31 4.28 9.38 3.27 3.29 5.35 3.90 24.63 14.08 5.63 136.92 10.81 834.16

129.60 8.04 294.28 52.42 56.24 4.58 29.14 16.78 15.66 5.23 8.00 1.38 4.31 9.65 3.24 3.40 4.79 3.99 27.01 15.06 6.70 119.80 10.99 830.28

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.10

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971 Monde *

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

14 668.4 16 187.0 16 233.0 17 716.5 18 795.4 18 365.0 18 338.6 19 339.0 19 698.6 20 365.1 21 050.4 21 331.7

.. 8 744.5 4 643.0 3 174.0 927.5 .. ..

.. 9 601.4 5 048.2 3 456.5 1 096.6 .. ..

.. 9 079.8 4 807.3 3 210.9 1 061.6 .. ..

..

..

..

..

343.8 166.4

380.1 184.2

327.1 170.5

Total Non-OCDE

4 671.4

5 209.2

5 782.3

Total OCDE

9 486.8 10 413.5

9 953.1 10 799.9 11 204.1 10 561.5 10 154.1 10 592.9 10 578.7 10 835.5 11 102.6 11 266.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

337.1 101.6 4 306.0 4 744.7

367.6 127.7 4 680.6 5 175.9

392.4 146.4 4 414.9 4 953.7

406.1 172.9 4 881.2 5 460.3

428.2 211.7 4 956.6 5 596.4

413.5 258.2 4 614.9 5 286.6

385.4 249.2 4 400.2 5 034.8

399.9 269.0 4 612.6 5 281.5

396.1 257.7 4 581.9 5 235.7

410.3 271.5 4 751.5 5 433.2

429.1 273.8 4 926.2 5 629.1

447.7 287.0 5 000.8 5 735.6

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

51.4 119.4 168.5 56.4 40.4 441.1 993.5 25.3 58.8 1.5 22.5 303.8 15.3 129.6 24.4 310.3 15.0 48.3 121.1 85.4 40.0 43.5 644.6 3 759.8 3 064.7

57.6 136.9 166.1 57.4 49.0 490.4 1 064.7 34.5 64.7 1.7 22.5 344.5 16.1 148.5 25.6 333.1 16.5 51.6 144.4 88.3 43.9 56.8 657.1 4 072.0 3 328.5

52.5 119.0 158.9 52.8 46.1 438.7 977.3 35.2 68.1 1.6 21.9 331.7 13.1 137.2 25.1 367.4 18.9 54.9 161.9 81.9 37.7 62.3 596.1 3 860.2 3 084.2

54.6 123.3 175.2 59.9 50.8 461.2 1 038.0 42.0 75.3 1.7 23.9 347.1 12.5 146.1 27.9 402.2 18.8 59.2 166.5 86.7 39.8 76.7 611.7 4 101.0 3 243.0

60.4 132.2 171.3 63.5 55.9 483.7 1 117.0 46.2 82.3 1.9 27.6 372.6 12.8 161.7 29.5 426.5 22.9 62.0 179.3 81.7 39.5 69.2 639.7 4 339.4 3 457.2

53.5 115.8 165.1 52.7 47.4 424.6 1 038.9 44.5 81.8 1.7 26.3 361.4 10.3 152.5 26.9 402.8 24.8 62.1 196.9 67.0 37.8 73.3 561.4 4 029.6 3 177.9

51.4 102.3 168.6 49.9 43.4 391.8 991.9 49.0 78.7 1.6 26.0 348.9 8.9 136.9 25.5 410.7 27.6 60.5 193.7 55.6 39.7 85.7 544.0 3 892.2 3 021.2

54.1 103.8 169.4 60.4 51.9 374.0 1 023.3 55.8 81.3 1.6 27.3 356.8 10.0 146.0 27.1 441.1 25.5 62.0 187.0 59.0 39.9 99.6 559.5 4 016.4 3 094.4

53.5 104.1 168.5 60.7 54.0 357.2 1 023.4 52.9 77.1 1.8 29.2 358.4 9.7 150.0 31.5 448.7 28.8 62.2 185.4 58.2 42.3 108.4 569.2 4 035.0 3 094.6

55.4 104.6 168.2 59.5 60.6 357.8 1 017.8 57.5 77.4 1.9 30.2 373.2 9.1 152.6 28.9 462.0 29.6 62.6 186.4 54.3 39.7 118.8 576.0 4 084.1 3 124.6

52.2 105.6 164.2 55.8 54.1 347.4 1 010.7 62.3 74.1 1.8 29.7 376.7 9.4 153.7 26.1 451.2 31.1 62.3 190.4 55.6 40.2 116.3 573.8 4 044.6 3 108.4

53.4 108.1 157.4 48.4 54.7 361.7 985.3 69.0 72.4 1.9 30.1 395.1 10.1 154.3 29.8 428.7 39.6 59.5 207.8 51.6 38.3 125.7 558.8 4 041.8 3 128.1

157.3 755.6 54.9 14.6 982.3

173.9 905.0 69.0 17.7 1 165.7

183.2 860.5 77.6 17.9 1 139.2

202.0 916.9 99.0 20.8 1 238.6

204.7 925.7 120.7 17.3 1 268.4

211.5 892.0 124.8 17.1 1 245.4

211.9 856.8 139.5 19.0 1 227.1

220.6 894.5 157.9 22.0 1 295.0

223.5 892.7 170.6 21.1 1 308.0

236.2 885.8 174.8 21.3 1 318.2

238.7 967.9 199.9 22.4 1 428.9

256.5 1 001.9 207.1 23.7 1 489.2

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe B Soutes maritimes Soutes aéronautiques

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

.. .. 9 816.2 10 129.7 5 287.4 5 384.7 3 389.2 3 597.3 1 139.7 1 147.7 .. .. .. ..

.. 9 466.6 5 028.4 3 317.6 1 120.6 .. ..

.. 9 046.9 4 785.6 3 173.7 1 087.6 .. ..

.. 9 412.2 5 012.5 3 262.5 1 137.1 .. ..

.. 9 393.9 4 978.0 3 278.6 1 137.4 .. ..

.. 9 619.0 5 161.8 3 313.9 1 143.4 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

337.8 188.1

350.4 204.1

319.6 204.8

266.5 214.8

290.7 229.0

310.0 249.3

305.1 262.6

321.1 276.3

321.0 290.2

6 390.7

7 036.8

7 279.1

7 703.2

8 226.4

8 560.6

8 961.8

9 350.4

9 454.0

* Total Monde inclue le Total Non-OCDE, le Total OCDE ainsi que les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

.. .. 9 877.2 10 054.2 5 355.3 5 448.6 3 292.8 3 323.6 1 229.0 1 282.1 .. .. .. ..

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.11

CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

21 277.6 21 406.3 21 386.7 21 601.2 21 715.5 22 169.4 22 866.9 23 020.2 22 978.4 23 268.6 23 901.1

12.3%

13 825.7e 13 757.6e 13 524.7 13 439.1 13 221.2 13 250.6 13 532.5 13 513.4 13 453.9 13 549.8 13 838.0 9 951.1 9 993.5 10 034.1 10 133.6 10 282.9 10 348.8 10 659.1 10 773.7 10 823.8 10 927.4 11 204.5 5 273.7 5 251.6 5 353.2 5 499.7 5 586.3 5 590.7 5 748.9 5 902.0 5 927.5 6 028.4 6 233.4 3 344.8 3 391.1 3 309.2 3 262.8 3 272.0 3 318.1 3 420.1 3 372.4 3 421.6 3 386.9 3 426.0 1 332.5 1 350.9 1 371.7 1 371.1 1 424.6 1 440.0 1 490.1 1 499.3 1 474.8 1 512.0 1 545.2 3 874.6e 3 764.0e 3 490.6 3 305.5 2 938.3 2 901.9 2 873.4 2 739.7 2 630.2 2 622.4 2 633.5 6 802.6e 6 983.8e 7 189.6 7 495.1 7 813.1 8 217.3 8 614.7 8 763.0 8 769.4 8 942.3 9 259.0

0.1% 12.6% 18.2% 2.4% 16.0% -32.0% 36.1%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

8 458.3e 8 407.6e

World *

8 090.7

7 871.6

7 587.5

7 614.8

7 713.1

7 539.7

7 461.6

7 449.5

7 526.5

-11.0%

Annex B Parties

403.4 298.0

412.8 306.9

426.8 317.1

432.5 322.5

443.5 333.1

460.7 343.4

26.6% 20.4%

Marine Bunkers Aviation Bunkers

9 870.7 10 164.9 10 156.1 10 122.1 10 276.2 10 569.8

11.0%

Non-OECD Total

11 110.1 11 154.7 11 207.2 11 339.3 11 500.8 11 597.2 11 982.4 12 120.3 12 101.3 12 215.9 12 527.2

12.8%

OECD Total

364.0 285.3

384.9 280.1

397.9 274.5

386.4 280.6

391.7 289.6

9 518.2

9 586.7

9 507.1

9 594.9

9 533.4

421.3 296.9 4 852.4 5 570.7

412.8 308.6 4 838.7 5 560.2

428.0 315.3 4 925.2 5 668.5

431.7 315.2 5 068.0 5 814.9

440.6 331.7 5 145.7 5 918.0

452.4 313.7 5 138.3 5 904.4

464.0 324.7 5 284.9 6 073.6

479.9 338.9 5 422.1 6 240.9

488.0 357.1 5 439.5 6 284.6

490.8 358.8 5 537.6 6 387.2

515.1 369.3 5 718.3 6 602.7

22.3% 24.4% 17.8% 18.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

57.1 106.6 150.4 49.5 53.4 363.9 968.7 69.0 67.6 2.0 32.2 397.3 10.5 156.5 28.4 352.0 39.9 55.4 211.6 48.5 41.9 138.3 569.7 3 970.1 3 134.3

61.3 114.7 137.5 60.2 56.3 382.0 937.5 68.9 65.3 1.8 32.1 403.0 11.0 164.3 29.3 350.7 41.3 49.5 219.3 48.3 42.5 136.2 581.2 3 994.1 3 181.3

54.8 114.3 134.6 54.4 49.6 358.5 897.5 71.0 59.2 1.8 31.6 402.1 11.0 161.4 29.4 346.7 45.5 44.4 227.7 47.4 42.8 138.8 569.8 3 894.1 3 096.5

55.1 110.8 129.5 57.2 54.1 351.1 883.7 70.6 61.3 2.0 32.1 393.9 11.1 164.9 31.9 349.2 44.0 43.1 216.0 47.8 40.9 143.4 552.2 3 845.8 3 044.6

55.7 115.0 121.7 61.0 61.2 329.9 870.7 72.8 57.7 2.0 33.4 389.9 10.5 167.2 30.7 330.4 44.7 39.4 228.3 51.2 41.1 143.5 563.3 3 821.1 3 054.8

57.9 114.9 124.7 57.6 55.2 344.2 870.4 72.4 58.7 2.0 33.7 412.2 8.4 170.4 30.3 340.0 49.3 41.4 239.9 51.4 39.1 157.3 551.8 3 882.7 3 089.5

60.5 122.0 127.4 70.1 65.8 366.9 895.5 73.5 59.8 2.2 35.2 406.6 8.5 177.9 29.6 366.4 47.7 41.0 229.6 52.2 40.0 173.4 563.0 4 014.6 3 174.9

62.0 119.1 127.7 61.1 63.9 344.4 870.4 77.1 58.4 2.1 36.4 411.1 7.9 175.9 32.6 349.4 49.8 40.4 247.6 48.6 41.7 183.7 537.1 3 948.3 3 112.3

61.5 123.0 121.1 58.2 60.4 371.7 863.6 81.1 57.4 2.1 38.4 420.6 7.2 172.0 34.3 325.3 54.6 38.8 254.7 49.6 41.9 185.0 541.7 3 964.1 3 158.3

61.9 119.4 110.0 53.7 58.3 362.1 826.3 80.8 57.7 2.1 39.8 421.1 7.5 170.4 37.1 311.5 61.1 37.4 272.7 48.8 40.9 183.0 539.9 3 903.5 3 123.8

62.5 121.5 122.0 50.3 55.9 353.5 820.1 84.9 55.2 2.2 41.5 427.2 8.1 173.1 34.4 296.3 59.7 35.4 285.9 47.4 39.9 206.0 552.0 3 934.9 3 143.5

9.4% 14.0% -18.9% 1.6% 4.8% -2.9% -15.3% 23.1% -18.3% 8.0% 29.0% 7.5% -23.0% 10.6% 21.1% -15.8% 49.4% -36.0% 35.1% -2.2% -4.7% 49.0% -3.1% -0.9% 0.3%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

260.7 1 048.5 236.8 23.4 1 569.3

260.4 1 066.8 249.5 23.7 1 600.4

264.7 1 080.9 273.0 26.0 1 644.6

275.7 1 070.0 307.5 25.5 1 678.6

275.6 1 122.8 337.2 26.3 1 761.8

278.4 1 133.9 370.1 27.8 1 810.1

298.2 1 161.9 404.1 30.1 1 894.2

306.6 1 160.6 431.8 32.1 1 931.0

309.4 1 134.7 377.8 30.7 1 852.6

322.6 1 158.5 413.2 30.9 1 925.1

328.6 1 184.3 444.5 32.2 1 989.6

26.1% 13.0% 87.7% 37.6% 26.8%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international marine and aviation bunkers.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.12

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971 Total Non-OCDE

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

4 671.36 5 209.22 5 782.32 6 390.69 7 036.78 7 279.08 7 703.24 8 226.44 8 560.57 8 961.82 9 350.35 9 453.98

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

10.01 1.73 0.30 0.73 0.58 2.64 2.41 20.73 .. 1.35 1.21 1.94 3.81 3.77 6.45 3.00 .. 5.92 1.23 148.80 3.56 2.12 0.30 3.72 3.43 7.91 6.76 244.42

13.55 2.38 0.41 0.79 0.65 2.85 2.73 21.19 .. 1.31 2.54 2.20 4.25 6.69 8.00 2.85 .. 9.19 1.38 160.29 4.14 2.36 0.28 4.27 4.17 8.66 7.10 274.27

15.58 2.10 0.46 1.04 0.66 3.00 3.09 26.53 .. 1.20 2.16 2.48 4.31 9.89 9.24 2.42 .. 11.80 1.61 175.58 3.51 1.94 0.29 5.03 3.27 7.68 7.80 302.67

20.00 1.60 0.33 1.39 0.70 2.89 3.48 33.42 .. 1.18 2.63 2.62 5.09 11.01 11.23 2.44 .. 18.44 1.76 185.02 3.74 2.01 0.33 6.01 3.69 7.67 9.56 338.24

30.42 2.03 0.38 1.59 0.76 3.43 3.71 37.74 .. 1.36 2.51 2.25 5.22 14.23 12.47 1.89 .. 23.62 1.94 201.73 3.43 2.15 0.45 7.75 3.15 7.33 12.66 384.20

32.53 2.53 0.30 1.87 0.81 3.49 3.00 47.15 .. 1.53 2.77 2.57 5.34 18.50 12.99 1.92 .. 30.37 2.00 239.51 3.72 2.07 0.34 8.70 3.16 7.89 12.99 448.07

46.46 2.30 0.36 2.20 1.03 3.71 2.41 56.03 .. 1.50 2.95 1.22 4.47 20.14 14.39 1.73 .. 35.12 1.93 268.95 3.76 1.99 0.31 9.70 3.09 7.78 13.35 506.90

48.68 3.30 0.47 2.54 0.96 3.37 2.46 66.18 .. 1.43 1.99 2.52 5.40 24.21 15.18 1.49 .. 33.16 1.93 288.32 4.18 1.98 0.30 10.28 2.95 9.58 12.88 545.75

53.60 3.24 0.41 2.48 0.88 3.06 3.26 72.55 .. 1.67 1.98 2.33 6.13 24.04 15.91 1.46 .. 30.97 2.15 299.19 4.09 2.07 0.46 10.43 2.94 11.16 14.55 571.01

53.04 3.29 0.36 2.45 0.89 3.41 3.15 77.57 .. 2.07 1.79 2.96 6.37 27.27 16.43 1.45 .. 34.03 2.45 310.47 3.22 2.02 0.49 10.21 2.93 14.25 16.80 599.37

55.87 3.63 0.35 2.62 0.80 3.71 3.19 80.10 .. 2.13 2.02 2.12 6.39 25.63 17.15 1.47 .. 35.97 2.14 318.21 4.56 1.96 0.48 10.98 3.33 13.82 17.44 616.09

55.32 3.68 0.27 2.83 0.83 3.65 3.09 79.43 .. 2.25 1.56 2.82 6.75 28.71 18.39 1.44 .. 38.16 2.10 298.70 4.15 1.98 0.49 11.96 3.26 13.83 16.60 602.26

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

3.07 49.35 12.41 17.19 1.35 11.05 4.59 0.25 2.17 14.34 8.02 2.45 1.88 128.12

4.60 61.34 14.18 23.53 1.74 25.45 6.24 0.29 3.41 18.89 7.10 3.21 2.63 172.62

4.80 78.66 15.00 20.97 2.13 12.05 5.50 0.72 4.94 24.48 10.29 4.74 2.06 186.34

5.50 85.40 19.97 19.31 2.77 16.56 4.76 1.38 4.49 30.92 13.03 10.16 2.85 217.08

6.84 92.76 28.27 22.44 3.45 24.10 6.22 1.94 9.65 62.67 16.41 13.48 3.05 291.27

7.14 121.09 33.05 21.52 5.34 31.50 6.25 2.49 9.41 111.69 16.70 17.86 3.99 388.01

7.85 109.37 43.59 22.60 6.68 38.26 6.60 5.20 10.71 133.22 23.07 18.41 4.99 430.55

9.82 141.44 49.64 23.48 7.52 33.83 7.63 7.55 12.53 126.20 24.60 27.00 5.99 477.23

8.20 147.18 49.01 27.67 8.18 36.97 7.97 5.91 12.37 138.27 25.02 31.31 6.44 504.51

8.18 147.35 53.34 30.41 8.75 34.67 8.06 5.68 12.96 148.31 27.98 35.13 6.57 527.38

9.52 146.93 59.41 33.20 8.58 41.97 6.22 6.92 14.01 161.29 28.93 36.73 6.89 560.56

9.64 166.86 63.80 34.33 8.73 45.77 6.40 7.03 13.25 151.72 28.69 42.45 8.24 586.92

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

4.06 63.74 1.80 0.10 0.66 111.43 65.47 .. .. .. .. .. 247.25

4.13 67.00 2.32 0.09 0.79 128.21 70.77 .. .. .. .. .. 273.30

4.72 72.95 1.70 0.10 0.65 138.65 77.05 .. .. .. .. .. 295.82

5.49 76.63 2.17 0.08 0.78 158.32 85.66 .. .. .. .. .. 329.14

5.57 83.79 2.48 0.11 0.89 173.57 101.57 .. .. .. .. .. 367.98

6.82 80.72 2.56 0.09 1.13 176.38 103.42 .. .. .. 14.24 .. 371.12

7.39 84.25 2.69 0.11 0.97 178.43 116.29 .. .. .. 14.97 .. 390.13

7.42 84.88 2.81 0.12 1.15 178.51 127.17 .. .. .. 13.87 .. 402.06

7.53 86.69 3.17 0.14 1.87 183.92 132.13 .. .. .. 14.49 .. 415.45

7.49 85.86 3.64 0.15 1.96 194.24 132.30 .. .. .. 13.53 .. 425.64

7.83 84.36 3.67 0.17 2.13 195.91 133.90 .. .. .. 13.22 47.91 427.97

7.77 82.20 3.81 0.16 2.30 193.19 131.73 .. .. .. 13.20 47.74 421.16

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.13

CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

9 518.21 9 586.67 9 507.12 9 594.87 9 533.43 9 870.70 10 164.86 10 156.10 10 122.07 10 276.18 10 569.79

11.0%

Non-OECD Total

58.01 4.31 0.24 2.73 0.79 4.15 2.84 82.47 .. 2.40 1.14 2.85 6.53 27.12 18.69 1.00 .. 38.24 2.19 291.06 5.47 2.04 0.54 12.73 2.73 14.52 16.30 601.09

61.73 4.37 0.20 2.55 0.81 3.88 2.94 83.05 .. 2.37 1.29 2.68 6.22 33.54 19.58 0.90 1.20 41.90 2.14 305.52 4.93 2.04 0.50 12.84 2.88 16.29 16.80 633.16

63.38 4.16 0.21 2.39 0.79 3.50 3.83 85.29 0.45 1.56 1.40 2.68 6.50 31.07 20.48 1.03 1.32 47.56 2.44 282.51 4.62 1.87 0.39 13.53 2.80 16.78 17.37 619.88

63.05 4.49 0.21 2.56 0.76 3.49 4.10 90.53 0.58 1.98 1.49 3.05 6.74 33.46 21.61 1.16 1.52 21.23 2.39 304.85 3.34 2.01 0.18 14.32 2.47 16.06 17.77 625.39

61.14 4.39 0.21 2.71 0.53 2.20 4.20 82.88 0.65 2.31 1.39 3.21 6.50 37.79 23.22 1.03 1.75 35.86 2.32 319.23 4.82 2.02 0.53 13.95 2.15 15.18 18.21 650.39

63.24 4.15 0.21 2.60 0.62 2.46 3.66 87.24 0.72 2.60 1.41 3.59 6.34 40.62 23.56 1.10 1.81 39.20 2.51 332.92 4.56 2.05 0.59 14.08 2.10 15.21 18.35 677.49

61.53 4.41 0.84 2.61 0.54 2.39 4.81 92.95 0.79 2.91 1.43 3.81 5.95 42.79 25.09 0.95 1.96 38.86 2.53 338.51 4.47 2.10 0.83 14.88 1.78 14.70 18.39 692.80

62.25 4.57 1.13 2.76 0.42 2.42 4.69 97.51 0.72 2.84 1.70 4.33 7.17 42.75 25.65 1.11 2.00 40.78 2.83 345.50 5.56 2.10 0.76 15.00 2.28 13.78 17.44 710.04

64.87 4.21 1.13 2.86 0.41 2.47 4.80 105.05 0.58 2.95 1.68 4.62 8.56 37.72 26.92 1.07 2.04 38.54 2.98 345.27 4.90 2.10 0.87 16.75 2.22 14.03 17.25 716.86

69.28 4.83 1.37 2.58 0.37 2.45 6.39 109.24 0.62 2.93 1.48 4.74 8.69 40.00 29.34 1.07 1.89 44.42 3.28 346.31 5.21 2.17 1.00 16.71 1.74 15.49 17.95 741.55

70.04 4.68 1.53 2.97 0.74 2.47 6.82 115.10 0.60 3.21 1.35 4.95 9.62 40.78 29.20 1.06 1.87 46.90 3.43 340.11 5.78 2.28 1.26 17.36 1.71 13.60 18.82 748.27

20.7% 8.6% 537.5% 8.8% -6.3% -40.5% 140.1% 39.6% .. 33.8% 18.4% 73.7% 47.3% 50.4% 56.2% 6.0% .. 22.6% 56.6% 16.9% 5.7% 11.8% 133.3% 36.4% -37.4% -6.3% 15.5% 24.5%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

10.19 180.78 54.89 35.32 9.35 20.94 6.40 10.32 13.87 145.37 32.08 41.77 7.28 568.57

9.61 195.82 45.42 35.30 9.74 13.71 8.04 15.44 16.50 173.78 35.18 49.22 8.49 616.24

10.12 194.60 62.11 39.95 10.93 22.44 7.83 15.80 26.02 191.50 34.97 46.84 9.53 672.64

10.86 211.59 67.53 43.60 10.76 27.14 10.17 16.14 27.85 200.12 35.24 47.38 7.48 715.86

11.69 229.74 75.83 45.49 11.57 32.32 11.03 15.60 27.47 194.62 36.54 54.65 7.98 754.53

11.62 244.06 79.17 49.24 12.39 32.65 12.57 15.93 27.87 201.36 38.61 55.57 8.78 789.82

11.56 254.16 79.87 50.88 12.71 35.91 13.67 16.08 28.87 224.74 39.91 63.98 8.88 841.23

12.79 246.74 80.15 54.97 12.98 34.15 15.58 16.62 32.84 214.52 41.74 62.45 9.07 834.60

13.74 256.24 82.73 54.32 13.41 37.55 15.39 17.59 33.75 198.26 46.39 65.62 9.10 844.09

13.15 263.24 81.19 53.94 13.38 46.47 15.59 20.65 32.09 214.30 48.06 66.66 9.52 878.22

13.74 286.03 77.51 59.43 14.22 57.52 14.17 24.13 34.58 257.06 48.94 69.27 9.67 966.29

34.8% 58.2% 41.2% 68.3% 52.1% 174.7% 121.4% 133.8% 149.3% 76.8% 52.6% 65.8% 32.8% 70.0%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

6.50 76.13 3.88 0.20 2.30 171.50 137.28 .. .. 9.58 12.85 60.04 397.79

4.15 60.06 4.45 0.22 2.20 139.95 121.45 .. 16.30 9.40 12.07 56.77 332.48

2.29 55.39 4.70 0.26 2.16 129.78 103.33 15.66 15.30 9.60 11.67 51.10 297.91

2.08 58.30 4.92 0.30 2.79 124.16 92.22 13.20 15.81 9.69 12.56 40.97 284.77

2.25 54.88 5.75 0.40 2.50 117.63 80.00 3.31 15.19 9.17 12.70 39.62 263.40

1.87 58.28 5.11 0.40 2.10 127.00 84.13 3.53 16.01 9.16 13.58 41.85 278.89

1.88 56.52 5.60 0.40 2.21 125.18 91.90 4.38 15.90 10.24 14.34 47.05 283.70

1.45 51.35 5.44 0.42 2.48 111.81 103.37 9.26 17.74 9.22 15.69 51.47 276.33

1.68 49.20 5.84 0.44 2.15 98.93 109.16 11.98 18.94 9.77 15.02 53.45 267.41

2.91 43.81 5.94 0.46 2.37 87.12 94.76 11.39 18.68 8.91 14.62 41.16 237.37

3.03 43.63 6.32 0.48 2.14 87.71 98.18 14.12 17.77 8.57 14.42 43.30 241.49

-53.4% Albania -42.7% Bulgaria 62.9% Cyprus 140.0% Gibraltar -7.0% Malta -48.9% Romania -28.5% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia -10.5% FYR of Macedonia 12.2% Slovenia -27.9% FR of Yugoslavia -39.3% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.14

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971 Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 356.00 2 588.99 2 829.48 3 015.08 3 197.98 3 250.51 3 321.97 3 439.81 3 509.73 3 627.57 3 701.10 3 661.10

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

86.13 2.27 94.45 21.54 27.05 1.40 21.56 3.45 3.35 1.51 2.42 0.39 1.11 5.62 13.78 1.51 3.75 0.60 16.33 5.18 5.77 44.90 11.66 375.72

90.96 2.65 123.03 20.88 30.00 1.70 25.04 5.09 3.85 1.98 2.72 0.37 1.23 8.62 14.79 1.75 4.90 0.78 17.09 5.10 5.63 48.33 14.34 430.82

89.92 3.41 144.60 17.51 32.33 1.81 27.94 5.57 6.52 2.13 2.65 0.42 1.27 7.71 9.74 1.90 3.70 0.74 19.60 4.93 5.88 61.81 15.59 467.67

96.22 3.97 163.92 19.18 35.17 2.25 29.18 5.97 9.45 2.22 3.43 0.61 1.59 6.85 11.07 2.61 3.51 1.04 20.96 6.26 5.80 68.60 16.66 516.51

101.77 4.83 190.44 21.01 34.07 2.50 31.22 6.36 9.78 2.21 4.25 0.67 1.67 7.58 9.80 1.61 3.62 1.23 19.99 8.25 6.55 77.68 14.23 561.31

97.53 4.58 173.20 21.99 39.47 1.95 32.86 6.12 11.72 1.73 3.69 0.50 1.60 6.80 9.68 1.95 2.76 1.31 21.92 9.50 5.54 97.53 10.10 564.02

98.68 4.91 167.07 19.15 41.95 1.77 34.66 6.95 11.46 1.70 2.86 0.76 1.73 5.78 11.92 1.97 3.61 1.35 18.77 9.49 3.91 106.04 8.28 564.76

92.89 4.59 178.20 19.82 43.06 1.98 30.61 7.10 12.20 1.87 3.38 0.79 1.65 4.92 5.00 1.86 2.81 1.50 18.71 11.05 3.39 100.43 8.84 556.65

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

3.39 0.40 31.21 203.36 25.30 70.67 13.83 4.58 0.19 17.08 24.21 7.02 2.91 17.29 16.14 5.49 443.07

4.11 0.86 40.12 214.74 32.74 85.04 13.61 3.49 0.39 18.20 27.84 9.43 3.84 22.24 17.38 5.99 500.03

4.70 1.97 43.19 241.94 39.06 93.74 16.89 4.12 0.32 21.23 29.29 9.75 2.95 21.82 16.71 6.51 554.17

5.39 2.85 55.09 271.29 54.53 98.86 18.93 4.76 0.29 22.26 33.61 10.85 3.10 27.60 12.65 6.61 628.65

6.25 2.78 68.02 288.86 67.75 109.51 28.59 4.83 0.45 25.30 35.19 13.77 3.87 32.33 13.66 6.44 707.60

7.83 3.62 66.46 331.36 79.98 114.32 31.28 5.18 0.44 30.12 23.85 14.89 3.95 32.84 14.29 6.40 766.81

7.97 4.34 72.56 367.82 82.48 125.31 37.16 5.14 0.71 35.06 33.92 16.32 4.58 34.36 16.59 6.44 850.77

9.40 10.61 11.56 12.34 13.69 3.51 2.99 4.58 5.34 2.96 73.52 82.88 86.71 100.82 110.78 416.70 451.72 487.34 526.21 567.35 92.42 109.13 106.39 115.03 127.30 141.47 152.76 168.01 186.88 193.87 37.02 40.16 40.30 42.75 47.33 6.01 6.50 4.64 4.43 4.36 0.54 0.75 0.71 0.74 0.57 40.38 42.51 49.41 53.13 57.67 26.88 27.00 31.31 34.29 36.81 16.12 17.67 18.20 21.02 20.58 3.68 3.77 4.18 4.01 3.85 40.68 41.50 48.26 55.14 64.62 16.54 18.24 20.63 19.96 16.91 7.65 7.36 7.50 7.31 7.56 932.54 1 015.54 1 089.73 1 189.39 1 276.22

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

867.69 9.09 876.77

959.64 1 135.07 1 331.98 1 512.30 1 474.24 1 617.24 1 848.96 1 930.17 2 059.19 2 203.73 2 245.47 9.56 11.10 14.02 14.13 16.30 20.91 23.44 25.92 28.56 32.63 34.25 969.20 1 146.17 1 345.99 1 526.44 1 490.54 1 638.15 1 872.40 1 956.09 2 087.76 2 236.36 2 279.72

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

99.63 4.29 192.89 20.72 44.71 2.06 30.55 7.39 11.94 1.87 2.52 0.74 1.78 4.97 5.06 2.18 2.90 1.53 19.95 11.79 3.33 105.87 9.58 588.25

105.21 4.53 196.99 21.05 46.18 2.24 32.43 8.92 12.17 2.25 2.83 0.82 1.90 5.13 4.34 2.17 3.23 1.67 21.15 10.43 3.67 104.42 10.65 604.37

110.72 4.53 204.13 25.07 46.77 2.26 33.08 8.82 12.53 2.21 3.11 0.90 2.11 5.22 4.27 1.97 2.88 1.75 21.38 10.85 4.61 99.01 10.72 618.89

108.05 5.07 206.55 29.03 46.61 2.70 34.12 8.96 11.87 2.35 3.20 0.95 2.28 6.58 5.37 1.77 2.57 1.89 19.27 10.40 4.94 100.81 11.24 626.60

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.15

CO2 Emissions: Reference Approach Emissions de CO 2 : Méthode de référence million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

.. .. 10.80 5.06 2.77 3.43 2.50 3.19 3.31 2.96 3.56 .. .. 41.02 39.13 41.43 33.10 30.21 28.90 30.32 32.68 29.39 .. .. 105.27 80.43 68.98 61.94 62.98 61.34 58.39 57.05 58.64 .. .. 23.52 18.11 18.13 16.50 17.25 16.93 16.11 14.90 14.72 .. .. 14.15 9.80 6.03 2.25 4.02 4.40 5.23 5.25 6.06 .. .. 254.52 216.18 191.83 166.96 145.39 127.38 125.53 114.70 123.10 .. .. 13.40 9.76 6.33 4.64 5.72 5.54 5.88 4.73 4.60 .. .. 13.96 11.63 10.83 9.49 9.12 8.28 7.83 6.84 6.49 .. .. 20.41 16.28 15.41 14.66 15.33 14.86 15.51 13.00 11.29 .. .. 19.86 16.59 13.22 11.42 11.71 11.01 9.76 7.50 6.56 .. .. 1 937.02 1 864.75 1 645.25 1 585.68 1 558.14 1 492.15 1 448.90 1 498.09 1 524.22 .. .. 21.61 13.97 5.19 5.30 5.94 5.24 5.63 5.71 4.43 .. .. 31.87 27.78 34.12 34.70 31.22 29.78 28.46 33.85 34.36 .. .. 593.40 520.46 430.24 434.08 404.18 373.64 358.78 351.68 345.71 .. .. 112.99 117.82 110.33 99.55 102.39 103.35 118.60 120.51 119.29 3 544.09 3 498.98 3 213.79 2 967.74 2 600.07 2 483.71 2 406.10 2 285.97 2 238.24 2 269.45 2 292.40

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -35.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

135.42 11.18 308.32 53.05 59.14 4.65 30.54 18.89 19.31 5.35 9.30 1.41 4.41 10.06 2.51 3.44 5.33 3.31 26.35 17.72 6.06 132.40 14.28 882.43

29.9% 110.9% 53.4% 73.1% 21.2% 65.5% -3.8% 102.9% 62.0% 128.6% 153.4% 50.0% 102.3% 41.5% -56.8% 96.6% 108.2% 67.2% 42.7% 44.8% 50.7% 23.1% 20.4% 40.5%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

14.36 13.17 15.13 17.45 18.54 23.13 23.21 24.87 26.05 25.97 28.09 3.29 3.83 4.24 4.02 3.73 4.55 4.58 4.81 4.80 3.50 4.51 112.75 124.86 132.90 144.54 150.37 161.26 170.02 184.01 195.75 204.13 217.31 591.23 630.48 666.75 692.93 738.89 791.90 837.70 862.17 890.34 923.92 960.64 138.46 156.01 159.17 182.54 190.94 209.29 219.74 233.33 231.22 246.58 272.18 200.24 203.53 192.68 192.77 185.70 180.71 176.18 173.97 164.62 166.03 165.33 53.18 63.31 71.83 78.72 78.47 90.99 97.13 114.10 104.52 101.27 117.90 4.06 4.12 3.95 5.07 6.00 6.66 7.00 8.20 7.96 9.08 8.68 0.91 1.13 1.18 1.28 1.59 1.77 1.82 2.09 2.21 3.07 3.08 61.40 62.96 68.95 74.45 77.80 82.89 88.82 91.17 92.25 100.12 101.05 39.25 38.41 42.98 47.05 52.57 58.50 61.92 72.58 65.51 65.92 69.34 29.13 33.75 39.53 48.92 61.40 50.25 51.56 59.85 50.24 52.62 59.52 3.98 4.21 4.27 5.42 5.52 5.77 7.59 7.90 8.31 9.08 10.68 79.72 87.37 95.36 107.83 119.01 139.22 154.94 159.87 145.79 155.52 158.99 17.95 16.81 18.05 19.97 21.73 25.80 29.24 32.83 33.04 36.56 40.88 7.92 7.97 7.22 6.99 6.88 6.91 6.94 7.08 6.89 7.06 7.35 1 357.85 1 451.92 1 524.21 1 629.96 1 719.12 1 839.59 1 938.39 2 038.82 2 029.49 2 110.41 2 225.52

95.6% 37.1% 92.7% 62.5% 96.6% -17.4% 121.7% 113.8% 238.5% 64.6% 76.7% 104.3% 168.3% 99.4% 127.7% -7.2% 63.9%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

2 389.29 2 378.25 2 481.60 2 656.09 2 790.77 3 023.98 3 178.88 3 160.49 3 123.01 3 122.61 3 176.11 31.26 34.06 38.01 41.77 34.02 34.93 31.60 30.83 40.11 43.95 37.29 2 420.55 2 412.31 2 519.61 2 697.86 2 824.79 3 058.91 3 210.48 3 191.33 3 163.13 3 166.56 3 213.40

32.9% 19.3% 32.8%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

104.24 5.30 201.01 30.64 48.78 2.81 31.74 9.31 11.92 2.34 3.67 0.94 2.18 7.11 5.81 1.75 2.56 1.98 18.47 12.24 4.02 107.58 11.86 628.26

107.51 5.46 210.99 29.68 49.97 2.99 25.13 9.43 12.50 3.02 3.89 0.90 2.16 7.19 7.62 1.83 2.94 1.88 18.03 11.81 4.61 110.02 12.05 641.59

112.58 5.81 214.98 31.47 53.80 4.09 22.54 10.78 13.54 3.27 4.46 0.84 2.83 7.64 4.31 2.14 3.56 2.36 17.95 13.53 5.25 109.69 11.65 659.07

108.85 6.18 224.46 33.15 56.11 3.90 21.87 10.68 12.57 3.77 4.63 0.68 2.58 7.74 7.51 2.13 3.53 2.62 19.70 12.96 4.58 111.27 11.85 673.29

116.39 7.07 234.21 36.96 56.65 4.02 23.57 12.76 13.37 4.26 5.48 0.19 2.97 7.86 7.52 2.32 3.90 3.07 20.71 11.31 4.12 130.74 11.67 721.12

116.16 8.37 250.04 39.76 58.30 4.25 25.14 13.46 14.78 4.76 5.99 0.90 3.88 8.45 7.43 2.55 4.07 3.51 22.90 11.60 4.70 119.53 11.75 742.30

121.44 9.55 272.96 45.06 59.13 4.06 26.44 14.15 15.18 4.17 6.34 1.05 3.52 8.95 7.38 2.62 4.18 3.30 23.96 13.24 5.59 128.02 11.89 792.17

127.73 10.00 289.22 51.09 64.22 4.05 26.82 16.10 19.79 5.11 6.75 1.40 3.61 8.91 3.87 2.80 4.45 3.60 22.85 11.77 5.60 116.60 12.67 819.00

129.55 10.70 298.36 51.26 66.36 4.55 27.06 17.75 18.18 5.41 8.14 1.28 4.28 9.46 4.81 3.16 5.66 3.92 24.61 13.34 5.80 135.71 13.52 862.86

136.58 10.50 303.23 58.95 56.46 4.69 28.83 17.79 20.90 5.31 8.51 1.38 4.31 9.54 2.02 3.39 5.36 3.99 26.85 15.73 6.91 127.65 13.74 872.61

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.16

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde

343.82

380.12

327.13

337.83

350.41

319.59

266.47

290.72

309.97

305.13

321.14

320.98

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. 201.87 27.42 121.28 53.16 .. ..

.. 228.60 34.19 134.30 60.11 .. ..

.. 215.08 36.99 111.42 66.67 .. ..

.. 219.05 58.91 110.81 49.33 .. ..

.. 235.19 83.03 106.30 45.86 .. ..

.. 217.61 83.66 95.64 38.31 .. ..

.. 170.63 60.02 85.10 25.51 .. ..

.. 170.92 56.51 88.81 25.60 .. ..

.. 179.86 54.90 104.53 20.43 .. ..

.. 175.13 54.98 101.60 18.55 .. ..

.. 180.77 59.46 103.95 17.36 .. ..

.. 184.24 62.28 103.80 18.15 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Total Non-OCDE

138.59

147.72

109.27

115.36

111.69

97.87

92.61

115.20

123.92

122.00

132.06

126.71

Total OCDE

205.23

232.40

217.86

222.47

238.73

221.72

173.86

175.52

186.05

183.14

189.08

194.27

4.03e 0.26 23.39 27.68

4.8e 0.35 29.39 34.54

3.39e 0.38 33.59 37.37

3.69e 0.61 55.22 59.52

4.96 0.97 78.07 84.00

3.05 1.06 80.61 84.72

1.89 0.93 58.13 60.95

1.18 1.33 55.33 57.84

1.14 1.61 53.76 56.51

1.71 1.63 53.28 56.62

1.77 1.63 57.68 61.08

2.05 1.76 60.23 64.04

8.11 2.11 0.24 12.79 13.03 1.79 .. 0.24 22.93 28.44 1.92 1.65 2.33 5.99 3.62 .. 0.27 17.48 122.93 119.10

9.68 2.18 0.25 16.98 12.95 2.72 .. 0.29 22.63 36.93 2.00 1.67 2.53 4.32 3.54 .. 0.28 17.03 135.97 132.03

8.70 1.68 0.31 14.63 10.60 2.72 .. 0.21 18.07 33.07 1.51 2.24 2.01 3.47 3.47 .. 0.29 10.68 113.65 109.62

8.53 1.49 0.70 16.87 10.76 2.79 .. 0.28 16.22 33.74 1.44 2.53 1.86 3.72 3.51 .. 0.09 8.79 113.34 109.28

7.74 1.34 1.75 15.32 10.69 3.08 .. 0.16 15.96 30.82 1.13 2.24 1.59 5.64 2.75 .. 0.01 8.31 108.54 105.16

8.83 1.52 1.81 12.35 11.83 3.23 .. 0.18 12.29 28.33 0.79 2.24 1.45 4.55 2.04 .. .. 6.44 97.88 94.85

7.94 1.42 2.12 8.30 9.80 2.56 0.17 10.13 25.67 0.91 1.75 1.52 6.51 1.75 .. .. 6.30 86.85 84.19

7.35 1.36 1.46 7.57 10.94 3.54 0.02 0.09 10.82 27.66 1.04 1.65 1.50 6.82 1.77 .. 0.25 6.64 90.47 87.51

9.08 1.52 1.63 7.61 14.18 5.49 0.04 0.07 11.46 30.74 1.06 1.69 1.60 10.77 2.05 .. 0.67 6.55 106.23 102.76

10.54 2.23 1.56 7.12 11.01 5.73 0.05 0.08 10.35 30.10 1.07 2.18 1.60 11.65 2.67 0.07 0.56 5.21 103.78 99.85

11.76 2.83 1.56 7.12 9.18 6.57 0.05 0.07 9.86 33.57 1.29 1.75 1.47 10.19 2.09 0.07 0.55 5.73 105.71 102.00

12.33 2.89 1.66 7.32 7.99 6.70 0.10 0.06 8.88 32.70 1.05 2.42 1.79 10.11 2.14 0.06 0.53 7.49 106.22 102.05

4.85 47.33 1.45 0.99 54.61

5.67 53.45 1.78 0.99 61.89

4.78 60.85 0.16 1.04 66.83

4.67 43.49 0.28 1.17 49.60

4.24 40.12 0.33 1.50 46.19

3.48 33.83 0.81 1.00 39.11

2.59 22.19 0.54 0.74 26.06

2.18 22.70 1.61 0.72 27.21

1.47 18.37 2.89 0.58 23.32

1.56 16.50 4.19 0.49 22.74

1.77 14.90 4.93 0.70 22.29

2.00 15.51 5.85 0.64 24.00

Parties de l'Annexe B

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N. Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.17

CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

364.01

384.86

397.94

386.41

391.70

403.41

412.77

426.75

432.53

443.49

460.73

26.6%

.. 223.56 93.92 110.25 19.38 .. ..

.. 230.20 99.64 109.76 20.81 .. ..

239.79 236.74 105.00 110.91 20.83 3.06 158.14

232.55 230.43 92.45 114.04 23.94 2.12 153.86

226.24 224.12 89.04 110.00 25.08 2.12 165.46

233.08 230.79 94.02 113.61 23.17 2.29 170.33

228.91 226.68 88.93 120.50 17.25 2.23 183.85

229.26 228.17 77.01 131.42 19.74 1.09 197.49

235.23 233.26 76.29 136.14 20.83 1.97 197.30

238.70 236.15 85.85 130.23 20.07 2.55 204.79

266.86 265.07 106.83 138.78 19.46 1.79 193.87

.. 18.6% 13.7% 25.9% 0.4% .. ..

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

..

..

135.53

140.36

137.54

138.99

139.84

152.16

159.90

152.75

159.29

..

Annex B Parties

132.04

144.97

150.24

143.50

152.35

155.56

167.03

177.21

176.83

181.23

171.32

29.7%

Non-OECD Total

231.97

239.89

247.69

242.90

239.35

247.85

245.74

249.54

255.70

262.26

289.42

24.8%

OECD Total

2.88 2.03 91.05 95.96

2.97 1.60 96.67 101.24

3.05 0.30 101.95 105.30

2.72 0.23 89.73 92.68

3.06 1.94 85.98 90.98

3.18 1.92 90.84 95.94

2.96 1.80 85.97 90.73

2.92 2.49 74.09 79.50

3.67 2.46 72.63 78.75

3.30 3.69 82.55 89.54

3.35 4.17 103.48 111.00

16.3% 105.4% 13.7% 15.7%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

13.05 3.04 1.79 8.01 7.85 8.03 0.10 0.06 8.43 34.53 1.41 1.35 1.93 11.56 2.11 0.06 0.38 7.92 111.60 108.32

13.37 2.73 1.71 8.32 6.61 7.37 0.04 0.11 7.99 35.37 1.23 0.57 1.95 12.25 2.50 0.03 0.42 7.77 110.33 108.05

13.26 2.86 2.16 8.04 5.55 8.47 0.06 0.05 7.68 35.71 1.53 0.91 1.91 12.42 2.85 0.05 0.35 7.96 111.81 108.92

13.65 4.25 1.69 7.65 6.95 9.87 0.10 0.17 7.66 36.99 1.64 0.32 1.62 10.83 2.86 0.05 0.31 7.74 114.36 111.93

13.08 4.78 1.32 6.81 6.43 10.47 0.09 0.12 7.41 35.33 1.79 0.28 1.54 9.80 3.38 0.06 0.35 7.24 110.28 107.71

12.45 5.01 1.05 7.99 6.47 11.26 0.14 0.37 7.65 35.75 2.22 0.61 1.53 10.08 3.32 0.05 0.58 7.70 114.21 110.61

14.36 4.74 1.18 8.64 6.41 9.90 0.12 0.50 7.23 36.39 2.42 0.70 1.58 14.74 3.52 0.04 0.39 8.32 121.20 117.53

16.20 4.35 1.29 9.38 6.80 9.93 0.15 0.47 7.53 38.60 3.01 0.48 1.57 18.20 4.17 0.04 0.50 9.23 131.90 127.73

17.32 4.37 1.64 9.11 6.44 11.06 0.18 0.50 8.29 38.90 2.81 0.83 1.21 19.15 4.98 0.03 0.50 9.62 136.97 132.61

14.00 4.11 1.76 9.17 6.56 9.84 0.16 0.54 7.64 40.21 2.69 1.71 1.86 18.68 4.80 0.04 0.89 7.29 131.94 126.46

17.14 4.22 2.12 9.48 6.90 11.36 0.22 0.47 8.56 42.41 2.59 0.90 2.10 19.10 4.31 0.03 1.27 6.51 139.68 134.67

0.0% 31.3% 0.0% 38.8% 18.4% 18.4% -12.1% 41.5% 0.0% 120.0% 683.3% 1.5% 0.0% 22.8% 83.7% -33.3% 8.8% 0.0% 65.2% 104.3% -50.0% 234.2% -17.8% 25.2% 24.3%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

2.04 16.32 5.03 1.02 24.41

1.84 18.06 7.52 0.90 28.33

1.96 18.02 9.75 0.85 30.58

2.14 20.90 11.93 0.90 35.87

2.37 21.42 13.01 1.30 38.09

2.66 19.41 14.53 1.10 37.70

2.71 13.51 16.56 1.04 33.81

2.50 16.15 18.40 1.09 38.14

2.20 17.58 19.15 1.05 39.98

2.52 16.66 20.71 0.89 40.78

2.83 15.91 19.27 0.72 38.74

38.7% -2.5% 283.1% -29.4% 58.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.18

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

138.59

147.72

109.27

115.36

111.69

97.87

92.61

115.20

123.92

122.00

132.06

126.71

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

0.61 0.77 .. .. .. 0.40 0.06 0.06 .. 0.07 0.20 0.16 1.47 0.01 0.24 0.76 .. 0.02 2.99 10.81 0.01e 0.05 .. 0.06 3.03 21.76

0.49 0.47 .. .. .. 0.37 0.05 0.51 .. 0.02 0.20 0.19 1.42 0.01 0.32 0.65 .. 0.04 3.05 8.55 0.01 0.06 .. 0.05 2.50 18.95

0.77 0.48 .. .. .. 0.22 0.01 1.08 .. 0.01 0.14 0.14 1.05 0.01 0.18 0.35 .. 0.11 2.09 7.15 0.01 0.05 .. 0.02 2.08 15.95

1.24 0.41 .. .. .. 0.12 1.79 .. 0.01 0.16 0.10 0.62 0.02 0.21 0.25 .. 0.11 1.41 4.58 0.01 0.11 .. 0.12 1.98 13.25

1.51 0.81 .. 0.13 .. 0.09 1.00 2.50 .. 0.01 0.19 0.10 0.81 0.01 0.18 0.20 .. 0.20 0.93 4.02 0.01 0.11 .. 2.00 14.81

1.24 1.05 .. 0.19 .. 0.09 1.10 3.99 .. 0.01 0.23 0.1e 0.62 0.04 0.12 0.28 .. 0.74 0.78 4.64 0.02 0.06 .. 0.07 1.70 17.08

1.26 1.18 .. 0.01 .. 0.10 0.62 5.37 .. 0.03 0.22 0.1e 0.37 0.05 0.06 0.33 .. 0.30 0.38 3.71 0.03 0.08 .. 0.02 1.74 15.95

1.16 0.10 .. 0.03 .. 0.09 0.73 4.71 .. 0.03 0.22 0.1e 0.45 0.04 0.04 0.10 .. 0.34 0.33 3.41 0.02 0.08 .. 0.01 1.82 13.80

0.77 0.06 .. 0.02 .. 0.11 0.40 5.03 .. 0.04 0.25 0.1e 0.49 0.05 0.04 0.08 .. 1.16 0.28 3.10 0.01 0.08 .. 0.01 1.97 14.02

0.77 0.04 .. 0.01 .. 0.10 0.40 5.26 .. 0.01 0.21 0.1e 0.52 0.06 0.04 0.10 .. 0.64 0.18 3.10 0.02 0.07 .. .. 1.95 13.57

0.96 0.05 .. 0.03 .. 0.10 0.40 5.17 .. 0.02 0.22 0.1e 0.57 0.15 0.04 0.09 .. 0.95 0.10 3.69 0.02 0.07 .. .. 2.09 14.82

1.38 0.06 .. 0.03 .. 0.10 0.40 5.25 .. 0.02 0.41 0.1e 0.49 0.22 0.06 0.08 .. 1.06 0.14 3.26 0.02 0.07 .. .. 2.21 15.36

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

3.27 1.29 0.26 0.35e .. 5.60 0.71 3.85 .. 40.04 .. .. 1.13 56.51

3.14 1.37 0.25 0.35e .. 6.41 0.07 3.79 .. 42.51 .. .. 0.99 58.86

1.95 1.57 0.29 0.35e .. 5.63 0.03 2.54 .. 25.86 .. .. 0.91 39.14

1.42 1.68 0.34 0.35e .. 5.64 0.03 2.06 .. 30.98 .. .. 2.03 44.54

1.57 1.83 0.37 0.35e .. 6.16 0.03 1.96 .. 19.36 .. .. 2.13 33.77

1.13 0.95 0.37 0.35e .. 3.87 0.03e 0.50 .. 8.16 .. 5.15 0.56 21.06

0.55 1.03 0.43 0.35e .. 2.15 0.03e 0.34 .. 7.09 .. 4.77 0.93 17.68

0.64 1.15 0.46 0.35 .. 2.12 0.03e 0.35 .. 28.01 .. 9.68 1.24 44.05

0.64 1.11 0.31 0.37 0.03 1.97 0.03e 0.37 .. 22.98 .. 13.38 1.18 42.36

0.32 1.07 0.62 0.42 0.10 2.07 0.03e 0.46 .. 18.73 .. 14.10 1.24 39.16

.. 1.14 0.40 0.36 .. 2.39 0.03e 0.55 .. 16.07 .. 18.49 1.27 40.71

.. 1.51 0.40 0.40 .. 2.50 0.03e 0.62 .. 5.90 .. 19.24 1.30 31.91

.. .. 0.01 0.56 0.19 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.75

.. .. 0.03 0.61 0.07 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.71

.. .. 0.07 0.58 0.08 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.73

.. .. 0.07 0.66 0.09 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.82

.. .. 0.05 0.57 0.11 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.73

.. .. 0.05 0.50 0.07 .. .. .. .. .. 0.61

.. .. 0.11 0.38 0.05 .. .. .. .. .. 0.53

.. 0.72 0.11 0.88 0.06 .. .. .. .. .. 1.76

.. 0.89 0.11 1.12 0.10 .. .. .. .. .. 2.23

.. 0.94 0.21 1.10 0.09 .. .. .. .. .. 2.34

.. 0.95 0.21 1.42 0.09 .. .. .. .. .. 2.67

.. 0.97 0.27 1.34 0.09 .. .. .. .. .. 2.68

Total Non-OCDE

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.19

CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

132.04

144.97

150.24

143.50

152.35

155.56

167.03

177.21

176.83

181.23

171.32

29.7%

Non-OECD Total

1.36 0.02 .. 0.04 .. 0.10 0.12 5.25 .. 0.04 0.42e 0.1e 0.55 0.25 0.06 0.09 .. 0.58 0.11 5.95 0.02 0.08 .. 0.07 1.99 17.21

1.18 0.04 .. 0.07 .. 0.11 0.27 5.28 .. 0.05 0.5e 0.1e 0.46 0.25 0.04 0.03 .. 1.10 0.04 6.54 0.02 0.07 .. 0.09 1.94 18.17

1.16 0.02 .. 0.06 .. 0.10 0.31 4.37 0.70 0.45 0.59 0.1e 0.43 0.22 0.04 0.01 .. 1.08 0.05 8.46 0.02 0.07 .. 0.08 1.89 20.23

1.04 0.02 .. 0.05 .. 0.10 0.28 4.65 0.48 0.58 0.58 0.1e 0.51 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.10 0.03 7.75 0.02 0.07 .. 0.06 1.87 19.61

1.11 0.02 .. 0.07 .. 0.01 0.33 7.55 0.65 0.57 0.42 0.1e 0.42 0.25 0.04 0.01 .. 1.07 0.07 8.48 0.02 0.07 .. 0.06 2.14 23.45

1.17 0.03 .. 0.09 .. 0.01 0.27 7.73 0.42 0.52 0.20 0.1e 0.17 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.07 0.09 10.28 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 2.21 24.83

1.04 0.02 0.02 0.14 .. 0.01 0.28 9.50 0.46 0.47 0.22 0.1e 0.17 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.07 0.18 10.08 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 2.14 26.36

0.83 0.01 0.01 0.17 .. 0.01 0.28 9.36 0.23 0.22 0.22e 0.1e 0.18 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.07 0.20 7.85 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 2.17 23.36

0.74 0.02 .. 0.01 0.28 6.93 0.22e 0.1e 0.26 0.28 0.04 .. 1.50 0.22 9.21 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 2.17 22.13

0.74 0.03 .. 0.01 0.28 8.12 0.22e 0.1e 0.26 0.28 0.04 .. 2.38 0.24 10.22 0.03 0.07 .. 0.03 2.26 25.30

0.77 0.06 .. 0.01 0.29 8.50 0.22e 0.1e 0.26 0.28 0.04 0.01 .. 1.48 0.24 8.51 0.03 0.08 .. 0.03 2.37 23.26

-43.4% -100.0% .. 50.0% .. -90.0% 141.7% 61.9% .. -100.0% -47.6% 0.0% -52.7% 12.0% -33.3% -88.9% .. 155.2% 118.2% 43.0% 50.0% 0.0% .. -57.1% 0.0% 0.0% 19.1% 35.2%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

.. 1.56 0.40 0.38 .. 0.56 0.03e 0.06 .. 5.74 .. 18.99 1.24 28.96

.. 1.81 .. 0.48 .. 0.03 0.06 .. 7.76 .. 29.91 0.99 41.04

.. 1.82 .. 0.59 .. 1.32 0.03 0.07 .. 8.12 .. 29.90 1.16 43.02

.. 2.04 .. 0.59 .. 1.11 0.03e 0.76 .. 7.76 .. 29.87 0.34 42.51

.. 2.18 .. 0.63 0.01 1.70 0.03e 0.08 .. 6.41 .. 33.12 0.31 44.48

.. 2.34 .. 0.65 0.03 1.82 0.03e 0.08 .. 5.96 .. 33.16 0.31 44.38

.. 1.43 .. 0.29 0.01 1.72 0.03e 0.08 .. 5.57 .. 33.52 0.31 42.97

.. 1.06 .. 0.56 0.02 2.06 0.03e 0.09 .. 5.90 .. 34.21 0.31 44.25

.. 1.87 .. 0.42 0.01 1.93 0.03e 0.12 .. 6.12 .. 34.04 0.31 44.86

.. 2.24 .. 0.46 0.03 2.00 0.03e 0.17 .. 6.58 .. 20.54 0.31 32.36

.. 1.98 .. 0.58 0.13 1.43 0.03e 0.19 .. 6.58 .. 15.48 0.31 26.72

.. 26.9% -100.0% 52.6% .. 155.4% 0.0% 216.7% .. 14.6% .. -18.5% -75.0% -7.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. 0.18 0.18 1.37 0.09 .. .. .. .. 1.83

.. 0.93 0.17 2.64 0.13 .. .. .. .. 3.87

.. 0.84 0.18 2.64 0.16 .. .. .. .. .. 3.83

.. 0.82 0.16 2.65 0.09 .. .. .. .. .. 3.72

.. 0.82 0.19 2.63 0.09 .. 0.14 .. 0.14 .. 3.87

.. 0.85 0.21 2.64 0.14 .. 0.10 .. 0.10 .. 3.95

.. 0.74 0.28 2.69 0.14 .. 0.09 .. 0.09 .. 3.95

.. 0.03 0.31 2.77 0.16 .. 0.07 .. 0.07 .. 3.34

.. 0.22 0.31 2.91 0.14 0.34 0.08 .. 0.08 .. 4.00

.. 0.03 0.48 3.03 0.15 .. 0.07 .. 0.07 .. 3.75

.. 0.20 0.60 3.15 0.13 .. 0.06 .. 0.06 .. 4.14

.. Albania 11.1% Bulgaria 233.3% Cyprus 129.9% Gibraltar 44.4% Malta .. Romania 0.0% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia 0.0% FYR of Macedonia 0.0% Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia 126.2% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.20

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.24

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.47

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.16

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.47

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.16

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.16

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.85

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.47

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.47

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.78

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.47

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

0.66 1.00 0.60 0.95 .. 0.49e .. 0.28 .. 0.18 .. .. 0.16 7.71 .. .. 0.04 5.12 0.27 9.13 3.08 29.65

0.43 1.08 0.58 0.79 .. 0.4e .. 0.31 .. 0.20 .. .. 0.36 7.13 .. .. 0.32 5.12 0.32 9.71 3.43 30.20

0.28 1.17 0.37 0.49 .. 0.55e .. .. .. 0.27 .. .. 0.26 7.34 .. .. 0.05 3.54 0.20 4.82 2.04 21.38

0.91 1.26 0.23 0.33 .. 0.45e .. .. .. 0.38 .. .. 0.19 6.97 .. .. 0.05 3.42 0.21 3.13 2.82 20.37

1.28 1.37 0.33 0.51 .. 0.53e .. 0.30 .. 0.37 .. .. 0.24 7.25 .. .. 0.62 2.55 0.25 3.30 2.26 21.16

1.45 1.47 0.31 0.23 .. 0.49e .. 0.15 .. 0.41 .. .. 0.13 6.96 .. .. 0.43 1.16 0.47 2.27 2.54 18.48

2.21 1.58 0.10 0.25 .. 0.51e .. 0.06 .. 0.40 .. .. 0.10 6.49 .. .. 0.13 1.42 0.27 1.67 2.17 17.36

2.00 1.71 0.09 0.22 .. 0.68 .. 0.11 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.04 6.13 .. .. 0.53 0.31 0.33 1.76 1.78 16.08

1.42 1.79 0.14 0.19 .. 0.71 .. 0.13 .. 0.37 .. .. 0.06 5.17 .. .. 0.24 0.08 0.24 1.44 1.24 13.23

2.00 1.85 0.13 0.30 .. 0.30 .. 0.34 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.07 4.94 .. .. 0.19 0.27 0.30 1.52 0.99 13.58

1.76 1.92 0.16 0.14 .. 0.38 .. 0.31 .. 0.40 .. .. 0.04 4.94 .. .. 0.08 0.17 0.30 2.60 0.76 13.96

2.67 2.00 0.36 0.15 .. 0.33 .. 0.43 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.10 .. .. 0.07 0.12 0.28 2.40 0.64 15.03

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

0.06 .. 0.39 0.71 0.70 0.11 0.01 0.29 1.27 8.89 1.19 0.21 .. 0.57 14.39

0.10 .. 1.27 0.72 1.32 0.07 0.50 0.81 13.54 1.34 0.28 .. 0.59 20.54

0.05 .. 0.33 0.57 1.09 0.09 0.22 0.21 0.44 10.43 1.29 0.25 .. 0.53 15.51

0.07 .. 0.63 0.81 1.16 0.17 .. 0.34 0.68 12.83 1.38 0.08 .. 0.34 18.49

0.08 .. 0.62 0.66 0.72 0.22 .. 0.61 0.62 15.74 1.19 0.42 .. 0.46 21.35

0.23 .. 0.43 0.42 0.73 0.10 .. 0.35 2.60 15.43 0.72 0.49 .. 0.38 21.88

0.08 .. 1.32 0.62 0.46 0.19 .. 0.15 1.01 15.75 0.65 0.89 .. 0.30 21.43

0.07 .. 1.61 0.34 0.68 0.31 .. 0.08 .. 15.13 1.01 0.65 .. 0.20 20.09

0.04 .. 2.61 0.38 0.50 0.24 .. 0.04 .. 25.81 1.22 0.95 .. 0.26 32.04

0.03 .. 2.89 0.71 0.54 0.30 .. 0.03 .. 25.82 1.27 1.21 .. 0.24 33.04

0.03 .. 3.71 0.86 0.74 0.20 .. 0.05 .. 30.57 1.12 1.17 .. 0.20 38.64

0.03 .. 5.12 0.73 0.78 0.22 .. 0.07 .. 29.91 0.96 1.58 .. 0.21 39.61

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

0.31 1.96 2.28

0.38 3.62 4.00

0.72 1.69 2.41

1.60 1.81 3.41

1.79 2.99 4.78

2.00 2.60 4.60

2.43 3.08 5.50

2.47 3.10 5.57

2.96 2.60 5.56

3.02 2.83 5.84

3.15 3.33 6.48

3.42 4.24 7.66

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.21

CO2 Emissions from International Marine Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes maritimes internationales million tonnes of CO 2

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.16

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.16

0.39 .. .. 0.91 .. .. 1.31

0.48 .. .. 0.50 .. .. 0.98

0.40 .. .. 0.48 .. .. 0.88

0.28 .. .. 0.44 .. .. 0.72

0.29 .. .. 0.41 .. .. 0.70

0.32 .. .. 0.19 .. .. 0.51

0.34 .. .. 0.16 .. .. 0.49

0.52 .. .. 0.23 .. .. 0.75

0.33 .. .. 0.29 .. .. 0.63

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -95.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

2.22 1.72 0.56 0.33 .. 0.75 .. 0.57 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.18 .. .. 0.03 0.11 0.37 2.50 0.69 15.51

1.50 2.42 0.57 0.38 .. 0.71 .. 0.75 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.34 .. .. 0.07 0.09 0.45 3.08 0.70 16.52

1.52 2.61 0.70 0.45 .. 0.52 .. 1.44 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.34 .. .. 0.19 0.12 0.64 2.80 0.69 17.48

1.20 3.27 0.91 0.38 .. 0.31 .. 1.41 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.24 .. .. 0.19 0.16 0.97 2.72 0.70 17.94

1.37 3.80 0.97 0.47 .. 0.32 .. 1.60 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.30 .. .. 0.13 0.16 0.58 2.53 0.70 18.40

1.77 3.64 1.18 0.58 .. 0.26 .. 1.05 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.32 .. .. 0.41 0.16 1.20 2.30 0.69 19.03

1.82 4.18 0.78 0.60 .. 0.32 .. 1.24 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.33 .. .. 0.05 0.95 2.26 0.71 18.72

1.97 5.32 0.95 0.65 .. 0.35 .. 1.37 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.35 .. .. 0.07 0.05 0.88 2.02 0.73 20.18

1.70 5.28 1.35 0.64 .. 0.36 .. 1.12 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.37 .. .. 0.14 0.03 0.83 1.68 0.73 19.70

1.75 8.20 1.39 0.54 0.44 .. 0.75 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.37 .. .. 0.12 0.04 0.88 1.66 0.74 22.36

1.59 9.24 2.10 0.72 .. 0.32 .. 0.87 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.09 5.37 .. .. 0.13 0.04 0.90 2.06 0.77 24.58

-28.4% 0.0% 437.2% 275.0% 118.2% .. -57.3% .. 52.6% .. 0.0% .. .. 0.0% 3.7% .. .. 0.0% 333.3% -63.6% 143.2% -17.6% 11.6% 58.5%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

0.06 .. 4.86 1.29 1.68 0.28 .. 0.11 .. 33.86 1.21 1.70 .. 0.21 45.27

0.07 .. 4.59 1.23 0.77 0.35 .. 0.06 .. 32.05 0.96 1.87 .. 0.23 42.17

0.05 .. 6.31 1.42 0.78 0.23 0.08 0.04 0.07 39.51 0.94 2.17 .. 0.23 51.83

0.08 .. 6.02 1.60 0.75 0.19 0.05 0.07 35.30 1.09 2.36 .. 0.23 47.73

0.08 .. 6.62 1.68 0.63 0.78 0.02 0.05 0.30 35.46 1.09 2.94 .. 0.24 49.88

0.11 .. 7.56 0.38 0.28 0.52 0.01 0.05 0.35 35.27 1.09 3.02 .. 0.25 48.88

0.11 .. 7.33 0.37 1.06 0.59 0.02 0.06 0.53 44.16 1.23 2.44 .. 0.25 58.15

0.11 .. 8.73 0.30 0.97 0.54 0.01 0.05 0.42 53.00 0.87 2.61 .. 0.25 67.85

0.11 .. 9.66 0.30 1.05 1.42 0.01 0.05 0.41 55.21 0.82 1.83 .. 0.24 71.11

0.11 .. 12.10 0.27 0.98 1.24 0.05 0.78 54.74 0.73 2.72 .. 0.25 73.99

0.11 .. 11.00 0.27 1.17 0.67 0.01 0.08 0.67 52.08 0.50 2.46 .. 0.26 69.29

83.3% .. 126.3% -79.1% -30.4% 0.0% 139.3% .. 0.0% -27.3% .. 53.8% -58.7% 44.7% .. 23.8% 53.1%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

4.59 4.52 9.11

5.17 3.86 9.03

7.81 4.73 12.54

6.13 4.88 11.01

6.11 5.29 11.40

6.62 7.15 13.77

8.81 7.38 16.19

11.05 6.67 17.72

5.65 8.88 14.53

11.59 11.12 22.72

12.13 10.58 22.71

164.3% 134.1% 149.3%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.22

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

166.41

184.16

170.45

188.05

204.07

204.84

214.79

228.95

249.28

262.63

276.28

290.24

.. 60.00 16.60 37.38 6.02 .. ..

.. 68.22 17.34 43.47 7.41 .. ..

.. 63.29 17.52 39.20 6.56 .. ..

.. 71.24 21.93 42.24 7.07 .. ..

.. 75.56 22.16 47.07 6.33 .. ..

.. 70.44 20.37 43.26 6.80 .. ..

.. 73.30 19.86 44.02 9.42 .. ..

.. 83.41 21.82 50.52 11.07 .. ..

.. 99.28 33.72 53.54 12.02 .. ..

.. 106.49 35.60 57.24 13.65 .. ..

.. 114.80 37.66 61.90 15.24 .. ..

.. 122.10 39.46 65.43 17.21 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

103.61

112.37

103.05

111.96

121.96

126.94

134.15

137.50

141.44

147.03

152.44

157.04

Total OCDE

62.80

71.79

67.40

76.09

82.11

77.90

80.65

91.45

107.85

115.60

123.84

133.20

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

1.25 1.39 15.35 17.99

1.52 1.85 15.82 19.19

1.93 2.40 15.60 19.92

2.05 2.93 19.88 24.86

1.58 3.74 20.58 25.90

1.11 4.38 19.26 24.76

1.09 4.17 18.77 24.03

1.22 4.53 20.61 26.35

1.38 4.53 32.34 38.25

1.62 4.61 33.98 40.21

2.24 4.16 35.41 41.82

2.68 4.91 36.78 44.37

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

0.29 1.26 0.71 1.99 0.18 4.74 7.85 1.34 0.16 0.23 0.99 3.60 0.11 2.08 0.72 0.54 0.73 .. 1.81 0.34 1.69 0.09 7.34 38.78 34.64

0.32 1.61 0.71 2.27 0.28 5.72 8.81 1.75 0.16 0.33 0.76 3.66 0.16 2.41 0.84 0.57 0.94 .. 2.66 0.39 2.06 0.13 8.36 44.91 40.11

0.25 1.09 0.60 1.61 0.41 5.92 8.46 1.36 0.21 0.14 0.76 2.53 0.16 2.35 0.53 0.54 0.83 .. 2.87 0.34 1.86 0.14 7.59 40.55 36.53

0.30 1.14 0.51 1.72 0.39 5.48 9.10 1.82 0.30 0.21 0.85 3.57 0.18 2.22 0.69 0.63 0.90 .. 2.90 0.46 2.11 0.17 8.03 43.68 39.04

0.36 1.15 0.83 1.87 0.44 6.45 9.39 2.55 0.39 0.12 0.84 4.04 0.21 2.92 0.68 0.77 0.98 .. 3.04 0.56 2.11 0.18 9.18 49.07 43.99

0.43 1.36 0.68 1.49 0.45 5.68 8.60 2.33 0.42 0.10 0.56 4.02 0.18 2.76 0.83 0.80 0.94 .. 2.69 0.52 2.03 0.15 8.15 45.15 40.15

0.46 1.10 0.62 1.52 0.45 5.73 8.36 2.23 0.42 0.11 0.55 4.32 0.16 3.14 0.82 0.71 0.87 .. 2.77 0.50 2.15 0.15 8.62 45.78 40.78

0.62 1.68 0.65 1.61 0.50 6.67 9.81 2.42 0.46 0.19 0.59 4.49 0.23 3.60 0.96 0.70 1.31 .. 2.76 0.52 2.50 0.18 9.88 52.33 46.69

0.61 1.75 0.62 1.65 0.51 7.19 10.54 2.12 0.46 0.13 0.88 4.80 0.26 3.82 1.04 0.97 1.37 .. 2.80 0.64 2.56 0.25 10.63 55.59 49.56

0.63 1.77 0.74 1.81 0.59 7.63 11.55 2.23 0.45 0.15 0.90 4.53 0.31 3.98 1.42 1.13 1.36 .. 2.99 0.77 2.73 0.25 11.63 59.56 52.69

0.82 2.05 0.68 1.99 0.74 8.61 12.18 2.16 0.46 0.16 1.06 5.02 0.33 4.22 1.39 1.16 1.44 .. 3.44 0.89 2.86 0.41 12.15 64.20 57.09

0.99 2.28 0.81 1.90 0.87 9.24 13.17 1.97 0.48 0.26 1.07 5.40 0.34 4.31 1.42 1.57 1.51 .. 3.48 1.00 3.03 0.38 12.82 68.29 60.34

1.58 3.80 0.64 6.02

1.66 5.15 0.28 0.60 7.69

1.89 4.33 0.36 0.34 6.92

1.99 4.72 0.48 0.36 7.55

2.21 3.52 0.80 0.60 7.14

2.26 3.99 1.19 0.56 7.99

2.47 6.42 1.41 0.54 10.84

2.77 7.64 1.70 0.66 12.77

2.82 8.35 1.99 0.84 14.01

3.02 9.45 2.17 1.17 15.82

3.42 10.67 2.59 1.15 17.83

3.94 12.09 3.34 1.17 20.54

Monde Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe B Total Non-OCDE

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.23

CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales million tonnes of CO 2

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

285.29

280.05

274.46

280.62

289.55

298.04

306.89

317.10

322.54

333.06

343.38

20.4%

.. 129.91 41.49 69.44 18.98 .. ..

.. 129.83 41.83 68.52 19.48 .. ..

187.37 137.15 43.58 73.30 20.28 50.22 87.09

189.85 144.46 44.16 79.51 20.79 45.40 90.77

189.33 150.65 45.61 83.28 21.76 38.68 100.22

193.95 157.76 48.53 84.86 24.37 36.19 104.09

199.12 165.93 50.66 89.33 25.93 33.19 107.78

208.73 176.65 54.65 94.62 27.38 32.08 108.37

215.79 185.07 55.84 101.00 28.23 30.72 106.75

226.77 194.70 57.96 108.78 27.96 32.07 106.29

232.39 199.43 58.65 112.63 28.15 32.96 110.99

.. 53.5% 41.4% 62.2% 48.3% .. ..

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

..

..

140.93

142.06

140.11

141.44

144.29

149.25

154.25

163.25

168.91

..

Annex B Parties

147.26

141.74

127.84

125.95

127.26

128.83

129.90

129.39

126.09

126.71

131.84

-10.5%

Non-OECD Total

138.03

138.31

146.61

154.67

162.29

169.21

176.99

187.71

196.45

206.35

211.54

53.3%

OECD Total

2.70 5.48 38.78 46.97

2.46 5.68 39.36 47.50

2.66 6.31 40.91 49.89

2.45 6.66 41.70 50.82

2.44 7.50 43.17 53.11

2.58 7.10 45.95 55.63

3.05 6.61 47.62 57.27

2.97 7.01 51.68 61.66

2.93 7.72 52.91 63.57

3.09 8.03 54.87 65.98

3.08 8.08 55.56 66.73

14.1% 47.4% 43.3% 42.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.92 2.92 0.67 1.80 1.01 9.67 14.21 2.43 0.51 0.22 1.07 6.54 0.40 4.47 1.29 0.63 1.54 .. 3.44 0.86 3.11 0.55 12.98 71.24 64.26

1.07 2.83 0.48 1.66 0.95 9.10 14.02 2.11 0.40 0.20 1.03 7.47 0.42 4.95 1.24 0.77 1.54 .. 4.10 0.89 2.96 0.72 11.25 70.17 63.41

1.14 2.85 0.55 1.72 0.84 10.46 15.10 2.21 0.42 0.20 0.93 6.61 0.41 5.88 1.32 0.73 1.67 .. 4.87 1.04 3.19 0.80 12.06 74.99 67.78

1.11 2.52 0.44 1.69 0.79 10.65 15.89 2.35 0.39 0.20 1.31 6.78 0.40 6.43 1.25 0.97 1.63 .. 5.14 1.30 3.37 0.98 15.70 81.31 73.70

1.17 2.50 0.55 1.85 0.83 11.25 16.52 2.79 0.58 0.21 1.17 6.99 0.51 6.71 1.47 1.12 1.63 .. 5.89 1.32 3.59 0.79 16.09 85.53 77.22

1.30 2.70 0.58 1.89 0.90 11.87 17.14 2.61 0.56 0.21 1.15 7.43 0.58 7.74 1.44 1.16 1.55 .. 6.23 1.33 3.76 0.81 14.22 87.16 78.65

1.46 3.05 0.42 2.00 0.96 12.66 17.96 2.50 0.59 0.26 1.05 8.05 0.63 8.27 1.68 1.18 1.43 .. 6.57 1.32 3.94 1.00 14.53 91.53 82.46

1.54 3.92 0.39 2.05 1.00 12.99 18.55 2.42 0.56 0.28 1.27 8.33 0.77 8.96 1.56 0.82 1.47 .. 7.10 1.36 4.11 1.37 15.57 96.39 87.30

1.60 4.64 0.36 2.20 1.02 13.85 19.09 2.54 0.60 0.34 1.31 8.83 0.87 9.76 1.55 1.15 1.48 .. 7.49 1.38 4.30 1.52 17.24 103.11 93.30

1.54 4.53 0.42 2.33 1.09 15.78 20.49 2.85 0.64 0.36 1.54 10.06 1.02 10.13 1.74 1.13 1.64 .. 7.75 1.47 4.49 1.52 18.45 110.97 100.68

1.69 4.54 0.50 2.38 1.06 15.78 21.73 2.50 0.68 0.41 1.67 10.73 0.98 10.01 1.47 1.14 1.75 .. 8.33 1.46 4.67 1.60 19.87 114.96 104.48

83.7% 55.5% -25.4% 32.2% 5.0% 63.2% 52.9% 2.9% 33.3% 86.4% 56.1% 64.1% 145.0% 123.9% 14.0% 81.0% 13.6% .. 142.2% 69.8% 50.2% 190.9% 53.1% 61.4% 62.6%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

4.30 13.32 0.84 1.36 19.82

4.48 13.70 1.16 1.30 20.63

4.73 14.23 1.46 1.32 21.73

5.11 14.34 1.75 1.34 22.55

5.26 15.05 1.90 1.45 23.65

5.76 17.02 2.05 1.58 26.42

6.21 18.07 2.27 1.65 28.19

6.43 19.23 2.28 1.73 29.66

7.11 19.40 1.55 1.72 29.78

7.15 18.86 1.43 1.96 29.39

6.32 20.05 1.70 1.77 29.85

47.0% 50.5% 102.4% 30.1% 50.6%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.24

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

103.61

112.37

103.05

111.96

121.96

126.94

134.15

137.50

141.44

147.03

152.44

157.04

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

0.29 0.23 0.02 0.17 .. 0.28 0.13 .. .. 0.14 0.03 0.13 .. 0.27 0.35 0.12 .. 0.24 0.30 0.51 0.34 0.08 .. 0.38 0.04 0.08 0.57 4.70

0.40 0.23 0.01 0.19 .. 0.29 0.16 .. .. 0.13 0.03 0.08 .. 0.35 0.49 0.12 .. 0.38 0.36 0.56 0.37 0.08 .. 0.44 0.07 0.14 0.80 5.70

0.66 0.31 0.01 0.10 .. 0.24 0.21 .. .. 0.16 0.04 0.15 .. 0.53 0.44 0.05 .. 0.70 0.37 0.71 0.14 0.20 .. 0.38 0.14 0.19 0.92 6.64

0.71 0.21 0.03 0.15 .. 0.34 0.24 .. .. 0.13 0.09 0.12 .. 0.54 0.54 0.09 .. 0.90 0.38 0.83 0.17 0.16 .. 0.69 0.16 0.20 1.01 7.68

1.10 0.26 0.03 0.21 .. 0.28 0.24 .. .. 0.25 0.07 0.12 .. 0.78 0.79 0.09 .. 0.97 0.39 0.85 0.17 0.20 .. 0.80 0.21 0.18 1.17 9.17

1.06 0.25 0.05 0.15 .. 0.37 0.29 .. .. 0.20 0.08 0.10 .. 1.02 0.71 0.09 .. 1.34 0.43 0.93 0.22 0.14 .. 0.51 0.20 0.22 1.27 9.62

1.17 0.22 0.06 0.15 .. 0.40 0.26 .. .. 0.24 0.08 0.08 .. 1.28 0.63 0.07 .. 1.33 0.45 0.96 0.20 0.12 .. 0.43 0.15 0.29 1.30 9.87

1.31 0.73 0.06 0.15 .. 0.40 0.29 .. .. 0.34 0.08 0.10 .. 1.05 0.70 0.09 .. 1.33 0.43 0.99 0.21 0.13 .. 0.31 0.12 0.33 1.24 10.39

1.21 0.79 0.06 0.15 .. 0.38 0.27 .. .. 0.36 0.14 0.07 .. 0.96 0.65 0.13 .. 0.95 0.42 0.92 0.20 0.12 .. 0.29 0.13 0.39 1.31 9.91

1.12 0.95 0.06 0.15 .. 0.39 0.28 .. .. 0.49 0.15 0.07 .. 1.15 0.65 0.13 .. 0.88 0.35 0.94 0.19 0.11 .. 0.46 0.16 0.32 1.51 10.52

1.10 0.98 0.05 0.16 .. 0.41 0.35 .. .. 0.51 0.17 0.09 .. 0.91 0.67 0.13 .. 0.88 0.41 1.04 0.19 0.19 .. 0.52 0.17 0.37 1.55 10.86

1.12 1.01 0.06 0.16 .. 0.42 0.33 .. .. 0.53 0.21 0.10 .. 0.95 0.68 0.13 .. 0.88 0.47 1.13 0.20 0.20 .. 0.54 0.20 0.33 2.04 11.68

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

0.43 1.21 0.24 1.79 0.14 0.34 0.83 0.01 .. 0.63 0.24 0.02 0.09 5.97

0.64 1.28 0.37 2.46 0.16 0.22 1.10 0.01 .. 1.00 0.50 0.11 0.10 7.95

0.84 1.24 0.81 1.88 0.22 0.34 0.76 0.15 .. 1.87 0.65 0.34 0.18 9.29

1.11 1.08 0.85 2.14 0.30 0.82 0.64 0.31 .. 3.17 0.86 0.43 0.18 11.88

1.51 0.57 1.04 2.37 0.54 1.12 0.73 0.38 .. 4.10 0.71 0.62 0.21 13.88

1.44 0.32 0.83 2.15 0.81 0.98 0.76 0.42 .. 5.16 0.83 0.98 0.20 14.88

1.18 0.44 0.93 2.19 0.78 1.05 0.60 0.44 .. 6.26 0.81 1.33 0.41 16.43

1.21 0.53 1.12 1.99 0.68 0.97 0.38 0.57 .. 6.09 0.68 1.56 0.46 16.24

1.20 0.45 1.98 1.51 0.55 0.98 0.48 0.60 .. 5.95 0.93 1.27 0.48 16.38

1.23 0.43 2.35 1.73 0.55 0.93 0.57 0.40 .. 5.74 0.84 1.35 0.51 16.63

1.28 0.53 2.13 1.54 0.55 1.00 0.27 0.41 .. 5.97 0.95 1.53 0.54 16.69

1.30 0.48 2.26 1.62 0.71 1.11 0.19 0.44 .. 5.33 1.06 1.80 0.22 16.52

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

.. 0.63 0.15 0.02 0.18 0.06 0.66 .. .. .. .. .. 1.71

.. 0.63 0.24 0.02 0.20 0.06 0.74 .. .. .. .. .. 1.89

.. 0.63 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.05 0.91 .. .. .. .. .. 1.83

.. 0.95 0.13 0.02 0.21 0.05 1.06 .. .. .. .. .. 2.41

.. 0.95 0.24 0.02 0.19 0.05 0.97 .. .. .. .. .. 2.41

.. 0.95 0.27 0.01 0.25 .. 0.97 .. .. .. 0.08 .. 2.44

.. 0.95 0.33 0.01 0.14 .. 0.79 .. .. .. 0.06 .. 2.22

.. 1.16 0.45 0.01 0.15 .. 1.03 .. .. .. 0.08 .. 2.80

.. 1.14 0.47 0.01 0.21 .. 1.12 .. .. .. 0.10 .. 2.95

.. 1.17 0.53 0.02 0.23 .. 1.16 .. .. .. 0.09 .. 3.11

.. 1.31 0.54 0.03 0.22 .. 1.23 .. .. .. 0.09 .. 3.33

.. 1.40 0.66 0.03 0.22 0.77 1.25 .. .. .. 0.09 .. 4.33

Total Non-OCDE

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.25

CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales million tonnes of CO 2

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

147.26

141.74

127.84

125.95

127.26

128.83

129.90

129.39

126.09

126.71

131.84

-10.5%

Non-OECD Total

1.09 1.03 0.05 0.15 .. 0.32 0.27 .. .. 0.53 0.20 0.14 .. 0.63 0.79 0.13 .. 0.95 0.45 1.15 0.09 0.22 0.03 0.56 0.19 0.25 2.10 11.34

0.96 0.86 0.05 0.15 .. 0.33 0.27 .. .. 0.55 0.18 0.10 .. 0.66 0.58 0.11 .. 1.12 0.40 1.16 0.10 0.22 0.03 0.42 0.10 0.44 1.88 10.67

0.97 0.80 0.04 0.15 .. 0.32 0.27 .. 0.01 0.11 0.18 0.14 .. 0.71 0.67 0.09 .. 1.15 0.40 1.35 0.10 0.21 0.03 0.59 0.12 0.25 2.02 10.66

0.98 0.90 0.06 0.12 .. 0.33 0.27 .. 0.01 0.15 0.16 0.12 .. 0.74 0.69 0.11 .. 1.16 0.32 1.49 0.09 0.14 0.01 0.67 0.11 0.23 2.18 11.06

0.95 1.31 0.06 0.18 .. 0.34 0.26 .. 0.01 0.20 0.21 0.14 .. 0.90 0.65 0.14 .. 0.97 0.40 1.47 0.10 0.15 0.03 0.77 0.10 0.31 1.99 11.64

0.96 1.17 0.07 0.17 .. 0.35 0.26 .. 0.02 0.20 0.19 0.18 .. 0.91 0.73 0.06 .. 1.36 0.45 1.72 0.10 0.15 0.04 0.74 0.10 0.35 2.13 12.40

0.95 1.02 0.07 0.18 .. 0.35 0.29 .. 0.03 0.18 0.21 0.19 .. 0.99 0.75 0.06 .. 1.30 0.51 1.97 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.76 0.09 0.37 2.09 12.65

1.04 1.04 0.05 0.16 .. 0.35 0.30 .. 0.03 0.17 0.30 0.19 .. 0.93 0.78 0.08 .. 1.57 0.51 2.26 0.10 0.11 0.04 0.87 0.07 0.37 1.80 13.14

1.01 0.67 0.09 0.17 .. 0.36 0.30 .. 0.02 0.20 0.29 0.27 .. 0.93 0.88 0.09 .. 0.86 0.56 2.60 0.10 0.11 0.06 0.92 0.09 0.37 1.81 12.79

1.03 0.85 0.09 0.18 .. 0.36 0.29 .. 0.03 0.22 0.27 0.31 .. 0.99 0.91 0.09 .. 1.05 0.55 2.76 0.29 0.12 0.07 0.98 0.10 0.28 1.89 13.69

1.17 0.79 0.09 0.18 .. 0.36 0.31 .. 0.03 0.24 0.22 0.32 .. 1.69 0.90 0.09 .. 0.57 0.65 2.73 0.38 0.12 0.08 0.85 0.13 0.27 1.98 14.15

7.3% -23.3% 80.0% 20.0% .. 12.5% 14.8% .. .. -54.7% 10.0% 128.6% .. 168.3% 13.9% -30.8% .. -40.0% 44.4% 137.4% 322.2% -45.5% 166.7% 51.8% -31.6% 8.0% -5.7% 24.8%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

1.43 0.65 2.89 1.56 0.71 0.51 0.19 0.93 .. 8.19 1.23 2.07 0.17 20.54

1.05 0.75 0.79 1.51 0.50 0.41 0.24 0.81 .. 10.66 1.02 1.99 0.18 19.91

0.96 0.72 1.13 1.54 0.65 0.88 0.34 0.51 .. 6.03 1.04 1.91 0.26 15.98

0.95 0.60 1.22 1.88 0.68 0.93 0.38 0.61 .. 6.55 0.68 2.23 0.26 16.95

1.09 0.66 1.39 1.91 0.72 1.03 0.46 0.52 .. 7.89 0.75 2.19 0.28 18.88

1.15 0.56 1.34 2.09 0.77 1.12 0.66 0.46 .. 7.62 0.49 2.17 0.28 18.72

1.06 0.66 1.30 2.22 0.92 1.19 0.34 0.48 .. 7.75 0.51 2.13 0.26 18.83

0.76 0.75 1.32 2.00 0.85 1.29 0.34 0.54 .. 7.73 0.74 2.11 0.28 18.71

1.09 0.68 1.36 2.16 0.69 1.52 0.34 0.57 .. 7.62 0.78 2.09 0.28 19.18

1.04 0.69 1.31 1.86 0.69 1.20 0.40 0.57 .. 7.10 0.83 2.11 0.28 18.08

1.60 0.72 1.44 2.34 0.76 1.09 0.40 0.65 .. 7.42 0.83 3.08 0.28 20.61

11.9% 10.8% -50.2% 50.0% 7.0% 113.7% 110.5% -30.1% .. -9.4% -32.5% 48.8% 64.7% 0.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

.. 0.73 0.74 0.02 0.22 0.72 1.19 .. .. 0.02 0.08 .. 3.62

.. 0.59 0.88 0.03 0.25 0.51 0.62 .. .. 0.02 0.03 0.32 2.88

.. 0.97 0.86 0.01 0.25 0.76 0.30 0.05 .. 0.02 0.03 0.19 3.15

.. 1.25 0.73 0.01 0.25 0.77 0.33 .. 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.13 3.35

.. 1.03 0.75 0.01 0.25 0.51 0.44 .. 0.20 0.06 0.05 0.12 2.98

.. 1.02 0.82 0.01 0.33 0.56 0.47 .. 0.18 0.10 0.06 0.13 3.22

.. 0.69 0.79 0.01 0.35 0.27 0.48 .. 0.17 0.08 0.05 0.17 2.59

.. 0.45 0.77 0.01 0.40 0.38 0.63 .. 0.18 0.09 0.06 0.30 2.64

.. 0.40 0.81 0.01 0.28 0.32 0.51 .. 0.19 0.05 0.06 0.21 2.34

0.07 0.21 0.83 0.01 0.34 0.40 0.87 .. 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.57 2.74

0.07 0.25 0.85 0.01 0.38 0.39 0.36 .. 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.10 2.30

.. Albania -65.8% Bulgaria 14.9% Cyprus -50.0% Gibraltar 72.7% Malta -45.8% Romania -69.7% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia 350.0% FYR of Macedonia -12.5% Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -36.5% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.26

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales millions de tonnes de CO 2

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69.12

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72.28

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64.39

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68.18

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.96

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74.80

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77.64

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79.54

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81.12

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83.01

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85.22

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86.17

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

.. .. .. 0.43 0.77 0.02 0.28 0.08 0.27 0.03 0.15 0.02 0.02 .. .. 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.51 0.21 .. 0.29 1.02 4.21

.. .. .. 0.39 0.88 0.03 0.35 0.08 0.39 0.05 0.19 0.03 0.03 .. .. 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.57 0.12 .. 0.36 0.65 4.22

.. .. .. 0.35 1.03 0.03 0.45 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.03 .. .. 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.74 0.12 .. 0.37 0.56 4.20

.. .. .. 0.40 1.24 0.05 0.56 0.10 0.23 0.06 0.16 0.03 0.04 .. .. 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.74 0.08 .. 0.60 0.70 5.11

.. .. .. 0.50 1.43 0.07 0.77 0.15 0.42 0.07 0.17 0.06 0.06 .. .. 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.76 0.12 .. 0.74 0.97 6.40

.. .. .. 0.63 1.60 0.05 0.52 0.18 0.44 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.06 .. .. 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.92 0.18 .. 0.75 0.91 6.54

.. .. .. 0.49 1.62 0.04 0.58 0.22 0.37 0.07 0.12 0.03 0.09 .. .. 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.83 0.20 .. 1.44 0.96 7.16

.. .. .. 0.49 1.39 0.04 0.67 0.16 0.46 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.12 .. .. 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.71 0.22 .. 0.81 0.97 6.42

.. .. .. 0.62 1.26 0.07 0.57 0.26 0.52 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.08 .. .. 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.79 0.27 .. 0.84 0.95 6.62

.. .. .. 0.67 1.35 0.08 0.69 0.29 0.51 0.06 0.14 0.06 0.08 .. .. 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.86 0.16 .. 1.02 1.17 7.34

.. .. .. 0.68 1.45 0.10 0.73 0.33 0.54 0.10 0.13 0.07 0.09 .. .. 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.74 0.16 .. 1.08 1.24 7.63

.. .. .. 0.74 1.42 0.11 0.64 0.10 0.52 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.09 .. .. 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.63 0.13 .. 1.10 1.20 7.14

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

0.06 1.48 2.60 0.45 .. 0.42 0.09 0.01 1.13 0.75 0.70 .. 1.26 6.88 0.66 16.49

0.06 0.02 2.77 2.75 0.54 .. 0.53 0.11 0.01 1.04 0.83 0.99 2.28 6.12 0.64 18.69

0.08 0.06 1.62 2.89 0.81 .. 0.74 0.08 0.02 1.08 0.88 1.32 2.17 2.60 0.52 14.88

0.09 0.05 2.49 3.35 1.27 .. 0.58 0.10 0.03 1.20 0.94 2.18 1.93 0.47 14.68

0.11 0.05 1.71 3.66 1.49 .. 0.65 0.13 0.04 1.60 1.09 2.66 2.21 0.56 15.95

0.17 0.08 1.64 3.62 1.67 .. 0.89 0.13 0.05 1.64 0.66 2.65 0.01 2.34 0.30 0.48 16.30

0.17 0.05 1.70 3.81 1.52 .. 1.04 0.11 0.06 1.45 1.06 3.16 .. 2.88 0.30 0.89 18.21

0.22 0.05 1.64 4.55 1.57 .. 0.89 0.13 0.06 1.41 1.08 3.19 .. 3.12 0.24 1.20 19.34

0.24 0.08 1.81 5.01 1.54 .. 1.32 0.13 0.06 1.53 1.08 3.59 .. 3.46 0.35 1.12 21.31

0.23 0.09 2.20 5.13 2.04 .. 1.33 0.06 0.07 1.42 1.32 3.84 .. 3.79 0.37 1.22 23.11

0.26 0.10 2.19 5.34 2.23 .. 1.41 0.06 0.06 1.46 1.50 4.09 .. 4.38 0.41 1.16 24.64

0.25 0.10 2.47 5.58 2.45 .. 1.53 0.06 0.02 1.43 1.70 4.19 .. 5.17 0.34 1.21 26.50

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

.. 1.41 1.41

.. 1.65 1.65

.. 1.83 1.83

.. 2.02 2.02

.. 2.18 2.18

.. 2.35 2.35

0.22 2.40 2.61

0.22 2.55 2.77

0.22 2.94 3.15

0.22 3.10 3.31

0.22 3.85 4.07

0.23 4.48 4.71

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.27

CO2 Emissions from International Aviation Bunkers Emissions de CO 2 imputables aux soutes aéronautiques internationales million tonnes of CO 2

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68.10

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66.91

0.47 0.55 .. 0.04 0.03 3.10 .. 0.28 0.21 0.10 44.00 0.05 .. 2.24 0.26 51.32

0.21 0.75 .. 0.06 0.03 1.03 .. 0.08 0.12 0.07 37.37 0.05 .. 3.79 0.18 43.72

0.15 0.98 .. 0.04 0.01 1.52 .. 0.07 0.12 0.03 31.12 0.02 .. 3.29 0.28 37.64

0.11 1.31 .. 0.05 0.01 1.08 .. 0.08 0.13 0.03 29.00 0.02 .. 2.81 .. 34.63

0.06 0.71 .. 0.05 0.15 1.05 .. 0.10 0.10 0.06 27.20 0.02 .. 2.36 .. 31.85

0.06 0.69 .. 0.07 0.15 0.97 .. 0.10 0.10 0.07 26.96 0.02 .. 2.01 .. 31.20

0.07 0.57 .. 0.05 0.02 1.00 .. 0.09 0.09 0.05 25.32 0.02 .. 2.09 .. 29.36

0.07 0.52 .. 0.07 0.03 0.96 .. 0.09 0.08 0.04 26.17 0.02 .. 2.68 .. 30.72

0.13 0.37 .. 0.07 0.08 1.09 .. 0.08 0.08 0.06 27.52 0.02 .. 2.08 .. 31.58

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -53.6%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

.. .. .. 0.89 1.56 0.13 1.02 0.11 0.58 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.43 .. 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.64 0.20 .. 1.02 1.14 8.22

.. .. .. 0.86 1.55 0.13 0.90 0.11 0.57 0.08 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.43 .. 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.66 0.20 .. 0.93 1.15 7.92

.. .. .. 1.00 1.72 0.20 0.66 0.15 0.56 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.12 0.44 .. 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.67 0.25 .. 0.94 1.07 8.13

.. .. .. 1.15 1.71 0.23 0.63 0.16 0.62 0.14 0.13 0.03 0.12 0.45 .. 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.74 0.17 .. 1.14 1.02 8.48

.. .. .. 1.10 2.06 0.30 0.53 0.15 0.56 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.46 .. 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.89 0.15 .. 0.93 1.15 8.68

.. .. .. 1.27 2.15 0.32 0.56 0.17 0.57 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.49 .. 0.06 0.01 0.01 1.10 0.17 .. 1.00 1.16 9.45

.. .. .. 1.39 2.10 0.30 0.84 0.18 0.68 0.15 0.15 0.06 0.06 0.45 .. 0.07 0.01 0.10 1.17 0.15 .. 0.94 1.15 9.95

.. .. .. 1.76 2.22 0.32 0.96 0.20 0.69 0.15 0.16 0.06 0.07 0.45 .. 0.06 0.01 0.10 1.16 0.16 .. 0.94 1.35 10.82

.. .. .. 2.05 2.09 0.31 0.87 0.21 0.50 0.19 0.16 0.07 0.08 0.46 .. 0.08 0.01 0.09 1.15 0.19 .. 0.85 1.30 10.67

.. .. .. 1.90 2.06 0.36 0.83 0.21 0.38 0.21 0.15 0.09 0.09 0.46 .. 0.08 0.02 0.05 1.22 0.21 .. 0.88 1.32 10.53

.. .. .. 1.72 1.89 0.37 0.66 0.27 0.67 0.21 0.15 0.09 0.11 0.50 .. 0.08 0.01 0.04 1.06 0.03 .. 0.94 1.38 10.17

.. .. .. 93.3% 21.2% 184.6% -35.3% 145.5% 15.5% 90.9% 15.4% 28.6% 22.2% 16.3% .. 0.0% 0.0% 300.0% 65.6% -85.0% .. -7.8% 21.1% 23.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

0.27 0.11 2.84 5.40 2.85 .. 1.93 0.09 0.05 1.39 1.58 5.63 .. 5.62 0.31 1.23 29.32

0.25 0.13 2.89 4.93 2.82 .. 2.11 0.08 0.06 1.54 1.55 4.72 .. 5.42 0.32 1.13 27.96

0.23 0.15 3.62 4.99 3.23 .. 2.34 0.09 0.07 1.65 1.77 5.08 .. 6.69 0.53 1.00 31.46

0.24 0.17 3.63 5.38 3.65 .. 2.60 0.10 0.08 1.74 1.85 6.54 .. 6.76 0.51 0.97 34.23

0.28 0.19 4.61 5.98 4.08 .. 2.91 0.14 0.10 1.69 1.39 7.99 .. 7.39 0.54 0.72 38.02

0.30 0.21 5.38 6.44 4.38 .. 3.44 0.15 0.11 1.70 1.30 7.81 .. 7.54 0.70 0.74 40.19

0.31 0.24 5.81 6.93 5.06 .. 3.96 0.17 0.12 1.78 1.57 8.08 .. 7.86 0.80 0.72 43.42

0.34 0.29 5.91 6.72 2.94 .. 4.27 0.17 0.13 1.83 1.87 7.15 .. 8.42 0.88 0.79 41.72

0.41 0.25 6.32 6.63 2.01 .. 4.80 0.16 0.14 2.32 1.43 7.15 .. 7.87 0.70 0.73 40.93

0.45 0.20 6.83 6.78 1.38 .. 4.22 0.17 0.15 2.40 1.53 7.16 .. 7.84 1.06 0.75 40.92

0.38 0.21 6.76 7.09 1.87 .. 4.67 0.20 0.16 2.28 1.60 7.16 .. 8.30 1.16 0.78 42.61

40.7% 90.9% 138.0% 31.3% -34.4% .. 142.0% 122.2% 220.0% 64.0% 1.3% 27.2% .. 47.7% 274.2% -36.6% 45.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

0.50 5.62 6.12

0.50 4.99 5.49

0.55 6.60 7.15

0.66 7.49 8.15

0.80 8.62 9.42

1.00 9.21 10.21

1.08 9.54 10.62

1.05 10.11 11.15

1.32 9.50 10.82

1.53 8.51 10.04

2.13 8.30 10.43

326.0% 47.7% 70.4%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.28

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire pétajoules

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde *

232 980

257 786

261 110

284 955

304 667

301 813

304 965

326 251

333 561

345 733

357 821

363 807

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. 132 222 72 680 45 770 13 772 .. ..

.. 146 775 79 442 51 025 16 308 .. ..

.. 140 704 76 532 48 338 15 834 .. ..

.. 153 000 84 220 51 625 17 156 .. ..

.. 160 254 86 749 55 401 18 104 .. ..

.. 151 502 81 633 52 386 17 483 .. ..

.. 147 426 78 281 51 547 17 598 .. ..

.. 156 788 82 680 55 215 18 894 .. ..

.. 158 219 82 868 56 219 19 132 .. ..

.. 163 179 86 335 57 359 19 486 .. ..

.. 168 424 89 757 57 995 20 672 .. ..

.. 171 977 91 207 59 183 21 587 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

4 455 2 353

4 925 2 603

4 245 2 409

4 385 2 657

4 599 2 884

4 194 2 895

3 497 3 035

3 826 3 235

4 079 3 523

4 016 3 711

4 225 3 904

4 224 4 101

86 756

95 523

104 708

114 645

125 406

131 182

138 880

149 271

154 527

161 098

167 491

169 823

141 769

157 338

152 157

165 925

174 661

166 437

162 588

173 154

174 955

180 618

186 105

189 760

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

5 976 1 909 66 704 74 588

6 740 2 310 72 702 81 752

7 009 2 595 69 524 79 127

7 447 2 991 76 773 87 211

7 987 3 662 78 762 90 411

7 877 4 425 73 757 86 058

7 530 4 299 70 751 82 580

8 096 4 665 74 584 87 344

8 237 4 552 74 632 87 421

8 513 4 775 77 821 91 110

8 873 4 831 80 884 94 588

9 129 5 056 82 078 96 262

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

795 1 672 1 911 806 771 6 469 12 890 383 805 41 296 4 776 172 2 148 580 3 614 273 596 1 805 1 528 715 815 8 835 52 696 43 620

907 1 939 1 902 830 894 7 392 14 146 517 899 51 301 5 383 189 2 614 633 3 897 303 649 2 193 1 646 826 1 018 9 241 58 372 48 497

850 1 782 1 838 758 839 6 779 13 258 509 969 48 290 5 187 161 2 492 634 4 322 334 701 2 445 1 653 750 1 119 8 449 56 168 45 786

895 1 895 2 018 844 911 7 126 14 331 598 1 094 54 316 5 501 159 2 665 705 4 731 347 765 2 577 1 767 792 1 338 8 802 60 233 48 736

999 2 026 2 039 892 1 022 7 830 15 474 671 1 200 62 372 5 893 163 2 886 787 5 001 417 831 2 796 1 796 836 1 268 9 210 64 470 52 448

909 1 800 1 979 749 1 022 7 699 14 578 642 1 205 67 356 5 675 134 2 576 775 4 743 428 875 2 915 1 756 856 1 328 8 121 61 188 49 360

888 1 727 2 017 716 1 008 7 680 14 097 687 1 188 70 353 5 494 119 2 398 778 4 815 479 870 2 883 1 703 888 1 492 8 087 60 437 48 318

952 1 871 2 070 833 1 110 8 320 15 114 768 1 276 73 371 5 673 132 2 576 850 5 164 478 919 3 004 1 956 965 1 638 8 532 64 644 51 689

962 1 937 2 103 845 1 156 8 477 15 105 724 1 245 76 394 5 762 130 2 671 907 5 306 527 941 3 062 2 035 1 007 1 764 8 679 65 814 52 464

998 1 978 2 166 899 1 262 8 679 15 229 778 1 291 80 400 5 914 128 2 732 902 5 453 541 950 3 141 2 001 984 1 954 8 759 67 218 53 439

1 016 2 005 2 122 860 1 188 8 684 15 336 826 1 276 81 399 6 058 133 2 710 860 5 348 583 951 3 394 2 048 994 1 972 8 848 67 691 54 087

1 009 2 026 2 065 777 1 227 9 300 15 087 909 1 268 85 407 6 316 143 2 728 910 5 090 704 947 3 732 1 964 977 2 047 8 834 68 553 55 164

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

2 186 11 286 713 300 14 485

2 412 13 549 906 346 17 214

2 555 12 905 1 028 374 16 862

2 802 13 937 1 325 416 18 481

2 876 14 849 1 676 379 19 780

2 964 14 136 1 708 382 19 191

2 970 14 208 1 974 421 19 572

3 095 15 318 2 273 481 21 166

3 140 15 507 2 588 485 21 720

3 287 15 706 2 804 493 22 290

3 345 16 812 3 154 515 23 826

3 570 17 461 3 358 556 24 945

Parties de l'Annexe B Soutes maritimes Soutes aéronautiques Total Non-OCDE Total OCDE

* Total Monde inclue le Total Non-OCDE, le Total OCDE ainsi que les soutes maritimes internationales. Pour les ATEP, les soutes aéronautiques internationales sont inclues dans les totaux par pays.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.29

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

365 609

370 326

372 045

376 146

379 007

388 065

399 888

403 245

404 985

412 697

422 970

15.7%

.. 171 690 89 444 59 620 22 625 .. ..

.. 173 984 90 032 60 940 23 013 .. ..

231 090 175 822 91 914 60 465 23 443 55 268 135 712

231 014 178 348 93 858 60 676 23 815 52 666 140 043

228 449 181 683 95 898 60 998 24 787 46 766 145 397

231 113 184 914 97 128 62 321 25 465 46 199 151 635

236 533 190 386 99 548 64 501 26 337 46 147 157 914

236 042 191 753 100 612 64 406 26 735 44 288 161 580

236 184 193 317 101 274 65 564 26 479 42 866 163 101

240 148 197 115 104 286 65 976 26 852 43 034 166 705

244 192 200 849 106 790 66 697 27 362 43 343 172 709

.. 17.0% 19.4% 11.9% 20.9% .. ..

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

..

..

140 539

138 834

134 774

136 133

138 839

137 147

136 462

137 575

139 049

..

Annex B Parties

4 791 4 032

5 064 3 957

5 243 3 878

5 089 3 965

5 161 4 091

5 316 4 211

5 441 4 336

5 622 4 480

5 700 4 557

5 844 4 706

6 069 4 852

26.7% 20.3%

Marine Bunkers Aviation Bunkers

171 796

173 769

173 008

174 066

173 208

178 246

183 316

184 557

185 282

188 577

194 291

13.1%

Non-OECD Total

189 022

191 493

193 794

196 991

200 637

204 503

211 131

213 065

214 002

218 276

222 609

17.8%

OECD Total

8 754 5 193 80 690 94 637

8 743 5 413 81 288 95 445

8 956 5 535 82 958 97 449

9 246 5 544 84 612 99 402

9 571 5 727 86 327 101 626

9 703 5 556 87 425 102 685

9 931 5 728 89 617 105 276

10 034 5 925 90 578 106 537

9 937 6 195 91 337 107 469

10 175 6 276 94 111 110 562

10 508 6 427 96 283 113 217

20.0% 23.8% 19.3% 19.6%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

1 056 2 028 1 985 757 1 206 9 464 14 885 911 1 191 88 438 6 348 150 2 783 898 4 180 718 908 3 790 1 954 1 049 2 204 8 893 67 884 55 381

1 110 2 154 1 797 851 1 229 9 991 14 544 915 1 144 83 439 6 527 160 2 931 920 4 123 724 825 3 947 2 017 1 058 2 183 9 158 68 829 56 696

1 051 2 178 1 808 815 1 155 9 818 14 280 938 1 045 84 435 6 508 160 2 903 936 4 074 777 763 4 043 1 927 1 068 2 244 9 145 68 155 56 132

1 079 2 127 1 753 845 1 209 10 002 14 153 929 1 069 87 451 6 429 163 2 930 992 4 242 763 742 3 913 1 929 1 050 2 380 9 245 68 482 56 168

1 078 2 175 1 690 860 1 291 9 663 14 080 962 1 039 88 472 6 357 159 2 950 977 4 050 785 716 4 110 2 067 1 071 2 346 9 506 68 492 56 515

1 104 2 194 1 733 849 1 225 10 044 14 230 969 1 069 90 475 6 691 141 3 063 982 4 181 837 743 4 318 2 090 1 058 2 571 9 390 70 047 57 620

1 161 2 363 1 784 945 1 343 10 578 14 708 1 012 1 087 95 499 6 668 144 3 173 965 4 500 832 746 4 248 2 136 1 078 2 800 9 754 72 618 59 563

1 176 2 391 1 775 880 1 384 10 300 14 541 1 049 1 064 98 525 6 764 142 3 130 1 019 4 330 875 744 4 504 2 080 1 101 2 951 9 499 72 319 59 238

1 186 2 443 1 719 871 1 401 10 652 14 435 1 105 1 058 110 555 6 951 139 3 109 1 063 4 080 947 726 4 722 2 123 1 118 3 001 9 635 73 147 60 273

1 196 2 451 1 601 836 1 396 10 684 14 279 1 115 1 055 133 583 7 076 146 3 121 1 115 3 914 1 019 727 4 960 2 114 1 117 2 953 9 681 73 274 60 658

1 197 2 479 1 691 815 1 388 10 765 14 220 1 165 1 038 144 612 7 183 154 3 174 1 073 3 767 1 030 731 5 229 1 988 1 114 3 228 9 740 73 924 61 139

13.3% 22.3% -14.8% 7.7% 15.0% 13.8% -4.5% 27.9% -12.9% 63.5% 39.8% 13.1% 3.1% 14.0% 19.4% -9.9% 43.4% -19.5% 37.9% 1.7% 6.1% 46.4% 9.5% 8.9% 10.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

3 665 18 374 3 876 587 26 501

3 631 18 787 4 207 595 27 220

3 686 19 134 4 747 623 28 190

3 882 19 306 5 292 626 29 106

3 891 20 247 5 732 649 30 519

3 951 20 842 6 306 671 31 772

4 226 21 399 6 900 712 33 237

4 314 21 682 7 474 739 34 208

4 355 21 399 6 907 725 33 386

4 509 21 585 7 588 758 34 440

4 613 21 969 8 107 780 35 468

25.9% 19.6% 109.1% 32.9% 33.8%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World *

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international marine bunkers. In TPES, international aviation bunkers are included in country totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.30

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire pétajoules

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

86 756

95 523

104 708

114 645

125 406

131 182

138 880

149 271

154 527

161 098

167 491

169 823

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

154 164 46 115 28 283 105 328 .. 377 39 127 322 69 101 346 .. 1 514 56 1 898 291 406 23 86 161 229 1 102 8 372

215 176 50 121 30 301 115 338 .. 393 61 142 341 114 123 341 .. 1 635 62 2 054 310 411 24 96 178 248 1 148 9 027

250 177 52 128 32 317 127 414 .. 410 55 155 356 161 140 335 .. 1 757 66 2 261 309 413 25 108 174 250 1 201 9 676

318 171 53 140 33 332 140 526 .. 429 64 164 380 181 173 336 .. 1 941 71 2 372 327 417 27 127 187 257 1 274 10 440

503 183 56 151 35 356 151 597 .. 455 62 165 399 231 196 331 .. 2 113 75 2 592 339 425 30 156 190 260 1 374 11 425

560 196 57 163 37 377 153 744 .. 480 70 178 417 325 199 331 .. 2 316 79 3 017 359 437 30 168 201 279 1 440 12 612

781 197 61 176 42 403 148 899 .. 504 74 155 423 372 215 328 .. 2 498 80 3 342 383 453 31 183 211 286 1 505 13 750

804 225 65 189 43 422 159 1 065 .. 530 63 184 455 433 227 323 .. 2 591 82 3 632 398 472 33 196 217 315 1 560 14 681

907 228 66 192 42 430 176 1 191 .. 549 65 190 485 436 235 320 .. 2 615 86 3 792 403 482 36 193 220 333 1 617 15 288

894 234 67 195 43 448 178 1 261 .. 572 62 206 498 477 241 317 .. 2 719 91 3 909 398 491 38 198 223 362 1 685 15 808

945 242 69 201 42 465 182 1 302 .. 590 66 202 505 449 252 313 .. 2 809 89 4 082 422 502 39 208 233 364 1 730 16 304

937 247 69 209 44 483 188 1 287 .. 611 58 218 518 454 275 309 .. 2 907 91 3 902 422 513 40 222 232 370 1 762 16 367

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

65 777 189 265 22 208 83 4 39 261 113 43 32 2 102

94 956 222 360 28 415 108 4 61 328 105 56 42 2 779

101 1 214 249 320 34 221 94 12 87 419 154 83 35 3 024

120 1 335 318 300 45 299 82 24 76 537 200 172 45 3 553

148 1 432 444 351 59 419 103 35 171 995 262 226 49 4 693

150 1 803 499 335 90 500 105 47 175 1 776 263 308 63 6 113

158 1 686 660 339 108 589 106 86 201 2 048 350 317 80 6 729

191 2 148 757 345 118 535 117 125 234 2 098 375 467 95 7 604

166 2 215 768 400 124 587 123 103 239 2 355 383 542 100 8 104

164 2 246 851 441 132 555 125 98 248 2 494 422 609 106 8 494

189 2 255 950 478 131 655 96 116 266 2 718 442 640 111 9 046

193 2 577 1 023 494 134 718 97 119 257 2 577 447 747 122 9 503

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

71 805 27 2 11 1 762 927 .. .. .. .. .. 3 606

72 867 36 2 14 2 001 983 .. .. .. .. .. 3 975

82 982 24 2 12 2 167 1 081 .. .. .. .. .. 4 349

96 1 102 32 1 14 2 489 1 213 .. .. .. .. .. 4 947

94 1 195 38 2 15 2 663 1 420 .. .. .. .. .. 5 426

112 1 197 39 1 19 2 706 1 410 .. .. .. .. .. 5 485

119 1 273 42 2 15 2 729 1 603 .. .. .. .. .. 5 782

113 1 296 45 2 17 2 713 1 736 .. .. .. .. .. 5 922

121 1 308 50 2 27 2 785 1 824 .. .. .. .. .. 6 118

118 1 295 57 2 29 2 902 1 850 .. .. .. .. .. 6 253

122 1 328 58 3 31 2 917 1 880 .. .. .. .. .. 6 338

121 1 291 62 3 32 2 897 1 851 .. .. .. .. .. 6 256

Total Non-OCDE

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.31

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

171 796

173 769

173 008

174 066

173 208

178 246

183 316

184 557

185 282

188 577

194 291

13.1%

Non-OECD Total

1 002 263 70 211 44 499 185 1 341 .. 634 53 223 522 483 282 302 .. 2 969 94 3 820 445 525 42 237 229 380 1 797 16 651

1 056 266 71 213 45 507 190 1 358 .. 654 56 231 525 577 295 300 27 3 108 94 3 994 443 535 42 234 234 409 1 831 17 296

1 084 267 73 215 46 515 201 1 393 37 632 59 239 535 539 313 303 29 3 251 99 3 745 444 543 42 250 238 418 1 881 17 394

1 089 278 75 222 46 527 211 1 489 38 621 62 250 547 574 326 309 32 2 966 99 3 966 432 555 39 264 239 408 1 913 17 577

1 049 286 77 229 31 525 216 1 403 39 668 61 261 550 554 350 288 35 3 208 100 4 177 457 565 46 267 241 406 1 960 18 050

1 089 286 78 233 33 543 216 1 475 41 690 63 274 560 625 348 285 38 3 336 106 4 358 458 577 48 271 245 414 2 008 18 696

1 059 295 76 238 33 559 240 1 557 43 709 64 283 562 570 370 284 41 3 415 109 4 430 586 588 53 284 243 415 2 051 19 157

1 089 304 77 247 31 575 243 1 629 44 723 69 297 586 666 381 287 42 3 534 115 4 528 617 597 53 290 253 411 2 092 19 779

1 123 301 80 254 31 593 249 1 745 27 745 70 297 618 592 397 287 44 3 582 118 4 582 624 614 56 319 256 421 2 143 20 169

1 200 317 95 256 30 608 279 1 851 29 763 67 310 626 548 435 292 42 3 667 124 4 578 627 629 60 321 256 448 2 229 20 685

1 217 321 99 266 37 623 290 1 944 30 784 65 323 648 688 431 298 43 3 775 129 4 505 679 644 64 330 261 428 2 337 21 262

21.5% 22.0% 40.8% 26.3% -15.3% 25.0% 56.7% 45.0% .. 23.6% 23.2% 44.6% 24.1% 42.4% 53.0% -1.1% .. 27.2% 37.9% 17.9% 52.6% 22.8% 52.8% 39.3% 14.2% 12.5% 30.1% 27.7%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

202 2 814 873 507 146 352 97 182 270 2 547 499 737 110 9 337

184 3 087 673 507 148 200 121 249 320 2 990 546 872 127 10 025

194 3 114 920 565 168 371 121 255 497 3 181 542 826 144 10 899

208 3 405 998 614 167 458 153 269 532 3 348 538 842 115 11 648

222 3 670 1 124 642 179 537 166 264 528 3 324 561 970 122 12 309

222 3 918 1 170 696 191 542 190 263 537 3 437 591 995 133 12 884

223 4 104 1 179 714 198 590 202 267 555 3 800 609 1 148 136 13 724

237 4 058 1 188 763 200 568 228 282 621 3 730 653 1 120 139 13 787

258 4 233 1 227 780 205 611 226 301 637 3 573 728 1 173 140 14 093

251 4 339 1 208 769 204 724 229 347 603 3 770 756 1 185 145 14 528

268 4 720 1 159 846 217 875 212 408 656 4 409 771 1 238 148 15 924

32.3% 67.7% 32.8% 66.8% 48.2% 148.3% 119.0% 124.5% 142.6% 73.1% 54.3% 67.8% 34.3% 70.6%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

111 1 207 64 3 32 2 613 1 874 .. .. .. .. .. 5 905

78 948 72 3 32 2 155 1 716 .. .. .. .. .. 5 004

57 881 77 4 32 1 984 1 444 187 281 123 210 643 4 478

46 939 79 4 39 1 910 1 300 157 289 125 222 508 4 318

48 906 91 6 36 1 797 1 181 62 290 115 233 482 4 065

45 985 84 6 33 1 943 1 238 65 298 116 249 510 4 334

49 971 90 6 35 2 089 1 376 75 303 131 262 604 4 615

41 873 88 6 39 1 872 1 508 122 327 119 278 663 4 428

46 842 94 6 33 1 701 1 567 153 338 122 272 681 4 290

66 762 96 6 37 1 525 1 416 148 336 117 268 547 3 909

68 786 102 7 34 1 521 1 471 183 326 115 274 574 3 989

-38.6% Albania -34.8% Bulgaria 57.8% Cyprus 126.8% Gibraltar 5.2% Malta -41.8% Romania -21.5% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia .. FYR of Macedonia .. Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -32.4% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.32

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire pétajoules

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 007

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 402

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 122

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 202

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 341

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 048

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 919

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 273

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 264

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 547

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 158

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 699

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

1 409 43 2 915 371 588 47 458 99 98 74 117 63 58 90 231 53 70 58 394 113 101 843 213 8 508

1 491 50 3 429 361 594 53 499 121 105 84 127 67 62 129 253 59 85 64 409 112 100 921 249 9 423

1 505 63 3 802 324 670 55 549 130 139 95 141 72 65 117 162 63 71 62 448 98 102 1 075 260 10 070

1 600 73 4 119 356 715 61 574 138 182 114 161 79 72 103 177 74 69 71 471 123 104 1 198 281 10 913

1 722 88 4 577 391 738 66 633 148 199 118 175 86 76 112 159 61 72 80 460 153 114 1 350 248 11 823

1 711 106 4 452 412 826 61 647 151 226 115 157 73 79 101 158 66 63 88 494 172 107 1 604 192 12 060

1 749 110 4 572 389 868 58 675 172 225 115 149 78 84 89 185 70 74 93 458 179 88 1 732 166 12 377

1 731 109 5 111 408 903 70 608 155 246 112 160 79 86 78 77 82 65 97 458 206 84 1 683 169 12 777

1 793 106 5 388 428 940 71 614 163 245 97 154 62 87 79 74 82 66 102 468 217 86 1 766 178 13 268

1 894 99 5 537 441 967 75 644 184 252 108 163 64 92 81 65 84 71 117 481 200 92 1 766 192 13 668

1 961 103 5 650 496 989 76 668 175 264 103 170 66 97 83 64 82 66 123 472 222 98 1 715 192 13 932

1 904 110 5 751 543 998 81 707 167 252 104 176 68 100 103 79 86 61 134 434 214 101 1 739 202 14 114

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

239 7 443 7 671 1 520 835 253 331 108 729 612 124 159 591 828 165 14 616

267 16 592 8 082 1 684 1 004 257 332 115 784 675 171 173 686 857 178 15 870

283 36 625 8 643 1 838 1 120 310 351 120 867 722 174 172 757 813 192 17 023

308 52 846 9 290 2 147 1 170 338 372 126 918 800 203 172 867 746 197 18 550

331 50 1 089 9 873 2 403 1 318 506 384 133 1 013 860 251 188 954 789 201 20 342

368 66 1 110 10 653 2 635 1 379 547 400 195 1 135 796 263 194 964 831 202 21 739

393 79 1 273 11 327 2 740 1 518 644 414 207 1 263 1 004 291 206 905 881 209 23 355

423 62 1 419 12 205 2 959 1 722 666 460 214 1 376 958 327 209 1 081 907 232 25 220

454 53 1 524 12 792 3 225 1 854 743 470 221 1 436 958 349 216 1 138 945 229 26 607

449 77 1 638 13 321 3 240 2 032 756 451 226 1 574 1 016 372 224 1 260 992 230 27 855

489 85 1 792 13 945 3 410 2 241 793 446 231 1 650 1 075 410 228 1 389 1 005 229 29 419

520 54 1 911 14 576 3 624 2 318 853 458 233 1 745 1 140 412 228 1 592 995 232 30 891

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

16 400 145 16 546

17 891 156 18 047

20 266 178 20 443

22 819 220 23 039

25 134 223 25 357

24 871 254 25 125

26 671 297 26 968

29 474 319 29 793

30 525 352 30 878

32 093 380 32 473

33 857 437 34 294

34 530 464 34 993

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.33

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire petajoules

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 430

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 155

180 698 1 662 263 281 3 335 212 250 464 288 32 440 380 473 9 143 1 884 51 955

95 647 1 306 207 225 2 744 163 206 375 245 31 245 267 448 8 161 1 971 48 305

59 678 1 111 217 131 2 440 117 191 330 200 27 278 138 566 6 918 1 855 42 231

70 550 1 033 201 62 2 164 103 167 357 184 26 310 138 581 6 929 1 724 40 574

75 499 1 050 221 89 1 875 119 174 382 194 25 815 147 510 6 761 1 784 39 698

79 477 1 053 217 97 1 652 110 185 370 191 24 918 130 491 6 284 1 798 38 051

80 495 1 029 207 106 1 627 118 179 389 170 24 341 136 478 5 985 2 079 37 417

77 534 1 000 194 108 1 496 103 161 330 136 25 248 140 571 5 913 2 117 38 126

86 490 1 019 189 120 1 636 102 153 298 120 25 706 122 581 5 844 2 100 38 566

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -31.7%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

1 886 116 5 548 571 1 047 85 692 173 244 106 187 66 101 123 86 89 62 129 421 243 94 1 880 210 14 159

1 944 121 5 622 591 1 057 88 566 174 254 117 195 66 102 124 110 91 67 132 413 240 102 1 953 213 14 343

2 045 126 5 711 649 1 099 103 522 206 255 123 204 68 112 130 68 94 78 134 402 265 113 2 027 206 14 739

2 036 132 5 886 668 1 153 88 454 210 247 129 203 66 109 131 114 93 79 138 426 254 105 2 037 208 14 966

2 198 146 6 182 720 1 194 91 472 240 259 136 214 60 112 133 114 95 83 151 443 241 101 2 336 209 15 929

2 222 166 6 427 772 1 249 111 467 249 274 145 226 72 124 142 113 99 83 165 476 242 108 2 220 212 16 362

2 298 183 6 774 843 1 274 111 512 260 287 138 234 82 120 148 111 102 87 177 491 270 119 2 380 214 17 214

2 430 193 7 127 925 1 273 111 510 287 344 153 247 87 131 149 64 107 93 187 475 252 121 2 237 227 17 728

2 497 201 7 359 948 1 297 114 495 306 325 158 264 87 139 154 78 107 109 180 502 291 124 2 485 239 18 460

2 587 198 7 532 1 059 1 176 128 529 312 363 164 291 88 123 155 39 111 106 173 537 337 135 2 358 243 18 745

2 574 206 7 669 1 022 1 205 137 553 327 343 171 299 85 126 164 45 115 107 165 532 363 129 2 481 252 19 069

36.5% 77.7% 38.2% 79.0% 15.1% 62.0% -20.1% 88.5% 40.6% 61.1% 59.6% 28.7% 24.7% 33.2% -47.4% 29.6% 72.2% 27.2% 26.2% 49.5% 36.7% 32.0% 20.2% 34.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

542 61 2 014 15 036 3 886 2 379 940 447 243 1 818 1 185 559 231 1 810 1 034 239 32 424

526 71 2 189 15 634 4 184 2 408 1 098 440 251 1 876 1 184 606 234 1 945 1 039 240 33 925

562 77 2 286 16 187 4 286 2 242 1 247 453 257 1 993 1 254 684 241 2 081 1 081 230 35 160

586 74 2 434 16 571 4 639 2 240 1 366 450 264 2 096 1 311 846 254 2 193 1 129 230 36 681

614 69 2 563 17 266 4 822 2 162 1 387 478 274 2 178 1 412 1 037 244 2 353 1 173 229 38 259

679 83 2 725 18 005 5 153 2 108 1 602 495 283 2 274 1 483 894 249 2 646 1 252 233 40 163

674 84 2 870 18 686 5 329 2 055 1 657 496 290 2 378 1 506 924 281 2 884 1 344 235 41 691

704 88 3 035 19 162 5 523 2 027 1 921 520 299 2 431 1 682 1 051 292 2 981 1 410 238 43 363

734 87 3 212 19 702 5 496 1 920 1 825 520 307 2 482 1 624 919 296 2 784 1 434 230 43 575

746 64 3 346 20 334 5 722 1 937 1 786 525 324 2 622 1 700 939 317 2 951 1 474 236 45 021

781 83 3 476 21 013 6 095 1 931 2 071 524 331 2 677 1 776 1 030 338 3 082 1 548 246 47 002

44.3% 36.0% 72.5% 39.8% 56.8% -18.9% 120.3% 17.2% 36.1% 47.3% 49.9% 84.1% 46.2% 70.3% 49.7% 2.6% 45.0%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

36 444 446 36 890

36 554 466 37 021

37 850 532 38 382

39 982 589 40 571

41 805 561 42 367

44 657 577 45 234

46 647 570 47 217

46 839 582 47 421

46 589 689 47 278

46 820 742 47 562

47 832 647 48 479

31.2% 44.9% 31.4%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.34

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire millions de tonnes d'équivalent pétrole

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde *

5 564.63 6 157.11 6 236.50 6 806.04 7 276.84 7 208.67 7 283.96 7 792.38 7 966.97 8 257.68 8 546.41 8 689.38

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 158.08 3 505.65 3 360.67 3 654.35 3 827.59 3 618.56 3 521.19 3 744.82 3 779.00 3 897.45 4 022.73 4 107.59 1 735.93 1 897.44 1 827.95 2 011.55 2 071.97 1 949.78 1 869.71 1 974.77 1 979.28 2 062.07 2 143.81 2 178.44 1 093.20 1 218.70 1 154.53 1 233.04 1 323.22 1 251.21 1 231.16 1 318.78 1 342.76 1 369.97 1 385.18 1 413.55 328.95 389.51 378.19 409.76 432.40 417.57 420.32 451.27 456.96 465.41 493.74 515.60 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Parties de l'Annexe B Soutes maritimes Soutes aéronautiques

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

106.40 56.19

117.62 62.17

101.38 57.53

104.74 63.46

109.84 68.87

100.18 69.13

83.52 72.49

91.38 77.27

97.44 84.14

95.93 88.64

100.92 93.24

100.88 97.95

Total Non-OCDE

2 072.14 2 281.54 2 500.90 2 738.24 2 995.28 3 133.22 3 317.09 3 565.28 3 690.81 3 847.77 4 000.44 4 056.15

Total OCDE

3 386.09 3 757.95 3 634.22 3 963.06 4 171.72 3 975.27 3 883.35 4 135.72 4 178.72 4 313.98 4 445.05 4 532.35

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

142.74 160.99 167.40 177.86 190.76 188.13 179.85 193.36 196.73 203.34 211.93 218.04 45.59 55.18 61.98 71.45 87.47 105.68 102.68 111.41 108.73 114.06 115.38 120.75 1 593.19 1 736.45 1 660.55 1 833.69 1 881.21 1 761.65 1 689.86 1 781.41 1 782.55 1 858.73 1 931.88 1 960.40 1 781.51 1 952.61 1 889.92 2 083.00 2 159.44 2 055.46 1 972.39 2 086.19 2 088.01 2 176.13 2 259.19 2 299.19

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

18.99 21.67 20.30 21.38 23.87 21.70 21.20 22.74 22.98 23.83 24.26 24.10 39.94 46.32 42.55 45.27 48.40 43.00 41.25 44.68 46.27 47.23 47.89 48.40 45.64 45.42 43.90 48.20 48.69 47.27 48.17 49.45 50.24 51.73 50.68 49.33 19.24 19.83 18.09 20.16 21.29 17.89 17.10 19.89 20.18 21.47 20.54 18.56 18.43 21.35 20.05 21.76 24.42 24.41 24.09 26.50 27.61 30.14 28.37 29.30 154.51 176.56 161.92 170.21 187.02 183.88 183.43 198.72 202.47 207.30 207.40 222.14 307.87 337.88 316.65 342.29 369.59 348.20 336.70 360.98 360.77 363.75 366.29 360.36 9.15 12.35 12.16 14.28 16.04 15.33 16.41 18.34 17.29 18.57 19.74 21.70 19.22 21.47 23.15 26.13 28.65 28.77 28.38 30.47 29.74 30.83 30.46 30.28 0.98 1.22 1.14 1.29 1.48 1.59 1.67 1.75 1.81 1.91 1.95 2.02 7.07 7.19 6.93 7.55 8.87 8.51 8.42 8.86 9.40 9.56 9.53 9.72 114.08 128.58 123.89 131.40 140.75 135.56 131.21 135.51 137.63 141.26 144.70 150.84 4.12 4.50 3.84 3.79 3.88 3.19 2.84 3.15 3.11 3.07 3.18 3.41 51.30 62.44 59.53 63.66 68.93 61.52 57.27 61.53 63.80 65.26 64.72 65.16 13.85 15.11 15.15 16.84 18.79 18.51 18.59 20.30 21.67 21.55 20.55 21.73 86.31 93.08 103.24 113.01 119.44 113.30 115.00 123.34 126.73 130.25 127.73 121.58 6.53 7.23 7.97 8.30 9.96 10.22 11.43 11.41 12.58 12.92 13.92 16.81 14.24 15.49 16.75 18.27 19.84 20.89 20.79 21.94 22.47 22.68 22.72 22.61 43.10 52.39 58.41 61.55 66.79 69.63 68.87 71.75 73.12 75.01 81.06 89.14 36.48 39.32 39.49 42.21 42.90 41.94 40.68 46.71 48.60 47.78 48.90 46.92 17.07 19.72 17.92 18.91 19.98 20.45 21.21 23.04 24.05 23.49 23.75 23.34 19.46 24.32 26.74 31.96 30.28 31.72 35.63 39.13 42.13 46.67 47.10 48.90 211.03 220.72 201.80 210.23 219.98 193.96 193.16 203.79 207.29 209.20 211.33 211.00 1 258.61 1 394.18 1 341.56 1 438.65 1 539.85 1 461.45 1 443.50 1 543.99 1 571.94 1 605.48 1 616.78 1 637.35 1 041.84 1 158.34 1 093.57 1 164.04 1 252.70 1 178.94 1 154.07 1 234.57 1 253.09 1 276.36 1 291.84 1 317.57

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

52.20 269.57 17.02 7.18 345.97

57.62 323.62 21.64 8.27 411.15

61.02 308.24 24.55 8.93 402.74

66.93 332.89 31.65 9.94 441.41

68.69 354.66 40.03 9.05 472.43

70.81 337.64 40.80 9.12 458.37

70.93 339.34 47.14 10.05 467.46

73.91 365.86 54.28 11.50 505.55

75.00 370.37 61.81 11.59 518.77

78.51 375.13 66.96 11.77 532.38

79.89 401.55 75.33 12.30 569.08

* Total Monde inclue le Total Non-OCDE, le Total OCDE ainsi que les soutes maritimes internationales. Pour les ATEP, les soutes aéronautiques internationales sont inclues dans les totaux par pays.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

85.26 417.05 80.21 13.29 595.81

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.35

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

8 732.43 8 845.08 8 886.14 8 984.10 9 052.42 9 268.76 9 551.17 9 631.33 9 672.89 9 857.10 10 102.46

15.7%

.. .. 5 519.48 5 517.66 4 100.74 4 155.56 4 199.42 4 259.77 2 136.33 2 150.37 2 195.33 2 241.75 1 424.00 1 455.54 1 444.17 1 449.22 540.41 549.65 559.92 568.80 .. .. 1 320.06 1 257.89 .. .. 3 241.43 3 344.88

5 832.40 4 797.18 2 550.64 1 593.03 653.51 1 035.22 4 125.10

.. 17.0% 19.4% 11.9% 20.9% .. ..

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

3 356.72 3 315.99 3 219.02 3 251.47 3 316.15 3 275.68 3 259.35 3 285.91 3 321.13

..

Annex B Parties

144.96 115.88

26.7% 20.3%

Marine Bunkers Aviation Bunkers

4 103.27 4 150.40 4 132.21 4 157.50 4 137.01 4 257.33 4 378.44 4 408.07 4 425.39 4 504.09 4 640.57

13.1%

Non-OECD Total

4 514.72 4 573.74 4 628.70 4 705.04 4 792.14 4 884.46 5 042.77 5 088.97 5 111.35 5 213.43 5 316.93

17.8%

OECD Total

209.09 208.83 213.90 220.83 228.61 231.75 237.20 239.67 237.35 243.03 250.97 124.03 129.30 132.20 132.42 136.79 132.71 136.81 141.51 147.95 149.91 153.51 1 927.24 1 941.54 1 981.43 2 020.92 2 061.89 2 088.12 2 140.47 2 163.41 2 181.54 2 247.79 2 299.67 2 260.36 2 279.66 2 327.53 2 374.18 2 427.29 2 452.58 2 514.47 2 544.60 2 566.84 2 640.73 2 704.15

20.0% 23.8% 19.3% 19.6%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

25.22 26.50 25.09 25.77 25.74 26.36 27.72 28.10 28.32 28.57 28.58 48.43 51.44 52.02 50.81 51.94 52.40 56.43 57.10 58.35 58.55 59.22 47.40 42.92 43.19 41.88 40.38 41.38 42.60 42.40 41.05 38.24 40.38 18.07 20.32 19.46 20.18 20.55 20.29 22.57 21.02 20.80 19.97 19.46 28.81 29.35 27.58 28.88 30.83 29.26 32.09 33.06 33.46 33.35 33.15 226.03 238.63 234.50 238.89 230.81 239.90 252.66 246.00 254.41 255.17 257.13 355.53 347.37 341.07 338.04 336.30 339.87 351.29 347.30 344.77 341.05 339.64 21.75 21.85 22.40 22.20 22.97 23.13 24.16 25.05 26.38 26.62 27.82 28.44 27.32 24.97 25.54 24.81 25.53 25.97 25.41 25.26 25.20 24.78 2.10 1.99 2.02 2.08 2.10 2.14 2.27 2.33 2.63 3.17 3.43 10.46 10.49 10.39 10.77 11.28 11.35 11.93 12.53 13.26 13.94 14.62 151.63 155.90 155.45 153.56 151.83 159.82 159.26 161.54 166.01 169.02 171.57 3.57 3.81 3.83 3.88 3.80 3.38 3.44 3.40 3.32 3.49 3.68 66.47 70.00 69.34 69.98 70.46 73.17 75.78 74.76 74.26 74.55 75.80 21.45 21.97 22.35 23.69 23.34 23.46 23.05 24.35 25.38 26.62 25.62 99.85 98.48 97.31 101.31 96.73 99.87 107.48 103.42 97.45 93.48 89.98 17.16 17.30 18.56 18.22 18.76 19.99 19.88 20.89 22.63 24.34 24.61 21.68 19.70 18.22 17.71 17.10 17.75 17.82 17.76 17.34 17.37 17.47 90.53 94.27 96.57 93.47 98.16 103.12 101.46 107.56 112.78 118.46 124.88 46.67 48.19 46.02 46.07 49.36 49.92 51.02 49.68 50.71 50.48 47.48 25.06 25.27 25.52 25.07 25.59 25.27 25.74 26.30 26.69 26.69 26.60 52.65 52.14 53.59 56.84 56.04 61.40 66.87 70.47 71.69 70.54 77.10 212.41 218.75 218.41 220.82 227.05 224.27 232.97 226.87 230.13 231.24 232.64 1 621.38 1 643.95 1 627.86 1 635.67 1 635.91 1 673.04 1 734.44 1 727.32 1 747.09 1 750.11 1 765.64 1 322.75 1 354.17 1 340.70 1 341.54 1 349.83 1 376.24 1 422.64 1 414.87 1 439.59 1 448.80 1 460.28

13.3% 22.3% -14.8% 7.7% 15.1% 13.8% -4.5% 27.9% -12.9% 63.3% 39.8% 13.2% 3.1% 14.0% 19.4% -9.9% 43.4% -19.4% 37.9% 1.7% 6.1% 46.4% 9.5% 8.9% 10.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

25.9% 19.6% 109.1% 32.9% 33.8%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

..

..

114.44 96.29

120.94 94.51

87.54 438.85 92.58 14.02 632.98

86.72 448.71 100.48 14.22 650.13

125.23 92.62

88.04 457.00 113.38 14.88 673.31

121.56 94.70

92.72 461.12 126.39 14.96 695.19

5 456.41 4 339.43 2 290.50 1 456.91 592.02 1 116.98 3 472.74

123.27 97.72

92.93 483.59 136.91 15.50 728.94

5 520.05 4 416.59 2 319.87 1 488.50 608.22 1 103.46 3 621.74

126.97 100.58

94.38 497.81 150.63 16.03 758.85

5 649.52 4 547.31 2 377.67 1 540.59 629.05 1 102.21 3 771.69

129.96 103.57

100.94 511.12 164.80 16.99 793.85

5 637.74 4 579.94 2 403.08 1 538.31 638.55 1 057.80 3 859.30

134.29 107.01

103.04 517.86 178.51 17.65 817.06

5 641.16 4 617.31 2 418.89 1 565.98 632.44 1 023.85 3 895.58

136.15 108.85

104.01 511.10 164.98 17.33 797.42

5 735.82 4 707.99 2 490.82 1 575.82 641.35 1 027.83 3 981.70

139.58 112.40

107.69 515.55 181.23 18.11 822.58

110.17 524.71 193.63 18.63 847.15

World *

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international marine bunkers. In TPES, international aviation bunkers are included in country totals.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.36

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire millions de tonnes d'équivalent pétrole

1971 Total Non-OCDE Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

2 072.14 2 281.54 2 500.90 2 738.24 2 995.28 3 133.22 3 317.09 3 565.28 3 690.81 3 847.77 4 000.44 4 056.15 3.68 3.93 1.11 2.75 0.68 6.77 2.50 7.83 .. 9.00 0.92 3.04 7.70 1.66 2.42 8.27 .. 36.15 1.34 45.33 6.95 9.69 0.56 2.04 3.85 5.48 26.32 199.97

5.14 4.21 1.19 2.88 0.73 7.18 2.75 8.08 .. 9.40 1.45 3.39 8.14 2.72 2.95 8.15 .. 39.04 1.47 49.06 7.40 9.82 0.58 2.30 4.25 5.92 27.41 215.60

5.98 4.23 1.25 3.07 0.76 7.57 3.03 9.89 .. 9.79 1.32 3.71 8.50 3.84 3.35 8.01 .. 41.97 1.58 54.01 7.38 9.87 0.60 2.57 4.17 5.98 28.69 231.12

7.61 4.08 1.26 3.35 0.79 7.93 3.34 12.55 .. 10.25 1.52 3.93 9.07 4.32 4.14 8.03 .. 46.36 1.69 56.65 7.82 9.95 0.64 3.04 4.48 6.14 30.43 249.36

12.02 4.38 1.33 3.60 0.83 8.50 3.60 14.25 .. 10.87 1.48 3.95 9.52 5.51 4.68 7.89 .. 50.47 1.80 61.91 8.09 10.16 0.71 3.72 4.54 6.21 32.82 272.87

13.38 4.67 1.37 3.89 0.88 9.00 3.65 17.78 .. 11.46 1.68 4.24 9.97 7.76 4.75 7.91 .. 55.32 1.88 72.07 8.58 10.43 0.71 4.00 4.80 6.67 34.40 301.22

18.65 4.71 1.46 4.21 1.01 9.61 3.54 21.47 .. 12.05 1.78 3.70 10.11 8.89 5.14 7.83 .. 59.66 1.91 79.82 9.14 10.81 0.74 4.36 5.04 6.84 35.94 328.42

19.19 5.37 1.56 4.51 1.02 10.08 3.79 25.45 .. 12.67 1.50 4.39 10.86 10.33 5.42 7.71 .. 61.88 1.97 86.74 9.50 11.26 0.78 4.68 5.19 7.52 37.27 350.65

21.67 5.44 1.58 4.58 1.01 10.27 4.20 28.44 .. 13.11 1.54 4.55 11.58 10.41 5.61 7.64 .. 62.47 2.07 90.56 9.63 11.52 0.85 4.61 5.24 7.96 38.63 365.15

21.36 5.59 1.60 4.66 1.03 10.69 4.25 30.12 .. 13.66 1.48 4.93 11.89 11.39 5.74 7.56 .. 64.95 2.17 93.37 9.50 11.74 0.90 4.74 5.33 8.65 40.25 377.57

22.57 5.79 1.64 4.81 1.01 11.11 4.35 31.10 .. 14.09 1.59 4.83 12.06 10.73 6.02 7.47 .. 67.10 2.14 97.49 10.08 11.98 0.92 4.97 5.57 8.70 41.31 389.41

22.39 5.90 1.65 4.98 1.05 11.53 4.49 30.75 .. 14.59 1.38 5.21 12.36 10.83 6.56 7.39 .. 69.43 2.17 93.20 10.09 12.25 0.95 5.31 5.54 8.83 42.10 390.92

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

1.55 18.56 4.51 6.34 0.53 4.96 1.98 0.09 0.93 6.24 2.71 1.02 0.76 50.20

2.25 22.84 5.29 8.59 0.66 9.91 2.57 0.10 1.46 7.84 2.50 1.34 1.01 66.37

2.41 28.99 5.94 7.65 0.81 5.29 2.24 0.29 2.08 10.00 3.68 1.99 0.83 72.22

2.88 31.89 7.60 7.17 1.07 7.15 1.97 0.57 1.81 12.83 4.77 4.10 1.08 84.87

3.52 34.20 10.60 8.39 1.41 10.01 2.46 0.83 4.08 23.76 6.26 5.40 1.16 112.09

3.59 43.06 11.92 8.01 2.15 11.93 2.50 1.12 4.19 42.41 6.27 7.36 1.50 146.01

3.76 40.26 15.77 8.10 2.59 14.07 2.53 2.06 4.80 48.92 8.35 7.58 1.92 160.71

4.57 51.30 18.08 8.24 2.82 12.77 2.80 2.99 5.59 50.11 8.95 11.16 2.26 181.63

3.96 52.89 18.35 9.55 2.97 14.03 2.93 2.47 5.70 56.25 9.15 12.94 2.39 193.55

3.93 53.65 20.34 10.53 3.15 13.27 3.00 2.35 5.93 59.57 10.07 14.55 2.53 202.86

4.50 53.85 22.69 11.41 3.12 15.64 2.29 2.78 6.35 64.93 10.56 15.29 2.65 216.06

4.60 61.54 24.44 11.79 3.20 17.14 2.32 2.85 6.14 61.55 10.68 17.83 2.91 226.97

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

1.70 19.24 0.65 0.04 0.27 42.09 22.13 .. .. .. .. .. 86.12

1.73 20.71 0.86 0.04 0.33 47.80 23.48 .. .. .. .. .. 94.95

1.96 23.45 0.57 0.04 0.28 51.75 25.81 .. .. .. .. .. 103.86

2.30 26.32 0.76 0.03 0.33 59.45 28.97 .. .. .. .. .. 118.15

2.24 28.55 0.90 0.04 0.35 63.60 33.91 .. .. .. .. .. 129.59

2.68 28.59 0.94 0.03 0.45 64.64 33.67 .. .. .. .. .. 131.00

2.83 30.40 1.01 0.04 0.36 65.17 38.29 .. .. .. .. .. 138.10

2.70 30.96 1.08 0.04 0.40 64.81 41.46 .. .. .. .. .. 141.45

2.90 31.24 1.20 0.05 0.65 66.52 43.57 .. .. .. .. .. 146.13

2.83 30.93 1.37 0.05 0.68 69.31 44.18 .. .. .. .. .. 149.36

2.90 31.72 1.39 0.06 0.73 69.67 44.89 .. .. .. .. .. 151.37

2.88 30.84 1.48 0.06 0.78 69.18 44.20 .. .. .. .. .. 149.43

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.37

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

4 103.27 4 150.40 4 132.21 4 157.50 4 137.01 4 257.33 4 378.44 4 408.07 4 425.39 4 504.09 4 640.57

13.1%

Non-OECD Total

23.93 6.28 1.68 5.03 1.06 11.91 4.42 32.02 .. 15.15 1.27 5.34 12.48 11.54 6.73 7.20 .. 70.91 2.24 91.23 10.63 12.53 1.00 5.66 5.47 9.08 42.92 397.70

25.22 6.36 1.70 5.08 1.08 12.12 4.54 32.42 .. 15.61 1.34 5.51 12.53 13.79 7.05 7.17 0.65 74.24 2.23 95.39 10.58 12.78 1.00 5.58 5.60 9.77 43.74 413.12

25.89 6.38 1.74 5.13 1.09 12.30 4.81 33.28 0.88 15.09 1.42 5.72 12.78 12.89 7.48 7.24 0.70 77.66 2.37 89.46 10.61 12.97 1.00 5.96 5.69 9.98 44.94 415.45

26.00 6.63 1.79 5.30 1.10 12.59 5.05 35.57 0.92 14.83 1.48 5.98 13.05 13.72 7.79 7.38 0.77 70.83 2.36 94.72 10.31 13.25 0.94 6.30 5.70 9.75 45.70 419.82

25.06 6.83 1.83 5.46 0.75 12.53 5.16 33.52 0.94 15.95 1.46 6.23 13.13 13.24 8.37 6.89 0.84 76.61 2.40 99.76 10.91 13.50 1.09 6.38 5.76 9.70 46.82 431.11

26.01 6.83 1.87 5.55 0.79 12.97 5.17 35.22 0.98 16.47 1.50 6.53 13.36 14.92 8.31 6.80 0.91 79.67 2.53 104.10 10.94 13.78 1.16 6.47 5.85 9.89 47.97 446.54

25.30 7.04 1.81 5.69 0.78 13.34 5.72 37.19 1.04 16.94 1.53 6.75 13.43 13.61 8.84 6.77 0.98 81.57 2.60 105.81 13.99 14.03 1.27 6.79 5.80 9.92 48.99 457.56

26.01 7.25 1.84 5.89 0.74 13.74 5.80 38.90 1.04 17.27 1.65 7.09 14.00 15.90 9.11 6.85 1.00 84.40 2.75 108.15 14.73 14.26 1.27 6.93 6.04 9.82 49.97 472.41

26.81 7.18 1.91 6.06 0.75 14.16 5.96 41.69 0.66 17.80 1.67 7.08 14.77 14.13 9.49 6.86 1.04 85.56 2.82 109.44 14.91 14.66 1.34 7.62 6.11 10.07 51.18 481.73

28.67 7.57 2.26 6.10 0.72 14.52 6.66 44.20 0.68 18.23 1.60 7.40 14.96 13.08 10.39 6.98 1.00 87.59 2.96 109.33 14.97 15.02 1.43 7.67 6.11 10.70 53.23 494.05

29.06 7.67 2.36 6.36 0.89 14.89 6.93 46.42 0.72 18.73 1.56 7.72 15.48 16.44 10.29 7.13 1.03 90.17 3.09 107.60 16.22 15.39 1.53 7.89 6.24 10.22 55.83 507.84

21.4% 22.1% 40.5% 26.4% -16.0% 25.0% 56.8% 45.0% .. 23.6% 22.8% 44.6% 24.0% 42.5% 52.9% -1.0% .. 27.2% 37.9% 17.9% 52.6% 22.8% 53.0% 39.4% 14.1% 12.6% 30.1% 27.7%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

4.83 67.20 20.84 12.11 3.50 8.41 2.31 4.34 6.45 60.83 11.93 17.61 2.63 223.00

4.39 73.74 16.08 12.10 3.54 4.78 2.88 5.95 7.65 71.41 13.04 20.83 3.03 239.43

4.64 74.37 21.97 13.50 4.00 8.87 2.90 6.10 11.87 75.97 12.96 19.74 3.44 260.32

4.97 81.32 23.85 14.67 3.98 10.95 3.65 6.42 12.70 79.97 12.86 20.11 2.75 278.20

5.31 87.67 26.84 15.33 4.27 12.84 3.97 6.30 12.61 79.38 13.39 23.17 2.91 293.99

5.31 93.59 27.94 16.62 4.56 12.93 4.54 6.27 12.82 82.09 14.13 23.76 3.17 307.74

5.31 98.02 28.16 17.05 4.72 14.08 4.83 6.37 13.26 90.77 14.54 27.42 3.25 327.79

5.66 96.93 28.38 18.21 4.79 13.56 5.45 6.74 14.83 89.09 15.59 26.75 3.32 329.30

6.17 101.12 29.31 18.63 4.89 14.59 5.40 7.19 15.21 85.34 17.40 28.02 3.33 336.60

6.00 103.63 28.85 18.36 4.87 17.28 5.47 8.28 14.39 90.05 18.05 28.30 3.47 347.01

6.39 112.73 27.68 20.20 5.19 20.89 5.06 9.75 15.66 105.30 18.41 29.56 3.53 380.34

32.3% 67.8% 32.8% 66.8% 48.3% 148.4% 119.0% 124.7% 142.8% 73.1% 54.3% 67.9% 34.2% 70.6%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

2.66 28.82 1.54 0.07 0.77 62.40 44.76 .. .. .. .. .. 141.03

1.86 22.63 1.73 0.08 0.76 51.48 40.98 .. .. .. .. .. 119.52

1.35 21.03 1.84 0.09 0.75 47.39 34.49 4.47 6.71 2.93 5.01 15.36 106.95

1.10 22.42 1.88 0.10 0.94 45.63 31.06 3.74 6.90 2.98 5.30 12.13 103.13

1.14 21.63 2.17 0.14 0.86 42.92 28.22 1.48 6.94 2.74 5.55 11.51 97.08

1.07 23.53 2.01 0.13 0.78 46.41 29.58 1.54 7.12 2.77 5.96 12.19 103.51

1.17 23.20 2.15 0.14 0.83 49.89 32.86 1.79 7.24 3.12 6.27 14.43 110.23

0.98 20.86 2.10 0.14 0.93 44.72 36.03 2.91 7.80 2.84 6.63 15.84 105.76

1.09 20.12 2.25 0.15 0.78 40.64 37.43 3.66 8.08 2.92 6.51 16.26 102.46

1.58 18.20 2.30 0.15 0.88 36.44 33.82 3.54 8.03 2.79 6.39 13.06 93.37

1.63 18.78 2.42 0.16 0.81 36.33 35.14 4.36 7.78 2.75 6.54 13.71 95.28

-38.7% Albania -34.8% Bulgaria 57.1% Cyprus 128.6% Gibraltar 5.2% Malta -41.8% Romania -21.5% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia .. FYR of Macedonia .. Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -32.4% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.38

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire millions de tonnes d'équivalent pétrole

1971

1973

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 788.36

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 869.45

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 958.30 1 031.86 1 106.84 1 147.61 1 192.31 1 272.40 1 296.07 1 350.60 1 389.09 1 378.11

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

33.65 1.04 69.62 8.85 14.05 1.13 10.93 2.37 2.35 1.76 2.80 1.51 1.40 2.15 5.52 1.26 1.67 1.38 9.42 2.70 2.42 20.14 5.09 203.20

35.60 1.20 81.90 8.63 14.19 1.26 11.92 2.89 2.50 2.00 3.02 1.60 1.48 3.07 6.03 1.40 2.03 1.54 9.77 2.68 2.39 22.00 5.96 225.07

35.95 1.50 90.81 7.75 16.00 1.31 13.12 3.11 3.31 2.28 3.38 1.72 1.55 2.79 3.88 1.51 1.69 1.49 10.69 2.35 2.45 25.68 6.22 240.52

38.21 1.74 98.37 8.51 17.09 1.45 13.71 3.29 4.34 2.71 3.84 1.88 1.71 2.46 4.24 1.77 1.65 1.69 11.26 2.93 2.48 28.61 6.70 260.66

41.12 2.09 109.31 9.34 17.63 1.58 15.13 3.52 4.75 2.81 4.18 2.05 1.82 2.67 3.79 1.46 1.71 1.91 10.98 3.66 2.71 32.25 5.92 282.39

40.87 2.54 106.33 9.84 19.73 1.45 15.46 3.61 5.40 2.74 3.74 1.75 1.88 2.42 3.76 1.59 1.51 2.09 11.79 4.11 2.55 38.32 4.58 288.06

41.77 2.64 109.20 9.29 20.72 1.39 16.11 4.10 5.38 2.74 3.55 1.86 2.00 2.12 4.41 1.68 1.76 2.22 10.94 4.28 2.10 41.38 3.97 295.61

41.35 2.60 122.08 9.75 21.57 1.67 14.53 3.70 5.88 2.67 3.82 1.90 2.05 1.86 1.83 1.95 1.55 2.32 10.94 4.92 2.00 40.20 4.05 305.19

42.84 2.54 128.69 10.23 22.45 1.70 14.65 3.89 5.86 2.32 3.69 1.48 2.08 1.88 1.77 1.97 1.57 2.44 11.18 5.19 2.06 42.18 4.26 316.91

45.24 2.37 132.25 10.54 23.10 1.80 15.38 4.39 6.02 2.58 3.90 1.53 2.19 1.94 1.54 2.00 1.69 2.80 11.48 4.78 2.19 42.17 4.58 326.46

46.83 2.45 134.96 11.84 23.62 1.81 15.95 4.17 6.30 2.45 4.06 1.59 2.31 1.98 1.54 1.95 1.57 2.94 11.27 5.29 2.35 40.96 4.58 332.76

45.48 2.63 137.35 12.96 23.84 1.94 16.88 4.00 6.02 2.48 4.20 1.62 2.40 2.45 1.89 2.06 1.46 3.21 10.36 5.11 2.41 41.53 4.82 337.11

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

5.71 0.18 10.58 183.21 36.31 19.95 6.03 7.91 2.57 17.42 14.61 2.96 3.80 14.12 19.79 3.95 349.10

6.37 0.38 14.14 193.02 40.21 23.98 6.13 7.93 2.74 18.72 16.13 4.08 4.14 16.38 20.46 4.24 379.05

6.76 0.87 14.92 206.42 43.91 26.75 7.41 8.38 2.87 20.70 17.24 4.16 4.11 18.08 19.42 4.60 406.59

7.35 1.24 20.22 221.90 51.28 27.94 8.06 8.88 3.00 21.93 19.10 4.85 4.10 20.71 17.82 4.69 443.07

7.91 1.21 26.01 235.80 57.39 31.48 12.08 9.17 3.19 24.19 20.54 5.99 4.49 22.79 18.84 4.79 485.86

8.78 1.57 26.51 254.45 62.95 32.95 13.07 9.56 4.66 27.11 19.01 6.28 4.63 23.02 19.85 4.83 519.23

9.39 1.88 30.41 270.54 65.45 36.27 15.39 9.88 4.95 30.17 23.97 6.96 4.92 21.61 21.05 4.99 557.82

10.10 1.47 33.89 291.52 70.68 41.13 15.90 11.00 5.12 32.86 22.88 7.82 5.00 25.82 21.67 5.54 602.38

10.85 1.26 36.40 305.54 77.03 44.28 17.76 11.22 5.29 34.30 22.87 8.33 5.16 27.17 22.57 5.47 635.50

10.71 1.84 39.11 318.16 77.37 48.53 18.05 10.77 5.39 37.60 24.27 8.89 5.36 30.09 23.68 5.48 665.31

11.68 2.03 42.80 333.07 81.44 53.52 18.94 10.66 5.51 39.41 25.68 9.80 5.44 33.18 24.01 5.48 702.65

12.42 1.28 45.64 348.13 86.56 55.36 20.38 10.94 5.57 41.67 27.24 9.84 5.45 38.01 23.77 5.54 737.82

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

391.71 3.47 395.19

427.31 3.73 431.04

484.04 4.24 488.28

545.02 5.25 550.27

600.32 5.32 605.64

594.02 6.07 600.09

637.02 7.10 644.12

703.97 7.62 711.59

729.08 8.42 737.50

766.53 9.08 775.60

808.67 10.44 819.11

824.73 11.07 835.80

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.39

Total Primary Energy Supply Approvisionnements totaux en énergie primaire million tonnes of oil equivalent

1990

1991

1992

1993

% change 2000 90-00

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

.. .. 4.30 2.26 1.42 .. .. 16.68 15.45 16.19 .. .. 39.70 31.19 26.53 .. .. 6.27 4.95 5.18 .. .. 6.71 5.37 3.13 .. .. 79.66 65.54 58.27 .. .. 5.07 3.90 2.80 .. .. 5.98 4.93 4.57 .. .. 11.08 8.95 7.88 .. .. 6.88 5.85 4.79 .. .. 774.82 746.27 651.52 .. .. 9.09 6.38 3.30 .. .. 11.31 10.71 13.52 .. .. 218.38 194.91 165.24 .. .. 44.99 47.09 44.31 1 347.80 1 341.25 1 240.92 1 153.74 1 008.66

1.67 13.15 24.68 4.81 1.47 51.69 2.46 3.99 8.53 4.41 628.40 3.28 13.89 165.50 41.18 969.09

1.79 11.92 25.09 5.28 2.13 44.80 2.84 4.16 9.13 4.63 616.59 3.52 12.18 161.49 42.61 948.16

1.88 11.39 25.14 5.17 2.31 39.47 2.64 4.41 8.85 4.56 595.15 3.10 11.73 150.08 42.95 908.83

1.91 11.82 24.57 4.95 2.53 38.86 2.81 4.27 9.28 4.05 581.39 3.25 11.42 142.94 49.64 893.70

1.85 12.76 23.89 4.63 2.57 35.73 2.46 3.84 7.87 3.24 603.03 3.34 13.64 141.22 50.56 910.64

2.06 11.70 24.33 4.52 2.86 39.06 2.44 3.65 7.12 2.87 613.97 2.91 13.88 139.59 50.15 921.14

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -31.7%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

58.04 4.60 170.22 22.09 30.40 2.64 12.19 6.86 8.23 3.65 5.89 2.07 3.13 3.55 1.53 2.57 2.21 4.46 11.36 6.02 2.88 53.43 5.43 423.43

59.63 4.80 175.77 22.64 30.98 2.73 11.82 7.31 7.77 3.76 6.31 2.07 3.33 3.68 1.87 2.55 2.61 4.31 12.00 6.96 2.96 59.35 5.71 440.92

61.78 4.74 179.90 25.29 28.08 3.05 12.64 7.45 8.67 3.92 6.94 2.11 2.93 3.71 0.93 2.66 2.52 4.14 12.83 8.06 3.24 56.32 5.80 447.71

45.04 2.77 132.51 13.63 25.01 2.03 16.52 4.14 5.82 2.54 4.48 1.59 2.42 2.94 2.06 2.12 1.48 3.09 10.06 5.80 2.25 44.89 5.01 338.19

46.42 2.88 134.29 14.11 25.25 2.10 13.53 4.16 6.08 2.80 4.66 1.58 2.43 2.95 2.62 2.18 1.60 3.16 9.87 5.73 2.44 46.65 5.08 342.58

48.83 3.01 136.39 15.51 26.26 2.45 12.46 4.93 6.10 2.93 4.87 1.63 2.67 3.11 1.62 2.25 1.85 3.20 9.61 6.32 2.70 48.42 4.92 352.03

48.64 3.16 140.58 15.95 27.55 2.10 10.84 5.03 5.89 3.08 4.85 1.58 2.60 3.12 2.72 2.23 1.88 3.29 10.19 6.06 2.52 48.64 4.97 357.47

52.49 3.49 147.66 17.20 28.51 2.18 11.26 5.73 6.18 3.25 5.11 1.44 2.68 3.18 2.72 2.28 1.97 3.60 10.58 5.76 2.41 55.80 4.98 380.46

53.08 3.96 153.50 18.44 29.83 2.64 11.15 5.95 6.54 3.46 5.40 1.72 2.96 3.39 2.69 2.36 1.99 3.95 11.38 5.78 2.57 53.03 5.05 390.80

54.88 4.37 161.79 20.14 30.43 2.64 12.22 6.20 6.85 3.30 5.60 1.96 2.87 3.55 2.66 2.44 2.08 4.23 11.72 6.44 2.83 56.85 5.11 411.16

61.47 4.93 183.17 24.40 28.79 3.28 13.20 7.80 8.19 4.08 7.15 2.04 3.01 3.92 1.08 2.75 2.55 3.93 12.69 8.66 3.08 59.26 6.03 455.46

36.5% 78.0% 38.2% 79.0% 15.1% 61.6% -20.1% 88.4% 40.7% 60.6% 59.6% 28.3% 24.4% 33.3% -47.6% 29.7% 72.3% 27.2% 26.1% 49.3% 36.9% 32.0% 20.4% 34.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

12.94 1.46 48.11 359.13 92.82 56.82 22.46 10.68 5.81 43.42 28.29 13.36 5.52 43.23 24.69 5.72 774.45

12.57 1.69 52.27 373.40 99.94 57.51 26.22 10.50 6.00 44.82 28.27 14.46 5.60 46.46 24.82 5.73 810.28

13.43 1.84 54.61 386.62 102.36 53.55 29.78 10.83 6.15 47.59 29.94 16.34 5.75 49.70 25.82 5.48 839.79

14.01 1.77 58.12 395.79 110.79 53.51 32.63 10.75 6.31 50.07 31.31 20.20 6.06 52.38 26.96 5.48 876.12

14.67 1.64 61.21 412.38 115.16 51.63 33.13 11.43 6.54 52.03 33.72 24.76 5.82 56.21 28.02 5.46 913.81

16.21 1.98 65.09 430.05 123.07 50.34 38.25 11.81 6.75 54.32 35.42 21.36 5.95 63.20 29.90 5.57 959.27

16.10 16.82 17.53 17.83 18.67 2.00 2.09 2.08 1.52 1.98 68.55 72.49 76.71 79.92 83.01 446.30 457.69 470.59 485.67 501.89 127.28 131.91 131.27 136.67 145.57 49.07 48.40 45.86 46.25 46.11 39.58 45.89 43.59 42.65 49.47 11.84 12.42 12.43 12.55 12.52 6.92 7.14 7.33 7.73 7.90 56.80 58.07 59.29 62.62 63.95 35.98 40.17 38.80 40.60 42.42 22.06 25.09 21.95 22.43 24.59 6.72 6.96 7.08 7.56 8.06 68.88 71.20 66.50 70.47 73.62 32.09 33.68 34.26 35.21 36.96 5.61 5.69 5.50 5.64 5.87 995.78 1 035.72 1 040.77 1 075.32 1 122.62

44.3% 35.6% 72.5% 39.8% 56.8% -18.8% 120.3% 17.2% 36.0% 47.3% 49.9% 84.1% 46.0% 70.3% 49.7% 2.6% 45.0%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

870.44 10.66 881.10

873.09 11.13 884.22

904.04 12.70 916.75

954.96 998.51 1 066.61 1 114.15 1 118.74 1 112.77 1 118.29 1 142.44 14.06 13.41 13.77 13.60 13.90 16.45 17.72 15.45 969.02 1 011.91 1 080.39 1 127.76 1 132.64 1 129.22 1 136.00 1 157.89

31.2% 44.9% 31.4%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.40

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

GDP using Exchange Rates PIB selon les taux de change milliards de US$ 95 selon les taux de change

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde *

14 364.0 16 147.8 16 573.5 18 104.8 19 767.3 20 238.4 20 938.4 22 509.0 23 207.6 24 015.9 25 057.0 25 994.9

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 568.1 12 971.6 13 081.3 14 187.3 15 354.9 15 801.7 16 293.3 17 600.5 18 126.3 18 741.4 19 610.2 20 367.0 3 867.0 4 325.5 4 310.2 4 761.8 5 186.3 5 309.9 5 415.7 6 029.8 6 228.8 6 442.2 6 714.1 6 943.9 5 247.4 5 788.8 5 856.7 6 276.7 6 683.2 6 805.3 6 995.3 7 361.9 7 565.5 7 773.4 8 086.3 8 366.5 2 453.7 2 857.3 2 914.4 3 148.9 3 485.3 3 686.5 3 882.3 4 208.7 4 332.0 4 525.8 4 809.7 5 056.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Parties de l'Annexe B Total Non-OCDE * Total OCDE

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

2 428.6

2 751.0

3 019.2

3 395.5

3 833.3

3 822.9

4 009.6

4 213.7

4 364.5

4 521.3

4 656.5

4 806.3

11 935.4 13 396.7 13 554.3 14 709.4 15 933.9 16 415.5 16 928.8 18 295.3 18 843.1 19 494.5 20 400.4 21 188.5

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

284.0 121.9 3 583.0 3 988.9

320.4 143.4 4 005.1 4 468.9

341.0 160.7 3 969.2 4 470.9

371.8 173.3 4 390.0 4 935.1

402.9 204.7 4 783.4 5 391.1

421.0 241.3 4 888.9 5 551.2

420.3 229.3 4 995.4 5 645.0

466.3 244.1 5 563.5 6 274.0

477.6 235.0 5 751.2 6 463.7

497.7 239.3 5 944.5 6 681.5

522.3 242.3 6 191.8 6 956.4

535.2 252.5 6 408.7 7 196.4

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

124.4 156.1 37.9 118.6 70.6 873.1 1 441.2 71.0 28.5 3.2 24.1 588.7 7.1 233.6 63.9 86.1 48.0 13.7 300.7 156.4 231.5 61.7 673.4 5 413.7 4 887.2

138.5 174.4 40.5 128.4 81.4 961.4 1 574.1 84.5 34.0 3.6 26.9 647.0 8.2 252.6 70.1 99.3 57.7 14.7 350.5 166.4 246.2 68.4 748.4 5 977.3 5 400.5

143.5 179.3 43.2 124.5 85.6 988.6 1 557.4 84.1 36.6 3.8 29.7 667.2 8.0 262.4 77.3 110.2 55.8 15.7 372.2 176.1 231.6 77.4 732.4 6 062.3 5 466.7

157.1 190.6 45.8 134.0 85.8 1 063.7 1 687.0 92.5 40.8 4.4 32.5 727.5 8.4 282.2 85.2 115.0 63.0 16.6 395.4 175.1 233.9 88.4 769.9 6 495.0 5 864.7

165.0 200.6 46.9 140.7 93.7 1 135.7 1 811.0 102.5 43.7 4.9 35.9 795.8 8.9 295.3 92.0 114.4 68.4 17.0 401.4 185.0 240.7 89.2 816.4 6 905.3 6 256.4

168.7 209.5 47.8 137.0 100.6 1 168.1 1 837.7 101.6 45.2 5.4 38.3 829.9 8.9 297.4 97.5 103.4 72.7 17.3 409.7 187.8 255.7 91.2 787.6 7 019.1 6 355.5

176.7 210.9 49.2 143.2 106.6 1 216.7 1 864.9 99.4 46.8 5.4 39.1 845.5 9.3 298.9 101.1 104.0 74.1 17.9 425.0 193.6 253.3 99.2 832.3 7 213.1 6 536.3

181.3 220.4 50.5 153.5 113.7 1 254.7 1 966.8 103.9 48.4 5.8 42.0 894.6 10.2 318.3 112.6 115.9 74.8 18.9 438.7 206.3 269.9 110.3 884.1 7 595.5 6 863.3

185.5 224.2 51.5 159.7 116.5 1 284.9 2 016.4 104.4 48.8 6.2 41.8 917.2 10.9 327.0 116.6 120.8 77.9 19.6 452.8 211.9 274.3 118.1 919.0 7 806.4 7 050.3

188.7 230.5 51.8 159.7 121.4 1 317.4 2 050.4 102.1 51.6 6.7 43.8 944.6 11.2 331.7 119.0 122.7 82.9 20.1 478.3 219.0 276.3 129.2 960.4 8 019.7 7 242.1

194.6 241.1 52.9 161.7 127.2 1 378.2 2 125.2 106.5 51.5 6.7 46.1 981.9 12.4 341.8 118.9 127.6 89.1 20.5 503.0 224.7 284.9 132.0 1 010.3 8 338.8 7 543.8

202.9 250.5 55.3 161.9 133.7 1 435.8 2 199.2 110.5 51.6 6.7 48.8 1 010.1 13.6 358.8 120.0 128.0 94.8 20.8 526.8 230.7 297.3 132.3 1 032.1 8 622.1 7 810.2

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

180.0 2 235.8 79.1 37.8 2 532.8

195.8 2 618.6 93.2 42.9 2 950.5

203.2 2 666.5 106.7 44.6 3 021.0

211.4 2 894.2 130.5 43.3 3 279.3

228.5 3 213.9 152.3 43.0 3 637.6

243.1 3 398.6 158.7 44.8 3 845.2

249.3 3 585.0 188.4 48.0 4 070.7

273.0 3 884.9 217.2 50.7 4 425.9

279.9 4 000.3 241.0 51.8 4 573.0

294.9 4 178.9 267.5 52.0 4 793.3

306.8 4 451.0 295.4 51.9 5 105.2

318.2 4 686.1 313.4 52.2 5 370.0

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.41

GDP using Exchange Rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 1995 US$ using exchange rates

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

26 386.3 26 676.8 27 160.3 27 524.2 28 363.5 29 144.6 30 081.8 31 131.5 31 816.1 32 746.0 34 026.0

29.0%

21 999.4 22 149.7 22 424.9 22 581.3 23 121.5 23 642.2 24 271.3 25 015.6 25 616.6 26 314.0 27 233.4 20 955.4 21 181.1 21 557.6 21 765.5 22 364.3 22 890.7 23 521.5 24 249.1 24 854.7 25 525.9 26 398.8 7 056.7 7 012.6 7 215.9 7 407.3 7 712.8 7 921.5 8 195.2 8 560.7 8 927.8 9 301.5 9 691.8 8 592.5 8 708.2 8 822.0 8 800.8 9 025.4 9 243.8 9 401.8 9 646.9 9 925.3 10 164.7 10 506.1 5 306.2 5 460.2 5 519.6 5 557.4 5 626.0 5 725.3 5 924.5 6 041.4 6 001.6 6 059.7 6 200.9 1 044.0 968.6 867.4 815.8 757.2 751.5 749.8 766.5 761.9 788.2 834.7 4 386.9 4 527.1 4 735.3 4 942.9 5 242.0 5 502.4 5 810.5 6 115.9 6 199.5 6 431.9 6 792.6

23.8% 26.0% 37.3% 22.3% 16.9% -20.1% 54.8%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

14 985.2 15 166.1 15 225.1 15 179.6 15 437.7 15 741.4 16 079.8 16 450.9 16 679.7 17 026.8 17 562.2

17.2%

Annex B Parties

6 340.6

38.3%

Non-OECD Total *

21 801.4 22 046.6 22 453.3 22 692.5 23 347.5 23 908.2 24 598.5 25 384.6 25 979.3 26 727.2 27 685.4

27.0%

OECD Total

4 584.9

4 630.1

4 707.0

4 831.7

5 016.0

5 236.4

5 483.4

5 746.9

5 836.9

641.9 337.5 8 285.9 9 265.2

6 018.8

World *

536.2 265.3 6 520.5 7 322.0

524.5 276.5 6 488.1 7 289.1

529.0 286.5 6 686.9 7 502.4

541.7 292.1 6 865.6 7 699.4

567.3 305.0 7 145.5 8 017.8

583.1 286.2 7 338.4 8 207.7

592.2 300.9 7 603.0 8 496.1

617.7 321.3 7 943.0 8 882.0

674.8 704.9 350.1 374.4 8 626.7 8 986.9 9 651.7 10 066.1

31.5% 41.1% 37.8% 37.5%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

212.5 257.9 54.6 163.5 133.7 1 473.2 2 270.3 110.5 50.4 6.8 52.9 1 030.1 13.9 373.5 122.3 114.1 98.6 20.2 546.5 233.2 308.4 144.6 1 040.2 8 831.8 8 010.4

219.5 262.4 48.3 165.3 125.4 1 487.9 2 334.8 113.9 44.4 6.9 53.9 1 044.4 14.7 382.8 126.1 106.1 102.9 17.3 558.9 230.7 306.0 145.9 1 025.9 8 924.2 8 123.4

224.6 266.6 48.0 166.3 121.2 1 510.1 2 387.1 114.7 43.0 6.6 55.7 1 052.3 15.4 389.3 130.3 108.8 104.0 16.1 562.8 226.6 305.6 154.6 1 028.2 9 037.9 8 224.9

225.5 262.7 48.1 166.3 119.8 1 496.7 2 361.1 112.9 42.8 6.7 57.2 1 043.0 16.7 392.7 133.8 112.8 101.9 16.4 556.2 222.5 304.1 167.1 1 053.9 9 020.8 8 189.1

231.4 269.9 49.1 175.4 124.5 1 527.6 2 416.5 115.1 44.0 7.0 60.5 1 066.0 17.4 402.9 141.2 118.7 102.8 17.2 568.7 231.6 305.7 158.0 1 103.0 9 254.5 8 413.6

235.2 276.9 52.0 180.2 129.3 1 553.1 2 458.3 117.6 44.7 7.0 66.5 1 097.2 18.1 414.8 146.6 127.1 107.2 18.4 584.2 240.2 307.3 169.3 1 134.9 9 486.0 8 613.7

239.9 280.2 54.3 184.8 134.5 1 570.3 2 477.1 120.3 45.3 7.3 71.7 1 109.2 18.7 427.4 153.8 134.7 111.3 19.5 598.4 242.8 308.2 181.2 1 164.7 9 655.6 8 751.3

243.7 252.3 259.3 267.0 290.2 296.7 305.6 318.0 53.9 53.2 53.0 54.6 190.3 195.5 199.7 206.1 142.9 150.6 156.6 165.5 1 600.2 1 654.6 1 702.9 1 755.6 2 511.7 2 560.8 2 608.1 2 686.5 124.7 128.9 133.3 139.1 47.3 49.6 51.7 54.4 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.8 79.5 86.3 95.7 106.6 1 131.7 1 152.2 1 170.7 1 204.9 20.4 21.6 22.9 24.6 443.8 463.1 480.3 496.9 161.0 164.9 166.7 170.5 143.9 150.9 157.0 163.3 115.7 121.0 125.1 129.3 20.7 21.6 22.0 22.5 622.5 649.5 676.3 704.1 247.8 256.7 268.3 277.9 313.6 320.9 326.2 335.9 194.8 200.8 191.4 205.1 1 204.8 1 240.9 1 267.3 1 303.7 9 912.8 10 200.6 10 448.4 10 800.9 8 969.9 9 230.6 9 472.1 9 785.9

25.7% 23.3% -0.1% 26.0% 23.8% 19.2% 18.3% 25.9% 8.1% 29.5% 101.6% 17.0% 77.5% 33.1% 39.3% 43.2% 31.2% 11.2% 28.8% 19.2% 8.9% 41.9% 25.3% 22.3% 22.2%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

318.0 4 936.0 341.6 52.2 5 647.7

318.8 5 089.9 373.1 51.5 5 833.3

330.5 5 137.0 393.4 52.1 5 913.0

343.3 5 158.6 415.0 55.5 5 972.3

357.7 5 210.0 449.2 58.4 6 075.2

372.7 5 291.7 489.3 60.8 6 214.6

386.4 5 475.4 522.3 62.7 6 446.7

403.6 5 573.9 548.5 63.8 6 589.9

42.0% 15.1% 80.8% 31.6% 20.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

424.9 5 512.6 511.8 64.1 6 513.4

443.0 5 549.5 567.5 67.1 6 627.2

451.6 5 680.6 617.5 68.7 6 818.4

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.42

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

GDP using Exchange Rates PIB selon les taux de change milliards de US$ 95 selon les taux de change

1971 Total Non-OCDE *

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

2 428.59 2 751.04 3 019.20 3 395.45 3 833.32 3 822.86 4 009.63 4 213.68 4 364.52 4 521.33 4 656.53 4 806.34

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique ** Afrique

15.57 4.72 0.95 3.48 0.89 7.66 5.61 16.33 .. 3.46 1.88 4.30 3.17 46.69 13.73 2.28 1.99 16.07 2.58 95.51 3.08 2.68 0.77 5.69 2.92 3.48 23.45 288.95

20.59 5.12 1.05 3.76 1.05 8.29 6.19 16.78 .. 3.73 2.31 4.31 3.94 40.99 14.57 2.49 1.99 17.51 2.59 101.55 2.95 2.95 0.87 6.65 3.16 3.87 23.86 303.09

23.25 4.77 1.03 4.64 1.22 8.13 6.99 18.73 .. 3.78 3.84 4.04 4.13 37.70 16.55 1.93 2.23 18.45 2.90 113.11 3.80 3.20 0.93 7.71 3.29 4.05 25.18 325.54

26.53 4.38 1.09 4.98 1.12 7.75 8.47 24.23 .. 3.90 4.56 3.98 4.62 50.29 19.44 1.85 2.45 21.33 3.08 109.90 4.71 3.42 0.97 8.60 3.34 3.79 27.48 356.23

31.14 4.67 1.17 6.45 1.31 7.37 9.62 27.18 .. 4.06 3.48 4.21 5.32 58.93 20.83 1.89 2.44 21.46 3.16 116.69 4.21 3.58 1.03 9.75 3.25 3.81 28.95 385.91

32.33 4.61 1.38 7.40 1.81 7.71 8.87 31.02 .. 4.54 3.75 4.08 5.82 48.14 20.99 2.04 2.47 19.42 3.02 137.54 4.59 3.66 1.14 11.05 3.56 4.90 29.20 405.03

36.25 4.81 1.35 8.50 2.36 7.78 8.54 36.62 .. 4.95 3.83 3.63 5.99 46.04 22.88 1.60 2.41 18.35 3.56 129.20 4.84 3.60 1.04 11.51 3.39 5.11 30.51 408.63

39.70 5.27 1.56 9.87 2.50 8.25 8.68 41.41 .. 3.95 4.03 4.14 6.36 38.64 25.39 1.51 2.42 19.16 3.55 132.40 4.51 3.89 1.15 12.86 3.43 5.36 32.04 422.04

39.86 5.42 1.60 10.54 2.33 8.64 8.96 42.51 .. 4.33 3.99 4.36 6.81 35.28 27.49 1.47 2.53 19.64 3.71 132.82 4.64 3.96 1.17 12.68 3.46 5.48 33.09 426.76

39.58 5.85 1.57 10.32 2.33 8.87 8.93 43.58 .. 4.93 3.31 4.57 7.22 34.15 26.79 1.69 2.62 19.51 3.86 136.52 4.59 4.16 1.18 13.53 3.55 5.54 34.14 432.88

39.18 6.18 1.63 9.51 2.37 8.91 9.03 45.89 .. 4.96 3.73 4.82 7.67 34.39 29.59 1.83 2.64 21.44 4.05 141.83 4.66 4.33 1.26 13.54 3.77 5.96 36.20 449.35

40.91 6.21 1.58 9.34 2.43 8.80 9.30 48.17 .. 5.01 4.05 5.07 8.02 34.61 30.29 1.95 2.69 22.98 4.00 145.22 4.78 4.49 1.31 13.77 3.73 6.27 37.83 462.81

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

1.21 45.13 178.40 28.74 1.94 25.59 19.69 2.28 4.57 46.68 2.67 7.36 0.77 365.03

1.19 56.97 196.63 33.76 1.92 25.43 23.13 2.15 6.09 64.33 3.05 15.58 0.92 431.15

2.23 65.40 226.76 37.27 1.90 21.16 19.30 2.98 4.63 70.06 4.53 18.95 1.09 476.26

3.17 75.63 274.63 37.76 2.52 23.06 15.22 3.63 4.77 85.44 4.96 25.60 1.36 557.74

3.39 61.91 415.72 42.06 3.33 28.20 16.14 3.64 5.44 100.36 5.59 31.22 1.82 718.83

3.42 52.37 205.86 47.27 4.14 18.13 17.29 4.52 6.24 110.11 6.86 40.59 2.04 518.84

3.36 67.99 254.71 49.81 4.54 17.55 9.94 5.89 6.00 98.68 7.10 35.23 2.29 563.10

3.36 69.55 218.28 52.00 5.10 17.68 10.09 7.83 6.03 92.10 7.23 34.44 2.45 526.14

3.40 63.22 176.26 54.49 5.46 19.20 8.18 7.99 6.25 97.22 6.87 27.97 2.58 479.10

3.76 63.25 173.66 58.40 5.62 20.76 6.64 7.71 6.31 95.89 7.00 29.72 2.70 481.41

4.02 60.45 156.29 59.59 5.51 18.68 8.59 8.17 6.61 103.14 7.93 29.00 3.15 471.13

4.03 63.15 168.01 60.10 4.77 23.51 4.94 8.45 6.95 103.32 7.22 32.93 3.33 490.73

1.42 6.41 3.01 0.24 0.64 18.21 52.14 .. .. .. .. .. 82.07

1.72 7.47 3.29 0.29 0.75 22.24 55.39 .. .. .. .. .. 91.15

1.78 8.74 2.22 0.30 0.98 27.56 64.01 .. .. .. .. .. 105.59

2.03 9.89 3.10 0.36 1.29 33.94 73.04 .. .. .. .. .. 123.66

2.29 11.14 3.68 0.36 1.58 38.45 83.96 .. .. .. .. .. 141.46

2.57 12.35 3.98 0.33 1.75 39.32 87.18 .. .. .. .. .. 147.50

2.68 13.08 4.46 0.34 1.78 43.44 86.73 .. .. .. .. .. 152.51

2.69 13.88 5.09 0.36 1.84 45.96 87.70 .. .. .. .. .. 157.52

2.84 14.47 5.28 0.37 1.92 47.06 90.81 .. .. .. .. .. 162.74

2.82 15.34 5.65 0.39 2.00 44.70 89.97 .. .. .. .. .. 160.86

2.78 17.02 6.14 0.40 2.16 44.48 87.59 .. .. .. .. .. 160.57

3.05 16.46 6.63 0.42 2.34 41.90 88.06 .. .. .. .. .. 158.86

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie *** Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises. ** Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique. *** L'ex-Yougoslavie ne correspond pas à la somme des 5 républiques du fait de différentes sources de données.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.43

GDP using Exchange Rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 1995 US$ using exchange rates

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

4 584.88 4 630.15 4 707.00 4 831.67 5 016.01 5 236.37 5 483.39 5 746.85 5 836.86 6 018.76 6 340.55

38.3%

Non-OECD Total *

41.23 6.19 1.63 8.77 2.46 8.22 9.20 50.92 .. 5.13 4.26 5.24 8.36 37.00 31.51 1.97 2.75 24.86 4.15 144.76 4.76 4.81 1.30 14.87 3.72 6.71 38.65 473.42

40.74 6.23 1.71 8.43 2.52 7.53 9.20 51.46 .. 4.89 4.52 5.51 8.48 38.85 33.68 2.06 2.98 26.05 4.13 143.29 5.05 4.91 1.30 15.45 3.72 7.08 39.54 479.30

41.47 5.91 1.78 8.17 2.58 6.74 9.18 53.75 0.52 4.64 4.38 5.73 8.41 33.76 32.32 1.90 3.19 26.81 4.23 140.23 5.30 4.94 1.24 16.65 3.65 6.44 40.03 473.93

40.60 4.51 1.84 7.91 2.55 5.83 9.16 55.30 0.51 5.26 4.48 6.00 8.44 29.85 32.00 2.06 3.14 27.40 4.13 141.96 5.53 5.00 1.06 17.02 3.90 6.51 40.67 472.58

40.24 4.57 1.92 7.71 2.41 5.60 9.34 57.48 0.56 5.45 4.64 6.21 8.67 29.13 35.31 2.22 3.37 27.42 4.25 146.55 5.75 5.07 1.21 17.58 3.56 7.11 40.15 483.46

41.76 5.04 2.01 7.97 2.51 5.64 9.99 60.16 0.57 5.78 4.96 6.46 9.05 29.72 32.99 2.31 3.50 28.11 4.48 151.11 7.19 5.26 1.31 17.99 3.47 7.12 42.23 498.68

43.48 5.54 2.12 8.36 2.40 5.59 10.68 63.17 0.61 6.39 5.21 6.76 9.42 30.16 37.02 2.48 3.62 29.32 4.70 157.39 7.48 5.50 1.43 19.26 3.70 7.86 44.42 524.05

43.96 5.89 2.24 8.79 2.35 5.27 11.32 66.64 0.66 6.73 5.51 7.04 9.62 30.29 36.19 2.75 3.78 30.11 4.95 161.31 8.21 5.69 1.49 20.30 3.82 8.07 46.47 539.44

46.20 6.30 2.35 9.23 2.43 5.43 11.98 70.36 0.69 6.65 5.63 7.37 9.77 30.47 38.97 3.10 3.91 30.68 5.23 162.42 8.71 5.90 1.45 21.27 3.75 8.30 48.56 557.08

47.68 6.51 2.46 9.64 2.35 4.87 12.17 74.60 0.69 7.07 5.28 7.69 9.90 32.11 38.98 3.33 4.07 31.01 5.50 165.47 9.16 6.11 1.49 22.56 3.83 8.24 50.51 573.26

48.82 6.65 2.60 10.04 2.54 4.66 11.89 78.42 0.64 7.45 5.39 7.98 9.88 34.20 39.32 3.38 4.23 32.18 5.81 170.57 9.92 6.42 1.48 23.62 3.96 7.84 52.97 592.85

18.4% 7.4% 59.2% 14.6% 3.4% -43.3% 29.3% 54.0% .. 45.1% 26.3% 52.4% 18.1% -7.6% 24.8% 71.8% 54.0% 29.4% 39.9% 17.8% 108.3% 33.5% 13.4% 58.9% 6.5% 16.9% 37.1% 25.2%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa ** Africa

4.21 70.25 116.43 64.21 4.82 15.80 6.26 9.08 7.14 112.25 7.77 38.70 3.23 460.15

4.69 77.72 57.52 69.16 4.91 9.66 8.65 9.92 7.08 124.01 8.39 38.79 3.29 423.75

5.00 82.46 66.02 73.05 5.83 18.08 9.03 10.59 7.77 127.46 9.52 39.83 3.56 458.20

5.64 84.20 46.02 77.11 6.10 24.23 9.67 11.33 7.72 126.65 10.01 39.47 3.71 451.85

5.63 84.94 46.42 82.45 6.40 26.27 10.44 11.73 7.91 127.26 10.78 40.34 3.79 464.36

5.85 87.38 44.56 88.24 6.81 26.56 11.12 12.10 8.14 127.82 11.40 42.81 4.20 476.99

6.09 92.21 45.50 92.69 6.96 25.68 11.56 12.45 8.53 129.61 12.23 47.11 4.45 495.06

6.28 95.33 56.87 95.67 7.17 25.93 12.03 13.22 10.58 132.20 12.54 48.12 4.81 520.74

6.58 97.24 65.40 98.19 7.38 26.89 12.39 13.58 11.00 134.50 13.49 45.40 5.04 537.07

6.84 99.64 71.94 100.36 7.60 26.43 12.51 13.55 11.03 133.44 13.25 46.53 5.23 548.34

7.20 104.99 81.29 106.38 7.90 26.88 12.51 14.24 11.55 139.44 13.58 49.33 5.50 580.78

71.0% 49.5% -30.2% 65.7% 63.9% 70.1% 100.0% 56.8% 61.9% 24.2% 74.7% 27.4% 70.4% 26.2%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

2.76 14.96 7.12 0.43 2.49 39.51 80.07 3.06 25.96 5.65 19.30 25.66 147.33

2.00 13.70 7.17 0.44 2.64 34.40 69.64 2.69 20.48 5.30 17.58 22.68 130.00

1.86 12.70 7.84 0.44 2.77 31.38 58.01 1.99 18.08 4.95 16.63 16.35 114.99

2.04 12.51 7.89 0.44 2.89 31.86 51.08 1.45 16.63 4.58 17.10 11.32 108.72

2.23 12.74 8.36 0.44 3.06 33.12 53.27 1.55 17.61 4.50 18.01 11.61 113.21

2.42 13.11 8.86 0.44 3.25 35.48 56.19 1.87 18.81 4.45 18.74 12.32 119.75

2.65 11.78 9.03 0.45 3.38 36.88 60.57 3.47 19.92 4.50 19.40 13.28 124.73

2.46 10.95 9.25 0.47 3.54 34.65 65.49 4.74 21.28 4.57 20.29 14.62 126.81

2.65 11.33 9.72 0.49 3.66 32.97 67.71 5.21 21.81 4.72 21.06 14.90 128.54

2.85 11.60 10.16 0.51 3.81 32.22 67.11 5.73 21.74 4.92 22.16 12.56 128.25

3.07 12.28 10.65 0.53 3.99 32.75 70.11 6.07 22.54 5.14 23.18 13.19 133.36

11.2% Albania -17.9% Bulgaria 49.6% Cyprus 23.3% Gibraltar 60.4% Malta -17.1% Romania -12.4% Former Yugoslavia *** 98.3% Bosnia and Herzegovina -13.2% Croatia -9.1% FYR of Macedonia 20.1% Slovenia -48.6% FR of Yugoslavia -9.5% Non-OECD Europe

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage. *** Former Yugoslavia differs from the sum of the 5 republics due to different data sources.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.44

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

GDP using Exchange Rates PIB selon les taux de change milliards de US$ 95 selon les taux de change

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS *

.. .. .. .. 6.54 .. .. 4.73 .. .. 281.07 .. .. .. .. 562.16

.. .. .. .. 7.16 .. .. 5.26 .. .. 319.10 .. .. .. .. 641.22

.. .. .. .. 8.36 .. .. 5.89 .. .. 355.17 .. .. .. .. 702.79

.. .. .. .. 9.48 .. .. 6.42 .. .. 393.81 .. .. .. .. 781.85

.. .. .. .. 10.94 .. .. 6.83 .. .. 421.37 .. .. .. .. 843.24

.. .. .. 6.04 12.04 .. .. 7.42 .. 5.89 452.23 .. .. .. .. 875.58

.. .. .. 6.62 12.81 .. .. 7.99 .. 6.87 486.78 .. .. .. .. 929.72

.. .. .. 6.84 14.18 .. .. 8.41 .. 6.73 510.42 5.78 .. .. .. 953.10

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine ** Amérique latine ***

172.74 3.78 255.76 24.43 32.92 4.36 14.92 4.29 5.58 6.07 6.64 2.31 1.61 3.73 .. 1.96 3.86 2.64 32.46 2.63 11.24 46.85 11.47 652.24

180.48 4.27 326.65 23.03 37.83 5.09 16.17 5.34 8.00 6.76 7.61 2.37 1.84 4.09 .. 2.13 4.26 3.01 35.19 2.99 11.12 50.82 12.43 751.48

190.42 4.79 374.74 20.92 40.90 5.48 17.88 5.96 8.99 7.33 8.25 2.46 1.85 3.93 .. 2.43 4.43 3.46 39.75 3.34 12.14 53.38 12.18 825.01

199.51 5.29 430.38 23.52 44.65 6.30 20.49 6.68 10.46 8.22 9.55 2.68 2.26 3.59 .. 2.77 4.56 4.11 40.70 3.90 12.80 61.11 12.99 916.50

210.00 206.27 203.65 192.36 207.51 213.55 208.09 192.49 5.47 5.43 4.97 4.90 4.78 4.90 5.04 5.23 474.35 494.83 480.73 546.27 589.91 611.14 610.51 630.54 27.47 31.11 26.85 31.05 32.79 34.95 37.51 41.47 51.04 54.33 55.72 59.37 62.83 66.21 68.89 71.25 7.02 6.91 6.59 7.18 7.57 7.93 8.21 8.67 22.08 25.15 28.87 31.66 31.69 30.93 32.07 32.29 7.13 7.87 8.36 8.46 8.77 9.65 9.85 10.33 11.74 12.80 12.59 13.68 14.11 13.26 14.66 14.70 8.30 6.55 6.24 6.36 6.37 6.53 6.65 6.72 10.50 10.97 10.31 10.30 10.31 10.68 11.09 11.53 3.02 3.16 3.07 3.09 3.09 3.06 3.09 3.12 2.60 2.69 2.62 2.85 2.87 3.05 3.19 3.32 3.54 3.43 3.55 3.36 3.41 3.68 3.78 4.04 .. .. .. .. .. 2.30 2.47 2.51 1.87 2.07 2.14 2.02 2.00 1.99 1.74 1.71 5.23 5.77 5.81 6.26 6.48 6.36 5.51 5.60 5.09 6.35 5.93 6.35 6.35 6.63 7.05 7.46 43.18 47.70 41.82 45.23 49.75 53.73 49.05 43.32 4.70 5.19 5.47 5.57 5.39 5.14 4.94 4.90 14.33 15.40 12.47 12.51 13.61 14.70 14.92 15.08 63.02 60.01 56.56 57.49 61.24 63.41 67.12 61.35 14.94 15.42 15.94 17.16 17.70 18.88 20.10 21.05 996.61 1 029.39 1 000.24 1 073.46 1 148.52 1 190.34 1 193.05 1 196.15

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie ** Asie ****

15.63 2.86 39.21 117.88 37.43 2.31 15.73 4.66 1.73 16.71 33.43 12.67 4.38 28.21 7.57 11.17 349.24

13.89 3.34 50.13 120.61 44.33 2.94 19.22 4.73 1.77 18.04 38.39 15.98 4.67 32.42 6.92 11.98 386.41

15.72 3.50 53.21 133.26 50.95 3.63 20.99 5.19 1.91 19.47 41.97 17.73 5.14 35.55 7.65 13.15 425.39

16.65 4.67 66.76 145.39 58.67 4.56 25.23 5.83 2.06 21.28 48.23 20.48 5.59 42.70 8.29 14.00 485.80

18.96 6.11 82.03 145.71 68.61 5.69 29.43 6.53 2.20 23.85 53.58 24.31 6.28 49.62 8.37 14.90 540.49

21.21 4.56 93.45 165.50 80.68 6.88 33.81 7.50 2.33 28.37 58.27 29.23 7.02 55.27 8.29 14.89 610.37

22.97 4.79 104.94 184.51 88.46 8.31 38.06 8.27 2.34 32.28 61.51 33.80 7.67 61.48 9.58 15.63 676.27

25.03 4.72 121.81 201.76 98.10 10.00 40.55 8.93 2.73 36.49 52.84 36.02 8.46 68.04 10.78 16.41 732.65

26.12 4.59 135.99 211.59 103.95 10.38 41.02 8.83 2.85 38.49 54.64 36.84 8.83 71.81 11.08 17.14 773.76

27.21 4.68 153.32 221.68 109.46 11.06 43.23 8.48 2.90 40.98 57.00 40.43 8.98 78.64 11.48 16.84 825.29

28.00 4.73 165.34 243.68 116.42 11.69 47.53 7.52 3.12 44.10 60.85 45.13 9.20 89.09 12.07 17.28 894.03

28.70 4.68 178.95 259.69 127.00 12.38 51.83 7.79 3.26 46.29 64.62 49.47 9.42 99.95 12.95 17.52 962.12

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

103.72 25.18 128.90

115.05 31.50 146.54

126.34 32.28 158.62

131.29 42.38 173.67

155.24 51.54 206.78

173.93 62.22 236.15

211.27 67.90 279.17

274.09 74.69 348.79

297.53 82.98 380.50

330.78 93.73 424.51

366.08 101.19 467.27

381.15 103.79 484.94

* L'ex-URSS ne correspond pas à la somme des 15 républiques du fait de différentes sources de données. ** Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique. *** Exclue les Antilles néerlandaises. **** Exclue la RPD de Corée.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

1986

1987

1988

1989

.. .. .. .. 9.85 8.69 8.71 8.16 .. 28.05 29.13 31.58 6.91 7.16 7.36 7.59 13.02 13.18 13.92 12.92 .. .. .. 34.02 5.16 5.33 6.04 6.20 8.81 9.02 9.47 10.01 .. 8.82 9.82 10.15 7.26 7.35 7.47 7.90 522.67 526.33 550.02 560.47 5.98 5.91 6.73 6.29 .. 8.80 9.77 9.35 .. 102.43 105.06 109.13 .. 10.97 11.97 12.34 993.13 1 006.04 1 021.13 1 050.74

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.45

GDP using Exchange Rates PIB selon les taux de change billion 1995 US$ using exchange rates

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

5.47 7.20 31.15 7.05 11.01 32.45 6.56 9.89 11.11 7.71 543.65 6.25 9.42 102.18 12.54 802.10

4.83 7.15 30.77 6.49 8.79 28.88 6.04 8.86 10.48 6.48 516.21 5.81 8.98 93.61 12.48 757.37

2.81 4.64 27.82 5.11 5.25 27.35 5.20 5.77 8.25 4.60 441.20 4.12 8.50 84.53 11.08 646.24

2.56 4.09 25.71 4.69 3.18 24.83 4.40 4.91 6.92 4.54 402.96 3.45 7.65 72.51 10.83 583.21

2.70 3.28 22.70 4.59 1.85 21.71 3.52 4.95 6.24 3.14 352.31 2.71 6.33 55.88 10.26 502.15

2.89 2.89 20.34 4.79 1.90 19.93 3.33 4.90 6.45 3.09 337.71 2.38 5.87 49.09 10.17 475.72

3.06 2.93 20.91 4.98 2.10 20.03 3.56 5.07 6.75 2.91 326.23 1.98 5.48 44.16 10.34 460.47

3.16 3.10 23.29 5.51 2.32 20.37 3.91 5.51 7.24 2.96 329.16 2.01 4.86 42.84 10.60 466.83

3.39 3.41 25.25 5.76 2.39 19.98 4.00 5.72 7.61 2.77 313.03 2.12 5.20 42.01 11.06 453.68

3.50 3.67 26.10 5.70 2.46 20.52 4.14 5.78 7.31 2.67 329.94 2.20 6.09 41.92 11.55 473.54

% change 2000 90-00 3.71 4.07 27.62 6.07 2.51 22.49 4.35 6.16 7.60 2.72 357.32 2.38 7.16 44.35 12.01 510.51

-32.2% -43.5% -11.3% -14.0% -77.2% -30.7% -33.7% -37.7% -31.6% -64.7% -34.3% -61.9% -24.0% -56.6% -4.3% -36.4%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

187.87 211.67 236.95 250.94 265.59 258.03 272.29 294.38 305.71 295.31 293.77 5.47 5.76 5.85 6.10 6.39 6.69 6.98 7.33 7.71 7.74 7.93 603.42 611.27 608.21 638.01 675.66 704.17 722.90 746.54 748.18 754.09 788.03 43.00 46.43 52.13 55.77 58.95 65.22 69.95 75.23 78.18 77.29 81.45 74.11 75.89 78.84 83.08 87.93 92.51 94.41 97.65 98.19 94.21 96.86 8.98 9.18 10.02 10.77 11.27 11.72 11.82 12.48 13.53 14.66 14.91 31.34 27.99 24.75 21.07 21.22 21.74 23.44 24.03 24.33 25.83 27.28 9.73 9.82 10.61 10.93 11.39 11.94 12.81 13.86 14.87 16.02 17.26 15.14 15.90 16.47 16.80 17.53 17.94 18.30 18.91 18.99 17.61 18.02 7.04 7.29 7.84 8.42 8.93 9.50 9.66 10.07 10.43 10.78 11.00 11.89 12.32 12.92 13.42 13.97 14.66 15.09 15.75 16.54 17.17 17.74 3.12 3.25 2.82 2.75 2.52 2.63 2.71 2.74 2.83 2.89 2.92 3.33 3.44 3.63 3.86 3.81 3.96 4.10 4.31 4.44 4.35 4.56 4.26 4.58 4.67 4.76 4.81 4.85 4.79 4.71 4.69 4.66 4.70 2.70 2.59 2.73 2.68 2.73 2.76 2.69 2.69 2.61 2.61 2.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.76 1.84 1.93 2.03 2.11 2.26 2.36 6.05 6.62 7.16 7.56 7.77 7.91 8.13 8.49 8.86 9.12 9.37 7.69 7.88 8.02 8.35 8.61 9.02 9.13 9.37 9.33 9.37 9.34 41.09 41.98 41.80 43.79 49.40 53.64 54.98 58.69 58.38 58.93 60.77 4.97 5.11 5.02 4.95 5.13 5.33 5.54 5.73 6.05 6.36 6.67 15.13 15.66 16.91 17.35 18.62 18.35 19.37 20.35 21.27 20.67 20.41 65.33 71.69 76.03 76.22 74.44 77.39 77.24 82.16 82.30 77.29 79.77 21.67 20.79 21.33 21.86 22.59 22.78 23.50 24.58 25.39 25.80 26.80 1 172.32 1 216.21 1 253.68 1 308.47 1 378.26 1 421.79 1 469.06 1 539.37 1 562.29 1 552.44 1 601.91

56.4% 44.9% 30.6% 89.4% 30.7% 66.1% -13.0% 77.5% 19.0% 56.2% 49.3% -6.2% 37.1% 10.3% 0.5% 38.1% 54.8% 21.5% 47.9% 34.0% 34.9% 22.1% 23.7% 36.6%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America ** Latin America ***

30.61 31.63 33.22 34.74 36.16 37.94 39.69 41.83 44.02 46.16 48.91 4.81 5.00 4.95 4.97 5.06 5.22 5.40 5.62 5.68 5.68 5.88 188.60 202.85 216.57 230.25 245.30 260.08 274.82 293.42 307.50 324.11 343.55 274.39 275.55 290.49 304.88 328.03 353.22 378.77 395.61 419.31 449.08 466.68 138.43 150.79 161.67 173.40 186.48 202.13 217.58 227.81 197.90 199.58 209.10 11.92 11.30 10.44 9.99 9.81 9.36 9.01 8.40 8.31 8.31 8.31 56.50 61.89 67.39 74.06 80.88 88.83 97.72 104.87 97.16 103.06 111.62 8.01 7.96 8.73 9.26 9.95 10.64 11.32 11.97 12.56 13.14 13.79 3.41 3.63 3.77 3.92 4.24 4.39 4.62 4.86 5.00 5.22 5.56 48.35 50.99 54.98 56.04 58.22 61.20 63.56 64.21 65.84 68.25 71.28 66.59 66.20 66.43 67.83 70.81 74.12 78.45 82.52 82.05 84.83 88.23 53.91 57.76 61.52 69.34 77.24 83.39 89.68 97.45 97.50 103.22 113.43 10.02 10.48 10.94 11.70 12.35 13.03 13.52 14.39 15.07 15.72 16.66 111.11 120.62 130.37 141.30 153.95 168.28 178.18 175.61 156.69 163.31 170.34 13.61 14.43 15.67 16.94 18.44 20.19 22.08 23.88 25.27 26.48 27.93 17.55 18.22 18.92 19.57 19.93 21.32 21.83 21.80 21.80 22.35 23.27 1 025.90 1 077.99 1 145.62 1 218.19 1 307.04 1 403.98 1 497.24 1 565.84 1 553.34 1 630.18 1 716.22

59.8% 22.3% 82.2% 70.1% 51.1% -30.3% 97.6% 72.1% 63.1% 47.4% 32.5% 110.4% 66.3% 53.3% 105.2% 32.5% 67.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia ** Asia ****

162.5% 53.4% 139.2%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

396.35 107.32 503.67

432.78 112.75 545.53

494.52 119.81 614.33

561.49 127.16 688.64

633.51 134.02 767.54

700.22 139.24 839.46

767.29 145.49 912.78

835.11 900.25 963.75 1 040.31 152.72 144.62 149.00 164.61 987.83 1 044.86 1 112.75 1 204.92

* Former USSR differs from the sum of the 15 republics due to different data sources. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage. *** Excludes Netherlands Antilles. **** Excludes DPR of Korea.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.46

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

GDP using Purchasing Power Parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat milliards de US$ 95 selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat

1971 Monde * Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe B Total Non-OCDE * Total OCDE

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

16 328.5 18 337.5 19 213.1 21 078.8 22 854.7 23 756.4 24 755.1 26 705.7 27 651.6 28 840.8 29 997.8 31 079.1

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 784.2 10 950.1 11 048.9 12 004.5 12 969.8 13 316.3 13 706.1 14 837.2 15 290.6 15 818.3 16 527.4 17 134.5 3 912.6 4 377.0 4 365.0 4 821.5 5 251.0 5 377.5 5 483.2 6 104.7 6 305.4 6 522.2 6 798.0 7 029.9 4 406.1 4 874.0 4 948.6 5 314.6 5 655.9 5 756.4 5 927.5 6 243.4 6 423.9 6 620.1 6 890.3 7 123.1 1 465.4 1 699.1 1 735.2 1 868.4 2 062.9 2 182.4 2 295.4 2 489.1 2 561.3 2 676.1 2 839.1 2 981.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

5 826.0

6 559.2

7 246.9

8 076.4

8 787.3

9 273.7

..

..

..

..

..

..

9 868.2 10 590.8 11 062.0 11 674.3 12 072.5 12 498.1

10 502.5 11 778.3 11 966.2 13 002.3 14 067.4 14 482.7 14 886.9 16 114.9 16 589.6 17 166.5 17 925.3 18 581.0

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

329.6 264.6 3 583.0 4 177.3

371.9 311.2 4 005.1 4 688.2

395.8 348.8 3 969.2 4 713.8

431.5 376.1 4 390.0 5 197.6

467.6 444.4 4 783.4 5 695.4

488.6 523.7 4 888.9 5 901.2

487.8 497.7 4 995.4 5 980.9

541.2 529.9 5 563.5 6 634.6

554.2 510.0 5 751.2 6 815.4

577.7 519.5 5 944.5 7 041.6

606.2 525.9 6 191.8 7 323.9

621.2 548.0 6 408.7 7 577.9

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

91.3 125.2 92.9 79.0 52.6 674.6 1 024.7 81.0 59.2 2.7 23.7 618.5 5.4 185.0 44.3 183.6 60.9 34.3 307.1 114.7 136.1 126.6 652.6 4 776.2 4 096.5

101.7 139.9 99.5 85.5 60.6 742.9 1 119.2 96.4 70.6 3.1 26.5 679.8 6.2 200.1 48.5 211.7 73.2 36.7 358.0 122.0 144.8 140.4 725.2 5 292.5 4 537.2

105.3 143.8 106.0 82.9 63.7 763.8 1 107.3 96.0 75.9 3.3 29.1 701.0 6.1 207.8 53.5 234.9 70.8 39.1 380.2 129.1 136.2 158.9 709.7 5 404.6 4 596.8

115.3 152.9 112.5 89.2 63.9 821.9 1 199.5 105.6 84.7 3.8 32.0 764.4 6.3 223.5 59.0 245.3 79.9 41.5 403.9 128.4 137.5 181.5 746.1 5 798.6 4 932.8

121.2 161.0 115.2 93.7 69.8 877.5 1 287.6 116.9 90.8 4.2 35.3 836.2 6.7 233.9 63.7 243.9 86.8 42.5 409.9 135.7 141.5 183.1 791.2 6 148.3 5 263.4

123.8 168.1 117.3 91.2 74.9 902.5 1 306.6 115.9 93.9 4.6 37.6 872.0 6.8 235.5 67.5 220.6 92.3 43.3 418.5 137.7 150.4 187.3 763.2 6 231.5 5 346.7

129.7 169.2 120.7 95.3 79.4 940.1 1 326.0 113.3 97.2 4.6 38.4 888.4 7.1 236.7 70.0 221.7 94.1 44.6 434.1 141.9 149.0 203.6 806.5 6 411.7 5 500.3

133.1 176.8 123.9 102.2 84.7 969.4 1 398.4 118.5 100.4 5.0 41.3 940.0 7.7 252.1 78.0 247.1 94.9 47.1 448.1 151.3 158.7 226.4 856.8 6 761.9 5 775.3

136.2 179.9 126.5 106.3 86.8 992.8 1 433.7 119.1 101.3 5.3 41.1 963.8 8.3 259.0 80.8 257.7 98.8 49.0 462.4 155.4 161.3 242.3 890.6 6 958.5 5 934.2

138.5 184.9 127.2 106.3 90.4 1 017.9 1 457.8 116.4 107.2 5.7 43.0 992.5 8.5 262.7 82.4 261.7 105.2 50.2 488.5 160.6 162.5 265.3 930.7 7 166.4 6 104.1

142.9 193.5 129.8 107.6 94.7 1 064.9 1 511.1 121.4 106.9 5.7 45.3 1 031.7 9.4 270.7 82.4 272.1 113.0 51.2 513.7 164.8 167.6 270.9 979.1 7 450.4 6 363.8

148.9 201.0 135.7 107.8 99.6 1 109.4 1 563.6 126.1 107.2 5.7 47.9 1 061.3 10.3 284.2 83.1 272.9 120.3 51.8 538.1 169.2 174.8 271.6 1 000.2 7 690.7 6 587.8

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

188.7 1 237.5 83.5 39.3 1 549.0

205.3 1 449.4 98.4 44.5 1 797.5

213.0 1 475.9 112.6 46.4 1 847.8

221.5 1 601.9 137.7 44.9 2 006.1

239.5 1 778.8 160.8 44.6 2 223.7

254.8 1 881.1 167.6 46.5 2 350.0

261.3 1 984.2 198.9 49.8 2 494.3

286.1 2 150.2 229.3 52.7 2 718.4

293.4 2 214.1 254.4 53.8 2 815.7

309.1 2 313.0 282.4 54.0 2 958.5

321.6 2 463.5 311.9 54.0 3 151.0

333.6 2 593.7 330.9 54.3 3 312.4

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.47

GDP using Purchasing Power Parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 1995 US$ using PPPs

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

30 963.7 31 294.6 31 846.6 32 455.6 33 564.0 34 746.3 36 112.3 37 593.7 38 595.2 39 940.8 41 750.6

34.8%

20 283.4 20 403.4 20 597.9 20 646.1 20 974.7 21 417.6 21 939.8 22 642.1 23 214.4 23 897.3 24 811.7 17 583.7 17 718.4 18 062.0 18 285.0 18 818.6 19 295.8 19 840.5 20 512.1 21 114.0 21 726.3 22 508.1 7 142.8 7 096.9 7 300.9 7 494.3 7 803.9 8 015.2 8 290.3 8 659.9 9 030.8 9 409.9 9 805.0 7 321.4 7 416.8 7 517.4 7 518.0 7 695.5 7 897.9 8 049.6 8 277.8 8 520.1 8 710.8 9 014.3 3 119.5 3 204.8 3 243.8 3 272.6 3 319.1 3 382.7 3 500.6 3 574.4 3 563.1 3 605.6 3 688.8 2 699.7 2 685.0 2 535.9 2 361.1 2 156.2 2 121.8 2 099.3 2 130.0 2 100.4 2 171.0 2 303.6 10 680.3 10 891.2 11 248.7 11 809.5 12 589.2 13 328.7 14 172.5 14 951.6 15 380.8 16 043.5 16 938.9

22.3% 28.0% 37.3% 23.1% 18.3% -14.7% 58.6%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

13 053.0 13 202.8 13 175.9 13 011.8 13 071.9 13 288.8 13 506.3 13 816.4 14 006.1 14 346.4 14 859.7

13.8%

Annex B Parties

11 911.2 12 102.3 12 268.0 12 610.3 13 101.0 13 775.4 14 503.9 15 216.0 15 599.1 16 228.2 17 126.5

43.8%

Non-OECD Total *

19 052.4 19 192.3 19 578.5 19 845.4 20 462.9 20 970.9 21 608.3 22 377.7 22 996.1 23 712.6 24 624.0

29.2%

OECD Total

31.5% 41.1% 37.8% 37.6%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

World *

622.3 575.8 6 520.5 7 718.6

608.8 600.1 6 488.1 7 697.0

614.0 621.9 6 686.9 7 922.8

628.7 634.0 6 865.6 8 128.3

658.4 662.0 7 145.5 8 465.9

676.8 621.2 7 338.4 8 636.4

687.3 653.2 7 603.0 8 943.5

716.9 697.4 7 943.0 9 357.3

744.9 783.2 818.1 732.5 760.0 812.6 8 285.9 8 626.7 8 986.9 9 763.3 10 169.9 10 617.6

156.0 206.9 134.1 108.8 99.6 1 138.3 1 614.2 126.1 104.5 5.8 52.0 1 082.3 10.5 295.8 84.7 243.3 125.1 50.5 558.2 171.0 181.4 296.7 1 008.0 7 853.8 6 752.7

161.2 210.6 118.5 110.0 93.4 1 149.6 1 660.0 130.0 92.1 5.8 53.0 1 097.3 11.2 303.2 87.4 226.2 130.5 43.1 570.9 169.1 179.9 299.5 994.1 7 896.7 6 844.1

164.9 213.9 117.9 110.7 90.3 1 166.8 1 697.2 130.9 89.3 5.7 54.7 1 105.7 11.7 308.3 90.2 231.9 131.9 40.2 574.8 166.2 179.7 317.4 996.4 7 996.7 6 924.4

165.6 210.7 118.0 110.7 89.3 1 156.4 1 678.8 128.8 88.7 5.7 56.2 1 095.9 12.7 311.0 92.7 240.6 129.3 41.0 568.1 163.1 178.8 343.0 1 021.2 8 006.3 6 897.8

169.9 216.5 120.6 116.8 92.8 1 180.3 1 718.2 131.4 91.4 5.9 59.5 1 120.1 13.2 319.1 97.8 253.2 130.5 43.0 580.9 169.9 179.8 324.2 1 068.8 8 203.6 7 087.7

172.6 222.1 127.7 120.0 96.3 1 200.0 1 747.8 134.1 92.7 5.9 65.4 1 152.9 13.7 328.5 101.6 270.9 136.1 45.9 596.7 176.1 180.7 347.6 1 099.8 8 435.2 7 262.2

176.1 224.8 133.2 123.0 100.2 1 213.3 1 761.2 137.3 94.0 6.3 70.5 1 165.5 14.2 338.5 106.5 287.3 141.3 48.7 611.2 178.0 181.3 371.9 1 128.7 8 612.8 7 383.6

178.9 232.8 132.2 126.6 106.5 1 236.4 1 785.8 142.3 98.3 6.5 78.1 1 189.1 15.5 351.5 111.5 306.9 146.9 51.8 635.8 181.7 184.4 399.9 1 167.5 8 866.9 7 575.4

185.2 238.0 130.6 130.1 112.2 1 278.4 1 820.8 147.0 103.0 6.9 84.8 1 210.6 16.4 366.8 114.2 321.8 153.5 53.9 663.4 188.2 188.7 412.3 1 202.5 9 129.4 7 797.9

190.4 245.2 130.1 132.9 116.7 1 315.7 1 854.4 152.1 107.3 7.2 94.0 1 230.1 17.4 380.4 115.5 334.8 158.7 54.9 690.8 196.7 191.8 392.9 1 228.0 9 337.9 8 003.5

196.0 255.1 133.9 137.2 123.3 1 356.5 1 910.1 158.6 112.9 7.5 104.8 1 266.0 18.7 393.6 118.1 348.3 164.1 56.1 719.1 203.8 197.5 421.0 1 263.4 9 665.7 8 270.3

25.7% 23.3% -0.1% 26.0% 23.8% 19.2% 18.3% 25.9% 8.1% 29.5% 101.6% 17.0% 77.5% 33.1% 39.3% 43.2% 31.2% 11.2% 28.8% 19.2% 8.9% 41.9% 25.3% 23.1% 22.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

333.3 2 732.0 360.6 54.2 3 480.1

334.2 2 817.2 393.9 53.5 3 598.7

346.4 2 843.3 415.3 54.1 3 659.1

359.9 2 855.2 438.1 57.6 3 710.7

374.9 2 883.6 474.3 60.7 3 793.4

390.7 2 928.9 516.6 63.2 3 899.3

405.0 3 030.5 551.4 65.1 4 052.1

423.1 3 085.1 579.1 66.3 4 153.5

445.4 3 051.1 540.3 66.6 4 103.4

464.4 3 071.6 599.2 69.7 4 204.8

473.3 3 144.1 652.0 71.4 4 340.8

42.0% 15.1% 80.8% 31.6% 24.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.48

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

GDP using Purchasing Power Parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat milliards de US$ 95 selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat

1971 Total Non-OCDE *

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

5 826.05 6 559.17 7 246.90 8 076.44 8 787.25 9 273.70 9 868.18 10 590.77 11 061.97 11 674.32 12 072.50 12 498.09

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique ** Afrique

48.32 19.47 2.15 8.22 0.93 55.89 11.77 45.71 .. 18.75 2.53 18.98 9.53 38.42 33.79 9.73 .. 51.67 6.08 209.81 15.80 7.03 3.25 13.78 6.01 14.04 78.44 730.07

63.93 21.11 2.38 8.89 1.09 43.34 12.99 46.95 .. 20.17 3.10 19.04 11.81 33.73 35.85 10.61 .. 56.29 6.11 223.02 15.09 7.73 3.63 16.12 6.06 15.60 79.01 763.65

72.18 19.65 2.34 10.95 1.27 65.35 14.68 52.46 .. 20.48 5.16 17.82 12.40 31.03 40.71 8.23 .. 59.29 6.85 248.44 19.46 8.39 3.90 18.67 5.99 16.31 83.07 845.03

82.34 18.04 2.47 11.77 1.16 60.25 17.79 67.81 .. 21.08 6.11 17.58 13.86 41.39 47.85 7.89 .. 68.54 7.26 241.53 24.12 8.96 4.09 20.82 6.73 15.26 90.28 904.99

96.66 100.35 112.54 123.23 123.72 122.86 121.63 126.99 19.24 19.02 19.82 21.75 22.36 24.12 25.48 25.59 2.67 3.13 3.06 3.56 3.63 3.58 3.70 3.60 15.23 17.48 20.09 23.33 24.91 24.37 22.47 22.06 1.36 1.88 2.46 2.60 2.42 2.42 2.47 2.53 52.51 52.08 53.15 56.89 59.41 60.95 61.19 60.47 20.20 18.61 17.92 18.22 18.82 18.75 18.97 19.53 76.10 86.86 102.49 115.95 118.99 122.00 128.48 134.85 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.95 24.59 26.77 21.36 23.41 26.71 26.82 27.13 4.67 5.03 5.15 5.40 5.36 4.44 5.01 5.44 18.59 18.02 16.01 18.28 19.23 20.15 21.29 22.37 15.95 17.48 17.97 19.08 20.45 21.66 23.00 24.08 48.50 39.62 37.89 31.80 29.04 28.11 28.30 28.49 51.26 51.65 56.31 62.47 67.65 65.93 72.80 74.52 8.07 8.63 6.77 6.41 6.29 7.20 7.79 8.30 .. 5.89 5.76 5.77 6.05 6.27 6.32 6.43 68.95 62.41 58.98 61.58 63.13 62.68 68.89 73.85 7.46 7.13 8.40 8.37 8.75 9.10 9.56 9.42 256.26 302.17 283.83 290.81 291.74 299.86 311.49 318.98 21.55 23.51 24.79 23.08 23.78 23.52 23.85 24.51 9.37 9.60 9.43 10.20 10.39 10.90 11.35 11.78 4.30 4.77 4.35 4.84 4.92 4.95 5.27 5.49 23.62 26.78 27.89 31.16 30.71 32.77 32.79 33.36 6.24 6.65 6.38 6.54 6.59 6.78 7.23 7.16 15.34 19.75 20.59 21.60 22.06 22.31 23.99 25.24 94.34 95.02 98.64 103.05 106.06 108.81 114.88 119.49 960.40 1 028.11 1 047.43 1 097.33 1 119.86 1 141.21 1 185.00 1 221.63

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

1.64 152.34 70.65 16.00 4.65 27.95 27.83 6.80 6.08 72.51 9.81 7.90 1.83 405.97

1.62 192.31 77.87 18.79 4.59 27.78 32.68 6.40 8.10 99.91 11.21 16.71 2.20 500.17

3.04 220.75 89.80 28.05 4.55 23.12 27.28 8.88 6.16 108.81 16.63 20.32 2.59 559.98

4.31 255.30 108.75 51.64 6.02 25.20 21.51 10.81 6.35 132.70 18.22 27.46 3.25 671.52

4.61 209.00 164.63 39.92 7.95 30.82 22.81 10.86 7.23 155.88 20.54 33.49 4.35 712.08

4.65 176.78 81.52 50.08 9.91 19.81 24.44 13.48 8.30 171.01 25.18 43.54 4.87 633.58

4.57 229.51 100.87 53.74 10.85 19.18 14.05 17.55 7.98 153.26 26.08 37.79 5.46 680.90

4.58 234.77 86.44 56.20 12.20 19.32 14.26 23.35 8.02 143.05 26.55 36.94 5.83 671.50

4.63 213.41 69.80 58.89 13.05 20.98 11.56 23.82 8.32 150.99 25.25 30.00 6.16 636.85

5.11 213.51 68.77 63.11 13.43 22.69 9.38 23.00 8.39 148.92 25.72 31.88 6.43 640.34

5.47 204.07 61.89 64.40 13.18 20.41 12.14 24.37 8.79 160.18 29.14 31.11 7.52 642.67

5.49 213.16 66.53 64.96 11.41 25.69 6.99 25.18 9.25 160.47 26.53 35.32 7.93 658.91

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie *** Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

5.20 22.95 4.12 0.22 0.97 75.00 96.09 .. .. .. .. .. 204.56

6.29 26.75 4.52 0.27 1.12 91.59 102.10 .. .. .. .. .. 232.62

6.52 31.30 3.04 0.28 1.47 113.49 117.98 .. .. .. .. .. 274.08

7.43 35.44 4.25 0.33 1.94 139.86 134.63 .. .. .. .. .. 323.88

8.38 39.91 5.04 0.33 2.38 157.97 154.76 .. .. .. .. .. 368.75

9.42 44.25 5.46 0.31 2.63 161.98 160.69 .. .. .. .. .. 384.74

9.82 46.84 6.11 0.31 2.67 179.03 159.86 .. .. .. .. .. 404.65

9.86 49.73 6.97 0.33 2.77 189.05 161.64 .. .. .. .. .. 420.34

10.43 51.82 7.23 0.34 2.88 193.93 167.37 .. .. .. .. .. 434.00

10.35 54.96 7.74 0.35 2.99 183.75 165.82 .. .. .. .. .. 425.96

10.20 60.98 8.41 0.37 3.25 183.29 161.43 .. .. .. .. .. 427.92

11.20 58.97 9.08 0.38 3.51 172.23 162.31 .. .. .. .. .. 417.68

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises. ** Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique. *** L'ex-Yougoslavie ne correspond pas à la somme des 5 républiques du fait de différentes sources de données.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.49

GDP using Purchasing Power Parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 1995 US$ using PPPs

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

11 911.23 12 102.29 12 268.04 12 610.28 13 101.03 13 775.42 14 503.92 15 215.99 15 599.07 16 228.23 17 126.53

43.8%

Non-OECD Total *

128.00 126.46 128.74 126.04 124.90 129.65 134.96 136.45 143.41 148.00 151.55 25.52 25.69 24.37 18.58 18.84 22.80 25.09 26.66 28.50 29.47 30.09 3.71 3.89 4.04 4.18 4.37 4.57 4.82 5.10 5.33 5.58 5.91 20.71 19.92 19.31 18.69 18.22 18.82 19.76 20.77 21.82 22.78 23.73 2.55 2.62 2.68 2.66 2.51 2.61 2.50 2.44 2.53 2.45 2.64 56.49 51.74 46.30 40.07 38.50 38.77 38.42 36.23 37.32 33.44 32.00 19.31 19.32 19.27 19.24 19.62 20.98 22.43 23.77 25.15 25.55 24.96 142.53 144.08 150.47 154.80 160.91 168.42 176.86 186.57 196.98 208.84 219.55 .. .. 2.51 2.45 2.69 2.77 2.95 3.18 3.31 3.33 3.06 27.79 26.49 25.13 28.49 29.48 31.29 34.61 36.40 35.98 38.25 40.33 5.72 6.07 5.88 6.01 6.22 6.66 7.00 7.40 7.55 7.09 7.23 23.12 24.34 25.28 26.50 27.41 28.51 29.82 31.07 32.53 33.96 35.22 25.09 25.45 25.25 25.34 26.00 27.15 28.28 28.86 29.33 29.71 29.64 30.45 31.98 27.79 24.56 23.98 24.46 24.83 24.93 25.07 26.43 28.15 77.53 82.87 79.53 78.73 86.88 81.17 91.08 89.05 95.89 95.92 96.76 8.39 8.80 8.08 8.79 9.44 9.85 10.55 11.71 13.19 14.18 14.41 6.56 7.11 7.61 7.49 8.04 8.37 8.64 9.03 9.33 9.73 10.11 79.90 83.70 86.14 88.04 88.13 90.33 94.21 96.76 98.58 99.66 103.43 9.79 9.75 9.97 9.75 10.03 10.56 11.10 11.67 12.34 12.97 13.70 317.94 314.71 308.02 311.81 321.89 331.91 345.69 354.31 356.74 363.44 374.65 24.40 25.86 27.14 28.31 29.45 36.86 38.33 42.05 44.62 46.94 50.83 12.60 12.87 12.94 13.10 13.30 13.78 14.40 14.91 15.46 16.01 16.83 5.47 5.44 5.22 4.43 5.10 5.50 5.98 6.23 6.10 6.25 6.21 36.02 37.42 40.34 41.23 42.59 43.57 46.65 49.18 51.52 54.65 57.23 7.13 7.14 7.01 7.49 6.84 6.67 7.11 7.34 7.20 7.35 7.60 27.01 28.50 25.93 26.20 28.62 28.67 31.64 32.49 33.42 33.19 31.57 121.25 123.63 124.34 125.89 122.82 129.29 135.83 142.06 148.60 154.52 161.45 1 244.99 1 255.82 1 249.28 1 248.83 1 276.77 1 323.94 1 393.52 1 436.64 1 487.80 1 529.69 1 578.82

18.4% 17.9% 59.1% 14.6% 3.4% -43.4% 29.3% 54.0% .. 45.1% 26.3% 52.4% 18.1% -7.6% 24.8% 71.8% 54.0% 29.4% 39.9% 17.8% 108.3% 33.5% 13.4% 58.9% 6.6% 16.9% 33.1% 26.8%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa ** Africa

71.0% 49.5% -30.2% 65.7% 63.9% 70.1% 99.9% 56.8% 61.9% 24.2% 74.7% 27.4% 70.4% 41.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

5.73 237.12 46.11 69.40 11.52 17.27 8.85 27.07 9.49 174.34 28.55 41.51 7.69 684.65

6.38 262.34 22.78 74.73 11.73 10.55 12.22 29.57 9.42 192.60 30.81 41.60 7.84 712.56

6.80 278.37 26.14 78.94 13.94 19.76 12.77 31.57 10.33 197.97 34.96 42.72 8.49 762.76

7.68 284.22 18.22 83.33 14.58 26.48 13.67 33.78 10.27 196.71 36.77 42.34 8.84 776.88

7.66 286.74 18.38 89.11 15.31 28.71 14.76 34.96 10.51 197.65 39.59 43.27 9.03 795.68

7.96 294.98 17.65 95.35 16.28 29.02 15.72 36.08 10.82 198.53 41.86 45.92 10.01 820.18

8.29 311.25 18.02 100.17 16.63 28.06 16.35 37.13 11.34 201.29 44.94 50.53 10.60 854.59

8.54 321.81 22.52 103.40 17.14 28.34 17.00 39.42 14.07 205.33 46.06 51.61 11.46 886.69

8.95 328.24 25.90 106.11 17.64 29.38 17.51 40.48 14.63 208.89 49.55 48.70 12.02 908.01

9.31 336.33 28.49 108.45 18.18 28.88 17.69 40.39 14.66 207.25 48.66 49.91 12.47 920.67

9.80 354.39 32.19 114.97 18.88 29.37 17.69 42.45 15.37 216.57 49.88 52.91 13.10 967.57

10.13 53.59 9.75 0.39 3.73 162.74 146.89 9.78 36.85 10.35 26.61 74.21 387.23

7.34 49.07 9.82 0.40 3.97 141.55 127.19 8.60 29.76 9.81 24.24 65.59 339.34

6.81 45.50 10.74 0.40 4.15 129.16 112.12 6.36 26.29 9.26 22.93 47.29 308.88

7.47 44.83 10.82 0.40 4.34 131.13 93.67 4.64 24.16 8.56 23.57 32.74 292.64

8.17 45.64 11.45 0.40 4.59 136.30 97.32 4.94 25.57 8.41 24.82 33.57 303.86

8.89 46.95 12.15 0.40 4.87 145.99 103.17 6.07 27.32 8.32 25.84 35.62 322.43

9.70 42.19 12.38 0.41 5.07 151.76 113.15 11.34 28.94 8.41 26.75 37.71 334.65

9.02 39.22 12.68 0.43 5.31 142.57 123.42 15.50 30.90 8.53 27.98 40.51 332.65

9.73 40.59 13.33 0.45 5.50 135.69 128.91 17.81 31.68 8.82 29.04 41.56 334.20

10.44 41.57 13.92 0.47 5.71 132.59 124.96 20.10 31.57 9.20 30.55 33.54 329.66

11.25 43.98 14.59 0.48 5.98 134.77 131.89 21.71 32.74 9.60 31.96 35.89 342.94

11.1% Albania -17.9% Bulgaria 49.6% Cyprus 23.5% Gibraltar 60.4% Malta -17.2% Romania -10.2% Former Yugoslavia *** 121.9% Bosnia and Herzegovina -11.2% Croatia -7.2% FYR of Macedonia 20.1% Slovenia -51.6% FR of Yugoslavia -11.4% Non-OECD Europe

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage. *** Former Yugoslavia differs from the sum of the 5 republics due to different data sources.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.50

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

GDP using Purchasing Power Parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat milliards de US$ 95 selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat

1971 Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS *

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.93 74.70 80.97 .. .. .. .. .. 11.87 13.01 13.53 13.62 14.19 14.54 14.92 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.54 16.15 17.76 11.99 13.31 14.98 16.30 17.44 18.87 20.24 21.39 22.49 22.82 24.02 25.44 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.36 24.34 27.78 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 367.04 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16.13 16.69 16.49 18.79 17.57 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.68 25.18 24.11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 403.34 413.68 429.71 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 838.45 2 097.01 2 298.38 2 556.93 2 757.68 2 863.46 3 040.50 3 116.97 3 247.89 3 290.11 3 339.46 3 436.30

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine ** Amérique latine ***

127.89 133.63 140.98 147.72 155.48 152.72 150.78 142.42 153.64 359.04 284.84 278.88 8.14 9.18 10.29 11.38 11.76 11.67 10.69 11.78 11.48 11.76 12.10 12.56 412.99 527.45 605.11 694.95 765.95 799.02 776.25 882.09 952.55 986.84 985.82 1 018.15 20.81 37.42 34.69 39.09 45.64 51.70 44.61 51.60 54.49 58.08 62.32 68.91 83.54 96.18 104.34 113.83 130.36 138.69 142.12 151.51 160.29 168.99 175.82 181.84 8.52 9.93 10.69 12.27 13.68 13.48 12.86 13.99 14.76 15.47 16.00 16.91 17.90 19.41 21.46 24.59 26.50 30.18 34.65 37.99 38.03 37.12 38.49 38.75 11.90 14.83 16.55 18.54 19.80 21.84 23.21 23.50 24.35 26.79 27.36 28.68 11.27 16.17 18.17 21.14 23.73 25.87 25.44 27.66 28.52 26.81 29.63 29.71 14.49 16.13 17.49 19.61 19.79 15.64 14.88 15.17 15.20 15.58 15.87 16.02 15.24 17.47 18.94 21.93 24.11 25.18 23.67 23.64 23.67 24.51 25.47 26.47 8.72 8.94 9.29 10.13 11.39 11.92 11.60 11.66 11.64 11.56 11.65 11.77 5.45 6.22 6.27 7.65 8.80 9.09 8.88 9.65 9.72 10.31 10.78 11.25 7.20 7.89 7.59 6.93 6.84 6.61 6.85 6.48 6.58 7.10 7.30 7.80 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.23 2.40 2.43 8.60 9.36 10.67 12.17 8.24 9.09 9.43 8.90 8.81 8.75 7.66 7.53 6.58 7.26 7.55 7.76 8.90 9.83 9.89 10.66 11.04 10.84 9.39 9.54 6.38 7.28 8.38 9.95 12.34 15.37 14.35 15.38 15.38 16.05 17.07 18.06 59.27 64.25 72.58 74.30 78.83 87.09 76.35 82.57 90.82 98.09 89.56 79.08 4.32 4.93 5.50 6.42 7.74 8.54 9.02 9.18 8.88 8.47 8.14 8.07 15.56 15.40 16.80 17.72 19.83 21.31 17.26 17.31 18.84 20.34 20.64 20.87 78.31 84.95 89.24 102.15 105.35 100.33 94.55 96.10 102.38 106.02 112.20 102.57 16.14 17.21 17.14 18.15 20.54 21.08 21.19 22.58 23.29 24.61 26.03 27.16 949.22 1 131.47 1 249.72 1 398.38 1 525.61 1 586.25 1 538.52 1 671.81 1 784.36 2 053.10 1 994.14 2 020.57

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie ** Asie ****

62.62 55.70 63.05 66.76 76.00 85.02 92.10 100.38 104.73 109.11 112.26 115.09 2.60 3.04 3.29 4.39 5.74 4.28 4.50 4.43 4.31 4.40 4.45 4.40 47.09 60.21 63.90 80.20 98.58 112.34 126.27 146.64 163.65 184.43 198.82 215.12 567.47 580.82 641.74 700.03 701.60 797.01 888.53 971.61 1 018.91 1 067.57 1 173.46 1 250.68 103.12 122.09 140.27 161.54 188.92 222.11 243.56 270.08 286.20 301.37 320.54 349.69 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.88 32.84 35.86 43.11 50.28 57.77 65.02 69.28 70.08 73.86 81.20 88.55 57.85 58.69 64.39 72.37 81.10 93.10 102.64 110.77 109.60 105.21 93.27 96.71 9.01 9.25 9.98 10.73 11.47 12.14 12.22 14.23 14.88 15.13 16.29 17.00 58.28 62.90 67.88 74.20 83.18 98.94 112.56 127.24 134.23 142.90 153.79 161.42 110.11 126.49 138.27 158.83 176.47 191.93 202.59 174.04 179.99 187.75 200.42 212.86 10.20 12.86 14.28 16.49 19.57 23.53 27.21 29.00 29.66 32.54 36.33 39.83 16.70 17.81 19.61 21.30 23.95 26.79 29.23 32.27 33.67 34.26 35.10 35.91 60.55 69.58 76.32 91.64 106.51 118.64 131.96 146.04 154.13 168.80 191.22 214.53 40.78 37.32 41.21 44.69 45.13 44.69 51.63 57.34 59.44 61.50 64.68 69.44 29.34 31.96 34.98 37.53 39.69 39.51 41.47 43.04 44.77 42.56 41.83 41.18 1 202.60 1 281.56 1 415.03 1 583.80 1 708.18 1 927.79 2 131.50 2 296.37 2 408.24 2 531.37 2 723.64 2 912.40

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

470.71 24.47 495.18

522.09 30.60 552.69

573.32 31.37 604.68

595.77 41.18 636.95

704.47 50.09 754.56

789.33 958.71 1 243.88 1 350.14 1 501.16 1 661.36 1 729.76 60.45 65.98 72.58 80.63 91.07 98.32 100.84 849.78 1 024.69 1 316.45 1 430.77 1 592.23 1 759.68 1 830.60

* L'ex-URSS ne correspond pas à la somme des 15 républiques du fait de différentes sources de données. ** Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique. *** Exclue les Antilles néerlandaises. **** Exclue la RPD de Corée.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.51

GDP using Purchasing Power Parities PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat billion 1995 US$ using PPPs

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

10.36 9.15 7.12 6.37 6.71 7.17 7.59 7.84 8.42 8.70 9.22 26.28 26.10 24.54 21.03 16.79 14.80 14.99 15.86 17.45 18.74 20.82 79.86 78.90 71.33 65.91 58.20 52.15 53.61 59.72 64.73 66.93 70.82 13.93 12.79 10.09 9.25 9.07 9.45 9.82 10.87 11.38 11.25 11.98 33.83 27.02 16.13 16.72 9.75 10.00 11.06 12.22 12.58 12.95 13.19 163.21 95.07 94.37 85.34 74.56 68.44 68.79 69.95 68.62 70.48 77.24 18.71 16.44 14.38 12.14 9.70 9.18 9.83 10.80 11.03 11.43 12.01 25.11 22.50 14.67 12.49 12.57 12.47 12.88 13.99 14.54 14.69 15.66 35.73 33.41 26.35 22.07 19.91 20.57 21.54 23.11 24.29 23.34 24.25 26.17 21.38 15.23 15.06 10.41 10.26 9.66 9.81 9.17 8.86 9.03 1 330.61 1 444.30 1 377.42 1 253.98 1 095.99 1 050.46 1 014.72 1 023.90 973.77 1 026.32 1 111.48 17.46 16.22 11.52 9.63 7.58 6.64 5.53 5.62 5.92 6.14 6.65 24.29 23.15 21.92 19.73 16.32 15.14 14.13 12.53 13.41 15.69 18.45 402.31 368.58 332.84 285.49 220.01 193.28 173.87 168.67 165.39 165.06 174.64 30.72 30.57 55.11 49.79 46.97 46.54 47.33 48.51 50.60 52.83 54.94 2 608.29 2 455.25 2 093.02 1 884.98 1 614.51 1 526.55 1 475.34 1 493.41 1 451.29 1 513.40 1 630.35

-11.0% -20.8% -11.3% -14.0% -61.0% -52.7% -35.8% -37.6% -32.1% -65.5% -16.5% -61.9% -24.1% -56.6% 78.8% -37.5%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR *

272.43 306.98 343.63 363.94 385.17 374.23 394.90 426.92 443.35 428.30 426.06 13.14 13.84 14.06 14.66 15.35 16.07 16.77 17.60 18.52 18.60 19.04 974.37 987.04 954.02 957.70 1 015.34 1 058.20 1 086.33 1 121.84 1 124.32 1 133.25 1 184.19 71.45 77.15 86.62 92.67 97.96 108.37 116.24 125.01 129.92 128.43 135.34 189.11 193.66 201.19 212.00 224.38 236.06 240.91 249.17 250.56 240.41 247.18 17.51 17.90 19.54 20.99 21.99 22.85 23.05 24.33 26.39 28.59 29.07 37.61 33.59 29.70 25.28 25.46 26.09 28.13 28.83 29.19 31.00 32.74 27.01 27.26 29.46 30.35 31.62 33.15 35.56 38.48 41.30 44.49 47.94 30.61 32.14 33.29 33.97 35.43 36.26 36.98 38.23 38.39 35.60 36.43 16.80 17.40 18.71 20.09 21.30 22.67 23.05 24.03 24.87 25.73 26.23 27.29 28.29 29.66 30.82 32.07 33.65 34.65 36.16 37.96 39.43 40.74 11.76 12.26 10.64 10.38 9.52 9.94 10.21 10.35 10.68 10.91 11.03 11.26 11.63 12.28 13.05 12.88 13.40 13.89 14.59 15.02 14.74 15.44 8.22 8.84 9.01 9.19 9.27 9.37 9.25 9.08 9.04 9.00 9.07 2.62 2.51 2.64 2.60 2.64 2.67 2.61 2.60 2.52 2.53 2.63 8.95 8.91 8.95 8.91 9.21 9.61 10.06 10.58 11.01 11.82 12.33 10.31 11.28 12.21 12.87 13.24 13.47 13.85 14.47 15.10 15.54 15.96 18.62 19.08 19.42 20.23 20.85 21.83 22.11 22.68 22.59 22.70 22.63 78.37 80.07 79.73 83.53 94.24 102.33 104.88 111.95 111.36 112.42 115.93 8.19 8.41 8.27 8.16 8.45 8.78 9.13 9.44 9.97 10.48 10.98 20.93 21.67 23.39 24.01 25.76 25.39 26.81 28.16 29.44 28.60 28.23 109.21 119.85 127.12 127.44 124.44 129.38 129.13 137.35 137.59 129.21 133.37 27.81 26.83 27.57 28.33 29.37 29.67 30.77 32.31 33.29 33.91 35.20 1 990.97 2 064.09 2 098.47 2 148.56 2 263.30 2 340.77 2 416.64 2 531.58 2 569.84 2 553.15 2 635.13

56.4% 44.9% 21.5% 89.4% 30.7% 66.0% -13.0% 77.5% 19.0% 56.2% 49.3% -6.2% 37.1% 10.3% 0.5% 37.7% 54.8% 21.5% 47.9% 34.0% 34.9% 22.1% 26.6% 32.4%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America ** Latin America ***

122.71 126.81 133.20 139.31 144.99 152.13 159.17 167.74 176.50 185.10 196.11 4.52 4.70 4.65 4.67 4.76 4.90 5.08 5.28 5.34 5.34 5.53 226.74 243.97 260.56 276.97 294.98 312.97 330.50 352.97 369.21 389.15 412.11 1 321.44 1 326.94 1 398.99 1 468.24 1 579.76 1 700.98 1 824.05 1 905.20 2 019.25 2 162.64 2 247.39 381.13 415.16 445.17 477.44 513.42 556.56 599.09 627.24 544.89 549.51 575.73 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96.53 105.74 115.14 126.54 138.18 151.77 166.95 179.18 165.98 176.08 190.69 99.44 98.79 108.33 114.88 123.47 132.04 140.55 148.49 155.85 163.02 171.17 17.79 18.92 19.70 20.45 22.13 22.90 24.12 25.34 26.10 27.26 29.02 168.62 177.81 191.75 195.42 203.03 213.43 221.66 223.91 229.62 238.02 248.57 219.33 218.05 218.79 223.42 233.22 244.14 258.41 271.80 270.24 279.42 290.62 43.40 46.50 49.53 55.82 62.19 67.13 72.20 78.45 78.50 83.10 91.32 38.21 39.97 41.72 44.60 47.10 49.69 51.58 54.88 57.46 59.93 63.53 238.50 258.91 279.84 303.28 330.44 361.19 382.44 376.92 336.33 350.53 365.62 72.98 77.33 84.01 90.80 98.82 108.25 118.36 128.01 135.43 141.94 149.74 40.79 42.03 43.64 44.84 45.26 50.40 51.56 51.38 51.26 52.24 53.65 3 092.10 3 201.62 3 395.01 3 586.67 3 841.75 4 128.47 4 405.71 4 596.78 4 621.95 4 863.25 5 090.79

59.8% 22.3% 81.8% 70.1% 51.1% .. 97.5% 72.1% 63.1% 47.4% 32.5% 110.4% 66.3% 53.3% 105.2% 31.5% 64.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia ** Asia ****

1 798.73 1 964.06 2 244.20 2 548.18 2 874.92 3 177.78 3 482.11 3 789.86 4 085.46 4 373.63 4 721.01 104.28 109.55 116.42 123.55 130.23 135.30 141.37 148.40 140.52 144.78 159.94 1 903.01 2 073.62 2 360.62 2 671.73 3 005.15 3 313.08 3 623.48 3 938.26 4 225.98 4 518.42 4 880.95

162.5% 53.4% 156.5%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Former USSR differs from the sum of the 15 republics due to different data sources. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage. *** Excludes Netherlands Antilles. **** Excludes DPR of Korea.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.52

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Population Population millions

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde

3 739.35 3 892.59 4 041.78 4 187.55 4 336.88 4 486.86 4 643.42 4 801.24 4 884.33 4 969.89 5 056.75 5 143.39

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

1 028.89 1 047.76 1 064.22 1 080.01 1 095.67 1 111.76 1 125.75 1 139.65 1 146.73 1 153.75 1 161.13 1 168.64 741.21 756.34 768.80 780.41 792.25 804.68 815.36 825.55 830.89 836.22 841.99 848.22 229.65 234.43 239.12 244.02 249.31 254.83 259.70 264.35 266.78 269.29 271.86 274.67 390.88 396.77 401.17 405.19 409.40 414.13 417.78 421.39 423.32 425.27 427.67 430.27 120.68 125.14 128.50 131.20 133.53 135.73 137.88 139.81 140.79 141.66 142.47 143.28 287.68 291.42 295.43 299.60 303.43 307.07 310.40 314.10 315.84 317.53 319.14 320.42 2 710.46 2 844.83 2 977.56 3 107.54 3 241.21 3 375.10 3 517.67 3 661.59 3 737.60 3 816.14 3 895.62 3 974.74

Parties de l'Annexe B Total Non-OCDE

762.46

774.61

784.96

794.29

802.93

811.58

818.32

825.08

828.55

831.97

835.67

839.36

2 857.49 2 990.18 3 121.27 3 249.77 3 381.81 3 513.83 3 654.65 3 797.62 3 873.17 3 951.25 4 030.18 4 108.52

Total OCDE

881.86

902.41

920.51

937.78

955.08

973.03

988.77 1 003.62 1 011.17 1 018.64 1 026.57 1 034.86

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

21.96 50.18 207.69 279.84

22.49 53.60 211.94 288.03

23.14 57.08 215.98 296.20

23.73 60.56 220.29 304.57

24.20 64.07 225.11 313.38

24.82 67.66 230.01 322.49

25.37 70.82 234.33 330.52

25.84 73.96 238.51 338.31

26.10 75.50 240.68 342.28

26.45 77.05 242.84 346.34

26.80 78.61 245.06 350.47

27.29 80.17 247.39 354.85

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

7.48 9.66 9.83 4.96 4.61 52.53 78.35 8.83 10.37 0.21 2.98 54.07 0.34 13.19 3.90 32.80 8.65 4.59 34.19 8.10 6.34 36.55 55.93 448.46 343.87

7.57 9.73 9.92 5.02 4.67 53.42 78.96 8.93 10.43 0.21 3.07 54.75 0.35 13.44 3.96 33.37 8.64 4.65 34.81 8.14 6.44 38.45 56.22 455.14 347.70

7.56 9.78 10.06 5.06 4.71 54.02 78.68 9.05 10.53 0.22 3.18 55.44 0.36 13.66 4.01 34.02 9.10 4.74 35.52 8.19 6.40 40.03 56.23 460.53 350.52

7.55 9.81 10.19 5.09 4.74 54.47 78.17 9.31 10.64 0.22 3.27 55.96 0.36 13.86 4.04 34.70 9.46 4.88 36.37 8.25 6.32 41.77 56.19 465.60 352.84

7.53 9.82 10.30 5.12 4.77 54.95 78.10 9.55 10.70 0.23 3.37 56.32 0.36 14.03 4.07 35.26 9.66 4.98 37.11 8.29 6.35 43.53 56.24 470.63 355.22

7.55 9.84 10.30 5.12 4.80 55.54 78.42 9.73 10.70 0.23 3.44 56.51 0.37 14.25 4.10 35.90 9.85 5.06 37.74 8.32 6.43 45.54 56.35 476.09 357.83

7.55 9.85 10.32 5.11 4.86 56.14 78.12 9.85 10.66 0.24 3.51 56.56 0.37 14.37 4.13 36.57 9.96 5.13 38.12 8.33 6.48 47.86 56.38 480.46 359.07

7.56 9.86 10.34 5.11 4.90 56.67 77.67 9.93 10.58 0.24 3.54 56.59 0.37 14.49 4.15 37.20 10.01 5.19 38.42 8.35 6.53 50.31 56.69 484.70 360.16

7.57 9.86 10.34 5.12 4.92 56.94 77.69 9.97 10.53 0.24 3.54 56.60 0.37 14.57 4.17 37.46 10.01 5.23 38.54 8.37 6.57 51.43 56.85 486.88 360.90

7.58 9.87 10.35 5.13 4.93 57.22 77.72 10.00 10.49 0.25 3.54 56.60 0.37 14.66 4.19 37.66 10.00 5.25 38.63 8.40 6.62 52.56 57.01 489.02 361.66

7.60 9.90 10.36 5.13 4.95 57.52 78.12 10.04 10.44 0.25 3.53 56.63 0.37 14.76 4.21 37.86 9.97 5.28 38.72 8.44 6.67 53.72 57.16 491.60 362.82

7.62 9.94 10.36 5.13 4.96 57.83 78.68 10.09 10.40 0.25 3.51 56.67 0.38 14.85 4.23 37.96 9.94 5.30 38.79 8.49 6.65 54.89 57.36 494.29 364.25

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

13.07 104.75 32.88 2.86 153.56

13.51 108.66 34.10 2.97 159.24

13.89 111.52 35.28 3.09 163.78

14.19 113.88 36.41 3.13 167.61

14.52 115.88 37.53 3.14 171.07

14.92 117.65 38.72 3.16 174.45

15.39 119.26 39.91 3.23 177.79

15.79 120.75 40.81 3.27 180.62

16.02 121.49 41.21 3.28 182.00

16.26 122.09 41.62 3.30 183.28

16.54 122.61 42.03 3.32 184.50

16.83 123.12 42.45 3.33 185.73

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.53

Population Population millions

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

5 228.90 5 314.47 5 396.79 5 475.46 5 553.42 5 630.96 5 710.06 5 790.56 5 869.56 5 948.03 6 023.17

15.2%

1 176.06 1 183.05 1 189.56 1 195.82 1 201.10 1 206.13 1 210.45 1 214.86 1 219.04 1 222.99 1 227.15 854.87 861.48 868.17 874.67 880.43 886.35 891.80 897.35 902.58 907.81 913.34 277.68 280.71 283.78 286.81 289.65 292.43 295.18 298.07 300.81 303.49 306.17 433.20 436.09 439.07 441.98 444.38 446.62 448.74 450.82 452.76 454.89 457.26 143.99 144.68 145.32 145.88 146.40 147.30 147.89 148.45 149.01 149.43 149.91 321.18 321.58 321.39 321.15 320.67 319.79 318.64 317.51 316.46 315.18 313.81 4 052.84 4 131.42 4 207.23 4 279.64 4 352.32 4 424.83 4 499.62 4 575.70 4 650.52 4 725.04 4 796.02

4.3% 6.8% 10.3% 5.6% 4.1% -2.3% 18.3%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

855.73

1.6%

Annex B Parties

4 185.26 4 260.84 4 334.32 4 404.39 4 474.51 4 544.11 4 615.77 4 688.74 4 760.54 4 831.53 4 900.99

17.1%

Non-OECD Total

1 043.63 1 053.63 1 062.47 1 071.07 1 078.91 1 086.85 1 094.30 1 101.82 1 109.03 1 116.50 1 122.18

7.5%

OECD Total

842.60

845.59

848.06

850.33

851.85

853.15

853.78

854.38

854.90

855.20

World

27.70 81.75 249.98 359.43

28.03 84.67 252.68 365.38

28.38 86.24 255.40 370.02

28.70 87.80 258.11 374.61

29.04 89.35 260.62 379.00

29.35 90.90 263.07 383.33

29.67 92.45 265.50 387.63

29.99 93.99 268.09 392.06

30.25 95.52 270.56 396.33

30.49 97.43 273.00 400.92

30.75 97.22 275.42 403.39

11.0% 18.9% 10.2% 12.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

7.72 9.97 10.36 5.14 4.99 58.03 79.36 10.16 10.37 0.26 3.51 56.72 0.38 14.95 4.24 38.12 9.90 5.30 38.85 8.57 6.71 56.20 57.56 497.35 365.79

7.80 10.01 10.31 5.15 5.01 58.32 79.98 10.25 10.35 0.26 3.53 56.75 0.39 15.07 4.26 38.25 9.87 5.28 38.92 8.62 6.80 57.31 57.81 500.27 367.46

7.91 10.05 10.32 5.17 5.04 58.61 80.59 10.32 10.32 0.26 3.56 56.86 0.39 15.18 4.29 38.37 9.87 5.31 39.01 8.67 6.88 58.40 58.01 503.38 369.24

7.99 10.09 10.33 5.19 5.07 58.90 81.18 10.38 10.29 0.26 3.57 57.05 0.40 15.29 4.31 38.46 9.88 5.33 39.09 8.72 6.94 59.49 58.20 506.39 370.98

8.03 10.12 10.33 5.20 5.09 59.12 81.42 10.43 10.26 0.27 3.59 57.20 0.40 15.38 4.34 38.54 9.90 5.35 39.15 8.78 6.99 60.57 58.40 508.87 372.21

8.05 10.14 10.33 5.22 5.11 59.33 81.66 10.45 10.23 0.27 3.60 57.30 0.41 15.46 4.36 38.59 9.92 5.36 39.22 8.83 7.04 61.65 58.61 511.13 373.31

8.06 10.16 10.32 5.26 5.13 59.53 81.90 10.48 10.19 0.27 3.63 57.40 0.42 15.53 4.38 38.62 9.93 5.37 39.28 8.84 7.07 62.70 58.81 513.24 374.32

8.07 10.18 10.30 5.28 5.14 59.74 82.05 10.50 10.16 0.27 3.66 57.51 0.42 15.61 4.41 38.65 9.94 5.38 39.35 8.85 7.09 63.75 59.01 515.31 375.31

8.08 10.20 10.29 5.30 5.15 59.94 82.03 10.52 10.14 0.27 3.71 57.59 0.43 15.70 4.43 38.67 9.97 5.39 39.45 8.85 7.11 64.79 59.24 517.26 376.16

8.09 10.22 10.29 5.32 5.17 60.16 82.09 10.53 10.07 0.28 3.75 57.65 0.44 15.81 4.46 38.65 9.99 5.40 39.63 8.86 7.14 65.82 59.50 519.29 377.19

8.11 10.25 10.27 5.34 5.18 60.43 82.17 10.56 10.02 0.28 3.79 57.73 0.44 15.92 4.49 38.65 10.01 5.40 39.93 8.87 7.19 66.84 59.76 521.61 378.47

5.1% 2.9% -0.9% 3.9% 3.8% 4.1% 3.5% 3.9% -3.3% 10.2% 8.0% 1.8% 15.7% 6.5% 5.9% 1.4% 1.1% 1.9% 2.8% 3.6% 7.0% 18.9% 3.8% 4.9% 3.5%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

17.09 123.54 42.87 3.36 186.86

17.28 123.92 43.30 3.48 187.98

17.49 124.32 43.75 3.51 189.07

17.66 124.67 44.20 3.55 190.08

17.84 124.96 44.64 3.60 191.04

18.07 125.57 45.09 3.66 192.39

18.31 125.86 45.55 3.71 193.43

18.52 126.17 45.99 3.76 194.44

18.73 126.49 46.43 3.79 195.44

18.94 126.69 46.86 3.81 196.29

19.16 126.92 47.28 3.83 197.18

12.1% 2.7% 10.3% 13.9% 5.5%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.54

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Population Population millions

1971 Total Non-OCDE Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

2 857.49 2 990.18 3 121.27 3 249.77 3 381.81 3 513.83 3 654.65 3 797.62 3 873.17 3 951.25 4 030.18 4 108.52 14.17 5.69 2.77 6.78 1.30 20.86 5.74 33.65 1.88 29.70 0.52 8.87 11.90 2.07 15.71 9.60 0.81 54.70 4.28 22.60 14.83 14.11 2.08 5.21 4.30 5.34 68.31 367.77

15.07 5.92 2.90 7.14 1.37 21.94 6.23 34.89 1.98 31.28 0.55 9.38 12.77 2.25 16.50 10.01 0.86 57.84 4.54 23.66 15.71 14.97 2.21 5.39 4.55 5.71 71.21 386.81

16.02 6.19 3.05 7.54 1.45 23.15 6.76 36.29 2.09 32.95 0.59 9.83 13.74 2.45 17.31 10.50 0.90 61.24 4.81 24.73 16.66 15.90 2.26 5.61 4.84 6.10 74.74 407.69

17.03 6.49 3.20 7.99 1.53 24.57 7.30 37.95 2.20 34.76 0.63 10.18 14.79 2.66 18.12 11.11 0.94 64.93 5.09 25.81 17.65 16.91 2.35 5.89 5.18 6.47 78.59 430.31

18.10 6.85 3.37 8.48 1.62 26.10 7.89 39.86 2.32 36.70 0.67 10.50 15.94 2.91 18.95 11.77 0.97 68.98 5.38 26.94 18.73 18.00 2.45 6.22 5.55 6.89 83.24 455.40

19.26 7.30 3.56 8.98 1.72 27.70 8.51 41.94 2.44 38.77 0.71 11.03 17.26 3.19 19.82 12.42 1.01 73.41 5.70 28.26 19.91 19.18 2.60 6.56 5.93 7.40 87.66 482.18

20.53 7.82 3.78 9.50 1.82 29.43 9.17 44.17 2.56 40.99 0.76 11.74 18.54 3.49 20.72 13.06 1.05 78.22 6.03 29.72 21.14 20.44 2.77 6.91 6.31 7.98 92.57 511.18

21.88 8.38 4.02 10.04 1.92 31.35 9.88 46.51 2.70 43.35 0.80 12.62 19.87 3.79 21.65 13.54 1.11 83.20 6.38 31.31 22.43 21.78 2.98 7.26 6.70 8.62 98.01 542.06

22.51 8.66 4.15 10.33 1.98 32.38 10.24 47.70 2.78 44.66 0.83 13.10 20.56 3.93 22.12 13.71 1.15 85.72 6.56 32.12 22.96 22.47 3.08 7.49 6.90 8.94 100.97 557.98

23.15 8.93 4.28 10.63 2.04 33.46 10.62 48.88 2.87 46.09 0.85 13.58 21.25 4.06 22.60 13.84 1.20 88.27 6.74 32.93 23.45 23.19 3.19 7.69 7.11 9.28 104.24 574.41

23.78 9.18 4.42 10.95 2.10 34.60 11.00 50.07 2.96 47.64 0.88 14.09 21.95 4.17 23.08 13.94 1.26 90.87 6.93 33.73 23.92 23.93 3.29 7.86 7.32 9.60 107.44 590.93

24.39 9.39 4.56 11.27 2.16 35.77 11.40 51.26 3.05 49.34 0.91 14.61 22.65 4.25 23.56 14.04 1.32 93.51 7.13 34.49 24.37 24.69 3.38 7.96 7.55 9.93 110.49 607.41

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

0.22 29.35 9.67 3.07 1.57 0.80 2.68 0.74 0.12 6.00 6.49 0.25 6.40 67.36

0.24 31.20 10.32 3.28 1.69 0.89 2.82 0.79 0.15 6.58 6.96 0.35 6.63 71.88

0.26 33.21 11.02 3.46 1.81 1.01 2.95 0.85 0.17 7.25 7.44 0.51 6.99 76.91

0.29 35.39 11.78 3.61 1.95 1.14 2.93 0.94 0.19 7.96 7.92 0.71 7.54 82.35

0.32 37.79 12.59 3.79 2.10 1.30 2.97 1.04 0.21 8.87 8.42 0.95 8.21 88.55

0.35 40.54 13.44 3.96 2.27 1.45 3.04 1.16 0.25 9.91 9.00 1.13 8.86 95.35

0.39 43.60 14.34 4.11 2.46 1.59 3.15 1.29 0.30 11.10 9.68 1.29 9.47 102.75

0.43 47.10 15.32 4.23 2.64 1.71 3.28 1.40 0.36 12.38 10.40 1.38 10.08 110.69

0.44 48.82 15.84 4.30 2.74 1.79 3.34 1.44 0.39 13.04 10.65 1.43 10.39 114.62

0.46 50.42 16.38 4.37 2.85 1.87 3.42 1.49 0.42 13.72 10.97 1.50 10.71 118.58

0.47 51.90 16.94 4.44 2.95 1.96 3.49 1.53 0.44 14.42 11.34 1.59 11.06 122.53

0.49 53.23 17.51 4.52 3.06 2.05 3.56 1.58 0.47 15.12 11.72 1.71 11.44 126.43

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

2.19 8.54 0.61 0.03 0.32 20.47 20.58 3.77 4.44 1.65 1.74 8.99 52.74

2.30 8.62 0.61 0.03 0.32 20.83 21.00 3.89 4.48 1.70 1.77 9.16 53.71

2.40 8.72 0.61 0.03 0.33 21.25 21.39 3.98 4.51 1.76 1.80 9.34 54.73

2.51 8.80 0.61 0.03 0.34 21.66 21.73 4.02 4.54 1.81 1.84 9.51 55.68

2.62 8.83 0.61 0.03 0.36 22.05 22.07 4.06 4.57 1.86 1.88 9.69 56.56

2.72 8.88 0.62 0.03 0.36 22.35 22.49 4.13 4.61 1.92 1.92 9.92 57.46

2.84 8.91 0.63 0.03 0.36 22.55 22.82 4.22 4.66 1.94 1.93 10.07 58.13

2.96 8.94 0.65 0.03 0.34 22.73 23.17 4.32 4.70 1.97 1.97 10.21 58.81

3.02 8.96 0.65 0.03 0.35 22.82 23.32 4.36 4.72 1.98 1.98 10.28 59.15

3.08 8.97 0.66 0.03 0.35 22.94 23.46 4.39 4.74 2.00 1.99 10.35 59.49

3.14 8.98 0.67 0.03 0.35 23.05 23.60 4.42 4.76 2.01 2.00 10.41 59.82

3.24 8.88 0.67 0.03 0.36 23.15 23.68 4.44 4.77 2.00 2.00 10.47 60.00

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.55

Population Population millions

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

4 185.26 4 260.84 4 334.32 4 404.39 4 474.51 4 544.11 4 615.77 4 688.74 4 760.54 4 831.53 4 900.99

17.1%

Non-OECD Total

25.02 9.57 4.71 11.61 2.23 37.00 11.80 52.44 3.14 51.18 0.94 15.14 23.35 4.31 24.04 14.15 1.38 96.20 7.33 35.20 24.82 25.47 3.45 8.15 7.78 10.24 113.10 623.76

25.64 9.93 4.86 11.95 2.30 38.27 12.21 53.62 3.22 52.95 0.96 15.64 24.02 4.40 24.52 14.42 1.43 98.98 7.48 35.93 25.32 26.28 3.53 8.32 8.02 10.52 115.84 640.59

26.27 10.29 5.03 12.29 2.37 39.59 12.62 54.78 3.31 54.79 0.99 16.12 24.68 4.49 25.00 14.69 1.48 101.88 7.66 36.69 25.89 27.10 3.62 8.49 8.26 10.78 118.61 657.77

26.89 10.64 5.19 12.62 2.45 40.96 13.04 55.93 3.39 53.30 1.02 16.55 25.35 4.58 25.47 15.01 1.52 104.89 7.86 37.47 26.51 27.94 3.71 8.66 8.50 11.03 121.58 672.04

27.50 10.99 5.35 12.95 2.52 42.38 13.46 57.06 3.48 54.89 1.05 16.95 26.02 4.66 25.93 15.42 1.56 108.01 8.08 38.28 27.20 28.79 3.81 8.82 8.74 11.26 123.12 688.25

28.06 11.34 5.49 13.27 2.60 43.85 13.88 58.18 3.57 56.53 1.08 17.30 26.69 4.76 26.39 15.82 1.59 111.27 8.30 39.12 27.95 29.65 3.91 8.96 8.98 11.48 124.51 704.50

28.57 11.69 5.64 13.60 2.69 45.31 14.31 59.27 3.67 58.23 1.11 17.66 27.36 4.85 26.85 16.23 1.62 114.50 8.53 39.91 28.67 30.49 4.02 9.09 9.21 11.70 127.75 722.51

29.05 12.05 5.79 13.92 2.77 46.75 14.73 60.42 3.77 59.75 1.14 18.05 28.04 4.95 27.31 16.63 1.65 117.68 8.78 40.67 29.35 31.32 4.14 9.22 9.44 11.92 132.22 741.49

29.51 12.40 5.95 14.24 2.85 48.18 15.16 61.58 3.88 61.27 1.17 18.45 28.73 5.06 27.78 16.97 1.68 120.82 9.03 41.40 29.98 32.13 4.26 9.33 9.67 12.15 135.70 759.30

29.95 12.76 6.11 14.56 2.93 49.58 15.59 62.77 3.99 62.78 1.20 18.87 29.42 5.17 28.24 17.30 1.72 123.90 9.29 42.11 30.56 32.92 4.39 9.46 9.88 12.39 139.44 777.26

30.40 13.13 6.27 14.88 3.02 50.95 16.01 63.98 4.10 64.30 1.23 19.31 30.09 5.29 28.71 17.69 1.76 126.91 9.53 42.80 31.10 33.70 4.53 9.56 10.09 12.63 143.13 795.07

21.5% 37.2% 33.2% 28.1% 35.3% 37.7% 35.7% 22.0% 30.5% 25.6% 31.6% 27.5% 28.9% 22.7% 19.4% 25.0% 27.8% 31.9% 30.1% 21.6% 25.3% 32.3% 31.1% 17.3% 29.6% 23.3% 26.5% 27.5%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

0.50 54.40 18.08 4.66 3.17 2.13 3.64 1.63 0.49 15.80 12.12 1.84 11.88 130.32

0.51 55.28 18.64 4.95 3.55 1.36 3.71 1.76 0.49 16.30 12.52 2.01 13.41 134.49

0.52 56.18 19.20 5.12 3.73 1.42 3.78 1.89 0.49 16.83 12.93 2.08 13.85 138.04

0.54 57.09 19.74 5.26 3.91 1.46 3.86 2.02 0.50 17.28 13.36 2.23 14.31 141.54

0.56 58.01 20.27 5.40 4.06 1.50 3.93 2.08 0.50 17.74 13.78 2.29 14.79 144.90

0.58 58.95 20.78 5.55 4.20 1.59 4.01 2.14 0.51 18.21 14.22 2.34 15.25 148.30

0.60 59.88 21.31 5.69 4.33 1.70 4.08 2.17 0.52 18.69 14.62 2.46 15.69 151.73

0.62 60.88 21.85 5.84 4.46 1.81 4.15 2.26 0.53 19.18 15.02 2.58 16.14 155.29

0.64 61.85 22.33 5.96 4.60 1.87 4.21 2.30 0.55 19.69 15.40 2.72 16.60 158.72

0.67 62.76 22.80 6.11 4.74 1.92 4.27 2.35 0.57 20.20 15.79 2.82 17.05 162.03

0.69 63.66 23.26 6.23 4.89 1.98 4.33 2.40 0.59 20.72 16.19 2.91 17.51 165.36

37.4% 17.0% 28.7% 33.8% 54.2% -6.6% 19.1% 47.2% 20.6% 31.1% 33.6% 57.5% 47.4% 26.9%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

3.28 8.72 0.68 0.03 0.36 23.21 23.65 4.45 4.78 1.90 2.00 10.53 59.93

3.23 8.63 0.69 0.03 0.36 23.19 23.58 4.38 4.78 1.92 2.00 10.50 59.71

3.18 8.54 0.71 0.03 0.37 22.79 23.67 4.51 4.78 1.93 2.00 10.45 59.28

3.19 8.47 0.72 0.03 0.37 22.76 23.40 4.23 4.78 1.93 1.97 10.49 58.92

3.23 8.44 0.73 0.03 0.37 22.73 23.01 3.78 4.78 1.95 1.99 10.52 58.53

3.27 8.40 0.73 0.03 0.38 22.68 22.56 3.42 4.64 1.97 1.99 10.55 58.05

3.30 8.36 0.74 0.03 0.38 22.61 22.61 3.54 4.53 1.98 1.99 10.57 58.03

3.34 8.31 0.74 0.03 0.38 22.55 22.69 3.65 4.45 2.00 1.99 10.60 58.05

3.36 8.26 0.75 0.03 0.39 22.50 22.78 3.77 4.40 2.02 1.98 10.62 58.06

3.38 8.21 0.75 0.03 0.39 22.46 22.88 3.87 4.38 2.02 1.99 10.63 58.10

3.41 8.17 0.76 0.03 0.39 22.44 23.01 3.98 4.38 2.03 1.99 10.64 58.20

4.1% Albania -6.3% Bulgaria 11.2% Cyprus -3.4% Gibraltar 8.3% Malta -3.3% Romania -2.7% Former Yugoslavia -10.5% Bosnia and Herzegovina -8.3% Croatia 6.7% FYR of Macedonia -0.5% Slovenia 1.0% FR of Yugoslavia -2.9% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.56

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Population Population millions

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

2.58 5.28 9.12 1.38 4.75 13.31 3.03 2.39 3.17 3.64 131.16 3.04 2.25 47.70 12.34 245.13

2.71 5.49 9.26 1.41 4.83 13.72 3.16 2.43 3.24 3.74 132.67 3.23 2.38 48.35 13.11 249.71

2.83 5.69 9.37 1.43 4.91 14.14 3.30 2.47 3.30 3.84 134.20 3.44 2.52 49.02 13.92 254.37

2.94 5.88 9.46 1.45 4.97 14.43 3.43 2.50 3.35 3.90 136.10 3.64 2.65 49.48 14.73 258.93

3.05 6.08 9.58 1.47 5.04 14.73 3.56 2.53 3.41 3.97 138.03 3.86 2.79 49.85 15.58 263.52

3.14 6.27 9.71 1.49 5.11 15.02 3.70 2.56 3.43 4.04 139.94 4.08 2.93 50.22 16.36 268.01

3.24 6.46 9.84 1.51 5.20 15.32 3.84 2.59 3.49 4.12 141.67 4.33 3.08 50.56 17.33 272.58

3.34 6.67 9.98 1.54 5.29 15.62 4.00 2.62 3.55 4.19 143.86 4.58 3.23 50.92 18.11 277.48

3.39 6.78 10.04 1.55 5.33 15.78 4.08 2.64 3.58 4.23 144.89 4.72 3.32 51.10 18.55 279.96

3.44 6.89 10.11 1.56 5.38 15.93 4.16 2.65 3.62 4.27 145.91 4.87 3.40 51.29 19.01 282.49

3.45 7.00 10.14 1.57 5.42 16.09 4.23 2.67 3.65 4.31 146.86 5.02 3.49 51.52 19.56 284.99

3.48 7.09 10.17 1.57 5.45 16.25 4.33 2.68 3.69 4.35 147.72 5.18 3.58 51.77 20.10 287.40

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

24.37 4.32 98.35 9.67 23.12 1.79 8.69 4.55 6.15 3.71 5.40 4.60 2.67 1.90 0.16 2.19 1.55 2.41 13.57 0.98 2.82 11.09 2.88 236.91

25.21 4.53 103.13 10.01 24.24 1.87 9.04 4.80 6.52 3.92 5.70 4.76 2.83 1.96 0.16 2.34 1.64 2.52 14.35 1.00 2.82 11.87 2.95 248.15

26.05 4.76 108.13 10.34 25.38 1.97 9.31 5.05 6.91 4.12 6.02 4.92 3.02 2.01 0.17 2.50 1.72 2.66 15.16 1.01 2.83 12.73 2.98 259.72

26.87 5.00 113.40 10.66 26.59 2.08 9.54 5.30 7.32 4.33 6.33 5.09 3.22 2.06 0.17 2.66 1.81 2.83 16.01 1.04 2.86 13.67 2.99 271.83

27.68 5.24 118.87 10.98 27.82 2.22 9.72 5.56 7.74 4.52 6.65 5.26 3.45 2.10 0.17 2.83 1.91 3.02 16.89 1.07 2.90 14.64 3.02 284.24

28.52 5.47 124.36 11.32 29.09 2.35 9.72 5.84 8.18 4.64 6.99 5.45 3.69 2.16 0.18 3.02 1.99 3.21 17.76 1.10 2.93 15.52 3.05 296.54

29.40 5.67 129.83 11.67 30.37 2.49 9.90 6.15 8.64 4.70 7.36 5.65 3.93 2.24 0.18 3.22 2.08 3.40 18.63 1.14 2.97 16.35 3.10 309.06

30.31 5.90 135.20 12.05 31.66 2.64 10.12 6.44 9.10 4.77 7.74 5.86 4.18 2.31 0.18 3.40 2.17 3.61 19.49 1.18 3.01 17.14 3.16 321.61

30.76 6.02 137.84 12.24 32.31 2.72 10.20 6.58 9.33 4.85 7.94 5.98 4.32 2.34 0.18 3.49 2.21 3.72 19.92 1.19 3.03 17.54 3.19 327.88

31.21 6.14 140.44 12.45 32.96 2.80 10.29 6.70 9.57 4.93 8.14 6.09 4.45 2.35 0.18 3.57 2.26 3.84 20.34 1.20 3.04 17.97 3.22 334.15

31.66 6.28 142.99 12.66 33.62 2.88 10.41 6.83 9.80 4.94 8.34 6.22 4.59 2.36 0.19 3.66 2.30 3.96 20.75 1.21 3.06 18.43 3.24 340.37

32.10 6.42 145.50 12.88 34.29 2.97 10.52 6.95 10.03 5.02 8.54 6.34 4.73 2.38 0.19 3.74 2.35 4.09 21.16 1.21 3.08 18.93 3.27 346.68

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

68.24 71.87 75.59 79.39 83.34 87.62 92.21 97.09 99.62 102.19 104.79 107.41 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 15.00 15.57 16.15 16.81 17.48 18.14 18.73 19.26 19.46 19.67 19.90 20.11 560.27 586.22 613.46 642.13 672.02 702.82 734.07 765.15 781.89 798.68 815.59 832.54 120.39 126.41 132.59 139.10 145.26 151.31 157.16 163.04 166.02 168.99 171.99 175.06 14.75 15.42 16.02 16.52 16.96 17.44 17.97 18.53 18.82 19.12 19.41 19.69 11.13 11.69 12.26 12.84 13.44 14.11 14.85 15.68 16.14 16.63 17.14 17.67 27.48 28.79 30.16 31.57 33.00 34.41 35.80 37.16 37.83 38.50 39.17 39.84 12.12 12.62 13.14 13.69 14.26 14.87 15.51 16.19 16.55 16.93 17.32 17.72 62.54 66.65 71.03 75.63 80.35 85.10 89.83 94.79 97.35 99.95 102.62 105.27 37.61 39.77 42.02 44.36 46.79 49.22 51.67 54.23 55.55 56.89 58.25 59.64 2.11 2.19 2.26 2.33 2.38 2.53 2.68 2.74 2.73 2.78 2.85 2.93 12.61 13.09 13.50 13.94 14.47 14.99 15.42 15.84 16.12 16.36 16.59 16.81 36.85 39.11 41.36 43.57 45.71 47.69 49.54 51.15 51.95 52.80 53.69 54.62 43.73 45.83 48.03 50.30 52.57 54.72 56.66 58.87 60.25 61.75 63.26 64.77 17.51 18.42 19.37 20.38 21.33 20.14 20.05 20.55 20.75 21.05 21.46 21.94 1 042.46 1 093.80 1 147.10 1 202.71 1 259.56 1 315.29 1 372.35 1 430.47 1 461.26 1 492.52 1 524.28 1 556.26 841.11 4.01 845.12

881.94 4.17 886.11

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

916.40 4.36 920.76

943.46 4.51 947.97

969.01 4.98 973.98

993.89 1 023.31 1 051.04 1 066.79 1 084.04 1 101.63 1 118.65 5.12 5.29 5.46 5.52 5.58 5.63 5.69 999.01 1 028.60 1 056.50 1 072.31 1 089.62 1 107.26 1 124.34

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.57

Population Population millions

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

3.55 7.16 10.19 1.57 5.46 16.27 4.40 2.67 3.72 4.36 148.29 5.30 3.67 51.89 20.51 289.01

3.61 7.27 10.19 1.57 5.46 16.23 4.45 2.66 3.74 4.36 148.62 5.46 3.86 52.00 20.95 290.45

3.69 7.38 10.22 1.54 5.46 16.19 4.49 2.63 3.74 4.35 148.69 5.57 4.07 52.15 21.45 291.62

3.73 7.50 10.24 1.52 5.44 16.09 4.48 2.59 3.73 4.35 148.52 5.64 4.24 52.18 21.94 292.17

3.75 7.60 10.23 1.50 5.43 15.94 4.47 2.55 3.72 4.35 148.34 5.75 4.40 51.92 22.38 292.31

3.76 7.69 10.19 1.48 5.42 15.78 4.51 2.52 3.72 4.34 148.14 5.84 4.53 51.53 22.79 292.22

3.77 7.76 10.16 1.45 5.42 15.58 4.58 2.49 3.71 4.33 147.74 5.93 4.65 51.11 23.23 291.90

3.79 7.84 10.12 1.43 5.43 15.33 4.68 2.47 3.71 4.31 147.30 6.02 4.78 50.70 23.67 291.57

3.80 7.91 10.07 1.41 5.44 15.07 4.80 2.45 3.70 4.30 146.90 6.13 4.92 50.30 24.05 291.25

3.80 7.98 10.04 1.39 5.02 14.93 4.87 2.41 3.70 4.29 146.31 6.16 5.10 49.91 24.40 290.29

3.80 8.05 10.01 1.37 5.02 14.87 4.92 2.37 3.70 4.28 145.56 6.17 5.20 49.50 24.75 289.56

7.3% 12.4% -1.8% -12.9% -8.0% -8.6% 11.8% -11.2% -0.7% -1.8% -1.8% 16.3% 41.7% -4.6% 20.7% 0.2%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

32.53 6.57 147.96 13.10 34.97 3.05 10.63 7.06 10.26 5.11 8.75 6.47 4.87 2.40 0.19 3.82 2.40 4.22 21.57 1.22 3.11 19.50 3.30 353.05

32.96 6.73 150.37 13.32 35.66 3.13 10.74 7.18 10.50 5.21 8.98 6.59 5.02 2.43 0.19 3.94 2.45 4.35 21.97 1.23 3.13 19.97 3.32 359.35

33.40 6.90 152.73 13.55 36.36 3.21 10.82 7.30 10.74 5.31 9.22 6.72 5.16 2.45 0.20 4.06 2.49 4.47 22.37 1.24 3.15 20.44 3.35 365.63

33.85 7.07 155.04 13.77 37.08 3.29 10.87 7.43 10.97 5.42 9.46 6.86 5.32 2.47 0.20 4.18 2.54 4.59 22.76 1.25 3.17 20.91 3.38 371.87

34.30 7.24 157.29 13.99 37.81 3.36 10.92 7.56 11.22 5.54 9.72 7.01 5.47 2.50 0.20 4.30 2.59 4.71 23.15 1.25 3.20 21.38 3.41 378.10

34.77 7.41 159.48 14.21 38.56 3.43 10.96 7.70 11.46 5.67 9.98 7.17 5.63 2.52 0.21 4.43 2.63 4.83 23.53 1.26 3.22 21.84 3.43 384.32

35.22 7.59 161.67 14.42 39.29 3.50 11.02 7.83 11.70 5.79 10.24 7.34 5.78 2.54 0.21 4.55 2.67 4.96 23.95 1.27 3.24 22.31 3.46 390.54

35.67 7.77 163.86 14.62 40.04 3.58 11.06 7.97 11.94 5.91 10.52 7.49 5.94 2.55 0.21 4.68 2.72 5.09 24.37 1.28 3.27 22.78 3.49 396.79

36.13 7.95 166.05 14.82 40.80 3.65 11.12 8.10 12.18 6.04 10.80 7.65 6.10 2.58 0.21 4.81 2.76 5.22 24.80 1.29 3.29 23.24 3.52 403.09

36.58 8.14 168.23 15.02 41.54 3.73 11.16 8.24 12.41 6.15 11.09 7.80 6.26 2.59 0.21 4.94 2.81 5.36 25.23 1.29 3.31 23.71 3.55 409.35

37.03 8.33 170.41 15.21 42.30 3.81 11.19 8.37 12.65 6.28 11.39 7.96 6.42 2.63 0.22 5.07 2.86 5.50 25.66 1.30 3.34 24.17 3.58 415.65

13.9% 26.7% 15.2% 16.1% 21.0% 25.0% 5.3% 18.6% 23.2% 22.8% 30.1% 23.0% 31.8% 9.5% 13.2% 32.6% 19.1% 30.3% 19.0% 7.1% 7.4% 23.9% 8.4% 17.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

110.03 112.05 114.04 116.04 118.06 120.13 122.24 124.38 126.57 128.79 131.05 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 20.35 20.56 20.75 20.94 21.13 21.30 21.47 21.68 21.87 22.03 22.22 849.52 866.53 882.30 898.20 913.60 929.36 945.61 962.38 979.67 997.52 1 015.92 178.23 181.40 184.56 187.71 190.85 193.98 197.16 200.39 203.68 207.02 210.42 19.96 20.23 20.51 20.79 21.08 21.37 21.63 21.85 22.03 22.17 22.27 18.20 18.66 19.13 19.61 20.10 20.61 21.13 21.67 22.18 22.71 23.27 40.52 41.22 41.96 42.72 43.52 44.35 45.14 45.87 46.56 47.18 47.75 18.14 18.58 19.02 19.48 19.95 20.44 20.94 21.45 21.97 22.50 23.04 107.98 110.75 113.56 116.44 119.40 122.38 125.41 128.46 131.58 134.79 138.08 61.04 62.44 63.86 65.32 66.81 68.34 69.85 71.33 72.78 74.20 75.58 3.05 3.14 3.23 3.32 3.42 3.53 3.67 3.79 3.92 3.95 4.02 17.02 17.27 17.43 17.65 17.89 18.14 18.34 18.55 18.77 19.04 19.36 55.60 56.45 57.19 57.80 58.27 58.61 58.98 59.37 59.79 60.25 60.73 66.20 67.61 68.99 70.35 71.68 72.98 74.30 75.46 76.52 77.52 78.52 22.23 22.60 24.43 26.87 28.54 29.91 31.05 32.05 33.09 34.19 35.34 1 588.30 1 619.72 1 651.22 1 683.51 1 714.60 1 745.71 1 777.20 1 808.99 1 841.30 1 874.18 1 907.90

19.1% 31.5% 9.2% 19.6% 18.1% 11.6% 27.8% 17.8% 27.0% 27.9% 23.8% 31.9% 13.8% 9.2% 18.6% 59.0% 20.1%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

1 135.19 1 150.78 1 164.97 1 178.44 1 191.84 1 204.86 1 217.55 1 230.08 1 242.18 1 253.60 1 262.46 5.71 5.76 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.16 6.31 6.50 6.65 6.72 6.80 1 140.89 1 156.54 1 170.77 1 184.34 1 197.83 1 211.01 1 223.86 1 236.58 1 248.83 1 260.32 1 269.26

11.2% 19.1% 11.3%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.58

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes de CO 2 / térajoule

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde *

60.55

60.77

60.22

60.23

59.78

59.08

58.22

57.23

57.07

57.02

57.09

57.23

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. 65.48 63.79 68.19 65.36 .. ..

.. 65.07 63.93 66.75 65.38 .. ..

.. 63.66 61.99 65.66 65.68 .. ..

.. 63.32 62.09 64.79 64.91 .. ..

.. 62.33 61.08 64.23 62.52 .. ..

.. 61.79 61.41 62.56 61.23 .. ..

.. 60.59 60.44 61.10 59.77 .. ..

.. 59.23 59.98 58.23 58.88 .. ..

.. 58.70 59.47 57.76 58.16 .. ..

.. 58.19 58.92 57.14 58.05 .. ..

.. 58.21 59.30 56.41 58.54 .. ..

.. 57.79 58.98 55.86 58.02 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Total Non-OCDE

48.83

50.03

51.85

52.42

52.93

52.54

52.35

51.75

52.07

52.60

52.82

53.50

Total OCDE

66.02

65.61

64.38

64.05

63.09

62.57

61.52

60.22

59.62

59.09

59.02

58.62

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

56.81 50.98 64.42 63.46

55.66 52.67 64.70 63.62

53.86 53.65 62.81 61.72

54.41 53.29 62.84 61.79

52.95 52.16 61.91 60.72

52.22 51.84 62.39 60.92

51.19 54.13 61.43 60.11

49.79 54.04 61.09 59.66

47.89 54.73 60.74 59.22

47.73 54.40 60.14 58.68

49.22 53.91 60.41 59.02

49.57 54.22 60.02 58.73

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

61.51 70.31 81.71 68.99 51.96 67.30 76.31 66.35 78.28 34.70 73.85 61.81 89.79 60.73 40.98 81.93 53.42 65.67 66.94 54.53 55.21 50.91 70.91 69.75 69.12

59.71 68.89 80.46 68.15 54.13 66.16 74.84 66.42 76.86 32.93 69.90 62.12 87.30 58.82 38.31 82.38 54.31 64.13 64.58 51.59 52.75 51.89 69.26 68.37 67.71

59.28 65.30 86.30 69.95 53.26 64.08 73.97 68.38 75.68 34.04 73.49 62.20 75.53 56.85 38.38 80.62 54.93 62.62 64.51 48.54 49.58 53.35 68.94 67.62 66.63

58.30 65.58 86.28 71.38 55.42 64.37 71.36 67.99 73.66 30.67 75.70 61.58 77.76 56.12 38.90 81.15 54.93 60.64 65.24 47.64 49.89 54.15 67.99 66.90 65.73

57.67 64.53 87.42 70.91 53.54 61.99 71.70 67.64 73.20 29.87 73.63 61.53 78.08 56.43 37.87 80.87 53.23 62.96 63.60 45.19 46.81 53.54 67.97 66.40 65.20

58.96 63.40 87.20 70.33 45.31 54.20 70.44 70.48 72.24 26.28 73.50 62.24 75.60 58.74 34.19 80.99 58.80 59.46 66.10 38.12 43.69 53.85 68.78 64.93 63.62

58.14 58.45 87.01 71.14 43.05 50.28 70.36 72.26 70.35 23.02 72.45 62.77 74.55 57.86 32.86 81.46 55.23 58.02 66.26 32.65 44.30 55.94 66.04 63.73 62.08

57.22 54.86 86.77 72.25 44.03 43.97 67.62 71.63 66.69 22.37 71.00 61.89 75.12 57.32 32.21 81.40 52.07 55.91 58.87 30.08 43.54 58.17 63.78 61.13 58.98

55.88 53.31 84.08 71.79 43.04 41.66 67.65 75.98 65.21 22.51 71.03 61.27 73.90 56.92 33.58 80.47 53.95 54.13 59.00 29.69 41.63 58.88 64.49 60.52 58.50

55.68 52.33 81.86 65.67 42.86 39.95 66.55 77.64 63.35 21.96 74.12 63.16 70.65 56.72 31.60 81.08 53.77 53.85 57.86 29.16 40.94 58.55 64.32 59.95 57.87

52.06 52.51 81.68 64.49 44.96 39.49 65.72 78.04 60.20 22.57 71.91 62.42 71.37 57.51 33.09 80.49 52.48 53.32 54.86 27.29 40.37 55.71 63.75 59.13 57.15

52.44 52.65 80.34 64.10 43.36 38.29 65.23 76.61 59.57 21.71 73.23 62.70 71.65 57.65 30.75 81.26 55.27 60.92 54.54 27.01 40.61 59.38 62.67 58.62 56.47

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

65.61 65.84 71.50 45.49 65.66

65.46 65.78 72.62 49.10 65.76

70.28 65.35 73.01 45.55 66.13

70.04 64.42 72.08 46.61 65.42

68.77 61.80 70.12 43.14 63.16

70.18 59.85 74.39 42.83 62.40

68.16 58.51 68.19 43.20 60.62

71.42 56.91 66.70 41.14 59.72

70.74 56.23 61.12 38.70 58.52

70.66 55.95 58.71 40.85 58.13

72.41 56.30 59.49 41.62 58.67

71.72 55.81 59.12 39.63 58.17

Parties de l'Annexe B

* Les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales ont été inclues dans le ratio pour le monde. Elles n'ont pas été comprises dans les ratios pour les pays individuels ni dans les régions. Pour information, le ratio mondial excluant les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales est de 54,89 t de CO2 par térajoule en 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.59

CO2 Emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

56.67

56.47

56.69

56.43

56.43

56.20

56.43

56.12

56.22

55.35

55.38

-2.3%

.. 57.50 58.76 55.60 57.49 .. ..

.. 56.91 57.80 55.30 57.67 .. ..

57.78 56.75 57.92 54.73 57.35 61.06 52.08

57.38 56.40 58.29 53.61 56.05 60.70 52.14

57.19 56.17 57.96 53.41 56.06 61.13 52.55

56.79 55.64 57.35 53.18 55.19 61.38 52.65

56.87 55.92 57.93 53.16 55.07 60.79 53.16

56.61 55.95 58.53 52.59 54.37 59.45 52.76

56.56 55.89 58.54 52.25 54.73 59.61 53.05

55.90 55.16 57.47 51.45 55.34 59.25 51.86

56.15 55.52 57.98 51.63 55.40 59.07 51.57

.. -3.4% -1.3% -7.1% -3.6% .. ..

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

..

..

56.65

55.67

55.47

55.25

54.98

54.13

53.99

53.58

53.63

..

Annex B Parties

52.72

52.90

53.69

53.58

53.59

53.74

54.08

53.38

53.76

52.68

52.34

-0.7%

Non-OECD Total

58.27

57.73

57.44

57.02

56.93

56.38

56.52

56.49

56.31

55.59

55.92

-4.0%

OECD Total

49.14 56.24 59.81 58.62

48.31 55.73 58.82 57.68

48.63 55.40 58.93 57.78

47.14 55.37 59.51 58.13

47.02 57.08 59.18 57.91

47.53 56.25 58.44 57.29

48.01 55.66 59.03 57.81

49.14 56.00 59.57 58.39

49.97 56.86 59.48 58.45

49.68 54.83 58.31 57.32

50.13 55.94 58.84 57.87

2.0% -0.5% -1.6% -1.3%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

53.90 52.90 77.48 66.81 45.58 37.27 64.77 77.51 59.22 21.68 69.07 63.02 69.99 57.41 31.77 82.33 55.14 61.20 54.48 26.19 38.71 58.43 62.96 58.02 56.24

54.67 52.59 78.30 71.25 45.97 38.05 64.74 76.97 58.67 22.51 70.32 60.95 68.81 57.28 29.22 83.08 56.63 60.61 54.50 25.26 40.46 60.41 62.10 57.68 55.85

52.96 51.50 71.89 67.22 47.03 37.53 62.51 76.55 58.48 22.59 70.38 61.17 66.91 57.41 31.99 82.12 57.81 63.36 56.25 27.11 40.34 61.43 60.77 56.97 55.16

51.93 51.57 72.32 67.62 45.73 34.92 62.52 76.96 56.24 22.38 68.64 61.25 67.80 58.03 31.79 79.45 57.29 59.41 54.39 27.00 38.98 59.97 58.12 55.79 54.05

53.17 52.47 71.32 70.88 47.93 35.70 61.91 76.13 56.52 23.43 68.33 61.51 64.20 57.91 34.07 81.58 56.58 57.22 54.28 26.30 37.11 60.19 55.84 55.60 53.81

53.24 51.78 72.56 68.12 46.06 35.30 61.14 75.60 54.83 21.97 68.73 61.71 57.91 56.96 33.31 79.37 58.27 56.07 54.50 25.71 38.45 60.47 56.73 55.27 53.51

53.21 51.22 69.12 75.01 47.36 34.81 61.76 74.79 54.71 23.49 68.73 61.40 57.57 57.38 34.44 77.19 56.40 56.48 52.87 27.63 38.68 61.32 55.94 55.10 53.39

53.72 49.22 65.86 69.67 44.20 35.11 60.50 75.72 53.81 21.69 68.17 61.16 54.91 57.35 34.43 78.05 56.29 56.28 53.85 25.43 36.72 61.21 55.12 54.50 52.82

52.44 49.19 66.79 65.92 40.95 36.13 59.71 75.85 54.28 19.15 68.43 61.04 51.58 56.94 34.79 77.21 56.57 55.08 52.79 25.22 37.72 60.69 55.21 54.04 52.47

52.10 47.43 68.22 64.72 40.23 35.26 58.17 74.56 57.51 15.53 68.15 59.79 51.15 55.90 34.42 77.93 59.24 53.66 53.93 24.73 37.78 61.38 54.33 53.34 51.61

52.46 48.52 70.26 61.49 39.48 34.67 58.58 75.33 53.22 15.06 67.29 59.27 52.16 55.81 31.31 77.73 57.85 51.76 54.45 26.15 37.44 63.22 54.56 53.41 51.71

-2.7% -8.3% -9.3% -8.0% -13.4% -7.0% -9.6% -2.8% -10.1% -30.5% -2.6% -6.0% -25.5% -2.8% -1.4% -5.6% 4.9% -15.4% -0.1% -0.1% -3.3% 8.2% -13.3% -8.0% -8.1%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

70.86 55.45 58.35 38.00 57.62

71.87 55.54 59.66 38.36 57.98

71.84 55.13 57.55 39.76 57.38

69.23 53.98 56.33 38.25 56.11

69.86 54.00 59.19 37.78 56.65

70.86 52.77 58.70 38.14 55.89

70.05 52.66 57.32 38.57 55.54

70.21 51.70 56.40 40.23 54.81

73.22 51.47 53.19 39.66 54.41

72.62 52.25 53.10 40.59 54.84

71.38 52.57 53.48 40.57 54.96

0.7% -5.2% -8.3% 6.8% -4.6%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World *

* International marine and aviation bunkers have been included in the ratio for the world. They have been excluded in the ratios for individual countries and regions. For information, the world ratio excluding international marine and aviation bunkers is 54.89 t CO2 per terajoule in 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.60

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes de CO 2 / térajoule

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Total Non-OCDE

48.83

50.03

51.85

52.42

52.93

52.54

52.35

51.75

52.07

52.60

52.82

53.50

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

57.82 10.43 6.49 6.31 20.29 9.73 22.75 61.80 .. 3.52 12.22 15.16 11.76 53.68 67.39 8.35 .. 3.82 21.51 91.61 11.25 3.76 13.01 41.63 21.28 31.52 6.34 31.74

54.73 13.08 8.16 6.55 21.41 9.39 23.41 61.57 .. 3.33 9.92 14.79 12.69 50.85 69.52 8.00 .. 5.54 22.31 91.49 14.85 4.33 11.46 43.02 23.53 32.27 6.60 32.86

58.08 11.73 8.77 8.08 20.80 8.98 23.75 62.52 .. 2.91 13.56 15.12 12.25 57.06 70.73 6.97 .. 6.54 24.26 92.54 10.65 3.65 11.44 45.32 25.21 28.71 6.90 34.39

59.60 9.31 6.29 9.93 21.19 8.46 24.24 61.89 .. 2.76 20.57 15.40 13.54 59.17 68.94 6.77 .. 9.41 25.88 94.20 10.67 3.62 12.17 46.14 20.56 26.80 7.49 35.61

57.83 11.87 6.79 10.56 21.79 9.18 24.10 62.47 .. 2.98 21.23 13.66 13.03 60.83 69.54 5.66 .. 11.06 26.03 78.98 9.56 3.85 14.39 48.67 17.43 26.79 8.64 33.52

61.92 10.29 5.18 10.67 22.07 9.22 19.43 64.83 .. 3.18 23.59 15.87 13.11 56.37 71.02 6.06 .. 12.81 25.47 73.28 10.08 3.57 11.48 50.92 15.21 28.48 8.73 34.14

59.91 9.96 5.92 11.78 21.14 9.19 25.06 63.90 .. 2.96 24.91 10.56 10.81 56.85 72.35 5.18 .. 13.25 23.72 63.80 9.90 3.22 10.02 52.18 13.43 27.77 8.16 32.82

59.00 14.26 7.15 12.85 19.71 7.97 19.11 57.05 .. 2.68 27.59 11.79 12.02 50.96 72.68 4.61 .. 12.20 25.62 63.07 10.57 3.24 9.27 51.33 12.89 30.42 8.04 32.43

57.75 13.74 6.14 12.24 18.03 7.07 17.26 55.85 .. 3.03 24.78 12.02 12.59 53.67 72.47 4.55 .. 11.47 23.48 59.63 10.22 3.28 12.73 52.96 12.83 32.32 8.13 31.81

58.42 13.38 5.32 11.95 17.82 7.69 16.78 56.72 .. 3.32 23.28 12.04 12.56 50.54 72.48 4.59 .. 11.43 22.61 61.58 8.12 3.22 12.95 51.49 12.43 39.08 10.08 32.59

58.05 14.25 5.15 12.49 17.07 7.78 16.12 56.08 .. 3.34 25.64 12.64 12.29 57.01 72.33 4.69 .. 11.54 21.89 59.18 10.86 3.23 12.42 52.81 13.17 37.79 9.97 32.32

58.71 14.22 4.03 13.16 16.98 7.39 14.97 55.70 .. 3.39 23.08 12.86 12.67 59.90 70.51 4.66 .. 11.52 22.76 63.94 9.87 3.20 12.27 53.53 13.59 38.22 9.63 32.91

46.34 47.50 65.17 54.24 58.96 111.81 55.99 67.88 55.78 52.13 59.95 57.36 37.20 58.20

46.40 51.26 64.28 45.02 60.84 64.17 59.54 68.22 55.92 57.52 60.03 57.12 43.92 54.87

52.55 54.90 62.57 53.23 61.28 103.45 60.16 58.85 56.55 59.53 66.71 56.88 56.96 60.45

53.13 62.07 63.43 59.52 60.56 79.39 58.04 57.85 57.79 69.03 64.43 59.31 55.90 63.87

48.99 60.32 70.71 55.73 57.32 77.48 61.19 55.39 55.69 72.54 62.13 60.02 60.89 64.59

52.78 44.96 66.95 60.76 57.38 62.45 60.57 52.90 53.95 71.06 64.83 59.79 64.18 59.39

54.63 64.36 64.67 65.92 59.29 65.46 62.35 43.02 53.65 67.69 66.08 60.29 63.09 64.53

54.38 59.86 63.72 71.07 62.24 71.79 65.36 43.64 52.35 60.18 63.04 55.99 63.22 61.13

70.63 55.66 66.03 67.57 65.22 69.85 63.46 57.93 53.62 59.33 63.72 56.39 63.54 60.39

69.12 57.80 63.27 66.65 65.12 77.27 62.58 61.84 52.28 61.45 64.82 56.35 62.15 61.74

61.02 58.77 62.98 65.05 63.66 73.29 63.52 55.07 51.92 59.54 62.93 55.61 62.53 60.77

59.49 55.98 62.70 65.58 62.91 71.03 65.83 55.35 53.03 63.54 61.78 55.67 58.65 60.85

54.91 78.30 66.37 62.09 57.20 65.35 68.56 .. .. .. .. .. 68.84

54.27 77.13 64.64 57.90 58.40 64.72 69.53 .. .. .. .. .. 68.40

54.41 73.80 70.34 57.29 56.45 65.05 69.91 .. .. .. .. .. 68.04

54.56 68.18 68.17 59.01 57.28 64.78 67.17 .. .. .. .. .. 65.92

80.70 68.09 65.81 63.30 60.62 67.24 64.52 .. .. .. .. .. 66.92

57.36 66.95 65.44 66.62 60.22 65.62 69.81 .. .. .. .. .. 66.80

62.02 63.18 63.46 67.06 63.93 65.02 71.56 .. .. .. .. .. 66.36

63.71 62.69 62.42 65.49 69.47 63.98 70.33 .. .. .. .. .. 65.56

59.65 62.93 61.45 67.50 68.55 64.16 70.10 .. .. .. .. .. 65.58

62.98 64.34 63.76 65.37 68.29 64.61 66.93 .. .. .. .. .. 65.22

62.50 62.01 63.09 62.72 69.62 65.81 68.76 .. .. .. .. .. 65.82

59.71 63.27 61.67 62.37 70.99 64.94 70.41 .. .. .. .. .. 66.11

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.61

CO2 Emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

52.72

52.90

53.69

53.58

53.59

53.74

54.08

53.38

53.76

52.68

52.34

-0.7%

Non-OECD Total

54.62 15.56 3.61 12.69 15.78 6.03 14.23 54.66 .. 3.48 19.37 12.12 12.13 54.88 69.75 3.59 .. 9.63 22.68 66.67 12.38 3.25 12.85 51.59 11.35 41.91 8.93 32.48

55.37 15.74 2.78 11.55 15.47 5.08 14.30 54.92 .. 3.46 21.20 10.67 11.53 46.25 69.85 3.00 43.97 10.88 22.65 62.90 11.19 3.15 11.78 53.50 11.81 42.97 8.78 31.83

54.50 15.19 2.83 10.70 14.74 4.58 13.40 53.94 11.48 2.31 20.59 11.87 11.85 49.68 70.62 3.58 44.65 13.48 23.33 66.96 10.45 3.08 9.31 52.81 11.49 42.43 9.20 32.47

56.10 15.75 2.76 11.01 14.33 4.21 13.57 49.80 16.47 2.94 20.92 11.25 12.30 48.84 69.84 4.13 47.07 12.61 22.79 63.39 7.74 2.90 4.70 53.39 10.05 40.17 9.20 31.95

55.98 14.89 2.78 11.29 17.73 3.94 13.98 50.90 18.08 3.15 19.46 11.69 12.93 58.61 71.17 3.71 49.81 10.28 23.06 61.77 10.59 2.85 11.65 52.52 8.57 37.56 8.81 31.36

54.41 14.13 2.80 10.73 16.01 3.92 14.81 52.05 18.50 3.41 21.07 12.04 12.96 55.42 73.02 4.02 47.67 10.71 23.23 63.50 9.94 2.77 12.17 52.58 8.36 35.83 8.67 31.92

55.32 14.63 11.82 10.25 15.63 3.62 15.06 50.22 19.53 3.68 22.53 12.75 13.70 62.38 67.34 3.40 47.81 11.42 23.58 64.61 7.43 2.73 15.70 52.97 6.92 34.46 8.67 32.03

55.29 14.70 14.91 10.41 12.49 3.56 17.83 51.22 18.49 3.84 23.25 12.32 12.91 57.75 67.69 3.59 47.72 11.63 24.76 66.17 8.62 3.12 14.34 53.89 8.56 32.04 7.91 32.43

55.15 13.71 15.06 10.57 12.90 3.48 18.08 53.53 21.19 3.95 23.63 14.77 12.98 63.27 68.30 4.02 46.93 10.27 26.80 67.61 7.80 2.38 15.33 51.57 8.11 31.86 7.87 32.79

54.78 14.94 14.00 9.40 12.28 3.40 21.40 51.70 21.53 3.79 22.27 15.74 13.61 66.78 67.77 3.95 45.20 10.75 28.42 63.62 8.29 2.41 16.68 53.69 6.63 33.91 7.87 31.88

54.75 14.09 14.42 10.50 15.67 3.32 21.71 55.81 19.66 4.05 20.84 14.54 14.37 56.45 67.92 3.94 43.45 11.49 27.85 65.66 8.42 2.40 19.71 53.89 6.52 31.41 7.87 32.25

0.2% -9.4% 299.4% -17.3% -0.7% -44.9% 52.6% 2.1% .. 16.4% 7.6% 20.0% 18.5% 2.9% -2.6% 9.7% .. 19.3% 22.8% -1.5% -32.0% -26.2% 53.4% 4.5% -42.6% -25.1% -11.9% -0.7%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

57.87 56.50 65.35 66.22 62.80 56.72 66.04 58.72 51.89 66.39 62.05 55.48 57.35 60.92

62.24 56.82 66.05 67.29 62.41 105.30 66.67 58.87 51.22 59.02 65.34 54.90 62.09 60.13

60.89 60.23 59.50 67.49 63.77 100.65 64.54 60.41 51.86 58.92 66.59 55.33 60.27 61.22

55.16 58.15 64.23 66.87 64.87 96.48 66.50 58.28 51.80 59.98 71.80 54.98 61.40 61.46

52.04 59.03 62.18 67.84 63.89 94.29 66.41 56.66 52.67 62.21 70.16 54.76 61.66 62.09

52.30 57.07 59.08 67.67 63.55 95.50 66.06 59.35 52.24 60.03 71.36 54.21 62.23 60.71

54.99 58.84 57.89 69.22 63.72 93.38 67.59 58.09 51.78 58.89 70.62 54.41 61.11 60.81

54.18 62.69 58.41 68.69 65.44 103.39 68.24 56.70 49.39 61.48 68.17 54.25 61.23 62.82

53.32 61.34 58.24 68.74 66.49 108.94 68.11 56.16 49.07 66.26 68.00 54.89 62.07 63.98

54.80 62.52 58.61 71.55 66.83 84.83 68.10 56.69 53.57 64.52 67.85 55.57 61.54 63.51

52.78 61.89 66.62 73.77 65.85 71.50 66.92 57.59 53.53 59.11 67.85 55.55 62.14 61.93

-8.8% 9.5% 1.9% 11.4% 4.9% 26.1% 1.3% -1.9% 3.2% -11.0% 9.3% 0.1% 8.4% 1.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

56.15 62.33 60.27 65.46 70.93 63.88 70.30 .. .. .. .. .. 65.46

56.21 61.81 61.10 65.42 68.90 65.34 67.43 .. .. .. .. .. 65.21

48.27 63.04 61.10 69.15 68.39 63.60 73.37 104.53 54.40 71.92 54.90 78.88 66.44

47.80 59.90 62.80 70.26 70.87 60.92 72.63 105.83 54.90 72.73 54.89 80.19 64.22

47.61 59.36 56.81 71.31 69.22 62.64 67.13 59.31 51.94 76.89 53.26 81.66 62.97

41.65 55.62 60.26 71.19 68.49 60.18 67.35 61.38 53.41 76.02 52.27 81.64 61.08

38.20 56.76 59.54 71.29 67.32 58.03 65.70 59.98 51.79 76.43 53.53 76.35 59.95

35.06 58.03 62.44 71.37 63.69 59.46 68.10 79.50 53.23 74.84 55.49 77.39 62.01

36.80 57.72 61.84 71.44 71.71 56.87 69.48 82.04 54.73 78.57 55.24 78.05 61.67

43.77 56.62 63.16 71.54 65.92 54.13 66.81 79.43 54.85 75.31 54.54 74.92 59.39

44.38 54.30 62.33 71.67 66.78 56.83 67.42 84.21 54.57 72.93 52.76 75.26 60.27

-21.0% Albania -12.9% Bulgaria 3.4% Cyprus 9.5% Gibraltar -5.9% Malta -11.0% Romania -4.1% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia .. FYR of Macedonia .. Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -7.9% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.62

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes de CO 2 / térajoule

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.41

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61.92

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64.01

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63.23

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63.69

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63.44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62.48

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.17

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.48

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59.96

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59.30

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.07

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

58.99 49.42 31.18 56.25 45.13 26.54 40.20 34.77 36.02 17.76 19.49 5.92 19.06 65.85 63.17 27.96 36.35 10.30 39.48 55.66 51.55 55.39 23.13 42.21

58.95 49.39 33.81 54.86 48.00 30.62 46.15 37.63 38.70 20.91 21.05 5.41 20.19 65.88 62.11 28.26 34.97 11.61 40.04 59.46 53.26 61.88 27.52 44.12

57.12 50.77 35.92 52.34 42.18 31.68 46.33 39.35 42.65 20.88 21.52 5.67 20.27 66.18 63.29 28.97 45.77 11.83 41.18 60.80 53.35 56.29 28.27 43.45

58.50 50.57 37.74 52.08 44.14 37.80 44.86 40.53 44.32 18.31 21.03 7.47 21.88 68.37 62.37 34.95 45.51 14.70 38.95 61.30 53.05 56.21 28.57 44.33

57.01 47.06 39.89 52.44 44.41 37.03 44.17 41.04 49.00 17.22 24.34 7.53 21.97 65.27 58.81 24.91 44.08 15.26 42.07 52.62 54.64 60.60 31.36 45.56

55.34 42.55 37.26 51.36 42.30 33.56 45.80 39.08 52.67 13.53 23.43 7.06 20.30 66.77 52.31 28.19 40.28 14.72 43.41 50.42 46.34 56.93 34.32 44.08

54.60 44.76 34.74 48.50 43.96 30.04 43.21 38.78 49.36 13.45 18.86 9.50 20.82 65.99 38.09 27.64 45.50 14.26 38.90 54.96 42.54 53.09 34.47 42.05

51.23 41.02 32.65 47.63 42.99 28.57 50.28 39.68 47.61 15.01 20.36 9.90 19.51 64.73 61.21 21.99 40.51 15.29 39.74 47.12 37.33 55.13 35.63 40.83

52.92 42.34 34.24 46.85 41.30 29.09 50.79 42.81 48.91 17.05 15.48 11.79 19.40 60.58 60.03 25.76 41.16 14.87 41.86 45.30 35.77 52.93 38.55 41.44

52.57 45.97 34.17 46.12 42.01 29.56 49.92 43.25 46.39 18.79 16.99 12.54 20.60 62.41 64.03 25.72 42.33 13.71 43.97 50.51 38.35 52.46 43.64 41.52

53.48 44.83 34.36 48.57 42.46 30.48 49.98 45.89 46.88 20.78 17.46 13.19 21.55 63.56 56.52 23.42 34.77 13.63 45.51 48.30 45.25 54.74 42.78 42.15

54.03 46.67 34.24 52.03 43.21 32.48 49.43 51.01 48.11 19.99 17.74 13.68 22.89 65.15 39.57 19.71 38.88 13.63 44.64 49.28 47.39 57.03 44.85 42.62

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

13.34 53.38 69.78 26.50 16.33 82.50 50.31 13.57 1.75 22.75 37.23 48.06 17.36 27.24 19.48 33.76 29.75

14.70 46.49 66.48 26.40 18.78 83.00 50.40 10.32 3.39 22.60 39.74 47.18 21.10 29.95 20.29 34.24 30.83

16.46 44.14 67.93 27.85 20.71 82.15 51.86 11.20 2.64 24.13 39.03 48.19 15.66 27.70 20.54 34.52 31.97

17.26 44.08 63.61 29.14 22.24 82.76 51.48 12.03 2.27 23.06 40.41 50.45 17.33 30.58 16.95 34.13 32.96

18.70 44.64 60.02 29.12 26.11 81.43 42.40 12.37 3.35 24.07 40.32 50.64 19.75 33.34 17.32 32.52 33.70

20.63 39.18 61.46 30.94 29.35 81.20 45.81 12.52 2.27 25.49 33.53 52.33 19.60 33.39 17.42 32.13 34.69

19.49 36.52 55.01 32.48 29.43 81.12 45.32 11.91 3.45 26.55 32.58 52.56 21.83 37.86 18.82 31.36 35.56

21.26 47.00 50.92 34.19 29.99 80.80 48.84 12.47 2.55 28.71 28.04 49.64 17.08 37.29 18.24 33.43 36.43

22.09 54.86 54.50 35.22 29.60 81.26 43.85 12.94 3.30 28.88 26.74 47.18 16.49 36.41 19.30 32.61 37.07

24.71 38.18 53.86 36.56 31.51 81.50 45.09 10.17 3.28 30.63 30.92 45.65 18.06 38.00 20.80 33.14 38.52

24.02 36.16 57.12 37.49 32.58 82.33 45.03 9.77 3.17 31.57 31.67 47.70 16.94 39.39 19.85 32.23 39.70

25.05 56.84 58.39 38.84 34.08 82.73 47.68 9.28 2.45 32.26 32.36 50.02 15.94 40.33 17.00 32.96 40.81

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

48.97 62.99 49.09

49.73 61.40 49.83

52.15 60.81 52.23

54.51 65.84 54.61

55.63 63.75 55.70

55.59 63.47 55.67

56.69 66.38 56.80

58.60 69.91 58.72

59.81 71.63 59.95

61.29 72.85 61.42

62.57 70.52 62.67

63.57 69.34 63.64

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.63

CO2 Emissions / TPES Emissions de CO 2 / ATEP tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59.27

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58.36

59.74 64.44 59.44 86.11 49.90 74.60 63.08 56.31 43.90 68.43 58.03 56.75 61.54 60.59 59.59 59.80

53.20 61.28 60.92 83.71 43.55 77.27 59.79 57.64 42.99 66.59 58.27 52.33 60.65 59.10 57.13 59.50

46.52 53.74 59.96 79.22 44.49 77.57 53.96 55.98 46.05 65.07 58.94 37.75 59.18 57.40 57.54 59.52

48.98 56.31 57.91 76.94 36.25 76.56 45.12 54.72 40.17 59.39 60.39 38.57 58.48 56.18 56.55 59.93

33.42 55.85 57.13 73.99 44.89 77.23 48.17 51.97 39.20 59.03 60.51 40.29 58.63 53.87 55.23 59.39

40.58 55.49 56.93 73.77 45.39 75.93 49.94 46.25 38.69 56.71 58.22 40.34 60.49 53.25 55.66 57.69

41.46 54.29 56.67 74.39 48.95 75.83 49.74 43.96 38.90 56.13 58.89 41.06 59.29 53.32 55.78 58.08

38.31 49.29 55.87 74.00 51.41 76.20 45.83 45.17 39.00 53.81 58.36 40.62 59.05 53.03 55.22 57.55

41.26 57.63 54.49 73.88 50.43 75.07 44.82 42.76 37.61 53.11 58.58 36.31 58.91 51.51 54.72 57.54

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -2.9%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

51.85 46.91 34.82 53.02 42.70 30.73 45.86 44.09 51.64 20.37 17.64 14.24 21.13 58.23 33.05 20.64 39.59 14.98 45.55 44.97 39.76 54.56 43.70 42.11

53.14 49.09 35.73 49.20 44.19 31.22 44.27 44.79 52.59 24.10 18.02 13.63 20.93 57.78 27.22 19.73 43.57 14.10 45.15 45.94 42.15 52.21 42.05 42.24

51.37 49.43 35.83 46.03 45.36 37.47 43.78 44.49 53.47 26.35 21.32 12.19 21.82 60.20 44.91 22.20 44.62 17.38 48.25 42.91 41.31 50.62 41.17 42.15

52.85 48.56 36.16 47.24 46.83 43.41 49.29 43.19 52.49 28.18 23.32 10.13 23.66 61.41 24.53 22.21 44.54 18.91 47.37 42.83 41.72 53.15 41.53 43.01

50.60 48.89 35.86 48.23 46.12 48.65 50.91 44.77 52.88 30.91 23.58 3.11 26.45 60.79 27.19 24.82 45.55 20.42 47.28 45.56 40.44 46.72 42.08 42.02

50.11 49.23 37.16 48.57 46.39 40.17 54.81 45.70 56.03 32.45 26.54 12.59 31.34 58.89 27.55 25.20 49.39 20.45 49.78 46.14 42.05 52.08 41.58 43.47

52.90 43.57 38.14 51.57 45.89 37.67 52.50 47.03 57.21 29.75 25.09 12.81 29.33 58.61 28.30 26.01 47.96 18.68 52.51 45.08 45.05 51.48 42.29 44.20

50.02 41.85 38.88 53.08 49.60 36.95 54.66 48.31 50.39 32.38 25.21 14.87 27.57 59.85 49.73 26.52 47.81 19.12 53.83 50.45 44.83 57.58 46.47 45.36

50.34 42.03 38.68 52.31 49.56 39.96 55.54 51.63 54.18 33.57 29.80 15.15 30.67 60.85 41.70 30.78 48.94 21.61 49.05 48.35 45.34 55.10 45.22 45.19

50.10 40.54 39.07 49.50 47.83 35.86 55.05 53.79 43.17 31.85 27.54 15.64 35.12 62.09 83.03 30.49 45.32 23.01 50.31 44.62 49.50 50.81 45.23 44.29

50.58 36.99 39.55 47.06 47.44 33.12 56.75 54.40 49.70 30.56 29.48 16.49 34.99 59.48 72.16 30.67 45.66 20.12 49.68 41.69 41.17 51.82 45.23 44.50

-2.4% -21.1% 13.6% -11.2% 11.1% 7.8% 23.7% 23.4% -3.8% 50.0% 67.1% 15.8% 65.6% 2.1% 118.3% 48.6% 15.3% 34.3% 9.1% -7.3% 3.5% -5.0% 3.5% 5.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

25.29 52.40 56.57 38.80 34.65 83.46 50.42 8.82 3.64 32.46 30.40 51.43 16.21 43.04 17.37 33.46 41.05

24.27 47.19 56.02 40.42 35.30 83.65 51.51 8.68 4.43 32.07 30.75 49.76 16.69 44.68 16.17 32.96 41.96

25.84 46.27 57.32 41.21 36.21 85.94 47.65 8.97 4.36 32.88 32.22 45.45 20.79 45.66 16.70 30.99 42.40

27.92 51.17 58.29 41.84 36.52 86.40 47.71 10.39 4.86 33.71 33.71 42.06 19.37 48.89 17.69 30.05 43.04

28.97 59.28 58.99 42.76 37.30 86.44 49.64 11.41 5.83 34.16 38.14 36.28 22.43 51.07 18.52 29.73 43.75

32.76 54.05 58.22 43.76 37.00 86.43 47.17 13.30 6.15 35.22 40.13 42.24 22.18 51.49 20.61 29.59 44.36

32.75 55.52 58.21 44.55 39.33 86.71 51.57 14.25 6.25 35.87 42.40 42.26 28.74 53.02 21.77 29.45 45.42

33.72 57.11 58.39 44.77 41.27 86.81 47.96 15.39 6.93 36.25 40.59 37.30 27.55 52.58 23.28 29.63 45.43

33.96 56.40 59.03 44.79 41.16 86.71 50.77 14.88 7.07 36.11 41.63 44.27 28.18 50.85 23.04 29.85 45.55

33.30 77.40 59.26 45.11 43.14 86.75 55.52 16.70 9.15 37.42 39.84 43.11 29.06 49.90 24.83 29.87 46.14

34.39 60.83 61.94 44.60 44.19 86.67 51.23 15.75 9.14 36.61 38.81 40.78 32.27 47.76 26.29 29.86 45.82

36.0% 16.1% 9.5% 14.9% 27.5% 3.8% 1.6% 78.6% 151.1% 12.8% 27.7% -20.7% 99.1% 11.0% 51.4% -10.8% 11.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

61.92 73.94 62.06

64.87 76.78 65.02

66.04 75.71 66.18

65.82 72.40 65.92

67.05 64.29 67.01

66.59 62.12 66.54

67.38 59.97 67.29

65.51 53.59 65.36

66.58 57.76 66.45

63.53 57.48 63.44

62.65 59.78 62.61

1.2% -19.2% 0.9%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.64

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes de CO 2 / US$ 95 selon les taux de change

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde *

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.94

0.92

0.88

0.84

0.82

0.81

0.81

0.81

0.79

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. 0.75 1.20 0.59 0.37 .. ..

.. 0.74 1.17 0.59 0.37 .. ..

.. 0.68 1.10 0.54 0.36 .. ..

.. 0.68 1.10 0.53 0.35 .. ..

.. 0.65 1.02 0.53 0.32 .. ..

.. 0.59 0.94 0.48 0.29 .. ..

.. 0.55 0.87 0.45 0.27 .. ..

.. 0.53 0.82 0.44 0.26 .. ..

.. 0.51 0.79 0.43 0.26 .. ..

.. 0.51 0.79 0.42 0.25 .. ..

.. 0.50 0.79 0.40 0.25 .. ..

.. 0.49 0.77 0.40 0.25 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Total Non-OCDE *

1.71

1.70

1.76

1.74

1.70

1.77

1.78

1.80

1.81

1.84

1.86

1.85

Total OCDE

0.78

0.77

0.72

0.72

0.69

0.63

0.59

0.57

0.55

0.55

0.54

0.53

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

1.20 0.80 1.20 1.19

1.17 0.85 1.17 1.16

1.11 0.87 1.10 1.09

1.09 0.92 1.10 1.09

1.05 0.93 1.02 1.02

0.98 0.95 0.94 0.94

0.92 1.02 0.87 0.88

0.86 1.03 0.82 0.83

0.83 1.06 0.79 0.80

0.82 1.09 0.79 0.80

0.84 1.08 0.79 0.80

0.85 1.09 0.77 0.79

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

0.39 0.75 4.13 0.47 0.57 0.50 0.68 0.36 2.21 0.45 0.91 0.50 2.17 0.56 0.37 3.44 0.30 2.85 0.40 0.53 0.17 0.67 0.93 0.68 0.62

0.39 0.77 3.78 0.44 0.59 0.51 0.67 0.41 2.03 0.47 0.78 0.52 2.00 0.61 0.35 3.23 0.29 2.83 0.40 0.51 0.18 0.77 0.86 0.67 0.61

0.35 0.65 3.67 0.43 0.52 0.44 0.63 0.41 2.01 0.43 0.72 0.48 1.51 0.54 0.32 3.16 0.33 2.80 0.42 0.46 0.16 0.77 0.80 0.63 0.56

0.33 0.65 3.80 0.45 0.59 0.43 0.61 0.44 1.97 0.37 0.74 0.47 1.48 0.53 0.32 3.34 0.30 2.79 0.43 0.48 0.17 0.82 0.78 0.62 0.55

0.35 0.65 3.80 0.45 0.58 0.43 0.61 0.44 2.01 0.38 0.76 0.46 1.43 0.55 0.32 3.54 0.32 3.07 0.44 0.44 0.16 0.76 0.77 0.62 0.55

0.32 0.55 3.61 0.38 0.46 0.36 0.56 0.45 1.92 0.32 0.68 0.43 1.13 0.51 0.27 3.72 0.35 3.00 0.47 0.36 0.15 0.78 0.71 0.57 0.49

0.29 0.48 3.57 0.36 0.41 0.32 0.53 0.50 1.79 0.30 0.65 0.41 0.95 0.46 0.25 3.77 0.36 2.83 0.45 0.29 0.16 0.84 0.64 0.53 0.46

0.30 0.47 3.56 0.39 0.43 0.29 0.52 0.53 1.76 0.28 0.63 0.39 0.98 0.46 0.24 3.63 0.33 2.72 0.40 0.29 0.16 0.86 0.62 0.52 0.44

0.29 0.46 3.43 0.38 0.43 0.28 0.51 0.53 1.66 0.28 0.67 0.39 0.88 0.47 0.26 3.53 0.37 2.59 0.40 0.29 0.15 0.88 0.61 0.51 0.44

0.29 0.45 3.42 0.37 0.45 0.26 0.49 0.59 1.58 0.26 0.68 0.40 0.81 0.47 0.24 3.60 0.35 2.54 0.38 0.27 0.15 0.89 0.59 0.50 0.43

0.27 0.44 3.28 0.34 0.42 0.25 0.47 0.61 1.49 0.27 0.62 0.39 0.77 0.46 0.24 3.37 0.34 2.47 0.37 0.25 0.14 0.83 0.56 0.48 0.41

0.26 0.43 3.00 0.31 0.40 0.25 0.45 0.63 1.46 0.27 0.61 0.39 0.75 0.44 0.23 3.23 0.41 2.78 0.39 0.23 0.13 0.92 0.54 0.47 0.40

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

0.80 0.33 0.64 0.36 0.38

0.81 0.34 0.71 0.40 0.38

0.88 0.32 0.70 0.38 0.37

0.93 0.31 0.73 0.45 0.37

0.87 0.29 0.77 0.38 0.34

0.86 0.25 0.80 0.37 0.31

0.81 0.23 0.71 0.38 0.29

0.81 0.22 0.70 0.39 0.29

0.79 0.22 0.66 0.36 0.28

0.79 0.21 0.62 0.39 0.27

0.79 0.21 0.64 0.41 0.27

0.80 0.21 0.63 0.42 0.27

Parties de l'Annexe B

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises. Le ratio pour le monde a été calculé de façon à inclure les émissions liées aux soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Les ratios pour les pays individuels et les régions ne prennent pas en compte ces émissions. Pour information, le ratio mondial excluant les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales est de 0,67 kg CO 2 par US$ 1995 en 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.65

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 1995 prices and exchange rates

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

0.78

0.78

0.77

0.76

0.75

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.71

0.69

0.69

-11.5%

0.62e 0.47 0.74 0.39 0.25 3.53e 1.44e

0.61e 0.47 0.74 0.39 0.24 3.68e 1.45e

0.60 0.46 0.74 0.38 0.24 3.89 1.45

0.59 0.46 0.74 0.37 0.24 3.92 1.44

0.57 0.46 0.72 0.36 0.25 3.78 1.42

0.56 0.45 0.70 0.36 0.25 3.77 1.42

0.55 0.45 0.70 0.36 0.24 3.74 1.41

0.53 0.44 0.69 0.35 0.24 3.43 1.36

0.52 0.43 0.66 0.35 0.24 3.35 1.37

0.51 0.43 0.64 0.33 0.25 3.24 1.32

0.50 0.42 0.64 0.33 0.24 3.07 1.31

-19.4% -10.6% -13.5% -15.4% -4.0% -13.0% -9.0%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

0.55e

0.54e

0.52

0.51

0.48

0.48

0.47

0.45

0.44

0.43

0.42

-23.6%

Annex B Parties

1.93

1.94

1.93

1.89

1.81

1.79

1.77

1.68

1.68

1.62

1.60

-17.1%

Non-OECD Total *

0.51

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.49

0.48

0.49

0.47

0.46

0.45

0.45

-10.9%

OECD Total

0.80 1.10 0.74 0.76

0.81 1.09 0.74 0.76

0.82 1.07 0.73 0.75

0.80 1.05 0.73 0.75

0.79 1.07 0.72 0.73

0.79 1.09 0.70 0.72

0.81 1.06 0.70 0.72

0.80 1.03 0.68 0.70

0.77 1.04 0.66 0.68

0.75 0.98 0.64 0.66

0.75 0.96 0.63 0.65

-6.9% -12.8% -14.9% -14.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.27 0.42 2.82 0.31 0.41 0.24 0.43 0.64 1.40 0.28 0.57 0.39 0.75 0.43 0.23 3.02 0.40 2.75 0.38 0.22 0.13 0.89 0.54 0.45 0.39

0.28 0.43 2.92 0.37 0.45 0.26 0.40 0.62 1.51 0.27 0.57 0.38 0.75 0.44 0.21 3.23 0.40 2.90 0.39 0.22 0.14 0.90 0.55 0.45 0.39

0.25 0.42 2.71 0.33 0.45 0.24 0.37 0.63 1.42 0.29 0.55 0.38 0.70 0.43 0.23 3.08 0.43 3.00 0.40 0.23 0.14 0.89 0.54 0.43 0.38

0.25 0.42 2.64 0.34 0.46 0.23 0.38 0.63 1.41 0.29 0.54 0.38 0.66 0.43 0.24 2.99 0.43 2.69 0.38 0.23 0.14 0.85 0.51 0.42 0.37

0.25 0.42 2.45 0.35 0.50 0.23 0.36 0.64 1.33 0.30 0.53 0.37 0.59 0.42 0.24 2.78 0.43 2.38 0.39 0.24 0.13 0.89 0.48 0.41 0.36

0.25 0.41 2.42 0.32 0.44 0.23 0.35 0.62 1.31 0.28 0.49 0.38 0.45 0.42 0.22 2.61 0.46 2.27 0.40 0.22 0.13 0.92 0.47 0.41 0.36

0.26 0.43 2.27 0.38 0.47 0.24 0.37 0.63 1.31 0.30 0.48 0.37 0.44 0.43 0.22 2.58 0.42 2.16 0.38 0.24 0.14 0.95 0.47 0.41 0.36

0.26 0.41 2.17 0.32 0.43 0.23 0.35 0.64 1.21 0.28 0.45 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.22 2.35 0.43 2.02 0.39 0.21 0.13 0.93 0.44 0.40 0.35

0.25 0.41 2.16 0.29 0.38 0.23 0.34 0.65 1.16 0.26 0.44 0.37 0.33 0.38 0.22 2.09 0.44 1.85 0.38 0.21 0.13 0.91 0.43 0.39 0.34

0.24 0.38 2.06 0.27 0.36 0.22 0.32 0.62 1.17 0.25 0.42 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.23 1.94 0.48 1.78 0.40 0.20 0.13 0.95 0.42 0.37 0.33

0.24 0.38 2.18 0.24 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.63 1.02 0.25 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.36 0.20 1.79 0.46 1.68 0.40 0.19 0.12 1.00 0.41 0.37 0.32

-12.3% -9.1% -22.7% -21.4% -19.5% -10.9% -27.1% -1.3% -27.6% -12.2% -32.5% -9.0% -56.6% -16.8% -15.5% -40.6% 14.7% -38.7% 6.9% -14.6% -6.1% 11.7% -24.2% -17.9% -17.0%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

0.82 0.21 0.66 0.43 0.27

0.82 0.21 0.67 0.44 0.27

0.80 0.21 0.70 0.48 0.27

0.78 0.20 0.72 0.43 0.27

0.76 0.21 0.76 0.42 0.29

0.75 0.21 0.76 0.42 0.29

0.77 0.21 0.76 0.44 0.29

0.75 0.20 0.77 0.47 0.29

0.75 0.20 0.72 0.45 0.28

0.74 0.20 0.71 0.46 0.29

0.73 0.20 0.70 0.46 0.29

-10.8% -1.5% 6.0% 8.0% 5.9%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World *

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles. The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding international marine and aviation bunkers is 0.67 kg CO2 per US$ 1995 in 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.66

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes de CO 2 / US$ 95 selon les taux de change

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Total Non-OCDE *

1.71

1.70

1.76

1.74

1.70

1.77

1.78

1.80

1.81

1.84

1.86

1.85

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique ** Afrique

0.57 0.36 0.32 0.21 0.65 0.36 0.42 1.24 .. 0.38 0.25 0.45 1.19 0.08 0.50 1.27 .. 0.36 0.47 1.82 1.06 0.57 0.39 0.63 1.17 2.08 0.30 0.92

0.57 0.45 0.39 0.21 0.62 0.34 0.43 1.24 .. 0.35 0.26 0.49 1.10 0.14 0.59 1.10 .. 0.52 0.53 1.85 1.56 0.60 0.32 0.62 1.32 2.07 0.32 0.98

0.63 0.44 0.45 0.22 0.54 0.35 0.43 1.38 .. 0.31 0.20 0.58 1.06 0.24 0.60 1.21 .. 0.62 0.55 1.85 0.87 0.47 0.31 0.63 1.34 1.78 0.33 1.02

0.72 0.36 0.30 0.28 0.63 0.36 0.40 1.34 .. 0.30 0.29 0.64 1.11 0.21 0.61 1.23 .. 0.86 0.59 2.03 0.74 0.44 0.34 0.68 1.16 1.82 0.35 1.04

0.93 0.47 0.32 0.25 0.58 0.44 0.38 1.37 .. 0.33 0.38 0.54 0.98 0.24 0.65 0.99 .. 1.09 0.62 1.75 0.77 0.46 0.42 0.78 1.02 1.83 0.41 0.99

1.07 0.44 0.22 0.23 0.45 0.45 0.34 1.56 .. 0.34 0.44 0.69 0.94 0.38 0.67 0.99 .. 1.53 0.66 1.61 0.79 0.43 0.30 0.77 0.86 1.62 0.43 1.06

1.29 0.41 0.27 0.24 0.38 0.48 0.44 1.57 .. 0.30 0.48 0.45 0.76 0.46 0.68 1.06 .. 1.80 0.53 1.65 0.78 0.41 0.30 0.83 0.84 1.56 0.40 1.10

1.19 0.61 0.30 0.25 0.34 0.41 0.35 1.47 .. 0.36 0.43 0.52 0.86 0.57 0.65 0.99 .. 1.65 0.60 1.73 0.93 0.39 0.26 0.78 0.82 1.79 0.39 1.13

1.31 0.58 0.25 0.22 0.33 0.35 0.34 1.56 .. 0.39 0.40 0.53 0.90 0.66 0.62 0.99 .. 1.53 0.55 1.70 0.89 0.40 0.39 0.81 0.81 1.97 0.40 1.14

1.32 0.54 0.23 0.23 0.33 0.39 0.33 1.64 .. 0.38 0.44 0.54 0.87 0.71 0.65 0.86 .. 1.59 0.53 1.76 0.70 0.38 0.41 0.76 0.78 2.56 0.50 1.19

1.40 0.56 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.41 0.32 1.59 .. 0.40 0.46 0.53 0.81 0.74 0.62 0.80 .. 1.51 0.48 1.70 0.98 0.37 0.38 0.81 0.81 2.31 0.48 1.17

1.35 0.57 0.18 0.29 0.31 0.40 0.30 1.49 .. 0.41 0.33 0.55 0.82 0.78 0.64 0.74 .. 1.46 0.52 1.72 0.87 0.36 0.37 0.86 0.84 2.25 0.45 1.16

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

2.50 0.82 0.07 0.50 0.68 0.91 0.24 0.11 0.47 0.29 2.55 0.33 1.55 0.34

3.67 0.86 0.07 0.48 0.87 1.05 0.28 0.13 0.56 0.29 2.06 0.21 2.01 0.35

2.38 1.02 0.07 0.46 1.10 1.08 0.29 0.24 1.06 0.36 2.27 0.25 1.82 0.38

2.02 1.10 0.07 0.47 1.08 1.03 0.31 0.38 0.92 0.43 2.59 0.40 1.86 0.41

2.13 1.40 0.08 0.47 1.02 1.15 0.39 0.53 1.75 0.72 2.91 0.43 1.62 0.42

2.32 1.55 0.16 0.43 1.25 1.72 0.37 0.55 1.51 1.15 2.48 0.45 1.97 0.70

2.56 1.60 0.17 0.45 1.41 2.20 0.67 0.63 1.80 1.41 3.25 0.54 2.21 0.77

3.09 1.85 0.22 0.47 1.44 2.17 0.76 0.70 2.03 1.37 3.27 0.76 2.44 0.88

3.44 1.95 0.29 0.50 1.49 2.14 0.95 0.75 2.05 1.44 3.55 1.09 2.46 1.02

3.03 2.05 0.31 0.50 1.53 2.07 1.18 0.79 2.06 1.60 3.90 1.16 2.44 1.09

2.86 2.19 0.38 0.52 1.51 2.57 0.71 0.78 2.09 1.57 3.51 1.23 2.20 1.17

2.84 2.28 0.38 0.54 1.76 2.17 1.29 0.78 1.96 1.58 3.82 1.26 2.15 1.18

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

2.75 9.84 0.60 0.41 1.02 6.32 1.22 .. .. .. .. .. 3.02

2.29 8.96 0.71 0.32 1.06 5.82 1.23 .. .. .. .. .. 2.98

2.52 8.29 0.76 0.33 0.66 5.11 1.18 .. .. .. .. .. 2.80

2.59 7.59 0.70 0.22 0.61 4.75 1.12 .. .. .. .. .. 2.64

3.30 7.31 0.68 0.31 0.56 4.66 1.09 .. .. .. .. .. 2.57

2.51 6.49 0.65 0.26 0.64 4.52 1.13 .. .. .. .. .. 2.48

2.75 6.15 0.60 0.33 0.55 4.08 1.32 .. .. .. .. .. 2.52

2.68 5.85 0.55 0.33 0.63 3.78 1.39 .. .. .. .. .. 2.46

2.55 5.69 0.59 0.37 0.97 3.80 1.41 .. .. .. .. .. 2.47

2.65 5.43 0.65 0.38 0.98 4.19 1.38 .. .. .. .. .. 2.54

2.73 4.84 0.60 0.42 0.98 4.32 1.48 .. .. .. .. .. 2.60

2.36 4.96 0.58 0.39 0.98 4.49 1.48 .. .. .. .. .. 2.60

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises. ** Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.67

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 1995 prices and exchange rates

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1.93

1.94

1.93

1.89

1.81

1.79

1.77

1.68

1.68

1.62

1.60

-17.1%

Non-OECD Total *

1.33 0.66 0.16 0.30 0.28 0.37 0.29 1.44 .. 0.43 0.24 0.52 0.76 0.72 0.62 0.55 .. 1.15 0.51 1.76 1.16 0.35 0.41 0.82 0.70 2.38 0.42 1.14

1.44 0.67 0.12 0.29 0.28 0.34 0.30 1.45 .. 0.46 0.26 0.45 0.71 0.69 0.61 0.44 0.40 1.30 0.51 1.75 0.98 0.34 0.38 0.81 0.75 2.48 0.41 1.15

1.42 0.69 0.12 0.28 0.26 0.35 0.29 1.40 0.81 0.31 0.28 0.50 0.75 0.79 0.68 0.57 0.41 1.64 0.55 1.79 0.88 0.34 0.31 0.79 0.75 2.75 0.43 1.19

1.50 0.97 0.11 0.31 0.26 0.38 0.31 1.34 1.24 0.35 0.29 0.47 0.80 0.94 0.71 0.62 0.48 1.37 0.55 1.77 0.60 0.32 0.17 0.83 0.62 2.52 0.43 1.19

1.46 0.93 0.11 0.33 0.23 0.37 0.32 1.24 1.27 0.39 0.26 0.49 0.82 1.11 0.71 0.48 0.52 1.20 0.54 1.76 0.84 0.32 0.44 0.80 0.58 2.15 0.43 1.17

1.42 0.80 0.11 0.31 0.21 0.38 0.32 1.28 1.33 0.41 0.27 0.51 0.80 1.17 0.77 0.50 0.52 1.27 0.55 1.83 0.63 0.30 0.45 0.79 0.59 2.08 0.41 1.20

1.35 0.78 0.42 0.29 0.21 0.36 0.34 1.24 1.38 0.41 0.28 0.53 0.82 1.18 0.67 0.39 0.54 1.33 0.55 1.82 0.58 0.29 0.58 0.78 0.45 1.82 0.40 1.17

1.37 0.76 0.51 0.29 0.16 0.39 0.38 1.25 1.22 0.41 0.29 0.52 0.79 1.27 0.71 0.37 0.53 1.37 0.58 1.86 0.65 0.33 0.51 0.77 0.57 1.63 0.36 1.19

1.34 0.65 0.51 0.29 0.17 0.38 0.38 1.33 0.85 0.44 0.29 0.59 0.82 1.23 0.70 0.37 0.52 1.20 0.61 1.91 0.56 0.25 0.59 0.77 0.55 1.62 0.35 1.19

1.38 0.73 0.54 0.25 0.16 0.42 0.49 1.28 0.89 0.41 0.28 0.63 0.86 1.14 0.76 0.35 0.46 1.27 0.64 1.76 0.57 0.25 0.67 0.76 0.44 1.84 0.35 1.15

1.36 0.68 0.55 0.28 0.23 0.44 0.53 1.38 0.93 0.43 0.25 0.59 0.94 1.14 0.74 0.35 0.44 1.35 0.62 1.73 0.58 0.24 0.85 0.75 0.43 1.71 0.35 1.16

2.3% 3.0% 243.8% -6.7% -17.9% 18.9% 82.8% -4.2% .. 0.0% 4.2% 13.5% 23.7% 58.3% 19.4% -36.4% .. 17.4% 21.6% -1.7% -50.0% -31.4% 107.3% -8.5% -38.6% -28.2% -16.7% 1.8%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa ** Africa

2.78 2.26 0.49 0.52 1.91 1.26 1.02 1.18 1.96 1.51 3.99 1.06 1.95 1.24

2.44 2.26 0.77 0.49 1.88 2.18 0.93 1.48 2.32 1.42 4.25 1.23 2.40 1.42

2.37 2.27 0.83 0.52 1.83 2.07 0.87 1.46 3.32 1.47 3.79 1.15 2.43 1.46

2.04 2.35 1.39 0.53 1.77 1.83 1.05 1.38 3.57 1.59 3.86 1.17 1.90 1.58

2.06 2.55 1.51 0.53 1.78 1.93 1.06 1.27 3.52 1.62 3.65 1.32 1.99 1.65

1.99 2.56 1.55 0.53 1.78 1.95 1.13 1.29 3.45 1.61 3.70 1.26 1.97 1.64

2.01 2.62 1.50 0.53 1.81 2.14 1.18 1.24 3.37 1.73 3.51 1.33 1.87 1.69

2.04 2.67 1.22 0.55 1.83 2.26 1.30 1.21 2.90 1.73 3.55 1.26 1.77 1.66

2.10 2.67 1.09 0.55 1.84 2.48 1.24 1.25 2.84 1.76 3.67 1.42 1.72 1.68

2.01 2.72 0.98 0.55 1.79 2.32 1.25 1.45 2.93 1.82 3.87 1.42 1.71 1.68

1.96 2.78 0.95 0.59 1.81 2.33 1.13 1.65 3.04 1.87 3.85 1.39 1.67 1.70

-29.5% 23.0% 93.9% 13.5% -5.2% 84.9% 10.8% 39.8% 55.1% 23.8% -3.5% 31.1% -14.4% 37.1%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

2.27 5.03 0.54 0.45 0.92 4.22 1.65 .. .. 1.62 0.65 .. 2.62

2.19 4.28 0.62 0.50 0.83 4.09 1.66 .. 0.77 1.67 0.68 2.47 2.51

1.47 4.37 0.60 0.59 0.78 4.02 1.83 9.85 0.85 1.78 0.69 3.10 2.59

1.09 4.49 0.63 0.68 0.97 3.65 1.85 11.43 0.95 1.98 0.71 3.60 2.55

1.02 4.22 0.62 0.91 0.82 3.40 1.49 2.38 0.86 1.96 0.69 3.39 2.26

0.77 4.18 0.57 0.90 0.69 3.30 1.48 2.12 0.85 1.98 0.70 3.38 2.21

0.71 4.68 0.59 0.90 0.69 3.29 1.49 1.30 0.79 2.22 0.72 3.47 2.22

0.59 4.63 0.59 0.90 0.70 3.21 1.57 2.05 0.82 1.95 0.76 3.51 2.17

0.63 4.29 0.60 0.91 0.64 2.93 1.61 2.41 0.85 2.04 0.71 3.57 2.06

1.02 3.72 0.60 0.91 0.63 2.56 1.41 2.06 0.85 1.79 0.66 3.26 1.81

0.99 3.48 0.59 0.92 0.57 2.64 1.41 2.53 0.79 1.64 0.62 3.27 1.80

-56.4% Albania -30.8% Bulgaria 9.3% Cyprus 104.4% Gibraltar -38.0% Malta -37.4% Romania -14.5% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia 1.2% FYR of Macedonia -4.6% Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -31.3% Non-OECD Europe

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.68

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes de CO 2 / US$ 95 selon les taux de change

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.55

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.51

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.65

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.49

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.50

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.48

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.35

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.36

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.30

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.37

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.38

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.30

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine **

0.48 0.57 0.36 0.85 0.81 0.29 1.23 0.80 0.63 0.22 0.34 0.16 0.69 1.59 .. 0.75 0.66 0.23 0.48 2.40 0.46 1.00 0.43 0.53

0.49 0.58 0.35 0.86 0.75 0.32 1.42 0.85 0.51 0.26 0.35 0.15 0.68 2.07 .. 0.78 0.70 0.25 0.47 2.23 0.48 1.12 0.55 0.53

0.45 0.67 0.36 0.81 0.69 0.32 1.42 0.86 0.66 0.27 0.37 0.17 0.71 1.97 .. 0.76 0.73 0.21 0.46 1.79 0.45 1.13 0.60 0.52

0.47 0.70 0.36 0.79 0.71 0.37 1.26 0.84 0.77 0.25 0.35 0.22 0.69 1.96 .. 0.94 0.69 0.25 0.45 1.93 0.43 1.10 0.62 0.52

0.47 0.75 0.38 0.75 0.64 0.35 1.27 0.85 0.83 0.24 0.41 0.21 0.64 2.06 .. 0.81 0.60 0.24 0.45 1.72 0.43 1.30 0.52 0.53

0.46 0.83 0.34 0.68 0.64 0.29 1.18 0.75 0.93 0.24 0.33 0.16 0.59 1.97 .. 0.91 0.44 0.20 0.45 1.67 0.32 1.52 0.43 0.51

0.47 0.99 0.33 0.70 0.68 0.26 1.01 0.80 0.88 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.67 1.65 .. 0.90 0.58 0.22 0.43 1.80 0.30 1.63 0.36 0.51

0.46 0.91 0.31 0.63 0.65 0.28 0.97 0.73 0.86 0.26 0.32 0.25 0.59 1.50 .. 0.89 0.42 0.23 0.40 1.74 0.25 1.61 0.35 0.48

0.46 0.94 0.31 0.61 0.62 0.27 0.98 0.79 0.85 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.59 1.39 .. 1.06 0.42 0.24 0.39 1.83 0.23 1.53 0.39 0.47

0.47 0.93 0.31 0.58 0.61 0.28 1.04 0.82 0.88 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.62 1.38 1.79 1.08 0.47 0.24 0.39 1.97 0.24 1.46 0.44 0.47

0.50 0.91 0.32 0.64 0.61 0.28 1.04 0.81 0.84 0.32 0.27 0.28 0.65 1.39 1.47 1.10 0.41 0.24 0.44 2.17 0.30 1.40 0.41 0.49

0.53 0.98 0.31 0.68 0.61 0.31 1.08 0.83 0.82 0.31 0.27 0.30 0.69 1.66 1.25 0.99 0.43 0.25 0.45 2.15 0.32 1.62 0.43 0.50

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie ***

0.20 0.14 0.79 1.72 0.66 29.80 0.81 0.96 0.11 0.99 0.68 0.47 0.63 0.57 2.13 0.50 1.05

0.28 0.22 0.79 1.77 0.71 28.36 0.67 0.72 0.22 0.98 0.70 0.50 0.78 0.63 2.51 0.51 1.05

0.30 0.46 0.80 1.81 0.75 25.37 0.77 0.76 0.17 1.07 0.67 0.47 0.52 0.59 2.19 0.51 1.06

0.32 0.49 0.81 1.86 0.81 21.22 0.69 0.77 0.14 1.00 0.67 0.50 0.53 0.62 1.53 0.48 1.06

0.33 0.37 0.80 1.97 0.91 18.87 0.73 0.73 0.20 1.02 0.65 0.52 0.59 0.64 1.63 0.44 1.07

0.36 0.56 0.73 1.99 0.96 16.29 0.74 0.67 0.19 1.02 0.46 0.47 0.54 0.58 1.75 0.44 1.05

0.33 0.60 0.67 1.99 0.91 14.82 0.77 0.60 0.31 1.04 0.53 0.45 0.59 0.56 1.73 0.42 1.05

0.36 0.61 0.59 2.07 0.90 13.91 0.80 0.64 0.20 1.08 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.59 1.54 0.47 1.06

0.38 0.63 0.61 2.13 0.92 14.52 0.79 0.69 0.26 1.08 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.58 1.65 0.44 1.08

0.41 0.63 0.58 2.20 0.93 14.97 0.79 0.54 0.26 1.18 0.55 0.42 0.45 0.61 1.80 0.45 1.10

0.42 0.65 0.62 2.15 0.95 15.78 0.75 0.58 0.23 1.18 0.56 0.43 0.42 0.61 1.65 0.43 1.10

0.45 0.65 0.62 2.18 0.97 15.49 0.78 0.55 0.18 1.22 0.57 0.42 0.39 0.64 1.31 0.44 1.11

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

7.74 0.36 6.30

7.73 0.30 6.14

8.37 0.33 6.73

9.47 0.34 7.24

9.01 0.28 6.83

7.95 0.26 5.92

7.16 0.29 5.49

6.30 0.30 5.02

6.14 0.30 4.86

5.95 0.30 4.70

5.79 0.30 4.60

5.76 0.31 4.59

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique. ** Exclue les Antilles néerlandaises. *** Exclue la RPD de Corée.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.69

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Exchange Rates Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les taux de change kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 1995 prices and exchange rates

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.17

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.33

3.83 9.71 3.55 4.42 2.67 9.10 2.58 2.44 2.47 4.29 4.27 5.24 3.43 6.55 10.13 4.81

1.97 9.70 3.09 3.70 3.08 8.54 2.22 2.42 2.33 3.59 4.52 4.05 3.55 6.65 10.40 4.93

1.02 11.10 2.93 3.74 3.15 8.72 1.80 2.17 2.43 4.16 4.56 1.92 5.29 7.11 10.40 5.01

1.19 10.71 2.94 3.23 1.18 8.32 1.40 1.86 2.23 3.54 4.70 2.23 5.79 7.93 9.58 5.11

0.82 9.50 2.87 3.29 1.91 7.23 1.61 1.79 2.22 3.94 4.79 3.00 5.46 8.25 9.53 5.12

1.01 8.53 2.57 2.90 1.89 6.16 1.41 1.55 1.98 3.66 4.41 2.60 6.11 7.81 9.44 4.70

0.98 7.88 2.31 2.68 2.17 6.18 1.47 1.37 1.99 3.44 4.58 2.64 5.45 7.60 10.49 4.79

0.85 7.18 2.14 2.51 2.25 5.56 1.14 1.26 1.76 2.73 4.47 2.59 5.54 7.48 10.12 4.63

0.96 6.94 2.01 2.31 2.41 5.46 1.05 1.06 1.48 2.35 4.21 1.86 4.78 6.79 9.57 4.35

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.52 1.00 0.32 0.70 0.60 0.29 1.01 0.79 0.83 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.64 1.68 1.06 1.07 0.41 0.25 0.47 2.19 0.25 1.57 0.42 0.51

0.49 1.03 0.33 0.63 0.62 0.30 0.90 0.80 0.84 0.39 0.29 0.28 0.62 1.56 1.15 1.06 0.44 0.24 0.44 2.16 0.28 1.42 0.43 0.50

0.44 1.06 0.34 0.57 0.63 0.38 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.41 0.34 0.30 0.67 1.68 1.11 1.22 0.48 0.29 0.46 2.26 0.28 1.35 0.40 0.49

0.43 1.05 0.33 0.57 0.65 0.35 1.06 0.83 0.77 0.43 0.35 0.24 0.67 1.68 1.04 1.22 0.46 0.31 0.46 2.20 0.25 1.42 0.40 0.49

0.42 1.12 0.33 0.59 0.63 0.39 1.13 0.94 0.78 0.47 0.36 0.07 0.78 1.69 1.14 1.34 0.48 0.36 0.42 2.14 0.22 1.47 0.39 0.48

0.43 1.22 0.34 0.57 0.63 0.38 1.18 0.95 0.86 0.49 0.41 0.34 0.98 1.72 1.13 1.35 0.52 0.38 0.44 2.10 0.25 1.49 0.39 0.50

0.45 1.14 0.36 0.62 0.62 0.35 1.15 0.95 0.90 0.43 0.39 0.39 0.86 1.82 1.17 1.38 0.51 0.36 0.47 2.20 0.28 1.59 0.38 0.52

0.41 1.10 0.37 0.65 0.65 0.33 1.16 1.00 0.92 0.49 0.39 0.47 0.84 1.89 1.19 1.41 0.52 0.38 0.44 2.22 0.27 1.57 0.43 0.52

0.41 1.10 0.38 0.63 0.65 0.34 1.13 1.06 0.93 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.96 2.00 1.25 1.56 0.60 0.42 0.42 2.33 0.26 1.66 0.43 0.53

0.44 1.04 0.39 0.68 0.60 0.31 1.13 1.05 0.89 0.48 0.47 0.48 0.99 2.07 1.24 1.50 0.53 0.43 0.46 2.37 0.32 1.55 0.43 0.53

0.44 0.96 0.38 0.59 0.59 0.31 1.15 1.03 0.95 0.48 0.50 0.48 0.97 2.08 1.21 1.49 0.52 0.35 0.43 2.27 0.26 1.61 0.43 0.53

-15.4% -4.0% 18.8% -15.7% -1.7% 6.9% 13.9% 30.4% 14.5% 54.8% 78.6% 60.0% 51.6% 23.8% 14.2% 39.3% 26.8% 40.0% -8.5% 3.7% 4.0% 2.5% 2.4% 3.9%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America **

0.45 0.67 0.60 2.13 0.97 16.66 0.84 0.49 0.26 1.22 0.54 0.53 0.37 0.70 1.32 0.46 1.10

0.40 0.67 0.60 2.29 0.98 17.83 0.91 0.48 0.31 1.18 0.55 0.52 0.37 0.72 1.17 0.43 1.13

0.44 0.72 0.61 2.30 0.96 18.45 0.88 0.47 0.30 1.19 0.61 0.51 0.46 0.73 1.15 0.38 1.13

0.47 0.76 0.62 2.27 0.98 19.37 0.88 0.51 0.33 1.26 0.65 0.51 0.42 0.76 1.18 0.35 1.14

0.49 0.80 0.62 2.25 0.96 19.04 0.85 0.55 0.38 1.28 0.76 0.49 0.44 0.78 1.18 0.34 1.14

0.59 0.86 0.61 2.23 0.94 19.46 0.85 0.62 0.40 1.31 0.80 0.45 0.42 0.81 1.28 0.32 1.14

0.56 0.86 0.61 2.20 0.96 19.76 0.87 0.62 0.39 1.34 0.81 0.44 0.60 0.86 1.32 0.32 1.15

0.57 0.89 0.60 2.17 1.00 20.94 0.88 0.67 0.43 1.37 0.83 0.40 0.56 0.89 1.37 0.32 1.15

0.57 0.86 0.62 2.10 1.14 20.04 0.95 0.62 0.43 1.36 0.82 0.42 0.55 0.90 1.31 0.32 1.17

0.54 0.87 0.61 2.04 1.24 20.22 0.96 0.67 0.57 1.44 0.80 0.39 0.59 0.90 1.38 0.32 1.17

0.55 0.86 0.63 2.01 1.29 20.14 0.95 0.60 0.54 1.38 0.78 0.37 0.65 0.86 1.46 0.32 1.25

22.2% 28.4% 5.0% -5.6% 33.0% 20.9% 13.1% 22.4% 107.7% 13.1% 44.4% -30.2% 75.7% 22.9% 10.6% -30.4% 13.6%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia ***

5.69 0.31 4.55

5.48 0.32 4.41

5.05 0.34 4.13

4.69 0.34 3.88

4.42 0.27 3.70

4.25 0.26 3.59

4.10 0.23 3.48

3.67 0.20 3.14

3.45 0.28 3.01

3.09 0.29 2.71

2.88 0.23 2.52

-49.4% -25.8% -44.6%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage. ** Excludes Netherlands Antilles. *** Excludes DPR of Korea.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.70

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes de CO 2 / US$ 95 selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Monde *

0.86

0.85

0.81

0.81

0.79

0.75

0.71

0.69

0.68

0.68

0.67

0.66

Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I

.. 0.88 1.18 0.71 0.61 .. ..

.. 0.87 1.16 0.70 0.63 .. ..

.. 0.81 1.09 0.64 0.60 .. ..

.. 0.81 1.08 0.63 0.60 .. ..

.. 0.77 1.01 0.63 0.55 .. ..

.. 0.70 0.93 0.57 0.49 .. ..

.. 0.65 0.86 0.53 0.46 .. ..

.. 0.63 0.81 0.51 0.45 .. ..

.. 0.61 0.78 0.51 0.43 .. ..

.. 0.60 0.78 0.50 0.42 .. ..

.. 0.59 0.78 0.47 0.43 .. ..

.. 0.58 0.77 0.46 0.42 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Total Non-OCDE *

0.71

0.71

0.74

0.73

0.74

0.73

0.72

0.72

0.71

0.71

0.72

0.71

Total OCDE

0.89

0.88

0.82

0.82

0.78

0.72

0.67

0.65

0.63

0.62

0.61

0.60

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

1.03 0.37 1.20 1.13

1.01 0.39 1.17 1.11

0.95 0.40 1.10 1.04

0.94 0.42 1.10 1.04

0.90 0.43 1.02 0.96

0.84 0.44 0.94 0.89

0.79 0.47 0.87 0.83

0.75 0.48 0.82 0.79

0.71 0.49 0.79 0.76

0.70 0.50 0.79 0.76

0.72 0.50 0.79 0.76

0.73 0.50 0.77 0.75

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

0.54 0.94 1.68 0.70 0.76 0.65 0.96 0.31 1.06 0.52 0.92 0.48 2.86 0.71 0.54 1.61 0.24 1.14 0.39 0.73 0.29 0.33 0.96 0.77 0.74

0.53 0.96 1.54 0.66 0.80 0.66 0.95 0.36 0.98 0.55 0.80 0.49 2.64 0.77 0.50 1.52 0.23 1.13 0.40 0.70 0.30 0.38 0.88 0.75 0.72

0.48 0.81 1.50 0.64 0.70 0.57 0.89 0.36 0.97 0.50 0.73 0.46 2.00 0.68 0.46 1.48 0.26 1.12 0.42 0.62 0.27 0.38 0.82 0.70 0.66

0.45 0.81 1.55 0.68 0.79 0.56 0.85 0.39 0.95 0.44 0.75 0.44 1.95 0.67 0.47 1.57 0.24 1.12 0.42 0.66 0.29 0.40 0.80 0.70 0.65

0.48 0.81 1.55 0.68 0.78 0.55 0.86 0.39 0.97 0.44 0.77 0.43 1.88 0.70 0.47 1.66 0.26 1.23 0.43 0.60 0.28 0.37 0.79 0.70 0.65

0.43 0.68 1.47 0.58 0.62 0.46 0.79 0.39 0.93 0.38 0.70 0.41 1.49 0.64 0.39 1.74 0.27 1.20 0.46 0.49 0.25 0.38 0.73 0.64 0.59

0.40 0.60 1.45 0.53 0.55 0.41 0.75 0.44 0.86 0.35 0.67 0.39 1.26 0.59 0.37 1.77 0.28 1.13 0.44 0.39 0.26 0.41 0.66 0.60 0.55

0.41 0.58 1.45 0.59 0.58 0.38 0.73 0.46 0.85 0.33 0.64 0.37 1.29 0.59 0.35 1.70 0.26 1.09 0.40 0.39 0.27 0.42 0.64 0.58 0.53

0.40 0.57 1.40 0.57 0.57 0.36 0.71 0.46 0.80 0.32 0.68 0.37 1.16 0.59 0.38 1.66 0.29 1.04 0.39 0.39 0.26 0.43 0.63 0.57 0.52

0.40 0.56 1.39 0.56 0.60 0.34 0.70 0.52 0.76 0.31 0.69 0.38 1.07 0.59 0.35 1.69 0.28 1.02 0.37 0.36 0.25 0.43 0.61 0.56 0.51

0.37 0.54 1.34 0.52 0.56 0.32 0.67 0.53 0.72 0.32 0.63 0.37 1.01 0.58 0.35 1.58 0.27 0.99 0.36 0.34 0.24 0.41 0.58 0.54 0.49

0.36 0.53 1.22 0.46 0.53 0.32 0.63 0.55 0.71 0.32 0.62 0.37 0.99 0.55 0.34 1.52 0.32 1.11 0.38 0.31 0.23 0.45 0.55 0.52 0.47

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

0.76 0.60 0.61 0.35 0.61

0.77 0.62 0.67 0.38 0.63

0.84 0.57 0.67 0.37 0.60

0.89 0.56 0.69 0.43 0.60

0.83 0.52 0.73 0.37 0.56

0.82 0.45 0.76 0.35 0.51

0.77 0.42 0.68 0.37 0.48

0.77 0.41 0.66 0.38 0.47

0.76 0.39 0.62 0.35 0.45

0.75 0.38 0.58 0.37 0.44

0.75 0.38 0.60 0.40 0.44

0.77 0.38 0.60 0.41 0.44

Parties de l'Annexe B

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises. Le ratio pour le monde a été calculé de façon à inclure les émissions liées aux soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Les ratios pour les pays individuels et les régions ne prennent pas en compte ces émissions. Pour information, le ratio mondial excluant les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales est de 0,54 kg CO 2 par US$ 1995 en 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.71

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 1995 prices and purchasing power parities

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

0.66

0.66

0.66

0.65

0.63

0.62

0.62

0.60

0.59

0.57

0.56

-15.2%

0.67e 0.56 0.74 0.45 0.42 1.37e 0.59e

0.66e 0.56 0.73 0.45 0.41 1.33e 0.60e

0.65 0.55 0.73 0.44 0.41 1.33 0.61

0.64 0.55 0.73 0.43 0.41 1.35 0.60

0.62 0.54 0.71 0.42 0.42 1.33 0.59

0.61 0.53 0.69 0.42 0.42 1.34 0.59

0.61 0.54 0.70 0.43 0.41 1.34 0.58

0.59 0.52 0.68 0.41 0.41 1.24 0.56

0.58 0.51 0.66 0.40 0.41 1.22 0.55

0.56 0.50 0.64 0.39 0.41 1.17 0.53

0.55 0.50 0.63 0.38 0.41 1.11 0.53

-17.9% -10.7% -14.9% -15.6% -2.4% -19.0% -10.2%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

0.63e

0.62e

0.60

0.59

0.57

0.57

0.57

0.54

0.53

0.51

0.50

-20.6%

Annex B Parties

0.74

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.69

0.68

0.67

0.64

0.63

0.60

0.59

-20.3%

Non-OECD Total *

0.58

0.58

0.57

0.57

0.56

0.55

0.55

0.54

0.52

0.51

0.51

-12.5%

OECD Total

0.69 0.51 0.74 0.72

0.69 0.50 0.74 0.72

0.71 0.49 0.73 0.71

0.69 0.48 0.73 0.71

0.68 0.49 0.72 0.70

0.68 0.50 0.70 0.68

0.69 0.49 0.70 0.68

0.69 0.48 0.68 0.67

0.67 0.48 0.66 0.64

0.65 0.45 0.64 0.62

0.64 0.44 0.63 0.62

-6.8% -12.8% -14.9% -14.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.37 0.52 1.15 0.47 0.55 0.31 0.60 0.56 0.68 0.33 0.58 0.37 0.99 0.54 0.34 1.42 0.32 1.10 0.37 0.30 0.22 0.43 0.56 0.50 0.46

0.38 0.54 1.19 0.55 0.61 0.33 0.57 0.54 0.73 0.32 0.58 0.36 0.98 0.55 0.31 1.51 0.31 1.16 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.44 0.57 0.50 0.46

0.34 0.52 1.10 0.50 0.60 0.32 0.53 0.55 0.69 0.34 0.56 0.36 0.92 0.54 0.33 1.44 0.34 1.20 0.40 0.31 0.24 0.43 0.56 0.49 0.45

0.34 0.52 1.08 0.52 0.62 0.30 0.53 0.56 0.68 0.34 0.55 0.36 0.87 0.55 0.34 1.40 0.34 1.08 0.38 0.32 0.23 0.42 0.53 0.48 0.44

0.34 0.53 1.00 0.52 0.67 0.29 0.51 0.56 0.64 0.35 0.54 0.35 0.77 0.54 0.34 1.31 0.34 0.95 0.38 0.32 0.22 0.44 0.50 0.46 0.43

0.34 0.51 0.98 0.48 0.59 0.30 0.50 0.55 0.63 0.33 0.50 0.36 0.60 0.53 0.32 1.23 0.36 0.91 0.39 0.31 0.23 0.45 0.48 0.46 0.43

0.35 0.54 0.93 0.58 0.64 0.30 0.52 0.55 0.63 0.36 0.49 0.35 0.58 0.54 0.31 1.21 0.33 0.87 0.37 0.33 0.23 0.46 0.48 0.47 0.43

0.35 0.51 0.88 0.48 0.58 0.29 0.49 0.56 0.58 0.32 0.46 0.35 0.51 0.51 0.32 1.10 0.34 0.81 0.38 0.29 0.22 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.41

0.34 0.51 0.88 0.44 0.51 0.30 0.47 0.57 0.56 0.31 0.45 0.35 0.44 0.48 0.32 0.98 0.35 0.74 0.38 0.28 0.22 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41

0.33 0.47 0.84 0.41 0.48 0.29 0.45 0.55 0.57 0.29 0.42 0.34 0.43 0.46 0.33 0.91 0.38 0.71 0.39 0.27 0.22 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.39

0.32 0.47 0.89 0.37 0.44 0.28 0.44 0.55 0.49 0.29 0.39 0.34 0.43 0.45 0.28 0.84 0.36 0.67 0.40 0.26 0.21 0.49 0.42 0.41 0.38

-12.3% -8.9% -22.7% -21.5% -19.6% -11.3% -27.0% -1.3% -27.6% -12.2% -32.5% -9.2% -56.6% -16.7% -15.7% -40.6% 14.5% -38.8% 7.0% -14.7% -5.8% 11.8% -24.1% -18.7% -17.1%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

0.78 0.37 0.63 0.41 0.44

0.78 0.37 0.64 0.43 0.44

0.76 0.37 0.66 0.46 0.44

0.75 0.37 0.68 0.42 0.44

0.73 0.38 0.72 0.40 0.46

0.72 0.38 0.72 0.41 0.46

0.73 0.37 0.72 0.42 0.46

0.72 0.36 0.73 0.45 0.45

0.72 0.36 0.68 0.43 0.44

0.71 0.37 0.67 0.44 0.45

0.70 0.37 0.67 0.44 0.45

-10.7% -1.6% 6.1% 7.8% 2.3%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World *

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles. The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding international marine and aviation bunkers is 0.54 kg CO2 per US$ 1995 in 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.72

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes de CO 2 / US$ 95 selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Total Non-OCDE *

0.71

0.71

0.74

0.73

0.74

0.73

0.72

0.72

0.71

0.71

0.72

0.71

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique ** Afrique

0.18 0.09 0.14 0.09 0.62 0.05 0.20 0.44 .. 0.07 0.19 0.10 0.40 0.10 0.20 0.30 .. 0.11 0.20 0.83 0.21 0.22 0.09 0.26 0.57 0.52 0.09 0.36

0.18 0.11 0.17 0.09 0.60 0.07 0.21 0.44 .. 0.06 0.19 0.11 0.37 0.17 0.24 0.26 .. 0.16 0.23 0.84 0.30 0.23 0.08 0.26 0.69 0.51 0.10 0.39

0.20 0.11 0.20 0.09 0.52 0.04 0.21 0.49 .. 0.06 0.15 0.13 0.35 0.30 0.24 0.28 .. 0.19 0.23 0.84 0.17 0.18 0.07 0.26 0.73 0.44 0.10 0.39

0.23 0.09 0.13 0.12 0.60 0.05 0.19 0.48 .. 0.06 0.21 0.14 0.37 0.26 0.25 0.29 .. 0.27 0.25 0.92 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.28 0.57 0.45 0.11 0.41

0.30 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.56 0.06 0.18 0.49 .. 0.06 0.28 0.12 0.33 0.29 0.27 0.23 .. 0.34 0.26 0.80 0.15 0.17 0.10 0.32 0.53 0.45 0.13 0.40

0.35 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.43 0.07 0.16 0.56 .. 0.06 0.33 0.16 0.31 0.46 0.27 0.23 .. 0.48 0.28 0.73 0.15 0.16 0.07 0.32 0.46 0.40 0.13 0.42

0.42 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.36 0.07 0.21 0.56 .. 0.06 0.36 0.10 0.25 0.56 0.28 0.25 .. 0.56 0.23 0.75 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.34 0.44 0.39 0.12 0.43

0.38 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.32 0.06 0.17 0.52 .. 0.07 0.32 0.12 0.29 0.69 0.26 0.23 .. 0.51 0.25 0.79 0.18 0.15 0.06 0.32 0.43 0.44 0.12 0.43

0.42 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.31 0.05 0.16 0.56 .. 0.07 0.30 0.12 0.30 0.81 0.25 0.23 .. 0.48 0.23 0.77 0.17 0.15 0.09 0.33 0.43 0.49 0.12 0.43

0.43 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.32 0.06 0.16 0.59 .. 0.07 0.33 0.12 0.29 0.86 0.26 0.20 .. 0.50 0.23 0.80 0.14 0.15 0.10 0.31 0.41 0.63 0.16 0.45

0.45 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.29 0.06 0.15 0.57 .. 0.07 0.34 0.12 0.27 0.90 0.25 0.19 .. 0.47 0.20 0.78 0.19 0.14 0.09 0.33 0.42 0.57 0.15 0.44

0.43 0.14 0.08 0.12 0.29 0.06 0.14 0.53 .. 0.08 0.25 0.13 0.27 0.95 0.26 0.17 .. 0.45 0.22 0.78 0.17 0.14 0.09 0.36 0.44 0.56 0.14 0.44

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

1.84 0.24 0.17 0.90 0.28 0.83 0.17 0.04 0.36 0.19 0.69 0.31 0.65 0.30

2.70 0.25 0.18 0.86 0.37 0.96 0.20 0.04 0.42 0.19 0.56 0.19 0.84 0.30

1.75 0.30 0.17 0.61 0.46 0.99 0.21 0.08 0.80 0.23 0.62 0.23 0.76 0.33

1.48 0.32 0.19 0.35 0.45 0.94 0.22 0.13 0.69 0.28 0.71 0.37 0.78 0.34

1.57 0.41 0.19 0.49 0.43 1.05 0.28 0.18 1.31 0.46 0.79 0.41 0.68 0.43

1.70 0.46 0.41 0.41 0.52 1.58 0.26 0.18 1.14 0.74 0.68 0.42 0.83 0.57

1.88 0.47 0.42 0.42 0.59 2.01 0.47 0.21 1.35 0.90 0.89 0.51 0.93 0.64

2.27 0.55 0.56 0.44 0.60 1.99 0.54 0.23 1.53 0.88 0.89 0.71 1.02 0.69

2.53 0.58 0.73 0.46 0.62 1.96 0.67 0.25 1.54 0.93 0.97 1.02 1.03 0.77

2.22 0.61 0.78 0.47 0.64 1.89 0.84 0.26 1.55 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.03 0.82

2.10 0.65 0.97 0.48 0.63 2.35 0.50 0.26 1.57 1.01 0.95 1.14 0.92 0.86

2.09 0.68 0.96 0.50 0.74 1.98 0.91 0.26 1.47 1.02 1.04 1.18 0.90 0.88

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

0.75 2.75 0.44 0.45 0.68 1.54 0.66 .. .. .. .. .. 1.21

0.62 2.50 0.52 0.35 0.71 1.41 0.67 .. .. .. .. .. 1.17

0.69 2.31 0.56 0.36 0.44 1.24 0.64 .. .. .. .. .. 1.08

0.71 2.12 0.51 0.24 0.40 1.15 0.61 .. .. .. .. .. 1.01

0.90 2.04 0.49 0.34 0.37 1.13 0.59 .. .. .. .. .. 0.98

0.68 1.81 0.47 0.29 0.43 1.10 0.61 .. .. .. .. .. 0.95

0.75 1.72 0.44 0.36 0.36 0.99 0.72 .. .. .. .. .. 0.95

0.73 1.63 0.40 0.36 0.42 0.92 0.76 .. .. .. .. .. 0.92

0.69 1.59 0.43 0.41 0.65 0.92 0.76 .. .. .. .. .. 0.92

0.72 1.52 0.47 0.41 0.65 1.02 0.75 .. .. .. .. .. 0.96

0.74 1.35 0.44 0.46 0.66 1.05 0.80 .. .. .. .. .. 0.97

0.64 1.39 0.42 0.42 0.66 1.09 0.80 .. .. .. .. .. 0.99

* Exclue la RPD de Corée et les Antilles néerlandaises. ** Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.73

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 1995 prices and purchasing power parities

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

0.74

0.74

0.74

0.72

0.69

0.68

0.67

0.64

0.63

0.60

0.59

-20.3%

Non-OECD Total *

0.43 0.16 0.07 0.13 0.27 0.05 0.14 0.51 .. 0.08 0.18 0.12 0.25 0.87 0.25 0.13 .. 0.36 0.22 0.80 0.23 0.14 0.10 0.34 0.36 0.59 0.13 0.43

0.46 0.16 0.05 0.12 0.27 0.05 0.14 0.52 .. 0.09 0.20 0.10 0.24 0.84 0.25 0.10 0.17 0.40 0.22 0.80 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.33 0.39 0.62 0.13 0.44

0.46 0.17 0.05 0.12 0.25 0.05 0.14 0.50 0.17 0.06 0.21 0.11 0.25 0.96 0.28 0.13 0.17 0.51 0.23 0.81 0.17 0.13 0.07 0.33 0.39 0.68 0.14 0.45

0.48 0.24 0.05 0.13 0.25 0.06 0.15 0.48 0.26 0.06 0.22 0.11 0.27 1.14 0.29 0.15 0.20 0.42 0.23 0.81 0.12 0.12 0.04 0.34 0.32 0.63 0.14 0.45

0.47 0.23 0.05 0.14 0.22 0.05 0.15 0.44 0.26 0.07 0.19 0.11 0.27 1.35 0.29 0.11 0.22 0.37 0.23 0.80 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.33 0.30 0.53 0.14 0.44

0.46 0.18 0.05 0.13 0.20 0.05 0.15 0.46 0.28 0.08 0.20 0.12 0.27 1.42 0.31 0.12 0.22 0.40 0.23 0.83 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.33 0.31 0.52 0.13 0.45

0.43 0.17 0.19 0.12 0.21 0.05 0.16 0.44 0.29 0.08 0.21 0.12 0.27 1.43 0.27 0.09 0.23 0.41 0.23 0.83 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.32 0.24 0.45 0.13 0.44

0.44 0.17 0.23 0.12 0.16 0.06 0.18 0.45 0.25 0.08 0.22 0.12 0.26 1.54 0.29 0.09 0.22 0.42 0.24 0.85 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.32 0.30 0.41 0.12 0.45

0.43 0.14 0.23 0.12 0.16 0.06 0.18 0.47 0.18 0.08 0.22 0.13 0.27 1.49 0.28 0.09 0.22 0.37 0.26 0.87 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.32 0.29 0.40 0.11 0.44

0.44 0.16 0.24 0.11 0.15 0.06 0.23 0.46 0.18 0.08 0.21 0.14 0.29 1.38 0.31 0.08 0.19 0.40 0.27 0.80 0.11 0.09 0.16 0.32 0.23 0.46 0.11 0.43

0.44 0.15 0.24 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.25 0.49 0.19 0.08 0.19 0.13 0.31 1.38 0.30 0.08 0.19 0.42 0.26 0.79 0.11 0.09 0.20 0.31 0.22 0.43 0.11 0.43

2.3% -6.3% 242.9% -7.7% -18.5% 20.0% 78.6% -3.9% .. 0.0% 5.6% 8.3% 24.0% 58.6% 20.0% -38.5% .. 16.7% 18.2% -1.3% -52.2% -35.7% 100.0% -8.8% -38.9% -27.1% -15.4% 0.0%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa ** Africa

2.04 0.67 1.24 0.48 0.80 1.16 0.72 0.39 1.48 0.97 1.09 0.99 0.82 0.83

1.80 0.67 1.95 0.46 0.79 2.00 0.66 0.50 1.74 0.92 1.16 1.15 1.01 0.85

1.74 0.67 2.09 0.48 0.77 1.89 0.61 0.49 2.49 0.95 1.03 1.07 1.02 0.87

1.50 0.70 3.52 0.49 0.74 1.67 0.74 0.46 2.68 1.02 1.05 1.09 0.80 0.92

1.51 0.76 3.80 0.49 0.75 1.76 0.75 0.43 2.64 1.05 0.99 1.23 0.83 0.96

1.46 0.76 3.92 0.49 0.74 1.78 0.80 0.43 2.59 1.04 1.01 1.17 0.83 0.95

1.48 0.78 3.79 0.49 0.76 1.96 0.84 0.42 2.53 1.11 0.96 1.24 0.79 0.98

1.50 0.79 3.08 0.51 0.77 2.07 0.92 0.41 2.18 1.12 0.97 1.18 0.74 0.98

1.54 0.79 2.76 0.51 0.77 2.27 0.88 0.42 2.14 1.13 1.00 1.32 0.72 0.99

1.48 0.81 2.48 0.51 0.75 2.13 0.88 0.49 2.20 1.17 1.05 1.32 0.72 1.00

1.44 0.82 2.40 0.54 0.76 2.13 0.80 0.55 2.28 1.20 1.05 1.30 0.70 1.02

-29.4% 22.4% 93.5% 12.5% -5.0% 83.6% 11.1% 41.0% 54.1% 23.7% -3.7% 31.3% -14.6% 22.9%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.62 1.40 0.40 0.50 0.62 1.03 0.90 .. .. 0.88 0.47 .. 1.00

0.60 1.19 0.45 0.54 0.55 0.99 0.91 .. 0.53 0.90 0.49 0.85 0.96

0.40 1.22 0.44 0.65 0.52 0.98 0.94 3.08 0.58 0.95 0.50 1.07 0.96

0.30 1.25 0.46 0.75 0.64 0.89 1.01 3.58 0.66 1.06 0.52 1.24 0.95

0.28 1.18 0.45 1.00 0.54 0.83 0.81 0.74 0.59 1.05 0.50 1.17 0.84

0.21 1.17 0.42 0.99 0.46 0.80 0.81 0.65 0.58 1.06 0.50 1.17 0.82

0.19 1.31 0.43 0.98 0.46 0.80 0.80 0.40 0.54 1.19 0.53 1.22 0.83

0.16 1.29 0.43 0.99 0.47 0.78 0.83 0.63 0.56 1.04 0.55 1.27 0.83

0.17 1.20 0.44 0.99 0.43 0.71 0.84 0.70 0.58 1.09 0.52 1.28 0.79

0.28 1.04 0.44 1.00 0.42 0.62 0.76 0.59 0.58 0.96 0.48 1.22 0.70

0.27 0.97 0.43 1.00 0.38 0.64 0.75 0.71 0.54 0.88 0.45 1.20 0.70

-56.5% Albania -30.7% Bulgaria 7.5% Cyprus 100.0% Gibraltar -38.7% Malta -37.9% Romania -16.7% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia 0.0% FYR of Macedonia -4.3% Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -30.0% Non-OECD Europe

* Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.74

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes de CO 2 / US$ 95 selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.12

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.06

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.01

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.01

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine **

0.65 0.26 0.22 1.00 0.32 0.15 1.03 0.29 0.31 0.09 0.15 0.04 0.20 0.82 .. 0.17 0.39 0.09 0.26 1.45 0.34 0.60 0.31 0.36

0.66 0.27 0.22 0.53 0.30 0.16 1.19 0.31 0.25 0.11 0.15 0.04 0.20 1.07 .. 0.18 0.41 0.10 0.26 1.36 0.35 0.67 0.40 0.35

0.61 0.31 0.23 0.49 0.27 0.16 1.19 0.31 0.33 0.11 0.16 0.04 0.21 1.02 .. 0.17 0.43 0.09 0.25 1.09 0.33 0.68 0.43 0.34

0.63 0.32 0.22 0.47 0.28 0.19 1.05 0.30 0.38 0.11 0.15 0.06 0.20 1.02 .. 0.21 0.40 0.10 0.25 1.17 0.31 0.66 0.44 0.34

0.63 0.35 0.24 0.45 0.25 0.18 1.06 0.31 0.41 0.10 0.18 0.06 0.19 1.07 .. 0.18 0.35 0.10 0.25 1.04 0.31 0.78 0.38 0.35

0.62 0.39 0.21 0.41 0.25 0.15 0.98 0.27 0.46 0.10 0.15 0.04 0.18 1.02 .. 0.21 0.26 0.08 0.25 1.02 0.23 0.91 0.31 0.33

0.63 0.46 0.20 0.42 0.27 0.14 0.84 0.29 0.44 0.10 0.12 0.06 0.20 0.86 .. 0.21 0.34 0.09 0.23 1.09 0.22 0.97 0.27 0.33

0.62 0.38 0.19 0.38 0.26 0.14 0.80 0.26 0.42 0.11 0.14 0.07 0.17 0.78 .. 0.20 0.25 0.10 0.22 1.06 0.18 0.97 0.27 0.31

0.62 0.39 0.19 0.37 0.24 0.14 0.82 0.29 0.42 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.17 0.72 .. 0.24 0.25 0.10 0.22 1.11 0.16 0.91 0.30 0.31

0.28 0.39 0.19 0.35 0.24 0.14 0.87 0.30 0.44 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.18 0.71 1.85 0.25 0.28 0.10 0.22 1.19 0.17 0.87 0.34 0.27

0.37 0.38 0.20 0.39 0.24 0.14 0.87 0.29 0.42 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.72 1.52 0.25 0.24 0.10 0.24 1.31 0.22 0.84 0.32 0.29

0.37 0.41 0.19 0.41 0.24 0.16 0.90 0.30 0.41 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.20 0.86 1.29 0.23 0.25 0.10 0.24 1.31 0.23 0.97 0.33 0.30

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie ***

0.05 0.15 0.66 0.36 0.24 .. 0.47 0.08 0.02 0.28 0.21 0.58 0.17 0.27 0.40 0.19 0.30

0.07 0.25 0.65 0.37 0.26 .. 0.39 0.06 0.04 0.28 0.21 0.63 0.21 0.30 0.47 0.19 0.32

0.07 0.49 0.66 0.38 0.27 .. 0.45 0.06 0.03 0.31 0.20 0.59 0.14 0.27 0.41 0.19 0.32

0.08 0.52 0.67 0.39 0.30 .. 0.40 0.06 0.03 0.29 0.20 0.62 0.14 0.29 0.28 0.18 0.32

0.08 0.39 0.66 0.41 0.33 .. 0.43 0.06 0.04 0.29 0.20 0.65 0.15 0.30 0.30 0.16 0.34

0.09 0.60 0.61 0.41 0.35 .. 0.43 0.05 0.04 0.29 0.14 0.58 0.14 0.27 0.32 0.16 0.33

0.08 0.64 0.55 0.41 0.33 .. 0.45 0.05 0.06 0.30 0.16 0.56 0.15 0.26 0.32 0.16 0.33

0.09 0.65 0.49 0.43 0.33 .. 0.47 0.05 0.04 0.31 0.15 0.56 0.11 0.28 0.29 0.18 0.34

0.10 0.67 0.51 0.44 0.33 .. 0.47 0.06 0.05 0.31 0.14 0.56 0.11 0.27 0.31 0.17 0.35

0.10 0.67 0.48 0.46 0.34 .. 0.46 0.04 0.05 0.34 0.17 0.52 0.12 0.28 0.34 0.18 0.36

0.10 0.69 0.51 0.45 0.35 .. 0.44 0.05 0.04 0.34 0.17 0.54 0.11 0.29 0.31 0.18 0.36

0.11 0.70 0.52 0.45 0.35 .. 0.46 0.04 0.03 0.35 0.17 0.52 0.10 0.30 0.24 0.19 0.37

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

1.71 0.37 1.64

1.70 0.31 1.63

1.84 0.34 1.77

2.09 0.35 1.98

1.98 0.28 1.87

1.75 0.27 1.65

1.58 0.30 1.49

1.39 0.31 1.33

1.35 0.31 1.29

1.31 0.30 1.25

1.28 0.31 1.22

1.27 0.32 1.22

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique. ** Exclue les Antilles néerlandaises. *** Exclue la RPD de Corée.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.75

CO2 Emissions / GDP using Purchasing Power Parities Emissions de CO 2 / PIB selon les parités de pouvoir d'achat kilogrammes CO 2 / US$ using 1995 prices and purchasing power parities

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.28

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.33

1.51 1.83 1.39 2.24 0.87 2.64 0.93 0.96 0.77 1.30 1.37 1.87 1.33 1.66 2.04 1.48

0.79 1.89 1.21 1.88 0.59 2.48 0.80 0.95 0.73 1.08 1.45 1.45 1.38 1.69 2.26 1.52

0.41 2.17 1.14 1.90 0.60 2.54 0.65 0.85 0.76 1.25 1.47 0.69 2.05 1.81 2.27 1.56

0.48 2.09 1.15 1.64 0.22 2.42 0.51 0.73 0.70 1.07 1.51 0.80 2.25 2.01 2.09 1.59

0.33 1.86 1.12 1.67 0.36 2.11 0.58 0.70 0.70 1.19 1.54 1.07 2.12 2.09 2.08 1.60

0.41 1.67 1.00 1.47 0.36 1.79 0.51 0.61 0.62 1.10 1.42 0.93 2.37 1.98 2.06 1.47

0.39 1.54 0.90 1.36 0.41 1.80 0.53 0.54 0.62 1.04 1.47 0.94 2.11 1.93 2.29 1.50

0.34 1.40 0.84 1.27 0.43 1.62 0.41 0.49 0.55 0.82 1.44 0.93 2.15 1.90 2.21 1.45

0.39 1.36 0.78 1.17 0.46 1.59 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.71 1.35 0.67 1.86 1.72 2.09 1.36

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.36 0.41 0.20 0.42 0.24 0.15 0.84 0.28 0.41 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.87 1.09 0.20 0.24 0.10 0.24 1.33 0.18 0.94 0.33 0.30

0.34 0.43 0.20 0.38 0.24 0.15 0.75 0.29 0.42 0.16 0.12 0.07 0.18 0.81 1.19 0.20 0.26 0.10 0.23 1.31 0.20 0.85 0.33 0.29

0.31 0.44 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.20 0.77 0.31 0.41 0.17 0.15 0.08 0.20 0.87 1.15 0.23 0.28 0.12 0.24 1.37 0.20 0.81 0.31 0.29

0.30 0.44 0.22 0.34 0.25 0.18 0.88 0.30 0.38 0.18 0.15 0.06 0.20 0.87 1.08 0.23 0.27 0.13 0.24 1.33 0.18 0.85 0.31 0.30

0.29 0.47 0.22 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.94 0.34 0.39 0.20 0.16 0.02 0.23 0.87 1.17 0.26 0.28 0.15 0.22 1.30 0.16 0.88 0.30 0.29

0.30 0.51 0.23 0.35 0.25 0.19 0.98 0.34 0.42 0.21 0.18 0.09 0.29 0.89 1.16 0.26 0.30 0.15 0.23 1.27 0.18 0.89 0.30 0.30

0.31 0.48 0.24 0.37 0.24 0.18 0.95 0.34 0.44 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.25 0.94 1.21 0.26 0.30 0.15 0.25 1.33 0.20 0.95 0.29 0.31

0.28 0.46 0.25 0.39 0.25 0.17 0.97 0.36 0.45 0.21 0.17 0.12 0.25 0.98 1.22 0.27 0.31 0.16 0.23 1.35 0.19 0.94 0.33 0.32

0.28 0.46 0.25 0.38 0.26 0.17 0.94 0.38 0.46 0.21 0.21 0.12 0.28 1.04 1.30 0.30 0.35 0.17 0.22 1.41 0.19 1.00 0.32 0.32

0.30 0.43 0.26 0.41 0.23 0.16 0.94 0.38 0.44 0.20 0.20 0.13 0.29 1.07 1.28 0.29 0.31 0.18 0.24 1.44 0.23 0.93 0.32 0.32

0.31 0.40 0.26 0.36 0.23 0.16 0.96 0.37 0.47 0.20 0.22 0.13 0.29 1.08 1.25 0.29 0.31 0.15 0.23 1.38 0.19 0.96 0.32 0.32

-13.9% -2.4% 30.0% -14.3% -4.2% 6.7% 14.3% 32.1% 14.6% 53.8% 83.3% 62.5% 52.6% 24.1% 14.7% 45.0% 29.2% 50.0% -4.2% 3.8% 5.6% 2.1% -3.0% 6.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America **

0.11 0.71 0.50 0.44 0.35 .. 0.49 0.04 0.05 0.35 0.16 0.66 0.10 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.37

0.10 0.71 0.50 0.48 0.36 .. 0.53 0.04 0.06 0.34 0.17 0.65 0.10 0.34 0.22 0.19 0.38

0.11 0.77 0.50 0.48 0.35 .. 0.52 0.04 0.06 0.34 0.18 0.63 0.12 0.34 0.21 0.16 0.38

0.12 0.81 0.51 0.47 0.35 .. 0.52 0.04 0.06 0.36 0.20 0.64 0.11 0.35 0.22 0.15 0.39

0.12 0.86 0.51 0.47 0.35 .. 0.50 0.04 0.07 0.37 0.23 0.60 0.12 0.36 0.22 0.15 0.39

0.15 0.92 0.51 0.46 0.34 .. 0.50 0.05 0.08 0.38 0.24 0.56 0.11 0.38 0.24 0.14 0.39

0.14 0.92 0.51 0.46 0.35 .. 0.51 0.05 0.08 0.38 0.25 0.54 0.16 0.40 0.25 0.13 0.39

0.14 0.95 0.50 0.45 0.36 .. 0.51 0.05 0.08 0.39 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.42 0.26 0.14 0.39

0.14 0.92 0.51 0.44 0.42 .. 0.56 0.05 0.08 0.39 0.25 0.52 0.15 0.42 0.24 0.13 0.39

0.13 0.92 0.51 0.42 0.45 .. 0.56 0.05 0.11 0.41 0.24 0.49 0.15 0.42 0.26 0.13 0.39

0.14 0.91 0.52 0.42 0.47 .. 0.56 0.05 0.10 0.39 0.24 0.46 0.17 0.40 0.27 0.14 0.42

27.3% 28.2% 4.0% -4.5% 34.3% .. 14.3% 25.0% 100.0% 11.4% 50.0% -30.3% 70.0% 21.2% 8.0% -30.0% 13.5%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia ***

1.25 0.32 1.20

1.21 0.33 1.16

1.11 0.35 1.08

1.03 0.34 1.00

0.98 0.28 0.94

0.94 0.26 0.91

0.90 0.24 0.88

0.81 0.21 0.79

0.76 0.28 0.74

0.68 0.29 0.67

0.63 0.24 0.62

-49.6% -25.0% -48.3%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage. ** Excludes Netherlands Antilles. *** Excludes DPR of Korea.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.76

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / Population Emissions de CO 2 / Population tonnes de CO 2 / habitant

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

3.77

4.02

3.89

4.10

4.20

3.97

3.82

3.89

3.90

3.97

4.04

4.05

.. 11.68 20.19 7.98 7.46 .. ..

.. 12.63 21.67 8.58 8.52 .. ..

.. 11.65 19.84 7.91 8.09 .. ..

.. 12.41 21.43 8.25 8.49 .. ..

.. 12.61 21.25 8.69 8.48 .. ..

.. 11.63 19.67 7.91 7.89 .. ..

.. 10.96 18.22 7.54 7.63 .. ..

.. 11.25 18.76 7.63 7.96 .. ..

.. 11.18 18.47 7.67 7.90 .. ..

.. 11.35 18.89 7.71 7.98 .. ..

.. 11.64 19.58 7.65 8.49 .. ..

.. 11.72 19.58 7.68 8.74 .. ..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1.48

1.60

1.74

1.85

1.96

1.96

1.99

2.03

2.08

2.14

2.20

2.21

Total OCDE

10.61

11.44

10.64

11.33

11.54

10.70

10.12

10.39

10.32

10.48

10.70

10.75

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

15.46 1.94 20.69 16.92

16.68 2.27 22.20 18.06

16.31 2.44 20.22 16.49

17.08 2.63 21.90 17.69

17.48 2.98 21.66 17.52

16.57 3.39 20.01 16.26

15.20 3.29 18.55 15.02

15.60 3.41 19.10 15.40

15.11 3.30 18.84 15.13

15.36 3.37 19.27 15.44

16.30 3.31 19.94 15.93

16.59 3.42 19.92 15.93

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne

6.54 12.17 15.88 11.20 8.69 8.29 12.56 2.88 6.08 6.89 7.34 5.46 45.24 9.89 6.09 9.03 1.69 8.53 3.53 10.29 6.22 1.14 11.20 8.20 8.77

7.16 13.74 15.42 11.27 10.37 9.16 13.41 3.85 6.63 7.94 6.85 6.11 46.91 11.44 6.12 9.62 1.90 8.94 4.07 10.44 6.76 1.37 11.38 8.77 9.44

6.66 11.89 15.76 10.47 9.49 8.04 12.46 3.85 6.97 7.48 6.71 5.82 33.82 10.37 6.08 10.24 2.02 9.27 4.44 9.80 5.81 1.49 10.36 8.25 8.70

6.91 12.67 17.09 11.84 10.66 8.42 13.08 4.37 7.58 7.45 7.32 6.05 34.11 10.79 6.79 11.07 2.02 9.51 4.62 10.20 6.25 1.73 10.65 8.66 9.08

7.65 13.31 17.31 12.35 11.49 8.83 14.21 4.76 8.21 8.17 8.12 6.44 34.96 11.61 7.31 11.47 2.30 10.50 4.79 9.79 6.16 1.56 11.13 9.10 9.63

7.10 11.60 16.75 10.29 9.65 7.51 13.10 4.65 8.13 7.58 7.60 6.25 27.68 10.62 6.46 10.70 2.55 10.29 5.11 8.04 5.82 1.57 9.91 8.35 8.78

6.84 10.25 17.00 9.96 8.94 6.88 12.70 5.04 7.85 6.78 7.29 6.10 24.22 9.66 6.20 10.72 2.66 9.85 5.01 6.68 6.07 1.74 9.47 8.02 8.35

7.21 10.41 17.38 11.77 9.97 6.46 13.16 5.54 8.04 6.79 7.44 6.21 27.02 10.19 6.59 11.30 2.49 9.89 4.60 7.05 6.43 1.90 9.60 8.15 8.47

7.10 10.47 17.10 11.84 10.12 6.20 13.15 5.52 7.71 7.03 7.89 6.24 26.15 10.44 7.31 11.40 2.84 9.73 4.69 7.22 6.38 2.02 9.84 8.18 8.50

7.33 10.49 17.13 11.51 10.97 6.06 13.04 6.04 7.80 7.14 8.38 6.60 24.46 10.57 6.81 11.74 2.91 9.74 4.70 6.95 6.08 2.18 9.88 8.24 8.55

6.96 10.63 16.74 10.81 10.80 5.96 12.90 6.43 7.35 7.36 8.13 6.68 25.45 10.56 6.77 11.37 3.07 9.61 4.81 6.62 6.02 2.05 9.87 8.14 8.52

6.94 10.73 16.01 9.71 10.72 6.16 12.51 6.90 7.26 7.25 8.49 6.99 27.17 10.59 6.62 10.90 3.91 10.89 5.25 6.25 5.97 2.22 9.65 8.13 8.55

Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

10.98 7.09 1.55 4.77 6.19

11.69 8.20 1.93 5.72 7.11

12.92 7.56 2.13 5.51 6.81

13.83 7.89 2.62 6.20 7.21

13.63 7.92 3.13 5.21 7.30

13.94 7.19 3.28 5.18 6.86

13.15 6.97 3.37 5.64 6.67

14.00 7.22 3.72 6.05 7.00

13.87 7.18 3.84 5.73 6.98

14.28 7.20 3.96 6.09 7.07

14.64 7.72 4.46 6.46 7.58

15.21 7.91 4.68 6.62 7.81

Monde * Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l'Annexe B Total Non-OCDE

* Le ratio pour le monde a été calculé de façon à inclure les émissions liées aux soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales. Les ratios pour les pays individuels et les régions ne prennent pas en compte ces émissions. Pour information, le ratio mondial excluant les soutes maritimes et aéronautiques internationales est de 3,76 t CO2 par habitant en 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.77

CO2 Emissions / Population Emissions de CO 2 / Population tonnes CO 2 / capita

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

3.96

3.93

3.91

3.88

3.85

3.87

3.95

3.91

3.88

3.84

3.89

-1.8%

11.53e 11.55 18.93 7.65 9.03 11.48e 1.61e

11.38e 11.49 18.54 7.73 9.17 11.08e 1.64e

11.22 11.49 18.76 7.54 9.25 10.50 1.68

11.08 11.50 19.08 7.36 9.15 9.95 1.71

10.88 11.59 19.19 7.33 9.49 8.92 1.76

10.88 11.61 19.05 7.42 9.54 8.87 1.80

11.11 11.94 19.54 7.64 9.81 8.80 1.87

11.00 11.96 19.76 7.51 9.79 8.29 1.86

10.96 11.97 19.71 7.57 9.72 8.07 1.86

10.98 11.98 19.75 7.46 9.94 8.09 1.83

11.17 12.21 20.22 7.53 10.11 8.16 1.86

-3.1% 5.7% 6.8% -1.6% 12.0% -28.9% 15.5%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

9.78e

9.68e

9.39

9.09

8.78

8.82

8.94

8.69

8.62

8.62

8.71

-10.9%

Annex B Parties

2.16

2.16

2.14

2.12

2.07

2.11

2.15

2.10

2.09

2.06

2.07

-4.2%

Non-OECD Total

10.55

10.49

10.48

10.49

10.59

10.61

10.90

10.92

10.87

10.87

11.09

5.1%

OECD Total

15.53 3.57 19.30 15.44

15.07 3.56 18.92 15.07

15.35 3.56 19.14 15.22

15.18 3.50 19.51 15.43

15.50 3.66 19.60 15.53

15.71 3.44 19.42 15.35

16.07 3.45 19.92 15.70

16.44 3.53 20.13 15.87

16.42 3.69 20.08 15.85

16.58 3.53 20.10 15.81

17.13 3.70 20.57 16.24

10.3% 3.5% 6.6% 5.2%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

7.37 10.76 14.84 9.84 11.03 6.08 12.15 6.95 6.81 7.46 8.63 7.05 27.47 10.69 6.73 9.03 4.00 10.49 5.32 5.97 6.05 2.29 9.73 7.92 8.52

7.78 11.32 13.65 11.77 11.27 6.52 11.77 6.87 6.49 7.26 8.76 7.01 28.39 11.14 6.31 8.96 4.16 9.46 5.53 5.91 6.30 2.30 9.84 7.94 8.62

7.03 11.17 12.60 10.60 10.77 6.29 11.08 6.96 5.92 7.31 8.61 7.00 27.31 10.98 6.99 8.72 4.55 9.11 5.83 6.03 6.27 2.36 9.58 7.71 8.39

7.01 10.88 12.28 11.02 10.92 5.93 10.90 6.89 5.84 7.39 8.66 6.90 27.69 11.12 7.31 8.76 4.42 8.27 5.45 5.97 5.90 2.40 9.23 7.55 8.18

7.14 11.28 11.67 11.73 12.16 5.84 10.71 7.02 5.72 7.74 9.00 6.84 25.29 11.11 7.68 8.57 4.49 7.66 5.70 6.19 5.69 2.33 9.09 7.48 8.17

7.30 11.21 12.17 11.08 11.05 5.98 10.65 7.00 5.73 7.38 9.07 7.21 19.83 11.29 7.51 8.60 4.92 7.77 6.00 6.09 5.78 2.52 9.09 7.58 8.26

7.66 11.92 11.95 13.48 12.41 6.19 11.09 7.22 5.83 8.30 9.47 7.13 19.86 11.73 7.59 8.99 4.73 7.84 5.72 6.68 5.89 2.74 9.28 7.80 8.50

7.83 11.56 11.35 11.61 11.90 6.05 10.72 7.57 5.64 7.81 9.77 7.19 18.44 11.50 7.97 8.74 4.95 7.77 6.16 5.98 5.70 2.83 8.87 7.65 8.34

7.70 11.78 11.15 10.83 11.13 6.42 10.51 7.97 5.66 7.69 10.25 7.37 16.70 11.28 8.34 8.15 5.38 7.42 6.32 6.05 5.93 2.81 8.98 7.64 8.41

7.70 11.37 10.62 10.17 10.88 6.26 10.12 7.89 6.03 7.45 10.62 7.34 17.15 11.04 8.60 7.89 6.04 7.23 6.75 5.90 5.91 2.75 8.84 7.53 8.30

7.74 11.73 11.56 9.38 10.59 6.18 10.14 8.31 5.51 7.69 10.88 7.38 18.24 11.13 7.48 7.58 5.96 7.01 7.13 5.86 5.80 3.05 8.89 7.57 8.35

5.0% 9.0% -22.1% -4.6% -4.0% 1.6% -16.6% 19.7% -19.1% 3.1% 26.1% 4.6% -33.6% 4.1% 11.1% -16.1% 48.9% -33.2% 34.1% -1.9% -4.1% 33.2% -8.6% -4.4% -1.9%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

15.20 8.25 5.28 6.63 8.17

15.10 8.42 5.80 6.57 8.40

15.14 8.49 6.25 7.05 8.56

15.22 8.36 6.75 6.74 8.59

15.24 8.75 7.60 6.81 9.05

15.49 8.76 8.21 7.00 9.23

16.17 8.95 8.68 7.39 9.54

16.35 8.88 9.17 7.91 9.64

17.02 8.71 7.91 7.59 9.29

17.29 8.90 8.60 8.08 9.62

17.19 9.10 9.17 8.26 9.89

13.1% 10.3% 73.8% 24.6% 21.0%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

World *

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding international marine and aviation bunkers is 3.76 t CO2 per capita in 2000.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.78

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / Population Emissions de CO 2 / Population tonnes de CO 2 / habitant

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Total Non-OCDE

1.48

1.60

1.74

1.85

1.96

1.96

1.99

2.03

2.08

2.14

2.20

2.21

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique * Afrique

0.63 0.30 0.11 0.11 0.44 0.13 0.41 0.60 .. 0.04 0.91 0.22 0.32 1.80 0.43 0.30 .. 0.11 0.28 7.69 0.22 0.11 0.15 0.68 0.80 1.36 0.10 0.72

0.78 0.39 0.14 0.11 0.48 0.13 0.43 0.60 .. 0.04 1.09 0.22 0.34 2.57 0.52 0.27 .. 0.16 0.30 7.94 0.29 0.12 0.13 0.77 0.92 1.40 0.11 0.77

0.91 0.34 0.15 0.14 0.46 0.12 0.45 0.71 .. 0.04 1.26 0.24 0.32 3.75 0.57 0.22 .. 0.19 0.33 8.46 0.20 0.09 0.13 0.87 0.91 1.18 0.11 0.82

1.11 0.25 0.10 0.17 0.46 0.11 0.46 0.86 .. 0.03 2.07 0.25 0.35 4.01 0.66 0.20 .. 0.28 0.36 8.66 0.20 0.09 0.14 1.00 0.74 1.06 0.12 0.86

1.61 0.32 0.11 0.19 0.47 0.13 0.46 0.94 .. 0.04 1.96 0.22 0.33 4.83 0.72 0.16 .. 0.34 0.36 7.60 0.17 0.09 0.18 1.22 0.60 1.01 0.14 0.84

1.80 0.28 0.08 0.19 0.47 0.13 0.35 1.15 .. 0.04 2.32 0.26 0.32 5.75 0.71 0.16 .. 0.40 0.35 7.83 0.18 0.08 0.13 1.30 0.52 1.07 0.14 0.89

2.28 0.25 0.10 0.22 0.49 0.13 0.41 1.30 .. 0.04 2.45 0.14 0.25 6.07 0.75 0.13 .. 0.42 0.32 7.17 0.18 0.07 0.11 1.38 0.45 1.00 0.13 0.88

2.17 0.38 0.12 0.24 0.44 0.11 0.31 1.31 .. 0.03 2.16 0.17 0.28 5.82 0.76 0.11 .. 0.38 0.33 7.32 0.19 0.07 0.10 1.38 0.42 1.11 0.13 0.88

2.33 0.36 0.10 0.23 0.38 0.09 0.30 1.39 .. 0.04 1.93 0.17 0.30 5.95 0.77 0.11 .. 0.35 0.31 7.04 0.18 0.07 0.15 1.36 0.41 1.20 0.13 0.87

2.26 0.35 0.08 0.22 0.38 0.10 0.28 1.46 .. 0.04 1.70 0.18 0.29 5.95 0.77 0.11 .. 0.35 0.31 7.31 0.14 0.07 0.15 1.33 0.39 1.53 0.16 0.90

2.31 0.38 0.08 0.23 0.34 0.10 0.27 1.46 .. 0.04 1.94 0.18 0.28 6.15 0.79 0.11 .. 0.36 0.28 7.16 0.19 0.07 0.15 1.40 0.42 1.43 0.16 0.89

2.26 0.37 0.06 0.24 0.34 0.10 0.25 1.40 .. 0.04 1.47 0.19 0.29 6.39 0.82 0.10 .. 0.36 0.29 7.23 0.17 0.07 0.14 1.50 0.42 1.42 0.15 0.89

13.95 1.26 1.27 4.69 0.83 29.20 1.73 0.34 17.78 2.27 1.05 9.72 0.19 1.82

18.38 1.57 1.38 4.94 0.99 29.77 2.27 0.37 23.20 2.87 0.90 9.10 0.28 2.12

20.28 2.01 1.41 4.94 1.15 22.75 1.92 0.84 28.83 3.44 1.38 9.39 0.28 2.38

22.14 2.34 1.71 4.95 1.39 20.77 1.63 1.47 22.94 4.66 1.62 14.25 0.34 2.76

22.66 2.29 2.49 5.17 1.61 25.06 2.12 1.85 44.86 8.14 1.93 14.35 0.36 3.42

22.45 2.00 2.48 5.15 2.28 21.50 2.08 2.14 37.97 12.73 1.89 16.26 0.45 3.81

22.08 2.49 2.98 5.45 2.61 24.20 2.10 2.89 36.03 12.49 2.39 14.88 0.53 4.23

24.46 2.73 3.15 5.79 2.78 22.42 2.34 3.90 34.21 10.20 2.27 18.97 0.59 4.20

26.47 2.52 3.20 6.28 2.95 22.90 2.33 4.15 33.05 10.72 2.29 21.32 0.61 4.27

24.82 2.57 3.29 6.73 3.02 22.92 2.30 4.09 31.26 11.17 2.49 22.84 0.62 4.42

24.32 2.55 3.53 6.99 2.82 24.51 1.74 4.18 31.31 11.23 2.45 22.34 0.63 4.49

23.43 2.71 3.67 7.16 2.75 24.89 1.79 4.19 29.30 10.83 2.36 24.36 0.62 4.57

1.79 7.39 2.93 3.55 2.02 5.63 3.09 .. .. .. .. .. 4.71

1.71 7.76 3.82 3.19 2.47 6.22 3.26 .. .. .. .. .. 5.06

1.86 8.31 2.77 3.40 1.99 6.63 3.53 .. .. .. .. .. 5.41

2.09 8.53 3.55 2.73 2.28 7.44 3.75 .. .. .. .. .. 5.86

2.89 9.22 4.07 3.84 2.47 8.12 4.15 .. .. .. .. .. 6.42

2.37 9.03 4.16 2.91 3.10 7.94 4.38 .. .. .. 7.30 .. 6.38

2.59 9.03 4.24 3.86 2.72 7.87 5.03 .. .. .. 7.31 .. 6.60

2.44 9.09 4.34 4.21 3.35 7.64 5.27 .. .. .. 6.91 .. 6.60

2.40 9.19 4.72 4.97 5.36 7.83 5.48 .. .. .. 7.17 .. 6.78

2.43 9.29 5.52 5.23 5.58 8.17 5.28 .. .. .. 6.75 .. 6.86

2.42 9.17 5.53 5.77 6.01 8.33 5.48 .. .. .. 6.51 .. 6.97

2.22 9.20 5.71 5.55 6.45 8.13 5.50 .. .. .. 6.47 .. 6.89

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.79

CO2 Emissions / Population Emissions de CO 2 / Population tonnes CO 2 / capita

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2.16

2.16

2.14

2.12

2.07

2.11

2.15

2.10

2.09

2.06

2.07

-4.2%

Non-OECD Total

2.19 0.43 0.05 0.23 0.31 0.08 0.22 1.40 .. 0.04 1.10 0.18 0.27 6.15 0.82 0.08 .. 0.30 0.29 7.23 0.22 0.07 0.16 1.50 0.33 1.56 0.14 0.87

2.28 0.42 0.04 0.21 0.31 0.07 0.22 1.39 .. 0.04 1.23 0.16 0.25 6.06 0.84 0.06 0.84 0.34 0.28 6.99 0.20 0.06 0.14 1.50 0.35 1.67 0.14 0.86

2.25 0.39 0.04 0.19 0.29 0.06 0.21 1.37 0.13 0.03 1.23 0.18 0.26 5.97 0.88 0.07 0.89 0.43 0.30 6.84 0.18 0.06 0.11 1.55 0.33 1.64 0.15 0.86

2.27 0.41 0.04 0.19 0.27 0.05 0.22 1.33 0.19 0.03 1.27 0.17 0.27 6.13 0.89 0.09 1.00 0.36 0.29 6.71 0.13 0.06 0.05 1.63 0.28 1.49 0.14 0.84

2.14 0.39 0.04 0.20 0.22 0.05 0.22 1.25 0.20 0.04 1.14 0.18 0.27 6.96 0.96 0.07 1.13 0.31 0.29 6.74 0.18 0.06 0.14 1.59 0.24 1.35 0.14 0.82

2.11 0.36 0.04 0.19 0.20 0.05 0.23 1.32 0.21 0.04 1.23 0.19 0.27 7.28 0.96 0.07 1.14 0.32 0.30 7.08 0.16 0.05 0.15 1.59 0.23 1.29 0.14 0.85

2.05 0.37 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.04 0.25 1.32 0.23 0.04 1.30 0.20 0.28 7.33 0.93 0.06 1.22 0.34 0.30 7.17 0.15 0.05 0.21 1.66 0.18 1.22 0.14 0.85

2.07 0.37 0.20 0.18 0.14 0.04 0.29 1.38 0.21 0.05 1.41 0.20 0.27 7.76 0.95 0.06 1.21 0.35 0.32 7.37 0.18 0.06 0.18 1.70 0.23 1.11 0.13 0.86

2.10 0.33 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.04 0.30 1.52 0.15 0.05 1.41 0.24 0.28 7.40 0.98 0.07 1.22 0.30 0.35 7.48 0.16 0.05 0.20 1.76 0.21 1.10 0.12 0.87

2.20 0.37 0.22 0.16 0.13 0.04 0.38 1.52 0.15 0.05 1.25 0.26 0.29 7.07 1.04 0.07 1.10 0.32 0.38 6.92 0.17 0.05 0.23 1.82 0.17 1.23 0.13 0.85

2.19 0.34 0.23 0.19 0.19 0.04 0.39 1.70 0.14 0.05 1.11 0.24 0.31 7.34 1.02 0.07 1.07 0.34 0.38 6.91 0.18 0.05 0.28 1.86 0.17 1.06 0.13 0.86

.. -20.9% 360.0% -17.4% -38.7% -50.0% 77.3% 21.4% .. 25.0% 0.9% 33.3% 14.8% 19.3% 24.4% -12.5% .. 13.3% 31.0% -4.4% -18.2% -28.6% 75.0% 24.0% -48.5% -32.1% -7.1% -1.1%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa * Africa

23.26 2.92 3.15 7.21 2.90 9.40 1.76 6.56 28.91 10.70 2.56 22.18 0.53 4.36

22.53 3.17 2.39 6.89 2.61 15.47 2.17 8.33 33.62 10.83 2.85 23.81 0.59 4.48

22.81 3.34 2.85 7.45 2.86 26.27 2.07 8.16 52.36 11.14 2.79 21.95 0.63 4.83

21.39 3.47 3.25 7.80 2.77 30.27 2.64 7.76 55.52 11.62 2.89 20.76 0.49 5.06

20.77 3.73 3.45 8.07 2.81 33.72 2.81 7.20 55.60 11.66 2.85 23.24 0.51 5.27

20.15 3.79 3.33 8.49 2.89 32.63 3.14 7.30 55.54 11.33 2.97 23.04 0.54 5.27

20.43 4.03 3.20 8.68 2.91 32.44 3.35 7.13 55.83 11.98 2.94 25.41 0.53 5.50

20.70 4.18 3.18 8.98 2.94 32.44 3.76 7.09 58.40 11.96 2.96 23.55 0.53 5.58

21.44 4.20 3.20 8.99 2.96 35.67 3.66 7.35 57.25 12.03 3.22 23.64 0.52 5.68

20.66 4.32 3.11 9.01 2.88 31.91 3.65 8.37 57.13 12.04 3.25 23.39 0.52 5.69

20.44 4.59 3.32 10.01 2.93 31.53 3.27 9.82 59.99 12.58 3.23 23.66 0.52 5.96

-12.1% 57.2% 5.4% 38.8% 1.0% 235.4% 85.8% 49.7% 107.5% 17.6% 26.2% 6.7% -1.9% 36.7%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

1.91 8.63 5.69 6.73 6.39 7.19 5.57 .. .. 4.81 6.26 .. 6.45

1.36 6.78 6.38 7.58 6.06 6.07 4.91 .. 3.31 4.63 5.95 5.33 5.46

0.86 6.50 6.67 9.34 5.88 5.54 4.48 4.34 3.20 4.58 5.76 4.85 5.02

0.69 6.64 6.88 10.77 7.54 5.11 4.04 3.92 3.32 4.69 6.20 3.89 4.71

0.71 6.37 7.11 14.44 6.67 4.95 3.45 0.97 3.16 4.52 6.23 3.74 4.37

0.57 6.52 6.92 14.74 5.91 5.16 3.70 1.16 3.44 4.48 6.55 3.95 4.56

0.57 6.60 7.27 14.97 6.14 5.36 4.00 1.27 3.47 5.04 7.05 4.36 4.77

0.43 6.10 7.39 15.54 6.47 4.94 4.53 2.66 3.91 4.46 7.75 4.84 4.73

0.50 5.89 7.79 16.46 6.12 4.30 4.78 3.34 4.21 4.77 7.59 5.01 4.56

0.86 5.26 8.08 16.53 6.22 3.68 4.13 3.04 4.21 4.36 7.35 3.85 4.00

0.89 5.23 8.36 17.30 5.84 3.85 4.31 3.86 4.06 4.14 7.27 4.06 4.13

-53.4% Albania -39.4% Bulgaria 46.9% Cyprus 157.1% Gibraltar -8.6% Malta -46.5% Romania -22.6% Former Yugoslavia .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. Croatia -13.9% FYR of Macedonia 16.1% Slovenia .. FR of Yugoslavia -36.0% Non-OECD Europe

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.80

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions / Population Emissions de CO 2 / Population tonnes de CO 2 / habitant

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.13

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.03

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.10

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.55

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.20

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.37

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.55

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.72

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.00

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.10

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.06

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine * Amérique latine

3.41 0.50 0.92 2.16 1.15 0.71 2.12 0.76 0.58 0.35 0.42 0.08 0.42 3.13 90.60 0.67 1.64 0.25 1.15 6.41 1.85 4.21 1.71 1.52

3.49 0.55 1.12 1.98 1.18 0.86 2.55 0.95 0.62 0.45 0.47 0.08 0.44 4.33 96.23 0.71 1.82 0.30 1.14 6.70 1.89 4.80 2.32 1.68

3.30 0.67 1.26 1.64 1.11 0.88 2.73 1.02 0.86 0.48 0.51 0.08 0.44 3.85 61.92 0.73 1.88 0.28 1.22 5.90 1.93 4.75 2.47 1.68

3.48 0.74 1.37 1.74 1.19 1.10 2.70 1.05 1.10 0.48 0.53 0.12 0.49 3.42 65.44 0.97 1.73 0.37 1.15 7.27 1.93 4.92 2.68 1.78

3.55 0.79 1.54 1.87 1.18 1.11 2.88 1.09 1.26 0.45 0.64 0.12 0.48 3.47 54.23 0.54 1.66 0.40 1.15 7.57 2.14 5.59 2.57 1.90

3.32 0.83 1.33 1.87 1.20 0.86 3.05 1.01 1.45 0.33 0.52 0.09 0.43 3.12 46.83 0.62 1.28 0.40 1.21 7.89 1.69 5.88 2.16 1.79

3.25 0.87 1.22 1.62 1.26 0.70 2.95 1.08 1.29 0.33 0.38 0.13 0.44 2.61 39.32 0.60 1.61 0.39 0.96 8.62 1.26 5.63 1.85 1.68

2.93 0.76 1.23 1.61 1.23 0.76 3.02 0.95 1.29 0.35 0.42 0.13 0.40 2.18 25.73 0.53 1.21 0.41 0.93 8.24 1.04 5.41 1.91 1.62

3.09 0.75 1.34 1.64 1.20 0.76 3.06 1.06 1.29 0.34 0.30 0.12 0.39 2.04 24.37 0.61 1.22 0.41 0.98 8.27 1.02 5.33 2.15 1.68

3.19 0.74 1.35 1.64 1.23 0.79 3.12 1.19 1.22 0.41 0.34 0.13 0.43 2.16 22.48 0.60 1.32 0.42 1.04 8.44 1.16 5.16 2.60 1.70

3.31 0.73 1.36 1.90 1.25 0.80 3.21 1.17 1.26 0.43 0.36 0.14 0.45 2.23 19.54 0.52 0.99 0.42 1.03 8.87 1.45 5.10 2.53 1.73

3.20 0.80 1.35 2.19 1.26 0.89 3.32 1.23 1.21 0.41 0.36 0.15 0.49 2.82 16.69 0.46 1.01 0.45 0.92 8.71 1.55 5.24 2.77 1.74

Bangladesh Brunei Taipei chinois Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie * Asie

0.05 2.93 2.06 0.36 0.21 4.67 1.14 0.16 0.02 0.27 0.61 2.82 0.22 0.44 0.37 0.32 0.42

0.05 5.06 2.53 0.36 0.25 5.40 1.11 0.12 0.03 0.27 0.67 3.67 0.28 0.53 0.38 0.33 0.45

0.06 9.98 2.63 0.39 0.29 5.74 1.31 0.13 0.02 0.29 0.67 3.71 0.20 0.51 0.35 0.34 0.47

0.07 13.16 3.20 0.42 0.34 5.86 1.35 0.14 0.02 0.28 0.73 4.40 0.21 0.61 0.25 0.33 0.51

0.07 12.05 3.74 0.43 0.43 6.33 1.60 0.14 0.03 0.30 0.74 5.32 0.26 0.70 0.26 0.31 0.54

0.09 12.91 3.76 0.47 0.51 6.42 1.78 0.15 0.03 0.34 0.54 5.43 0.25 0.67 0.26 0.32 0.57

0.08 13.60 3.74 0.50 0.51 6.86 1.97 0.14 0.05 0.37 0.63 5.71 0.29 0.69 0.29 0.33 0.61

0.09 13.00 3.75 0.55 0.54 7.51 2.07 0.15 0.03 0.42 0.50 5.94 0.23 0.79 0.28 0.38 0.64

0.10 12.66 4.27 0.58 0.58 8.00 2.02 0.16 0.04 0.43 0.46 6.02 0.22 0.80 0.30 0.36 0.67

0.11 12.52 4.48 0.61 0.60 8.66 2.05 0.12 0.04 0.48 0.55 6.12 0.25 0.91 0.33 0.36 0.72

0.11 12.71 5.14 0.64 0.65 9.51 2.08 0.11 0.04 0.51 0.58 6.88 0.23 1.02 0.32 0.34 0.77

0.12 12.28 5.55 0.68 0.71 9.74 2.30 0.11 0.03 0.53 0.62 7.03 0.22 1.18 0.26 0.35 0.81

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

0.95 2.28 0.96

1.01 2.30 1.01

1.15 2.48 1.16

1.32 3.21 1.33

1.44 2.85 1.45

1.39 3.15 1.40

1.48 3.73 1.49

1.64 4.09 1.66

1.71 4.57 1.73

1.81 4.96 1.83

1.92 5.48 1.94

1.96 5.65 1.98

* Voir chapitre 4, Couverture Géographique.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.81

CO2 Emissions / Population Emissions de CO 2 / Population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.57

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.28

2.92 6.09 9.67 14.64 2.57 15.37 2.98 5.36 5.44 4.53 12.66 3.88 7.15 10.62 5.23 10.65

1.35 5.29 7.77 11.44 1.80 13.18 2.18 4.60 4.32 3.75 12.26 2.48 6.42 9.24 5.13 9.84

0.74 4.80 6.51 11.47 1.07 11.87 1.41 4.20 4.08 3.00 10.84 0.91 7.61 7.65 4.77 8.60

0.91 4.03 5.87 10.50 0.41 10.50 1.03 3.63 3.86 2.52 10.73 0.91 7.50 7.55 4.28 8.32

0.66 3.59 5.91 11.29 0.74 9.30 1.25 3.63 4.04 2.65 10.57 1.00 6.43 7.13 4.24 8.08

0.84 3.38 5.92 11.20 0.81 8.18 1.18 3.46 3.87 2.51 9.85 0.87 6.22 6.60 4.23 7.53

0.87 3.40 5.79 10.97 0.95 8.19 1.22 3.21 4.08 2.22 9.76 0.91 5.76 6.34 4.82 7.46

0.78 3.30 5.57 10.33 1.10 7.64 0.97 3.01 3.48 1.70 10.07 0.92 6.62 6.28 4.79 7.56

0.94 3.51 5.55 10.22 1.20 8.26 0.93 2.76 3.04 1.49 10.34 0.72 6.59 6.08 4.64 7.66

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -33.8%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

3.01 0.83 1.31 2.31 1.28 0.85 2.99 1.08 1.23 0.42 0.38 0.15 0.44 2.98 15.00 0.48 1.02 0.46 0.89 8.98 1.21 5.26 2.78 1.69

3.13 0.88 1.34 2.18 1.31 0.88 2.34 1.09 1.27 0.54 0.39 0.14 0.42 2.95 15.47 0.46 1.19 0.43 0.85 8.99 1.38 5.11 2.69 1.69

3.14 0.90 1.34 2.21 1.37 1.20 2.11 1.26 1.27 0.61 0.47 0.12 0.47 3.20 15.42 0.52 1.39 0.52 0.87 9.18 1.48 5.02 2.53 1.70

3.18 0.91 1.37 2.29 1.46 1.16 2.06 1.22 1.18 0.67 0.50 0.10 0.48 3.24 13.99 0.50 1.38 0.57 0.89 8.73 1.39 5.18 2.56 1.73

3.24 0.99 1.41 2.48 1.46 1.32 2.20 1.42 1.22 0.76 0.52 0.03 0.54 3.25 15.34 0.55 1.46 0.65 0.90 8.76 1.27 5.11 2.58 1.77

3.20 1.10 1.50 2.64 1.50 1.30 2.33 1.48 1.34 0.83 0.60 0.13 0.69 3.31 15.16 0.56 1.56 0.70 1.01 8.85 1.41 5.29 2.56 1.85

3.45 1.05 1.60 3.02 1.49 1.19 2.44 1.56 1.40 0.71 0.57 0.14 0.61 3.43 15.20 0.58 1.56 0.67 1.08 9.58 1.65 5.49 2.62 1.95

3.41 1.04 1.69 3.36 1.58 1.14 2.52 1.74 1.45 0.84 0.59 0.17 0.61 3.48 15.24 0.61 1.63 0.70 1.05 9.96 1.66 5.66 3.03 2.03

3.48 1.06 1.71 3.35 1.58 1.25 2.47 1.95 1.45 0.88 0.73 0.17 0.70 3.64 15.49 0.68 1.94 0.75 0.99 10.96 1.71 5.89 3.08 2.07

3.54 0.99 1.75 3.49 1.35 1.23 2.61 2.04 1.26 0.85 0.72 0.18 0.69 3.73 15.20 0.69 1.70 0.74 1.07 11.64 2.02 5.05 3.10 2.03

3.52 0.92 1.78 3.16 1.35 1.19 2.80 2.12 1.35 0.83 0.77 0.18 0.69 3.71 15.23 0.70 1.70 0.60 1.03 11.63 1.59 5.32 3.19 2.04

16.9% 10.8% 35.9% 36.8% 5.5% 40.0% -6.4% 96.3% 9.8% 97.6% 102.6% 20.0% 56.8% 24.5% 1.5% 45.8% 66.7% 30.4% 15.7% 29.5% 31.4% 1.1% 14.7% 20.7%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America * Latin America

0.12 12.45 5.60 0.69 0.76 9.95 2.60 0.10 0.05 0.55 0.59 9.44 0.22 1.40 0.27 0.36 0.84

0.11 12.60 5.96 0.73 0.81 9.96 3.03 0.09 0.06 0.54 0.58 9.61 0.23 1.54 0.25 0.35 0.88

0.13 13.09 6.31 0.76 0.84 9.40 3.11 0.10 0.06 0.58 0.63 9.62 0.29 1.66 0.26 0.29 0.90

0.14 13.52 6.77 0.77 0.90 9.31 3.32 0.11 0.07 0.61 0.68 10.73 0.28 1.86 0.28 0.26 0.94

0.15 14.08 7.16 0.81 0.94 8.86 3.43 0.13 0.08 0.62 0.81 11.00 0.31 2.06 0.30 0.24 0.98

0.19 15.10 7.45 0.85 0.98 8.52 3.67 0.15 0.09 0.65 0.87 10.71 0.30 2.32 0.35 0.23 1.02

0.18 15.26 7.78 0.88 1.06 8.24 4.04 0.16 0.09 0.68 0.91 10.64 0.44 2.59 0.39 0.22 1.07

0.19 15.98 8.17 0.89 1.14 8.05 4.25 0.17 0.10 0.69 0.96 10.33 0.43 2.64 0.44 0.22 1.09

0.20 15.25 8.67 0.90 1.11 7.56 4.18 0.17 0.10 0.68 0.93 10.37 0.44 2.37 0.43 0.21 1.08

0.19 14.90 9.00 0.92 1.19 7.58 4.37 0.19 0.13 0.73 0.91 10.24 0.48 2.44 0.47 0.21 1.11

0.21 14.95 9.69 0.92 1.28 7.51 4.56 0.17 0.13 0.71 0.91 10.45 0.56 2.42 0.52 0.21 1.13

75.0% 20.1% 73.0% 33.3% 68.4% -24.5% 75.4% 70.0% 160.0% 29.1% 54.2% 10.7% 154.5% 72.9% 92.6% -41.7% 34.5%

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia * Asia

1.99 5.79 2.01

2.06 6.22 2.08

2.15 6.94 2.17

2.23 7.22 2.26

2.35 6.02 2.37

2.47 5.82 2.49

2.58 5.41 2.60

2.49 4.80 2.51

2.50 5.99 2.52

2.37 6.34 2.39

2.37 5.69 2.39

19.1% -1.7% 18.9%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.82

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Per Capita Emissions by Sector* in 2000 Emissions 2000 par habitant ventilées par secteur* kg CO 2 / capita

Public Total CO2 Emissions Electricity and Heat from Fuel Production Combustion World

Unallocated Autoproducers

Other Energy Manuf. Industries** Industries and Construction

Transport

of which: Road

Other Sectors

3 889

1 306

185

206

721

935

687

536

11 173 12 209 20 225 7 530 10 111 8 158 1 857

3 796 4 064 7 383 2 091 3 301 3 018 669

751 579 1 045 249 634 1 253 40

529 618 1 067 366 469 270 123

1 718 1 804 2 213 1 402 2 197 1 465 466

2 751 3 397 6 112 1 946 2 276 873 303

2 327 2 919 5 056 1 799 1 973 603 267

1 628 1 748 2 404 1 477 1 234 1 279 256

Annex B Parties

8 714

2 654

678

410

1 649

1 798

1 543

1 526

Non-OECD Total

2 075

751

108

116

501

303

256

295

OECD Total

11 094

3 732

521

595

1 679

2 979

2 567

1 588

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

17 131 3 698 20 570 16 242

3 958 1 140 7 766 5 878

189 105 1 140 818

1 766 530 989 938

3 177 578 2 106 1 819

4 879 1 032 6 249 4 887

3 741 1 014 5 202 4 082

3 162 314 2 320 1 900

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

7 740 11 730 11 564 9 384 10 585 6 177 10 137 8 311 5 508 7 693 10 879 7 375 18 238 11 125 7 477 7 577 5 958 7 008 7 130 5 860 5 802 3 054 8 894 7 569 8 354

1 161 2 405 5 378 4 116 3 583 525 3 401 4 080 2 128 11 4 095 2 371 2 967 49 3 883 1 919 2 654 2 126 690 16 930 2 591 2 295 2 361

459 191 801 257 677 145 507 62 39 91 250 442 39 243 198 220 123 48 190 328 253 266

307 527 251 436 431 307 346 298 164 92 310 836 2 202 272 222 346 355 222 95 99 628 352 396

1 885 3 410 2 546 1 029 2 267 1 296 1 659 1 002 782 2 730 1 295 1 385 3 769 2 394 1 828 1 309 1 272 2 105 1 385 1 219 1 079 834 1 212 1 413 1 502

2 333 2 412 1 327 2 251 2 356 2 301 2 120 1 828 891 2 253 2 701 1 957 10 746 1 989 2 623 671 1 817 750 2 299 2 535 2 137 529 2 246 1 807 2 184

2 210 2 307 1 250 2 083 2 151 2 153 2 067 1 513 865 2 096 2 529 1 917 10 577 1 826 1 991 643 1 708 735 2 003 2 282 2 076 469 1 933 1 673 2 026

1 596 2 785 1 261 1 295 1 270 1 601 2 105 1 042 1 505 2 699 2 605 1 352 3 473 2 498 736 1 199 530 1 153 745 1 071 2 428 471 1 889 1 449 1 644

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

17 188 9 099 9 171 8 262 9 886

8 579 2 568 2 633 1 190 3 141

320 690 585 336 622

912 408 742 305 535

2 680 2 112 1 773 2 586 2 095

3 929 1 994 1 859 3 333 2 176

3 413 1 762 1 393 1 742 1 834

768 1 327 1 580 512 1 317

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

* This table shows per capita emissions for the same sectors which are present throughout this publication. In particular, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately and not reallocated as in the table on pages II.85-II.87. Total CO2 has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach. ** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.83

Per Capita Emissions by Sector in 2000 Emissions 2000 par habitant ventilées par secteur kg CO 2 / capita

Public Total CO2 Emissions Electricity and Heat from Fuel Production Combustion

Unallocated Autoproducers

Other Energy Manuf. Industries* Industries and Construction

Transport

of which: Road

Other Sectors

Non-OECD Total

2 075

751

108

116

501

303

256

295

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa ** Africa

2 191 344 227 188 194 41 393 1 696 145 49 1 109 243 310 7 344 1 020 66 1 067 342 378 6 911 184 46 279 1 861 169 1 064 129 862

561 39 5 2 204 495 34 207 25 81 2 478 324 1 17 45 133 4 085 30 3 9 548 3 358 32 347

12 3 4 1 57 246 4 85 3 53 7 19

451 24 1 20 90 131 5 19 1 536 14 44 3 98 3 22 2 5 1 50

223 119 27 15 25 13 40 550 10 14 340 34 31 945 168 8 81 57 60 1 386 36 12 146 410 72 238 11 172

261 75 145 124 146 9 91 402 49 28 310 148 132 1 949 61 48 672 164 126 834 83 23 87 421 72 171 45 173

204 75 145 124 106 9 76 381 49 28 268 141 84 1 947 43 44 559 162 114 777 78 23 87 419 65 159 45 162

683 85 47 47 23 18 38 158 51 8 122 30 47 436 395 10 298 32 56 261 32 8 33 374 18 240 34 101

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

20 439 4 588 3 318 10 009 2 925 31 525 3 274 9 816 59 994 12 576 3 230 23 664 524 5 964

6 260 1 061 791 5 450 987 10 965 1 328 3 106 17 666 3 156 718 10 749 72 1 717

1 649 56 64 82 84 23 44

5 106 178 231 443 138 7 085 1 367 18 437 3 126 114 668 24 731

5 002 990 772 846 440 7 447 615 3 734 18 795 1 277 581 10 245 31 1 182

2 168 1 129 1 236 1 771 723 2 776 910 1 086 5 063 1 450 237 1 917 278 1 065

2 168 1 129 1 236 1 771 720 2 776 910 1 086 4 092 1 450 237 1 917 278 1 061

255 1 174 288 1 435 555 3 253 421 524 32 3 565 1 496 84 95 1 227

Albania Bulgaria Cyprus Gibraltar Malta Romania Former Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia FYR of Macedonia Slovenia FR of Yugoslavia Non-OECD Europe

890 5 229 8 359 17 303 5 839 3 853 4 310 3 865 4 056 4 142 7 266 4 060 4 132

23 2 822 3 761 6 597 4 266 1 683 2 175 2 231 870 2 752 2 611 2 500 1 987

190 160 48 13 86 213 121 107

13 108 145 336 94 466 6 35 4 184

360 1 224 1 832 1 929 862 708 510 834 498 1 351 649 830

344 670 2 315 8 777 1 260 429 725 454 1 024 490 1 965 516 609

317 600 2 305 8 777 1 260 364 696 407 930 477 1 944 516 561

151 215 306 313 382 560 657 776 182 1 182 391 414

* Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.84

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Per Capita Emissions by Sector in 2000 Emissions 2000 par habitant ventilées par secteur kg CO 2 / capita

Public Total CO2 Emissions Electricity and Heat from Fuel Production Combustion

Unallocated Autoproducers

Other Energy Manuf. Industries* Industries and Construction

Transport

of which: Road

Other Sectors

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

936 3 508 5 548 10 219 1 202 8 257 933 2 759 3 035 1 491 10 345 717 6 587 6 081 4 642 7 664

428 1 810 2 197 7 500 207 3 930 390 1 031 1 004 892 3 503 101 1 707 1 779 1 436 2 634

10 913 224 121 108 32 2 402 201 3 1 278

131 145 76 1 285 320 349 974 85 183 251

339 629 956 807 152 2 627 197 434 543 116 1 487 1 976 789 1 365

19 190 613 1 215 317 453 124 849 836 119 1 190 335 283 239 419 770

19 140 509 1 095 306 340 100 737 765 92 681 335 283 152 244 470

150 738 724 398 404 963 221 336 299 364 1 415 281 3 624 1 802 1 811 1 367

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America ** Latin America

3 515 917 1 780 3 161 1 352 1 194 2 804 2 123 1 347 832 775 177 688 3 708 15 234 695 1 704 602 1 029 11 626 1 590 5 319 3 193 2 041

585 132 109 853 139 15 1 057 404 179 171 208 24 160 744 1 833 272 433 81 2 868 128 680 910 273

126 9 58 47 26 31 371 6 1 323 1 919 3 22 3 37 32 2 61 92 64

308 128 114 153 148 16 21 9 3 4 535 16 51 66 2 066 86 1 550 4 201

560 99 552 748 457 218 1 235 174 263 179 119 36 185 210 1 948 77 353 47 305 5 280 273 1 364 370 535

1 178 337 738 1 051 435 787 175 793 718 398 356 88 281 730 6 595 283 725 511 355 1 246 747 1 398 533 709

970 276 657 989 419 748 175 747 646 398 353 38 281 574 5 612 270 420 505 348 1 246 740 1 387 533 643

758 211 208 309 146 173 290 381 167 70 89 29 62 697 2 404 44 120 41 186 135 355 267 1 285 259

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia ** Asia

205 14 950 9 689 923 1 280 7 514 4 561 173 131 710 912 10 450 563 2 424 518 208 1 129

67 5 719 3 944 471 269 563 1 221 49 1 238 282 5 901 148 802 109 37 428

1 080 29 24 72 17 89 10 31 36

2 6 250 331 26 174 14 587 9 12 56 2 507 8 19 55

77 420 2 406 185 266 4 960 1 169 35 46 192 122 587 56 581 138 29 280

23 2 386 1 466 123 294 414 1 329 69 35 180 307 1 454 293 753 169 44 203

17 2 368 1 416 117 269 414 1 329 69 35 172 268 1 454 246 745 164 43 193

36 176 462 88 253 1 562 183 11 49 88 129 58 180 92 68 127

2 374 5 691 2 392

1 023 3 123 1 034

29 29

110 109

730 631 729

174 1 669 182

108 1 669 116

309 267 309

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.85

Per Capita Emissions with Electricity and Heat Allocated to Consuming Sectors* in 2000 Emissions 2000 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation* kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

Other Energy Industries**

Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Transport

of which: Road

Other Sectors

3 889

272

1 323

956

687

1 338

11 173 12 209 20 225 7 530 10 111 8 158 1 857

715 730 1 300 418 528 627 160

3 445 3 582 5 236 2 340 3 881 3 054 796

2 823 3 452 6 129 2 001 2 356 982 309

2 327 2 919 5 056 1 799 1 973 603 267

4 190 4 445 7 559 2 771 3 347 3 495 592

Annex B Parties

8 714

547

2 912

1 850

Non-OECD Total

2 075

175

866

317

256

717

OECD Total

11 094

707

3 328

3 031

2 567

4 028

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

17 131 3 698 20 570 16 242

1 944 562 1 218 1 123

4 894 1 322 5 234 4 280

4 916 1 040 6 260 4 902

3 741 1 014 5 202 4 082

5 377 775 7 859 5 936

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

7 740 11 730 11 564 9 384 10 585 6 177 10 137 8 311 5 508 7 693 10 879 7 375 18 238 11 125 7 477 7 577 5 958 7 008 7 130 5 860 5 802 3 054 8 894 7 569 8 354

331 577 780 483 466 323 456 465 262 115 363 912 2 203 773 252 521 430 234 95 127 710 432 458

2 452 4 781 4 532 1 898 4 274 1 521 3 259 2 240 1 428 2 737 2 887 2 578 3 937 3 853 1 868 2 482 2 183 2 974 2 422 1 506 1 101 1 359 2 191 2 405 2 544

2 417 2 456 1 492 2 277 2 377 2 321 2 226 1 848 937 2 253 2 707 2 029 10 750 2 033 2 624 766 1 836 834 2 349 2 550 2 140 538 2 322 1 866 2 247

2 210 2 307 1 250 2 083 2 151 2 153 2 067 1 513 865 2 096 2 529 1 917 10 577 1 826 1 991 643 1 708 735 2 003 2 282 2 076 469 1 933 1 673 2 026

2 540 3 917 4 760 4 727 3 468 2 012 4 196 3 757 2 881 2 703 5 170 2 404 3 551 4 328 782 3 556 1 687 2 679 1 929 1 571 2 466 1 029 3 671 2 866 3 105

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

17 188 9 099 9 171 8 262 9 886

1 264 442 742 312 580

6 491 3 510 3 450 3 190 3 774

4 045 2 066 1 882 3 352 2 243

3 413 1 762 1 393 1 742 1 834

5 389 3 080 3 097 1 408 3 289

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1 543

3 405

* Emissions from electricity and heat generation have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed. The detailed unallocated emissions are shown in the table on pages II.82-II.84. Total CO 2 has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach. ** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.86

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Per Capita Emissions with Electricity and Heat Allocated to Consuming Sectors in 2000 Emissions 2000 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

Other Energy Industries*

Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Transport

of which: Road

Non-OECD Total

2 075

175

866

317

256

717

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa ** Africa

2 191 344 227 188 194 41 393 1 696 145 49 1 109 243 310 7 344 1 020 66 1 067 342 378 6 911 184 46 279 1 861 169 1 064 129 862

456 24 1 1 20 90 136 5 19 1 536 24 44 3 493 3 22 2 5 4 69

434 132 29 16 25 13 142 751 24 14 444 52 81 945 343 8 81 67 126 3 834 46 13 151 718 76 442 15 340

271 75 145 124 146 9 91 402 49 28 310 148 132 1 949 67 48 672 164 126 967 83 23 87 434 72 171 45 180

204 75 145 124 106 9 76 381 49 28 268 141 84 1 947 43 44 559 162 114 777 78 23 87 419 65 159 45 162

1 030 114 53 48 23 18 141 452 71 8 219 38 78 2 914 586 11 314 67 122 1 617 53 10 41 686 19 446 65 274

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

20 439 4 588 3 318 10 009 2 925 31 525 3 274 9 816 59 994 12 576 3 230 23 664 524 5 964

5 106 204 231 443 155 7 085 1 367 18 437 3 555 114 668 24 812

6 296 1 367 772 2 340 768 7 447 964 4 001 22 858 1 646 952 11 190 31 1 508

2 168 1 129 1 236 1 771 723 2 776 910 1 086 5 063 1 450 237 1 917 278 1 065

2 168 1 129 1 236 1 771 720 2 776 910 1 086 4 092 1 450 237 1 917 278 1 061

6 870 1 888 1 079 5 456 1 280 14 218 1 401 3 362 13 635 5 925 1 927 9 889 190 2 580

Albania Bulgaria Cyprus Gibraltar Malta Romania Former Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia FYR of Macedonia Slovenia FR of Yugoslavia Non-OECD Europe

890 5 229 8 359 17 303 5 839 3 853 4 310 3 865 4 056 4 142 7 266 4 060 4 132

13 284 171 529 131 492 114 65 37 308

363 2 193 2 388 1 929 1 372 1 418 1 244 869 1 076 1 595 2 532 1 046 1 412

344 713 2 343 8 777 1 260 470 748 454 1 042 500 2 021 534 642

317 600 2 305 8 777 1 260 364 696 407 930 477 1 944 516 561

170 2 039 3 457 6 597 3 207 1 436 2 187 2 542 1 446 1 932 2 648 2 444 1 770

* Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other Sectors

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.87

Per Capita Emissions with Electricity and Heat Allocated to Consuming Sectors in 2000 Emissions 2000 par habitant avec allocation de l'électricité et de la chaleur aux secteurs de consommation kg CO 2 / capita

Total CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

Other Energy Industries*

Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Transport

of which: Road

Other Sectors

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

936 3 508 5 548 10 219 1 202 8 257 933 2 759 3 035 1 491 10 345 717 6 587 6 081 4 642 7 664

168 314 441 1 454 6 38 398 44 861 1 1 193 178 211 558

448 810 2 128 2 385 191 3 694 242 595 742 344 3 687 39 436 3 080 1 094 2 831

31 235 672 1 276 335 744 128 864 841 135 1 339 336 314 320 446 873

19 140 509 1 095 306 340 100 737 765 92 681 335 283 152 244 470

458 2 295 2 433 6 118 676 3 366 557 1 262 1 054 969 4 458 342 4 645 2 503 2 892 3 402

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America ** Latin America

3 515 917 1 780 3 161 1 352 1 194 2 804 2 123 1 347 832 775 177 688 3 708 15 234 695 1 704 602 1 029 11 626 1 590 5 319 3 193 2 041

308 128 114 166 148 16 21 9 3 4 535 16 51 66 2 066 86 1 578 4 203

888 144 629 1 366 514 222 1 604 394 312 267 199 44 229 1 528 4 013 146 486 48 372 7 117 305 1 690 508 687

1 183 337 738 1 056 435 787 185 793 718 398 356 88 281 730 6 595 283 725 511 355 1 246 747 1 401 533 711

970 276 657 989 419 748 175 747 646 398 353 38 281 574 5 612 270 420 505 348 1 246 740 1 387 533 643

1 136 308 298 572 255 185 1 000 936 296 158 217 44 178 1 446 4 090 250 442 43 237 1 197 452 650 2 148 441

Bangladesh Brunei Chinese Taipei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Other Asia ** Asia

205 14 950 9 689 923 1 280 7 514 4 561 173 131 710 912 10 450 563 2 424 518 208 1 129

2 6 250 445 26 174 14 587 9 12 56 3 046 8 19 58

131 1 095 5 047 399 392 5 244 1 858 55 46 262 229 2 943 108 988 186 57 488

23 2 386 1 488 135 294 414 1 330 69 35 181 308 1 509 293 753 169 44 208

17 2 368 1 416 117 269 414 1 329 69 35 172 268 1 454 246 745 164 43 193

50 5 219 2 709 363 420 1 841 785 40 50 256 318 2 953 154 664 163 107 374

2 374 5 691 2 392

238 236

1 337 1 055 1 332

183 1 669 191

108 1 669 116

616 2 966 633

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

* Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. ** See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.88

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Electricity and Heat Output * Production d'électricité et de chaleur * térawattheures

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Parties de l’Annexe I

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Parties de l’Annexe II

3 715.0

4 334.4

4 457.5

4 965.6

5 391.4

5 567.6

5 744.1

6 252.9

6 336.1

6 581.6

6 811.3

7 204.6

Amérique du Nord Canada Etats-Unis

1 925.2 221.8 1 703.4

2 236.7 271.2 1 965.5

2 290.5 279.3 2 011.2

2 555.9 323.4 2 232.5

2 730.9 371.3 2 359.7

2 840.2 403.2 2 437.0

2 894.1 421.9 2 472.2

3 113.6 468.3 2 645.2

3 139.9 477.4 2 662.4

3 245.9 505.1 2 740.8

3 390.5 510.4 2 880.1

3 665.9 506.3 3 159.7

Europe Autriche Belgique Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Portugal Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni

1 338.4 28.2 33.2 18.6 27.1 155.8 389.5 11.6 1.6 6.3 123.9 1.3 44.9 63.5 7.9 61.6 66.5 31.2 9.8 255.8

1 549.1 30.9 44.5 19.1 33.5 182.5 449.0 14.8 2.3 7.3 143.9 1.4 52.6 73.0 9.8 75.7 78.1 36.8 12.4 281.4

1 597.8 34.9 44.8 18.3 34.4 185.3 461.2 16.1 2.3 7.5 145.8 1.1 54.3 77.4 10.7 82.1 92.2 43.0 15.6 270.8

1 773.8 37.3 51.0 28.9 44.4 210.5 514.2 19.0 2.8 9.0 165.0 1.1 58.3 72.3 13.8 92.7 103.9 45.9 20.6 283.4

1 959.9 42.1 56.5 30.3 52.5 240.5 567.2 22.1 3.3 10.6 179.0 1.1 64.5 88.8 16.1 104.7 110.7 47.4 22.5 299.9

2 018.9 44.5 54.4 28.5 56.6 275.6 571.8 23.4 3.8 10.5 179.0 0.7 64.1 93.0 14.3 110.0 132.0 54.4 24.7 277.5

2 101.3 47.3 55.2 44.9 60.4 295.4 584.3 24.0 4.7 10.8 180.1 0.5 61.7 106.3 18.4 115.4 134.0 54.9 27.3 275.7

2 322.2 50.1 58.9 55.9 73.5 342.6 644.2 27.7 4.7 11.7 182.2 0.5 66.2 103.3 19.2 125.6 168.2 58.4 34.2 294.9

2 368.4 50.5 60.3 57.9 72.3 360.6 646.7 28.1 5.0 12.3 188.9 0.6 71.5 97.6 20.7 128.2 168.5 59.6 39.7 299.5

2 459.1 56.7 65.0 57.7 79.1 376.4 663.0 30.1 5.1 12.6 198.3 0.6 71.9 104.9 20.5 132.8 175.9 62.2 44.4 301.8

2 501.6 55.3 67.1 54.9 78.1 390.2 670.0 33.2 5.5 12.9 200.7 0.6 72.8 110.6 22.8 138.8 171.2 63.0 48.0 306.2

2 563.4 56.6 69.6 48.4 76.6 412.4 680.6 34.2 5.6 13.5 209.4 0.6 76.3 120.2 25.9 147.4 164.7 57.0 52.0 312.1

Pacifique Australie Japon Nouvelle-Zélande

451.4 53.0 382.9 15.5

548.7 64.4 465.7 18.5

569.3 74.9 473.8 20.6

635.8 83.7 530.2 21.9

700.5 92.0 586.4 22.1

708.5 103.5 581.5 23.5

748.7 106.4 615.8 26.5

817.1 120.6 668.5 27.9

827.8 126.3 672.7 28.7

876.5 132.4 714.8 29.3

919.2 139.2 749.9 30.1

975.3 148.1 795.7 31.6

Annexe I EET Bélarus Bulgarie Croatie République tchèque Estonie Hongrie Lettonie Lituanie Pologne Roumanie Russie République slovaque Slovénie Ukraine

.. .. 28.8 .. 36.4 .. 27.6 .. .. 225.2 81.1 .. 19.4 .. ..

.. .. 31.1 .. 41.2 .. 31.5 .. .. 249.6 88.4 .. 21.2 .. ..

.. .. 34.1 .. 45.9 .. 37.7 .. .. 279.7 97.6 .. 22.6 .. ..

.. .. 53.1 .. 51.2 .. 43.4 .. .. 320.0 107.1 .. 24.9 .. ..

.. .. 56.9 .. 51.2 .. 45.3 .. .. 350.9 112.2 .. 26.8 .. ..

.. .. 55.1 .. 73.2 .. 46.4 .. .. 331.2 125.7 .. 27.1 9.8 ..

.. .. 64.3 .. 77.6 .. 49.0 .. .. 344.8 125.8 .. 26.7 13.8 ..

.. .. 59.5 8.3 82.2 .. 52.4 .. .. 372.5 131.2 .. 30.3 13.8 ..

.. .. 61.0 9.1 84.4 .. 53.8 .. .. 368.5 138.9 .. 32.1 13.8 ..

.. .. 68.8 9.4 86.4 .. 56.0 .. .. 376.7 140.2 .. 31.8 15.0 ..

.. .. 62.6 9.5 87.1 .. 54.4 .. .. 366.8 148.4 .. 31.3 14.6 ..

.. .. 99.9 9.3 88.0 .. 51.6 .. .. 360.4 150.8 .. 32.3 15.0 ..

* Inclue l'électricité, la cogénération chaleur/électricité et la chaleur provenant des centrales publiques et des autoproducteurs. Voir chapitre I : estimations des émissions de l'AIE.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.89

Electricity and Heat Output * Production d'électricité et de chaleur * terawatt hours

1990 ..

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

% change 2000 90-00

.. 12 669.8 12 914.4 12 645.8 12 635.6 12 493.3 12 431.2 12 590.3 12 892.3 13 132.3

..

Annex I Parties

7 347.9

7 591.5

7 688.4

7 866.3

8 056.7

8 298.4

8 518.9

8 595.5

8 816.4

9 150.8

9 395.3

27.9%

Annex II Parties

3 699.0 489.3 3 209.7

3 851.5 516.9 3 334.5

3 902.6 526.5 3 376.1

4 042.4 536.6 3 505.8

4 122.6 562.0 3 560.7

4 240.3 568.1 3 672.2

4 347.2 580.7 3 766.5

4 369.0 580.4 3 788.6

4 485.0 569.5 3 915.5

4 731.9 587.8 4 144.0

4 873.3 613.9 4 259.4

31.7% 25.5% 32.7%

North America Canada United States

2 608.6 57.3 72.9 51.6 78.5 426.5 672.2 34.8 6.0 14.2 215.6 0.6 75.2 123.0 28.7 151.2 167.7 57.8 57.5 317.2

2 667.4 60.4 74.1 65.7 83.5 461.2 655.3 35.7 6.4 14.9 220.8 0.7 78.3 112.2 30.1 154.9 172.2 60.2 60.2 320.6

2 702.1 60.5 74.3 59.9 83.3 469.2 646.1 37.2 6.8 15.8 225.2 0.7 82.5 118.8 30.0 156.7 187.1 61.4 67.3 319.3

2 725.8 62.2 72.8 64.9 87.7 479.0 635.6 38.1 6.9 16.2 222.2 0.7 82.8 121.4 31.4 155.4 188.9 64.1 73.8 321.7

2 771.2 62.6 74.1 71.7 92.5 482.3 634.5 40.4 6.9 16.8 231.2 0.6 93.3 113.9 31.7 160.9 186.4 69.3 78.3 323.5

2 863.7 67.4 76.4 69.9 91.0 499.4 648.3 41.3 7.2 17.6 239.8 0.6 99.8 123.9 33.6 165.8 193.6 66.0 86.2 335.9

2 951.8 66.6 78.2 90.2 104.0 517.0 667.0 42.4 7.2 18.9 241.9 0.6 108.2 106.3 35.0 174.2 189.8 60.3 94.9 349.0

2 973.4 67.9 81.4 78.9 103.5 509.2 654.0 43.6 7.8 19.7 249.0 0.6 110.8 112.7 34.9 190.1 193.3 65.9 103.3 347.0

3 055.4 68.9 86.2 76.7 102.3 515.8 659.5 46.5 8.2 20.9 256.1 0.6 118.3 118.1 39.8 194.4 204.9 66.1 111.0 361.0

3 114.3 73.5 88.3 73.3 104.3 527.9 655.8 49.7 9.6 21.8 261.7 0.6 116.0 124.4 43.9 207.2 201.4 72.9 116.4 365.5

3 185.9 73.7 88.9 69.4 104.8 545.1 654.9 53.8 9.9 23.7 272.4 0.7 120.2 144.4 44.9 222.4 189.6 70.0 124.9 372.2

22.1% 28.5% 21.8% 34.4% 33.5% 27.8% -2.6% 54.6% 65.7% 66.4% 26.4% 19.6% 59.9% 17.4% 56.6% 47.1% 13.1% 21.1% 117.1% 17.3%

Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

1 040.3 155.0 853.1 32.3

1 072.7 157.1 882.7 32.8

1 083.7 159.2 892.0 32.5

1 098.1 163.3 900.9 33.9

1 162.9 167.2 960.7 35.0

1 194.4 173.0 985.9 35.4

1 219.9 177.3 1 006.0 36.5

1 253.1 182.8 1 033.2 37.0

1 276.0 195.6 1 042.6 37.8

1 304.7 203.0 1 063.9 37.8

1 336.1 208.1 1 089.0 39.0

28.4% 34.3% 27.7% 20.9%

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

.. .. 100.5 9.2 83.7 .. 49.0 .. .. 339.9 136.0 .. 33.4 14.8 ..

.. .. 90.0 12.0 81.3 .. 51.3 .. .. 336.7 112.9 .. 32.8 15.3 ..

4 981.4 148.7 76.6 12.5 79.4 29.4 50.7 20.5 42.9 321.1 193.5 3 425.1 32.2 14.4 534.3

5 048.1 128.8 75.0 12.9 105.1 22.5 51.0 19.7 36.7 299.1 197.0 3 585.3 32.4 14.0 468.3

4 589.0 110.5 72.7 11.6 103.2 22.1 50.2 17.4 33.5 290.3 132.8 3 272.5 33.7 14.9 423.7

4 337.2 99.8 77.8 12.5 109.4 17.2 51.0 16.1 35.3 253.9 139.0 3 095.9 36.0 15.1 378.2

3 974.4 110.3 80.4 14.4 116.9 18.3 52.3 17.1 37.3 265.5 143.6 2 709.6 36.5 15.5 356.7

3 835.7 115.3 60.2 13.4 114.3 18.3 54.3 17.4 33.5 258.4 136.2 2 611.0 34.7 15.7 353.1

3 773.9 110.4 57.7 14.4 108.5 16.6 56.6 17.7 35.1 249.5 127.8 2 589.3 35.9 16.3 338.0

3 741.4 109.9 53.2 15.9 104.8 16.3 57.6 14.2 27.2 243.2 110.7 2 604.5 36.1 15.7 332.2

3 737.0 103.5 54.6 13.9 111.5 15.9 54.0 13.0 22.8 237.8 105.0 2 632.9 38.8 16.2 317.1

.. .. -45.7% 51.5% 33.3% .. 10.2% .. .. -30.0% -22.8% .. 16.2% 10.0% ..

Annex I EIT Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

* Includes electricity, CHP and heat only from both public and autoproducer plants. See Chapter I : IEA Emissions Estimates.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.90

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur * grammes CO 2 / kilowattheure

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Parties de l’Annexe I

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Parties de l’Annexe II

670

658

614

622

595

577

541

517

506

503

502

491

Amérique du Nord Canada Etats-Unis

702 217 765

697 187 768

655 189 720

673 198 742

639 182 710

634 183 708

602 199 671

596 184 669

580 165 655

588 175 664

590 191 661

557 211 612

639 359 863 794 296 539 840 674 20 1 088 463 2 402 648 4 276 373 138 41 905 912

610 343 782 806 281 554 795 759 26 848 495 2 340 612 2 236 385 101 38 767 858

558 259 632 850 290 476 733 792 26 880 481 1 890 554 1 315 512 60 31 706 804

549 253 586 670 324 490 711 830 16 813 472 1 434 554 3 204 469 80 28 669 801

545 243 577 698 322 476 705 772 11 776 507 1 630 587 2 255 434 93 28 586 811

513 236 572 690 195 309 696 806 10 710 533 1 853 614 1 443 635 47 11 574 798

477 202 471 540 165 259 673 898 2 684 524 1 806 586 3 383 606 46 12 615 730

425 209 359 542 222 159 601 909 1 704 509 2 135 570 3 302 448 69 12 710 686

421 217 310 528 214 119 598 897 1 713 502 2 063 562 4 428 459 67 12 758 703

408 200 304 510 218 100 576 941 1 798 537 1 927 575 4 408 438 60 11 612 710

395 181 318 498 217 96 574 922 1 782 543 2 038 599 4 347 351 51 10 426 684

408 200 329 472 206 117 573 978 1 768 558 2 253 587 3 578 436 45 11 592 669

Pacifique Australie Japon Nouvelle-Zélande

627 960 602 87

638 892 622 158

609 900 584 109

620 938 588 188

562 839 537 87

532 880 489 73

485 865 434 134

474 849 419 148

466 809 417 102

452 826 397 114

469 822 418 113

465 837 410 115

Annexe I EET Bélarus Bulgarie Croatie République tchèque Estonie Hongrie Lettonie Lituanie Pologne Roumanie Russie République slovaque Slovénie Ukraine

.. .. 709 .. 896 .. 728 .. .. 650 505 .. 473 .. ..

.. .. 697 .. 903 .. 734 .. .. 656 541 .. 438 .. ..

.. .. 742 .. 887 .. 706 .. .. 643 462 .. 425 .. ..

.. .. 556 .. 888 .. 693 .. .. 635 495 .. 407 .. ..

.. .. 634 .. 903 .. 703 .. .. 632 441 .. 461 .. ..

.. .. 632 .. 747 .. 696 .. .. 631 414 .. 427 560 ..

.. .. 545 .. 737 .. 642 .. .. 645 439 .. 432 452 ..

.. .. 615 .. 683 .. 562 .. .. 646 466 .. 392 426 ..

.. .. 650 .. 650 .. 552 .. .. 645 483 .. 377 425 ..

.. .. 593 .. 587 .. 513 .. .. 652 474 .. 380 369 ..

.. .. 646 .. 581 .. 465 .. .. 643 478 .. 376 384 ..

.. .. 401 .. 608 .. 470 .. .. 647 500 .. 383 370 ..

Europe Autriche Belgique Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Portugal Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni

* Emissions de CO2 dues à la consommation d'énergie fossile dans les secteurs de l'électricité, de la cogénération chaleur/électricité et de la chaleur divisées par la production d'électricité et de chaleur générée par l'énergie fossile, nucléaire, hydraulique (excluant l'accumulation par pompage), géothermique et issue de la biomasse. Les centrales publiques et les autoproducteurs ont été pris en compte dans le calcul des émissions. En raison de problèmes de données, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier de façon significative d'une année sur l'autre. De plus, les émissions totales par kWh peuvent varier en fonction du type d'énergie utilisée pour une année donnée.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.91

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

..

..

424

411

416

412

431

431

431

422

425

..

Annex I Parties

483

472

471

461

460

450

454

461

462

448

451

-6.6%

Annex II Parties

543 194 596

525 186 577

532 195 584

532 174 587

527 170 583

514 175 567

522 169 576

545 190 600

552 214 601

525 204 571

529 208 576

-2.5% 7.3% -3.4%

North America Canada United States

405 250 335 475 230 103 568 991 1 752 567 2 474 596 3 517 422 42 11 588 678

403 251 331 505 235 117 580 941 0 754 538 2 365 579 3 519 422 48 13 591 662

385 198 320 468 207 92 549 959 0 758 529 2 371 563 3 621 481 45 14 582 635

361 184 334 456 232 62 546 934 0 745 516 2 358 565 3 546 418 46 8 527 562

362 212 354 468 268 63 544 916 0 743 513 1 995 529 4 497 415 50 6 583 535

361 213 346 428 250 71 526 872 1 734 543 1 237 519 3 570 453 44 7 535 540

355 224 329 466 289 72 534 828 1 729 522 1 106 487 5 429 356 67 11 538 492

346 226 300 419 263 65 526 869 1 719 512 692 495 4 467 389 43 8 550 465

342 202 305 387 212 92 501 860 3 711 513 149 465 4 464 371 46 12 559 476

333 198 270 360 205 79 485 822 4 713 494 157 475 5 536 426 43 7 577 444

336 178 300 336 210 74 490 814 0 670 503 148 451 3 471 421 38 7 600 469

-17.1% -28.8% -10.6% -29.1% -8.5% -27.7% -13.7% -17.9% -39.7% -10.9% -11.4% -94.0% -24.2% 5.1% -8.9% -0.3% -9.5% -38.2% 1.9% -30.9%

Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

465 811 416 104

457 814 406 120

466 821 414 147

444 806 391 116

452 782 408 92

437 776 390 91

450 823 396 123

436 822 378 162

434 839 369 121

442 847 374 158

441 819 380 150

-5.1% 1.0% -8.7% 44.2%

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

.. .. 461 .. 583 .. 468 .. .. 641 538 .. 342 352 ..

.. .. 430 259 632 .. 459 .. .. 633 561 .. 336 296 ..

351 350 488 326 633 621 483 313 217 637 410 308 410 351 352

335 333 499 329 542 594 456 266 194 636 384 291 588 357 354

341 350 474 250 529 593 439 276 224 641 456 296 505 319 348

339 335 452 273 542 659 439 276 185 671 440 292 505 319 355

381 310 438 254 579 650 432 238 182 662 444 342 490 300 393

366 306 469 298 553 650 430 214 180 663 385 328 543 366 342

359 301 479 324 555 688 427 195 187 663 352 327 434 373 315

359 293 452 306 559 675 465 214 189 664 359 327 424 344 307

359 301 451 301 569 665 403 208 168 671 394 326 369 335 309

.. .. -2.2% .. -2.5% .. -14.0% .. .. 4.7% -26.8% .. 8.1% -4.9% ..

Annex I EIT Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

* CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and district heating divided by output of electricity and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar and biomass. Both public and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to data problems, emissions per kWh may vary significantly from one year to the next. In addition, total emissions per kWh will vary depending on the generation mix of a given year.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.92

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation using Coal * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon * grammes CO 2 / kilowattheure

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Parties de l’Annexe I

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Parties de l’Annexe II

1 108

1 089

1 093

1 080

1 030

1 004

975

959

952

944

945

933

Amérique du Nord Canada Etats-Unis

1 100 849 1 113

1 088 937 1 093

1 112 967 1 118

1 109 972 1 115

1 062 984 1 065

1 019 990 1 021

999 1 011 998

987 984 988

982 997 981

975 932 977

968 934 970

947 948 947

Europe Autriche Belgique Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Portugal Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni

1 067 1 248 1 307 1 279 740 1 209 996 956 1 931 1 541 3 339 1 052 2 208 2 624 845 2 607 1 728 1 107

1 036 1 250 1 556 902 698 1 319 978 1 078 1 544 1 427 3 440 1 675 2 223 2 459 844 833 1 687 1 031

1 013 1 263 1 358 982 629 1 198 950 1 053 1 447 1 444 3 198 1 854 2 223 1 927 1 019 1 117 1 629 1 021

999 1 239 1 241 661 796 1 156 936 1 018 1 286 1 238 3 044 1 019 1 630 2 214 1 276 772 918 1 630 1 017

959 1 541 1 043 683 538 1 008 935 1 058 1 397 1 053 3 240 1 072 1 976 1 267 1 064 749 609 1 350 999

953 1 507 998 686 385 1 034 934 1 078 1 472 1 067 2 920 1 060 1 941 1 633 1 069 481 1 097 1 486 965

917 1 223 1 051 626 352 1 054 907 1 113 1 324 1 008 2 883 906 840 2 343 1 015 481 1 019 1 301 931

887 1 248 1 071 628 410 1 075 879 1 120 1 401 1 003 2 906 918 903 1 062 877 441 576 1 226 931

883 1 219 1 098 620 399 1 130 865 1 102 1 067 964 2 982 952 754 936 952 442 581 1 208 917

872 982 1 059 604 406 1 071 857 1 132 989 941 3 044 944 876 879 939 427 552 1 191 919

880 950 1 100 596 399 1 143 873 1 060 997 936 3 093 921 687 877 960 428 535 1 240 919

884 974 1 022 572 387 1 099 874 1 123 972 958 3 097 920 692 909 928 450 568 1 073 922

Pacifique Australie Japon Nouvelle-Zélande

1 461 1 289 1 606 1 236

1 449 1 126 1 890 906

1 378 1 201 1 595 1 400

1 290 1 187 1 421 1 361

1 175 1 082 1 289 1 752

1 149 1 117 1 181 2 280

1 071 1 067 1 070 1 743

1 047 1 040 1 052 1 105

1 031 992 1 069 1 022

1 017 994 1 037 1 318

1 036 990 1 079 1 197

1 011 1 001 1 020 1 436

Annexe I EET Bélarus Bulgarie Croatie République tchèque Estonie Hongrie Lettonie Lituanie Pologne Roumanie Russie République slovaque Slovénie Ukraine

.. .. 1 060 .. 946 .. 873 .. .. 685 1 494 .. 1 068 .. ..

.. .. 1 091 .. 946 .. 933 .. .. 685 1 501 .. 964 .. ..

.. .. 1 188 .. 946 .. 931 .. .. 674 1 011 .. 1 080 .. ..

.. .. 1 341 .. 947 .. 947 .. .. 667 1 204 .. 1 171 .. ..

.. .. 1 449 .. 975 .. 999 .. .. 660 1 034 .. 1 784 .. ..

.. .. 1 328 .. 897 .. 1 043 .. .. 662 2 606 .. 1 200 1 101 ..

.. .. 1 249 .. 873 .. 1 013 .. .. 674 2 425 .. 1 173 1 134 ..

.. .. 1 545 .. 842 .. 965 .. .. 675 1 281 .. 1 180 1 237 ..

.. .. 1 445 .. 845 .. 964 .. .. 677 1 297 .. 1 273 1 213 ..

.. .. 1 382 .. 819 .. 974 .. .. 680 1 279 .. 1 293 1 282 ..

.. .. 1 560 .. 808 .. 960 .. .. 670 1 373 .. 1 263 1 230 ..

.. .. 1 539 .. 849 .. 974 .. .. 673 1 493 .. 1 344 1 174 ..

* Emissions de CO2 dues à la consommation de charbon dans les secteurs de l'électricité, de la cogénération chaleur/électricité et de la chaleur divisées par la production d'électricité et de chaleur générée par le charbon. Les centrales publiques et les autoproducteurs ont été pris en compte dans le calcul des émissions. En raison de problèmes de données, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier de façon significative d'une année sur l'autre.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.93

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation using Coal * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Charbon * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

..

..

846

823

820

827

860

855

857

857

854

..

Annex I Parties

930

918

917

918

916

913

914

914

914

908

905

-2.7%

Annex II Parties

949 960 948

926 933 925

922 952 920

933 946 932

929 938 929

923 943 922

927 936 927

923 916 923

926 905 928

922 888 924

916 865 919

-3.4% -9.9% -3.1%

North America Canada United States

876 944 993 571 414 1 061 856 1 137 935 951 3 170 895 1 068 886 927 459 575 1 242 918

882 899 997 599 434 1 018 884 1 152 951 968 3 076 892 1 055 866 944 449 517 1 259 903

885 921 994 576 495 976 868 1 098 946 998 3 156 887 779 867 971 467 540 1 235 911

869 888 1 018 559 530 1 032 870 1 047 942 991 3 044 922 779 856 900 465 557 1 203 880

875 919 1 028 584 572 1 108 873 1 037 959 1 019 3 090 903 758 888 924 475 862 1 198 864

881 946 1 029 553 545 1 132 867 1 019 932 1 012 3 701 905 700 854 917 470 909 1 193 906

864 926 1 026 594 605 1 020 874 971 946 1 003 3 972 942 766 845 924 532 1 208 826

881 917 1 058 559 600 1 079 867 1 011 945 1 029 3 331 976 758 879 916 528 1 198 881

871 947 1 014 544 572 1 044 819 1 004 975 1 046 917 759 844 890 590 1 228 926

867 911 1 110 516 542 1 054 816 988 1 015 1 053 961 798 851 862 568 1 219 919

878 866 1 092 520 544 1 056 821 979 971 1 058 951 714 865 900 578 1 248 918

0.3% -8.3% 9.9% -9.1% 31.5% -0.5% -4.1% -13.9% 3.8% 11.2% 6.2% -33.1% -2.3% -2.9% 25.9% 0.5% -0.1%

Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

999 960 1 037 960

996 965 1 025 1 431

996 984 1 007 897

966 975 959 854

943 932 952 844

935 927 942 1 107

961 973 950 1 218

936 967 913 988

942 992 905 751

918 1 017 848 907

898 986 842 946

-10.1% 2.7% -18.8% -1.4%

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

.. .. 1 973 .. 816 .. 1 025 .. .. 666 1 742 .. 1 205 1 141 ..

.. .. 950 892 .. 991 .. .. 657 1 798 .. 1 357 1 097 ..

664 962 915 689 1 077 417 661 1 020 539 1 439 726 1 195

599 402 932 1 019 685 645 960 832 418 658 876 475 1 409 722 1 161

588 405 914 1 043 678 801 913 483 402 664 897 458 1 450 699 1 238

606 405 939 1 038 695 882 889 492 438 682 861 471 1 294 689 1 178

698 405 903 1 196 748 885 880 496 396 675 885 621 1 312 663 1 179

670 400 914 1 151 702 860 950 561 413 677 805 573 1 411 854 1 208

665 399 923 1 061 725 956 934 569 446 680 794 557 1 271 847 1 294

681 400 885 1 017 744 963 1 096 562 463 683 822 592 1 180 830 1 137

678 398 896 894 743 950 866 691 456 690 819 591 1 232 819 1 173

.. .. -54.6% .. -9.0% .. -15.6% .. .. 3.6% -53.0% .. 2.3% -28.3% ..

Annex I EIT Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

* CO2 emissions from coal consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and district heating divided by output of electricity and heat generated from coal. Both public and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to data problems, emissions per kWh may vary significantly from one year to the next.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.94

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation using Oil * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole * grammes CO 2 / kilowattheure

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Parties de l’Annexe I

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Parties de l’Annexe II

705

696

689

694

705

665

650

653

665

631

650

644

Amérique du Nord Canada Etats-Unis

773 1 220 761

781 891 778

760 854 757

756 780 755

737 625 743

727 616 733

723 540 735

743 659 749

728 660 731

724 656 730

719 666 723

704 678 707

Europe Autriche Belgique Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Portugal Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni

696 827 753 685 706 587 543 772 648 816 681 893 765 797 1 107 844 613 436 920 860

680 895 663 736 518 683 552 761 694 699 685 896 771 749 726 668 494 535 636 819

652 788 649 761 902 668 507 737 827 758 690 1 010 675 1 094 745 791 234 757 802 690

645 772 631 663 858 674 524 750 635 737 687 959 735 828 701 727 273 638 841 745

674 767 637 707 673 729 575 745 681 730 690 857 702 869 851 744 363 739 798 757

632 779 633 648 426 681 525 724 603 728 689 739 638 924 670 753 183 951 867 780

643 849 643 370 331 731 572 739 521 743 688 813 759 836 668 744 177 957 763 768

630 1 024 510 379 325 716 511 741 414 715 679 855 624 841 682 822 319 442 826 712

640 1 234 407 408 334 637 507 742 388 720 688 951 642 770 696 812 327 510 831 756

626 506 481 409 352 676 497 741 388 749 687 1 100 617 761 689 810 333 461 882 700

641 429 431 436 345 692 560 738 454 813 688 972 617 763 679 842 302 449 917 678

653 449 434 491 352 650 542 730 530 799 677 972 686 738 687 796 312 441 905 716

Pacifique Australie Japon Nouvelle-Zélande

647 643 647 1 274

632 784 629 1 159

660 707 659 765

674 722 673 928

709 774 708 1 233

656 623 657 1 251

609 573 610 1 133

626 613 626 1 233

642 658 642 1 436

572 669 571 1 655

604 608 604 1 436

587 652 586 1 251

Annexe I EET Bélarus Bulgarie Croatie République tchèque Estonie Hongrie Lettonie Lituanie Pologne Roumanie Russie République slovaque Slovénie Ukraine

.. .. 1 320 .. 795 .. 601 .. .. 492 1 388 .. 753 .. ..

.. .. 1 326 .. 795 .. 552 .. .. 475 1 434 .. 623 .. ..

.. .. 1 521 .. 795 .. 569 .. .. 451 787 .. 500 .. ..

.. .. 1 698 .. 795 .. 559 .. .. 427 1 209 .. 364 .. ..

.. .. 1 834 .. 795 .. 559 .. .. 437 1 020 .. 390 .. ..

.. .. 1 686 .. 686 .. 530 .. .. 415 1 003 .. 750 933 ..

.. .. 1 417 .. 605 .. 529 .. .. 405 1 016 .. 764 1 082 ..

.. .. 1 405 .. 617 .. 547 .. .. 390 1 318 .. 900 1 036 ..

.. .. 1 662 .. 633 .. 555 .. .. 377 1 213 .. 1 102 1 071 ..

.. .. 1 802 .. 635 .. 530 .. .. 385 1 317 .. 1 026 1 053 ..

.. .. 6 684 .. 639 .. 471 .. .. 383 1 555 .. 1 066 990 ..

.. .. 3 943 .. 620 .. 474 .. .. 385 1 448 .. 500 1 029 ..

* Emissions de CO2 dues à la consommation de pétrole dans les secteurs de l'électricité, de la cogénération chaleur/électricité et de la chaleur divisées par la production d'électricité et de chaleur générée par le pétrole. Les centrales publiques et les autoproducteurs ont été pris en compte dans le calcul des émissions. En raison de problèmes de données, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier de façon significative d'une année sur l'autre.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.95

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation using Oil * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Pétrole * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

..

..

528

500

512

492

511

563

563

564

575

..

Annex I Parties

633

615

603

610

605

598

593

646

654

648

657

3.9%

Annex II Parties

670 658 671

640 649 639

603 659 595

565 641 559

542 599 537

497 543 491

493 485 494

728 630 739

772 668 784

767 633 782

742 621 756

10.8% -5.5% 12.6%

North America Canada United States

644 503 404 480 343 605 500 750 530 760 675 1 026 687 1 668 696 806 293 451 966 670

619 479 359 497 330 642 405 711 454 729 674 947 682 1 280 684 824 295 423 888 669

607 307 281 514 318 592 401 762 530 738 667 990 679 2 662 686 788 316 416 714 634

626 357 319 520 334 502 379 809 336 766 664 972 688 3 879 700 778 313 393 1 031 805

635 488 394 556 330 464 475 758 327 727 658 1 026 727 671 642 726 322 284 1 111 885

630 417 343 548 324 509 367 741 496 735 666 1 231 528 1 053 712 799 304 321 999 867

597 396 472 563 331 522 315 755 662 738 664 1 268 521 396 662 621 362 533 920 754

606 503 398 587 335 487 316 753 655 740 661 947 495 385 632 581 313 531 901 864

599 408 466 551 323 568 322 750 342 719 658 527 376 640 586 293 811 925 811

601 448 913 574 322 541 336 765 329 709 668 378 372 627 654 333 531 890 608

642 401 733 597 324 526 440 736 301 701 706 528 386 574 634 311 609 846 554

-0.3% -20.3% 81.3% 24.2% -5.4% -13.1% -12.0% -1.9% -43.2% -7.8% 4.6% -23.2% -76.8% -17.6% -21.4% 6.4% 35.1% -12.5% -17.3%

Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

603 646 602 1 179

595 630 594 1 245

598 729 596 1 231

625 714 624 1 026

615 772 613 1 026

615 747 613 1 026

645 729 644 -

636 710 635 -

609 628 609 -

598 554 599 -

597 559 597 -

-1.0% -13.5% -0.7% -

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

.. .. 5 333 .. 607 .. 461 .. .. 387 1 690 .. 520 979 ..

.. .. 724 614 592 .. 504 .. .. 388 2 391 .. 443 1 248 ..

452 1 282 365 534 591 586 531 8 658 376 387 358 389 362 851 1 095

402 396 357 630 351 475 550 330 346 388 354 374 906 702 1 229

404 423 343 444 351 307 559 378 346 392 379 379 791 912 1 536

369 422 322 458 353 351 576 367 341 456 379 329 755 983 1 518

402 410 350 614 424 371 551 312 368 452 409 376 565 938 1 176

429 433 457 540 505 378 591 324 365 458 388 404 948 412 1 133

419 432 506 578 482 370 587 338 371 457 337 395 689 755 1 258

408 432 498 578 554 370 580 360 390 454 376 386 916 409 700

409 446 513 565 553 367 605 449 377 470 375 393 775 444 549

.. .. -90.4% .. -8.8% .. 31.2% .. .. 21.3% -77.8% .. 49.0% -54.6% ..

Annex I EIT Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

* CO2 emissions from oil consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and district heating divided by output of electricity and heat generated from oil. Both public and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to data problems, emissions per kWh may vary significantly from one year to the next.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.96

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation using Gas * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz * grammes CO 2 / kilowattheure

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

Parties de l’Annexe I

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Parties de l’Annexe II

656

643

606

591

579

592

568

560

551

548

555

490

Amérique du Nord Canada Etats-Unis

687 716 686

696 616 700

674 575 679

664 501 670

665 478 671

669 393 676

672 430 680

663 413 669

678 446 684

673 465 678

689 350 701

540 462 543

Europe Autriche Belgique Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Portugal Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni

507 576 563 464 456 560 964 524 625 631

495 613 460 446 457 534 681 523 404 806

479 538 443 425 492 444 520 689 529 547 497

483 523 442 407 481 428 654 655 528 506 558

467 559 449 329 473 436 579 505 685 509 611 676 595

447 520 447 245 427 407 502 502 746 514 512 211 1 094 645

433 509 434 206 228 432 370 535 508 660 479 506 211 920 639

423 552 472 216 288 392 351 503 441 628 471 510 307 573 598 615

410 558 483 217 318 348 355 545 520 430 402 452 511 231 613 590 662

406 575 417 213 244 347 353 441 515 431 641 455 477 233 591 513 630

415 609 417 219 269 345 358 372 508 477 650 447 431 216 585 604 590

418 599 449 222 234 325 366 482 502 474 654 442 430 222 553 548 589

Pacifique Australie Japon Nouvelle-Zélande

523 693 468 730

497 670 446 723

516 544 511 623

430 601 398 539

422 501 407 776

475 524 470 474

451 550 434 572

473 485 468 561

465 490 461 508

460 463 457 526

469 477 464 611

459 477 457 462

Annexe I EET Bélarus Bulgarie Croatie République tchèque Estonie Hongrie Lettonie Lituanie Pologne Roumanie Russie République slovaque Slovénie Ukraine

.. .. .. 718 .. 387 .. .. 303 992 .. 441 .. ..

.. .. .. 818 .. 398 .. .. 304 1 024 .. 440 .. ..

.. .. .. 835 .. 405 .. .. 264 1 035 .. 440 .. ..

.. .. .. 884 .. 420 .. .. 242 865 .. 440 .. ..

.. .. .. 646 .. 423 .. .. 251 729 .. 263 .. ..

.. .. .. 248 .. 412 .. .. 247 416 .. 138 412 ..

.. .. .. 247 .. 390 .. .. 262 433 .. 201 590 ..

.. .. 663 .. 244 .. 365 .. .. 264 812 .. 269 799 ..

.. .. 771 .. 244 .. 362 .. .. 268 806 .. 210 810 ..

.. .. 897 .. 244 .. 348 .. .. 261 822 .. 297 972 ..

.. .. 756 .. 245 .. 335 .. .. 263 855 .. 369 763 ..

.. .. 813 .. 245 .. 349 .. .. 263 848 .. 305 667 ..

* Emissions de CO2 dues à la consommation de gaz dans les secteurs de l'électricité, de la cogénération chaleur/électricité et de la chaleur divisées par la production d'électricité et de chaleur générée par le gaz. Les centrales publiques et les autoproducteurs ont été pris en compte dans le calcul des émissions. En raison de problèmes de données, les émissions par kWh peuvent varier de façon significative d'une année sur l'autre.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.97

CO2 Emissions per kWh from Electricity and Heat Generation using Gas * Emissions de CO 2 par kWh pour le secteur de l'électricité et de la chaleur - Gaz * grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour

% change 2000 90-00

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

..

..

353

331

347

348

381

378

372

374

371

..

Annex I Parties

490

486

482

463

458

455

467

470

456

454

447

-8.7%

Annex II Parties

544 375 549

533 365 537

528 398 532

503 413 506

506 391 510

502 359 509

537 345 546

553 386 561

531 380 539

531 371 541

524 379 533

-3.7% 1.3% -3.0%

North America Canada United States

415 568 454 222 241 337 372 459 501 475 662 433 423 206 570 488 575

415 571 467 221 236 342 376 446 499 479 653 437 449 196 560 438 599

403 442 484 223 221 332 355 461 488 476 658 431 426 186 579 468 610

394 395 468 227 223 339 333 423 495 474 620 427 301 343 196 406 463 450

374 394 436 228 239 332 330 434 496 457 637 371 301 383 200 333 412 419

380 392 412 234 274 335 314 435 493 466 307 362 302 457 208 347 419 460

384 379 398 239 251 349 360 493 494 459 308 338 258 327 215 463 485 436

379 373 393 246 221 335 371 493 493 441 291 337 258 630 355 180 362 444 413

369 375 384 254 235 340 342 481 490 446 201 323 257 437 302 223 360 437 400

373 345 346 255 219 361 360 518 507 439 208 346 296 392 352 210 320 408 389

361 292 335 250 238 337 345 505 460 431 204 304 293 383 303 208 336 407 385

-13.0% -48.6% -26.2% 12.7% -1.3% 0.1% -7.3% 10.2% -8.1% -9.3% -69.2% -29.8% -28.4% 0.9% -41.1% -16.6% -33.0%

Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

456 496 450 506

452 474 448 531

451 403 454 482

443 394 446 484

448 425 449 486

441 417 441 533

439 427 438 504

438 443 434 541

431 395 435 430

428 385 428 540

428 403 427 526

-6.0% -18.7% -5.0% 3.9%

Pacific Australia Japan New Zealand

.. .. 731 .. 247 .. 340 .. .. 262 930 .. 317 576 ..

.. .. 368 260 247 .. 349 .. .. 261 1 007 .. 318 844 ..

300 1 397 298 303 262 280 335 2 508 312 271 279 261 176 621 1 024

276 295 330 334 229 317 336 240 240 258 271 248 623 630 1 133

289 310 310 400 216 293 354 306 249 260 332 259 546 478 1 138

283 291 302 423 226 241 351 322 249 274 322 259 503 462 1 126

324 272 289 341 256 229 356 252 248 272 317 290 459 399 2 025

311 278 284 325 269 253 310 264 238 255 284 286 573 247 1 655

305 274 300 337 249 238 298 264 254 254 288 288 371 276 1 327

305 271 292 337 285 237 296 249 253 268 285 286 482 283 1 397

302 284 301 339 268 239 282 240 258 274 295 283 469 263 1 353

.. .. -58.8% .. 8.5% .. -17.0% .. .. 4.4% -68.2% .. 47.8% -54.4% ..

Annex I EIT Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Russia Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine

* CO2 emissions from gas consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and district heating divided by output of electricity and heat generated from gas. Both public and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to data problems, emissions per kWh may vary significantly from one year to the next.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - II.99

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOTALS

TOTAUX MONDIAUX ET REGIONAUX

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.100

-

CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

World / Monde Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

25000

25000

20000

20000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

15000 10000

15000 10000 5000

5000

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 24500

100%

24000 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

23500 23000 22500 22000 21500 21000 20500 20000

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

18000 16000

120

14000 100

TWh

12000 10000

80

8000

60

6000 40

4000

20

2000 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.101

World / Monde Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

20 720.7 21 277.6

21 809.4 22 169.4

22 565.9 22 866.9

22 631.4 23 020.2

22 767.5 22 978.4

22 844.7 23 268.6

23 422.3 23 901.1

13.0% 12.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) * GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) * Population (millions)

365 609 8 732.4 26 386.3 30 963.7 5 228.9

388 065 9 268.8 29 144.6 34 746.3 5 631.0

399 888 9 551.2 30 081.8 36 112.3 5 710.1

403 245 9 631.3 31 131.5 37 593.7 5 790.6

404 985 9 672.9 31 816.1 38 595.2 5 869.6

412 697 9 857.1 32 746.0 39 940.8 5 948.0

422 970 10 102.5 34 026.0 41 750.6 6 023.2

15.7% 15.7% 29.0% 34.8% 15.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) * CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) * CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.67 0.78 0.66 3.96

56.20 0.74 0.62 3.87

56.43 0.74 0.62 3.95

56.12 0.72 0.60 3.91

56.22 0.71 0.59 3.88

55.35 0.69 0.57 3.84

55.38 0.69 0.56 3.89

-2.3% -11.5% -15.2% -1.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers *** Memo: International Aviation Bunkers ***

8 830.9 5 858.9 411.0 156.6 1 902.3 22.7 479.4 320.0 9 097.4 238.6 27.8 -

Oil 9 843.9 762.1 200.1 629.4 1 340.9 5 484.3 4 130.3 1 427.0 668.3 9 890.9 48.0 - 1.0 460.7 343.4

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

4 690.4 1 241.5 464.4 451.7 1 088.4 125.4 6.5 1 319.1 874.8 4 855.7 106.4 58.9 -

57.0 4.6 40.2 0.5 9.9 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 57.1 0.1 0.0 -

23 422.3 7 867.1 1 115.7 1 238.2 4 341.5 5 632.5 4 136.9 3 227.3 1 863.2 23 901.1 393.1 85.8 460.7 343.4

13.0% 23.0% 88.2% 12.1% -7.8% 25.1% 28.5% -5.5% 6.8% 12.3% 26.6% 20.4%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. *** World includes international marine and aviation bunkers.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Level Assessment (%) ****

5 858.9 4 130.3 1 902.3 1 354.0 1 340.9 1 241.5 1 088.4 874.8 762.1 758.6 668.3 23 422.3

15.68 11.06 5.09 3.62 3.59 3.32 2.91 2.34 2.04 2.03 1.79 62.70

Cumulative Total (%) 15.68 26.74 31.83 35.46 39.05 42.37 45.29 47.63 49.67 51.70 53.49 62.70

CO2 Emissions 00/90 31.9% 28.9% -6.8% 15.4% -8.7% 23.1% -8.8% 40.6% -19.5% -7.2% 20.4% 13.0%

**** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Annex I Parties / Parties de l’Annexe I Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 16000

14000

14000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 16000

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

2000

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

13900 13800

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

13700 13600 13500 13400 13300 13200 13100 13000

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

TWh

12000 10000

100

8000

80

6000

60

4000

40

2000

20

0

0

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.103

Annex I Parties / Parties de l’Annexe I Key Indicators 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

13558.8e 13 124.8 13825.7e 13 250.6

1990

13 450.8 13 532.5

13 362.3 13 513.4

13 359.3 13 453.9

13 423.6 13 549.8

13 711.3 13 838.0

1.1% 0.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 21 999.4 20 283.4 1 176.1

231 113 5 520.1 23 642.2 21 417.6 1 206.1

236 533 5 649.5 24 271.3 21 939.8 1 210.4

236 042 5 637.7 25 015.6 22 642.1 1 214.9

236 184 5 641.2 25 616.6 23 214.4 1 219.0

240 148 5 735.8 26 314.0 23 897.3 1 223.0

244 192 5 832.4 27 233.4 24 811.7 1 227.2

.. .. 23.8% 22.3% 4.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. 0.62e 0.67e 11.53e

56.79 0.56 0.61 10.88

56.87 0.55 0.61 11.11

56.61 0.53 0.59 11.00

56.56 0.52 0.58 10.96

55.90 0.51 0.56 10.98

56.15 0.50 0.55 11.17

.. -19.4% -17.9% -3.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4 687.4 3 560.0 293.0 55.5 644.8 0.4 133.8 104.0 4 733.2 95.6 - 49.9 -

Oil 5 537.0 277.8 153.8 384.8 686.6 3 263.1 2 853.5 770.9 377.7 5 531.8 - 5.8 0.6 266.9 232.4

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

3 431.8 816.4 436.5 208.4 766.4 112.7 1.8 1 091.4 738.2 3 517.9 34.3 51.9 -

55.1 4.4 38.5 0.5 9.9 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 55.2 0.1 0.0 -

13 711.3 4 658.5 921.8 649.2 2 107.7 3 376.3 2 855.3 1 997.9 1 220.0 13 838.0 124.1 2.6 266.9 232.4

1.1% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.1% .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Level Assessment (%) **

3 560.0 2 853.5 816.4 766.4 738.2 686.6 644.8 436.5 409.7 393.2 384.8 13 711.3

19.49 15.63 4.47 4.20 4.04 3.76 3.53 2.39 2.24 2.15 2.11 75.08

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

19.49 35.12 39.59 43.79 47.83 51.59 55.12 57.51 59.75 61.91 64.01 75.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Annex II Parties / Parties de l’Annexe II * Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

12000

12000

10000

10000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

8000 6000 4000

8000 6000 4000 2000

2000

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 11400

100%

11200 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11000 10800 10600 10400 10200 10000 9800

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

9000

160

8000

140

7000

120

6000 TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

10000

100

5000 4000

80

3000

60

2000

40

1000

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Other

* In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II. See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.105

Annex II Parties / Parties de l’Annexe II * Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

9 871.3 9 951.1

10 289.3 10 348.8

10 645.8 10 659.1

10 729.3 10 773.7

10 803.9 10 823.8

10 873.6 10 927.4

11 151.2 11 204.5

13.0% 12.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

171 690 4 100.7 20 955.4 17 583.7 854.9

184 914 4 416.6 22 890.7 19 295.8 886.3

190 386 4 547.3 23 521.5 19 840.5 891.8

191 753 4 579.9 24 249.1 20 512.1 897.3

193 317 4 617.3 24 854.7 21 114.0 902.6

197 115 4 708.0 25 525.9 21 726.3 907.8

200 849 4 797.2 26 398.8 22 508.1 913.3

17.0% 17.0% 26.0% 28.0% 6.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

57.50 0.47 0.56 11.55

55.64 0.45 0.53 11.61

55.92 0.45 0.54 11.94

55.95 0.44 0.52 11.96

55.89 0.43 0.51 11.97

55.16 0.43 0.50 11.98

55.52 0.42 0.50 12.21

-3.4% -10.6% -10.7% 5.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II. See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

3 705.8 3 000.4 161.9 43.9 454.6 0.4 44.7 31.8 3 717.0 63.5 - 52.3 -

Oil 4 989.7 228.7 101.3 344.1 585.9 3 053.2 2 664.6 676.6 350.4 4 972.8 - 14.7 - 2.2 265.1 199.4

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

2 418.7 478.2 239.4 176.5 602.3 48.8 1.5 873.6 565.8 2 477.7 7.1 51.9 -

37.0 4.1 26.1 5.3 1.5 37.0 0.0 -

11 151.2 3 711.4 528.6 564.4 1 648.1 3 102.3 2 666.1 1 596.4 948.0 11 204.5 55.9 - 2.6 265.1 199.4

13.0% 16.7% 43.3% 5.8% -1.3% 20.6% 23.0% 3.1% 7.1% 12.6% 18.6% 53.5%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Level Assessment (%) ***

3 000.4 2 664.6 602.3 585.9 565.8 478.2 454.6 388.6 350.4 344.1 326.2 11 151.2

20.49 18.20 4.11 4.00 3.86 3.27 3.10 2.65 2.39 2.35 2.23 76.15

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.49 38.69 42.80 46.80 50.66 53.93 57.04 59.69 62.08 64.43 66.66 76.15

18.7% 23.0% 12.8% -7.2% 25.3% 57.1% -9.3% 7.5% 4.0% 4.3% -8.5% 13.0%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Annex II: North America / Annexe II: Amérique du Nord Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

7000

7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

1000 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6400

100%

6200 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6000 5800 5600 5400 5200 5000

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

4500

160

4000

140

3500

120

3000

100

2500 2000

80

1500

60

1000

40

500

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

5000

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

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Annex II: North America / Annexe II: Amérique du Nord Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

5 255.9 5 273.7

5 569.9 5 590.7

5 766.7 5 748.9

5 888.5 5 902.0

5 929.1 5 927.5

5 993.5 6 028.4

6 192.2 6 233.4

17.8% 18.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

89 444 2 136.3 7 056.7 7 142.8 277.7

97 128 2 319.9 7 921.5 8 015.2 292.4

99 548 2 377.7 8 195.2 8 290.3 295.2

100 612 2 403.1 8 560.7 8 659.9 298.1

101 274 2 418.9 8 927.8 9 030.8 300.8

104 286 2 490.8 9 301.5 9 409.9 303.5

106 790 2 550.6 9 691.8 9 805.0 306.2

19.4% 19.4% 37.3% 37.3% 10.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.76 0.74 0.74 18.93

57.35 0.70 0.69 19.05

57.93 0.70 0.70 19.54

58.53 0.69 0.68 19.76

58.54 0.66 0.66 19.71

57.47 0.64 0.64 19.75

57.98 0.64 0.63 20.22

-1.3% -13.5% -14.9% 6.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

2 233.0 2 012.7 54.2 4.3 152.8 9.0 5.4 2 237.3 24.8 - 20.6 -

Oil 2 546.1 65.9 46.1 186.9 200.4 1 824.6 1 547.4 222.3 104.4 2 534.1 - 29.3 17.3 106.8 58.6

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1 395.8 181.9 202.2 135.6 324.6 46.6 0.6 504.8 304.0 1 444.7 1.0 47.9 -

17.4 17.4 17.4 - 0.0 -

6 192.2 2 260.5 319.8 326.8 677.7 1 871.3 1 547.9 736.1 413.9 6 233.4 - 3.4 44.6 106.8 58.6

17.8% 22.4% 98.1% 3.9% -2.3% 20.9% 25.1% 6.6% 13.1% 18.2% 13.7% 41.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2 012.7 1 547.4 324.6 304.0 277.3 202.2 200.8 200.4 186.9 181.9 152.8 6 192.2

Level Assessment (%) ** 25.04 19.25 4.04 3.78 3.45 2.52 2.50 2.49 2.32 2.26 1.90 77.02

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

25.04 44.28 48.32 52.10 55.55 58.07 60.56 63.06 65.38 67.64 69.54 77.02

26.3% 25.1% -2.8% 14.2% 3.4% 245.8% 22.6% -18.2% 0.2% 16.9% 32.6% 17.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Annex II: Europe / Annexe II: Europe * Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4000

4000

3500

3500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3600

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3400

3200

3000

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

3500

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

3000

140

2500

120 100

2000

80 1500 60 1000

40

500 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Other

* In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II. See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

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Annex II: Europe / Annexe II: Europe * Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 314.7 3 344.8

3 313.9 3 318.1

3 428.6 3 420.1

3 387.4 3 372.4

3 425.8 3 421.6

3 394.2 3 386.9

3 443.3 3 426.0

3.9% 2.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

59 620 1 424.0 8 592.5 7 321.4 433.2

62 321 1 488.5 9 243.8 7 897.9 446.6

64 501 1 540.6 9 401.8 8 049.6 448.7

64 406 1 538.3 9 646.9 8 277.8 450.8

65 564 1 566.0 9 925.3 8 520.1 452.8

65 976 1 575.8 10 164.7 8 710.8 454.9

66 697 1 593.0 10 506.1 9 014.3 457.3

11.9% 11.9% 22.3% 23.1% 5.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

55.60 0.39 0.45 7.65

53.18 0.36 0.42 7.42

53.16 0.36 0.43 7.64

52.59 0.35 0.41 7.51

52.25 0.35 0.40 7.57

51.45 0.33 0.39 7.46

51.63 0.33 0.38 7.53

-7.1% -15.4% -15.6% -1.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * In this publication, Turkey has been included in Annex II. See Chapter 4, Geographical Coverage.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

937.1 665.0 56.1 18.5 170.3 0.0 27.1 23.7 933.1 19.4 - 23.4 -

Oil 1 672.7 104.7 16.6 116.5 231.4 888.4 821.6 315.1 190.9 1 649.2 - 5.7 - 17.8 138.8 112.6

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

816.3 182.3 32.4 32.2 236.4 1.5 0.8 331.5 238.2 826.5 5.2 5.1 -

17.2 4.1 8.7 2.9 1.5 17.2 0.0 -

3 443.3 956.1 113.8 167.2 641.0 889.9 822.4 675.3 452.8 3 426.0 18.9 - 36.2 138.8 112.6

3.9% 4.9% -21.5% 8.7% -3.4% 18.4% 19.4% -2.1% 0.5% 2.4% 25.9% 62.2%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 821.6 665.0 238.2 236.4 231.4 190.9 182.3 170.3 124.2 116.5 104.7 3 443.3

Level Assessment (%) *** 17.86 14.46 5.18 5.14 5.03 4.15 3.96 3.70 2.70 2.53 2.28 74.86

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

17.86 32.32 37.50 42.64 47.67 51.82 55.78 59.49 62.19 64.72 67.00 74.86

19.4% -8.2% 41.5% 35.0% 0.6% -2.6% 182.9% -33.8% -12.0% 9.1% -14.5% 3.9%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Annex II: Pacific / Annexe II: Pacifique Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1600

1600

1400

1400 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1200 1000 800 600 400

1200 1000 800 600 400 200

200

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1600

100%

1550 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1500 1450 1400 1350 1300 1250 1200

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

1400

TWh

1994

1200

140

1000

120 100

800

80 600 60 400

40

200 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

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Annex II: Pacific / Annexe II: Pacifique Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 300.7 1 332.5

1 405.5 1 440.0

1 450.4 1 490.1

1 453.5 1 499.3

1 449.1 1 474.8

1 486.0 1 512.0

1 515.8 1 545.1

16.5% 16.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

22 625 540.4 5 306.2 3 119.5 144.0

25 465 608.2 5 725.3 3 382.7 147.3

26 337 629.1 5 924.5 3 500.6 147.9

26 735 638.6 6 041.4 3 574.4 148.5

26 479 632.4 6 001.6 3 563.1 149.0

26 852 641.4 6 059.7 3 605.6 149.4

27 362 653.5 6 200.9 3 688.8 149.9

20.9% 20.9% 16.9% 18.3% 4.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

57.49 0.25 0.42 9.03

55.19 0.25 0.42 9.54

55.07 0.24 0.41 9.81

54.37 0.24 0.41 9.79

54.73 0.24 0.41 9.72

55.34 0.25 0.41 9.94

55.40 0.24 0.41 10.11

-3.6% -4.0% -2.4% 12.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

535.7 322.7 51.5 21.1 131.5 0.3 8.5 2.6 546.7 19.3 - 8.3 -

770.9 58.1 38.7 40.6 154.1 340.2 295.6 139.3 55.1 789.5 20.2 - 1.6 19.5 28.2

206.6 114.0 4.8 8.6 41.3 0.6 0.1 37.2 23.6 206.5 0.9 - 1.1 -

2.5 0.0 2.4 2.5 -

1 515.8 494.9 95.0 70.4 329.3 341.2 295.8 185.0 81.3 1 545.1 40.4 - 11.0 19.5 28.2

16.5% 17.4% 52.3% 8.0% 5.7% 25.4% 22.9% 10.2% 18.0% 16.0% 0.4% 48.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 322.7 295.6 154.1 131.5 114.0 84.2 58.1 55.1 51.5 44.5 41.3 1 515.8

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.09 14.74 7.68 6.56 5.68 4.20 2.89 2.75 2.57 2.22 2.06 75.55

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.09 30.82 38.50 45.06 50.74 54.94 57.83 60.58 63.14 65.37 67.42 75.55

54.4% 22.9% -1.7% 2.0% 35.2% -1.9% -54.7% 16.0% 49.5% 43.1% 66.1% 16.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Economies in Transition / Economies en transition Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 4000

3500

3500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 4000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

3700 3500

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

3300 3100 2900 2700 2500 2300

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

1800 1600

100

1400

TWh

1200

80

1000 60

800 600

40

400 20

200 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

Oil

Gas

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

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Economies in Transition / Economies en transition Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3687.4e 3874.6e

2 835.5 2 901.8

2 805.1 2 873.4

2 632.9 2 739.7

2 555.4 2 630.2

2 550.0 2 622.4

2 560.1 2 633.5

-30.6% -32.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 1 044.0 2 699.7 321.2

46 199 1 103.5 751.5 2 121.8 319.8

46 147 1 102.2 749.8 2 099.3 318.6

44 288 1 057.8 766.5 2 130.0 317.5

42 866 1 023.9 761.9 2 100.4 316.5

43 034 1 027.8 788.2 2 171.0 315.2

43 343 1 035.2 834.7 2 303.6 313.8

.. .. -20.1% -14.7% -2.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. 3.53e 1.37e 11.48e

61.38 3.77 1.34 8.87

60.79 3.74 1.34 8.80

59.45 3.43 1.24 8.29

59.61 3.35 1.22 8.07

59.25 3.24 1.17 8.09

59.07 3.07 1.11 8.16

.. -13.0% -19.0% -28.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

981.6 559.5 131.1 11.6 190.2 0.0 89.1 72.3 1 016.1 32.1 2.4 -

Oil 547.3 49.1 52.5 40.7 100.7 209.9 188.9 94.3 27.3 558.9 8.9 2.8 1.8 33.0

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1 013.1 338.2 197.1 31.9 164.1 63.9 0.3 217.8 172.4 1 040.2 27.2 - 0.0 -

18.1 0.3 12.4 0.5 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 18.2 0.1 0.0 -

2 560.1 947.1 393.1 84.8 459.6 273.9 189.2 401.5 272.1 2 633.5 68.3 5.2 1.8 33.0

-30.6% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -32.0% .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 559.5 338.2 197.1 190.2 188.9 172.4 164.1 131.1 100.7 72.3 67.0 2 560.1

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.33 9.27 5.40 5.21 5.18 4.72 4.50 3.59 2.76 1.98 1.84 70.16

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.33 24.60 30.00 35.21 40.39 45.11 49.61 53.21 55.97 57.95 59.78 70.16

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Non-Annex I Parties / Parties ne figurant pas à l'Annexe I Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 10000

9000

9000

8000

8000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 10000

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

1000

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80%

9000

million tonnes of CO2

9500

not available

40% 20%

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

8500 8000 7500 7000 6500

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

6000

TWh

1994

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

5000

100

4000

80

3000

60

2000

40

1000

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

Oil

Gas

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Non-Annex I Parties / Parties ne figurant pas à l'Annexe I Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

6512.6e 6802.6e

7 983.1 8 217.3

8 395.4 8 614.7

8 525.2 8 763.0

8 653.1 8 769.4

8 644.5 8 942.3

8 906.9 9 259.0

36.8% 36.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) * GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) * Population (millions)

.. .. 4 386.9 10 680.3 4 052.8

151 635 3 621.7 5 502.4 13 328.7 4 424.8

157 914 3 771.7 5 810.5 14 172.5 4 499.6

161 580 3 859.3 6 115.9 14 951.6 4 575.7

163 101 3 895.6 6 199.5 15 380.8 4 650.5

166 705 3 981.7 6 431.9 16 043.5 4 725.0

172 709 4 125.1 6 792.6 16 938.9 4 796.0

.. .. 54.8% 58.6% 18.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) * CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) * CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. 1.44e 0.59e 1.61e

52.65 1.42 0.59 1.80

53.16 1.41 0.58 1.87

52.76 1.36 0.56 1.86

53.05 1.37 0.55 1.86

51.86 1.32 0.53 1.83

51.57 1.31 0.53 1.86

.. -9.0% -10.2% 15.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Excludes DPR of Korea and Netherlands Antilles.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4 143.5 2 298.9 118.0 101.1 1 257.5 22.3 345.6 216.0 4 364.2 143.0 77.7 -

Oil 3 502.8 484.4 46.3 244.6 654.3 1 417.1 1 276.8 656.1 290.6 3 555.1 53.8 - 1.5 193.9 111.0

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

1 258.6 425.1 27.9 243.3 321.9 12.7 4.8 227.7 136.6 1 337.8 72.1 7.0 -

1.9 0.2 1.7 - 0.0 1.9 0.0 -

8 906.9 3 208.6 194.0 589.0 2 233.8 1 452.1 1 281.6 1 229.4 643.2 9 259.0 268.9 83.2 193.9 111.0

36.8% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36.1% .. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2 298.9 1 276.8 1 257.5 654.3 484.4 425.1 365.5 321.9 290.6 244.6 243.3 8 906.9

Level Assessment (%) *** 12.51 6.95 6.85 3.56 2.64 2.31 1.99 1.75 1.58 1.33 1.32 48.48

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

12.51 19.46 26.31 29.87 32.51 34.82 36.81 38.56 40.15 41.48 42.80 48.48

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Annex B Parties / Parties de l’Annexe B * Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 9000

8000

8000

7000

7000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 9000

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

1000 0 1992

0

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

8200 8100

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

8000 7900 7800 7700 7600 7500 7400 7300

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

TWh

12000 10000

100

8000

80

6000

60

4000

40

2000

20

0

0

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

* Annex B Parties are equal to Annex I less Australia, Belarus, Turkey and the United Kingdom. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Annex B Parties / Parties de l’Annexe B * Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

8238.2e 8458.3e

7 520.9 7 614.8

7 633.1 7 713.1

7 423.5 7 539.7

7 367.6 7 461.6

7 371.0 7 449.5

7 457.0 7 526.5

-9.5% -11.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 14 985.2 13 053.0 842.6

136 133 3 251.5 15 741.4 13 288.8 853.1

138 839 3 316.2 16 079.8 13 506.3 853.8

137 147 3 275.7 16 450.9 13 816.4 854.4

136 462 3 259.4 16 679.7 14 006.1 854.9

137 575 3 285.9 17 026.8 14 346.4 855.2

139 049 3 321.1 17 562.2 14 859.7 855.7

.. .. 17.2% 13.8% 1.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. 0.55e 0.63e 9.78e

55.25 0.48 0.57 8.82

54.98 0.47 0.57 8.94

54.13 0.45 0.54 8.69

53.99 0.44 0.53 8.62

53.58 0.43 0.51 8.62

53.63 0.42 0.50 8.71

.. -23.6% -20.6% -10.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Annex B Parties are equal to Annex I less Australia, Belarus, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

2 300.4 1 449.0 232.1 47.4 455.4 0.0 116.5 91.0 2 329.5 67.0 - 37.9 -

Oil 3 021.1 211.4 102.4 208.8 475.8 1 462.1 1 319.4 560.5 271.3 3 023.2 10.6 - 8.5 159.3 168.9

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

2 099.3 606.4 224.3 94.4 471.4 76.1 1.1 626.7 451.9 2 137.6 32.9 5.3 -

36.2 4.3 21.0 0.5 8.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 36.2 0.0 0.0 -

7 457.0 2 271.2 579.8 351.1 1 411.0 1 538.2 1 320.5 1 305.6 814.3 7 526.5 110.5 - 41.1 159.3 168.9

-9.5% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -11.0% .. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1 449.0 1 319.4 606.4 475.8 471.4 455.4 451.9 289.2 271.3 232.1 224.3 7 457.0

Level Assessment (%) *** 14.42 13.13 6.03 4.73 4.69 4.53 4.50 2.88 2.70 2.31 2.23 74.20

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

14.42 27.55 33.58 38.32 43.01 47.54 52.03 54.91 57.61 59.92 62.15 74.20

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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OECD Total / Total OCDE Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

14000

14000

12000

12000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

10000 8000 6000 4000

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

2000 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 13000

80%

12500

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

12000 11500 11000 10500

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

12000

160

10000

140

TWh

8000

120 100

6000

80 4000

60 40

2000

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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OECD Total / Total OCDE Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

11 013.6 11 110.0

11 529.9 11 597.2

11 932.3 11 982.4

12 036.6 12 120.3

12 050.8 12 101.3

12 134.6 12 215.9

12 449.0 12 527.2

13.0% 12.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

189 022 4 514.7 21 801.4 19 052.4 1 043.6

204 503 4 884.5 23 908.2 20 970.9 1 086.9

211 131 5 042.8 24 598.5 21 608.3 1 094.3

213 065 5 089.0 25 384.6 22 377.7 1 101.8

214 002 5 111.4 25 979.3 22 996.1 1 109.0

218 276 5 213.4 26 727.2 23 712.6 1 116.5

222 609 5 316.9 27 685.4 24 624.0 1 122.2

17.8% 17.8% 27.0% 29.2% 7.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.27 0.51 0.58 10.55

56.38 0.48 0.55 10.61

56.52 0.49 0.55 10.90

56.49 0.47 0.54 10.92

56.31 0.46 0.52 10.87

55.59 0.45 0.51 10.87

55.92 0.45 0.51 11.09

-4.0% -10.9% -12.5% 5.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4 233.2 3 332.8 205.6 72.9 545.6 0.4 75.9 54.0 4 241.4 64.8 - 56.6 -

Oil 5 567.1 328.2 102.8 387.0 678.8 3 293.7 2 879.3 776.7 384.2 5 574.1 - 6.6 13.6 289.4 211.5

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

2 606.8 522.1 247.5 207.6 652.6 49.0 1.5 928.0 605.2 2 669.7 10.4 52.5 -

42.0 4.5 28.8 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 42.0 0.0 0.0 -

12 449.0 4 187.7 584.5 667.6 1 884.0 3 343.0 2 880.9 1 782.2 1 043.4 12 527.2 68.7 9.5 289.4 211.5

13.0% 19.0% 29.5% 11.7% -2.7% 22.0% 24.3% 0.7% 2.2% 12.8% 24.8% 53.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Level Assessment (%) **

3 332.8 2 879.3 678.8 652.6 605.2 545.6 522.1 414.3 392.4 387.0 384.2 12 449.0

20.28 17.52 4.13 3.97 3.68 3.32 3.18 2.52 2.39 2.36 2.34 75.77

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.28 37.81 41.94 45.91 49.59 52.91 56.09 58.61 61.00 63.36 65.70 75.77

20.3% 24.2% -7.1% 10.5% 29.1% -10.7% 60.3% 9.5% -3.6% 6.4% 5.5% 13.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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OECD North America / OCDE Amérique du Nord Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

7000

7000

6000

6000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

5000 4000 3000 2000

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

1000 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6700

100%

6500 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6300 6100 5900 5700 5500 5300

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

6000

160

5000

140

TWh

4000

120 100

3000

80 2000

60 40

1000

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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OECD North America / OCDE Amérique du Nord Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

5 548.0 5 570.7

5 882.4 5 904.4

6 085.5 6 073.6

6 220.2 6 240.9

6 281.3 6 284.6

6 337.7 6 387.2

6 551.8 6 602.7

18.1% 18.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

94 637 2 260.4 7 322.0 7 718.6 359.4

102 685 2 452.6 8 207.7 8 636.4 383.3

105 276 2 514.5 8 496.1 8 943.5 387.6

106 537 2 544.6 8 882.0 9 357.3 392.1

107 469 2 566.8 9 265.2 9 763.3 396.3

110 562 2 640.7 9 651.7 10 169.9 400.9

113 217 2 704.2 10 066.1 10 617.6 403.4

19.6% 19.6% 37.5% 37.6% 12.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.62 0.76 0.72 15.44

57.29 0.72 0.68 15.35

57.81 0.72 0.68 15.70

58.39 0.70 0.67 15.87

58.45 0.68 0.64 15.85

57.32 0.66 0.62 15.81

57.87 0.65 0.62 16.24

-1.3% -14.1% -14.2% 5.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

2 260.1 2 030.0 57.7 4.4 158.9 9.0 5.4 2 265.6 25.0 - 19.6 -

Oil 2 802.0 140.8 46.1 210.7 228.3 1 924.9 1 645.9 251.1 122.8 2 797.8 - 27.6 23.5 111.0 66.7

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1 472.4 200.5 208.9 163.2 346.7 46.6 0.6 506.4 305.6 1 521.9 1.0 48.5 -

17.4 17.4 17.4 - 0.0 -

6 551.8 2 371.3 330.1 378.4 733.9 1 971.6 1 646.5 766.6 433.9 6 602.7 - 1.5 52.4 111.0 66.7

18.1% 24.0% 104.5% 7.3% -4.5% 20.6% 24.6% 6.7% 12.7% 18.5% 15.7% 42.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2 030.0 1 645.9 346.7 305.6 279.0 228.3 210.7 208.9 200.8 200.5 163.2 6 551.8

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.57 19.11 4.03 3.55 3.24 2.65 2.45 2.43 2.33 2.33 1.90 76.08

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.57 42.69 46.71 50.26 53.50 56.15 58.60 61.02 63.36 65.68 67.58 76.08

27.0% 24.5% -4.5% 14.0% 3.3% -19.2% -0.4% 257.2% 22.6% 22.5% 18.3% 18.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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OECD Pacific / OCDE Pacifique Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

2500

2500

2000

2000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1500 1000

1500 1000 500

500

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2100

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

1800 1600

140

1400

120

TWh

1200 100

1000

80

800 600

60

400

40

200

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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OECD Pacific / OCDE Pacifique Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 526.9 1 569.3

1 775.6 1 810.1

1 845.9 1 894.2

1 875.0 1 931.0

1 816.5 1 852.6

1 888.8 1 925.1

1 949.3 1 989.6

27.7% 26.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

26 501 633.0 5 647.7 3 480.1 186.9

31 772 758.9 6 214.6 3 899.3 192.4

33 237 793.9 6 446.7 4 052.1 193.4

34 208 817.1 6 589.9 4 153.5 194.4

33 386 797.4 6 513.4 4 103.4 195.4

34 440 822.6 6 627.2 4 204.8 196.3

35 468 847.2 6 818.4 4 340.8 197.2

33.8% 33.8% 20.7% 24.7% 5.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

57.62 0.27 0.44 8.17

55.89 0.29 0.46 9.23

55.54 0.29 0.46 9.54

54.81 0.29 0.45 9.64

54.41 0.28 0.44 9.29

54.84 0.29 0.45 9.62

54.96 0.29 0.45 9.89

-4.6% 5.9% 2.3% 21.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

704.8 414.9 77.5 41.7 159.6 0.3 10.7 4.8 707.2 16.1 - 13.6 -

Oil 994.8 77.1 38.7 55.1 203.6 428.1 361.5 192.2 66.9 1 031.8 25.9 11.2 38.7 29.9

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

245.4 127.1 4.8 8.6 47.5 0.6 0.1 56.8 39.3 246.2 1.8 - 1.0 -

4.4 0.3 1.7 2.4 4.4 -

1 949.3 619.3 122.6 105.4 413.1 429.0 361.6 259.7 111.0 1 989.6 43.8 - 3.5 38.7 29.9

27.7% 36.1% 48.2% 38.1% 14.9% 36.0% 32.7% 9.3% 1.5% 26.8% 58.7% 50.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 414.9 361.5 203.6 159.6 127.1 125.4 77.5 77.1 66.9 66.6 55.1 1 949.3

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.37 14.26 8.03 6.30 5.01 4.95 3.06 3.04 2.64 2.63 2.17 76.92

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.37 30.64 38.67 44.97 49.98 54.93 57.99 61.03 63.67 66.29 68.47 76.92

85.1% 32.7% 5.1% 14.3% 42.6% 9.5% 41.3% -45.7% 25.5% 55.9% 32.9% 27.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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OECD Europe / OCDE Europe Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4500

4500

4000

4000

3500

3500

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4050

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4000 3950 3900 3850 3800 3750

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

3500

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

3000

140

2500

120 100

2000

80 1500 60 1000

40

500 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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OECD Europe / OCDE Europe Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 938.7 3 970.1

3 871.8 3 882.7

4 000.9 4 014.6

3 941.4 3 948.3

3 953.0 3 964.1

3 908.1 3 903.5

3 947.9 3 934.9

0.2% -0.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

67 884 1 621.4 8 831.8 7 853.8 497.3

70 047 1 673.0 9 486.0 8 435.2 511.1

72 618 1 734.4 9 655.6 8 612.8 513.2

72 319 1 727.3 9 912.8 8 866.9 515.3

73 147 1 747.1 10 200.6 9 129.4 517.3

73 274 1 750.1 10 448.4 9 337.9 519.3

73 924 1 765.6 10 800.9 9 665.7 521.6

8.9% 8.9% 22.3% 23.1% 4.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.02 0.45 0.50 7.92

55.27 0.41 0.46 7.58

55.10 0.41 0.47 7.80

54.50 0.40 0.45 7.65

54.04 0.39 0.43 7.64

53.34 0.37 0.42 7.53

53.41 0.37 0.41 7.57

-8.0% -17.9% -18.7% -4.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

1 268.3 887.9 70.3 26.8 227.1 0.0 56.2 43.8 1 268.6 23.6 - 23.4 -

Oil 1 770.3 110.3 18.0 121.2 246.9 940.7 871.9 333.3 194.6 1 744.5 - 4.8 - 21.1 139.7 115.0

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

889.0 194.5 33.8 35.8 258.5 1.7 0.8 364.7 260.2 901.6 7.6 5.0 -

20.2 4.3 9.7 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 1.6 20.2 0.0 0.0 -

3 947.9 1 197.0 131.8 183.8 737.0 942.4 872.7 755.9 498.6 3 934.9 26.4 - 39.5 139.7 115.0

0.2% 4.1% -36.3% 9.1% -8.9% 19.2% 20.5% -7.0% -5.4% -0.9% 25.2% 61.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 887.9 871.9 260.2 258.5 246.9 227.1 194.6 194.5 138.7 121.2 110.3 3 947.9

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.78 16.48 4.92 4.89 4.67 4.29 3.68 3.68 2.62 2.29 2.08 74.62

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.78 33.26 38.18 43.07 47.73 52.03 55.70 59.38 62.00 64.29 66.38 74.62

-6.4% 20.4% 42.5% 27.7% -2.9% -34.8% -2.6% 166.4% -10.0% 9.4% -14.4% 0.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

European Union / Union européenne Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4000

4000

3500

3500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3300

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3200

3100

3000

2900

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

3000

160

2500

140

TWh

2000

120 100

1500

80 1000

60 40

500

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.127

European Union / Union européenne Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 114.8 3 134.3

3 083.1 3 089.4

3 179.8 3 174.9

3 129.1 3 112.3

3 162.4 3 158.3

3 130.3 3 123.8

3 161.7 3 143.5

1.5% 0.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

55 381 1 322.8 8 010.4 6 752.7 365.8

57 620 1 376.2 8 613.7 7 262.2 373.3

59 563 1 422.6 8 751.3 7 383.6 374.3

59 238 1 414.9 8 969.9 7 575.4 375.3

60 273 1 439.6 9 230.6 7 797.9 376.2

60 658 1 448.8 9 472.1 8 003.5 377.2

61 139 1 460.3 9 785.9 8 270.3 378.5

10.4% 10.4% 22.2% 22.5% 3.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.24 0.39 0.46 8.52

53.51 0.36 0.43 8.26

53.39 0.36 0.43 8.50

52.82 0.35 0.41 8.34

52.47 0.34 0.41 8.41

51.61 0.33 0.39 8.30

51.71 0.32 0.38 8.35

-8.1% -17.0% -17.1% -1.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

840.1 622.0 51.2 16.6 130.0 0.0 20.2 16.8 833.3 16.9 - 23.7 -

Oil 1 532.3 98.8 13.6 108.3 207.4 825.3 765.8 278.8 171.0 1 511.2 - 2.9 - 18.2 134.7 104.5

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

773.6 168.7 27.2 25.0 229.5 1.4 0.8 321.8 229.9 783.2 5.0 4.6 -

15.8 4.0 8.6 1.6 1.5 15.8 0.0 -

3 161.7 893.5 100.6 150.0 568.6 826.7 766.6 622.3 417.7 3 143.5 19.1 - 37.3 134.7 104.5

1.5% 1.2% -27.5% 6.7% -7.8% 18.7% 19.6% -2.6% 0.5% 0.3% 24.3% 62.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 765.8 622.0 229.9 229.5 207.4 171.0 168.7 130.0 108.3 107.8 98.8 3 161.7

Level Assessment (%) ** 18.87 15.32 5.66 5.65 5.11 4.21 4.16 3.20 2.67 2.66 2.43 77.89

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

18.87 34.19 39.85 45.51 50.62 54.83 58.99 62.19 64.86 67.51 69.95 77.89

19.6% -11.5% 37.8% 33.3% -1.6% -2.3% 183.9% -44.2% 8.1% -14.7% -18.3% 1.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Africa / Afrique Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

800

800

700

700 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

600 500 400 300 200

600 500 400 300 200 100

100

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 800

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

750 700 650 600 550 500

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

500 450

100

400 350

80

TWh

300 250

60

200 40

150 100

20

50 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.129

Africa / Afrique Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

540.8 601.1

596.8 677.5

613.6 692.8

641.4 710.0

661.4 716.9

659.3 741.6

685.7 748.3

26.8% 24.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

16 651 397.7 473.4 1 245.0 623.8

18 696 446.5 498.7 1 323.9 704.5

19 157 457.6 524.1 1 393.5 722.5

19 779 472.4 539.4 1 436.6 741.5

20 169 481.7 557.1 1 487.8 759.3

20 685 494.1 573.3 1 529.7 777.3

21 262 507.8 592.8 1 578.8 795.1

27.7% 27.7% 25.2% 26.8% 27.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

32.48 1.14 0.43 0.87

31.92 1.20 0.45 0.85

32.03 1.17 0.44 0.85

32.43 1.19 0.45 0.86

32.79 1.19 0.44 0.87

31.88 1.15 0.43 0.85

32.25 1.16 0.43 0.86

-0.7% 1.8% 0.0% -1.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

274.3 188.4 11.2 0.1 65.7 0.0 9.0 4.2 342.7 68.0 0.4 -

301.9 34.1 3.9 13.2 49.5 136.2 128.7 65.0 32.6 286.4 - 11.4 - 4.1 23.3 14.1

109.5 53.1 26.5 21.7 1.7 6.5 6.4 119.2 8.0 1.6 -

-

685.7 275.6 15.1 39.8 136.8 137.9 128.7 80.5 43.2 748.3 64.6 - 2.1 23.3 14.1

26.8% 37.0% 24.0% 29.3% 3.7% 33.9% 33.0% 30.0% 16.8% 24.5% 35.2% 24.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 188.4 128.7 65.7 53.1 49.5 34.1 32.6 32.4 26.5 21.7 13.2 685.7

Level Assessment (%) ** 8.15 5.57 2.84 2.30 2.14 1.48 1.41 1.40 1.15 0.94 0.57 29.68

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

8.15 13.73 16.57 18.87 21.01 22.49 23.90 25.30 26.45 27.39 27.96 29.68

31.5% 33.0% -6.8% 104.8% 7.0% 6.6% 17.1% 68.8% 35.0% 42.6% 20.7% 26.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Middle East / Moyen-Orient Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1200

1200

1000

1000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

800 600 400

800 600 400 200

200

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

500 450

140

400 120

TWh

350 300

100

250

80

200

60

150 40

100

20

50 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.131

Middle East / Moyen-Orient Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

568.8 568.6

782.2 789.8

834.5 841.2

866.2 834.6

901.6 844.1

922.6 878.2

986.2 966.3

73.4% 70.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

9 337 223.0 460.1 684.6 130.3

12 884 307.7 477.0 820.2 148.3

13 724 327.8 495.1 854.6 151.7

13 787 329.3 520.7 886.7 155.3

14 093 336.6 537.1 908.0 158.7

14 528 347.0 548.3 920.7 162.0

15 924 380.3 580.8 967.6 165.4

70.6% 70.6% 26.2% 41.3% 26.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

60.92 1.24 0.83 4.36

60.71 1.64 0.95 5.27

60.81 1.69 0.98 5.50

62.82 1.66 0.98 5.58

63.98 1.68 0.99 5.68

63.51 1.68 1.00 5.69

61.93 1.70 1.02 5.96

1.7% 37.1% 22.9% 36.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

30.1 24.9 0.1 5.1 31.2 0.3 0.8 -

582.6 139.3 4.1 49.8 89.2 176.0 175.5 124.2 37.2 552.4 1.3 - 31.5 26.7 20.6

373.5 119.6 3.0 71.0 101.2 78.7 36.2 382.7 13.8 - 4.7 -

-

986.2 283.9 7.2 120.8 195.4 176.0 175.5 202.9 73.3 966.3 15.4 - 35.4 26.7 20.6

73.4% 107.3% 47.6% 85.9% 55.8% 55.6% 55.6% 64.4% 136.3% 70.0% -7.7% 0.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Residential - Oil Residential - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 175.5 139.3 119.6 101.2 89.2 87.0 71.0 49.8 42.5 37.2 36.2 986.2

Level Assessment (%) ** 12.74 10.11 8.69 7.35 6.48 6.32 5.16 3.61 3.09 2.70 2.63 71.61

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

12.74 22.85 31.54 38.89 45.36 51.68 56.84 60.46 63.54 66.24 68.87 71.61

55.6% 85.4% 127.6% 85.0% 30.3% 29.3% 85.4% 86.6% 69.4% 49.1% 493.0% 73.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Non-OECD Europe / Europe non-OCDE Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

450

450

400

400

350

350

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

300 250 200 150 100

300 250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 450

80%

400

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

350 300 250 200

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

250

100

200

80

TWh

150

60 100 40 50 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.133

Non-OECD Europe / Europe non-OCDE Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

386.5 397.8

264.7 278.9

276.7 283.7

274.6 276.3

264.6 267.4

232.2 237.4

240.5 241.5

-37.8% -39.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 905 141.0 147.3 387.2 59.9

4 334 103.5 119.7 322.4 58.0

4 615 110.2 124.7 334.7 58.0

4 428 105.8 126.8 332.6 58.0

4 290 102.5 128.5 334.2 58.1

3 909 93.4 128.3 329.7 58.1

3 989 95.3 133.4 342.9 58.2

-32.4% -32.4% -9.5% -11.4% -2.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

65.46 2.62 1.00 6.45

61.08 2.21 0.82 4.56

59.95 2.22 0.83 4.77

62.01 2.17 0.83 4.73

61.67 2.06 0.79 4.56

59.39 1.81 0.70 4.00

60.27 1.80 0.70 4.13

-7.9% -31.3% -30.0% -36.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

110.1 88.3 2.0 0.8 14.6 4.5 0.8 110.9 1.7 - 1.0 -

81.7 13.6 1.7 6.3 15.2 35.0 32.6 9.9 4.0 81.0 - 1.5 0.7 4.1 2.3

47.9 13.8 2.5 3.5 18.1 0.4 9.6 6.5 48.9 1.0 0.0 -

0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 -

240.5 115.6 6.3 10.7 48.3 35.5 32.6 24.1 11.4 241.5 1.3 - 0.2 4.1 2.3

-37.8% -34.5% -60.9% -25.9% -50.3% -0.8% -4.0% -48.2% -7.8% -39.3% 126.7% -36.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 88.3 32.6 18.1 15.2 14.6 13.8 13.6 6.5 6.3 5.9 4.0 240.5

Level Assessment (%) ** 25.01 9.25 5.12 4.32 4.13 3.91 3.84 1.83 1.78 1.67 1.15 68.13

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

25.01 34.26 39.39 43.70 47.83 51.74 55.58 57.41 59.20 60.87 62.01 68.13

-20.3% -4.0% -61.2% -38.7% -43.4% -49.8% -64.6% 16.4% -45.1% -49.5% 148.5% -37.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Former USSR / Ex-URSS Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4000

4000

3500

3500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3800

100%

3600 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

2000 1800

120

1600 1400

100

TWh

1200

80

1000 800

60

600

40

400 20

200 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.135

Former USSR / Ex-URSS Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3 344.8 3 544.1

2 431.7 2 483.7

2 357.5 2 406.1

2 195.0 2 286.0

2 173.3 2 238.2

2 194.4 2 269.5

2 219.2 2 292.4

-33.7% -35.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

56 430 1 347.8 802.1 2 608.3 289.0

40 574 969.1 475.7 1 526.6 292.2

39 698 948.2 460.5 1 475.3 291.9

38 051 908.8 466.8 1 493.4 291.6

37 417 893.7 453.7 1 451.3 291.2

38 126 910.6 473.5 1 513.4 290.3

38 566 921.1 510.5 1 630.4 289.6

-31.7% -31.7% -36.4% -37.5% 0.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

59.27 4.17 1.28 11.57

59.93 5.11 1.59 8.32

59.39 5.12 1.60 8.08

57.69 4.70 1.47 7.53

58.08 4.79 1.50 7.46

57.55 4.63 1.45 7.56

57.54 4.35 1.36 7.66

-2.9% 4.3% 6.3% -33.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

676.1 341.5 115.1 2.5 156.9 0.0 60.0 51.5 705.2 27.0 2.1 -

470.3 55.3 50.3 34.7 88.8 156.1 135.7 85.2 21.5 485.6 9.9 5.4 0.6 31.6

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1 058.4 366.0 193.4 35.0 147.0 66.7 0.4 250.4 182.8 1 087.1 28.7 0.0 -

14.3 0.0 11.4 0.4 2.5 0.1 0.0 14.4 0.1 0.0 -

2 219.2 762.8 370.1 72.6 395.1 222.9 136.1 395.7 255.8 2 292.4 65.7 7.5 0.6 31.6

-33.7% -40.0% 620.7% -61.1% -54.5% -31.4% -38.0% -38.4% 86.1% -35.3% -95.6% -53.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Transport - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 366.0 341.5 193.4 182.8 156.9 147.0 135.7 115.1 88.8 67.6 66.3 2 219.2

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.33 10.58 5.99 5.66 4.86 4.55 4.20 3.56 2.75 2.09 2.05 68.73

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.33 21.91 27.90 33.56 38.42 42.97 47.18 50.74 53.49 55.58 57.64 68.73

-28.9% -37.0% 862.4% 53.4% 0.5% -62.9% -34.0% 304.0% -71.9% -29.4% 0.0% -33.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Latin America / Amérique latine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

900

900

800

800

700

700

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

600 500 400 300 200

600 500 400 300 200 100

100 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

900 800

120

TWh

700 600

100

500

80

400

60

300 40

200

20

100 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.137

Latin America / Amérique latine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

596.3 628.3

711.2 742.3

760.9 792.2

804.2 819.0

834.2 862.9

830.3 872.6

848.5 882.4

42.3% 40.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) * GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) * Population (millions)

14 159 338.2 1 172.3 1 991.0 353.1

16 362 390.8 1 421.8 2 340.8 384.3

17 214 411.2 1 469.1 2 416.6 390.5

17 728 423.4 1 539.4 2 531.6 396.8

18 460 440.9 1 562.3 2 569.8 403.1

18 745 447.7 1 552.4 2 553.1 409.4

19 069 455.5 1 601.9 2 635.1 415.6

34.7% 34.7% 36.6% 32.4% 17.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) * CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) * CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

42.11 0.51 0.30 1.69

43.47 0.50 0.30 1.85

44.20 0.52 0.31 1.95

45.36 0.52 0.32 2.03

45.19 0.53 0.32 2.07

44.29 0.53 0.32 2.03

44.50 0.53 0.32 2.04

5.7% 3.9% 6.7% 20.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Excludes Netherlands Antilles.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

76.7 21.8 7.4 4.1 42.6 0.0 0.8 0.7 81.5 5.4 - 0.6 -

591.1 49.4 14.7 33.2 120.9 288.4 263.2 84.4 41.4 601.7 6.4 4.1 24.6 10.2

180.7 42.0 4.7 46.3 58.8 6.4 4.0 22.5 17.8 199.2 18.5 0.0 -

-

848.5 113.3 26.7 83.6 222.3 294.8 267.3 107.8 59.9 882.4 30.3 3.6 24.6 10.2

42.3% 58.2% 11.7% 40.1% 45.7% 46.8% 46.9% 22.9% 28.9% 40.5% 58.5% 23.7%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 263.2 120.9 58.8 49.4 46.3 43.0 42.6 42.0 41.4 33.2 25.2 848.5

Level Assessment (%) *** 9.71 4.46 2.17 1.82 1.71 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.22 0.93 31.28

Cumulative Total (%) 9.71 14.16 16.33 18.15 19.86 21.45 23.02 24.57 26.10 27.32 28.25 31.28

CO2 Emissions 00/90 45.1% 45.2% 52.6% 42.3% 75.4% 18.4% 38.5% 62.2% 15.9% 13.2% 33.8% 42.3%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Asia (excluding China) / Asie (Chine non incluse) Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

2500

2500

2000

2000

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1500 1000

1500 1000 500

500

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

2300 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

1400

TWh

1980

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1200

140

1000

120 100

800

80 600 60 400

40

200 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.139

Asia (excluding China) / Asie (Chine non incluse) Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 331.1 1 357.9

1 781.8 1 839.6

1 893.7 1 938.4

1 970.2 2 038.8

1 984.8 2 029.5

2 077.5 2 110.4

2 153.6 2 225.5

61.8% 63.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) * GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) * Population (millions)

32 424 774.5 1 025.9 3 092.1 1 588.3

40 163 959.3 1 404.0 4 128.5 1 745.7

41 691 995.8 1 497.2 4 405.7 1 777.2

43 363 1 035.7 1 565.8 4 596.8 1 809.0

43 575 1 040.8 1 553.3 4 621.9 1 841.3

45 021 1 075.3 1 630.2 4 863.3 1 874.2

47 002 1 122.6 1 716.2 5 090.8 1 907.9

45.0% 45.0% 67.3% 64.6% 20.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) * CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) * CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

41.05 1.10 0.37 0.84

44.36 1.14 0.39 1.02

45.42 1.15 0.39 1.07

45.43 1.15 0.39 1.09

45.55 1.17 0.39 1.08

46.14 1.17 0.39 1.11

45.82 1.25 0.42 1.13

11.6% 13.6% 13.5% 34.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Excludes the DPR of Korea.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

1 031.1 602.3 46.9 5.6 300.4 0.0 75.9 33.6 1 043.2 2.2 9.8 -

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

867.7 101.1 8.6 52.6 166.8 387.1 367.6 151.5 111.9 900.0 33.1 - 0.8 69.3 42.6

254.7 112.6 13.3 46.5 66.8 0.7 0.5 14.8 12.2 282.3 24.3 3.3 -

-

2 153.6 816.0 68.9 104.6 534.0 387.8 368.1 242.2 157.6 2 225.5 59.7 12.3 69.3 42.6

61.8% 98.5% 221.5% 63.4% 23.8% 81.6% 93.7% 27.7% 32.3% 63.9% 53.1% 45.3%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Other Energy Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 602.3 367.6 300.4 166.8 112.6 111.9 101.1 66.8 52.6 46.9 46.5 2 153.6

Level Assessment (%) *** 11.79 7.20 5.88 3.27 2.21 2.19 1.98 1.31 1.03 0.92 0.91 42.17

Cumulative Total (%) 11.79 18.99 24.87 28.14 30.34 32.53 34.51 35.82 36.85 37.77 38.68 42.17

CO2 Emissions 00/90 108.2% 93.5% 4.7% 51.8% 233.6% 50.2% 14.8% 93.6% 52.9% 192.4% 113.4% 61.8%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

China (incl. Hong Kong) / Chine (Hong Kong incl.) Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3500

3500

3000

3000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2500 2000 1500 1000

2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3400

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

1600

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1400

160

1200

140

1000

120 100

800

80

600

60 400

40

200

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.141

China (incl. Hong Kong) / Chine (Hong Kong incl.) Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 289.5 2 420.6

3 009.6 3 058.9

3 177.0 3 210.5

3 099.4 3 191.3

3 141.8 3 163.1

3 017.2 3 166.6

3 035.4 3 213.4

32.6% 32.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

36 890 881.1 503.7 1 903.0 1 140.9

45 234 1 080.4 839.5 3 313.1 1 211.0

47 217 1 127.8 912.8 3 623.5 1 223.9

47 421 1 132.6 987.8 3 938.3 1 236.6

47 278 1 129.2 1 044.9 4 226.0 1 248.8

47 562 1 136.0 1 112.8 4 518.4 1 260.3

48 479 1 157.9 1 204.9 4 880.9 1 269.3

31.4% 31.4% 139.2% 156.5% 11.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

62.06 4.55 1.20 2.01

66.54 3.59 0.91 2.49

67.29 3.48 0.88 2.60

65.36 3.14 0.79 2.51

66.45 3.01 0.74 2.52

63.44 2.71 0.67 2.39

62.61 2.52 0.62 2.39

0.9% -44.6% -48.3% 18.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

2 399.3 1 258.8 22.8 70.6 771.5 22.3 253.3 175.3 2 541.2 69.2 72.7 -

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

577.4 41.3 14.1 52.6 131.7 207.6 147.6 130.1 35.5 605.7 16.6 11.7 22.7 10.4

58.7 12.2 15.3 22.2 0.5 0.1 8.6 7.8 66.5 1.6 6.1 -

-

3 035.4 1 312.3 36.9 138.5 925.4 230.4 147.7 391.9 218.6 3 213.4 87.4 90.5 22.7 10.4

32.6% 114.8% 215.0% 59.2% -3.9% 88.5% 125.5% -20.7% -35.7% 32.8% 149.4% 70.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Other Energy Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1 258.8 771.5 175.3 147.6 131.7 94.6 78.0 70.6 60.0 52.6 41.3 3 035.4

Level Assessment (%) ** 24.01 14.72 3.34 2.82 2.51 1.80 1.49 1.35 1.15 1.00 0.79 57.91

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

24.01 38.73 42.07 44.89 47.40 49.21 50.70 52.04 53.19 54.19 54.98 57.91

122.5% -10.0% -46.5% 125.3% 48.6% 106.0% -27.6% 35.2% 252.0% 94.5% -3.5% 32.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - II.143

COUNTRY TABLES

TABLEAUX PAR PAYS

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Albania / Albanie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

9

9

8

8

7

7

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

6 5 4 3 2

6 5 4 3 2 1

1 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6 5 4 3 2 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

7

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

6

140

5

120 100

4

80 3 60 2

40

1 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.145

Albania / Albanie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

6.26 6.50

1.87 1.87

1.88 1.88

1.44 1.45

1.68 1.68

2.89 2.91

3.04 3.03

-51.5% -53.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

111 2.66 2.76 10.13 3.28

45 1.07 2.42 8.89 3.27

49 1.17 2.65 9.70 3.30

41 0.98 2.46 9.02 3.34

46 1.09 2.65 9.73 3.36

66 1.58 2.85 10.44 3.38

68 1.63 3.07 11.25 3.41

-38.6% -38.7% 11.2% 11.1% 4.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.15 2.27 0.62 1.91

41.65 0.77 0.21 0.57

38.20 0.71 0.19 0.57

35.06 0.59 0.16 0.43

36.80 0.63 0.17 0.50

43.77 1.02 0.28 0.86

44.38 0.99 0.27 0.89

-21.0% -56.4% -56.5% -53.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.03 0.03 0.03 -

2.97 0.08 0.04 1.20 1.17 1.08 0.48 0.18 2.97 - 0.04 0.03 .. 0.07

0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.03 - 0.00 -

-

3.04 0.08 0.04 1.23 1.17 1.08 0.52 0.18 3.03 - 0.04 0.03 .. 0.07

-51.5% -85.2% 0.0% -80.3% -55.4% 64.7% 51.7% -74.8% -40.0% -53.4% .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Oil Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.20 1.08 0.30 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 3.04

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.03 13.52 3.73 2.25 1.15 0.96 0.56 0.42 0.33 0.06 0.02 38.03

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.03 28.55 32.27 34.53 35.68 36.64 37.20 37.62 37.95 38.01 38.03 38.03

-27.9% 51.7% 0.0% -37.2% 0.0% -85.2% -80.3% -98.0% -93.0% -78.0% -98.3% -51.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Algeria / Algérie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 72

100%

70 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 120

30 25

100

20

80

15

60

10

40

5

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.147

Algeria / Algérie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

54.72 58.01

59.26 63.24

58.59 61.53

60.22 62.25

61.91 64.87

65.75 69.28

66.61 70.04

21.7% 20.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 002 23.93 41.23 128.00 25.02

1 089 26.01 41.76 129.65 28.06

1 059 25.30 43.48 134.96 28.57

1 089 26.01 43.96 136.45 29.05

1 123 26.81 46.20 143.41 29.51

1 200 28.67 47.68 148.00 29.95

1 217 29.06 48.82 151.55 30.40

21.5% 21.4% 18.4% 18.4% 21.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

54.62 1.33 0.43 2.19

54.41 1.42 0.46 2.11

55.32 1.35 0.43 2.05

55.29 1.37 0.44 2.07

55.15 1.34 0.43 2.10

54.78 1.38 0.44 2.20

54.75 1.36 0.44 2.19

0.2% 2.3% 2.3% 0.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.66 0.66 1.82 1.17 - 0.00 -

24.12 0.30 0.37 1.37 0.42 6.20 6.20 15.46 4.48 22.59 - 1.19 - 0.34 0.77 1.17

41.83 16.76 12.35 5.69 1.72 5.31 5.31 45.62 3.33 0.46 -

-

66.61 17.06 0.37 13.72 6.77 7.92 6.20 20.77 9.79 70.04 3.32 0.11 0.77 1.17

21.7% 62.9% -48.7% 3.7% 3.7% -42.1% -52.0% 106.1% 43.8% 20.7% -43.6% 7.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Residential - Oil Other Transport - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 16.76 12.35 10.98 6.20 5.69 5.31 4.48 1.72 1.37 0.66 0.42 66.61

Level Assessment (%) ** 12.89 9.49 8.44 4.77 4.38 4.08 3.44 1.32 1.05 0.51 0.32 51.21

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

12.89 22.38 30.83 35.59 39.97 44.05 47.49 48.82 49.87 50.37 50.70 51.21

63.1% 1.0% 236.0% -52.0% 26.6% 95.6% 9.4% 125.1% 35.9% -47.5% -45.9% 21.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Angola Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

5

5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

1.4

140

1.2

120

1

100

0.8

80

0.6

60

0.4

40

0.2

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1.6

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Angola Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

4.09 4.31

4.04 4.15

4.32 4.41

4.46 4.57

4.12 4.21

4.74 4.83

4.52 4.68

10.5% 8.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

263 6.28 6.19 25.52 9.57

286 6.83 5.04 22.80 11.34

295 7.04 5.54 25.09 11.69

304 7.25 5.89 26.66 12.05

301 7.18 6.30 28.50 12.40

317 7.57 6.51 29.47 12.76

321 7.67 6.65 30.09 13.13

22.0% 22.1% 7.4% 17.9% 37.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

15.56 0.66 0.16 0.43

14.13 0.80 0.18 0.36

14.63 0.78 0.17 0.37

14.70 0.76 0.17 0.37

13.71 0.65 0.14 0.33

14.94 0.73 0.16 0.37

14.09 0.68 0.15 0.34

-9.4% 3.0% -6.3% -20.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

3.42 0.51 0.04 0.31 0.46 0.98 0.98 1.11 0.30 3.57 0.16 - 0.01 0.79

1.11 1.11 1.11 -

-

4.52 0.51 0.04 0.31 1.56 0.98 0.98 1.11 0.30 4.68 0.16 - 0.01 0.79

10.5% 135.9% -39.1% 13.6% -15.6% -4.9% -4.9% 72.6% 23.4% 8.6% -100.0% -23.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.11 0.98 0.82 0.51 0.46 0.31 0.30 0.04 4.52

Level Assessment (%) ** 2.40 2.14 1.77 1.10 0.99 0.68 0.64 0.10 9.83

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

2.40 4.54 6.31 7.42 8.41 9.09 9.73 9.83 9.83

7.4% -4.9% 101.8% 135.9% -44.5% 13.6% 23.4% -39.1% 10.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Argentina / Argentine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

140

140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 150

100%

140 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

130 120 110 100 90 80

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

100 90

120

80 70

100

TWh

60

80

50 40

60

30

40

20 20

10 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Argentina / Argentine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

97.77 104.24

111.36 116.16

121.53 121.44

121.56 127.73

125.69 129.55

129.60 136.58

130.17 135.42

33.1% 29.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 886 45.04 187.87 272.43 32.53

2 222 53.08 258.03 374.23 34.77

2 298 54.88 272.29 394.90 35.22

2 430 58.04 294.38 426.92 35.67

2 497 59.63 305.71 443.35 36.13

2 587 61.78 295.31 428.30 36.58

2 574 61.47 293.77 426.06 37.03

36.5% 36.5% 56.4% 56.4% 13.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

51.85 0.52 0.36 3.01

50.11 0.43 0.30 3.20

52.90 0.45 0.31 3.45

50.02 0.41 0.28 3.41

50.34 0.41 0.28 3.48

50.10 0.44 0.30 3.54

50.58 0.44 0.31 3.52

-2.4% -15.4% -13.9% 16.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4.58 1.14 1.05 0.03 2.37 1.84 - 2.48 - 0.26 -

59.90 2.41 0.51 3.65 3.93 38.27 32.64 11.13 3.23 63.26 - 0.32 3.67 1.59 ..

65.69 18.12 3.09 7.74 14.44 5.35 3.27 16.93 13.59 70.33 4.84 - 0.20 -

-

130.17 21.67 4.65 11.42 20.74 43.62 35.91 28.06 16.82 135.42 2.04 3.21 1.59 ..

33.1% 41.5% -0.9% 2.0% 25.9% 54.6% 37.3% 28.4% 32.7% 29.9% -28.5% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Road - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

32.64 18.12 14.44 13.59 7.90 7.74 5.64 3.93 3.65 3.34 3.27 130.17

Level Assessment (%) ** 10.56 5.86 4.67 4.40 2.56 2.51 1.82 1.27 1.18 1.08 1.06 42.12

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

10.56 16.43 21.10 25.50 28.05 30.56 32.38 33.65 34.84 35.92 36.98 42.12

26.8% 74.1% 45.2% 61.2% 37.8% 28.8% 173.3% -22.4% -28.7% -3.3% 672.9% 33.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Armenia / Arménie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 12

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 12

8 6 4

8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1992

1993

1994

1995

Coal

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

10 9

100

8 7

80

TWh

6 5

60

4 40

3 2

20

1 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.153

Armenia / Arménie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

3.43 3.43

2.50 2.50

3.19 3.19

3.31 3.31

2.96 2.96

3.56 3.56

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 5.47 10.36 3.55

70 1.67 2.89 7.17 3.76

75 1.79 3.06 7.59 3.77

79 1.88 3.16 7.84 3.79

80 1.91 3.39 8.42 3.80

77 1.85 3.50 8.70 3.80

86 2.06 3.71 9.22 3.80

.. .. -32.2% -11.0% 7.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

48.98 1.19 0.48 0.91

33.42 0.82 0.33 0.66

40.58 1.01 0.41 0.84

41.46 0.98 0.39 0.87

38.31 0.85 0.34 0.78

41.26 0.96 0.39 0.94

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.94 0.60 0.07 0.07 0.27 0.07 0.94 0.13

2.62 1.63 0.69 0.29 2.62 -

-

3.56 1.63 1.29 0.07 0.07 0.57 0.07 3.56 0.13

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Road - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.63 0.69 0.60 0.29 0.21 0.07 0.07 3.56

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.39 11.65 10.03 4.95 3.52 1.19 1.10 59.83

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.39 39.04 49.07 54.02 57.54 58.73 59.83 59.83

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Australia / Australie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

350

350

300

300 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 340

100%

330 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

250

100

200

80

TWh

150

60 100 40 50 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.155

Australia / Australie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

259.70 260.65

280.01 278.37

296.06 298.18

302.89 306.56

318.85 309.39

327.46 322.55

329.28 328.64

26.8% 26.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 665 87.54 317.96 333.26 17.09

3 951 94.38 372.73 390.67 18.07

4 226 100.94 386.44 405.03 18.31

4 314 103.04 403.64 423.06 18.52

4 355 104.01 424.90 445.35 18.73

4 509 107.69 443.05 464.37 18.94

4 613 110.17 451.61 473.34 19.16

25.9% 25.9% 42.0% 42.0% 12.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

70.86 0.82 0.78 15.20

70.86 0.75 0.72 15.49

70.05 0.77 0.73 16.17

70.21 0.75 0.72 16.35

73.22 0.75 0.72 17.02

72.62 0.74 0.71 17.29

71.38 0.73 0.70 17.19

0.7% -10.8% -10.7% 13.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

179.45 156.83 1.56 2.37 18.12 0.35 0.23 0.05 188.04 0.77 7.81 -

Oil 105.03 0.55 0.97 7.65 15.63 74.29 65.26 5.94 0.90 94.95 - 0.93 - 9.14 2.83 6.32

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

43.99 6.96 3.60 7.46 16.79 0.64 0.13 8.55 5.99 44.84 0.86 0.00 -

0.81 0.81 0.81 -

329.28 164.34 6.13 17.48 51.35 75.27 65.39 14.71 6.93 328.64 0.70 - 1.33 2.83 6.32

26.8% 35.9% 27.8% 22.5% 11.8% 21.9% 19.1% 22.2% 23.0% 26.1% 38.3% 47.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

156.83 65.26 18.12 16.79 15.63 9.03 7.65 7.46 6.96 5.99 5.04 329.28

Level Assessment (%) ** 31.72 13.20 3.66 3.40 3.16 1.83 1.55 1.51 1.41 1.21 1.02 66.60

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

31.72 44.92 48.58 51.98 55.14 56.96 58.51 60.02 61.43 62.64 63.66 66.60

39.1% 18.9% -2.2% 22.3% 21.7% 38.0% 8.0% 54.7% -1.6% 35.6% 21.1% 26.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Austria / Autriche Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 70

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

65 60 55 50 45 40

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

70

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

60

140

50

120 100

40

80 30 60 20

40

10 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Austria / Autriche Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

56.90 57.13

58.76 57.89

61.75 60.52

63.19 62.01

62.17 61.54

62.32 61.90

62.77 62.50

10.3% 9.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 056 25.22 212.47 155.98 7.72

1 104 26.36 235.16 172.63 8.05

1 161 27.72 239.86 176.09 8.06

1 176 28.10 243.69 178.89 8.07

1 186 28.32 252.27 185.19 8.08

1 196 28.57 259.35 190.39 8.09

1 197 28.58 267.02 196.02 8.11

13.3% 13.3% 25.7% 25.7% 5.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

53.90 0.27 0.37 7.37

53.24 0.25 0.34 7.30

53.21 0.26 0.35 7.66

53.72 0.26 0.35 7.83

52.44 0.25 0.34 7.70

52.10 0.24 0.33 7.70

52.46 0.24 0.32 7.74

-2.7% -12.3% -12.3% 5.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

13.36 4.80 1.68 0.32 5.37 0.00 1.18 0.98 14.18 0.82 0.00 -

33.25 1.10 0.69 1.62 4.24 18.37 17.92 7.24 5.10 32.17 - 1.30 0.22 1.69

15.05 3.08 1.19 0.55 5.25 0.55 4.43 3.27 15.04 - 0.01 -

1.11 0.43 0.16 0.44 0.09 1.11 0.00 -

62.77 9.42 3.72 2.49 15.29 18.92 17.92 12.94 9.35 62.50 - 0.48 0.20 1.69

10.3% -20.8% 52.1% -4.9% 10.9% 26.5% 24.9% 15.5% 0.0% 9.4% 0.0% 85.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 17.92 5.37 5.25 5.10 4.80 4.24 3.27 3.08 2.14 1.68 1.62 62.77

Level Assessment (%) ** 22.00 6.59 6.44 6.26 5.89 5.20 4.01 3.78 2.63 2.07 1.99 77.03

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

22.00 28.59 35.02 41.28 47.17 52.37 56.39 60.17 62.80 64.87 66.86 77.03

24.9% 15.9% 30.7% 35.7% -18.7% -16.8% 16.9% -10.4% 28.2% 21.0% 32.1% 10.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 50

35 30 25 20 15 10

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

5

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 50

80%

45

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

not available

40% 20%

40 35 30 25 20

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

25

120

20

100 15 TWh

80 60

10

40 5 20 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.159

Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

31.00 33.10

27.87 30.21

26.46 28.90

26.87 30.32

26.32 32.68

28.24 29.39

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 7.20 26.28 7.16

550 13.15 2.89 14.80 7.69

499 11.92 2.93 14.99 7.76

477 11.39 3.10 15.86 7.84

495 11.82 3.41 17.45 7.91

534 12.76 3.67 18.74 7.98

490 11.70 4.07 20.82 8.05

.. .. -43.5% -20.8% 12.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

56.31 10.71 2.09 4.03

55.85 9.50 1.86 3.59

55.49 8.53 1.67 3.38

54.29 7.88 1.54 3.40

49.29 7.18 1.40 3.30

57.63 6.94 1.36 3.51

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

17.52 11.90 0.64 2.79 1.46 1.13 0.73 0.03 17.73 0.21 0.37

10.72 2.68 0.08 0.42 2.27 0.07 5.21 4.44 11.66 0.93 0.00 -

-

28.24 14.57 0.08 1.06 5.06 1.53 1.13 5.94 4.48 29.39 1.15 0.00 0.37

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 11.90 4.44 2.79 2.68 2.27 1.13 0.77 0.70 0.64 0.42 0.33 28.24

Level Assessment (%) ** 25.91 9.67 6.08 5.83 4.94 2.46 1.68 1.52 1.39 0.91 0.72 61.50

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

25.91 35.58 41.67 47.50 52.43 54.89 56.57 58.09 59.47 60.39 61.11 61.50

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Bahrain / Bahrein Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

16

16

14

14 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 15

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

14 13 12 11 10 9

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

7

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Bahrain / Bahrein Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

11.70 10.19

11.63 11.62

12.24 11.56

12.84 12.79

13.78 13.74

13.76 13.15

14.12 13.74

20.7% 34.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

202 4.83 4.21 5.73 0.50

222 5.31 5.85 7.96 0.58

223 5.31 6.09 8.29 0.60

237 5.66 6.28 8.54 0.62

258 6.17 6.58 8.95 0.64

251 6.00 6.84 9.31 0.67

268 6.39 7.20 9.80 0.69

32.3% 32.3% 71.0% 71.0% 37.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

57.87 2.78 2.04 23.26

52.30 1.99 1.46 20.15

54.99 2.01 1.48 20.43

54.18 2.04 1.50 20.70

53.32 2.10 1.54 21.44

54.80 2.01 1.48 20.66

52.78 1.96 1.44 20.44

-8.8% -29.5% -29.4% -12.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

2.51 0.83 1.50 1.50 0.18 0.18 2.12 - 0.38 0.00 .. 1.60

11.62 4.33 1.14 2.69 3.46 11.62 0.00 -

-

14.12 4.33 1.14 3.53 3.46 1.50 1.50 0.18 0.18 13.74 - 0.38 0.00 .. 1.60

20.7% 17.1% 0.0% 22.2% -13.7% 51.3% 51.3% 41.4% 41.4% 34.9% .. 12.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.33 3.46 2.69 1.50 1.14 0.83 0.18 14.12

Level Assessment (%) ** 26.78 21.40 16.69 9.28 7.06 5.16 1.09 87.45

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

26.78 48.19 64.87 74.15 81.20 86.36 87.45 87.45

17.1% -13.7% 40.4% 51.3% 0.0% -13.8% 41.4% 20.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Bangladesh Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

30

30

25

25 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

20 15 10

20 15 10 5

5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 30

100%

28 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 200

18 16

180

14

160

12

140

10

120 100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2 0 1972

1994

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.163

Bangladesh Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

13.70 14.36

22.23 23.13

22.07 23.21

23.75 24.87

24.93 26.05

24.86 25.97

26.87 28.09

96.2% 95.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

542 12.94 30.61 122.71 110.03

679 16.21 37.94 152.13 120.13

674 16.10 39.69 159.17 122.24

704 16.82 41.83 167.74 124.38

734 17.53 44.02 176.50 126.57

746 17.83 46.16 185.10 128.79

781 18.67 48.91 196.11 131.05

44.3% 44.3% 59.8% 59.8% 19.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

25.29 0.45 0.11 0.12

32.76 0.59 0.15 0.19

32.75 0.56 0.14 0.18

33.72 0.57 0.14 0.19

33.96 0.57 0.14 0.20

33.30 0.54 0.13 0.19

34.39 0.55 0.14 0.21

36.0% 22.2% 27.3% 75.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1.28 1.28 1.28 -

9.60 1.11 0.22 2.24 3.01 2.22 3.02 1.68 9.81 0.20 0.01 0.11 0.38

15.99 7.72 6.53 1.74 1.54 16.99 1.00 0.00 -

-

26.87 8.83 0.22 10.06 3.01 2.22 4.76 3.22 28.09 1.21 0.01 0.11 0.38

96.2% 88.4% 0.0% 43.6% 136.6% 82.2% 86.3% 60.8% 58.9% 95.5% 78.6% 38.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Road - Oil Residential - Oil Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 7.72 6.53 2.24 2.22 1.68 1.54 1.34 1.28 1.11 0.79 0.22 26.87

Level Assessment (%) ** 4.81 4.07 1.40 1.38 1.05 0.96 0.83 0.80 0.69 0.49 0.13 16.73

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

4.81 8.87 10.27 11.65 12.70 13.66 14.49 15.29 15.98 16.47 16.61 16.73

90.5% 168.5% 209.2% 86.3% 11.7% 195.1% 73.3% 17.2% 75.4% 71.7% 43.6% 96.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Belarus / Bélarus Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 120

100

100 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 120

80 60 40

80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 110

80%

100

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

not available

40% 20%

90 80 70 60 50

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

40 35

100

TWh

30 25

80

20

60

15 40 10 20

5 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.165

Belarus / Bélarus Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

59.83 61.94

60.01 62.98

59.93 61.34

58.29 58.39

55.90 57.05

55.51 58.64

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 31.15 79.86 10.19

1 033 24.68 20.34 52.15 10.19

1 050 25.09 20.91 53.61 10.16

1 053 25.14 23.29 59.72 10.12

1 029 24.57 25.25 64.73 10.07

1 000 23.89 26.10 66.93 10.04

1 019 24.33 27.62 70.82 10.01

.. .. -11.3% -11.3% -1.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

57.91 2.94 1.15 5.87

57.13 2.87 1.12 5.91

56.93 2.57 1.00 5.92

56.67 2.31 0.90 5.79

55.87 2.14 0.84 5.57

54.49 2.01 0.78 5.55

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

2.66 0.14 0.82 0.06 0.27 0.03 1.34 0.85 3.54 0.89 -

20.00 1.73 3.34 1.39 4.46 5.75 5.05 3.32 1.09 21.71 1.93 - 0.22 ..

32.16 20.08 4.92 4.24 0.35 0.05 2.58 2.35 32.61 0.44 0.00 -

0.69 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.78 0.09 - 0.00 -

55.51 21.98 9.14 1.45 9.56 6.13 5.10 7.24 4.28 58.64 3.35 - 0.22 ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 20.08 5.05 4.92 4.46 4.24 3.34 2.35 2.23 1.73 1.39 1.09 55.51

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.59 5.93 5.77 5.24 4.98 3.92 2.76 2.62 2.04 1.63 1.28 65.21

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.59 29.53 35.30 40.54 45.53 49.45 52.20 54.82 56.86 58.49 59.77 65.21

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Belgium / Belgique Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

160

160

140

140 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

120 100 80 60 40

120 100 80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 125

80%

120

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

115 110 105 100

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

80

180

70

160

60

140

50

120 100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10 0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

90

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Belgium / Belgique Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

107.25 106.55

113.60 114.89

121.03 122.04

117.68 119.14

120.17 122.99

116.27 119.35

120.28 121.46

12.2% 14.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 028 48.43 257.86 206.89 9.97

2 194 52.40 276.86 222.13 10.14

2 363 56.43 280.17 224.79 10.16

2 391 57.10 290.17 232.81 10.18

2 443 58.35 296.69 238.04 10.20

2 451 58.55 305.64 245.23 10.22

2 479 59.22 317.96 255.11 10.25

22.3% 22.3% 23.3% 23.3% 2.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

52.90 0.42 0.52 10.76

51.78 0.41 0.51 11.21

51.22 0.43 0.54 11.92

49.22 0.41 0.51 11.56

49.19 0.41 0.51 11.78

47.43 0.38 0.47 11.37

48.52 0.38 0.47 11.73

-8.3% -9.1% -8.9% 9.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

30.91 16.56 0.94 0.49 12.07 0.84 0.84 32.37 0.10 1.36 -

57.19 0.39 0.21 4.82 10.62 24.73 23.66 16.41 11.74 56.94 - 0.02 - 0.22 17.14 4.54

30.71 7.10 0.31 0.09 11.89 11.30 7.69 30.68 - 0.03 -

1.48 0.61 0.49 0.38 1.48 -

120.28 24.66 1.96 5.41 34.97 24.73 23.66 28.56 20.27 121.46 0.07 1.11 17.14 4.54

12.2% 16.1% -38.8% -9.8% 15.3% 21.5% 20.7% 9.2% 9.8% 14.0% 31.3% 55.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

23.66 16.56 12.07 11.89 11.74 10.62 7.69 7.10 4.82 4.67 3.61 120.28

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.47 10.83 7.90 7.78 7.68 6.95 5.03 4.64 3.15 3.06 2.36 78.65

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.47 26.30 34.20 41.97 49.65 56.60 61.63 66.27 69.42 72.48 74.84 78.65

20.7% -7.6% -19.9% 60.9% 8.6% 35.3% 32.6% 162.6% 16.5% -11.1% 49.3% 12.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Benin / Bénin Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.8

100%

1.6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 500

0.09 0.08

450

0.07

400

0.06

350

0.05

300 250

0.04

200

0.03

150

0.02

100

0.01 0 1972

1994

50 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Benin / Bénin Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.25 0.24

0.22 0.21

0.90 0.84

1.15 1.13

1.20 1.13

1.32 1.37

1.43 1.53

461.8% 524.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

70 1.68 1.63 3.71 4.71

78 1.87 2.01 4.57 5.49

76 1.81 2.12 4.82 5.64

77 1.84 2.24 5.10 5.79

80 1.91 2.35 5.33 5.95

95 2.26 2.46 5.58 6.11

99 2.36 2.60 5.91 6.27

40.8% 40.5% 59.2% 59.1% 33.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

3.61 0.16 0.07 0.05

2.80 0.11 0.05 0.04

11.82 0.42 0.19 0.16

14.91 0.51 0.23 0.20

15.06 0.51 0.23 0.20

14.00 0.54 0.24 0.22

14.42 0.55 0.24 0.23

299.4% 243.8% 242.9% 360.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 1.43 0.03 0.02 0.17 0.91 0.91 0.30 0.30 1.53 0.10 0.09

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

1.43 0.03 0.02 0.17 0.91 0.91 0.30 0.30 1.53 0.10 0.09

461.8% 25.2% 0.0% 0.0% 443.8% 455.8% 455.8% 762.7% 762.7% 524.3% .. 87.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.91 0.30 0.17 0.03 0.02 1.43

Level Assessment (%) ** 9.37 3.04 1.72 0.33 0.23 14.69

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

9.37 12.41 14.13 14.46 14.69 14.69

455.8% 762.7% 443.8% 25.2% 0.0% 461.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Bolivia / Bolivie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

9

9

8

8

7

7

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

6 5 4 3 2

6 5 4 3 2 1

1 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

11 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

4.5 4

120

TWh

3.5 3

100

2.5

80

2

60

1.5 40

1

20

0.5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Bolivia / Bolivie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

5.45 5.30

8.17 8.37

7.98 9.55

8.06 10.00

8.44 10.70

8.04 10.50

7.63 11.18

40.1% 111.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

116 2.77 5.47 13.14 6.57

166 3.96 6.69 16.07 7.41

183 4.37 6.98 16.77 7.59

193 4.60 7.33 17.60 7.77

201 4.80 7.71 18.52 7.95

198 4.74 7.74 18.60 8.14

206 4.93 7.93 19.04 8.33

77.7% 78.0% 44.9% 44.9% 26.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

46.91 1.00 0.41 0.83

49.23 1.22 0.51 1.10

43.57 1.14 0.48 1.05

41.85 1.10 0.46 1.04

42.03 1.10 0.46 1.06

40.54 1.04 0.43 0.99

36.99 0.96 0.40 0.92

-21.1% -4.0% -2.4% 10.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

5.32 0.03 0.07 0.66 0.08 2.75 2.30 1.74 0.81 8.07 0.59 2.16 ..

2.31 1.07 0.01 0.41 0.75 0.05 0.02 0.01 3.11 0.51 0.29 -

-

7.63 1.10 0.08 1.07 0.82 2.80 2.30 1.76 0.82 11.18 1.10 2.45 ..

40.1% 74.8% 12.3% 21.3% 31.1% 30.8% 30.2% 60.5% 43.5% 111.1% 0.0% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Other Transport - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.30 1.07 0.92 0.81 0.75 0.66 0.45 0.41 0.08 0.07 0.05 7.63

Level Assessment (%) ** 2.02 0.94 0.81 0.71 0.66 0.58 0.40 0.36 0.07 0.06 0.05 6.70

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

2.02 2.96 3.77 4.48 5.14 5.72 6.12 6.48 6.54 6.60 6.65 6.70

30.2% 84.2% 76.4% 41.8% 93.9% 91.5% 20.0% -24.1% -68.8% -4.5% 0.0% 40.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bosnie-Herzégovine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 25

15 10 5

15 10 5 0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

21 19

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

TWh

12 10

120

8

100 80

6

60 4 40 2

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Bosnia and Herzegovina / Bosnie-Herzégovine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

3.96 3.53

4.50 4.38

9.70 9.26

12.56 11.98

11.78 11.39

15.37 14.12

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 3.06 9.78 4.45

65 1.54 1.87 6.07 3.42

75 1.79 3.47 11.34 3.54

122 2.91 4.74 15.50 3.65

153 3.66 5.21 17.81 3.77

148 3.54 5.73 20.10 3.87

183 4.36 6.07 21.71 3.98

.. .. 98.3% 121.9% -10.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

61.38 2.12 0.65 1.16

59.98 1.30 0.40 1.27

79.50 2.05 0.63 2.66

82.04 2.41 0.70 3.34

79.43 2.06 0.59 3.04

84.21 2.53 0.71 3.86

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

11.97 8.32 1.70 1.95 10.72 - 1.25 -

2.85 0.31 0.05 0.22 1.80 1.62 0.47 2.85 0.00 .. ..

0.54 0.24 0.11 0.19 0.19 0.54 0.00 -

-

15.37 8.87 0.05 2.03 1.80 1.62 2.61 0.19 14.12 - 1.25 .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Gas Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 8.32 1.95 1.70 1.62 0.47 0.31 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.11 15.37

Level Assessment (%) ** 46.86 10.99 9.59 9.11 2.65 1.73 1.37 1.23 1.07 1.05 0.61 86.57

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

46.86 57.86 67.45 76.56 79.21 80.94 82.32 83.55 84.62 85.67 86.28 86.57

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Brazil / Brésil Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

350

350

300

300 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 330

100%

310 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

290 270 250 230 210 190

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

350

140

300

120

250

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

400

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.175

Brazil / Brésil Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

193.16 201.01

238.79 250.04

258.37 272.96

277.08 289.22

284.69 298.36

294.28 303.23

303.31 308.32

57.0% 53.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 548 132.51 603.42 974.37 147.96

6 427 153.50 704.17 1 058.20 159.48

6 774 161.79 722.90 1 086.33 161.67

7 127 170.22 746.54 1 121.84 163.86

7 359 175.77 748.18 1 124.32 166.05

7 532 179.90 754.09 1 133.25 168.23

7 669 183.17 788.03 1 184.19 170.41

38.2% 38.2% 30.6% 21.5% 15.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

34.82 0.32 0.20 1.31

37.16 0.34 0.23 1.50

38.14 0.36 0.24 1.60

38.88 0.37 0.25 1.69

38.68 0.38 0.25 1.71

39.07 0.39 0.26 1.75

39.55 0.38 0.26 1.78

13.6% 18.8% 30.0% 35.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

44.16 8.83 5.21 3.39 26.59 0.13 0.11 51.76 8.12 - 0.52 -

Oil 242.76 9.07 4.13 11.50 58.01 125.10 111.33 34.96 16.78 239.66 - 1.96 - 1.14 9.24 ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

16.39 0.69 0.55 4.61 9.54 0.61 0.61 0.39 0.22 16.91 0.54 - 0.02 -

-

303.31 18.59 9.89 19.50 94.14 125.71 111.94 35.48 17.11 308.32 6.71 - 1.69 9.24 ..

57.0% 211.0% 65.0% 23.6% 63.1% 55.9% 60.5% 31.0% 24.5% 53.4% 438.6% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

111.33 58.01 26.59 18.18 16.78 13.77 11.50 9.54 9.07 8.83 5.21 303.31

Level Assessment (%) ** 9.38 4.89 2.24 1.53 1.41 1.16 0.97 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.44 25.56

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

9.38 14.27 16.51 18.05 19.46 20.62 21.59 22.39 23.16 23.90 24.34 25.56

59.6% 58.2% 54.0% 37.7% 25.0% 27.1% -6.5% 151.9% 295.5% 140.5% 35.7% 57.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Brunei Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

6

6

5

5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

4 3 2

4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6

100%

5.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

3

140

2.5

120 2 TWh

100 1.5

80

1

60 40

0.5 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Brunei Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3.20 3.29

4.48 4.55

4.65 4.58

5.00 4.81

4.91 4.80

4.92 3.50

5.05 4.51

57.9% 36.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

61 1.46 4.81 4.52 0.26

83 1.98 5.22 4.90 0.30

84 2.00 5.40 5.08 0.31

88 2.09 5.62 5.28 0.31

87 2.08 5.68 5.34 0.32

64 1.52 5.68 5.34 0.33

83 1.98 5.88 5.53 0.34

36.0% 35.6% 22.3% 22.3% 31.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

52.40 0.67 0.71 12.45

54.05 0.86 0.92 15.10

55.52 0.86 0.92 15.26

57.11 0.89 0.95 15.98

56.40 0.86 0.92 15.25

77.40 0.87 0.92 14.90

60.83 0.86 0.91 14.95

16.1% 28.4% 28.2% 20.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1.21 0.02 0.19 0.14 0.81 0.80 0.06 0.06 0.54 0.12 - 0.79 .. 0.21

3.84 1.92 1.92 3.97 1.03 - 0.90 -

-

5.05 1.93 2.11 0.14 0.81 0.80 0.06 0.06 4.51 1.14 - 1.69 .. 0.21

57.9% 86.9% 0.0% 46.6% 10.0% 45.6% 46.1% 41.0% 41.0% 36.9% .. 80.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Other Energy Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Road - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.92 1.92 0.80 0.19 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.01 5.05

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.91 11.88 4.96 1.18 0.88 0.37 0.10 0.04 31.33

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.91 23.80 28.76 29.94 30.82 31.19 31.29 31.33 31.33

33.7% 87.1% 46.1% 5899.9% 10.0% 41.0% 66.7% 0.0% 57.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Bulgaria / Bulgarie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

90

90

80

80

70

70

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

60 50 40 30 20

60 50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

1988

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 102

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

92 82 72 62 52 42

0%

1972

1988

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1988

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1988 = 100 250

50 45 40

200

35 TWh

30

150

25 20

100

15 10

50

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Bulgaria / Bulgarie Key Indicators 1988

1990

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000 00/Base*

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

82.35 84.36

75.21 76.13

55.13 56.52

50.68 51.35

48.62 49.20

43.15 43.81

42.71 43.63

-48.1% -48.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 328 31.72 17.02 60.98 8.98

1 207 28.82 14.96 53.59 8.72

971 23.20 11.78 42.19 8.36

873 20.86 10.95 39.22 8.31

842 20.12 11.33 40.59 8.26

762 18.20 11.60 41.57 8.21

786 18.78 12.28 43.98 8.17

-40.8% -40.8% -27.9% -27.9% -9.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

62.01 4.84 1.35 9.17

62.33 5.03 1.40 8.63

56.76 4.68 1.31 6.60

58.03 4.63 1.29 6.10

57.72 4.29 1.20 5.89

56.62 3.72 1.04 5.26

54.30 3.48 0.97 5.23

-12.4% -28.1% -28.1% -43.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Bulgaria is allowed to use 1988 as the base year.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/Base

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

25.91 20.57 0.81 0.21 3.81 0.52 0.50 26.43 0.60 - 0.08 -

10.50 0.29 0.39 0.49 3.07 5.09 4.90 1.18 0.05 10.76 0.28 - 0.01 0.20 0.25

6.24 2.19 0.35 0.18 3.08 0.38 0.06 0.00 6.38 0.14 0.01 -

0.05 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.00 -

42.71 23.05 1.55 0.88 10.00 5.47 4.90 1.76 0.55 43.63 1.01 - 0.09 0.20 0.25

-48.1% -40.4% -12.6% -52.4% -46.4% -20.7% -29.0% -87.9% -87.9% -48.3% -78.6% -81.3%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Residential - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 20.57 4.90 3.81 3.08 3.07 2.19 1.13 0.81 0.50 0.49 0.39 42.71

Level Assessment (%) *** 34.58 8.24 6.41 5.18 5.16 3.68 1.90 1.35 0.85 0.83 0.65 71.80

Cumulative Total (%) 34.58 42.82 49.23 54.41 59.57 63.25 65.15 66.50 67.35 68.18 68.83 71.80

CO2 Emissions 00/Base -14.0% -29.0% -65.3% 0.0% -59.9% -66.7% -74.8% -54.6% -85.1% -73.4% 0.0% -48.1%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Cameroon / Cameroun Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3

3

2.5

2.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2 1.5 1

2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.2

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

4 3.5

100

TWh

3 2.5

80

2

60

1.5 40 1 20

0.5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Cameroon / Cameroun Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.67 2.73

2.50 2.60

2.44 2.61

2.57 2.76

2.68 2.86

2.40 2.58

2.79 2.97

4.5% 9.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

211 5.03 8.77 20.71 11.61

233 5.55 7.97 18.82 13.27

238 5.69 8.36 19.76 13.60

247 5.89 8.79 20.77 13.92

254 6.06 9.23 21.82 14.24

256 6.10 9.64 22.78 14.56

266 6.36 10.04 23.73 14.88

26.3% 26.4% 14.6% 14.6% 28.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

12.69 0.30 0.13 0.23

10.73 0.31 0.13 0.19

10.25 0.29 0.12 0.18

10.41 0.29 0.12 0.18

10.57 0.29 0.12 0.19

9.40 0.25 0.11 0.16

10.50 0.28 0.12 0.19

-17.3% -6.7% -7.7% -17.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 2.79 0.03 0.22 1.85 1.85 0.70 0.70 2.97 0.18 0.00 0.06 0.18

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

2.79 0.03 0.22 1.85 1.85 0.70 0.70 2.97 0.18 0.00 0.06 0.18

4.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -2.7% 6.3% 6.3% 2.6% 2.6% 9.1% 46.2% 16.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.85 0.70 0.22 0.03 2.79

Level Assessment (%) ** 4.38 1.65 0.51 0.08 6.62

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

4.38 6.03 6.54 6.62 6.62

6.3% 2.6% -2.7% 0.0% 4.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Canada Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

600

600

500

500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

400 300 200

400 300 200 100

100

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 540

100%

520 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

500 480 460 440 420 400

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

700

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

600

140

500

120 100

400

80 300 60 200

40

100 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Canada Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

430.21 421.34

461.20 452.39

476.75 463.96

493.07 479.93

496.61 487.95

505.50 490.84

526.77 515.12

22.4% 22.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

8 754 209.09 536.20 622.29 27.70

9 703 231.75 583.15 676.78 29.35

9 931 237.20 592.22 687.31 29.67

10 034 239.67 617.71 716.90 29.99

9 937 237.35 641.86 744.93 30.25

10 175 243.03 674.83 783.18 30.49

10 508 250.97 704.88 818.06 30.75

20.0% 20.0% 31.5% 31.5% 11.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

49.14 0.80 0.69 15.53

47.53 0.79 0.68 15.71

48.01 0.81 0.69 16.07

49.14 0.80 0.69 16.44

49.97 0.77 0.67 16.42

49.68 0.75 0.65 16.58

50.13 0.75 0.64 17.13

2.0% -6.9% -6.8% 10.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

119.40 101.58 0.51 0.42 16.68 0.22 0.14 119.21 0.47 - 0.65 -

Oil 239.03 7.68 1.95 24.66 26.41 138.91 114.93 39.41 9.98 224.64 - 13.84 - 0.55 3.35 3.08

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

168.34 12.44 3.36 29.23 54.61 11.12 0.12 57.59 32.35 171.27 1.03 1.89 -

-

526.77 121.70 5.81 54.31 97.70 150.03 115.04 97.22 42.48 515.12 - 12.34 0.68 3.35 3.08

22.4% 31.7% 156.4% 26.6% 12.5% 20.7% 19.9% 19.3% 3.6% 22.3% 16.2% 14.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

114.93 101.58 54.61 32.35 29.43 29.23 26.41 25.25 24.66 23.99 16.68 526.77

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.68 13.85 7.45 4.41 4.01 3.99 3.60 3.44 3.36 3.27 2.27 71.85

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.68 29.53 36.98 41.39 45.40 49.39 52.99 56.44 59.80 63.07 65.35 71.85

19.9% 28.9% 22.2% 21.9% 47.8% 40.4% -2.2% 22.5% 13.7% 10.9% 10.1% 22.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Chile / Chili Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

60

60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

40 30 20

40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 64

100%

59 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

54 49 44 39 34 29

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

45 40

140

35

120

TWh

30 100

25

80

20 15

60

10

40

5

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.185

Chile / Chili Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.26 30.64

37.50 39.76

43.48 45.06

49.10 51.09

49.58 51.26

52.42 58.95

48.08 53.05

58.9% 73.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

571 13.63 43.00 71.45 13.10

772 18.44 65.22 108.37 14.21

843 20.14 69.95 116.24 14.42

925 22.09 75.23 125.01 14.62

948 22.64 78.18 129.92 14.82

1 059 25.29 77.29 128.43 15.02

1 022 24.40 81.45 135.34 15.21

79.0% 79.0% 89.4% 89.4% 16.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

53.02 0.70 0.42 2.31

48.57 0.57 0.35 2.64

51.57 0.62 0.37 3.02

53.08 0.65 0.39 3.36

52.31 0.63 0.38 3.35

49.50 0.68 0.41 3.49

47.06 0.59 0.36 3.16

-11.2% -15.7% -14.3% 36.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

12.41 8.85 0.03 0.02 3.39 0.13 0.06 12.54 0.12 0.01 -

28.66 0.44 0.50 1.44 6.43 15.97 15.03 3.88 2.91 27.82 - 1.32 0.49 2.10 1.72

7.01 3.67 0.19 0.87 1.57 0.02 0.02 0.70 0.57 12.68 5.67 0.00 -

-

48.08 12.97 0.71 2.33 11.38 15.99 15.04 4.70 3.53 53.05 4.46 0.50 2.10 1.72

58.9% 157.8% -78.1% -10.5% 49.1% 89.8% 100.0% 41.1% 50.1% 73.1% 273.2% 93.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 15.03 8.85 6.43 3.67 3.39 2.91 1.57 1.44 0.96 0.94 0.87 48.08

Level Assessment (%) ** 18.46 10.87 7.90 4.51 4.16 3.58 1.93 1.77 1.18 1.16 1.06 59.06

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

18.46 29.33 37.22 41.73 45.89 49.47 51.40 53.17 54.35 55.51 56.57 59.06

100.1% 95.3% 40.3% 0.0% 11.2% 52.1% 23188.7% 14.1% 32.9% 4.6% -18.7% 58.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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People's Republic of China / République populaire de Chine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3500

3500

3000

3000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2500 2000 1500 1000

2500 2000 1500 1000 500

500 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3400

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

1600

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1400

160

1200

140

1000

120 100

800

80

600

60 400

40

200

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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People's Republic of China / République populaire de Chine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2 256.49 2 389.29

2 973.80 3 023.98

3 142.87 3 178.88

3 068.23 3 160.49

3 102.01 3 123.01

2 974.56 3 122.61

2 996.77 3 176.11

32.8% 32.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

36 444 870.44 396.35 1 798.73 1 135.19

44 657 1 066.61 700.22 3 177.78 1 204.86

46 647 1 114.15 767.29 3 482.11 1 217.55

46 839 1 118.74 835.11 3 789.86 1 230.08

46 589 1 112.77 900.25 4 085.46 1 242.18

46 820 1 118.29 963.75 4 373.63 1 253.60

47 832 1 142.44 1 040.31 4 721.01 1 262.46

31.2% 31.2% 162.5% 162.5% 11.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

61.92 5.69 1.25 1.99

66.59 4.25 0.94 2.47

67.38 4.10 0.90 2.58

65.51 3.67 0.81 2.49

66.58 3.45 0.76 2.50

63.53 3.09 0.68 2.37

62.65 2.88 0.63 2.37

1.2% -49.4% -49.6% 19.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

2 381.57 1 242.40 22.82 70.61 771.41 22.30 252.03 174.62 2 526.75 70.52 74.66 -

Oil 561.14 41.17 14.06 52.62 127.51 196.30 136.27 129.49 35.36 587.54 14.73 11.67 12.13 2.13

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

54.06 7.53 15.26 22.22 0.46 0.09 8.58 7.81 61.82 1.61 6.15 -

-

2 996.77 1 291.10 36.88 138.49 921.14 219.06 136.36 390.09 217.79 3 176.11 86.86 92.48 12.13 2.13

32.8% 119.9% 215.0% 59.2% -4.1% 86.0% 123.4% -20.8% -35.9% 32.9% 164.1% 328.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal 1 242.40 Manufacturing Industries - Coal 771.41 Residential - Coal 174.62 Road - Oil 136.27 Manufacturing Industries - Oil 127.51 Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil 94.13 Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal 77.41 Other Energy Industries - Coal 70.61 Other Transport - Oil 60.03 Other Energy Industries - Oil 52.62 Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil 41.17 Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion 2 996.77

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.88 14.83 3.36 2.62 2.45 1.81 1.49 1.36 1.15 1.01 0.79 57.61

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.88 38.71 42.07 44.69 47.14 48.95 50.44 51.80 52.95 53.96 54.75 57.61

129.2% -10.1% -46.6% 123.2% 49.0% 107.4% -27.9% 35.2% 252.1% 94.5% -3.1% 32.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Chinese Taipei / Taipei chinois Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

250

250

200

200

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

150 100

150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 230

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

210 190 170 150 130 110

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

250

180 200

160 140

150 TWh

120 100

100

80 60

50

40 20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Chinese Taipei / Taipei chinois Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

113.95 112.75

158.67 161.26

167.06 170.02

177.21 184.01

189.59 195.75

198.29 204.13

215.26 217.31

88.9% 92.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 014 48.11 188.60 226.74 20.35

2 725 65.09 260.08 312.97 21.30

2 870 68.55 274.82 330.50 21.47

3 035 72.49 293.42 352.97 21.68

3 212 76.71 307.50 369.21 21.87

3 346 79.92 324.11 389.15 22.03

3 476 83.01 343.55 412.11 22.22

72.5% 72.5% 82.2% 81.8% 9.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.57 0.60 0.50 5.60

58.22 0.61 0.51 7.45

58.21 0.61 0.51 7.78

58.39 0.60 0.50 8.17

59.03 0.62 0.51 8.67

59.26 0.61 0.51 9.00

61.94 0.63 0.52 9.69

9.5% 5.0% 4.0% 73.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

109.55 62.45 20.45 26.65 0.00 113.62 2.01 2.06 -

93.02 17.56 3.05 6.19 25.28 32.56 31.45 8.38 3.64 90.98 - 2.08 0.05 11.00 6.76

12.69 7.61 0.51 1.17 1.52 1.89 1.47 12.71 0.02 - 0.00 -

-

215.26 87.61 24.00 7.36 53.45 32.56 31.45 10.27 5.10 217.31 - 0.06 2.11 11.00 6.76

88.9% 144.7% 402.0% 33.4% 37.8% 69.2% 70.1% 4.7% 23.6% 92.7% 126.6% 137.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

62.45 31.45 26.65 25.28 20.45 17.56 7.61 6.19 4.74 3.64 3.05 215.26

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.85 14.02 11.89 11.27 9.12 7.83 3.39 2.76 2.12 1.62 1.36 95.99

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.85 41.87 53.76 65.03 74.15 81.98 85.37 88.13 90.25 91.87 93.23 95.99

215.7% 70.1% 52.8% 22.9% 411.4% 13.6% 1253.4% 29.5% -12.9% 18.1% 321.2% 88.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Colombia / Colombie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 69

80%

64

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

59 54 49 44

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

50 45

120

40 35

100

TWh

30

80

25 20

60

15

40

10 20

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.191

Colombia / Colombie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

44.72 48.78

57.93 58.30

58.46 59.13

63.13 64.22

64.28 66.36

56.24 56.46

57.17 59.14

27.8% 21.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 047 25.01 74.11 189.11 34.97

1 249 29.83 92.51 236.06 38.56

1 274 30.43 94.41 240.91 39.29

1 273 30.40 97.65 249.17 40.04

1 297 30.98 98.19 250.56 40.80

1 176 28.08 94.21 240.41 41.54

1 205 28.79 96.86 247.18 42.30

15.1% 15.1% 30.7% 30.7% 21.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

42.70 0.60 0.24 1.28

46.39 0.63 0.25 1.50

45.89 0.62 0.24 1.49

49.60 0.65 0.25 1.58

49.56 0.65 0.26 1.58

47.83 0.60 0.23 1.35

47.44 0.59 0.23 1.35

11.1% -1.7% -4.2% 5.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

9.85 1.45 1.05 0.07 7.04 0.00 0.24 0.24 10.92 0.76 0.30 -

34.57 0.05 0.04 1.66 10.01 18.26 17.61 4.56 2.13 35.47 0.95 - 0.05 0.72 1.89

12.75 4.38 0.03 4.55 2.28 0.13 0.13 1.38 1.18 12.75 - 0.00 -

-

57.17 5.88 1.11 6.27 19.33 18.39 17.74 6.18 3.55 59.14 1.71 0.25 0.72 1.89

27.8% 5.6% -36.6% 86.4% 56.1% 10.7% 13.3% 22.9% 24.4% 21.2% 119.2% 21.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 17.61 10.01 7.04 4.55 4.38 2.42 2.28 2.13 1.66 1.45 1.18 57.17

Level Assessment (%) ** 10.04 5.71 4.01 2.59 2.50 1.38 1.30 1.22 0.95 0.83 0.67 32.60

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

10.04 15.75 19.76 22.36 24.86 26.24 27.54 28.75 29.70 30.53 31.20 32.60

12.5% 113.0% 20.9% 83.6% 50.8% 13.4% 22.9% -1.6% 103.8% -38.3% 453.4% 27.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Congo Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1

1

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 0.9

100%

0.8 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

0.6 0.5

200

TWh

0.4 150 0.3 100

0.2

50

0.1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.193

Congo Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.70 0.79

0.53 0.62

0.51 0.54

0.39 0.42

0.41 0.41

0.37 0.37

0.59 0.74

-15.9% -6.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

44 1.06 2.46 2.55 2.23

33 0.79 2.51 2.61 2.60

33 0.78 2.40 2.50 2.69

31 0.74 2.35 2.44 2.77

31 0.75 2.43 2.53 2.85

30 0.72 2.35 2.45 2.93

37 0.89 2.54 2.64 3.02

-15.3% -16.0% 3.4% 3.4% 35.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

15.78 0.28 0.27 0.31

16.01 0.21 0.20 0.20

15.63 0.21 0.21 0.19

12.49 0.16 0.16 0.14

12.90 0.17 0.16 0.14

12.28 0.16 0.15 0.13

15.67 0.23 0.22 0.19

-0.7% -17.9% -18.5% -38.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 0.59 0.00 0.08 0.44 0.32 0.07 0.07 0.74 0.15 .. ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

0.59 0.00 0.08 0.44 0.32 0.07 0.07 0.74 0.15 .. ..

-15.9% -100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 18.8% -20.6% -29.3% -7.8% -7.8% -6.1% .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.32 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.59

Level Assessment (%) ** 1.97 0.74 0.47 0.42 0.02 3.62

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

1.97 2.71 3.18 3.60 3.62 3.62

-29.3% 18.8% 18.8% -7.8% 0.0% -15.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Democratic Republic of Congo / République démocratique du Congo Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4

4

3.5

3.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3 2.5 2 1.5 1

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

4.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

8

TWh

1994

7

160

6

140

5

120 100

4

80

3

60 2

40

1

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.195

Democratic Republic of Congo / République démocratique du Congo Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

3.01 4.15

2.13 2.46

2.02 2.39

2.05 2.42

2.06 2.47

2.06 2.45

2.07 2.47

-31.3% -40.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

499 11.91 8.22 56.49 37.00

543 12.97 5.64 38.77 43.85

559 13.34 5.59 38.42 45.31

575 13.74 5.27 36.23 46.75

593 14.16 5.43 37.32 48.18

608 14.52 4.87 33.44 49.58

623 14.89 4.66 32.00 50.95

25.0% 25.0% -43.3% -43.4% 37.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

6.03 0.37 0.05 0.08

3.92 0.38 0.05 0.05

3.62 0.36 0.05 0.04

3.56 0.39 0.06 0.04

3.48 0.38 0.06 0.04

3.40 0.42 0.06 0.04

3.32 0.44 0.06 0.04

-44.9% 18.9% 20.0% -50.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.83 0.59 0.24 0.24 0.86 0.02 -

1.24 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.47 0.47 0.68 0.02 1.61 0.01 0.36 0.01 0.36

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

2.07 0.02 0.02 0.65 0.47 0.47 0.92 0.26 2.47 0.04 0.36 0.01 0.36

-31.3% -13.3% 0.0% -83.2% -26.9% -17.1% -17.1% -36.4% -17.5% -40.5% -94.1% 12.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.65 0.59 0.47 0.24 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 2.07

Level Assessment (%) ** 0.30 0.28 0.22 0.11 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.97

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

0.30 0.58 0.80 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.97

-41.9% -9.3% -17.1% 12.8% -75.8% -77.0% -13.3% -83.2% -31.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Costa Rica Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

5

5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

8

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

7

160

6

140

5

120 100

4

80

3

60 2

40

1

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.197

Costa Rica Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.61 2.81

4.44 4.25

4.17 4.06

4.08 4.05

4.56 4.55

4.58 4.69

4.55 4.65

74.6% 65.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

85 2.03 8.98 17.51 3.05

111 2.64 11.72 22.85 3.43

111 2.64 11.82 23.05 3.50

111 2.64 12.48 24.33 3.58

114 2.73 13.53 26.39 3.65

128 3.05 14.66 28.59 3.73

137 3.28 14.91 29.07 3.81

62.0% 61.6% 66.1% 66.0% 25.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

30.73 0.29 0.15 0.85

40.17 0.38 0.19 1.30

37.67 0.35 0.18 1.19

36.95 0.33 0.17 1.14

39.96 0.34 0.17 1.25

35.86 0.31 0.16 1.23

33.12 0.31 0.16 1.19

7.8% 6.9% 6.7% 40.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 4.55 0.06 0.83 3.00 2.85 0.66 0.14 4.65 0.10 .. 0.37

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

4.55 0.06 0.83 3.00 2.85 0.66 0.14 4.65 0.10 .. 0.37

74.6% 39.7% -100.0% -100.0% 18.8% 90.8% 380.5% 348.4% 211.8% 65.7% .. 178.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.85 0.83 0.52 0.15 0.14 0.06 4.55

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.79 4.61 2.89 0.83 0.77 0.32 25.20

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.79 20.39 23.28 24.11 24.88 25.20 25.20

380.5% 19.7% 407.6% -84.7% 211.8% 39.7% 74.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Côte d'Ivoire Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

7

7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 8

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

7 6 5 4 3 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

6 5

200

TWh

4 150 3 100

2

50

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Côte d'Ivoire Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.63 2.84

3.20 3.66

3.61 4.81

4.33 4.69

4.51 4.80

5.97 6.39

6.30 6.82

139.1% 140.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

185 4.42 9.20 19.31 11.80

216 5.17 9.99 20.98 13.88

240 5.72 10.68 22.43 14.31

243 5.80 11.32 23.77 14.73

249 5.96 11.98 25.15 15.16

279 6.66 12.17 25.55 15.59

290 6.93 11.89 24.96 16.01

56.7% 56.8% 29.3% 29.3% 35.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

14.23 0.29 0.14 0.22

14.81 0.32 0.15 0.23

15.06 0.34 0.16 0.25

17.83 0.38 0.18 0.29

18.08 0.38 0.18 0.30

21.40 0.49 0.23 0.38

21.71 0.53 0.25 0.39

52.6% 82.8% 78.6% 77.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

3.34 0.31 0.01 0.32 0.64 1.45 1.22 0.60 0.31 3.86 0.21 0.31 0.29 0.31

2.96 2.96 0.00 2.96 -

-

6.30 3.27 0.01 0.32 0.64 1.45 1.22 0.60 0.31 6.82 0.21 0.31 0.29 0.31

139.1% 715.3% 50.0% 67.6% 50.7% 22.9% 18.6% 41.0% 44.7% 140.2% 138.9% 14.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.96 1.22 0.64 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.23 0.01 0.00 6.30

Level Assessment (%) ** 18.12 7.44 3.93 1.97 1.91 1.90 1.79 1.43 0.06 0.00 38.55

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

18.12 25.56 29.49 31.46 33.37 35.27 37.06 38.49 38.55 38.55 38.55

0.0% 18.6% 50.7% 67.6% 44.7% -22.6% 37.3% 50.7% 50.0% 0.0% 139.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Croatia / Croatie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 20

14 12 10 8 6 4

14 12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1992

1993

1994

1995

Coal

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80%

19

million tonnes of CO2

20

not available

40% 20%

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

18 17 16 15 14

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

14

TWh

1994

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.201

Croatia / Croatie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

15.92 16.01

15.71 15.90

17.39 17.74

18.51 18.94

18.44 18.68

17.77 17.77

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 25.96 36.85 4.78

298 7.12 18.81 27.32 4.64

303 7.24 19.92 28.94 4.53

327 7.80 21.28 30.90 4.45

338 8.08 21.81 31.68 4.40

336 8.03 21.74 31.57 4.38

326 7.78 22.54 32.74 4.38

.. .. -13.2% -11.2% -8.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

53.41 0.85 0.58 3.44

51.79 0.79 0.54 3.47

53.23 0.82 0.56 3.91

54.73 0.85 0.58 4.21

54.85 0.85 0.58 4.21

54.57 0.79 0.54 4.06

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

1.71 1.38 0.00 0.25 0.07 0.05 1.69 - 0.02 - 0.00 -

11.37 1.34 0.20 1.66 1.53 4.49 4.07 2.17 0.92 11.26 - 0.11 - 0.00 0.06 0.10

4.68 1.09 0.17 0.38 1.87 1.16 0.95 4.82 0.14 - 0.00 -

0.00 0.00 0.00 -

17.77 3.81 0.38 2.04 3.65 4.49 4.07 3.40 1.92 17.77 0.01 - 0.00 0.06 0.10

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Gas Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.07 1.87 1.66 1.53 1.38 1.34 1.25 1.09 0.95 0.92 0.41 17.77

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.45 7.11 6.29 5.79 5.25 5.07 4.74 4.15 3.60 3.49 1.57 67.44

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.45 22.57 28.85 34.65 39.90 44.97 49.71 53.86 57.46 60.94 62.51 67.44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Cuba Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

40

40

35

35 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 33

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

31 29 27 25 23 21

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

18 16

140

14

120

TWh

12 100

10

80

8 6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.203

Cuba Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

31.73 31.74

25.59 25.14

26.87 26.44

27.88 26.82

27.47 27.06

29.14 28.83

31.37 30.54

-1.1% -3.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

692 16.52 31.34 37.61 10.63

467 11.15 21.74 26.09 10.96

512 12.22 23.44 28.13 11.02

510 12.19 24.03 28.83 11.06

495 11.82 24.33 29.19 11.12

529 12.64 25.83 31.00 11.16

553 13.20 27.28 32.74 11.19

-20.1% -20.1% -13.0% -13.0% 5.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

45.86 1.01 0.84 2.99

54.81 1.18 0.98 2.33

52.50 1.15 0.95 2.44

54.66 1.16 0.97 2.52

55.54 1.13 0.94 2.47

55.05 1.13 0.94 2.61

56.75 1.15 0.96 2.80

23.7% 13.9% 14.3% -6.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.37 0.09 0.27 0.27 0.09 - 0.28 0.00 -

29.88 11.83 0.33 0.17 12.63 1.96 1.95 2.96 0.97 29.35 1.38 - 1.91 0.32 0.66

1.12 0.02 1.09 0.01 1.10 - 0.02 -

-

31.37 11.83 0.35 0.17 13.81 1.96 1.95 3.24 1.24 30.54 1.10 - 1.93 0.32 0.66

-1.1% 4.2% 35.1% -39.6% 40.7% -55.6% -55.5% -42.1% -49.9% -3.8% -57.3% -35.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Residential - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 12.63 11.83 2.00 1.95 1.09 0.97 0.33 0.27 0.17 0.09 0.02 31.37

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.58 22.09 3.73 3.65 2.04 1.80 0.61 0.51 0.33 0.18 0.04 58.58

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.58 45.67 49.41 53.05 55.09 56.89 57.50 58.01 58.33 58.51 58.55 58.58

36.6% 4.2% -36.2% -55.5% 1636.8% -56.7% 30.9% 13.3% -39.6% -81.3% 150.6% -1.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Cyprus / Chypre Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

7

7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6.5

100%

6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

3.5

140

3

120

2.5

100

2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

4

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Cyprus / Chypre Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

3.88 3.88

5.06 5.11

5.36 5.60

5.50 5.44

5.83 5.84

6.09 5.94

6.33 6.32

63.2% 62.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

64 1.54 7.12 9.75 0.68

84 2.01 8.86 12.15 0.73

90 2.15 9.03 12.38 0.74

88 2.10 9.25 12.68 0.74

94 2.25 9.72 13.33 0.75

96 2.30 10.16 13.92 0.75

102 2.42 10.65 14.59 0.76

57.8% 57.1% 49.6% 49.6% 11.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

60.27 0.54 0.40 5.69

60.26 0.57 0.42 6.92

59.54 0.59 0.43 7.27

62.44 0.59 0.43 7.39

61.84 0.60 0.44 7.79

63.16 0.60 0.44 8.08

62.33 0.59 0.43 8.36

3.4% 9.3% 7.5% 46.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.13 0.13 0.13 -

6.20 2.85 0.11 1.26 1.75 1.75 0.23 0.23 6.19 - 0.04 0.03 0.60 0.85

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

6.33 2.85 0.11 1.39 1.75 1.75 0.23 0.23 6.32 - 0.04 0.03 0.60 0.85

63.2% 71.2% 0.0% 20.4% 79.3% 50.0% 49.4% 27.0% 27.0% 62.6% 231.9% 13.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.85 1.75 1.26 0.23 0.13 0.11 0.01 6.33

Level Assessment (%) ** 36.64 22.46 16.24 2.98 1.62 1.41 0.09 81.44

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

36.64 59.10 75.34 78.31 79.93 81.34 81.44 81.44

71.2% 49.4% 132.7% 27.0% -45.7% 20.4% 0.0% 63.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Czech Republic / République tchèque Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

200

200

180

180

160

160

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 170

100%

160 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

150 140 130 120 110 100

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

80

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Czech Republic / République tchèque Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

153.77 150.40

125.72 124.65

123.27 127.36

116.93 127.72

114.79 121.11

109.23 109.97

118.78 122.03

-22.8% -18.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 985 47.40 54.61 134.06 10.36

1 733 41.38 52.04 127.74 10.33

1 784 42.60 54.27 133.23 10.32

1 775 42.40 53.85 132.21 10.30

1 719 41.05 53.21 130.62 10.29

1 601 38.24 53.00 130.12 10.29

1 691 40.38 54.56 133.94 10.27

-14.8% -14.8% -0.1% -0.1% -0.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

77.48 2.82 1.15 14.84

72.56 2.42 0.98 12.17

69.12 2.27 0.93 11.95

65.86 2.17 0.88 11.35

66.79 2.16 0.88 11.15

68.22 2.06 0.84 10.62

70.26 2.18 0.89 11.56

-9.3% -22.7% -22.7% -22.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

80.32 52.27 6.20 1.77 15.52 4.57 2.37 83.85 1.95 1.58 -

20.43 0.81 0.50 0.53 4.52 13.53 12.80 0.54 0.20 19.63 - 0.54 - 0.27 0.50

17.00 2.01 0.84 0.27 6.08 0.07 0.01 7.73 4.79 17.52 0.51 0.01 -

1.03 0.16 0.69 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.11 1.03 -

118.78 55.24 8.23 2.57 26.15 13.63 12.84 12.95 7.36 122.03 1.92 1.33 0.50

-22.8% 13.2% 0.0% -25.8% -53.5% 87.0% 83.4% -65.9% -69.5% -18.9% 0.0% -26.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Residential - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

52.27 15.52 12.80 6.20 6.08 4.79 4.52 2.94 2.37 2.20 2.01 118.78

Level Assessment (%) ** 35.19 10.45 8.62 4.17 4.09 3.22 3.04 1.98 1.59 1.48 1.35 79.98

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

35.19 45.64 54.25 58.43 62.52 65.74 68.78 70.76 72.36 73.84 75.19 79.98

22.4% -64.4% 82.8% 0.0% 45.6% 123.2% -47.1% 38.6% -89.1% -72.4% -33.3% -22.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Denmark / Danemark Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80

80

70

70 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

60 50 40 30 20

60 50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 80

100%

75 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

70 65 60 55 50 45 40

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

60

140

50

120 40 TWh

100 30

80

20

60 40

10 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Denmark / Danemark Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

50.56 49.51

57.86 57.62

70.87 70.12

61.31 61.13

57.41 58.18

54.10 53.72

50.09 50.32

-0.9% 1.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

757 18.07 163.49 108.82 5.14

849 20.29 180.24 119.97 5.22

945 22.57 184.78 122.99 5.26

880 21.02 190.26 126.65 5.28

871 20.80 195.50 130.13 5.30

836 19.97 199.67 132.91 5.32

815 19.46 206.08 137.17 5.34

7.7% 7.7% 26.0% 26.0% 3.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

66.81 0.31 0.47 9.84

68.12 0.32 0.48 11.08

75.01 0.38 0.58 13.48

69.67 0.32 0.48 11.61

65.92 0.29 0.44 10.83

64.72 0.27 0.41 10.17

61.49 0.24 0.37 9.38

-8.0% -21.4% -21.5% -4.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

15.49 14.20 0.04 1.12 0.13 0.03 15.60 - 0.04 0.15 -

23.61 3.20 0.20 0.93 2.53 12.02 11.12 4.73 2.40 23.69 0.13 - 0.05 4.22 2.38

10.36 4.37 0.72 1.40 1.85 2.02 1.51 10.39 0.05 - 0.01 -

0.63 0.20 0.40 0.03 0.63 0.00 -

50.09 21.97 1.37 2.33 5.49 12.02 11.12 6.91 3.94 50.32 0.14 0.09 4.22 2.38

-0.9% -7.9% 109.9% 62.0% -0.8% 15.5% 20.0% -20.3% -21.1% 1.6% 38.5% 32.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 14.20 11.12 4.37 3.20 2.53 2.40 2.34 1.85 1.51 1.40 1.12 50.09

Level Assessment (%) ** 20.48 16.04 6.30 4.62 3.64 3.46 3.37 2.67 2.17 2.01 1.61 72.26

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.48 36.52 42.83 47.45 51.09 54.55 57.92 60.58 62.76 64.77 66.39 72.26

-35.2% 20.0% 345.6% 247.1% -15.6% -39.4% -20.8% 47.9% 68.0% 174.0% -13.6% -0.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Dominican Republic / République dominicaine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

20

20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 21

100%

19 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 15 13 11 9 7

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

10 9 8

200

7 TWh

6

150

5 4

100

3 2

50

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.211

Dominican Republic / République dominicaine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

7.64 9.31

11.39 13.46

12.21 14.15

13.88 16.10

15.81 17.75

16.78 17.79

17.77 18.89

132.6% 102.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

173 4.14 9.73 27.01 7.06

249 5.95 11.94 33.15 7.70

260 6.20 12.81 35.56 7.83

287 6.86 13.86 38.48 7.97

306 7.31 14.87 41.30 8.10

312 7.45 16.02 44.49 8.24

327 7.80 17.26 47.94 8.37

88.5% 88.4% 77.5% 77.5% 18.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

44.09 0.79 0.28 1.08

45.70 0.95 0.34 1.48

47.03 0.95 0.34 1.56

48.31 1.00 0.36 1.74

51.63 1.06 0.38 1.95

53.79 1.05 0.38 2.04

54.40 1.03 0.37 2.12

23.4% 30.4% 32.1% 96.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.22 0.22 0.22 -

17.55 3.16 3.10 1.46 6.64 6.26 3.19 2.95 18.67 1.12 - 0.00 .. 0.27

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

17.77 3.38 3.10 1.46 6.64 6.26 3.19 2.95 18.89 1.12 - 0.00 .. 0.27

132.6% 90.4% 130.3% 0.0% 84.5% 144.1% 137.3% 217.0% 218.8% 102.9% .. 138.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 6.26 3.16 3.10 2.95 1.46 0.38 0.24 0.22 17.77

Level Assessment (%) ** 19.98 10.09 9.92 9.41 4.66 1.22 0.78 0.71 56.78

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

19.98 30.07 39.99 49.40 54.07 55.29 56.07 56.78 56.78

137.3% 82.0% 130.3% 218.8% 84.5% 360.4% 196.2% 447.1% 132.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Ecuador / Equateur Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

20

20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 23

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

21 19 17 15 13 11

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

12

120

10

100

8 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

80 6 60 4 40 2 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.213

Ecuador / Equateur Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

12.59 11.92

15.34 14.78

16.40 15.18

17.36 19.79

17.62 18.18

15.66 20.90

17.03 19.31

35.3% 62.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

244 5.82 15.14 30.61 10.26

274 6.54 17.94 36.26 11.46

287 6.85 18.30 36.98 11.70

344 8.23 18.91 38.23 11.94

325 7.77 18.99 38.39 12.18

363 8.67 17.61 35.60 12.41

343 8.19 18.02 36.43 12.65

40.6% 40.7% 19.0% 19.0% 23.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

51.64 0.83 0.41 1.23

56.03 0.86 0.42 1.34

57.21 0.90 0.44 1.40

50.39 0.92 0.45 1.45

54.18 0.93 0.46 1.45

43.17 0.89 0.44 1.26

49.70 0.95 0.47 1.35

-3.8% 14.5% 14.6% 9.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

17.03 2.26 0.26 3.32 9.08 8.16 2.11 1.75 18.65 0.19 1.43 0.87 0.67

0.66 0.66 -

-

17.03 2.26 0.26 3.32 9.08 8.16 2.11 1.75 19.31 0.84 1.43 0.87 0.67

35.3% 90.3% 0.0% -2.3% 46.7% 33.7% 39.9% 1.7% 19.5% 62.0% 52.5% 15.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 8.16 3.32 2.26 1.75 0.92 0.36 0.26 17.03

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.45 4.66 3.17 2.46 1.29 0.50 0.36 23.88

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.45 16.10 19.27 21.73 23.02 23.52 23.88 23.88

39.9% 46.7% 90.3% 19.5% -4.3% -41.3% -2.3% 35.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Egypt / Egypte Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

120

120

100

100 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

80 60 40

80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 125

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

115 105 95 85 75 65

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

80 70

120

60 100 TWh

50 80 40 60

30 20

40

10

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.215

Egypt / Egypte Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

73.29 82.47

76.76 87.24

78.18 92.95

83.43 97.51

93.43 105.05

95.68 109.24

108.48 115.10

48.0% 39.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 341 32.02 50.92 142.53 52.44

1 475 35.22 60.16 168.42 58.18

1 557 37.19 63.17 176.86 59.27

1 629 38.90 66.64 186.57 60.42

1 745 41.69 70.36 196.98 61.58

1 851 44.20 74.60 208.84 62.77

1 944 46.42 78.42 219.55 63.98

45.0% 45.0% 54.0% 54.0% 22.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

54.66 1.44 0.51 1.40

52.05 1.28 0.46 1.32

50.22 1.24 0.44 1.32

51.22 1.25 0.45 1.38

53.53 1.33 0.47 1.52

51.70 1.28 0.46 1.52

55.81 1.38 0.49 1.70

2.1% -4.2% -3.9% 21.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

3.02 3.01 0.02 0.02 2.96 0.15 - 0.21 -

69.53 8.30 2.69 23.52 25.75 24.36 9.26 9.26 75.05 6.88 - 1.36 8.50 ..

35.93 23.36 3.10 8.66 0.81 0.81 37.09 1.16 -

-

108.48 31.66 5.79 35.19 25.75 24.36 10.09 10.09 115.10 7.03 - 0.41 8.50 ..

48.0% 43.7% 0.0% 54.3% 41.2% 95.2% 108.7% 7.5% 7.5% 39.6% 61.8% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Residential - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

24.36 23.52 23.36 9.26 8.66 8.30 3.10 3.01 2.69 1.39 0.81 108.48

Level Assessment (%) ** 14.24 13.75 13.65 5.41 5.06 4.85 1.81 1.76 1.57 0.81 0.47 63.39

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

14.24 27.98 41.63 47.04 52.10 56.95 58.76 60.52 62.09 62.90 63.37 63.39

108.7% 34.0% 151.7% 0.4% 84.3% -34.9% 285.6% 12.3% -8.8% -8.5% 436.6% 48.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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El Salvador Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

6

6

5

5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

4 3 2

4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6

100%

5.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

4.5 4

200

3.5

TWh

3 150

2.5 2

100

1.5 1

50

0.5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.217

El Salvador Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.16 2.34

4.69 4.76

4.11 4.17

4.94 5.11

5.29 5.41

5.23 5.31

5.22 5.35

141.6% 128.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

106 2.54 7.04 16.80 5.11

145 3.46 9.50 22.67 5.67

138 3.30 9.66 23.05 5.79

153 3.65 10.07 24.03 5.91

158 3.76 10.43 24.87 6.04

164 3.92 10.78 25.73 6.15

171 4.08 11.00 26.23 6.28

61.1% 60.6% 56.2% 56.2% 22.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

20.37 0.31 0.13 0.42

32.45 0.49 0.21 0.83

29.75 0.43 0.18 0.71

32.38 0.49 0.21 0.84

33.57 0.51 0.21 0.88

31.85 0.48 0.20 0.85

30.56 0.48 0.20 0.83

50.0% 54.8% 53.8% 97.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

5.22 1.07 0.03 0.05 1.12 2.50 2.50 0.44 0.43 5.35 0.17 - 0.05 .. 0.21

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

5.22 1.07 0.03 0.05 1.12 2.50 2.50 0.44 0.43 5.35 0.17 - 0.05 .. 0.21

141.6% 622.3% 266.7% 142.9% 99.3% 99.4% 99.4% 166.7% 163.0% 128.8% .. 97.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.50 1.12 1.07 0.43 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.00 5.22

Level Assessment (%) ** 19.48 8.72 8.36 3.38 0.42 0.27 0.05 0.02 40.70

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

19.48 28.20 36.56 39.93 40.36 40.63 40.68 40.70 40.70

99.4% 98.8% 622.3% 163.0% 142.9% 266.7% 0.0% 0.0% 141.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Eritrea / Erythrée Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 0.9

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 0.9

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

0.1 0 1992

0

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

0.9 0.8

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 200

0.25

180 0.2

160 140

0.15 TWh

120 100

0.1

80 60

0.05

40 20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.219

Eritrea / Erythrée Key Indicators 1990*

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

0.76 0.72

0.85 0.79

0.81 0.72

0.58 0.58

0.61 0.62

0.59 0.60

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. 3.14

41 0.98 0.57 2.77 3.57

43 1.04 0.61 2.95 3.67

44 1.04 0.66 3.18 3.77

27 0.66 0.69 3.31 3.88

29 0.68 0.69 3.33 3.99

30 0.72 0.64 3.06 4.10

.. .. .. .. 30.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

18.50 1.33 0.28 0.21

19.53 1.38 0.29 0.23

18.49 1.22 0.25 0.21

21.19 0.85 0.18 0.15

21.53 0.89 0.18 0.15

19.66 0.93 0.19 0.14

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * Prior to 1992, data for Eritrea were included in Ethiopia.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 0.59 0.14 0.04 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.07 0.60 0.01 0.03

Gas

Other**

Total

00/90

-

-

0.59 0.14 0.04 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.07 0.60 0.01 0.03

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.20 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.04 0.59

Level Assessment (%) *** 4.26 3.08 2.96 1.38 0.84 12.52

Cumulative Total (%) 4.26 7.34 10.30 11.68 12.52 12.52

CO2 Emissions 00/90 .. .. .. .. .. ..

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Estonia / Estonie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 25

15 10 5

15 10 5 0

0 1992

1993

1994

1995

Coal

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

27 25

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

23 21 19 17 15 13

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

14 12

100

10 TWh

80 8 60

6

40

4

20

2 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.221

Estonia / Estonie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

15.49 16.50

16.37 17.25

15.98 16.93

15.43 16.11

14.33 14.90

13.99 14.72

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 7.05 13.93 1.57

201 4.81 4.79 9.45 1.48

221 5.28 4.98 9.82 1.45

217 5.17 5.51 10.87 1.43

207 4.95 5.76 11.38 1.41

194 4.63 5.70 11.25 1.39

189 4.52 6.07 11.98 1.37

.. .. -14.0% -14.0% -12.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

76.94 3.23 1.64 10.50

73.99 3.29 1.67 11.29

73.77 2.90 1.47 11.20

74.39 2.68 1.36 10.97

74.00 2.51 1.27 10.33

73.88 2.31 1.17 10.22

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

9.87 9.19 0.08 0.05 0.41 0.13 0.11 11.33 1.46 - 0.01 -

2.68 0.31 0.11 0.03 0.29 1.66 1.50 0.28 0.06 1.96 - 0.73 0.00 0.33 0.07

1.44 0.77 0.11 0.02 0.41 0.13 0.10 1.44 0.00 -

-

13.99 10.27 0.31 0.10 1.10 1.66 1.50 0.54 0.27 14.72 0.73 - 0.00 0.33 0.07

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Residential - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 9.19 1.50 0.77 0.41 0.41 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.11 13.99

Level Assessment (%) ** 46.54 7.59 3.89 2.07 2.06 1.56 1.46 1.11 0.83 0.57 0.57 70.85

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

46.54 54.14 58.03 60.10 62.17 63.73 65.19 66.30 67.13 67.69 68.26 70.85

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Ethiopia / Ethiopie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3.5

3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.5

80%

3

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

2.5 2 1.5 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

1.8 1.6

120

1.4 100

TWh

1.2 1

80

0.8

60

0.6 40

0.4

20

0.2 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.223

Ethiopia / Ethiopie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.21 2.40

2.35 2.60

2.61 2.91

2.78 2.84

2.94 2.95

2.89 2.93

3.18 3.21

43.8% 33.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

634 15.15 5.13 27.79 51.18

690 16.47 5.78 31.29 56.53

709 16.94 6.39 34.61 58.23

723 17.27 6.73 36.40 59.75

745 17.80 6.65 35.98 61.27

763 18.23 7.07 38.25 62.78

784 18.73 7.45 40.33 64.30

23.6% 23.6% 45.1% 45.1% 25.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

3.48 0.43 0.08 0.04

3.41 0.41 0.08 0.04

3.68 0.41 0.08 0.04

3.84 0.41 0.08 0.05

3.95 0.44 0.08 0.05

3.79 0.41 0.08 0.05

4.05 0.43 0.08 0.05

16.4% 0.0% 0.0% 25.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 3.18 0.02 0.87 1.78 1.78 0.51 0.51 3.21 0.03 0.24

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

3.18 0.02 0.87 1.78 1.78 0.51 0.51 3.21 0.03 0.24

43.8% -78.8% -100.0% -100.0% 45.3% 93.4% 93.4% 29.9% 416.4% 33.7% -100.0% -54.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.78 0.87 0.51 0.02 3.18

Level Assessment (%) ** 1.48 0.73 0.42 0.02 2.64

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

1.48 2.20 2.63 2.64 2.64

93.4% 45.3% 416.4% -78.8% 43.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Finland / Finlande Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 70

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

65 60 55 50 45 40

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

80

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

70

160

60

140

50

120 100

40

80

30

60 20

40

10

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.225

Finland / Finlande Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

54.98 53.35

56.43 55.16

63.62 65.75

61.18 63.85

57.36 60.44

56.18 58.32

54.79 55.91

-0.4% 4.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 206 28.81 133.73 99.63 4.99

1 225 29.26 129.29 96.32 5.11

1 343 32.09 134.47 100.18 5.13

1 384 33.06 142.93 106.48 5.14

1 401 33.46 150.56 112.16 5.15

1 396 33.35 156.61 116.67 5.17

1 388 33.15 165.54 123.32 5.18

15.0% 15.1% 23.8% 23.8% 3.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

45.58 0.41 0.55 11.03

46.06 0.44 0.59 11.05

47.36 0.47 0.64 12.41

44.20 0.43 0.58 11.90

40.95 0.38 0.51 11.13

40.23 0.36 0.48 10.88

39.48 0.33 0.44 10.59

-13.4% -19.5% -19.6% -4.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

20.96 12.73 2.25 5.88 0.11 0.06 20.42 - 0.54 - 0.01 -

24.94 0.96 0.19 1.66 3.65 12.16 11.13 6.32 3.51 26.58 1.31 0.34 2.12 1.06

7.95 4.44 0.64 0.57 2.13 0.03 0.00 0.14 0.05 7.97 0.02 -

0.94 0.43 0.43 0.08 0.01 0.94 0.00 -

54.79 18.55 3.50 2.23 11.74 12.20 11.13 6.57 3.62 55.91 0.77 0.35 2.12 1.06

-0.4% 16.7% 62.5% 21.0% -19.6% 3.3% 1.5% -24.3% -44.8% 4.8% 18.0% 4.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 12.73 11.13 5.88 4.44 3.65 3.51 2.81 2.25 2.13 1.66 1.03 54.79

Level Assessment (%) ** 17.08 14.94 7.89 5.96 4.90 4.71 3.77 3.02 2.86 2.23 1.38 73.54

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

17.08 32.02 39.92 45.87 50.77 55.48 59.25 62.26 65.12 67.35 68.74 73.54

0.4% 1.5% -19.5% 127.9% -28.7% -45.1% 34.0% 66.8% -2.3% 26.0% 23.0% -0.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

France Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

600

600

500

500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

400 300 200

400 300 200 100

100

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 400

100%

390 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

380 370 360 350 340 330 320

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

600 500

200

TWh

400 150 300 100

200

50

100 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.227

France Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

352.68 363.89

354.53 344.15

368.27 366.94

361.66 344.44

384.81 371.67

376.68 362.11

373.26 353.45

5.8% -2.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

9 464 226.03 1 473.22 1 138.29 58.03

10 044 239.90 1 553.13 1 200.03 59.33

10 578 252.66 1 570.26 1 213.27 59.53

10 300 246.00 1 600.17 1 236.38 59.74

10 652 254.41 1 654.59 1 278.43 59.94

10 684 255.17 1 702.85 1 315.72 60.16

10 765 257.13 1 755.62 1 356.48 60.43

13.8% 13.8% 19.2% 19.2% 4.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

37.27 0.24 0.31 6.08

35.30 0.23 0.30 5.98

34.81 0.24 0.30 6.19

35.11 0.23 0.29 6.05

36.13 0.23 0.30 6.42

35.26 0.22 0.29 6.26

34.67 0.21 0.28 6.18

-7.0% -10.9% -11.3% 1.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

55.19 29.47 3.33 0.86 19.19 2.33 2.33 57.62 4.47 - 2.04 -

Oil 238.41 2.10 1.84 16.81 27.00 139.07 130.10 51.59 30.16 215.11 - 6.54 - 16.76 9.48 15.78

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

79.66 0.18 3.59 0.91 32.15 0.00 0.00 42.82 22.15 80.72 0.24 0.82 -

-

373.26 31.74 8.77 18.58 78.35 139.07 130.11 96.75 54.64 353.45 - 1.83 - 17.98 9.48 15.78

5.8% 28.7% -54.3% 7.9% -2.4% 20.0% 18.7% 1.3% -2.3% -2.9% 18.3% 63.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

130.10 32.15 30.16 29.47 27.00 22.15 21.43 20.67 19.19 16.81 8.96 373.26

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.52 5.81 5.45 5.33 4.88 4.00 3.87 3.74 3.47 3.04 1.62 67.47

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.52 29.33 34.78 40.11 44.99 48.99 52.87 56.60 60.07 63.11 64.73 67.47

18.7% 31.4% -11.3% 41.0% -3.2% 43.9% -14.4% 41.8% -31.2% 12.5% 42.6% 5.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Gabon Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

2

2

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.8

100%

1.7 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 300

1.2 1

250

0.8

200

0.6

150

0.4

100

0.2

50

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Gabon Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1.03 1.14

1.32 1.41

1.44 1.43

1.60 1.70

1.65 1.68

1.50 1.48

1.36 1.35

32.6% 18.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

53 1.27 4.26 5.72 0.94

63 1.50 4.96 6.66 1.08

64 1.53 5.21 7.00 1.11

69 1.65 5.51 7.40 1.14

70 1.67 5.63 7.55 1.17

67 1.60 5.28 7.09 1.20

65 1.56 5.39 7.23 1.23

23.2% 22.8% 26.3% 26.3% 31.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

19.37 0.24 0.18 1.10

21.07 0.27 0.20 1.23

22.53 0.28 0.21 1.30

23.25 0.29 0.22 1.41

23.63 0.29 0.22 1.41

22.27 0.28 0.21 1.25

20.84 0.25 0.19 1.11

7.6% 4.2% 5.6% 0.9%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1.21 0.16 0.10 0.42 0.38 0.33 0.15 0.12 1.19 - 0.02 - 0.00 0.22 0.22

0.16 0.10 0.06 0.00 0.16 - 0.00 -

-

1.36 0.25 0.16 0.42 0.38 0.33 0.15 0.12 1.35 - 0.02 - 0.00 0.22 0.22

32.6% 30.4% 0.0% 27.2% 111.5% 3.6% 3.1% 5.8% 4.4% 18.1% -48.7% 12.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Oil Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.42 0.33 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.00 1.36

Level Assessment (%) ** 1.37 1.09 0.52 0.40 0.32 0.31 0.20 0.17 0.09 0.00 4.49

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

1.37 2.46 2.98 3.38 3.70 4.02 4.22 4.39 4.48 4.49 4.49

112.4% 3.1% 61.3% 4.4% 55.0% -1.2% -1.0% 6.7% 12.5% -6.6% 32.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Georgia / Géorgie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 16

14

14 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 16

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1995

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

14 12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1992

1994

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.231

Georgia / Géorgie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

2.23 2.25

4.01 4.02

4.39 4.40

5.18 5.23

5.54 5.25

6.04 6.06

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 11.01 33.83 5.46

62 1.47 1.90 10.00 5.42

89 2.13 2.10 11.06 5.42

97 2.31 2.32 12.22 5.43

106 2.53 2.39 12.58 5.44

108 2.57 2.46 12.95 5.02

120 2.86 2.51 13.19 5.02

.. .. -77.2% -61.0% -8.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

36.25 1.18 0.22 0.41

44.89 1.91 0.36 0.74

45.39 1.89 0.36 0.81

48.95 2.17 0.41 0.95

51.41 2.25 0.43 1.10

50.43 2.41 0.46 1.20

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.05 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.00 -

4.03 0.61 0.00 0.36 1.59 1.54 1.47 0.63 4.05 0.03 - 0.01 .. 0.08

1.96 1.01 0.41 0.55 0.49 1.96 - 0.00 -

-

6.04 1.04 0.61 0.00 0.76 1.59 1.54 2.03 1.12 6.06 0.03 - 0.01 .. 0.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Transport - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.54 1.01 0.84 0.63 0.61 0.49 0.41 0.36 0.05 0.05 0.03 6.04

Level Assessment (%) ** 14.54 9.54 7.94 5.93 5.76 4.67 3.84 3.36 0.51 0.49 0.31 57.05

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

14.54 24.08 32.02 37.95 43.71 48.38 52.22 55.58 56.09 56.59 56.89 57.05

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Germany / Allemagne Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1200

1200

1000

1000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

800 600 400

800 600 400 200

200

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1000 980 960 940 920 900 880 860 840 820 800 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

600

160

500

140

TWh

400

120 100

300

80 200

60 40

100

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.233

Germany / Allemagne Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

964.13 968.74

870.02 870.44

908.36 895.53

879.69 870.35

861.87 863.55

830.66 826.30

832.95 820.12

-13.6% -15.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

14 885 355.53 2 270.26 1 614.17 79.36

14 230 339.87 2 458.26 1 747.84 81.66

14 708 351.29 2 477.10 1 761.23 81.90

14 541 347.30 2 511.71 1 785.84 82.05

14 435 344.77 2 560.83 1 820.77 82.03

14 279 341.05 2 608.14 1 854.40 82.09

14 220 339.64 2 686.50 1 910.12 82.17

-4.5% -4.5% 18.3% 18.3% 3.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

64.77 0.43 0.60 12.15

61.14 0.35 0.50 10.65

61.76 0.37 0.52 11.09

60.50 0.35 0.49 10.72

59.71 0.34 0.47 10.51

58.17 0.32 0.45 10.12

58.58 0.31 0.44 10.14

-9.6% -27.1% -27.0% -16.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

339.26 253.20 29.99 4.73 46.26 5.08 3.64 321.83 1.71 - 19.14 -

Oil 325.63 3.23 1.34 21.12 37.08 174.19 169.88 88.67 60.45 327.40 5.50 - 3.73 6.90 21.73

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

163.39 23.02 5.66 2.55 52.95 79.20 55.25 166.22 1.12 1.71 -

4.67 4.67 4.67 -

832.95 279.46 41.66 28.40 136.29 174.19 169.88 172.95 119.34 820.12 8.33 - 21.16 6.90 21.73

-13.6% -10.0% -41.7% -7.9% -24.1% 8.8% 12.3% -18.4% -6.9% -15.3% -12.1% 52.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

253.20 169.88 60.45 55.25 52.95 46.26 37.08 29.99 28.22 23.96 23.02 832.95

Level Assessment (%) ** 24.73 16.59 5.90 5.40 5.17 4.52 3.62 2.93 2.76 2.34 2.25 81.36

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

24.73 41.33 47.23 52.63 57.80 62.32 65.94 68.87 71.63 73.97 76.22 81.36

-10.8% 12.3% 7.5% 76.3% 22.1% -50.7% -12.4% -50.5% -30.0% 61.4% 24.7% -13.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Ghana Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

6

6

5

5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

4 3 2

4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5.5

100%

5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

8

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Ghana Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.71 2.85

3.29 3.59

3.61 3.81

3.66 4.33

4.38 4.62

4.88 4.74

4.70 4.95

73.5% 73.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

223 5.34 5.24 23.12 15.14

274 6.53 6.46 28.51 17.30

283 6.75 6.76 29.82 17.66

297 7.09 7.04 31.07 18.05

297 7.08 7.37 32.53 18.45

310 7.40 7.69 33.96 18.87

323 7.72 7.98 35.22 19.31

44.6% 44.6% 52.4% 52.4% 27.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

12.12 0.52 0.12 0.18

12.04 0.51 0.12 0.19

12.75 0.53 0.12 0.20

12.32 0.52 0.12 0.20

14.77 0.59 0.13 0.24

15.74 0.63 0.14 0.26

14.54 0.59 0.13 0.24

20.0% 13.5% 8.3% 33.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 4.70 0.48 0.10 0.66 2.87 2.71 0.59 0.28 4.95 0.07 0.18 0.10 0.32

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

4.70 0.48 0.10 0.66 2.87 2.71 0.59 0.28 4.95 0.07 0.18 0.10 0.32

73.5% 0.0% 37.5% 38.6% 79.2% 78.9% 6.2% -29.4% 73.9% 0.0% 132.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.71 0.66 0.48 0.31 0.28 0.15 0.10 4.70

Level Assessment (%) ** 9.50 2.33 1.67 1.09 0.97 0.53 0.37 16.45

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

9.50 11.82 13.49 14.58 15.55 16.08 16.45 16.45

78.9% 38.6% 0.0% 92.2% -29.4% 84.6% 37.5% 73.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Gibraltar Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

0.4 0.3 0.2

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

0.1

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 0.6

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 300

0.1

250

0.08

200

0.06

150

0.04

100

0.02

50

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

0.12

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Gibraltar Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.20 0.20

0.40 0.40

0.40 0.40

0.42 0.42

0.44 0.44

0.46 0.46

0.48 0.48

148.3% 148.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 0.07 0.43 0.39 0.03

6 0.13 0.44 0.40 0.03

6 0.14 0.45 0.41 0.03

6 0.14 0.47 0.43 0.03

6 0.15 0.49 0.45 0.03

6 0.15 0.51 0.47 0.03

7 0.16 0.53 0.48 0.03

126.8% 128.6% 23.3% 23.5% -3.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

65.46 0.45 0.50 6.73

71.19 0.90 0.99 14.74

71.29 0.90 0.98 14.97

71.37 0.90 0.99 15.54

71.44 0.91 0.99 16.46

71.54 0.91 1.00 16.53

71.67 0.92 1.00 17.30

9.5% 104.4% 100.0% 157.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 0.48 0.18 0.05 0.25 0.25 0.48 0.00 3.15 0.01

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

0.48 0.18 0.05 0.25 0.25 0.48 0.00 3.15 0.01

148.3% 140.0% 60.8% 190.7% 190.7% 148.3% 129.7% -42.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.25 0.18 0.05 0.48

Level Assessment (%) ** 49.88 37.49 10.96 98.33

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

49.88 87.37 98.33 98.33

190.7% 140.0% 60.8% 148.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Greece / Grèce Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

100

100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 98

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

93 88 83 78 73 68

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

60

120

50

100

40 TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

80 30 60 20 40 10 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Greece / Grèce Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

70.58 68.98

73.22 72.36

75.66 73.45

79.43 77.05

83.79 81.11

83.11 80.79

87.75 84.91

24.3% 23.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

911 21.75 110.50 126.05 10.16

969 23.13 117.56 134.11 10.45

1 012 24.16 120.34 137.27 10.48

1 049 25.05 124.71 142.26 10.50

1 105 26.38 128.91 147.05 10.52

1 115 26.62 133.32 152.09 10.53

1 165 27.82 139.07 158.64 10.56

27.9% 27.9% 25.9% 25.9% 3.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

77.51 0.64 0.56 6.95

75.60 0.62 0.55 7.00

74.79 0.63 0.55 7.22

75.72 0.64 0.56 7.57

75.85 0.65 0.57 7.97

74.56 0.62 0.55 7.89

75.33 0.63 0.55 8.31

-2.8% -1.3% -1.3% 19.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

37.35 33.91 3.34 0.10 0.07 37.33 0.06 - 0.07 -

46.25 6.24 0.29 3.07 6.48 19.30 15.98 10.87 7.49 43.40 - 2.27 - 0.58 11.36 2.50

3.86 2.92 0.07 0.08 0.76 0.03 0.01 3.89 0.03 0.00 -

0.29 0.29 0.29 -

87.75 43.08 0.65 3.15 10.58 19.30 15.98 11.00 7.58 84.91 - 2.19 - 0.65 11.36 2.50

24.3% 26.7% 36.8% 43.2% 1.5% 25.6% 36.4% 35.3% 62.2% 23.1% 41.5% 3.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 33.91 15.98 7.49 6.48 6.24 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.07 2.92 0.76 87.75

Level Assessment (%) ** 25.50 12.01 5.64 4.87 4.70 2.54 2.51 2.50 2.31 2.20 0.57 65.98

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

25.50 37.51 43.15 48.02 52.72 55.25 57.76 60.26 62.57 64.76 65.34 65.98

18.5% 36.4% 63.5% 15.6% 16.2% -1.5% -28.3% -9.1% 43.2% 0.0% 401.8% 24.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Guatemala Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 9

8

8

million tonnes of CO2

10

9 million tonnes of CO2

10

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 10

100%

9 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

8 7 6 5 4 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

7 6

200

TWh

5 150

4 3

100

2 50

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.241

Guatemala Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

3.31 3.67

6.00 5.99

5.88 6.34

6.22 6.75

7.87 8.14

8.00 8.51

8.82 9.30

166.8% 153.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

187 4.48 11.89 27.29 8.75

226 5.40 14.66 33.65 9.98

234 5.60 15.09 34.65 10.24

247 5.89 15.75 36.16 10.52

264 6.31 16.54 37.96 10.80

291 6.94 17.17 39.43 11.09

299 7.15 17.74 40.74 11.39

59.6% 59.6% 49.3% 49.3% 30.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

17.64 0.28 0.12 0.38

26.54 0.41 0.18 0.60

25.09 0.39 0.17 0.57

25.21 0.39 0.17 0.59

29.80 0.48 0.21 0.73

27.54 0.47 0.20 0.72

29.48 0.50 0.22 0.77

67.1% 78.6% 83.3% 102.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.51 0.51 0.51 -

8.31 1.86 0.03 1.35 4.06 4.01 1.01 0.59 8.79 0.47 0.01 0.38 0.15

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

8.82 2.37 0.03 1.35 4.06 4.01 1.01 0.59 9.30 0.47 0.01 0.38 0.15

166.8% 1358.6% 0.0% -56.6% 71.5% 133.9% 131.5% 86.4% 88.5% 153.6% 0.0% 17.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.01 1.86 1.35 0.59 0.51 0.41 0.04 0.03 8.82

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.73 5.43 3.95 1.74 1.50 1.21 0.12 0.10 25.77

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.73 17.15 21.10 22.84 24.34 25.55 25.67 25.77 25.77

131.5% 1042.8% 71.5% 88.5% 0.0% 83.5% 0.0% -56.6% 166.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Haiti Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.4 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.6

100%

1.4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

0.8

TWh

1994

0.7

160

0.6

140

0.5

120 100

0.4

80

0.3

60 0.2

40

0.1

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.243

Haiti Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

0.94 0.94

0.90 0.90

1.05 1.05

1.29 1.40

1.31 1.28

1.38 1.38

1.41 1.41

49.0% 49.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

66 1.59 3.12 11.76 6.47

72 1.72 2.63 9.94 7.17

82 1.96 2.71 10.21 7.34

87 2.07 2.74 10.35 7.49

87 2.07 2.83 10.68 7.65

88 2.11 2.89 10.91 7.80

85 2.04 2.92 11.03 7.96

28.7% 28.3% -6.2% -6.2% 23.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

14.24 0.30 0.08 0.15

12.59 0.34 0.09 0.13

12.81 0.39 0.10 0.14

14.87 0.47 0.12 0.17

15.15 0.46 0.12 0.17

15.64 0.48 0.13 0.18

16.49 0.48 0.13 0.18

15.8% 60.0% 62.5% 20.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 1.41 0.19 0.29 0.70 0.30 0.23 0.23 1.41 - 0.00 .. 0.09

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

1.41 0.19 0.29 0.70 0.30 0.23 0.23 1.41 - 0.00 .. 0.09

49.0% -14.6% -100.0% 41.4% 65.9% 65.0% 202.5% 202.5% 49.5% .. 17.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Other Transport - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.40 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.19 1.41

Level Assessment (%) ** 4.99 3.82 3.59 2.91 2.37 17.67

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

4.99 8.81 12.39 15.30 17.67 17.67

66.7% 65.0% 64.8% 202.5% -14.6% 49.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Honduras Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

5

5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

4

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

3.5

160

3

140

2.5

120 100

2

80

1.5

60 1

40

0.5

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.245

Honduras Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.14 2.18

3.88 3.88

3.52 3.52

3.61 3.61

4.28 4.28

4.31 4.31

4.41 4.41

106.4% 102.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

101 2.42 3.33 11.26 4.87

124 2.96 3.96 13.40 5.63

120 2.87 4.10 13.89 5.78

131 3.13 4.31 14.59 5.94

139 3.33 4.44 15.02 6.10

123 2.93 4.35 14.74 6.26

126 3.01 4.56 15.44 6.42

24.7% 24.4% 37.1% 37.1% 31.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

21.13 0.64 0.19 0.44

31.34 0.98 0.29 0.69

29.33 0.86 0.25 0.61

27.57 0.84 0.25 0.61

30.67 0.96 0.28 0.70

35.12 0.99 0.29 0.69

34.99 0.97 0.29 0.69

65.6% 51.6% 52.6% 56.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.32 0.32 0.32 -

4.09 1.03 0.00 0.86 1.80 1.80 0.40 0.14 4.09 .. 0.11

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

4.41 1.03 0.00 1.18 1.80 1.80 0.40 0.14 4.41 0.00 .. 0.11

106.4% 4510.3% -50.0% -100.0% 53.2% 88.3% 88.3% 11.4% 23.7% 102.8% .. 20.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.80 1.03 0.86 0.32 0.25 0.14 0.00 4.41

Level Assessment (%) ** 7.92 4.51 3.79 1.42 1.12 0.63 0.01 19.40

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

7.92 12.43 16.22 17.64 18.75 19.39 19.40 19.40

88.3% 4510.3% 11.9% 12242.4% 5.4% 23.7% -50.0% 106.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Hong Kong, China / Hong Kong, Chine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

45

45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 46

100%

44 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

42 40 38 36 34 32 30

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

40 35

120

30 100 TWh

25 80 20 60

15 10

40

5

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Hong Kong, China / Hong Kong, Chine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

33.01 31.26

35.81 34.93

34.16 31.60

31.18 30.83

39.78 40.11

42.64 43.95

38.68 37.29

17.2% 19.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

446 10.66 107.32 104.28 5.71

577 13.77 139.24 135.30 6.16

570 13.60 145.49 141.37 6.31

582 13.90 152.72 148.40 6.50

689 16.45 144.62 140.52 6.65

742 17.72 149.00 144.78 6.72

647 15.45 164.61 159.94 6.80

44.9% 44.9% 53.4% 53.4% 19.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

73.94 0.31 0.32 5.79

62.12 0.26 0.26 5.82

59.97 0.23 0.24 5.41

53.59 0.20 0.21 4.80

57.76 0.28 0.28 5.99

57.48 0.29 0.29 6.34

59.78 0.23 0.24 5.69

-19.2% -25.8% -25.0% -1.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

17.71 16.42 0.05 1.24 0.69 14.46 - 1.29 - 1.96 -

16.28 0.12 4.24 11.35 11.35 0.58 0.10 18.14 1.86 10.58 8.30

4.69 4.69 4.69 -

-

38.68 21.23 4.29 11.35 11.35 1.82 0.79 37.29 0.57 - 1.96 10.58 8.30

17.2% -11.2% 0.0% 0.0% 36.6% 153.8% 154.1% 22.4% 30.8% 19.3% 134.4% 47.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 16.42 11.35 4.69 4.24 0.69 0.55 0.47 0.12 0.10 0.05 38.68

Level Assessment (%) ** 39.33 27.18 11.23 10.15 1.64 1.33 1.13 0.29 0.25 0.12 92.65

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

39.33 66.51 77.74 87.89 89.53 90.86 91.99 92.28 92.53 92.65 92.65

-30.4% 154.1% 0.0% 36.5% 82.5% 63.0% -12.6% -62.5% -54.8% 42.6% 17.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Hungary / Hongrie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

100

100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 90

100%

85 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

80 75 70 65 60 55 50

0%

1972

Avg 85-87

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1985

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel Avg 85-87 = 100 140

40 35

120

30 100 TWh

25 80 20 60

15 10

40

5

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Hungary / Hongrie Key Indicators Avg 85-87

1990

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000 00/Base*

82.68 78.59

70.53 67.55

59.47 59.81

57.25 58.36

57.40 57.37

60.67 57.69

55.22 55.18

-33.2% -29.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 271 30.35 49.61 102.97 10.53

1 191 28.44 50.35 104.51 10.37

1 087 25.97 45.27 93.96 10.19

1 064 25.41 47.34 98.25 10.16

1 058 25.26 49.64 103.03 10.14

1 055 25.20 51.71 107.32 10.07

1 038 24.78 54.41 112.93 10.02

-18.3% -18.3% 9.7% 9.7% -4.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

65.07 1.67 0.80 7.85

59.22 1.40 0.68 6.81

54.71 1.31 0.63 5.83

53.81 1.21 0.58 5.64

54.28 1.16 0.56 5.66

57.51 1.17 0.57 6.03

53.22 1.02 0.49 5.51

-18.2% -39.1% -39.1% -29.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Hungary is allowed to use average 85-87 as the base year.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/Base

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

16.12 12.91 0.00 2.25 0.01 0.94 0.74 15.96 - 0.07 - 0.08 -

17.60 3.40 0.06 1.17 1.85 8.92 8.66 2.19 0.84 16.98 - 0.62 0.00 0.68

21.50 5.02 0.34 0.47 3.73 0.00 0.00 11.95 6.80 22.24 0.73 0.00 -

-

55.22 21.33 0.39 1.64 7.84 8.93 8.67 15.08 8.38 55.18 0.04 - 0.08 0.68

-33.2% -16.3% -89.7% -33.7% -61.7% 9.3% 22.6% -32.4% -41.1% -29.8% 0.0% 49.9%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 12.91 8.66 6.80 5.15 5.02 3.73 3.40 2.25 1.85 1.35 1.17 55.22

Level Assessment (%) *** 14.83 9.95 7.82 5.91 5.76 4.28 3.91 2.59 2.13 1.55 1.35 63.42

Cumulative Total (%) 14.83 24.78 32.60 38.51 44.27 48.55 52.46 55.05 57.18 58.73 60.07 63.42

CO2 Emissions 00/Base -22.8% 22.5% 173.7% 197.8% 5.7% -58.0% -15.4% -68.8% -57.2% -68.0% -37.6% -33.2%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Iceland / Islande Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

2.5

2.5

2

2

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1.5 1

1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2.4

100%

2.2 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

8

160

7

140

6

120

5

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

9

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Iceland / Islande Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1.90 2.00

1.97 1.96

2.23 2.23

2.12 2.12

2.11 2.11

2.06 2.06

2.16 2.16

13.6% 8.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

88 2.10 6.81 5.81 0.26

90 2.14 6.98 5.95 0.27

95 2.27 7.34 6.26 0.27

98 2.33 7.67 6.54 0.27

110 2.63 8.08 6.89 0.27

133 3.17 8.40 7.16 0.28

144 3.43 8.82 7.52 0.28

63.5% 63.3% 29.5% 29.5% 10.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

21.68 0.28 0.33 7.46

21.97 0.28 0.33 7.38

23.49 0.30 0.36 8.30

21.69 0.28 0.32 7.81

19.15 0.26 0.31 7.69

15.53 0.25 0.29 7.45

15.06 0.25 0.29 7.69

-30.5% -12.2% -12.2% 3.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.39 0.39 0.39 -

1.77 0.00 0.37 0.63 0.59 0.76 0.03 1.77 0.00 0.22 0.41

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

2.16 0.00 0.77 0.63 0.59 0.76 0.03 2.16 0.00 0.22 0.41

13.6% 0.0% 38.4% 0.0% 9.3% 6.5% -39.8% 8.3% 118.6% 81.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.73 0.59 0.39 0.37 0.04 0.03 0.00 2.16

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.80 19.20 12.84 12.17 1.44 0.93 0.10 70.49

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.80 43.00 55.85 68.02 69.46 70.38 70.49 70.49

9.8% 9.3% 52.7% 26.0% -53.2% -39.8% 0.0% 13.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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India / Inde Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1000

1000

900

900

800

800

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

700 600 500 400 300

700 600 500 400 300

200

200

100

100 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 980

100%

930 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

880 830 780 730 680 630 580

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

600

120

500

100

400 TWh

1994

80 300 60 200 40 100 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.253

India / Inde Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

583.39 591.23

787.87 791.90

832.47 837.70

857.91 862.17

882.38 890.34

917.32 923.92

937.28 960.64

60.7% 62.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

15 036 359.13 274.39 1 321.44 849.52

18 005 430.05 353.22 1 700.98 929.36

18 686 446.30 378.77 1 824.05 945.61

19 162 457.69 395.61 1 905.20 962.38

19 702 470.59 419.31 2 019.25 979.67

20 334 485.67 449.08 2 162.64 997.52

21 013 501.89 466.68 2 247.39 1 015.92

39.8% 39.8% 70.1% 70.1% 19.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

38.80 2.13 0.44 0.69

43.76 2.23 0.46 0.85

44.55 2.20 0.46 0.88

44.77 2.17 0.45 0.89

44.79 2.10 0.44 0.90

45.11 2.04 0.42 0.92

44.60 2.01 0.42 0.92

14.9% -5.6% -4.5% 33.3%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

628.80 456.92 24.73 4.90 114.12 28.12 21.56 640.18 2.00 9.38 -

Oil 265.99 7.13 21.84 52.08 125.07 118.52 59.88 57.36 269.87 - 8.08 11.96 0.27 7.09

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

42.49 14.30 4.84 21.71 1.64 1.21 50.58 6.44 1.66 -

-

937.28 478.35 29.58 26.74 187.90 125.07 118.52 89.64 80.13 960.64 0.36 23.00 0.27 7.09

60.7% 102.2% 115.1% 52.3% 23.5% 65.0% 98.5% 2.3% 9.0% 62.5% -79.1% 31.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

456.92 118.52 114.12 57.36 52.08 24.73 21.84 21.71 21.56 14.30 7.13 937.28

Level Assessment (%) ** 22.49 5.83 5.62 2.82 2.56 1.22 1.08 1.07 1.06 0.70 0.35 46.14

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

22.49 28.33 33.95 36.77 39.33 40.55 41.63 42.69 43.76 44.46 44.81 46.14

105.9% 98.5% 6.0% 59.9% 55.3% 105.2% 113.4% 97.0% -42.6% 133.3% -16.3% 60.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Indonesia / Indonésie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

300

300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

200 150 100

200 150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 280

100%

260 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

240 220 200 180 160 140 120

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

90

160

80

140

70

120

60 TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

100

100

50 40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.255

Indonesia / Indonésie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

134.63 138.46

190.66 209.29

209.60 219.74

227.94 233.33

226.20 231.22

246.83 246.58

269.33 272.18

100.0% 96.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 886 92.82 138.43 381.13 178.23

5 153 123.07 202.13 556.56 193.98

5 329 127.28 217.58 599.09 197.16

5 523 131.91 227.81 627.24 200.39

5 496 131.27 197.90 544.89 203.68

5 722 136.67 199.58 549.51 207.02

6 095 145.57 209.10 575.73 210.42

56.8% 56.8% 51.1% 51.1% 18.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

34.65 0.97 0.35 0.76

37.00 0.94 0.34 0.98

39.33 0.96 0.35 1.06

41.27 1.00 0.36 1.14

41.16 1.14 0.42 1.11

43.14 1.24 0.45 1.19

44.19 1.29 0.47 1.28

27.5% 33.0% 34.3% 68.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

57.95 33.25 13.43 11.27 10.05 53.06 - 2.42 - 2.48 -

Oil 152.57 11.55 1.83 7.14 29.33 61.46 56.04 41.27 34.31 157.20 10.17 - 5.54 1.17 1.87

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

58.80 11.80 3.25 29.42 13.19 0.47 0.47 0.67 0.67 61.92 4.22 - 1.10 -

-

269.33 56.60 5.07 36.56 55.95 61.93 56.51 53.21 45.03 272.18 11.97 - 9.12 1.17 1.87

100.0% 137.5% 579.7% 56.4% 82.3% 99.8% 97.5% 112.9% 113.8% 96.6% -30.7% -34.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

56.04 34.31 33.25 29.42 29.33 13.43 13.19 11.80 11.55 10.05 7.14 269.33

Level Assessment (%) ** 7.19 4.40 4.27 3.77 3.76 1.72 1.69 1.51 1.48 1.29 0.92 34.55

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

7.19 11.59 15.85 19.63 23.39 25.11 26.81 28.32 29.80 31.09 32.01 34.55

95.9% 69.2% 204.6% 71.2% 71.2% 203.2% 44.5% 1407.4% -4.8% 3165.0% 15.2% 100.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Republic Islamic of Iran / République islamique d'Iran Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

350

350

300

300 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 310

100%

290 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

270 250 230 210 190 170 150

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

140

160

120

140

100 TWh

120 80

100

60

80 60

40

40 20 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Republic Islamic of Iran / République islamique d'Iran Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

158.98 180.78

223.60 244.06

241.48 254.16

254.41 246.74

259.66 256.24

271.25 263.24

292.08 286.03

83.7% 58.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 814 67.20 70.25 237.12 54.40

3 918 93.59 87.38 294.98 58.95

4 104 98.02 92.21 311.25 59.88

4 058 96.93 95.33 321.81 60.88

4 233 101.12 97.24 328.24 61.85

4 339 103.63 99.64 336.33 62.76

4 720 112.73 104.99 354.39 63.66

67.7% 67.8% 49.5% 49.5% 17.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.50 2.26 0.67 2.92

57.07 2.56 0.76 3.79

58.84 2.62 0.78 4.03

62.69 2.67 0.79 4.18

61.34 2.67 0.79 4.20

62.52 2.72 0.81 4.32

61.89 2.78 0.82 4.59

9.5% 23.0% 22.4% 57.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4.47 4.47 4.79 0.32 -

Oil 164.25 22.31 1.64 7.33 27.17 71.87 71.87 33.93 13.34 156.76 1.56 - 9.05 1.98 0.72

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

123.36 45.23 1.90 4.01 31.39 40.83 36.17 124.49 5.79 - 4.66 -

-

292.08 67.54 3.54 11.34 63.03 71.87 71.87 74.76 49.51 286.03 7.66 - 13.71 1.98 0.72

83.7% 106.4% 23.3% 111.4% 44.2% 85.4% 85.4% 110.3% 216.3% 58.2% 27.0% 10.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

71.87 45.23 36.17 31.39 27.17 22.31 20.59 13.34 7.33 4.66 4.47 292.08

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.05 10.10 8.07 7.01 6.06 4.98 4.60 2.98 1.64 1.04 1.00 65.21

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.05 26.14 34.22 41.23 47.29 52.27 56.87 59.85 61.48 62.52 63.52 65.21

85.4% 188.7% 493.1% 99.4% 5.7% 30.9% 3.5% 39.6% 73.5% 0.0% 96.6% 83.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Iraq / Irak Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

90

90

80

80

70

70

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

60 50 40 30 20

60 50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 89

100%

84 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

79 74 69 64 59 54 49 44

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 350

40 35

300

30 250 TWh

25 200 20 150

15 10

100

5

50

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.259

Iraq / Irak Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

57.02 54.89

69.10 79.17

68.24 79.87

69.41 80.15

71.46 82.73

70.79 81.19

77.20 77.51

35.4% 41.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

873 20.84 116.43 46.11 18.08

1 170 27.94 44.56 17.65 20.78

1 179 28.16 45.50 18.02 21.31

1 188 28.38 56.87 22.52 21.85

1 227 29.31 65.40 25.90 22.33

1 208 28.85 71.94 28.49 22.80

1 159 27.68 81.29 32.19 23.26

32.8% 32.8% -30.2% -30.2% 28.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

65.35 0.49 1.24 3.15

59.08 1.55 3.92 3.33

57.89 1.50 3.79 3.20

58.41 1.22 3.08 3.18

58.24 1.09 2.76 3.20

58.61 0.98 2.48 3.11

66.62 0.95 2.40 3.32

1.9% 93.9% 93.5% 5.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

67.52 18.41 5.38 8.27 28.76 28.76 6.70 6.70 67.84 0.75 - 0.43 .. 1.44

9.68 9.68 9.68 -

-

77.20 18.41 5.38 17.95 28.76 28.76 6.70 6.70 77.51 0.75 - 0.43 .. 1.44

35.4% 67.0% 0.0% 36.5% 31.7% 22.2% 22.2% 37.2% 37.2% 41.2% -100.0% -50.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 28.76 18.41 9.68 8.27 6.70 5.38 77.20

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.01 17.29 9.09 7.77 6.29 5.06 72.51

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.01 44.30 53.39 61.16 67.46 72.51 72.51

22.2% 67.0% 21.8% 45.5% 37.2% 36.5% 35.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Ireland / Irlande Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

45

45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 43

100%

41 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

39 37 35 33 31 29

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

25

140

20

120 100

TWh

15

80 10

60 40

5

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Ireland / Irlande Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.26 32.17

32.67 33.67

34.32 35.18

35.76 36.43

37.99 38.43

39.76 39.78

41.20 41.51

36.2% 29.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

438 10.46 52.88 51.97 3.51

475 11.35 66.54 65.39 3.60

499 11.93 71.70 70.46 3.63

525 12.53 79.46 78.09 3.66

555 13.26 86.30 84.81 3.71

583 13.94 95.67 94.02 3.75

612 14.62 106.63 104.79 3.79

39.8% 39.8% 101.6% 101.6% 8.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

69.07 0.57 0.58 8.63

68.73 0.49 0.50 9.07

68.73 0.48 0.49 9.47

68.17 0.45 0.46 9.77

68.43 0.44 0.45 10.25

68.15 0.42 0.42 10.62

67.29 0.39 0.39 10.88

-2.6% -32.5% -32.5% 26.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

10.63 8.23 0.11 0.02 0.20 2.07 2.05 10.72 0.09 0.00 -

22.90 3.22 0.03 0.32 3.00 10.23 9.58 6.09 2.78 23.06 - 0.03 0.20 0.47 1.67

7.68 4.06 0.20 1.71 1.71 1.02 7.73 0.06 0.00 -

-

41.20 15.51 0.34 0.35 4.90 10.23 9.58 9.86 5.85 41.51 0.12 0.20 0.47 1.67

36.2% 47.7% 77.4% 52.2% 2.0% 104.9% 105.8% 3.5% -10.4% 29.1% 740.0% 56.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Residential - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 9.58 8.23 4.06 3.31 3.22 3.00 2.78 2.05 1.71 1.02 0.68 41.20

Level Assessment (%) ** 14.45 12.41 6.13 5.00 4.86 4.53 4.20 3.09 2.57 1.54 1.03 62.16

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

14.45 26.87 33.00 37.99 42.85 47.38 51.57 54.67 57.24 58.78 59.82 62.16

105.8% 9.4% 112.1% 25.9% 202.0% 34.4% 137.2% -59.7% 13.1% 274.1% 212.1% 36.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Israel / Israël Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 68

100%

63 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

58 53 48 43 38 33

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

50 45

140

40

120

35 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

30

100

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.263

Israel / Israël Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

33.58 35.32

47.08 49.24

49.42 50.88

52.38 54.97

53.60 54.32

54.99 53.94

62.39 59.43

85.8% 68.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

507 12.11 64.21 69.40 4.66

696 16.62 88.24 95.35 5.55

714 17.05 92.69 100.17 5.69

763 18.21 95.67 103.40 5.84

780 18.63 98.19 106.11 5.96

769 18.36 100.36 108.45 6.11

846 20.20 106.38 114.97 6.23

66.8% 66.8% 65.7% 65.7% 33.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

66.22 0.52 0.48 7.21

67.67 0.53 0.49 8.49

69.22 0.53 0.49 8.68

68.69 0.55 0.51 8.98

68.74 0.55 0.51 8.99

71.55 0.55 0.51 9.01

73.77 0.59 0.54 10.01

11.4% 13.5% 12.5% 38.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

25.10 24.95 0.08 0.08 25.90 0.80 -

37.27 9.01 0.32 2.76 5.19 11.04 11.04 8.94 2.33 33.51 2.31 - 6.08 0.58 2.34

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -

-

62.39 33.97 0.40 2.76 5.28 11.04 11.04 8.94 2.33 59.43 2.31 - 5.27 0.58 2.34

85.8% 101.5% -12.4% 25.8% 22.8% 70.4% 71.8% 171.4% 66.5% 68.2% 53.3% 50.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 24.95 11.04 9.01 6.61 5.19 2.76 2.33 0.32 0.08 0.08 0.01 62.39

Level Assessment (%) ** 35.09 15.52 12.68 9.30 7.30 3.88 3.28 0.45 0.11 0.11 0.01 87.74

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

35.09 50.61 63.29 72.59 79.90 83.78 87.06 87.51 87.62 87.72 87.73 87.74

169.3% 71.8% 18.7% 248.8% 23.4% 25.8% 66.6% -29.1% 0.0% 69.6% -83.4% 85.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Italy / Italie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

450

450

400

400

350

350

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

300 250 200 150 100

300 250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 440

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

430 420 410 400 390 380

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

300

120

250

100

200 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

80 150 60 100 40 50 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.265

Italy / Italie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

400.07 397.30

412.91 412.20

409.38 406.59

413.67 411.10

424.24 420.62

423.11 421.12

425.73 427.20

6.4% 7.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

6 348 151.63 1 030.05 1 082.29 56.72

6 691 159.82 1 097.21 1 152.85 57.30

6 668 159.26 1 109.20 1 165.45 57.40

6 764 161.54 1 131.68 1 189.07 57.51

6 951 166.01 1 152.17 1 210.60 57.59

7 076 169.02 1 170.75 1 230.12 57.65

7 183 171.57 1 204.87 1 265.97 57.73

13.1% 13.2% 17.0% 17.0% 1.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

63.02 0.39 0.37 7.05

61.71 0.38 0.36 7.21

61.40 0.37 0.35 7.13

61.16 0.37 0.35 7.19

61.04 0.37 0.35 7.37

59.79 0.36 0.34 7.34

59.27 0.35 0.34 7.38

-6.0% -9.0% -9.2% 4.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers ** Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

44.47 32.29 .. 2.09 9.20 0.89 0.30 48.10 4.14 - 0.52 -

Oil 246.68 60.62 .. 14.89 30.08 112.21 109.91 28.87 19.92 243.88 - 3.19 0.39 8.56 10.73

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

133.98 43.67 .. 0.91 40.37 0.76 0.76 48.27 47.99 134.62 0.64 - 0.00 -

0.60 0.32 .. 0.28 0.60 - 0.00 -

425.73 136.90 .. 17.90 79.94 112.97 110.68 78.03 68.21 427.20 1.59 - 0.12 8.56 10.73

6.4% 28.2% .. -9.9% -6.7% 17.0% 18.9% 3.1% 3.2% 7.5% 1.5% 64.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** Emissions from autoproducers in 2000 have been included with public electricty and heat production.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

109.91 60.62 47.99 43.67 40.37 32.29 30.08 19.92 14.89 9.20 8.95 425.73

Level Assessment (%) *** 20.01 11.04 8.74 7.95 7.35 5.88 5.48 3.63 2.71 1.67 1.63 77.51

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.01 31.05 39.79 47.74 55.09 60.97 66.44 70.07 72.78 74.46 76.09 77.51

18.7% -4.5% 32.3% 171.7% 22.6% 18.5% -19.1% -31.3% 3.0% -38.6% -6.0% 6.4%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Jamaica / Jamaïque Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

12

12

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

8 6 4

8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11 10 9 8 7 6

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

7

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

6

140

5

120 100

4

80 3 60 2

40

1 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Jamaica / Jamaïque Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

7.18 7.11

8.35 8.45

8.70 8.95

8.89 8.91

9.38 9.46

9.65 9.54

9.76 10.06

36.1% 41.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

123 2.94 4.26 8.22 2.40

142 3.39 4.85 9.37 2.52

148 3.55 4.79 9.25 2.54

149 3.55 4.71 9.08 2.55

154 3.68 4.69 9.04 2.58

155 3.71 4.66 9.00 2.59

164 3.92 4.70 9.07 2.63

33.2% 33.3% 10.3% 10.3% 9.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.23 1.68 0.87 2.98

58.89 1.72 0.89 3.31

58.61 1.82 0.94 3.43

59.85 1.89 0.98 3.48

60.85 2.00 1.04 3.64

62.09 2.07 1.07 3.73

59.48 2.08 1.08 3.71

2.1% 23.8% 24.1% 24.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.16 0.16 0.16 -

9.60 1.96 3.48 0.01 0.39 1.92 1.51 1.84 0.29 9.90 0.27 0.03 0.09 0.50

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

9.76 1.96 3.48 0.01 0.55 1.92 1.51 1.84 0.29 10.06 0.27 0.03 0.09 0.50

36.1% 5.3% 0.0% -93.3% -5.5% 78.5% 108.5% -47.8% 33.2% 41.5% 0.0% 15.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Road - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 3.48 1.96 1.55 1.51 0.41 0.39 0.29 0.16 0.01 9.76

Level Assessment (%) ** 24.52 13.78 10.90 10.64 2.88 2.73 2.02 1.16 0.07 68.70

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

24.52 38.31 49.21 59.85 62.73 65.46 67.48 68.64 68.70 68.70

0.0% 5.3% -53.1% 108.5% 16.6% -16.7% 33.2% 38.5% -93.3% 36.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Japan / Japon Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1400

1400

1200

1200 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1000 800 600 400

1000 800 600 400 200

200 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1200 1180 1160 1140 1120 1100 1080 1060 1040 1020 1000 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

1200

160

1000

140

TWh

800

120 100

600

80 400

60 40

200

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Japan / Japon Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1 018.72 1 048.52

1 099.86 1 133.90

1 126.89 1 161.87

1 120.88 1 160.64

1 101.46 1 134.68

1 127.72 1 158.52

1 154.84 1 184.34

13.4% 13.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

18 374 438.85 4 935.97 2 731.97 123.54

20 842 497.81 5 291.75 2 928.88 125.57

21 399 511.12 5 475.36 3 030.51 125.86

21 682 517.86 5 573.94 3 085.07 126.17

21 399 511.10 5 512.64 3 051.14 126.49

21 585 515.55 5 549.53 3 071.56 126.69

21 969 524.71 5 680.57 3 144.09 126.92

19.6% 19.6% 15.1% 15.1% 2.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

55.45 0.21 0.37 8.25

52.77 0.21 0.38 8.76

52.66 0.21 0.37 8.95

51.70 0.20 0.36 8.88

51.47 0.20 0.36 8.71

52.25 0.20 0.37 8.90

52.57 0.20 0.37 9.10

-5.2% -1.5% -1.6% 10.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

352.01 165.02 49.88 18.70 110.55 7.84 2.48 354.63 18.48 - 15.86 -

Oil 650.28 57.52 37.71 32.11 137.43 253.12 223.69 132.38 54.09 678.23 21.17 6.78 15.91 20.05

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

152.51 103.36 0.90 20.09 28.15 17.33 151.43 - 1.08 -

0.05 0.05 0.05 -

1 154.84 325.96 87.59 51.72 268.07 253.12 223.69 168.38 73.90 1 184.34 39.65 - 10.15 15.91 20.05

13.4% 9.6% 52.2% 3.7% 3.6% 25.7% 24.5% 9.5% 17.7% 13.0% -2.5% 50.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil 223.69 Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal 165.02 Manufacturing Industries - Oil 137.43 Manufacturing Industries - Coal 110.55 Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas 103.36 Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil 78.29 Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil 57.52 Residential - Oil 54.09 Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal 49.88 Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil 37.71 Other Energy Industries - Oil 32.11 Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion 1 154.84

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.23 11.97 9.97 8.02 7.50 5.68 4.17 3.92 3.62 2.74 2.33 83.80

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.23 28.21 38.18 46.20 53.70 59.38 63.56 67.48 71.10 73.84 76.17 83.80

24.5% 72.2% -3.8% 3.3% 38.9% -2.9% -54.7% 16.6% 54.4% 49.4% 12.2% 13.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Jordan / Jordanie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

16

16

14

14 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 15

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

14 13 12 11 10 9

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

8 7

100

TWh

6 5

80

4

60

3 40 2 20

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.271

Jordan / Jordanie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

9.20 9.35

12.12 12.39

12.59 12.71

13.12 12.98

13.61 13.41

13.63 13.38

14.30 14.22

55.4% 52.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

146 3.50 4.82 11.52 3.17

191 4.56 6.81 16.28 4.20

198 4.72 6.96 16.63 4.33

200 4.79 7.17 17.14 4.46

205 4.89 7.38 17.64 4.60

204 4.87 7.60 18.18 4.74

217 5.19 7.90 18.88 4.89

48.2% 48.3% 63.9% 63.9% 54.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

62.80 1.91 0.80 2.90

63.55 1.78 0.74 2.89

63.72 1.81 0.76 2.91

65.44 1.83 0.77 2.94

66.49 1.84 0.77 2.96

66.83 1.79 0.75 2.88

65.85 1.81 0.76 2.93

4.9% -5.2% -5.0% 1.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

13.80 4.33 0.40 0.68 2.15 3.53 3.52 2.71 1.85 13.72 0.11 - 0.18 0.13 0.76

0.50 0.50 0.50 -

-

14.30 4.82 0.40 0.68 2.15 3.53 3.52 2.71 1.85 14.22 0.11 - 0.18 0.13 0.76

55.4% 81.2% 31.6% 16.0% 64.3% 33.0% 32.5% 61.0% 85.9% 52.1% .. 8.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.33 3.52 2.15 1.85 0.86 0.68 0.50 0.40 0.01 14.30

Level Assessment (%) ** 20.68 16.82 10.27 8.85 4.13 3.24 2.38 1.91 0.06 68.34

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.68 37.50 47.77 56.62 60.75 63.98 66.36 68.28 68.34 68.34

78.5% 32.5% 64.3% 85.9% 25.0% 16.0% 109.8% 31.6% 0.0% 55.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Kazakhstan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 300

200 150 100

200 150 100 50

50

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

270 250

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

230 210 190 170 150 130 110

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

90 80

100

70

TWh

60

80

50 60

40 30

40

20 20

10 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.273

Kazakhstan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

165.69 166.96

144.84 145.39

125.47 127.38

123.39 125.53

113.99 114.70

122.78 123.10

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 32.45 163.21 16.27

2 164 51.69 19.93 68.44 15.78

1 875 44.80 20.03 68.79 15.58

1 652 39.47 20.37 69.95 15.33

1 627 38.86 19.98 68.62 15.07

1 496 35.73 20.52 70.48 14.93

1 636 39.06 22.49 77.24 14.87

.. .. -30.7% -52.7% -8.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

76.56 8.32 2.42 10.50

77.23 7.23 2.11 9.30

75.93 6.16 1.79 8.18

75.83 6.18 1.80 8.19

76.20 5.56 1.62 7.64

75.07 5.46 1.59 8.26

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

81.39 50.24 31.14 0.02 0.02 82.14 0.75 -

19.94 1.73 0.76 6.93 6.73 5.05 3.78 19.40 - 0.54 1.09

21.45 6.48 3.47 0.99 10.51 21.56 0.11 -

-

122.78 58.44 4.23 39.06 6.73 5.05 14.31 0.02 123.10 0.32 1.09

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

50.24 31.14 10.51 6.93 6.48 5.05 3.78 3.47 1.73 1.68 0.99 122.78

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.04 16.76 5.66 3.73 3.49 2.72 2.04 1.87 0.93 0.90 0.53 66.08

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.04 43.79 49.45 53.18 56.67 59.39 61.42 63.29 64.22 65.13 65.66 66.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Kenya Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

10

10

9

9

8

8

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1990

2000

1992

1992

1996

2000

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

4.5

160

4

140

3.5

120

3 TWh

1988

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

5

100

2.5 2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1972

1984

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Kenya Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

6.34 6.53

7.25 6.34

7.70 5.95

7.57 7.17

8.03 8.56

8.53 8.69

9.32 9.62

47.0% 47.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

522 12.48 8.36 25.09 23.35

560 13.36 9.05 27.15 26.69

562 13.43 9.42 28.28 27.36

586 14.00 9.62 28.86 28.04

618 14.77 9.77 29.33 28.73

626 14.96 9.90 29.71 29.42

648 15.48 9.88 29.64 30.09

24.1% 24.0% 18.1% 18.1% 28.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

12.13 0.76 0.25 0.27

12.96 0.80 0.27 0.27

13.70 0.82 0.27 0.28

12.91 0.79 0.26 0.27

12.98 0.82 0.27 0.28

13.61 0.86 0.29 0.29

14.37 0.94 0.31 0.31

18.5% 23.7% 24.0% 14.8%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers ** Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.16 .. 0.16 0.16 -

9.16 2.42 .. 0.58 0.77 3.97 2.52 1.41 1.12 9.47 - 0.04 0.35 0.26 ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

.. -

.. -

9.32 2.42 .. 0.58 0.93 3.97 2.52 1.41 1.12 9.62 - 0.04 0.35 0.26 ..

47.0% 2260.1% -100.0% 107.3% -34.6% 13.6% -0.5% 44.8% 97.6% 47.4% -52.4% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** Emissions from autoproducers in 2000 have been included with public electricty and heat production.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Transport - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.52 2.42 1.46 1.12 0.77 0.58 0.29 0.16 9.32

Level Assessment (%) *** 4.40 4.24 2.54 1.96 1.35 1.01 0.51 0.28 16.29

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

4.40 8.64 11.18 13.14 14.49 15.50 16.01 16.29 16.29

-0.5% 2260.1% 50.7% 97.6% -27.2% 107.3% -28.7% -56.3% 47.0%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Dem. People's Rep. of Korea / Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

250

250

200

200

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

150 100

150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

210 205 200 195 190 185 180 175 170 165 160 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

60

180

50

160 140

40 TWh

1984

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

120 30

100 80

20

60 40

10

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Dem. People's Rep. of Korea / Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

198.55 200.24

182.17 180.71

178.14 176.18

175.93 173.97

166.49 164.62

168.00 166.03

167.32 165.33

-15.7% -17.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 379 56.82 11.92 .. 19.96

2 108 50.34 9.36 .. 21.37

2 055 49.07 9.01 .. 21.63

2 027 48.40 8.40 .. 21.85

1 920 45.86 8.31 .. 22.03

1 937 46.25 8.31 .. 22.17

1 931 46.11 8.31 .. 22.27

-18.9% -18.8% -30.3% .. 11.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

83.46 16.66 .. 9.95

86.43 19.46 .. 8.52

86.71 19.76 .. 8.24

86.81 20.94 .. 8.05

86.71 20.04 .. 7.56

86.75 20.22 .. 7.58

86.67 20.14 .. 7.51

3.8% 20.9% .. -24.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

154.51 12.36 108.07 34.08 154.56 0.05 -

12.81 0.18 0.32 2.37 9.23 9.23 0.71 0.71 10.77 - 0.05 - 1.99 ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

167.32 12.54 0.32 110.44 9.23 9.23 34.79 0.71 165.33 - 0.00 - 1.99 ..

-15.7% -40.2% -10.3% -18.7% -9.6% -9.6% 11.4% -18.8% -17.4% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

108.07 34.08 12.36 9.23 2.37 0.71 0.32 0.18 167.32

Level Assessment (%) ** 54.22 17.10 6.20 4.63 1.19 0.36 0.16 0.09 83.94

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

54.22 71.31 77.51 82.14 83.33 83.69 83.85 83.94 83.94

-18.8% 12.3% -37.2% -9.6% -10.2% -18.8% -10.3% -86.3% -15.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Korea / Corée Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

500

500

450

450

400

400

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 470

80%

420

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

370 320 270 220

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

350

180

300

160

TWh

250

140 120

200

100 150

80 60

100

40

50

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Korea / Corée Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

226.17 236.75

370.18 370.06

395.52 404.06

421.52 431.75

367.41 377.83

402.87 413.16

433.57 444.48

91.7% 87.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 876 92.58 341.55 360.61 42.87

6 306 150.63 489.26 516.56 45.09

6 900 164.80 522.28 551.43 45.55

7 474 178.51 548.45 579.06 45.99

6 907 164.98 511.77 540.33 46.43

7 588 181.23 567.52 599.19 46.86

8 107 193.63 617.51 651.97 47.28

109.1% 109.1% 80.8% 80.8% 10.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.35 0.66 0.63 5.28

58.70 0.76 0.72 8.21

57.32 0.76 0.72 8.68

56.40 0.77 0.73 9.17

53.19 0.72 0.68 7.91

53.10 0.71 0.67 8.60

53.48 0.70 0.67 9.17

-8.3% 6.0% 6.1% 73.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

169.04 92.21 25.93 20.64 28.06 2.20 2.20 160.58 - 3.16 - 5.31 -

Oil 223.83 18.99 14.44 49.56 87.88 65.87 52.96 11.76 242.28 5.63 12.82 19.27 1.70

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

38.78 13.06 6.19 19.54 15.71 39.71 0.90 0.03 -

1.91 0.21 1.71 1.91 -

433.57 124.46 27.64 35.09 83.80 87.88 65.87 74.70 29.67 444.48 3.38 7.54 19.27 1.70

91.7% 270.3% 35.7% 212.3% 74.8% 102.1% 106.4% 7.4% -26.6% 87.7% 283.0% 101.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

92.21 65.87 49.56 41.20 28.06 25.93 22.01 20.64 18.99 15.71 14.44 433.57

Level Assessment (%) ** 17.32 12.37 9.31 7.74 5.27 4.87 4.13 3.88 3.57 2.95 2.71 81.45

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

17.32 29.70 39.01 46.75 52.02 56.89 61.02 64.90 68.47 71.42 74.13 81.45

507.6% 106.4% 34.0% 43.4% 160.6% 27.3% 90.4% 227.4% 38.9% 1347.5% 192.9% 91.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Kuwait / Koweit Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 73

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

63 53 43 33 23 13

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 400

35

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

30

350

25

300 250

20

200 15 150 10

100

5 0 1972

50 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Kuwait / Koweit Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.98 20.94

51.72 32.65

55.06 35.91

58.68 34.15

66.56 37.55

61.39 46.47

62.55 57.52

213.1% 174.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

352 8.41 15.80 17.27 2.13

542 12.93 26.56 29.02 1.59

590 14.08 25.68 28.06 1.70

568 13.56 25.93 28.34 1.81

611 14.59 26.89 29.38 1.87

724 17.28 26.43 28.88 1.92

875 20.89 26.88 29.37 1.98

148.3% 148.4% 70.1% 70.1% -6.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.72 1.26 1.16 9.40

95.50 1.95 1.78 32.63

93.38 2.14 1.96 32.44

103.39 2.26 2.07 32.44

108.94 2.48 2.27 35.67

84.83 2.32 2.13 31.91

71.50 2.33 2.13 31.53

26.1% 84.9% 83.6% 235.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

43.98 17.66 14.06 3.79 5.51 5.51 2.97 2.97 38.96 2.58 - 7.61 1.43 1.09

18.56 4.10 10.98 3.48 18.56 0.00 -

-

62.55 21.76 14.06 14.77 5.51 5.51 6.45 2.97 57.52 2.58 - 7.61 1.43 1.09

213.1% 293.9% 0.0% 1636.2% 99.4% 110.0% 110.0% 78.5% 113.1% 174.7% 156.1% 113.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 17.66 14.06 10.98 5.51 4.10 3.79 3.48 2.97 62.55

Level Assessment (%) ** 23.85 18.99 14.84 7.44 5.54 5.12 4.71 4.01 84.49

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

23.85 42.84 57.68 65.12 70.65 75.78 80.48 84.49 84.49

1301.0% 1636.2% 105.2% 110.0% -3.8% 84.1% 56.9% 113.1% 213.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Kyrgyzstan / Kirghizistan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 16

14

14 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 16

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

16 14

100

TWh

12 10

80

8

60

6 40 4 20

2 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.283

Kyrgyzstan / Kirghizistan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

4.64 4.64

5.72 5.72

5.52 5.54

5.86 5.88

4.71 4.73

4.59 4.60

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 6.56 18.71 4.40

103 2.46 3.33 9.18 4.51

119 2.84 3.56 9.83 4.58

110 2.64 3.91 10.80 4.68

118 2.81 4.00 11.03 4.80

103 2.46 4.14 11.43 4.87

102 2.44 4.35 12.01 4.92

.. .. -33.7% -35.8% 11.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

45.12 1.40 0.51 1.03

48.17 1.61 0.58 1.25

49.94 1.41 0.51 1.18

49.74 1.47 0.53 1.22

45.83 1.14 0.41 0.97

44.82 1.05 0.38 0.93

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1.92 0.96 0.96 1.92 -

1.33 0.01 0.61 0.49 0.71 1.34 0.02 ..

1.34 0.96 0.38 1.34 -

-

4.59 1.92 0.97 0.61 0.49 1.09 4.60 0.02 ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.71 0.49 0.38 0.12 0.01 4.59

Level Assessment (%) ** 7.93 7.90 7.87 5.82 4.05 3.14 0.99 0.08 37.79

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

7.93 15.84 23.71 29.52 33.57 36.71 37.70 37.79 37.79

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Latvia / Lettonie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 16

14

14 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 16

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1992

1993

1994

1995

Coal

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

7 6

100

5 TWh

80 4 60

3

40

2

20

1 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.285

Latvia / Lettonie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

9.15 9.49

9.05 9.12

8.55 8.28

7.86 7.83

7.26 6.84

6.54 6.49

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 9.89 25.11 2.67

167 3.99 4.90 12.47 2.52

174 4.16 5.07 12.88 2.49

185 4.41 5.51 13.99 2.47

179 4.27 5.72 14.54 2.45

161 3.84 5.78 14.69 2.41

153 3.65 6.16 15.66 2.37

.. .. -37.7% -37.6% -11.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

54.72 1.86 0.73 3.63

51.97 1.79 0.70 3.63

46.25 1.55 0.61 3.46

43.96 1.37 0.54 3.21

45.17 1.26 0.49 3.01

42.76 1.06 0.42 2.76

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.53 0.26 0.03 0.06 0.18 0.05 0.48 0.01 - 0.06 -

3.51 0.59 0.08 0.48 2.01 1.74 0.34 0.08 3.46 0.01 - 0.06 .. 0.08

2.51 1.59 0.15 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.15 2.55 0.04 0.01 -

-

6.54 2.45 0.26 1.03 2.01 1.75 0.80 0.27 6.49 0.06 - 0.11 .. 0.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.74 1.59 0.59 0.48 0.48 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.15 0.15 0.13 6.54

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.48 15.03 5.60 4.58 4.56 2.50 2.50 2.48 1.42 1.40 1.24 61.82

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.48 31.51 37.11 41.69 46.24 48.75 51.24 53.73 55.14 56.55 57.79 61.82

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Lebanon / Liban Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

18

18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 18

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

16 14 12 10 8 6

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

9 8

200

7

TWh

6 150

5 4

100

3 2

50

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Lebanon / Liban Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

6.39 6.40

12.57 12.57

13.67 13.67

15.58 15.58

15.39 15.39

15.59 15.59

14.17 14.17

121.9% 121.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

97 2.31 6.26 8.85 3.64

190 4.54 11.12 15.72 4.01

202 4.83 11.56 16.35 4.08

228 5.45 12.03 17.00 4.15

226 5.40 12.39 17.51 4.21

229 5.47 12.51 17.69 4.27

212 5.06 12.51 17.69 4.33

119.0% 119.0% 100.0% 99.9% 19.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

66.04 1.02 0.72 1.76

66.06 1.13 0.80 3.14

67.59 1.18 0.84 3.35

68.24 1.30 0.92 3.76

68.11 1.24 0.88 3.66

68.10 1.25 0.88 3.65

66.92 1.13 0.80 3.27

1.3% 10.8% 11.1% 85.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.51 0.51 0.51 -

13.66 5.75 2.15 3.94 3.94 1.82 1.82 13.66 - 0.00 0.03 0.40

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

14.17 5.75 2.66 3.94 3.94 1.82 1.82 14.17 - 0.00 0.03 0.40

121.9% 108.8% 0.0% -100.0% 723.9% 113.5% 113.5% 25.7% 25.7% 121.3% 0.0% 108.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 5.75 3.94 2.15 1.82 0.51 14.17

Level Assessment (%) ** 24.15 16.55 9.04 7.66 2.16 59.55

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

24.15 40.70 49.73 57.39 59.55 59.55

108.8% 113.5% 565.2% 25.7% 0.0% 121.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Libya / Libye Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

45

45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 44

100%

42 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

25

180 20

160 140

15 TWh

120 100

10

80 60

5

40 20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.289

Libya / Libye Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

26.52 27.12

34.62 40.62

35.54 42.79

38.44 42.75

37.43 37.72

36.56 40.00

38.85 40.78

46.5% 50.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

483 11.54 37.00 30.45 4.31

625 14.92 29.72 24.46 4.76

570 13.61 30.16 24.83 4.85

666 15.90 30.29 24.93 4.95

592 14.13 30.47 25.07 5.06

548 13.08 32.11 26.43 5.17

688 16.44 34.20 28.15 5.29

42.4% 42.5% -7.6% -7.6% 22.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

54.88 0.72 0.87 6.15

55.42 1.17 1.42 7.28

62.38 1.18 1.43 7.33

57.75 1.27 1.54 7.76

63.27 1.23 1.49 7.40

66.78 1.14 1.38 7.07

56.45 1.14 1.38 7.34

2.9% 58.3% 58.6% 19.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

30.28 13.11 2.33 2.24 10.31 10.30 2.31 2.31 32.21 6.21 - 4.28 0.28 1.69

8.56 5.80 2.76 8.56 -

-

38.85 13.11 8.13 5.00 10.31 10.30 2.31 2.31 40.78 6.21 - 4.28 0.28 1.69

46.5% 65.5% 8.5% 35.6% 68.3% 68.3% 77.5% 77.5% 50.4% 12.5% 168.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 13.11 10.30 5.80 2.76 2.33 2.31 2.24 0.01 38.85

Level Assessment (%) ** 24.57 19.30 10.87 5.18 4.36 4.32 4.19 0.02 72.80

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

24.57 43.87 54.74 59.92 64.28 68.60 72.78 72.80 72.80

65.5% 68.3% 4.8% 4.8% 19.0% 77.5% 112.7% 50.0% 46.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Lithuania / Lituanie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 25

15 10 5

15 10 5 0

0 1992

1993

1994

1995

Coal

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 22

80%

20

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

not available

40% 20%

18 16 14 12 10

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

20 18

100

16 14

80

TWh

12 10

60

8 40

6 4

20

2 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.291

Lithuania / Lituanie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

14.34 14.66

14.98 15.33

14.33 14.86

15.12 15.51

12.86 13.00

11.22 11.29

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 11.11 35.73 3.72

357 8.53 6.45 20.57 3.72

382 9.13 6.75 21.54 3.71

370 8.85 7.24 23.11 3.71

389 9.28 7.61 24.29 3.70

330 7.87 7.31 23.34 3.70

298 7.12 7.60 24.25 3.70

.. .. -31.6% -32.1% -0.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

40.17 2.23 0.70 3.86

39.20 2.22 0.70 4.04

38.69 1.98 0.62 3.87

38.90 1.99 0.62 4.08

39.00 1.76 0.55 3.48

37.61 1.48 0.46 3.04

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.39 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.29 0.08 0.39 0.00 - 0.00 -

6.49 1.11 0.06 1.17 0.61 3.09 2.83 0.44 0.21 6.49 - 0.07 0.08 0.29 0.08

4.34 2.57 0.05 0.01 1.34 0.37 0.24 4.40 0.06 0.00 -

-

11.22 3.71 0.12 1.18 2.01 3.09 2.83 1.11 0.53 11.29 - 0.01 0.08 0.29 0.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.83 2.57 1.34 1.17 1.11 0.61 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.21 11.22

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.93 14.46 7.54 6.61 6.28 3.44 1.49 1.37 1.30 1.19 1.18 63.22

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.93 30.39 37.93 44.54 50.82 54.26 55.75 57.12 58.43 59.62 60.80 63.22

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Luxembourg Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

18

18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 13

100%

12 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 300

1.6 1.4

250

TWh

1.2 1

200

0.8

150

0.6 100 0.4 50

0.2 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Luxembourg Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

10.47 10.45

8.19 8.35

8.30 8.47

7.82 7.87

7.16 7.18

7.48 7.49

8.04 8.05

-23.1% -22.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

150 3.57 13.88 10.52 0.38

141 3.38 18.09 13.72 0.41

144 3.44 18.74 14.21 0.42

142 3.40 20.43 15.49 0.42

139 3.32 21.62 16.40 0.43

146 3.49 22.91 17.38 0.44

154 3.68 24.63 18.68 0.44

3.1% 3.1% 77.5% 77.5% 15.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

69.99 0.75 0.99 27.47

57.91 0.45 0.60 19.83

57.57 0.44 0.58 19.86

54.91 0.38 0.51 18.44

51.58 0.33 0.44 16.70

51.15 0.33 0.43 17.15

52.16 0.33 0.43 18.24

-25.5% -56.6% -56.6% -33.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.49 0.46 0.02 0.00 0.49 0.00 -

5.99 0.23 4.74 4.66 1.02 0.94 6.00 0.01 0.98

1.57 0.11 0.96 0.49 0.49 1.57 0.00 -

-

8.04 0.11 1.66 4.74 4.66 1.53 1.43 8.05 0.01 0.98

-23.1% 0.0% -92.9% -66.5% 78.9% 76.6% 17.0% 10.9% -22.9% 143.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Residential - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.66 0.96 0.94 0.49 0.46 0.23 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.02 0.00 8.04

Level Assessment (%) ** 50.73 10.48 10.22 5.34 5.05 2.54 1.20 0.85 0.81 0.20 0.04 87.48

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

50.73 61.22 71.43 76.78 81.83 84.38 85.58 86.43 87.24 87.44 87.48 87.48

76.6% 47.7% -0.2% 49.5% -86.5% -73.5% 389.9% 393.7% 894.7% 0.0% -84.0% -23.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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FYR of Macedonia / ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 12

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 12

8 6 4

8 6 4

2

2

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Coal

Oil

Gas

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

80%

11

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

not available

40% 20%

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

10 9 8 7 6

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1990

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

8 7

120

6 100 TWh

5 80

4

60

3 2

40

1

20

0

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1990

1992

1994

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1996

1998

2000

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.295

FYR of Macedonia / ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

9.15 9.58

8.81 9.16

9.99 10.24

8.91 9.22

9.62 9.77

8.80 8.91

8.41 8.57

-8.1% -10.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 5.65 10.35 1.90

116 2.77 4.45 8.32 1.97

131 3.12 4.50 8.41 1.98

119 2.84 4.57 8.53 2.00

122 2.92 4.72 8.82 2.02

117 2.79 4.92 9.20 2.02

115 2.75 5.14 9.60 2.03

.. .. -9.1% -7.2% 6.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. 1.62 0.88 4.81

76.02 1.98 1.06 4.48

76.43 2.22 1.19 5.04

74.84 1.95 1.04 4.46

78.57 2.04 1.09 4.77

75.31 1.79 0.96 4.36

72.93 1.64 0.88 4.14

.. 1.2% 0.0% -13.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

5.55 5.04 0.11 0.38 0.02 0.01 5.57 0.03 -

2.75 0.49 0.28 0.01 0.62 1.00 0.97 0.35 0.10 2.87 0.11 0.01 0.09

0.11 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.00 -

-

8.41 5.59 0.43 0.01 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.37 0.11 8.57 0.12 0.04 0.09

-8.1% 1.6% -9.3% 0.0% -41.8% 29.1% 29.5% -44.2% -73.7% -10.6% 460.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 5.04 0.97 0.62 0.49 0.38 0.28 0.25 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.04 8.41

Level Assessment (%) ** 42.97 8.27 5.30 4.17 3.21 2.42 2.16 0.93 0.83 0.50 0.34 71.71

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

42.97 51.24 56.54 60.71 63.91 66.34 68.49 69.43 70.26 70.75 71.09 71.71

-5.4% 29.5% -48.0% 183.9% -30.7% -5.8% 19.0% -37.8% -76.0% 0.0% 0.0% -8.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Malaysia / Malaisie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

120

120

100

100 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

80 60 40

80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 127

100%

117 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

107 97 87 77 67 57 47

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

80

180

70

160

60

140 TWh

50

120

40

100

30

80 60

20

40 10

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.297

Malaysia / Malaisie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

47.40 53.18

75.54 90.99

85.46 97.13

92.14 114.10

92.65 104.52

99.14 101.27

106.12 117.90

123.9% 121.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

940 22.46 56.50 96.53 18.20

1 602 38.25 88.83 151.77 20.61

1 657 39.58 97.72 166.95 21.13

1 921 45.89 104.87 179.18 21.67

1 825 43.59 97.16 165.98 22.18

1 786 42.65 103.06 176.08 22.71

2 071 49.47 111.62 190.69 23.27

120.3% 120.3% 97.6% 97.5% 27.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

50.42 0.84 0.49 2.60

47.17 0.85 0.50 3.67

51.57 0.87 0.51 4.04

47.96 0.88 0.51 4.25

50.77 0.95 0.56 4.18

55.52 0.96 0.56 4.37

51.23 0.95 0.56 4.56

1.6% 13.1% 14.3% 75.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

5.44 1.59 3.84 6.48 1.05 -

55.20 2.48 0.56 0.67 16.34 30.92 30.92 4.22 1.81 61.75 9.99 - 3.44 0.67 4.67

45.49 24.33 1.11 12.97 7.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 49.66 1.81 2.36 -

-

106.12 28.41 1.67 13.65 27.20 30.94 30.92 4.25 1.81 117.90 11.80 - 0.03 0.67 4.67

123.9% 107.8% 0.0% 427.5% 84.9% 116.4% 116.3% 99.1% -9.8% 121.7% 138.4% 141.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

30.92 24.33 16.34 12.97 7.02 3.84 2.48 2.41 1.81 1.59 1.11 106.12

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.92 9.38 6.30 5.00 2.70 1.48 0.96 0.93 0.70 0.61 0.43 40.90

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.92 21.29 27.59 32.59 35.29 36.78 37.73 38.66 39.36 39.97 40.40 40.90

116.3% 750.8% 49.7% 495.9% 288.4% 93.3% -74.1% 1844.3% -7.1% 28.8% 0.0% 123.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Malta / Malte Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3

3

2.5

2.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2 1.5 1

2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

2.5

120

2

100 1.5 TWh

80 60

1

40 0.5 20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Oil

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.299

Malta / Malte Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.30 2.30

2.23 2.10

2.33 2.21

2.48 2.48

2.36 2.15

2.42 2.37

2.28 2.14

-1.0% -6.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

32 0.77 2.49 3.73 0.36

33 0.78 3.25 4.87 0.38

35 0.83 3.38 5.07 0.38

39 0.93 3.54 5.31 0.38

33 0.78 3.66 5.50 0.39

37 0.88 3.81 5.71 0.39

34 0.81 3.99 5.98 0.39

5.2% 5.2% 60.4% 60.4% 8.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

70.93 0.92 0.62 6.39

68.49 0.69 0.46 5.91

67.32 0.69 0.46 6.14

63.69 0.70 0.47 6.47

71.71 0.64 0.43 6.12

65.92 0.63 0.42 6.22

66.78 0.57 0.38 5.84

-5.9% -38.0% -38.7% -8.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 2.28 1.66 0.49 0.49 0.12 0.08 2.14 - 0.14 0.13 0.38

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

2.28 1.66 0.49 0.49 0.12 0.08 2.14 - 0.14 0.13 0.38

-1.0% -4.9% -100.0% 8.3% 8.3% 29.8% -16.7% -6.9% 42.4% 70.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.66 0.49 0.08 0.04 2.28

Level Assessment (%) ** 68.08 20.11 3.21 1.79 93.19

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

68.08 88.19 91.40 93.19 93.19

60.9% 8.3% -16.7% 0.0% -1.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Mexico / Mexique Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

400

400

350

350 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

300 250 200 150 100

300 250 200 150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 380

100%

370 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

250

100

200

80

TWh

150

60 100 40 50 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.301

Mexico / Mexique Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

292.04 296.93

312.57 313.74

318.79 324.71

331.77 338.92

352.23 357.14

344.16 358.78

359.56 369.29

23.1% 24.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 193 124.03 265.26 575.79 81.75

5 556 132.71 286.17 621.18 90.90

5 728 136.81 300.91 653.19 92.45

5 925 141.51 321.29 697.42 93.99

6 195 147.95 337.45 732.50 95.52

6 276 149.91 350.12 760.01 97.43

6 427 153.51 374.36 812.61 97.22

23.8% 23.8% 41.1% 41.1% 18.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

56.24 1.10 0.51 3.57

56.25 1.09 0.50 3.44

55.66 1.06 0.49 3.45

56.00 1.03 0.48 3.53

56.86 1.04 0.48 3.69

54.83 0.98 0.45 3.53

55.94 0.96 0.44 3.70

-0.5% -12.8% -12.8% 3.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

27.05 17.24 3.57 0.12 6.12 28.29 0.22 1.02 -

Oil 255.90 74.96 23.84 27.93 100.28 98.59 28.89 18.38 263.75 1.66 6.18 4.17 8.08

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

76.61 18.60 6.67 27.59 22.11 0.01 0.01 1.63 1.63 77.24 0.63 -

-

359.56 110.80 10.25 51.55 56.15 100.30 98.60 30.52 20.00 369.29 1.89 7.84 4.17 8.08

23.1% 70.6% 0.0% 35.1% -24.4% 16.3% 17.1% 7.6% 4.1% 24.4% 105.0% 47.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

98.59 74.96 27.93 27.59 23.84 22.11 18.60 18.38 17.24 10.52 6.67 359.56

Level Assessment (%) ** 17.21 13.08 4.87 4.82 4.16 3.86 3.25 3.21 3.01 1.84 1.16 62.76

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

17.21 30.29 35.17 39.98 44.14 48.00 51.25 54.46 57.47 59.30 60.47 62.76

17.1% 45.1% -26.1% 113.5% -4.9% -24.4% 132.0% 6.1% 226.9% 14.8% 0.0% 23.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Republic of Moldova / République de Moldavie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 25

15 10 5

15 10 5 0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

22 20

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

18 16 14 12 10 8 6

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

TWh

12 10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.303

Republic of Moldova / République de Moldavie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

10.95 11.42

11.45 11.71

10.83 11.01

9.52 9.76

7.29 7.50

6.38 6.56

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 7.71 26.17 4.36

184 4.41 3.09 10.26 4.34

194 4.63 2.91 9.66 4.33

191 4.56 2.96 9.81 4.31

170 4.05 2.77 9.17 4.30

136 3.24 2.67 8.86 4.29

120 2.87 2.72 9.03 4.28

.. .. -64.7% -65.5% -1.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

59.39 3.54 1.07 2.52

59.03 3.94 1.19 2.65

56.71 3.66 1.10 2.51

56.13 3.44 1.04 2.22

53.81 2.73 0.82 1.70

53.11 2.35 0.71 1.49

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.34 0.21 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.34 - 0.00 -

1.27 0.14 0.04 0.41 0.37 0.68 0.45 1.28 0.02 0.06

4.78 3.47 0.43 0.10 0.02 0.77 0.45 4.94 0.16 - 0.00 -

-

6.38 3.82 0.50 0.51 0.40 1.56 0.92 6.56 0.17 - 0.00 0.06

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Other Transport - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 3.47 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.23 0.21 0.14 0.08 0.08 6.38

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.21 3.56 3.49 3.37 2.91 2.57 1.81 1.65 1.06 0.61 0.59 50.01

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.21 30.77 34.26 37.63 40.54 43.11 44.92 46.56 47.63 48.24 48.83 50.01

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Morocco / Maroc Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

35

35

30

30 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 32

100%

30 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

28 26 24 22 20 18

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

16 14

120

12 100 TWh

10 80 8 60

6 4

40

2

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.305

Morocco / Maroc Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.64 18.69

25.39 23.56

24.92 25.09

25.82 25.65

27.13 26.92

29.47 29.34

29.27 29.20

49.0% 56.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

282 6.73 31.51 77.53 24.04

348 8.31 32.99 81.17 26.39

370 8.84 37.02 91.08 26.85

381 9.11 36.19 89.05 27.31

397 9.49 38.97 95.89 27.78

435 10.39 38.98 95.92 28.24

431 10.29 39.32 96.76 28.71

53.0% 52.9% 24.8% 24.8% 19.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

69.75 0.62 0.25 0.82

73.02 0.77 0.31 0.96

67.34 0.67 0.27 0.93

67.69 0.71 0.29 0.95

68.30 0.70 0.28 0.98

67.77 0.76 0.31 1.04

67.92 0.74 0.30 1.02

-2.6% 19.4% 20.0% 24.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

9.05 7.00 2.05 10.11 1.06 -

20.13 2.31 1.64 0.41 2.68 1.76 1.24 11.33 3.37 19.00 - 1.18 0.05 0.04 0.90

0.09 0.09 0.09 -

-

29.27 9.31 1.64 0.41 4.82 1.76 1.24 11.33 3.37 29.20 - 1.18 1.11 0.04 0.90

49.0% 43.5% 55.8% 29.0% 19.6% 50.0% 6.3% 72.2% 123.8% 56.2% -34.9% 14.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Road - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 7.96 7.00 3.37 2.68 2.31 2.05 1.64 1.24 0.51 0.41 0.09 29.27

Level Assessment (%) ** 13.69 12.04 5.79 4.61 3.97 3.53 2.82 2.14 0.88 0.71 0.15 50.33

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

13.69 25.73 31.52 36.13 40.10 43.63 46.45 48.59 49.47 50.17 50.33 50.33

56.9% 154.8% 123.8% 5.2% -38.3% 48.6% 55.8% 6.3% 0.0% 29.0% -12.2% 49.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Mozambique Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3

3

2.5

2.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2 1.5 1

2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.4

100%

1.2 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 400

7

350

6

300

5

250

4

200

3

150

2

100

1

50

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

8

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.307

Mozambique Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

1.08 1.00

1.14 1.10

0.96 0.95

1.03 1.11

1.16 1.07

1.16 1.07

1.18 1.06

8.6% 6.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

302 7.20 1.97 8.39 14.15

285 6.80 2.31 9.85 15.82

284 6.77 2.48 10.55 16.23

287 6.85 2.75 11.71 16.63

287 6.86 3.10 13.19 16.97

292 6.98 3.33 14.18 17.30

298 7.13 3.38 14.41 17.69

-1.1% -1.0% 71.8% 71.8% 25.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

3.59 0.55 0.13 0.08

4.02 0.50 0.12 0.07

3.40 0.39 0.09 0.06

3.59 0.37 0.09 0.06

4.02 0.37 0.09 0.07

3.95 0.35 0.08 0.07

3.94 0.35 0.08 0.07

9.7% -36.4% -38.5% -12.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1.17 0.02 0.13 0.85 0.77 0.17 0.11 1.06 - 0.11 0.01 0.09

0.00 0.00 0.00 -

-

1.18 0.02 0.13 0.85 0.77 0.17 0.11 1.06 - 0.11 0.01 0.09

8.6% -81.6% -3.0% 324.9% 288.2% -72.6% 34.4% 6.4% -89.4% -34.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.77 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.00 1.18

Level Assessment (%) ** 3.18 0.55 0.44 0.30 0.27 0.08 0.00 4.83

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

3.18 3.73 4.18 4.48 4.75 4.83 4.83 4.83

288.2% 124.1% 34.4% 0.0% -88.1% -64.7% 0.0% 8.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Myanmar Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 9

8

8

million tonnes of CO2

10

9 million tonnes of CO2

10

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 10

100%

9 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

8 7 6 5 4 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

6

180

5

160 140

4 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

120 3

100 80

2

60 40

1

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.309

Myanmar Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

3.94 4.06

6.58 6.66

7.07 7.00

8.00 8.20

7.74 7.96

8.77 9.08

8.26 8.68

109.4% 113.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

447 10.68 8.01 99.44 40.52

495 11.81 10.64 132.04 44.35

496 11.84 11.32 140.55 45.14

520 12.42 11.97 148.49 45.87

520 12.43 12.56 155.85 46.56

525 12.55 13.14 163.02 47.18

524 12.52 13.79 171.17 47.75

17.2% 17.2% 72.1% 72.1% 17.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

8.82 0.49 0.04 0.10

13.30 0.62 0.05 0.15

14.25 0.62 0.05 0.16

15.39 0.67 0.05 0.17

14.88 0.62 0.05 0.17

16.70 0.67 0.05 0.19

15.75 0.60 0.05 0.17

78.6% 22.4% 25.0% 70.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.32 0.32 0.32 -

5.21 0.60 0.13 0.65 3.30 3.28 0.53 0.44 5.63 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.20

2.73 1.74 0.30 0.69 0.00 0.00 2.73 - 0.00 -

-

8.26 2.34 0.43 1.65 3.30 3.28 0.53 0.44 8.68 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.20

109.4% 85.3% 31.8% 53.2% 161.7% 160.8% 4343.7% 4771.8% 113.9% .. 121.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 3.28 1.74 0.69 0.65 0.60 0.44 0.32 0.30 0.13 0.09 0.01 8.26

Level Assessment (%) ** 2.20 1.16 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.29 0.21 0.20 0.09 0.06 0.01 5.52

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

2.20 3.36 3.82 4.26 4.66 4.95 5.16 5.36 5.45 5.51 5.52 5.52

160.8% 71.6% 51.6% 53.3% 198.5% 6971.3% 56.6% 26.8% 44.7% 2964.7% 0.0% 109.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Namibia / Namibie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 2.5

2

2

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 2.5

1.5 1 0.5

1.5 1 0.5 0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80%

2

million tonnes of CO2

2.2

not available

40% 20%

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 160

1.6

TWh

1994

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1.4

140

1.2

120

1

100

0.8

80

0.6

60

0.4

40

0.2

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.311

Namibia / Namibie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

1.81 1.81

1.96 1.96

2.00 2.00

2.04 2.04

1.89 1.89

1.87 1.87

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 2.75 6.56 1.38

38 0.91 3.50 8.37 1.59

41 0.98 3.62 8.64 1.62

42 1.00 3.78 9.03 1.65

44 1.04 3.91 9.33 1.68

42 1.00 4.07 9.73 1.72

43 1.03 4.23 10.11 1.76

.. .. 54.0% 54.0% 27.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

47.67 0.52 0.22 1.14

47.81 0.54 0.23 1.22

47.72 0.53 0.22 1.21

46.93 0.52 0.22 1.22

45.20 0.46 0.19 1.10

43.45 0.44 0.19 1.07

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.01 0.01 0.01 -

1.87 0.02 0.14 1.18 0.98 0.52 1.87 .. ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

1.87 0.03 0.14 1.18 0.98 0.52 1.87 .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.98 0.52 0.20 0.14 0.02 0.01 1.87

Level Assessment (%) ** 8.45 4.50 1.71 1.22 0.20 0.05 16.14

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

8.45 12.95 14.66 15.89 16.09 16.14 16.14

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Nepal / Népal Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

3.5

3.5

3

3 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

2.5 2 1.5 1

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.5

100%

3 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 300

1.8 1.6

250

1.4

TWh

1.2

200

1 150

0.8 0.6

100

0.4 50

0.2 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.313

Nepal / Népal Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

0.88 0.91

1.74 1.77

1.81 1.82

2.07 2.09

2.17 2.21

2.96 3.07

3.02 3.08

241.9% 237.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

243 5.81 3.41 17.79 18.14

283 6.75 4.39 22.90 20.44

290 6.92 4.62 24.12 20.94

299 7.14 4.86 25.34 21.45

307 7.33 5.00 26.10 21.97

324 7.73 5.22 27.26 22.50

331 7.90 5.56 29.02 23.04

36.1% 36.0% 63.1% 63.1% 27.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

3.64 0.26 0.05 0.05

6.15 0.40 0.08 0.09

6.25 0.39 0.08 0.09

6.93 0.43 0.08 0.10

7.07 0.43 0.08 0.10

9.15 0.57 0.11 0.13

9.14 0.54 0.10 0.13

151.1% 107.7% 100.0% 160.0%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.97 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.97 - 0.00 -

2.05 0.02 0.09 0.81 0.81 1.13 0.77 2.11 0.06 0.16

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

3.02 0.02 1.06 0.81 0.81 1.13 0.77 3.08 0.05 0.16

241.9% 0.0% 431.2% 140.9% 140.9% 224.6% 248.0% 237.1% 226.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.97 0.81 0.77 0.36 0.09 0.02 0.00 3.02

Level Assessment (%) ** 1.75 1.46 1.39 0.65 0.17 0.04 0.01 5.46

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

1.75 3.21 4.59 5.25 5.42 5.45 5.46 5.46

494.3% 140.9% 245.9% 183.8% 153.9% 0.0% 0.0% 241.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Netherlands / Pays-Bas Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

200

200

180

180

160

160

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

140 120 100 80 60

140 120 100 80 60

40

40

20

20 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 185

100%

180 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

175 170 165 160 155 150

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

100 90

140

80

120

70 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

60

100

50

80

40

60

30 40

20

20

10 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.315

Netherlands / Pays-Bas Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

159.79 156.49

174.48 170.42

182.04 177.89

179.51 175.92

177.05 172.02

174.49 170.41

177.12 173.09

10.8% 10.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 783 66.47 373.47 295.78 14.95

3 063 73.17 414.80 328.51 15.46

3 173 75.78 427.40 338.49 15.53

3 130 74.76 443.81 351.48 15.61

3 109 74.26 463.11 366.77 15.70

3 121 74.55 480.29 380.38 15.81

3 174 75.80 496.95 393.57 15.92

14.0% 14.0% 33.1% 33.1% 6.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

57.41 0.43 0.54 10.69

56.96 0.42 0.53 11.29

57.38 0.43 0.54 11.73

57.35 0.40 0.51 11.50

56.94 0.38 0.48 11.28

55.90 0.36 0.46 11.04

55.81 0.36 0.45 11.13

-2.8% -16.8% -16.7% 4.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

32.46 25.31 0.21 0.40 6.43 0.11 0.02 30.51 0.72 - 2.67 -

61.17 0.24 1.65 9.53 14.34 31.66 29.06 3.74 0.26 59.76 - 0.84 - 0.57 42.41 10.01

79.83 20.73 3.67 3.38 17.34 34.71 18.62 79.17 - 0.66 -

3.66 0.95 1.50 1.20 3.66 0.00 -

177.12 47.23 7.03 13.31 38.12 31.66 29.06 39.76 18.89 173.09 - 0.12 - 3.90 42.41 10.01

10.8% 21.8% 16.9% -3.2% 4.7% 19.5% 20.9% 3.7% -1.5% 10.6% 22.8% 123.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

29.06 25.31 20.73 18.62 17.34 16.09 14.34 9.53 6.43 3.67 3.48 177.12

Level Assessment (%) ** 13.05 11.37 9.31 8.36 7.79 7.23 6.44 4.28 2.89 1.65 1.56 79.54

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

13.05 24.42 33.73 42.09 49.87 57.10 63.54 67.82 70.71 72.36 73.92 79.54

20.9% -1.4% 59.9% 1.3% -7.7% 8.5% 43.1% -10.8% -15.2% 0.5% -17.5% 10.8%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Netherlands Antilles / Antilles néerlandaises Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

18

18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 700

1.2

600

1

500

0.8 TWh

1984

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

400 0.6 300 0.4 200 0.2 0 1972

100 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Netherlands Antilles / Antilles néerlandaises Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.85 5.81

3.11 7.43

3.15 7.38

3.18 3.87

3.27 4.81

3.24 2.02

3.28 2.51

14.9% -56.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

86 2.06 2.70 2.62 0.19

113 2.69 2.76 2.67 0.21

111 2.66 2.69 2.61 0.21

64 1.53 2.69 2.60 0.21

78 1.87 2.61 2.52 0.21

39 0.93 2.61 2.53 0.21

45 1.08 2.71 2.63 0.22

-47.4% -47.6% 0.5% 0.5% 13.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

33.05 1.06 1.09 15.00

27.55 1.13 1.16 15.16

28.30 1.17 1.21 15.20

49.73 1.19 1.22 15.24

41.70 1.25 1.30 15.49

83.03 1.24 1.28 15.20

72.16 1.21 1.25 15.23

118.3% 14.2% 14.7% 1.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 3.28 0.39 0.41 0.11 0.42 1.42 1.21 0.52 0.52 2.51 0.10 - 0.86 5.37 ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

3.28 0.39 0.41 0.11 0.42 1.42 1.21 0.52 0.52 2.51 0.10 - 0.86 5.37 ..

14.9% 42.2% 42.6% -73.7% -33.7% 41.2% 36.0% 145.2% 145.2% -56.8% 3.7% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.21 0.52 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.21 0.11 3.28

Level Assessment (%) ** 35.13 15.05 12.20 12.01 11.47 6.15 3.35 95.37

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

35.13 50.18 62.38 74.39 85.87 92.02 95.37 95.37

36.0% 145.2% -33.7% 42.6% 42.2% 81.1% -73.7% 14.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

35

35

30

30 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

25 20 15 10

25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 34

100%

32 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

30 28 26 24 22 20

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

45 40

120

TWh

35 30

100

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

22.30 23.37

25.60 27.76

27.44 30.07

29.73 32.10

28.77 30.68

30.78 30.93

31.65 32.16

41.9% 37.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

587 14.02 52.23 54.25 3.36

671 16.03 60.82 63.17 3.66

712 16.99 62.66 65.08 3.71

739 17.65 63.83 66.30 3.76

725 17.33 64.10 66.58 3.79

758 18.11 67.08 69.67 3.81

780 18.63 68.72 71.37 3.83

32.9% 32.9% 31.6% 31.6% 13.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

38.00 0.43 0.41 6.63

38.14 0.42 0.41 7.00

38.57 0.44 0.42 7.39

40.23 0.47 0.45 7.91

39.66 0.45 0.43 7.59

40.59 0.46 0.44 8.08

40.57 0.46 0.44 8.26

6.8% 8.0% 7.8% 24.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4.25 0.86 0.10 2.84 0.45 0.10 4.00 - 0.24 -

15.63 0.88 1.01 12.76 6.67 0.96 0.10 16.34 0.00 0.71 0.72 1.77

10.14 3.70 1.19 0.29 4.42 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.28 10.18 0.03 0.01 -

1.64 1.64 1.64 -

31.65 4.56 1.29 1.17 9.91 12.77 6.67 1.96 0.47 32.16 0.03 0.48 0.72 1.77

41.9% 37.3% 3743.8% 15.5% 44.6% 42.4% 12.1% -7.5% -5.2% 37.6% -28.9% 30.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries -Other Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 6.67 6.09 4.42 3.70 2.84 1.64 1.19 1.01 0.88 0.86 0.86 31.65

Level Assessment (%) ** 8.65 7.90 5.73 4.80 3.68 2.12 1.54 1.32 1.15 1.12 1.12 41.06

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

8.65 16.56 22.29 27.09 30.77 32.89 34.43 35.75 36.89 38.01 39.13 41.06

14.6% 102.6% 114.0% 30.1% -15.7% 360.9% 3446.6% -4.7% 7.0% -19.8% 83.2% 41.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Nicaragua Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4

4

3.5

3.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3 2.5 2 1.5 1

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

2.5

200

1.5

150

1

100

0.5

50

TWh

2

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Nicaragua Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

1.83 1.75

2.49 2.55

2.66 2.62

2.85 2.80

3.29 3.16

3.40 3.39

3.53 3.44

92.7% 97.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

89 2.12 1.71 8.95 3.82

99 2.36 1.84 9.61 4.43

102 2.44 1.93 10.06 4.55

107 2.57 2.03 10.58 4.68

107 2.55 2.11 11.01 4.81

111 2.66 2.26 11.82 4.94

115 2.75 2.36 12.33 5.07

29.6% 29.7% 38.1% 37.7% 32.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

20.64 1.07 0.20 0.48

25.20 1.35 0.26 0.56

26.01 1.38 0.26 0.58

26.52 1.41 0.27 0.61

30.78 1.56 0.30 0.68

30.49 1.50 0.29 0.69

30.67 1.49 0.29 0.70

48.6% 39.3% 45.0% 45.8%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 3.53 1.38 0.02 0.08 0.39 1.44 1.37 0.22 0.09 3.44 - 0.03 - 0.05 .. 0.08

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

3.53 1.38 0.02 0.08 0.39 1.44 1.37 0.22 0.09 3.44 - 0.03 - 0.05 .. 0.08

92.7% 185.2% -16.3% 39.1% 19.6% 94.6% 95.8% 8.9% 77.5% 97.1% .. 0.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.38 1.37 0.39 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.02 3.53

Level Assessment (%) ** 3.47 3.45 0.98 0.34 0.22 0.21 0.17 0.04 8.88

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

3.47 6.92 7.91 8.25 8.47 8.68 8.84 8.88 8.88

185.2% 95.8% 19.6% -12.5% 77.5% 39.1% 74.1% -16.3% 92.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Nigeria / Nigéria Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

50

50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 55

100%

50 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

45 40 35 30 25 20 15

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 180

18 16

160

14

140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Nigeria / Nigéria Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

28.60 38.24

35.72 39.20

39.00 38.86

41.11 40.78

36.80 38.54

39.41 44.42

43.36 46.90

51.6% 22.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 969 70.91 24.86 79.90 96.20

3 336 79.67 28.11 90.33 111.27

3 415 81.57 29.32 94.21 114.50

3 534 84.40 30.11 96.76 117.68

3 582 85.56 30.68 98.58 120.82

3 667 87.59 31.01 99.66 123.90

3 775 90.17 32.18 103.43 126.91

27.2% 27.2% 29.4% 29.4% 31.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

9.63 1.15 0.36 0.30

10.71 1.27 0.40 0.32

11.42 1.33 0.41 0.34

11.63 1.37 0.42 0.35

10.27 1.20 0.37 0.30

10.75 1.27 0.40 0.32

11.49 1.35 0.42 0.34

19.3% 17.4% 16.7% 13.3%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.02 0.02 0.15 0.12 -

30.83 0.72 0.40 4.87 20.84 20.60 4.00 4.00 32.80 1.20 0.78 1.48 0.57

12.51 5.00 5.16 2.35 13.96 1.45 - 0.00 -

-

43.36 5.72 5.56 7.25 20.84 20.60 4.00 4.00 46.90 2.64 0.90 1.48 0.57

51.6% 1.0% 196.0% 37.8% 79.0% 80.3% -3.8% -3.8% 22.7% 154.3% -39.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 20.60 5.16 5.00 4.87 4.00 2.35 0.72 0.40 0.24 0.02 43.36

Level Assessment (%) ** 8.13 2.04 1.97 1.92 1.58 0.93 0.28 0.16 0.10 0.01 17.12

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

8.13 10.17 12.15 14.07 15.65 16.58 16.86 17.02 17.11 17.12 17.12

80.3% 422.5% 18.5% 40.8% -3.8% 40.4% -49.6% -55.4% 11.8% -80.7% 51.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Norway / Norvège Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

45

45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 41

100%

39 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

37 35 33 31 29 27 25

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

160

TWh

1994

140

160

120

140

100

120 100

80

80

60

60 40

40

20

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

the fact that the IEA accounts for emissions from the iron and steel industry under Energy, whereas Norway accounts for these emissions under Industrial Processes.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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II.325

Norway / Norvège Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

28.53 28.39

32.72 30.32

33.24 29.62

35.10 32.62

36.96 34.25

38.36 37.13

33.58 34.39

17.7% 21.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

898 21.45 122.33 84.75 4.24

982 23.46 146.60 101.57 4.36

965 23.05 153.78 106.54 4.38

1 019 24.35 161.00 111.54 4.41

1 063 25.38 164.90 114.25 4.43

1 115 26.62 166.67 115.47 4.46

1 073 25.62 170.45 118.09 4.49

19.4% 19.4% 39.3% 39.3% 5.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

31.77 0.23 0.34 6.73

33.31 0.22 0.32 7.51

34.44 0.22 0.31 7.59

34.43 0.22 0.32 7.97

34.79 0.22 0.32 8.34

34.42 0.23 0.33 8.60

31.31 0.20 0.28 7.48

-1.4% -15.5% -15.7% 11.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

4.33 0.12 0.08 4.12 0.01 0.01 4.39 - 0.01 0.06 -

21.02 0.06 2.85 3.04 11.78 8.94 3.29 0.76 21.78 - 0.93 1.69 2.59 1.47

8.16 0.01 0.06 7.04 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.16 0.00 -

0.06 0.03 0.03 0.06 -

33.58 0.22 0.17 9.89 8.21 11.78 8.94 3.31 0.77 34.39 - 0.94 1.75 2.59 1.47

17.7% 0.0% 74.7% 38.8% 18.6% 6.9% 15.6% 5.2% -45.8% 21.1% 84.4% 13.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 8.94 7.04 4.12 3.04 2.85 2.84 2.54 1.05 0.76 0.12 0.08 33.58

Level Assessment (%) ** 15.61 12.28 7.19 5.30 4.98 4.95 4.43 1.84 1.32 0.21 0.14 58.62

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

15.61 27.89 35.08 40.38 45.36 50.31 54.74 56.58 57.90 58.12 58.26 58.62

15.6% 52.4% 29.2% -18.8% 13.7% -13.6% 47.9% 0.0% -45.7% -32.2% -18.8% 17.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Oman Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

25

25

20

20

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

15 10

15 10 5

5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 26

100%

24 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

22 20 18 16 14 12 10

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

10 9

140

8

120

7 TWh

1994

6

100

5

80

4

60

3 40

2

20

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Oman Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

10.68 10.32

15.58 15.93

15.49 16.08

16.00 16.62

16.92 17.59

19.66 20.65

23.51 24.13

120.2% 133.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

182 4.34 9.08 27.07 1.63

263 6.27 12.10 36.08 2.14

267 6.37 12.45 37.13 2.17

282 6.74 13.22 39.42 2.26

301 7.19 13.58 40.48 2.30

347 8.28 13.55 40.39 2.35

408 9.75 14.24 42.45 2.40

124.5% 124.7% 56.8% 56.8% 47.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.72 1.18 0.39 6.56

59.35 1.29 0.43 7.30

58.09 1.24 0.42 7.13

56.70 1.21 0.41 7.09

56.16 1.25 0.42 7.35

56.69 1.45 0.49 8.37

57.59 1.65 0.55 9.82

-1.9% 39.8% 41.0% 49.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

8.56 1.84 0.49 2.88 2.60 2.60 0.75 0.11 8.94 0.55 - 0.17 0.19 0.65

14.95 5.60 2.78 6.06 0.51 15.19 0.25 - 0.00 -

-

23.51 7.44 3.27 8.94 2.60 2.60 1.25 0.11 24.13 0.80 - 0.17 0.19 0.65

120.2% 116.7% 65.4% 204.4% 56.2% 56.2% 89.3% -42.4% 133.8% 215.0% -30.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 6.06 5.60 2.88 2.78 2.60 1.84 0.64 0.51 0.49 0.11 23.51

Level Assessment (%) ** 21.96 20.29 10.44 10.08 9.43 6.67 2.30 1.83 1.79 0.41 85.20

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

21.96 42.25 52.70 62.77 72.20 78.87 81.17 83.01 84.79 85.20 85.20

350.0% 118.9% 81.1% 73.4% 56.2% 110.5% 108.3% 211.4% 31.1% -42.4% 120.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Pakistan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

120

120

100

100 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

80 60 40

80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 104

100%

99 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

94 89 84 79 74 69 64 59

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

80 70

120

60 100 TWh

50 80 40 60

30 20

40

10

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Pakistan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

59.02 61.40

80.08 82.89

85.31 88.82

88.12 91.17

89.62 92.25

98.11 100.12

98.01 101.05

66.1% 64.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 818 43.42 48.35 168.62 107.98

2 274 54.32 61.20 213.43 122.38

2 378 56.80 63.56 221.66 125.41

2 431 58.07 64.21 223.91 128.46

2 482 59.29 65.84 229.62 131.58

2 622 62.62 68.25 238.02 134.79

2 677 63.95 71.28 248.57 138.08

47.3% 47.3% 47.4% 47.4% 27.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

32.46 1.22 0.35 0.55

35.22 1.31 0.38 0.65

35.87 1.34 0.38 0.68

36.25 1.37 0.39 0.69

36.11 1.36 0.39 0.68

37.42 1.44 0.41 0.73

36.61 1.38 0.39 0.71

12.8% 13.1% 11.4% 29.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

7.15 0.36 6.79 0.00 0.00 7.69 0.54 0.00 -

56.00 20.31 0.01 0.94 6.35 24.69 23.80 3.70 2.30 56.31 0.32 - 0.01 0.08 2.28

34.86 12.26 0.67 13.31 0.23 8.39 7.32 37.06 2.20 - 0.00 -

-

98.01 32.93 0.01 1.61 26.46 24.92 23.80 12.09 9.62 101.05 3.06 - 0.01 0.08 2.28

66.1% 114.4% 0.0% 183.0% 32.1% 82.7% 86.5% 28.3% 32.0% 64.6% -26.1% 63.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 23.80 20.31 13.31 12.26 7.32 6.79 6.35 2.30 1.40 1.07 0.94 98.01

Level Assessment (%) ** 8.13 6.94 4.55 4.19 2.50 2.32 2.17 0.78 0.48 0.37 0.32 33.49

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

8.13 15.07 19.62 23.81 26.31 28.63 30.80 31.59 32.06 32.43 32.75 33.49

86.5% 194.5% 58.5% 46.1% 110.9% -8.4% 50.7% -39.6% -6.4% 67.4% 65.7% 66.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Panama Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

6

6

5

5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

4 3 2

4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6

100%

5.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 200

5 4.5

180

4

160

3.5

140

3

120

2.5

100

2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Panama Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

2.45 2.56

4.11 4.07

4.17 4.18

4.43 4.45

5.35 5.66

4.79 5.36

4.87 5.33

98.6% 108.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

62 1.48 6.05 10.31 2.40

83 1.99 7.91 13.47 2.63

87 2.08 8.13 13.85 2.67

93 2.21 8.49 14.47 2.72

109 2.61 8.86 15.10 2.76

106 2.52 9.12 15.54 2.81

107 2.55 9.37 15.96 2.86

72.2% 72.3% 54.8% 54.8% 19.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

39.59 0.41 0.24 1.02

49.39 0.52 0.30 1.56

47.96 0.51 0.30 1.56

47.81 0.52 0.31 1.63

48.94 0.60 0.35 1.94

45.32 0.53 0.31 1.70

45.66 0.52 0.31 1.70

15.3% 26.8% 29.2% 66.7%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.14 0.14 0.14 -

4.72 1.24 0.06 0.15 0.87 2.07 1.20 0.34 0.23 5.18 0.48 - 0.02 .. 0.01

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

4.87 1.24 0.06 0.15 1.01 2.07 1.20 0.34 0.23 5.33 0.48 - 0.02 .. 0.01

98.6% 204.7% 33.5% 58.1% 93.5% 79.3% 85.7% 49.2% 41.5% 108.1% .. 100.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Other Transport - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.24 1.20 0.87 0.87 0.23 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.06 4.87

Level Assessment (%) ** 5.29 5.12 3.72 3.70 0.99 0.62 0.61 0.48 0.27 20.80

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

5.29 10.41 14.13 17.83 18.82 19.44 20.05 20.53 20.80 20.80

204.7% 85.7% 71.3% 94.5% 41.5% 58.1% 87.5% 68.0% 33.5% 98.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Paraguay Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 4.5

4

4

3.5

3.5

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

4.5

3 2.5 2 1.5 1

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 4.5

100%

4 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

60

180

50

160 140

40 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

120 30

100 80

20

60 40

10

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.333

Paraguay Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

1.94 1.98

3.38 3.51

3.31 3.30

3.57 3.60

3.90 3.92

3.99 3.99

3.31 3.31

70.9% 66.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

129 3.09 7.69 18.62 4.22

165 3.95 9.02 21.83 4.83

177 4.23 9.13 22.11 4.96

187 4.46 9.37 22.68 5.09

180 4.31 9.33 22.59 5.22

173 4.14 9.37 22.70 5.36

165 3.93 9.34 22.63 5.50

27.2% 27.2% 21.5% 21.5% 30.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

14.98 0.25 0.10 0.46

20.45 0.38 0.15 0.70

18.68 0.36 0.15 0.67

19.12 0.38 0.16 0.70

21.61 0.42 0.17 0.75

23.01 0.43 0.18 0.74

20.12 0.35 0.15 0.60

34.3% 40.0% 50.0% 30.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 3.31 0.02 0.26 2.81 2.78 0.22 0.22 3.31 - 0.00 0.00 0.04

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

3.31 0.02 0.26 2.81 2.78 0.22 0.22 3.31 - 0.00 0.00 0.04

70.9% -100.0% 499.9% -100.0% 57.2% 76.0% 77.2% 61.1% 61.1% 66.6% 304.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.78 0.26 0.22 0.03 0.02 3.31

Level Assessment (%) ** 6.78 0.63 0.55 0.08 0.05 8.08

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

6.78 7.41 7.96 8.03 8.08 8.08

77.2% 57.2% 61.1% 10.0% 499.9% 70.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Peru / Pérou Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

30

30

25

25 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

20 15 10

20 15 10 5

5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 29

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

27 25 23 21 19 17

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

25

140

20

120 100

TWh

15

80 10

60 40

5

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.335

Peru / Pérou Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

19.18 18.47

23.71 22.90

25.77 23.96

25.59 22.85

24.63 24.61

27.01 26.85

26.41 26.35

37.6% 42.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

421 10.06 41.09 78.37 21.57

476 11.38 53.64 102.33 23.53

491 11.72 54.98 104.88 23.95

475 11.36 58.69 111.95 24.37

502 12.00 58.38 111.36 24.80

537 12.83 58.93 112.42 25.23

532 12.69 60.77 115.93 25.66

26.2% 26.1% 47.9% 47.9% 19.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

45.55 0.47 0.24 0.89

49.78 0.44 0.23 1.01

52.51 0.47 0.25 1.08

53.83 0.44 0.23 1.05

49.05 0.42 0.22 0.99

50.31 0.46 0.24 1.07

49.68 0.43 0.23 1.03

9.1% -8.5% -4.2% 15.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

3.44 0.80 0.05 0.58 1.98 0.03 0.00 2.52 - 0.83 - 0.09 -

22.96 1.27 0.90 1.11 5.85 9.11 8.92 4.73 2.91 22.41 0.34 - 0.89 0.13 1.06

1.43 1.43 -

-

26.41 2.07 0.94 1.69 7.82 9.11 8.92 4.77 2.92 26.35 0.93 - 0.99 0.13 1.06

37.6% 156.9% -45.4% 18.8% 81.6% 34.1% 36.2% 15.6% 12.3% 42.7% 281.8% 64.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Other Energy Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 8.92 5.85 2.91 1.98 1.82 1.27 1.11 0.90 0.80 0.58 0.20 26.41

Level Assessment (%) ** 8.81 5.78 2.88 1.95 1.80 1.25 1.10 0.88 0.80 0.57 0.19 26.10

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

8.81 14.59 17.47 19.43 21.23 22.48 23.57 24.46 25.25 25.83 26.02 26.10

36.2% 58.0% 17.8% 225.4% 19.2% 57.0% 57.8% -43.1% 0.0% -19.3% -21.0% 37.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Philippines Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80

80

70

70 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

60 50 40 30 20

60 50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 76

100%

71 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

66 61 56 51 46 41 36

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

45

160

40

140

35

120

30 TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

50

100

25 20

80

15

60

10

40

5

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Philippines Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

36.01 39.25

59.50 58.50

63.86 61.92

68.27 72.58

67.62 65.51

67.73 65.92

68.93 69.34

91.4% 76.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 185 28.29 66.59 219.33 61.04

1 483 35.42 74.12 244.14 68.34

1 506 35.98 78.45 258.41 69.85

1 682 40.17 82.52 271.80 71.33

1 624 38.80 82.05 270.24 72.78

1 700 40.60 84.83 279.42 74.20

1 776 42.42 88.23 290.62 75.58

49.9% 49.9% 32.5% 32.5% 23.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

30.40 0.54 0.16 0.59

40.13 0.80 0.24 0.87

42.40 0.81 0.25 0.91

40.59 0.83 0.25 0.96

41.63 0.82 0.25 0.93

39.84 0.80 0.24 0.91

38.81 0.78 0.24 0.91

27.7% 44.4% 50.0% 54.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

19.50 15.59 0.67 3.25 19.59 0.02 0.07 -

49.41 5.71 1.24 3.56 5.95 23.22 20.29 9.73 3.25 49.73 - 0.23 0.56 0.67 1.60

0.02 0.02 0.02 -

-

68.93 21.30 1.26 4.22 9.20 23.22 20.29 9.73 3.25 69.34 - 0.21 0.62 0.67 1.60

91.4% 101.8% 191.8% 34.7% 11.1% 274.7% 287.0% 31.3% -2.3% 76.6% .. 1.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Other Energy Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 20.29 15.59 6.48 5.95 5.71 3.56 3.25 3.25 2.94 1.24 0.67 68.93

Level Assessment (%) ** 10.21 7.85 3.26 3.00 2.87 1.79 1.64 1.64 1.48 0.62 0.34 34.71

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

10.21 18.06 21.33 24.32 27.20 28.99 30.62 32.26 33.74 34.36 34.70 34.71

287.0% 761.8% 58.7% -5.6% -34.7% 36.8% -2.3% 64.6% 207.4% 187.1% 24.4% 91.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Poland / Pologne Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

500

500

450

450

400

400

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

350 300 250 200 150

350 300 250 200 150

100

100

50

50 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1988

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

490 470 450 430 410 390 370 350 330 310 290 1988

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1988 = 100 140

160 140

120

120 100 TWh

100 80 80 60

60 40

40

20

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Poland / Pologne Key Indicators 1988

1990

1996

1997

1998

1999

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

430.48 451.17

344.17 351.95

347.34 366.35

337.97 349.42

315.04 325.31

305.02 311.52

292.82 296.28

2000 00/Base* -32.0% -34.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

5 348 127.73 127.60 272.11 37.86

4 180 99.85 114.10 243.31 38.12

4 500 107.48 134.71 287.28 38.62

4 330 103.42 143.91 306.89 38.65

4 080 97.45 150.88 321.76 38.67

3 914 93.48 156.99 334.79 38.65

3 767 89.98 163.35 348.35 38.65

-29.6% -29.6% 28.0% 28.0% 2.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

80.49 3.37 1.58 11.37

82.33 3.02 1.42 9.03

77.19 2.58 1.21 8.99

78.05 2.35 1.10 8.74

77.21 2.09 0.98 8.15

77.93 1.94 0.91 7.89

77.73 1.79 0.84 7.58

-3.4% -46.9% -46.8% -33.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Poland is allowed to use 1988 as the base year.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/Base

217.25 147.98 8.00 4.96 33.86 22.44 16.76 219.05 3.24 - 1.43 -

52.44 1.01 0.91 2.93 6.90 25.79 24.85 14.91 2.57 53.35 2.78 - 1.87 0.90 1.14

21.09 1.01 0.20 2.58 8.17 0.14 8.99 7.12 21.84 0.82 - 0.08 -

2.03 0.06 0.30 0.02 1.65 0.01 2.04 0.00 - 0.00 -

292.82 150.06 9.41 10.49 50.58 25.93 24.85 46.35 26.45 296.28 6.84 - 3.38 0.90 1.14

-32.0% -9.9% -86.5% 29.4% -16.7% 6.7% 20.1% -54.3% -58.0% -34.3% -48.5% -1.8%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Other Energy Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

147.98 33.86 24.85 16.76 12.34 8.17 8.00 7.12 6.90 5.69 4.96 292.82

Level Assessment (%) *** 38.16 8.73 6.41 4.32 3.18 2.11 2.06 1.84 1.78 1.47 1.28 75.51

Cumulative Total (%) 38.16 46.89 53.30 57.62 60.80 62.91 64.97 66.81 68.59 70.05 71.33 75.51

CO2 Emissions 00/Base -10.3% -17.8% 20.1% -70.5% 212.9% -28.0% -87.4% 24.4% 8.9% -83.0% 10.2% -32.0%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Portugal Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 64

80%

59

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

54 49 44 39

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

50 45

140

40

120

35 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

30

100

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Portugal Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

39.61 39.93

48.76 49.27

46.94 47.66

49.23 49.77

53.59 54.61

60.38 61.13

59.61 59.66

50.5% 49.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

718 17.16 98.55 125.06 9.90

837 19.99 107.22 136.06 9.92

832 19.88 111.34 141.29 9.93

875 20.89 115.73 146.86 9.94

947 22.63 120.96 153.50 9.97

1 019 24.34 125.06 158.70 9.99

1 030 24.61 129.32 164.11 10.01

43.4% 43.4% 31.2% 31.2% 1.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

55.14 0.40 0.32 4.00

58.27 0.46 0.36 4.92

56.40 0.42 0.33 4.73

56.29 0.43 0.34 4.95

56.57 0.44 0.35 5.38

59.24 0.48 0.38 6.04

57.85 0.46 0.36 5.96

4.9% 14.7% 14.5% 48.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

14.66 12.41 0.30 0.05 1.81 0.10 0.06 14.69 0.02 0.01 -

40.37 4.20 1.53 2.18 9.38 18.18 17.09 4.90 1.82 40.21 0.03 - 0.19 2.10 1.75

4.58 2.58 0.15 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.17 4.75 0.14 0.03 -

-

59.61 19.20 1.98 2.22 12.73 18.18 17.09 5.30 2.05 59.66 0.19 - 0.15 2.10 1.75

50.5% 34.7% 235.9% 47.2% 29.7% 84.6% 85.8% 47.4% 22.5% 49.4% 9.1% 13.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 17.09 12.41 9.38 4.20 3.09 2.58 2.18 1.82 1.81 1.54 1.53 59.61

Level Assessment (%) ** 20.13 14.63 11.05 4.95 3.64 3.04 2.57 2.14 2.13 1.81 1.80 70.25

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.13 34.76 45.81 50.77 54.40 57.45 60.01 62.15 64.28 66.10 67.90 70.25

85.7% 57.6% 26.1% -34.0% 62.4% 0.0% 47.2% 15.4% -23.9% 0.0% 281.3% 50.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Qatar Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

40

40

35

35 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 38

80%

33

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

28 23 18 13

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

10 9 8

200

7 TWh

6

150

5 4

100

3 2

50

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.343

Qatar Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

14.02 13.87

28.05 27.87

28.75 28.87

30.66 32.84

31.26 33.75

32.28 32.09

35.10 34.58

150.3% 149.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

270 6.45 7.14 9.49 0.49

537 12.82 8.14 10.82 0.51

555 13.26 8.53 11.34 0.52

621 14.83 10.58 14.07 0.53

637 15.21 11.00 14.63 0.55

603 14.39 11.03 14.66 0.57

656 15.66 11.55 15.37 0.59

142.6% 142.8% 61.9% 61.9% 20.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

51.89 1.96 1.48 28.91

52.24 3.45 2.59 55.54

51.78 3.37 2.53 55.83

49.39 2.90 2.18 58.40

49.07 2.84 2.14 57.25

53.57 2.93 2.20 57.13

53.53 3.04 2.28 59.99

3.2% 55.1% 54.1% 107.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

7.29 3.29 0.14 0.87 2.96 2.39 0.02 0.02 6.77 - 0.36 - 0.16 .. ..

27.81 7.04 10.64 10.12 27.81 0.00 -

-

35.10 10.33 10.79 10.99 2.96 2.39 0.02 0.02 34.58 - 0.36 - 0.16 .. ..

150.3% 255.9% 135.1% 134.1% 64.3% 64.1% -40.0% -40.0% 149.3% .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 10.64 10.12 7.04 3.29 2.39 0.87 0.57 0.14 0.02 35.10

Level Assessment (%) ** 26.15 24.87 17.30 8.09 5.88 2.14 1.40 0.35 0.05 86.23

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

26.15 51.02 68.32 76.41 82.29 84.44 85.83 86.18 86.23 86.23

138.6% 137.2% 142.5% 0.0% 64.1% 102.7% 65.1% 12.4% -40.0% 150.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Romania / Roumanie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

250

250

200

200

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

150 100

150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 210

100%

190 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

170 150 130 110 90 70

0%

1972

1989

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1989

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1989 = 100 140

80 70

120

60 100 TWh

50 80 40 60

30 20

40

10

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.345

Romania / Roumanie Key Indicators 1989

1990

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000 00/Base*

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

188.11 193.19

166.90 171.50

121.21 125.18

111.32 111.81

96.75 98.93

82.57 87.12

86.45 87.71

-54.0% -54.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 897 69.18 41.90 172.23 23.15

2 613 62.40 39.51 162.74 23.21

2 089 49.89 36.88 151.76 22.61

1 872 44.72 34.65 142.57 22.55

1 701 40.64 32.97 135.69 22.50

1 525 36.44 32.22 132.59 22.46

1 521 36.33 32.75 134.77 22.44

-47.5% -47.5% -21.8% -21.8% -3.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

64.94 4.49 1.09 8.13

63.88 4.22 1.03 7.19

58.03 3.29 0.80 5.36

59.46 3.21 0.78 4.94

56.87 2.93 0.71 4.30

54.13 2.56 0.62 3.68

56.83 2.64 0.64 3.85

-12.5% -41.2% -41.3% -52.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Romania is allowed to use 1989 as the base year.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/Base

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

28.68 22.49 1.02 0.62 4.36 0.18 0.17 30.23 1.17 0.39 -

26.71 5.66 0.76 3.93 4.25 9.57 8.16 2.53 1.24 25.70 - 1.80 0.79 .. 0.39

30.63 9.60 1.78 2.86 10.55 0.06 5.78 5.18 31.34 0.71 - 0.00 -

0.44 0.00 0.03 0.13 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.44 0.00 0.00 -

86.45 37.76 3.60 7.54 19.34 9.63 8.16 8.58 6.66 87.71 0.08 1.18 .. 0.39

-54.0% -45.3% -44.3% 4.5% -75.4% -9.6% -10.6% -47.3% -20.2% -54.6% .. -49.8%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 22.49 10.55 9.60 8.16 5.66 5.18 4.36 4.25 3.93 2.86 1.78 86.45

Level Assessment (%) *** 16.13 7.57 6.89 5.86 4.06 3.72 3.13 3.05 2.82 2.05 1.28 62.02

Cumulative Total (%) 16.13 23.70 30.59 36.44 40.50 44.22 47.35 50.40 53.21 55.27 56.55 62.02

CO2 Emissions 00/Base -35.3% -76.9% -56.9% -10.6% -52.8% 2.0% -80.5% -59.3% -37.2% 0.0% 0.0% -54.0%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Russia / Russie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 2000

1800

1800

1600

1600

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 2000

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

200

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80%

1900

million tonnes of CO2

2000

not available

40% 20%

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1800 1700 1600 1500 1400

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

1200

TWh

1994

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1000

100

800

80

600

60

400

40

200

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

Oil

Gas

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Russia / Russie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

1 588.90 1 585.68

1 562.13 1 558.14

1 450.74 1 492.15

1 433.46 1 448.90

1 473.35 1 498.09

1 505.74 1 524.22

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 543.65 1 330.61 148.29

26 310 628.40 337.71 1 050.46 148.14

25 815 616.59 326.23 1 014.72 147.74

24 918 595.15 329.16 1 023.90 147.30

24 341 581.39 313.03 973.77 146.90

25 248 603.03 329.94 1 026.32 146.31

25 706 613.97 357.32 1 111.48 145.56

.. .. -34.3% -16.5% -1.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

60.39 4.70 1.51 10.73

60.51 4.79 1.54 10.57

58.22 4.41 1.42 9.85

58.89 4.58 1.47 9.76

58.36 4.47 1.44 10.07

58.58 4.21 1.35 10.34

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

449.66 226.25 111.50 2.06 69.62 40.24 33.31 434.84 - 14.64 - 0.17 -

Oil 328.26 28.83 45.93 26.62 61.96 110.26 98.96 54.66 15.14 341.55 7.88 5.41 .. 27.52

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

714.18 254.76 180.86 21.71 83.01 62.94 0.19 110.91 100.75 734.18 19.97 0.03 -

13.64 11.30 0.36 1.88 0.10 0.03 13.64 0.00 -

1 505.74 509.84 349.58 50.75 216.46 173.20 99.15 205.91 149.22 1 524.22 13.21 5.27 .. 27.52

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas 254.76 Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal 226.25 Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas 180.86 Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal 111.50 Residential - Gas 100.75 Road - Oil 98.96 Manufacturing Industries - Gas 83.01 Manufacturing Industries - Coal 69.62 Other Transport - Gas 62.75 Manufacturing Industries - Oil 61.96 Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil 45.93 Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion 1 505.74

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.86 10.53 8.42 5.19 4.69 4.61 3.86 3.24 2.92 2.88 2.14 70.08

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.86 22.39 30.80 35.99 40.68 45.29 49.15 52.39 55.31 58.19 60.33 70.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Saudi Arabia / Arabie saoudite Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

300

300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

200 150 100

200 150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 280

100%

260 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

240 220 200 180 160 140

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

120

120

100

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

140

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Saudi Arabia / Arabie saoudite Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

169.09 145.37

206.33 201.36

223.81 224.74

229.34 214.52

236.77 198.26

243.24 214.30

260.60 257.06

54.1% 76.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 547 60.83 112.25 174.34 15.80

3 437 82.09 127.82 198.53 18.21

3 800 90.77 129.61 201.29 18.69

3 730 89.09 132.20 205.33 19.18

3 573 85.34 134.50 208.89 19.69

3 770 90.05 133.44 207.25 20.20

4 409 105.30 139.44 216.57 20.72

73.1% 73.1% 24.2% 24.2% 31.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

66.39 1.51 0.97 10.70

60.03 1.61 1.04 11.33

58.89 1.73 1.11 11.98

61.48 1.73 1.12 11.96

66.26 1.76 1.13 12.03

64.52 1.82 1.17 12.04

59.11 1.87 1.20 12.58

-11.0% 23.8% 23.7% 17.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 157.94 45.11 15.63 26.47 30.05 30.05 40.68 3.45 154.40 - 0.24 - 3.30 6.58 7.42

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

102.66 20.30 49.16 33.21 102.66 -

-

260.60 65.41 64.79 26.47 30.05 30.05 73.89 3.45 257.06 - 0.24 - 3.30 6.58 7.42

54.1% 78.9% 62.7% 51.9% 47.0% 47.0% 34.7% 37.3% 76.8% 14.7% -9.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Other Energy Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

49.16 45.11 37.23 33.21 30.05 26.47 20.30 15.63 3.45 260.60

Level Assessment (%) ** 13.58 12.46 10.29 9.18 8.30 7.31 5.61 4.32 0.95 72.00

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

13.58 26.05 36.33 45.51 53.81 61.12 66.73 71.05 72.00 72.00

72.9% 69.0% 18.7% 58.4% 47.0% 51.9% 105.6% 37.3% 37.3% 54.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Senegal / Sénégal Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

4

4

3.5

3.5 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3 2.5 2 1.5 1

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

0.5

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 3.8

100%

3.6 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

1.6 1.4

120

1.2 100 TWh

1 80 0.8 60

0.6 0.4

40

0.2

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Senegal / Sénégal Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.12 2.19

2.46 2.51

2.57 2.53

2.85 2.83

3.17 2.98

3.52 3.28

3.60 3.43

69.3% 57.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

94 2.24 4.15 9.79 7.33

106 2.53 4.48 10.56 8.30

109 2.60 4.70 11.10 8.53

115 2.75 4.95 11.67 8.78

118 2.82 5.23 12.34 9.03

124 2.96 5.50 12.97 9.29

129 3.09 5.81 13.70 9.53

37.9% 37.9% 39.9% 39.9% 30.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

22.68 0.51 0.22 0.29

23.23 0.55 0.23 0.30

23.58 0.55 0.23 0.30

24.76 0.58 0.24 0.32

26.80 0.61 0.26 0.35

28.42 0.64 0.27 0.38

27.85 0.62 0.26 0.38

22.8% 21.6% 18.2% 31.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

3.60 1.27 0.03 0.57 1.20 1.08 0.53 0.34 3.43 0.08 - 0.24 0.24 0.65

0.00 0.00 0.00 -

-

3.60 1.27 0.03 0.57 1.20 1.08 0.53 0.34 3.43 0.08 - 0.24 0.24 0.65

69.3% 53.9% -100.0% 14.3% 129.2% 66.6% 63.9% 80.6% 172.7% 57.0% 113.9% 43.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1.27 1.08 0.57 0.34 0.19 0.12 0.03 0.00 3.60

Level Assessment (%) ** 5.75 4.91 2.57 1.55 0.85 0.54 0.12 0.00 16.30

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

5.75 10.66 13.24 14.79 15.64 16.18 16.30 16.30 16.30

55.9% 63.9% 129.2% 172.7% 11.8% 94.7% 14.3% -90.4% 69.3%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Singapore / Singapour Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

45

45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 68

100%

63 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

58 53 48 43 38 33 28

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 140

35 30

120

25

100

20

80

15

60

10

40

5

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Singapore / Singapour Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

28.76 29.13

37.78 50.25

39.03 51.56

39.19 59.85

40.69 50.24

40.48 52.62

41.99 59.52

46.0% 104.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

559 13.36 53.91 43.40 3.05

894 21.36 83.39 67.13 3.53

924 22.06 89.68 72.20 3.67

1 051 25.09 97.45 78.45 3.79

919 21.95 97.50 78.50 3.92

939 22.43 103.22 83.10 3.95

1 030 24.59 113.43 91.32 4.02

84.1% 84.1% 110.4% 110.4% 31.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

51.43 0.53 0.66 9.44

42.24 0.45 0.56 10.71

42.26 0.44 0.54 10.64

37.30 0.40 0.50 10.33

44.27 0.42 0.52 10.37

43.11 0.39 0.49 10.24

40.78 0.37 0.46 10.45

-20.7% -30.2% -30.3% 10.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers ** Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

.. -

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

39.22 20.95 .. 10.07 2.36 5.84 5.84 56.75 19.04 - 1.51 52.08 7.16

2.77 2.77 .. 2.77 -

.. -

41.99 23.71 .. 10.07 2.36 5.84 5.84 59.52 19.04 - 1.51 52.08 7.16

46.0% 69.6% -100.0% 18.8% 21.6% 45.1% 45.1% -100.0% -100.0% 104.3% 53.8% 27.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. ** Emissions from autoproducers in 2000 have been included with public electricty and heat production.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 20.95 10.07 5.84 2.77 2.36 41.99

Level Assessment (%) *** 43.62 20.97 12.17 5.76 4.91 87.43

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

43.62 64.59 76.76 82.52 87.43 87.43

49.8% 18.8% 45.1% 0.0% 26.5% 46.0%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Slovak Republic / République slovaque Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

70

70

60

60 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

50 40 30 20

50 40 30 20 10

10 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 60

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

55 50 45 40 35 30

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

35 30

100

25 TWh

80 20 60 15 40

10

20

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Nuclear

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Slovak Republic / République slovaque Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

55.56 55.36

41.66 41.36

42.15 40.97

41.84 40.38

40.00 38.75

39.03 37.42

37.85 35.41

-31.9% -36.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

908 21.68 20.21 50.46 5.30

743 17.75 18.38 45.90 5.36

746 17.82 19.52 48.75 5.37

744 17.76 20.73 51.77 5.38

726 17.34 21.58 53.89 5.39

727 17.37 21.99 54.92 5.40

731 17.47 22.47 56.13 5.40

-19.5% -19.4% 11.2% 11.2% 1.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

61.20 2.75 1.10 10.49

56.07 2.27 0.91 7.77

56.48 2.16 0.87 7.84

56.28 2.02 0.81 7.77

55.08 1.85 0.74 7.42

53.66 1.78 0.71 7.23

51.76 1.68 0.67 7.01

-15.4% -38.7% -38.8% -33.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

17.59 9.80 1.54 5.14 1.10 0.21 16.62 - 0.92 - 0.05 -

7.15 0.34 0.04 2.16 4.05 3.97 0.55 0.04 5.30 - 0.74 - 1.11 ..

13.12 4.19 0.28 4.07 4.57 3.33 13.50 0.38 -

-

37.85 14.33 1.87 11.37 4.05 3.97 6.23 3.58 35.41 - 1.27 - 1.16 ..

-31.9% 29.4% -22.8% -54.8% 38.7% 35.9% -54.3% -38.6% -36.0% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 9.80 5.14 4.19 4.07 3.97 3.33 2.16 1.54 1.24 0.89 0.52 37.85

Level Assessment (%) ** 19.90 10.43 8.50 8.27 8.06 6.77 4.39 3.14 2.52 1.81 1.05 76.85

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

19.90 30.34 38.84 47.11 55.17 61.94 66.32 69.46 71.98 73.79 74.84 76.85

7.7% -54.9% 197.4% -32.2% 35.9% 109.0% -72.2% -15.0% -49.4% -73.6% -73.6% -31.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Slovenia / Slovénie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

18

18

16

16

14

14

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2 0 1980

0

1984

Coal

1988

1992

Oil

1996

Gas

1980

2000

1984

1988

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 17

100%

16 million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

60% 40% 20%

15 14 13 12 11 10

0%

1972

1986

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1986

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1986 = 100 120

16 14

100

TWh

12 10

80

8

60

6 40 4 20

2 0 1980

0 1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1980

1984

1988

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Slovenia / Slovénie Key Indicators 1986

1990

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000 00/Base*

14.20 14.49

12.50 12.85

14.04 14.34

15.40 15.69

15.04 15.02

14.60 14.62

14.45 14.42

1.7% -0.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. .. .. 1.98

.. .. 19.30 26.61 2.00

262 6.27 19.40 26.75 1.99

278 6.63 20.29 27.98 1.99

272 6.51 21.06 29.04 1.98

268 6.39 22.16 30.55 1.99

274 6.54 23.18 31.96 1.99

.. .. .. .. 0.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. 7.17

.. 0.65 0.47 6.26

53.53 0.72 0.53 7.05

55.49 0.76 0.55 7.75

55.24 0.71 0.52 7.59

54.54 0.66 0.48 7.35

52.76 0.62 0.45 7.27

.. .. .. 1.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach. * According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Slovenia is allowed to use 1986 as the base year.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other**

Total

00/Base

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

5.42 4.99 0.03 0.36 0.04 0.03 5.40 - 0.02 -

6.87 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.79 3.91 3.87 2.07 1.18 6.87 - 0.01 0.01 0.07

1.93 0.18 0.15 0.01 1.36 0.23 0.14 1.93 -

0.22 0.00 0.04 0.18 0.22 - 0.00 -

14.45 5.19 0.24 0.07 2.69 3.91 3.87 2.35 1.35 14.42 - 0.01 - 0.01 0.07

1.7% 5.9% -75.3% 1.2% -26.9% 66.9% 67.6% 5.0% -39.2% -0.4% -28.1%

** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries -Other Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Residential - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.99 3.87 1.36 1.18 0.90 0.79 0.36 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.14 14.45

Level Assessment (%) *** 25.92 20.09 7.06 6.11 4.66 4.10 1.89 0.93 0.91 0.78 0.75 75.08

Cumulative Total (%) 25.92 46.01 53.07 59.19 63.85 67.94 69.83 70.76 71.67 72.45 73.20 75.08

CO2 Emissions 00/Base 4.6% 67.6% 19.9% 70.5% 0.0% -27.3% -75.1% 281.9% 0.0% -53.4% 311.7% 1.7%

*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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South Africa / Afrique du Sud Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

350

350

300

300 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

250 200 150 100

250 200 150 100 50

50 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 360

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

340 320 300 280 260 240

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

250

140 200 120 100

TWh

150

80 100

60 40

50

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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South Africa / Afrique du Sud Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

254.64 291.06

276.77 332.92

286.23 338.51

299.64 345.50

309.79 345.27

291.24 346.31

295.79 340.11

16.2% 16.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 820 91.23 144.76 317.94 35.20

4 358 104.10 151.11 331.91 39.12

4 430 105.81 157.39 345.69 39.91

4 528 108.15 161.31 354.31 40.67

4 582 109.44 162.42 356.74 41.40

4 578 109.33 165.47 363.44 42.11

4 505 107.60 170.57 374.65 42.80

17.9% 17.9% 17.8% 17.8% 21.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

66.67 1.76 0.80 7.23

63.50 1.83 0.83 7.08

64.61 1.82 0.83 7.17

66.17 1.86 0.85 7.37

67.61 1.91 0.87 7.48

63.62 1.76 0.80 6.92

65.66 1.73 0.79 6.91

-1.5% -1.7% -1.3% -4.4%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

246.98 174.84 10.53 0.00 55.56 6.05 3.89 312.23 66.42 - 1.17 -

Oil 48.80 4.19 3.76 35.72 33.25 5.13 1.66 24.61 - 24.21 0.02 8.51 2.73

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

3.27 3.27 -

-

295.79 174.84 10.53 4.19 59.32 35.72 33.25 11.18 5.55 340.11 45.48 - 1.15 8.51 2.73

16.2% 32.4% 23.0% 78.9% -13.3% 22.4% 19.0% -20.8% -26.7% 16.9% 43.0% 137.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

174.84 55.56 33.25 10.53 4.19 3.89 3.76 3.47 2.47 2.16 1.66 295.79

Level Assessment (%) ** 45.51 14.46 8.66 2.74 1.09 1.01 0.98 0.90 0.64 0.56 0.43 77.00

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

45.51 59.98 68.63 71.37 72.46 73.48 74.46 75.36 76.00 76.57 77.00 77.00

32.4% -4.3% 19.0% 23.0% 81.6% -32.4% -63.7% 21.0% 129.7% -41.2% -8.5% 16.2%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Spain / Espagne Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

300

300

250

250 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

200 150 100

200 150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

250

140

200

120 100

TWh

150

80 100

60 40

50

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Spain / Espagne Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

206.51 211.62

235.30 239.90

224.58 229.59

242.52 247.58

249.26 254.70

267.47 272.72

284.69 285.89

37.9% 35.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

3 790 90.53 546.53 558.22 38.85

4 318 103.12 584.19 596.69 39.22

4 248 101.46 598.43 611.23 39.28

4 504 107.56 622.52 635.84 39.35

4 722 112.78 649.52 663.41 39.45

4 960 118.46 676.34 690.81 39.63

5 229 124.88 704.05 719.11 39.93

37.9% 37.9% 28.8% 28.8% 2.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

54.48 0.38 0.37 5.32

54.50 0.40 0.39 6.00

52.87 0.38 0.37 5.72

53.85 0.39 0.38 6.16

52.79 0.38 0.38 6.32

53.93 0.40 0.39 6.75

54.45 0.40 0.40 7.13

-0.1% 6.9% 7.0% 34.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

80.31 72.02 0.73 1.13 5.97 0.45 0.28 80.99 1.01 - 0.33 -

Oil 169.00 10.86 3.45 13.00 26.84 91.78 79.95 23.08 11.84 169.00 0.28 - 0.28 19.10 8.33

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

34.67 1.67 4.61 0.04 22.12 0.02 0.02 6.21 4.61 35.19 0.52 - 0.00 -

0.71 0.34 0.37 0.71 -

284.69 84.89 8.79 14.17 55.30 91.81 79.98 29.73 16.73 285.89 1.81 - 0.61 19.10 8.33

37.9% 36.9% 376.4% 14.4% 21.7% 43.2% 49.0% 43.4% 31.5% 35.1% 65.2% 141.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

79.95 72.02 26.84 22.12 13.00 11.84 11.83 11.23 10.86 5.97 4.61 284.69

Level Assessment (%) ** 20.17 18.17 6.77 5.58 3.28 2.99 2.98 2.83 2.74 1.51 1.16 71.80

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

20.17 38.33 45.10 50.68 53.96 56.94 59.93 62.76 65.50 67.01 68.17 71.80

48.9% 29.6% 15.6% 159.5% 23.8% 16.5% 13.8% 50.6% 80.7% -56.2% 408.7% 37.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Sri Lanka Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

12

12

10

10 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

8 6 4

8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 12

100%

11 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 300

8 7

250

TWh

6 5

200

4

150

3 100 2 50

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Sri Lanka Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

3.74 3.98

5.52 5.77

8.09 7.59

8.03 7.90

8.35 8.31

9.20 9.08

10.89 10.68

190.9% 168.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

231 5.52 10.02 38.21 17.02

249 5.95 13.03 49.69 18.14

281 6.72 13.52 51.58 18.34

292 6.96 14.39 54.88 18.55

296 7.08 15.07 57.46 18.77

317 7.56 15.72 59.93 19.04

338 8.06 16.66 63.53 19.36

46.2% 46.0% 66.3% 66.3% 13.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

16.21 0.37 0.10 0.22

22.18 0.42 0.11 0.30

28.74 0.60 0.16 0.44

27.55 0.56 0.15 0.43

28.18 0.55 0.15 0.44

29.06 0.59 0.15 0.48

32.27 0.65 0.17 0.56

99.1% 75.7% 70.0% 154.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 -

10.89 2.86 0.16 1.08 5.66 4.77 1.13 0.29 10.67 0.04 - 0.26 0.50 ..

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

10.89 2.86 0.16 1.08 5.67 4.77 1.13 0.29 10.68 0.04 - 0.26 0.50 ..

190.9% 46301.8% -0.6% 130.6% 127.5% 116.6% 82.5% 255.1% 168.5% -58.4% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Transport - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.77 2.86 1.08 0.89 0.84 0.29 0.16 0.00 0.00 10.89

Level Assessment (%) ** 16.61 9.95 3.76 3.11 2.92 1.02 0.55 0.01 0.01 37.94

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

16.61 26.56 30.32 33.43 36.35 37.37 37.92 37.93 37.94 37.94

116.6% 46301.8% 129.9% 232.1% 55.9% 255.1% -0.6% 0.0% -85.8% 190.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Sudan / Soudan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

7

7

6

6 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

5 4 3 2

5 4 3 2 1

1 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 6

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

3

140

2.5

120 2 TWh

100 1.5

80

1

60 40

0.5 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Sudan / Soudan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

5.51 5.47

4.55 4.56

4.35 4.47

5.32 5.56

4.87 4.90

5.19 5.21

5.72 5.78

3.9% 5.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

445 10.63 4.76 24.40 24.82

458 10.94 7.19 36.86 27.95

586 13.99 7.48 38.33 28.67

617 14.73 8.21 42.05 29.35

624 14.91 8.71 44.62 29.98

627 14.97 9.16 46.94 30.56

679 16.22 9.92 50.83 31.10

52.6% 52.6% 108.3% 108.3% 25.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

12.38 1.16 0.23 0.22

9.94 0.63 0.12 0.16

7.43 0.58 0.11 0.15

8.62 0.65 0.13 0.18

7.80 0.56 0.11 0.16

8.29 0.57 0.11 0.17

8.42 0.58 0.11 0.18

-32.0% -50.0% -52.2% -18.2%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 5.72 0.94 0.08 1.13 2.58 2.43 0.98 0.27 5.78 0.06 - 0.00 0.03 0.38

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

5.72 0.94 0.08 1.13 2.58 2.43 0.98 0.27 5.78 0.06 - 0.00 0.03 0.38

3.9% 90.7% 549.4% 21.9% -34.2% -38.1% 567.9% 93.3% 5.6% 14.3% 300.5%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.43 1.13 0.94 0.71 0.27 0.15 0.08 5.72

Level Assessment (%) ** 2.06 0.96 0.80 0.60 0.23 0.13 0.07 4.86

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

2.06 3.02 3.82 4.42 4.66 4.78 4.86 4.86

-38.1% 21.9% 90.7% 11449.6% 93.3% 0.0% 549.4% 3.9%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Sweden / Suède Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

100

100

90

90

80

80

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

70 60 50 40 30

70 60 50 40 30

20

20

10

10 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 62

100%

60 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

58 56 54 52 50 48 46

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 300

180 160

250

140

TWh

120

200

100 150

80 60

100

40 50

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Sweden / Suède Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

51.17 48.52

53.75 51.38

59.03 52.23

52.88 48.57

53.54 49.55

52.26 48.79

51.99 47.44

1.6% -2.2%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 954 46.67 233.25 171.03 8.57

2 090 49.92 240.19 176.12 8.83

2 136 51.02 242.78 178.02 8.84

2 080 49.68 247.80 181.70 8.85

2 123 50.71 256.68 188.22 8.85

2 114 50.48 268.26 196.70 8.86

1 988 47.48 277.94 203.80 8.87

1.7% 1.7% 19.2% 19.2% 3.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

26.19 0.22 0.30 5.97

25.71 0.22 0.31 6.09

27.63 0.24 0.33 6.68

25.43 0.21 0.29 5.98

25.22 0.21 0.28 6.05

24.73 0.20 0.27 5.90

26.15 0.19 0.26 5.86

-0.1% -14.6% -14.7% -1.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

8.27 3.64 0.79 0.27 3.51 0.07 0.06 10.05 1.77 0.01 -

41.37 1.14 0.30 1.70 6.63 22.49 20.25 9.11 3.55 34.99 - 3.62 - 2.76 4.31 1.46

1.58 0.59 0.01 0.68 0.31 0.17 1.63 0.01 0.03 -

0.76 0.76 0.00 0.76 -

51.99 6.12 1.09 1.97 10.81 22.49 20.25 9.50 3.78 47.44 - 1.83 - 2.72 4.31 1.46

1.6% -9.0% 237.8% 21.0% -5.5% 10.3% 11.6% -10.8% -23.3% -2.2% 104.4% 70.1%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Product. - Other Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 20.25 6.63 5.56 3.64 3.55 3.51 2.24 1.70 1.14 0.79 0.76 51.99

Level Assessment (%) ** 28.89 9.46 7.94 5.19 5.07 5.00 3.20 2.43 1.63 1.12 1.08 74.19

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

28.89 38.36 46.30 51.49 56.56 61.56 64.76 67.19 68.82 69.94 71.02 74.19

11.6% 7.2% 3.0% -29.5% -26.2% -24.7% -0.8% 27.7% -0.9% 2143.2% 0.0% 1.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Switzerland / Suisse Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

50

50

45

45

40

40

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

35 30 25 20 15

35 30 25 20 15

10

10

5

5 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 44

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

43 42 41 40 39 38

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

70

140

60

120

50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

80

TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Switzerland / Suisse Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

40.61 41.86

40.67 39.07

41.69 39.97

40.44 41.74

42.15 41.94

42.22 40.93

41.69 39.91

2.7% -4.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 049 25.06 308.43 181.37 6.71

1 058 25.27 307.26 180.68 7.04

1 078 25.74 308.24 181.26 7.07

1 101 26.30 313.55 184.38 7.09

1 118 26.69 320.93 188.72 7.11

1 117 26.69 326.15 191.79 7.14

1 114 26.60 335.86 197.50 7.19

6.1% 6.1% 8.9% 8.9% 7.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

38.71 0.13 0.22 6.05

38.45 0.13 0.23 5.78

38.68 0.14 0.23 5.89

36.72 0.13 0.22 5.70

37.72 0.13 0.22 5.93

37.78 0.13 0.22 5.91

37.44 0.12 0.21 5.80

-3.3% -6.1% -5.8% -4.1%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.99 0.95 0.05 0.04 0.99 - 0.00 0.00 -

33.83 0.01 0.03 0.68 3.79 15.36 14.91 13.96 9.11 32.01 0.08 - 1.90 0.03 4.67

5.63 0.10 0.32 1.78 3.44 2.03 5.69 0.05 0.00 -

1.23 1.23 1.23 0.00 -

41.69 0.11 0.34 0.68 7.75 15.36 14.91 17.44 11.18 39.91 0.12 - 1.90 0.03 4.67

2.7% -68.5% 36.6% 70.8% 29.7% 4.6% 5.5% -7.9% -5.9% -4.7% -38.9% 50.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries -Other Manufacturing Industries - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Transport - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 14.91 9.11 4.85 3.79 2.03 1.78 1.41 1.23 0.95 0.68 0.44 41.69

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.89 17.04 9.06 7.10 3.79 3.33 2.64 2.30 1.77 1.27 0.83 77.95

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.89 44.93 53.99 61.09 64.87 68.20 70.84 73.14 74.91 76.18 77.01 77.95

5.5% -12.3% -23.6% 48.0% 42.2% 29.2% 95.2% 69.1% -27.7% 70.8% -17.8% 2.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Syria / Syrie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

60

60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

40 30 20

40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 55

80%

50

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60% 40% 20%

45 40 35 30

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

25

120

20

100 15 TWh

80 60

10

40 5 20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Syria / Syrie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

30.99 32.08

42.20 38.61

42.99 39.91

44.48 41.74

49.53 46.39

51.27 48.06

52.29 48.94

68.7% 52.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

499 11.93 7.77 28.55 12.12

591 14.13 11.40 41.86 14.22

609 14.54 12.23 44.94 14.62

653 15.59 12.54 46.06 15.02

728 17.40 13.49 49.55 15.40

756 18.05 13.25 48.66 15.79

771 18.41 13.58 49.88 16.19

54.3% 54.3% 74.7% 74.7% 33.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

62.05 3.99 1.09 2.56

71.36 3.70 1.01 2.97

70.62 3.51 0.96 2.94

68.17 3.55 0.97 2.96

68.00 3.67 1.00 3.22

67.85 3.87 1.05 3.25

67.85 3.85 1.05 3.23

9.3% -3.5% -3.7% 26.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 -

41.44 6.99 1.36 1.43 4.24 3.83 3.83 23.58 2.49 38.10 1.09 - 4.44 .. 0.83

10.84 4.63 0.41 5.16 0.64 10.84 0.00 -

-

52.29 11.62 1.36 1.85 9.40 3.83 3.83 24.23 2.49 48.94 1.09 - 4.44 .. 0.83

68.7% 115.6% 43.0% 33.7% 208.6% 2.2% 2.2% 47.1% 59.1% 52.6% .. -32.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Road - Oil Residential - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 21.09 6.99 5.16 4.63 4.24 3.83 2.49 1.43 1.36 0.64 0.41 52.29

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.36 9.07 6.69 6.00 5.50 4.97 3.23 1.86 1.77 0.84 0.54 67.82

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.36 36.43 43.12 49.11 54.62 59.59 62.81 64.67 66.44 67.28 67.81 67.82

60.4% 70.8% 0.0% 257.3% 39.2% 2.2% 59.1% 16.5% 43.0% -63.2% 174.2% 68.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Tajikistan / Tadjikistan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 25

20

20

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 25

15 10 5

15 10 5 0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 25

80%

20

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

not available

40% 20%

15 10 5 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

20 18

100

16 14

80

TWh

12 10

60

8 40

6 4

20

2 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Tajikistan / Tadjikistan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

5.30 5.30

5.94 5.94

5.24 5.24

5.59 5.63

5.69 5.71

4.43 4.43

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 6.25 17.46 5.30

138 3.28 2.38 6.64 5.84

147 3.52 1.98 5.53 5.93

130 3.10 2.01 5.62 6.02

136 3.25 2.12 5.92 6.13

140 3.34 2.20 6.14 6.16

122 2.91 2.38 6.65 6.17

.. .. -61.9% -61.9% 16.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

38.57 2.23 0.80 0.91

40.29 3.00 1.07 1.00

40.34 2.60 0.93 0.87

41.06 2.64 0.94 0.91

40.62 2.59 0.93 0.92

36.31 1.86 0.67 0.72

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.21 0.21 0.21 -

2.75 2.07 2.07 0.69 2.75 0.00 0.02

1.47 0.62 0.84 1.47 -

-

4.43 0.62 2.07 2.07 1.73 4.43 0.00 0.02

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.07 0.84 0.69 0.62 0.21 4.43

Level Assessment (%) ** 19.04 7.75 6.31 5.75 1.89 40.74

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

19.04 26.79 33.10 38.85 40.74 40.74

.. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

United Republic of Tanzania / République unie de Tanzanie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

2

2

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 2.4

100%

2.2 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

2.5

160 2

140 120

1.5 TWh

100 80

1

60 40

0.5

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.375

United Republic of Tanzania / République unie de Tanzanie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

1.71 2.04

1.60 2.05

1.61 2.10

1.86 2.10

1.46 2.10

1.52 2.17

1.55 2.28

-9.4% 11.6%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

525 12.53 4.81 12.60 25.47

577 13.78 5.26 13.78 29.65

588 14.03 5.50 14.40 30.49

597 14.26 5.69 14.91 31.32

614 14.66 5.90 15.46 32.13

629 15.02 6.11 16.01 32.92

644 15.39 6.42 16.83 33.70

22.8% 22.8% 33.5% 33.5% 32.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

3.25 0.35 0.14 0.07

2.77 0.30 0.12 0.05

2.73 0.29 0.11 0.05

3.12 0.33 0.12 0.06

2.38 0.25 0.09 0.05

2.41 0.25 0.09 0.05

2.40 0.24 0.09 0.05

-26.2% -31.4% -35.7% -28.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 -

1.54 0.09 0.41 0.78 0.78 0.26 0.26 2.27 0.73 0.08 0.12

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

1.55 0.09 0.42 0.78 0.78 0.26 0.26 2.28 0.00 0.73 0.08 0.12

-9.4% -65.4% 9.5% 12.6% 12.6% -22.0% -22.0% 11.6% -3.8% -45.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.78 0.41 0.26 0.09 0.01 1.55

Level Assessment (%) ** 0.99 0.52 0.34 0.11 0.01 1.96

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

0.99 1.51 1.84 1.95 1.96 1.96

12.6% 9.9% -22.0% -65.4% -5.0% -9.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Thailand / Thailande Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

180

180

160

160

140

140

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

120 100 80 60 40

120 100 80 60 40 20

20 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 200

120

180

100

160 140

80 TWh

1984

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

120 60

100 80

40

60 40

20

20 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Thailand / Thailande Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

77.90 79.72

136.24 139.22

152.89 154.94

156.74 159.87

141.58 145.79

147.25 155.52

147.20 158.99

89.0% 99.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 810 43.23 111.11 238.50 55.60

2 646 63.20 168.28 361.19 58.61

2 884 68.88 178.18 382.44 58.98

2 981 71.20 175.61 376.92 59.37

2 784 66.50 156.69 336.33 59.79

2 951 70.47 163.31 350.53 60.25

3 082 73.62 170.34 365.62 60.73

70.3% 70.3% 53.3% 53.3% 9.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

43.04 0.70 0.33 1.40

51.49 0.81 0.38 2.32

53.02 0.86 0.40 2.59

52.58 0.89 0.42 2.64

50.85 0.90 0.42 2.37

49.90 0.90 0.42 2.44

47.76 0.86 0.40 2.42

11.0% 22.9% 21.2% 72.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

30.74 15.13 1.75 13.86 30.54 0.02 - 0.22 -

83.88 7.45 0.06 1.16 18.58 45.70 45.22 10.94 4.29 87.65 3.74 0.02 2.46 8.30

32.58 26.15 3.60 2.82 0.00 0.00 40.81 6.99 1.24 -

-

147.20 48.73 5.41 1.16 35.27 45.70 45.22 10.94 4.29 158.99 10.76 1.03 2.46 8.30

89.0% 76.1% 0.0% 225.0% 139.4% 68.5% 76.1% 36.4% 74.3% 99.4% 44.8% 47.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

45.22 26.15 18.58 15.13 13.86 7.45 6.65 4.29 3.60 2.82 1.75 147.20

Level Assessment (%) ** 14.90 8.62 6.12 4.98 4.57 2.46 2.19 1.41 1.19 0.93 0.58 48.51

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

14.90 23.52 29.64 34.62 39.19 41.65 43.84 45.25 46.44 47.37 47.94 48.51

76.1% 192.7% 111.9% 43.0% 153.1% -8.7% 19.6% 74.3% 0.0% 481.5% 0.0% 89.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Togo Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.2 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 1.4

100%

1.2 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

0.12 0.1

200

TWh

0.08 150 0.06 100

0.04

50

0.02 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Togo Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

0.54 0.54

0.59 0.59

0.83 0.83

0.76 0.76

0.86 0.87

1.00 1.00

1.26 1.26

134.5% 133.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

42 1.00 1.30 5.47 3.45

48 1.16 1.31 5.50 3.91

53 1.27 1.43 5.98 4.02

53 1.27 1.49 6.23 4.14

56 1.34 1.45 6.10 4.26

60 1.43 1.49 6.25 4.39

64 1.53 1.48 6.21 4.53

52.8% 53.0% 13.4% 13.4% 31.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

12.85 0.41 0.10 0.16

12.17 0.45 0.11 0.15

15.70 0.58 0.14 0.21

14.34 0.51 0.12 0.18

15.33 0.59 0.14 0.20

16.68 0.67 0.16 0.23

19.71 0.85 0.20 0.28

53.4% 107.3% 100.0% 75.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 1.26 0.04 0.02 0.66 0.39 0.39 0.15 0.15 1.26 0.00 .. 0.08

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

1.26 0.04 0.02 0.66 0.39 0.39 0.15 0.15 1.26 0.00 .. 0.08

134.5% -43.5% 150.0% 306.2% 73.0% 73.0% 118.2% 118.2% 133.4% .. 118.2%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Oil Road - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.66 0.39 0.15 0.04 0.02 1.26

Level Assessment (%) ** 9.29 5.51 2.09 0.58 0.22 17.69

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

9.29 14.80 16.89 17.47 17.69 17.69

306.2% 73.0% 118.2% -43.5% 150.0% 134.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

16

16

14

14 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

12 10 8 6 4

12 10 8 6 4 2

2

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 19

100%

18 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

6

140

5

120 4 TWh

100 3

80

2

60 40

1 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

10.91 12.24

11.17 11.60

12.16 13.24

12.72 11.77

14.08 13.34

15.06 15.73

15.13 17.72

38.6% 44.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

243 5.80 4.97 8.19 1.22

242 5.78 5.33 8.78 1.26

270 6.44 5.54 9.13 1.27

252 6.02 5.73 9.44 1.28

291 6.96 6.05 9.97 1.29

337 8.06 6.36 10.48 1.29

363 8.66 6.67 10.98 1.30

49.5% 49.3% 34.0% 34.0% 7.1%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

44.97 2.19 1.33 8.98

46.14 2.10 1.27 8.85

45.08 2.20 1.33 9.58

50.45 2.22 1.35 9.96

48.35 2.33 1.41 10.96

44.62 2.37 1.44 11.64

41.69 2.27 1.38 11.63

-7.3% 3.7% 3.8% 29.5%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

3.10 0.00 1.04 0.27 1.62 1.62 0.18 0.18 0.88 - 2.47 0.24 0.04 0.03

12.02 3.73 0.04 1.65 6.60 16.84 4.82 - 0.00 -

-

15.13 3.73 0.04 2.69 6.87 1.62 1.62 0.18 0.18 17.72 2.35 0.24 0.04 0.03

38.6% 55.0% -66.8% 22.7% 45.7% 21.7% 26.1% 26.6% 26.6% 44.8% -65.0% -83.9%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Gas Road - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 6.60 3.73 1.65 1.62 1.04 0.27 0.18 0.04 0.00 15.13

Level Assessment (%) ** 33.00 18.63 8.25 8.10 5.18 1.34 0.88 0.21 0.02 75.61

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

33.00 51.63 59.89 67.99 73.17 74.51 75.39 75.60 75.61 75.61

50.2% 55.0% -11.4% 26.1% 216.6% -16.4% 26.6% -66.8% 0.0% 38.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Tunisia / Tunisie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

20

20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 19

100%

18 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

17 16 15 14 13 12

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

12

120

10

100

8 TWh

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

80 6 60 4 40 2 0 1972

20 0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Tunisia / Tunisie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

12.24 12.73

14.25 14.08

15.06 14.88

15.62 15.00

16.45 16.75

17.25 16.71

17.80 17.36

45.4% 36.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

237 5.66 14.87 36.02 8.15

271 6.47 17.99 43.57 8.96

284 6.79 19.26 46.65 9.09

290 6.93 20.30 49.18 9.22

319 7.62 21.27 51.52 9.33

321 7.67 22.56 54.65 9.46

330 7.89 23.62 57.23 9.56

39.3% 39.4% 58.9% 58.9% 17.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

51.59 0.82 0.34 1.50

52.58 0.79 0.33 1.59

52.97 0.78 0.32 1.66

53.89 0.77 0.32 1.70

51.57 0.77 0.32 1.76

53.69 0.76 0.32 1.82

53.89 0.75 0.31 1.86

4.5% -8.5% -8.8% 24.0%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

0.31 0.31 0.34 0.03 -

11.09 0.27 0.82 0.21 2.55 4.02 4.00 3.21 1.52 10.65 0.06 - 0.50 0.03 0.85

6.39 4.97 1.06 0.37 0.27 6.38 - 0.01 -

-

17.80 5.24 0.82 0.21 3.92 4.02 4.00 3.58 1.79 17.36 0.08 - 0.52 0.03 0.85

45.4% 63.8% 39.6% 5.3% 17.6% 63.3% 70.7% 46.2% 37.5% 36.4% -49.0% 50.4%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.97 4.00 2.55 1.69 1.52 1.06 0.82 0.31 0.27 0.27 0.21 17.80

Level Assessment (%) ** 10.09 8.13 5.18 3.43 3.09 2.15 1.66 0.63 0.55 0.55 0.44 36.13

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

10.09 18.22 23.41 26.84 29.93 32.08 33.74 34.36 34.92 35.46 35.90 36.13

140.3% 70.7% 5.6% 54.5% 25.3% 77.5% 39.6% -3.8% 213.7% -76.1% 5.3% 45.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Turkey / Turquie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

250

250

200

200

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

150 100

150 100 50

50

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1990

2000

1992

1992

1996

2000

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1988

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1990 = 100 140

140 120

120

100

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

0 1972

1984

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.385

Turkey / Turquie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

128.80 138.29

155.43 157.26

171.67 173.36

180.59 183.69

182.15 185.02

181.27 183.04

204.08 206.01

58.5% 49.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

2 204 52.65 144.57 296.75 56.20

2 571 61.40 169.32 347.56 61.65

2 800 66.87 181.18 371.91 62.70

2 951 70.47 194.82 399.90 63.75

3 001 71.69 200.84 412.27 64.79

2 953 70.54 191.39 392.85 65.82

3 228 77.10 205.07 420.95 66.84

46.4% 46.4% 41.9% 41.9% 18.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

58.43 0.89 0.43 2.29

60.47 0.92 0.45 2.52

61.32 0.95 0.46 2.74

61.21 0.93 0.45 2.83

60.69 0.91 0.44 2.81

61.38 0.95 0.46 2.75

63.22 1.00 0.49 3.05

8.2% 11.7% 11.8% 33.2%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

91.26 42.82 4.84 1.83 34.90 0.00 6.87 6.87 94.01 2.56 0.19 -

83.86 5.88 2.96 4.66 16.80 35.28 31.35 18.28 10.00 82.46 - 1.99 0.59 1.27 1.60

28.89 13.49 4.84 0.14 4.04 0.09 0.01 6.30 6.30 29.46 0.06 0.50 -

0.07 0.07 0.07 -

204.08 62.19 12.71 6.62 55.73 35.37 31.36 31.45 23.17 206.01 0.64 1.29 1.27 1.60

58.5% 121.8% 118.6% 18.3% 65.7% 25.2% 22.4% 14.4% 7.6% 49.0% 236.2% 189.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Coal Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

42.82 34.90 31.35 16.80 13.49 10.00 8.28 6.87 6.30 5.88 4.84 204.08

Level Assessment (%) ** 14.30 11.65 10.47 5.61 4.50 3.34 2.77 2.30 2.10 1.96 1.62 68.16

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

14.30 25.95 36.42 42.03 46.54 49.88 52.64 54.94 57.04 59.01 60.62 68.16

97.5% 78.3% 22.4% 33.0% 171.2% 10.1% 39.4% -44.4% 6533.5% 328.0% 0.0% 58.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Turkmenistan / Turkménistan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 40

35

35 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 40

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 38

80%

36

million tonnes of CO2

100%

60%

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

not available

40% 20%

34 32 30 28 26

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 200

14

180

12

160

TWh

10

140 120

8

100 6

80 60

4

40

2

20 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.387

Turkmenistan / Turkménistan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

34.00 34.70

29.91 31.22

29.70 29.78

28.35 28.46

33.73 33.85

34.25 34.36

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 9.42 24.29 3.67

581 13.89 5.87 15.14 4.53

510 12.18 5.48 14.13 4.65

491 11.73 4.86 12.53 4.78

478 11.42 5.20 13.41 4.92

571 13.64 6.09 15.69 5.10

581 13.88 7.16 18.45 5.20

.. .. -24.0% -24.1% 41.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

58.48 5.79 2.25 7.50

58.63 5.46 2.12 6.43

60.49 6.11 2.37 6.22

59.29 5.45 2.11 5.76

59.05 5.54 2.15 6.62

58.91 4.78 1.86 6.59

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

8.77 2.61 1.47 1.47 4.70 8.89 0.11 ..

25.47 8.88 2.45 14.14 25.47 -

-

34.25 8.88 5.06 1.47 1.47 18.84 34.36 0.11 ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Road - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 14.14 8.88 4.70 2.61 2.45 1.47 34.25

Level Assessment (%) ** 24.07 15.11 7.99 4.44 4.18 2.50 58.29

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

24.07 39.18 47.17 51.61 55.79 58.29 58.29

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Ukraine Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 600

500

500 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 600

400 300 200

400 300 200 100

100

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

630 580

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

530 480 430 380 330 280

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

300

TWh

1993

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

250

120

200

100 80

150 60 100 40 50 0 1992

20 0 1993

1994

1995

Oil

Gas

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.389

Ukraine Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

389.28 434.08

364.23 404.18

334.64 373.64

319.10 358.78

313.54 351.68

301.03 345.71

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 102.18 402.31 51.89

6 929 165.50 49.09 193.28 51.53

6 761 161.49 44.16 173.87 51.11

6 284 150.08 42.84 168.67 50.70

5 985 142.94 42.01 165.39 50.30

5 913 141.22 41.92 165.06 49.91

5 844 139.59 44.35 174.64 49.50

.. .. -56.6% -56.6% -4.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

56.18 7.93 2.01 7.55

53.87 8.25 2.09 7.13

53.25 7.81 1.98 6.60

53.32 7.60 1.93 6.34

53.03 7.48 1.90 6.28

51.51 6.79 1.72 6.08

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

Coal

Oil

125.51 51.28 2.65 0.37 54.18 17.03 17.03 166.31 38.42 2.38 -

33.27 3.65 0.13 0.68 7.89 11.82 7.52 9.10 3.71 33.91 0.64 .. 2.08

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

142.25 33.12 7.15 3.15 35.75 63.08 40.48 145.48 3.24 -

-

301.03 88.05 9.94 4.20 97.81 11.82 7.52 89.21 61.22 345.71 42.30 2.38 .. 2.08

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Residential - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

54.18 51.28 40.48 35.75 33.12 22.60 17.03 7.89 7.52 7.15 5.39 301.03

Level Assessment (%) ** 12.32 11.66 9.20 8.13 7.53 5.14 3.87 1.79 1.71 1.63 1.23 68.44

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

12.32 23.98 33.18 41.31 48.84 53.98 57.85 59.64 61.35 62.98 64.20 68.44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

United Arab Emirates / Emirats arabes unis Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

80

80

70

70 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

60 50 40 30 20

60 50 40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 75

100%

70 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

65 60 55 50 45 40

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 160

45 40

140

35

120

TWh

30 100

25

80

20 15

60

10

40

5

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.391

United Arab Emirates / Emirats arabes unis Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

40.91 41.77

53.94 55.57

62.46 63.98

60.75 62.45

64.39 65.62

65.85 66.66

68.74 69.27

68.0% 65.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

737 17.61 38.70 41.51 1.84

995 23.76 42.81 45.92 2.34

1 148 27.42 47.11 50.53 2.46

1 120 26.75 48.12 51.61 2.58

1 173 28.02 45.40 48.70 2.72

1 185 28.30 46.53 49.91 2.82

1 238 29.56 49.33 52.91 2.91

67.8% 67.9% 27.4% 27.4% 57.5%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

55.48 1.06 0.99 22.18

54.21 1.26 1.17 23.04

54.41 1.33 1.24 25.41

54.25 1.26 1.18 23.55

54.89 1.42 1.32 23.64

55.57 1.42 1.32 23.39

55.55 1.39 1.30 23.66

0.1% 31.1% 31.3% 6.7%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

15.19 3.30 0.62 5.45 5.57 5.57 0.25 0.25 7.95 - 7.24 - 0.00 15.48 3.08

53.55 27.92 1.32 24.31 61.32 7.77 - 0.00 -

-

68.74 31.23 1.94 29.76 5.57 5.57 0.25 0.25 69.27 0.53 15.48 3.08

68.0% 144.9% 79.3% 34.6% 15.6% 15.6% 62.7% 62.7% 65.8% -18.5% 48.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 27.92 24.31 5.57 5.45 3.30 1.32 0.62 0.25 68.74

Level Assessment (%) ** 27.04 23.54 5.39 5.28 3.20 1.28 0.60 0.24 66.57

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

27.04 50.58 55.98 61.26 64.46 65.74 66.33 66.57 66.57

131.1% 52.3% 15.6% -11.2% 394.1% 120.9% 27.6% 62.7% 68.0%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

700

700

600

600 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

500 400 300 200

500 400 300 200 100

100 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 590

100%

580 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

570 560 550 540 530 520 510

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

400

TWh

1994

350

160

300

140

250

120 100

200

80

150

60 100

40

50

20

0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.393

United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

559.89 569.66

532.64 551.75

545.67 562.97

523.59 537.06

531.98 541.69

526.02 539.85

531.47 552.02

-5.1% -3.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

8 893 212.41 1 040.25 1 008.04 57.56

9 390 224.27 1 134.94 1 099.81 58.61

9 754 232.97 1 164.72 1 128.66 58.81

9 499 226.87 1 204.85 1 167.55 59.01

9 635 230.13 1 240.88 1 202.46 59.24

9 681 231.24 1 267.26 1 228.02 59.50

9 740 232.64 1 303.75 1 263.39 59.76

9.5% 9.5% 25.3% 25.3% 3.8%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

62.96 0.54 0.56 9.73

56.73 0.47 0.48 9.09

55.94 0.47 0.48 9.28

55.12 0.44 0.45 8.87

55.21 0.43 0.44 8.98

54.33 0.42 0.43 8.84

54.56 0.41 0.42 8.89

-13.3% -24.2% -24.1% -8.6%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

136.28 103.25 10.85 6.29 9.16 6.73 6.05 138.43 2.55 - 0.40 -

Oil 195.49 1.27 1.84 16.70 25.32 134.23 115.52 16.15 9.05 208.99 7.71 5.79 6.51 19.87

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

198.74 50.29 6.25 14.55 37.86 89.80 66.88 203.64 2.24 2.66 -

0.96 0.66 0.09 0.21 0.96 - 0.00 -

531.47 154.81 19.59 37.53 72.42 134.23 115.52 112.89 81.98 552.02 12.50 8.05 6.51 19.87

-5.1% -23.3% 47.3% 28.8% -13.3% 9.2% 6.4% 3.4% 9.2% -3.1% -17.8% 53.0%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

115.52 103.25 66.88 50.29 37.86 25.32 22.92 18.71 16.70 14.55 10.85 531.47

Level Assessment (%) ** 17.49 15.63 10.12 7.61 5.73 3.83 3.47 2.83 2.53 2.20 1.64 80.45

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

17.49 33.12 43.24 50.85 56.58 60.41 63.88 66.72 69.24 71.44 73.09 80.45

6.4% -43.2% 23.1% 0.0% 42.9% -5.1% 44.3% 30.3% -15.1% 107.8% 32.1% -5.1%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

United States / Etats-Unis Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

6000

6000

5000

5000 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

4000 3000 2000

4000 3000 2000 1000

1000

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

1996

Gas

1972

2000

1976

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 5900

100%

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

5700 5500 5300 5100 4900 4700

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1996

1998

2000

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 180

4000

160

3500

140

3000

120

2500

100

2000

80

1500

60

1000

40

500

20

0 1972

1994

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

4500

TWh

1980

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.395

United States / Etats-Unis Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

4 825.7 4 852.4

5 108.7 5 138.3

5 290.0 5 284.9

5 395.4 5 422.1

5 432.4 5 439.5

5 488.0 5 537.6

5 665.4 5 718.3

17.4% 17.8%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

80 690 1 927.2 6 520.5 6 520.5 250.0

87 425 2 088.1 7 338.4 7 338.4 263.1

89 617 2 140.5 7 603.0 7 603.0 265.5

90 578 2 163.4 7 943.0 7 943.0 268.1

91 337 2 181.5 8 285.9 8 285.9 270.6

94 111 2 247.8 8 626.7 8 626.7 273.0

96 283 2 299.7 8 986.9 8 986.9 275.4

19.3% 19.3% 37.8% 37.8% 10.2%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

59.81 0.74 0.74 19.30

58.44 0.70 0.70 19.42

59.03 0.70 0.70 19.92

59.57 0.68 0.68 20.13

59.48 0.66 0.66 20.08

58.31 0.64 0.64 20.10

58.84 0.63 0.63 20.57

-1.6% -14.9% -14.9% 6.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

2 113.6 1 911.2 53.7 3.9 136.1 8.8 5.3 2 118.0 24.4 - 19.9 -

Oil 2 307.0 58.2 44.1 162.2 173.9 1 685.7 1 432.4 182.8 94.5 2 309.4 - 15.4 17.8 103.5 55.6

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

1 227.4 169.5 198.9 106.4 270.0 35.5 0.5 447.2 271.7 1 273.4 46.0 -

17.4 17.4 17.4 - 0.0 -

5 665.4 2 138.8 314.0 272.5 580.0 1 721.2 1 432.9 638.9 371.4 5 718.3 8.9 43.9 103.5 55.6

17.4% 21.9% 97.3% 0.3% -4.5% 20.9% 25.5% 4.9% 14.3% 17.8% 13.7% 43.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Residential - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Transport - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 1 911.2 1 432.4 271.7 270.0 253.3 198.9 175.6 173.9 169.5 162.2 136.1 5 665.4

Level Assessment (%) ** 26.83 20.11 3.81 3.79 3.56 2.79 2.46 2.44 2.38 2.28 1.91 79.54

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

26.83 46.94 50.76 54.55 58.10 60.90 63.36 65.80 68.18 70.46 72.37 79.54

26.2% 25.5% 13.3% -6.7% 2.8% 248.5% 22.6% -20.1% 11.0% -1.6% 36.0% 17.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Uruguay Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

8

8

7

7 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

6 5 4 3 2

6 5 4 3 2 1

1

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 7.5

100%

7 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

12 10

200

TWh

8 150 6 100

4

50

2 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Hydro

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Uruguay Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

3.75 4.02

4.53 4.70

5.34 5.59

5.41 5.60

5.63 5.80

6.70 6.91

5.31 6.06

41.6% 51.0%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

94 2.25 15.13 20.93 3.11

108 2.57 18.35 25.39 3.22

119 2.83 19.37 26.81 3.24

121 2.88 20.35 28.16 3.27

124 2.96 21.27 29.44 3.29

135 3.24 20.67 28.60 3.31

129 3.08 20.41 28.23 3.34

36.7% 36.9% 34.9% 34.9% 7.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

39.76 0.25 0.18 1.21

42.05 0.25 0.18 1.41

45.05 0.28 0.20 1.65

44.83 0.27 0.19 1.66

45.34 0.26 0.19 1.71

49.50 0.32 0.23 2.02

41.17 0.26 0.19 1.59

3.5% 4.0% 5.6% 31.4%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 - 0.02 0.00 -

5.21 0.43 0.01 0.29 0.84 2.49 2.47 1.16 0.46 5.99 0.77 0.01 0.90 ..

0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.07 -

-

5.31 0.43 0.01 0.29 0.91 2.49 2.47 1.18 0.47 6.06 0.74 0.01 0.90 ..

41.6% 44.0% -71.4% 44.1% 25.0% 65.9% 72.7% 18.5% 6.9% 51.0% 143.4% ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Transport - Oil Residential - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 2.47 0.84 0.70 0.46 0.43 0.29 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 5.31

Level Assessment (%) ** 6.11 2.07 1.74 1.14 1.05 0.71 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 13.14

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

6.11 8.18 9.92 11.06 12.11 12.82 12.99 13.06 13.09 13.11 13.12 13.14

72.7% 15.8% 28.0% 6.7% 44.0% 43.6% 0.0% -66.4% 12.1% -2.7% -71.4% 41.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Uzbekistan / Ouzbékistan Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 140

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20 0 1992

0

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

130 125

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

120 115 110 105 100 95 90

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 120

TWh

60 50

100

40

80

30

60

20

40

10

20

0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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II.399

Uzbekistan / Ouzbékistan Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

.. ..

97.49 99.55

98.53 102.39

100.08 103.35

115.95 118.60

116.88 120.51

114.91 119.29

.. ..

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 12.54 30.72 20.51

1 724 41.18 10.17 46.54 22.79

1 784 42.61 10.34 47.33 23.23

1 798 42.95 10.60 48.51 23.67

2 079 49.64 11.06 50.60 24.05

2 117 50.56 11.55 52.83 24.40

2 100 50.15 12.01 54.94 24.75

.. .. -4.3% 78.8% 20.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

56.55 9.58 2.09 4.28

55.23 9.53 2.08 4.24

55.66 9.44 2.06 4.23

55.78 10.49 2.29 4.82

55.22 10.12 2.21 4.79

54.72 9.57 2.09 4.64

.. .. .. ..

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

3.59 2.91 0.20 0.48 0.05 3.66 0.07 - 0.00 -

19.56 5.27 0.02 0.79 2.34 7.15 5.90 3.99 0.07 20.16 0.43 0.17 ..

91.75 27.37 0.06 3.75 16.99 3.24 0.14 40.35 33.33 95.46 3.71 0.00 -

-

114.91 35.54 0.08 4.54 19.53 10.38 6.04 44.83 33.44 119.29 4.21 0.17 ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Residential - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Road - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Other Transport - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

33.33 27.37 16.99 7.02 5.90 5.27 3.93 3.75 3.09 2.91 2.34 114.91

Level Assessment (%) ** 19.18 15.75 9.77 4.04 3.40 3.03 2.26 2.16 1.78 1.67 1.35 66.11

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

19.18 34.92 44.70 48.74 52.13 55.17 57.43 59.58 61.36 63.04 64.38 66.11

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Venezuela / Vénézuela Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

160

160

140

140 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

120 100 80 60 40

120 100 80 60 40 20

20

0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 140

100%

135 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

130 125 120 115 110 105 100

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

90 80

100

70

TWh

60

80

50 60

40 30

40

20 20

10 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

Gas

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

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Venezuela / Vénézuela Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

102.55 107.58

115.62 119.53

122.53 128.02

128.81 116.60

136.92 135.71

119.80 127.65

128.57 132.40

25.4% 23.1%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 880 44.89 65.33 109.21 19.50

2 220 53.03 77.39 129.38 21.84

2 380 56.85 77.24 129.13 22.31

2 237 53.43 82.16 137.35 22.78

2 485 59.35 82.30 137.59 23.24

2 358 56.32 77.29 129.21 23.71

2 481 59.26 79.77 133.37 24.17

32.0% 32.0% 22.1% 22.1% 23.9%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

54.56 1.57 0.94 5.26

52.08 1.49 0.89 5.29

51.48 1.59 0.95 5.49

57.58 1.57 0.94 5.66

55.10 1.66 1.00 5.89

50.81 1.55 0.93 5.05

51.82 1.61 0.96 5.32

-5.0% 2.5% 2.1% 1.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.51 0.51 0.51 - 0.00 -

64.79 6.07 0.73 10.95 10.09 33.56 33.52 3.39 2.80 68.63 5.53 - 1.70 2.06 0.94

63.26 10.35 0.73 26.50 22.38 0.23 3.07 2.18 63.26 0.00 -

-

128.57 16.43 1.47 37.45 32.98 33.78 33.52 6.46 4.98 132.40 5.53 - 1.70 2.06 0.94

25.4% 7.8% -62.5% 82.9% 12.2% 19.5% 18.7% 22.4% 20.2% 23.1% -17.6% -8.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2)

Road - Oil Other Energy Industries - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Gas Other Energy Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Residential - Oil Residential - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Unallocated Autoproducers - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

33.52 26.50 22.38 10.95 10.35 10.09 6.07 2.80 2.18 0.88 0.73 128.57

Level Assessment (%) ** 11.32 8.95 7.56 3.70 3.50 3.41 2.05 0.94 0.74 0.30 0.25 43.43

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

11.32 20.28 27.84 31.54 35.03 38.44 40.49 41.44 42.17 42.47 42.72 43.43

18.7% 92.1% 23.8% 63.9% 8.1% 6.1% 7.3% -24.5% 397.3% -9.4% -78.8% 25.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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Vietnam / Viêt-Nam Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

45

45

40

40

35

35

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

30 25 20 15 10

30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 45

100%

40 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

35 30 25 20 15 10

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 250

30 25

200

TWh

20 150 15 100

10

50

5 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.403

Vietnam / Viêt-Nam Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

17.96 17.95

25.80 25.80

29.24 29.24

32.83 32.83

33.04 33.04

36.60 36.56

40.69 40.88

126.6% 127.7%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 034 24.69 13.61 72.98 66.20

1 252 29.90 20.19 108.25 72.98

1 344 32.09 22.08 118.36 74.30

1 410 33.68 23.88 128.01 75.46

1 434 34.26 25.27 135.43 76.52

1 474 35.21 26.48 141.94 77.52

1 548 36.96 27.93 149.74 78.52

49.7% 49.7% 105.2% 105.2% 18.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

17.37 1.32 0.25 0.27

20.61 1.28 0.24 0.35

21.77 1.32 0.25 0.39

23.28 1.37 0.26 0.44

23.04 1.31 0.24 0.43

24.83 1.38 0.26 0.47

26.29 1.46 0.27 0.52

51.4% 10.6% 8.0% 92.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

14.27 4.68 7.17 2.42 1.95 14.27 -

24.39 1.84 0.79 3.64 13.29 12.90 4.84 0.77 23.96 - 0.44 0.00 .. 1.16

2.03 2.03 2.66 0.63 - 0.00 -

-

40.69 8.54 0.79 10.81 13.29 12.90 7.26 2.71 40.88 0.19 0.00 .. 1.16

126.6% 87.8% 0.0% -100.0% 53.6% 232.7% 240.2% 205.7% 70.2% 127.7% .. 271.6%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Residential - Coal Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Residential - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 12.90 7.17 4.68 4.07 3.64 2.03 1.95 1.84 0.79 0.77 0.48 40.69

Level Assessment (%) ** 7.76 4.31 2.81 2.45 2.19 1.22 1.17 1.10 0.48 0.46 0.29 24.46

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

7.76 12.06 14.88 17.32 19.51 20.73 21.90 23.00 23.48 23.94 24.23 24.46

240.2% 38.8% 38.7% 461.8% 94.3% 33308.9% 111.6% 56.9% 0.0% 13.6% 742.3% 126.6%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Yemen / Yémen Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

10

10

9

9

8

8

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

7 6 5 4 3

7 6 5 4 3

2

2

1

1 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 10

100%

9.5 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1996

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach

1990 = 100 140

3.5 3

120

2.5

100

2

80

1.5

60

1

40

0.5

20

0 1972

1994

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.405

Yemen / Yémen Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

6.31 7.28

8.27 8.78

8.32 8.88

8.52 9.07

8.66 9.10

8.94 9.52

9.17 9.67

45.5% 32.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

110 2.63 3.23 7.69 11.88

133 3.17 4.20 10.01 15.25

136 3.25 4.45 10.60 15.69

139 3.32 4.81 11.46 16.14

140 3.33 5.04 12.02 16.60

145 3.47 5.23 12.47 17.05

148 3.53 5.50 13.10 17.51

34.3% 34.2% 70.4% 70.4% 47.4%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

57.35 1.95 0.82 0.53

62.23 1.97 0.83 0.54

61.11 1.87 0.79 0.53

61.23 1.77 0.74 0.53

62.07 1.72 0.72 0.52

61.54 1.71 0.72 0.52

62.14 1.67 0.70 0.52

8.4% -14.4% -14.6% -1.9%

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

-

Oil 9.17 1.27 0.40 0.43 0.54 4.87 4.87 1.67 1.67 9.67 0.57 - 0.07 0.31 0.28

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

9.17 1.27 0.40 0.43 0.54 4.87 4.87 1.67 1.67 9.67 0.57 - 0.07 0.31 0.28

45.5% 84.2% 25.0% 26.4% 2.1% 29.9% 29.9% 145.4% 145.4% 32.9% -75.1% 63.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.87 1.67 1.27 0.54 0.43 0.40 9.17

Level Assessment (%) ** 22.42 7.67 5.82 2.49 1.97 1.83 42.20

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

22.42 30.09 35.91 38.41 40.37 42.20 42.20

29.9% 145.4% 84.2% 2.1% 26.4% 25.0% 45.5%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / République fédérative de Yougoslavie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector 60

50

50 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel 60

40 30 20

40 30 20 10

10

0

0 1992

1993

1994

Coal

1995

1996

Oil

1997

1998

Gas

1999

1992

2000

1993

1994

1995

1996

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1997

1998

1999

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

65 60

60%

million tonnes of CO2

80%

not available

40% 20%

55 50 45 40 35 30

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

Figure 6. Key Indicators 1992 = 100 140

45 40

120

TWh

35 30

100

25

80

20

60

15 40

10

20

5 0 1992

0 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Gas

Hydro

CO2/capita

CO2/GDP

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.407

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / République fédérative de Yougoslavie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

.. 60.04

41.67 41.85

46.14 47.05

51.33 51.47

53.15 53.45

40.97 41.16

43.19 43.30

.. -27.9%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

.. .. 25.66 74.21 10.53

510 12.19 12.32 35.62 10.55

604 14.43 13.28 37.71 10.57

663 15.84 14.62 40.51 10.60

681 16.26 14.90 41.56 10.62

547 13.06 12.56 33.54 10.63

574 13.71 13.19 35.89 10.64

.. .. -48.6% -51.6% 1.0%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

.. .. .. ..

81.64 3.38 1.17 3.95

76.35 3.47 1.22 4.36

77.39 3.51 1.27 4.84

78.05 3.57 1.28 5.01

74.92 3.26 1.22 3.85

75.26 3.27 1.20 4.06

.. .. .. ..

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

30.71 25.50 3.58 1.63 30.70 - 0.01 -

8.75 0.67 2.25 5.49 5.49 0.34 0.08 8.87 0.12 - 0.00 .. 0.10

3.73 0.43 0.04 1.07 2.19 3.73 -

-

43.19 26.60 0.04 6.91 5.49 5.49 4.16 0.08 43.30 0.12 - 0.01 .. 0.10

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -27.9% .. ..

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Gas Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Residential - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 25.50 5.49 3.58 2.25 2.19 1.63 1.07 0.67 0.43 0.26 0.08 43.19

Level Assessment (%) ** 41.74 8.99 5.87 3.68 3.58 2.67 1.76 1.09 0.70 0.42 0.14 70.70

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

41.74 50.73 56.60 60.28 63.86 66.52 68.28 69.37 70.08 70.50 70.64 70.70

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

II.408

-

CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Former Yugoslavia / ex-Yougoslavie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

140

140

120

120 million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

100 80 60 40

100 80 60 40 20

20 0 1972

0

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

1976

1980

1984

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach 150

100%

140 million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20%

130 120 110 100 90 80 70

0%

1972

1990

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 120

90 80

100

70

TWh

60

80

50 60

40 30

40

20 20

10 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

Gas

Nuclear

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

Other

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.409

Former Yugoslavia / ex-Yougoslavie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

131.76 137.28

83.41 84.13

90.38 91.90

102.73 103.37

108.88 109.16

94.59 94.76

99.18 98.18

-24.7% -28.5%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

1 874 44.76 80.07 146.89 23.65

1 238 29.58 56.19 103.17 22.56

1 376 32.86 60.57 113.15 22.61

1 508 36.03 65.49 123.42 22.69

1 567 37.43 67.71 128.91 22.78

1 416 33.82 67.11 124.96 22.88

1 471 35.14 70.11 131.89 23.01

-21.5% -21.5% -12.4% -10.2% -2.7%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

70.30 1.65 0.90 5.57

67.35 1.48 0.81 3.70

65.70 1.49 0.80 4.00

68.10 1.57 0.83 4.53

69.48 1.61 0.84 4.78

66.81 1.41 0.76 4.13

67.42 1.41 0.75 4.31

-4.1% -14.5% -16.7% -22.6%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

55.36 45.23 0.14 6.28 3.72 0.10 54.08 - 0.02 - 1.26 -

32.60 2.83 0.56 1.72 5.40 16.68 16.01 5.40 2.28 32.73 0.11 0.02 0.06 0.36

11.00 2.00 0.36 0.44 4.43 3.77 1.28 11.15 0.15 0.00 -

0.22 0.00 0.04 0.18 0.22 - 0.00 -

99.18 50.06 1.10 2.16 16.29 16.68 16.01 12.89 3.66 98.18 0.24 - 1.24 0.06 0.36

-24.7% -27.3% 591.6% -69.5% -21.6% 11.1% 7.0% -35.1% 1320.4% -28.5% 0.0% -69.7%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Gas Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Non-Specified Other Sectors - Gas Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Gas Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 45.23 16.01 6.28 5.40 4.43 3.61 3.13 2.83 2.49 2.28 2.00 99.18

Level Assessment (%) ** 33.32 11.80 4.63 3.98 3.26 2.66 2.30 2.08 1.83 1.68 1.48 73.08

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

33.32 45.12 49.75 53.73 57.00 59.66 61.96 64.04 65.88 67.56 69.03 73.08

-20.7% 7.0% -14.7% -54.4% 186.4% -32.9% 36.8% -76.0% -79.1% 0.0% 2068.7% -24.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Zambia / Zambie Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

5

5

4.5

4.5

4

4

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1990

2000

1992

1992

1996

2000

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel

TWh

1988

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1990 = 100 300

12 10

250

8

200

6

150

4

100

2

50

0 1972

1984

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

Oil

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.411

Zambia / Zambie Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

2.60 2.73

2.05 2.10

1.68 1.78

2.17 2.28

2.07 2.22

1.70 1.74

1.70 1.71

-34.4% -37.4%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

229 5.47 3.72 7.13 7.78

245 5.85 3.47 6.67 8.98

243 5.80 3.70 7.11 9.21

253 6.04 3.82 7.34 9.44

256 6.11 3.75 7.20 9.67

256 6.11 3.83 7.35 9.88

261 6.24 3.96 7.60 10.09

14.2% 14.1% 6.5% 6.6% 29.6%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

11.35 0.70 0.36 0.33

8.36 0.59 0.31 0.23

6.92 0.45 0.24 0.18

8.56 0.57 0.30 0.23

8.11 0.55 0.29 0.21

6.63 0.44 0.23 0.17

6.52 0.43 0.22 0.17

-42.6% -38.6% -38.9% -48.5%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

0.30 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.29 - 0.00 -

1.41 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.48 0.72 0.66 0.15 0.04 1.42 0.01 - 0.00 0.13

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

1.70 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.18 0.04 1.71 0.01 - 0.00 0.13

-34.4% 49.9% -62.6% -69.8% -45.8% -5.4% -3.8% -46.6% -57.6% -37.4% -33.3%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Road - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Other Transport - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Other Energy Industries - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Oil Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 0.66 0.48 0.25 0.11 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 1.70

Level Assessment (%) ** 2.19 1.58 0.83 0.37 0.22 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.01 5.66

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

2.19 3.77 4.59 4.97 5.18 5.33 5.42 5.50 5.57 5.65 5.66 5.66

-3.8% -24.0% -65.0% -26.2% -19.2% -57.6% 49.9% -65.5% -71.4% -69.8% 0.0% -34.4%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Zimbabwe Figure 2. CO2 Emissions by Sector

20

20

18

18

16

16

million tonnes of CO2

million tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 Emissions by Fuel

14 12 10 8 6

14 12 10 8 6

4

4

2

2 0

0 1972

1976

1980

Coal

1984

1988

Oil

1992

Gas

1996

1972

2000

Other

Figure 3. CO2 Emissions by Sector

million tonnes of CO2

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1972

1990

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach

100%

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

1976

Public Elec. and Heat Manuf. Ind. and Construction Residential

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1990

2000

Other Energy Industries Transport Other

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Total CO2 Emissions - Sectoral Approach Total CO2 Emissions - Reference Approach UNFCCC Database

Figure 6. Key Indicators

Figure 5. Electricity Generation by Fuel 1990 = 100 140

10 9

120

8 7

100

TWh

6

80

5 4

60

3

40

2 20

1 0 1972

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

2000

1972

1976

1980

1984

CO2/TPES Coal

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Hydro

CO2/capita

1988

1992

1996

CO2/GDP

2000

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

II.413

Zimbabwe Key Indicators 1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

00/90

CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2) CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)

15.94 14.52

14.83 15.21

14.32 14.70

13.18 13.78

13.43 14.03

15.19 15.49

13.44 13.60

-15.7% -6.3%

TPES (PJ) TPES (Mtoe) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using exch. rates) GDP (billion 1995 US$ using PPPs) Population (millions)

380 9.08 6.71 27.01 10.24

414 9.89 7.12 28.67 11.48

415 9.92 7.86 31.64 11.70

411 9.82 8.07 32.49 11.92

421 10.07 8.30 33.42 12.15

448 10.70 8.24 33.19 12.39

428 10.22 7.84 31.57 12.63

12.5% 12.6% 16.9% 16.9% 23.3%

CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$) CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 1995 US$ PPP) CO2 / Population (t CO2 per capita)

41.91 2.38 0.59 1.56

35.83 2.08 0.52 1.29

34.46 1.82 0.45 1.22

32.04 1.63 0.41 1.11

31.86 1.62 0.40 1.10

33.91 1.84 0.46 1.23

31.41 1.71 0.43 1.06

-25.1% -28.2% -27.1% -32.1%

Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.

2000 CO2 Emissions by Sector million tonnes of CO 2

Coal

Oil

Sectoral Approach Public Electricity and Heat Production Unallocated Autoproducers Other Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport of which: Road Other Sectors of which: Residential Reference Approach Diff. due to Losses and/or Transformation Statistical Differences Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

10.00 4.40 0.67 0.07 2.59 0.05 2.22 0.01 10.17 0.16 0.01 -

3.43 0.11 0.41 2.11 2.01 0.80 0.17 3.43 - 0.00 0.27

Gas

Other*

Total

00/90

-

-

13.44 4.52 0.67 0.07 3.00 2.16 2.01 3.03 0.18 13.60 0.16 0.01 0.27

-15.7% -30.3% 233.8% -54.3% -35.5% 4.3% 52.0% 26.8% -26.3% -6.3% 7.8%

* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Key Sources for CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion in 2000 IPCC Source Category Public Electricity and Heat Production - Coal Manufacturing Industries - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Coal Road - Oil Unallocated Autoproducers - Coal Non-Specified Other Sectors - Oil Manufacturing Industries - Oil Residential - Oil Public Electricity and Heat Production - Oil Other Transport - Oil Other Energy Industries - Coal Memo: Total CO 2 from Fuel Combustion

CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO 2) 4.40 2.59 2.22 2.01 0.67 0.63 0.41 0.17 0.11 0.10 0.07 13.44

Level Assessment (%) ** 12.15 7.15 6.12 5.54 1.84 1.74 1.12 0.48 0.31 0.29 0.19 37.07

Cumulative Total (%)

CO2 Emissions 00/90

12.15 19.30 25.42 30.96 32.80 34.54 35.66 36.14 36.45 36.74 36.93 37.07

-32.0% -39.4% 41.5% 52.0% 233.8% 9.0% 9.5% 47.4% 0.0% -56.0% -54.3% -15.7%

** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change and forestry. Total emissions for most Annex I Parties were reported to the UNFCCC in the 2002 submission of the CRF. For other Parties, total emissions were estimated for 2000 using 1995 data from RIVM.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.1

PART III: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

PARTIE III : EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.3

1. SHARES AND TRENDS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS The information in Part III (with the exception of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion) has been provided by Dr. Jos G.J. Olivier from RIVM based on the EDGAR 3.2 database developed jointly by RIVM and TNO as part of and in cooperation with the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA). Country data have been provided for 1990 and for 1995 (the latest year available). Please see Chapter 2 for further details. Although CO2 emissions from fuel combustion contribute the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse (GHG) emissions, it is interesting to complement this analysis with other sources of greenhouse gases in order to have a more comprehensive picture of total GHG emission trends. Therefore, the IEA decided to add the EDGAR 3.2 data on five other greenhouse gases, namely CH4, N2O and the fluorinated gases (or “F-gases”) HFCs, PFCs and SF6. These six (groups of) gases are part of the Kyoto Protocol. However, please note that when analysing shares and trends of greenhouse gas emissions, one should keep in mind that compared to CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, the other emissions are much more uncertain, in particular the country-specific estimates of CO2 from from biomass burning and the sources of F-gas emissions.

A.

Shares by Gas

The contribution of emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to total emissions can be estimated by multiplying the emissions by a weighting factor called the Global Warming Potential (GWP), which tries to estimate the relative contribution to global temperature increase over a certain period of time, e.g. 100 years, of a kg of these gases compared to the impact of the same amount of CO2. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), uses the values for 100-year GWP’s of 21 for CH4, 310 for N2O and 23 900 for SF6. For the most commonly used HFCs the GWP’s vary between 140 and 3 000, with a value of 1 000 for HFC-134a. For byproduct HFC-23, the GWP is 11 700. The GWPs for PFCs vary between 6 500 for CF4 to 9 200 for C2F6. These two PFCs are also the most commonly used ones and are also important by-product emissions. The emissions specified in the following graphs and tables are expressed in these CO2 equivalents. Weighting the emissions of the greenhouse gases in this way, CO2 contributes 72% to global greenhouse gas emissions, CH4 about 18%, N2O about 10% and the F-gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6, in total about 1%.

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III.4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Figure 1. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas/Source in 1995

CH4-Other 4%

•

CH4 from waste (18%), from landfills and wastewater. Figure 3. Global N2O Emissions in 1995

N2O- N2O-Other Agriculture 2% 9%

Indus try 6%

CH4Agriculture 8%

Other 6%

E nergy 4%

CH4-E nergy 6% CO2-F os s il fuel us e 63%

CO2-Other 8%

Agriculture 84%

Globally the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions are (a) energy, contributing about 70% and mainly from CO2 from fuel combustion (63%) and (b) agriculture, contributing 16% - mainly CH4 and N2O, both in equal amounts (see Figure 1 for 1995). Smaller contributions come from CO2 from biomass burning (5% of total emissions), mostly deforestation in non-Annex I countries and CO2 from cement production (less than 1% of total emissions), of which one-third in China.

For N2O (see Figure 3), the major global source is N2O from agriculture (84%), mainly from synthetic fertilisers and animal waste dropped on soils, either as animal manure or by animals during grazing, and agricultural waste burning. Another smaller source is N2O from industry (6%), mostly in Annex I countries and mainly within the OECD. Figure 4. Global F-gas Emissions in 1995

Figure 2. Global CH4 Emissions in 1995 Other 2% Was te 18%

HF C byproduct 23% E nergy 35%

SF 6 us e 40%

HF C us e 10%

Agriculture 45%

When looking at CH4 separately (see Figure 2), the major global sources are: • •

CH4 from agriculture (45%), mainly from enteric fermentation by animals and animal waste, from rice cultivation and from savanna burning; CH4 from energy production and transmission (35%), mainly from coal production and gas production and transmission;

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P F C us e 8%

PF C byproduct 19%

For the F-gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (see Figure 4), which each contribute about one-third to the global total of F-gases, the major global sources are SF6 emissions from the use and manufacture of switchgear for the electricity sector, by-product emissions of PFCs from aluminium production, and HFC-23 by-product emissions from HCFC-22 manufacture. Most F-gas emissions are emitted by Annex I countries and mainly within the OECD countries.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.5

B.

Shares by Region

Of the methane sources, emissions from animals and their waste are largest in Latin America and South Asia, while emissions from rice are mainly from South, East and Southeast Asia. Coal production emissions are concentrated in East Asia (mainly China), OECD North America (mainly the United States), and EIT countries, while emissions from gas systems are concentrated in the former Soviet Union and OECD North America (predominantly the United States). Methane from landfills stems mainly from Annex I countries, whereas it is estimated that methane emissions from wastewater disposal occur predominantly in non-Annex I countries. Adding all sources within a region, presently most CH4 emissions come from non-Annex I regions such as Asia (37%), Former USSR (12%) and Latin America (10%), but also from OECD North America (17%) and the Economies-In-Transition (EIT) countries (12%). Nitrous oxide emissions from animal waste occur predominantly in the non-Annex I regions of Latin America, Africa and South Asia; N2O from fertiliser use is largest in East Asia and Latin America followed by OECD North America, OECD Europe and South Asia. N2O from crop production is largest in OECD North America, Latin America, South Asia and East Asia. Another large source of N2O is industrial processes. The largest share of N2O emissions in the non-Annex I regions occur in Asia (31%), Latin America (13%) and Africa (12%). Within Annex I countries, most emissions come from OECD North America (17%) and OECD Europe (14%). Total Annex I countries contribute 37% to the global total CH4 emissions, of which Annex II countries contribute 24%; for N2O these figures are 37% and 32% for Annex I countries and Annex II countries, respectively. These shares are relatively low compared to global total CO2 emissions, in which Annex I countries have a share of 54%; Annex II countries contribute about 42%.

Most F-gas emissions stem from OECD North America (38%) and OECD Europe (20%). The largest share of F-gas emissions in the non-Annex I regions occur in EIT countries (11%), mainly the former USSR (10%). Total Annex I countries contribute more than 80% to the global total F-gas emissions; Annex II countries contribute about three quarters. These shares are high compared to global total non-CO2 emissions, in which Annex I and Annex II countries have a 4% share.

C.

Total Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends

The trend in CO2 emissions is dominated by fossilfuel related emissions. In the period 1970-2000, global anthropogenic CO2 emissions increased by about 60%, CH4 by 25%, N2O by 45% and the Fgases by almost 400%. F-gas emissions have experienced a particularly fast increase of well over 100% in the 1990-2000 period. Total emissions of these greenhouse gases - weighted by their GWP - have increased by over 50%. In the 1990-2000 period, according to the EDGAR 3.2 dataset, global total greenhouse gas emissions have increased by 10% (see Figure 5). For the most part this was caused by an increase of 13% in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, while CO2 from biomass burning was assumed to have decreased by about 5%. Also contributing to the net increase were increases of CO2 emissions from cement production (40%), N2O emissions from agriculture (9%) and CH4 from waste (13%). The Fgases, for which 1995 generally is the base year, increased their share from 0.5% in 1990 to 1.2% in 2000. For the 1995-2000 period, the emission trends for all sources except CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion were based on global total activity data and global emission factor trends (RIVM, 2002).

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III.6 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Figure 5. Trend in Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1970-2000 Petagrammes of CO2-eq.

45 40

F-gases

35

Other CH4 and N2O Waste CH4

30 Biomass burning CO2 25

Agriculture N2O Agriculture CH4

20

Industrial processes

15

Fossil fuel: fugitive, flaring 10 CO2 and non-CO2 from fuel combustion

5 0 1970

D.

1975

1980

1985

CO2 Emission Trends

Obviously, the trend in CO2 emissions is dominated by fossil-fuel related emissions, accounting for 88% of the global total in 2000; in 1970 this share was about 10% less. This share varies between 90 and 99% in Annex I countries. For non-Annex I countries, the energy share in CO2 emissions varies more widely with some countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia showing shares of less than 10% of CO2 coming from energy. A full discussion of trends in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion is provided in the Introduction.

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1990

1995

2000

Emissions from fossil fuels used as chemical feedstocks have increased substantially, but the absolute quantities involved are small. The share of deforestation in the present CO2 total is about 8%. According to the FAO dataset of areas deforested in the early 1990s, the present share in global emissions about half the share in 1970. At present CO2 emissions from cement production represent about 3% of the global total. CO2 from cement production increased by about 40%, with the large increase in China compensating for the decrease in the former USSR.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.7

E.

CH4 Emission Trends

In the 25-year period 1970-1995 global emissions of CH4 have increased by about 20% between 1970 and 1990 and stayed approximately at that level between 1990 and 1995 (see Figure 6). In the 1980s the growth was about 10%, predominantly due to increases in the former USSR resulting from the strong increase in gas production and transmission. In addition, enteric fermentation by ruminants and wastewater disposal, in particular in non-Annex I regions, contributed to the increase in emissions. CH4 emissions from rice cultivation are estimated to have decreased due to changes in types of rice and by other organic amendment practices. Furthermore, in coal production there is a distinct trend towards more surface mining, which releases much less methane than underground mines. In particular in the case of methane, the declining economy of the countries of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s had a large impact on the global trend in methane emissions; emissions from coal and gas production dropped substantially

between 1990 and 1995. It should be stressed, however, that statistics for this region are rather uncertain in this period. Also within OECD Europe, methane emissions from coal production have decreased substantially as a result of the policies of Germany and the United Kingdom to reduce the amount of domestic coal production over time. Increasing emissions from the waste handling sector, in particular in Asia, were offset by decreases in fugitive emissions. Looking more closely at the 1990-1995 period, an increase in CH4 emissions in non-Annex I countries of about 7% can be observed, with the largest increases being in Asia. These increases were compensated by a decrease of similar size in Annex I countries, in particular the EIT (e.g. the former Soviet Union decreased by 23%). In both cases the largest changes occurred in the fossil fuel production and transmission sector and in the agricultural sector. Using global trends of activity data and emission factors for the 1995-2000 period, global methane emissions are estimated to have effectively remained almost constant in the 1990-2000 period (RIVM, 2002).

Figure 6. Trends in Regional CH4 Emissions Megatonnes of CO2-eq. 1200

Former USSR 1000

East Asia

OECD N. America

South Asia

800 Latin America 600

Africa Southeast Asia

400 OECD Europe

Non-OECD Europe OECD Pacific

200

Middle East 0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

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III.8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

F.

N2O Emission Trends

In the 25-year period from 1970-1995 global emissions of N2O have increased by 38%. In the 1980s, the growth was 12%, predominantly due to increases in South and East Asia resulting from the use of synthetic fertilisers and animal waste as manure in agriculture with growth rates of about 3% annually. The trends in these regions continued into the 1990s (see Figure 7). In addition, the introduction of the catalytic converter in petrol-fired cars to reduce emissions of precursors of tropospheric ozone, which started in OECD North America and Japan in the 1980s, has contributed to the increase in emissions. In contrast, N2O emissions from industrial processes have decreased by 30% during the 1980s, as a result

of a gradual upgrade of global production facilities for nitric acid, of which in 1990 about 20% are equipped with non-selective catalytic reduction for limiting NOx emissions, while simultaneously reducing N2O emissions. In the 1990-1995 period, the emissions in nonAnnex I countries increased by 9%, mainly in Asia in the agricultural sector. This increase was offset by decreasing emissions in the countries of the former Soviet Union (minus 42%) and to a lesser extent also in other EIT countries. Using global activity data and emission factor trends, global N2O emissions are estimated to have increased by about 8% in the 1990-2000 period (RIVM, 2002). However, it should be stressed that the uncertainties in annual emissions of most sources of N2O are very large, e.g. for agricultural sources up to or even larger than 100%.

Figure 7. Trends in Regional N2O Emissions Megatonnes of CO2-eq.

600 Latin America

East Asia

OECD N. America 500

400

Africa OECD Europe South Asia

300 Former USSR OECD Pacific

200

Southeast Asia 100 Middle East 0 1970

1975

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1980

Non-OECD Europe 1985

1990

1995

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.9

G.

gas emissions decreased due to decreases in PFC and SF6 emissions.

HFC, PFC and SF6 Emission Trends

In the 1990-1995 period, the emissions of HFCs increased 62%, whereas the PFC and SF6 emissions increased only about 25% in this period. Regions that saw a large growth in F-gas emissions are the Annex I regions and East Asia, with average growth rates of the order of 20 to 40%, except for Japan, the former Soviet Union and East Asia which showed increases of about 80% in the 1990-1995 period (see Figure 8). In the other non-Annex I regions total F-

Based on activity data and emission factor trends, global F-gas emissions are estimated to have increased by about 50% in the 1995-2000 period, primarily due to a very strong growth of HFC emissions of a factor of four (RIVM, 2002). It should be stressed that the uncertainties in annual emissions and in emission trends of most sources of F-gases are very large, at country level they may well be larger than 100%, so the figures provided for individual countries should therefore only be considered as order-of-magnitude estimates.

Figure 8. Trends in Regional F-gas Emissions Megatonnes of CO2-eq.

160

140

OECD N. America OECD Europe

120

OECD Pacific 100

Asia Former USSR

80

Latin America 60

Middle East Non-OECD Europe

40

Africa 20

0 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

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CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.11

2. SOURCES AND METHODS CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are directly linked to the carbon content of the fuel combusted, which means that the IPCC Tier I methods will produce good-quality emission estimates. The IPCC has estimated that for countries with good energy collection systems, this will result in an uncertainty range of ± 5%. The uncertainty range in countries with less well-developed energy data systems may be on the order of ± 10% (IPCC, 2000). However, limiting the emissions to CO2 from fuel combustion means that the estimates give an incomplete picture of total greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, to put the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion into context, information has been added from the emissions model “EDGAR”, developed to provide global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to be used as a reference database for policy applications. The information in Part III (with the exception of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion) has been provided by Dr. Jos G.J. Olivier from RIVM with assistance of Dr. Tinus Pulles from TNO, based on the EDGAR 3.2 database. RIVM and TNO are responsible for the calculation of these estimates. Please see below for further details.

A.

BACKGROUND ON RIVM AND TNO

The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) is a governmental agency whose main task is to supply the government of the Netherlands with the information required for its public health and environmental policies. The

institute employs about 1 500 persons, of which about 500 are working on environmental issues. Assessment of the present quality of the environment and constructing and evaluating environmental outlooks for various policy plans is the core business of the environmental research of RIVM and the institute's strategy is to focus more on international environmental issues. For this purpose RIVM operates a number of monitoring networks, develops and uses a number of computer models and environmental databases. RIVM services are basically directed at the Dutch government and international organisations such as WHO, EU, UN-ECE, UN, UNICEF, UNEP and the World Bank. The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) is an independent contract research organisation, whose main task is to apply technological knowledge with the aim of strengthening the innovative power of industry and government. TNO's activities are organised in fourteen institutes with different areas of expertise, in which about 5 000 persons are employed. TNO Environment, Energy and Process Innovation (TNO-MEP) is an expert centre and contract research institute for industry and government agencies in the field of sustainable development and environmentally oriented process innovation. The institute has a staff of 400 professionals which are active in the following core areas: (a) optimisation of the use of energy and raw materials in industrial processes; (b) optimisation of industrial processes to reduce waste flows; (c) analysis of emissions and the fate and effect of pollutants on the environment; (d) industrial safety; (e) ecological risks studies. TNO-MEP has considerable expertise with emission inventories including national greenhouse gas inventories, CORINAIR and entity-level monitoring systems.

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III.12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Both RIVM and TNO-MEP participate in the Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change of the European Environmental Agency (EEA), whose aim is to support EU policy on air pollution and climate change, together with 12 other organisations in Europe. RIVM has been designated to lead the Centre. TNO-MEP contributes significantly to the assessment of the EU member states’ data submissions to UNFCCC, UNECE/CLRTAP and the EU monitoring mechanism for greenhouse gas emissions. Both organisations are also involved in the work of the IPCC Expert Group on management of uncertainties and good practice guidance and on the development of the uncertainty estimation methods and reporting requirements within the UNFCCC reporting requirements.

B.

GENERAL NOTE ON EDGAR 3.2

The Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, in short the EDGAR 3.2 system, has been developed jointly by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) with financial support from the Dutch Ministry of the Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment (VROM) and the Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change (NRP). The aim of the EDGAR system, which was started in 1992, is to provide global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 and of precursor gases CO, NOx, NMVOC and SO2, per source category, both at country/region levels as well as on a 1x1 degree grid. It is meant to serve as a reference database for policy applications, e.g. to provide RIVM's integrated climate change model IMAGE 2 with emissions data and for assessments of potentials for emission reductions, as well as for scientific studies by providing gridded emissions as input for atmospheric models. The latter function is part of the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA), that combines efforts to produce gridded inventories for all compounds relevant for the modelling activities within the International Atmospheric Chemistry Programme (IGAC) of the International GeosphereBiosphere Program (IGBP).

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Activity data were mostly taken from international statistical data sources and emission factors were selected mostly from international publications to ensure a consistent approach across countries. RIVM and TNO have made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the information was generated correctly, but it is the responsibility of RIVM and TNO to modify activity data when required to arrive at complete time series and for selecting the emission factors. It is stressed that the uncertainty in the resulting dataset at national level may be substantial, especially for methane and nitrous oxide, and even more so for the F-gases. The uncertainty is caused by the limited accuracy of international activity data used and in particular of emission factors selected for calculating emissions on a country level (Olivier et al., 1999, 2001). However, since the methods used are comparable with IPCC methodologies (see Section D below) and global totals comply with budgets used in atmospheric studies and the data were based on international information sources, this dataset provides a sound basis for comparability. Although this dataset has been constructed with great care, RIVM and TNO do not accept any liability from using the data provided in this report including any inaccuracies or omissions in the data provided. For details on uncertainty and caveats identified in the dataset, as well as more detailed source category estimates, we refer to the EDGAR website at http://www.rivm.nl/env/ int/coredata/edgar/.

C.

SOURCE DEFINITIONS

For carbon dioxide: Fuel combustion refers to fossil fuel combustion and non-energy/feedstock use (IPCC Source/Sink Category 1A) estimated using the IPCC Sectoral Approach; Fugitive refers to flaring of associated gas in oil and gas production (IPCC Source/Sink Category 1B); Industrial Processes refers to cement production (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2); and Other refers to direct emissions from tropical forest fires plus 10% of biofuel combustion emissions, which is the fraction assumed to be produced unsustainably (IPCC Source/Sink Category 5).

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.13

For methane: Energy comprises production, handling, transmission and combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1A and 1B); Agriculture comprises animals, animal waste, rice production, agricultural waste burning (non-energy, on-site) and savannah burning (IPCC Source/Sink Category 4); Waste comprises landfills, wastewater treatment, human wastewater disposal and waste incineration (non-energy) (IPCC Source/Sink Category 6); and Others includes industrial process emissions and tropical and temperate forest fires (IPCC Source/ Sink Categories 2 and 5).

For nitrous oxide: Energy comprises combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1A and 1B); Agriculture comprises fertiliser use (synthetic and animal manure), animal waste management, agricultural waste burning (non-energy, on-site) and savannah burning (IPCC Source/Sink Category 4); Industrial Processes comprises non-combustion emissions from manufacturing of adipic acid and nitric acid (IPCC Source/Sink Category 2); and Others includes N2O usage, tropical and temperate forest fires, and human sewage discharge and waste incineration (non-energy) (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 3, 5 and 6).

For HFCs, PFCs and SF6: HFC emissions comprise by-product emissions of HFC-23 from HCFC-22 manufacture and the use of HFCs (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2E and 2F); PFC emissions comprise by-product emissions of CF4 and C2F6 from primary aluminium production and the use of PFCs, in particular for semiconductor manufacture (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2C, 2E and 2F); and

SF6 emissions stem from various sources of SF6 use, of which the largest is the use and manufacture of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) used in the electricity distribution networks (IPCC Source/Sink Categories 2C and 2F).

D.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY

Energy / Fugitive / Biofuel CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were calculated by the International Energy Agency based on Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (IEA, 2002) using the Sectoral Approach from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 1997). The data sources for fugitive CO2 emissions and CH4 and N2O from energy are listed below. Data for fossil fuel production and use for 112 countries are taken from the IEA energy statistics for OECD and non-OECD countries 1970-1995 (extended energy balances, in ktoe units) (IEA, 1997). For the countries of the former Soviet Union (SU) a modified dataset was used to achieve a complete time series for the new countries for 1970-1995 of which the sum converges to the older dataset for the total former SU. For another 71 countries, the aggregated IEA data for the regions ‘Other America’, ‘Other Africa’ and ‘Other Asia’ have been split using the sectoral IEA data per region and total production and consumption figures per country of hard coal, brown coal, gas and oil from UN energy statistics (UN, 1998). Note that the EDGAR 3.0 data are based on IEA statistics published in 1997 and thus may differ somewhat from more recent IEA datasets; in particular for countries of the former Soviet Union since the IEA data have been updated considerably. Moreover, for estimating CH4 emissions, hard coal and brown coal production data have been split into surface and underground mining based on various national reports. Biofuel data for developing countries in 1990 have been based on Hall et al. (1994), with biofuel type splits from EDGAR 2.0 (Olivier et al., 1996, 1999), which includes vegetal waste used as fuel. Data for the time series 1970-1995 were based on the trend per country in urban and rural populations. However, for Latin American countries, biofuel statistics from OLADE were used (OLADE, 1999, pers. comm). Fuelwood and charcoal consumption (also production) in Annex II and EIT countries were based on FAO (1998b), thereby replacing any IEA data for biofuel combustion in the ‘Other sector’ in these countries. For biofuel combustion in industry

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III.14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

and power generation in Annex II countries, the data come from the IEA dataset (IEA, 1997). However these data were often not provided for all years and all countries. Emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil fuel production and use are described in Olivier et al. (1999), except for CO2 from gas flaring/venting, which were based on data compiled by CDIAC (Marland, 1998, pers. comm.) from data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. For N2O from gasoline cars in road transport, the fraction of cars equipped with a catalytic converter was taken into account (based on data from Eurostat and others). The factors for biofuel combustion and charcoal production are based on a review made for the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For CO2 from biofuels, it was assumed that 10% was produced unsustainably. For methane emissions from coal mining, the methane recovery for ten countries amounted to about 1 Tg in 1990 (of which about half was allocated to the United States and Germany). Recovery in 1995 was estimated at 2 Tg (Thakur et al., 1996; Bibler et al., 1998; and national reports to Climate Convention).

Industrial Processes Production data of cement, nitric acid, iron and steel, and various chemicals were based on UN Industrial Commodity Statistics (UN, 1998). However, for many countries interpolations and extrapolations were necessary to arrive at complete time series per country for 1970-1995. Special attention had to be given to new EIT countries, in particular to former USSR countries, to match the older totals for the former countries. Cement production data were supplemented with data from the USGS. For adipic acid, production data were taken from SRI (1998) (smoothed and averaged); steel production was split into different technologies using data from IISI (1997), supplemented with UN data. For nitric acid (NA), production data are primary based on UN statistics. However, since industry estimates of global total production are substantially higher, the data set has been expanded, first by adding countries not included in the UN NA statistics, for which the amount of N in the production of nitrogen fertilisers according to FAO statistics was used as an estimate for NA production, secondly by increasing the official UN production statistics of nitric acid by 40% to arrive at the estimated global industry total of about 55 Mt of HNO3.

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Global annual total production of HCFC-22 and consumption of HFC-134a are based on AFEAS (1997). Primary aluminium production statistics per country from UN (1998) were combined with smelters types characterised by one of five process types according to Aluminium Verlag (1998). Global consumption data of PFs for seminconductors are taken from Mocella (1993) and for SF6 per application from S&PS (1997) and Smythe (2000). These global totals were distribution over individual countries using related variables and statistics such as CFC consumption per country, per country semiconductor production and electricity use. Emission factors for CO2, CH4 and N2O are described in Olivier et al. (1999). Note that emissions of CO2 from cement production are only a proxy for cement clinker production. The emission factors for NA production are based on IPCC (2000), assuming that in 1990, 20% of global total production is equipped with Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) technology, all in Annex II countries, and that for other plants the emission factor in 1990 is the average of the IPCC default for non-NSCR plants, whereas the emission factors for 1975 and before have been assumed to be equal to the IPCC default for “old plants”. The emission factors for the F-gases were taken from various sources (Olivier and Bakker, 2000). We note that both the variables for distributing global total consumption and the emission factor may vary widely between different plants. This means the emissions at country level of the F-gases should more or less be considered as an order of magnitude estimate.

Solvent and other product use For N2O from the use of anaesthesia in hospitals, a fixed amount of N2O per capita in Annex II countries was used, tentatively set at 25 g/cap/year, based on Kroeze (1994).

Agriculture Activity data for livestock numbers were taken from FAO (2000), which were combined with information on animal waste generated per head in IPCC (1997) to estimate the total amount of animal waste. Net crop production was also taken from FAO (2000), with harvested areas of rice production split over different ecology types (rainfed, irrigated, deep water and upland) using the draft version of March

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.15

1977 the RICE-ECO database of FAO (Van Gnuu, 1997, pers. comm.). In addition, the total harvested area of rice production in China was increased by 40%, due to recognition that official harvested rice area statistics of China are largely underestimating the actual area (Denier van der Gon, pers. comm., 2000). The fraction of agricultural waste associated with net crop production was based on a recent study by Smill (1999), whereas the fraction of agricultural residues burned on-site have been based on an analysis made by Bouwman (1997) and data reported in the Second National Communications. For Annex II countries 5% was assumed, for EIT countries 20% and for developing regions 30% including amounts used as biofuel in developing countries, except for Annex II Europe, where a decreasing trend from 40% in 1970 to 5% in 1995 was assumed. Emission factors for CH4 and N2O for enteric fermentation, animal waste (confined and outside), N-fixing crops were taken from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, where a 1x1 degree grid map for non-dairy cattle from Lerner et al. (1988) and the annual average temperature per grid cell from New et al. (1999) was used to calculate the fraction of the countries in the three climate zones (cold, temperate, warm). Other additional information, such as factors for indirect emissions of N2O from agriculture, were taken from IPCC (1997) but were replaced by values updated in IPCC (2000). However, the emission factors for CH4 from rice production in 1990 were taken from a review by Neue (1997); for the period 1970-1990 an emission factor improvement based on data of Denier van der Gon (1999, 2000) was assumed. For agricultural biomass burning the emission factors for CH4 and N2O were based on IPCC (1997).

Large-scale biomass burning Biomass burning data (large-scale vegetation fires) were based on FAO reports providing ten-year or five-year averaged estimates per country of the change in forested areas for the 1970s, 1980s and the first half of the 1990s (FAO, 1993, 1995, 1998). Following the methodology described in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these data were used as a proxy for estimating the amount of biomass being burned in tropical countries. Since there is no time-

series data per country on this subject readily available, a smoothing function to construct a continuous time series per country for the 19701995 period was used. Tentatively, it was assumed that 50% of the biomass removed is burned. Given the uncertainty of this figure, the fraction oxidised is assumed to be 1. For Annex II and EIT countries, forest fire statistics for 1986-1997 have been included based on UN/ECE statistics of annual area burned (UN-ECE/FAO, 1996) combined with forest biomass densities per hectare from FAO (1995). There is a large uncertainty in the assumption for the carbon density of 0.5 and the fraction of carbon that is actually being burned of 0.5, and thus in the amount of burned carbon. The data selected, although often criticised for their limited accuracy are, however, well known and relatively well documented. Emissions of CO2 from deforestation and temperate vegetation fires are calculated according to IPCC (1997) and include only direct burning effects (thus no emissions due to decay of biomass). For largescale biomass burning the emission factors for CH4 and N2O were also based on IPCC (1997), except for CH4 from deforestation fires, where the GEIA value proposed by Veldt and Berdowski (1995) was used, and N2O where post-burn emissions (Bouwman et al., 1997) were used. The emission factors of CH4 and N2O used for temperate vegetation fires are the same that are used for other largescale biomass burning activities. For accounting purposes, net CO2 emissions from temperate vegetation fires and savannah fires have been assumed to be zero (organic carbon in a short cycle).

Waste handling For solid waste generation, the 1970-1995 trend in activity data per country has been based on a fit with international waste generation figures per capita for 1990 - as recently published by IPCC and EPA and references mentioned therein - with per capita income per country. This fit was also used to estimate the activity data for 1990, for countries not mentioned in IPCC (1997) and in an EPA report by Adler (1994). Country-specific fractions of total MSW generated that is disposed of in landfills were based on IPCC (1997). For most countries it was assumed that this fraction has remained constant over time. Many other parameters, such as the fraction of Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) were

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

also based on the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines; in addition, many others were estimated through consultation of experts (Olivier et al., 2001). The methodology used for the calculation of CH4 emissions from landfills in EDGAR 3.0 is a first order decay model resembling the description in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines of the more complex Tier 2 method, taking into account that the generation of methane from landfills is not an instantaneous process. Thus, the methodology calculates emissions in a specific year as the sum of delayed emissions from all MSW deposited in past years. A 40-year integration period was used, assuming emissions from MSW deposited more than 40 years ago are negligible. Based on national reports submitted to the Climate Convention, methane recovery amounts for eight OECD countries were included, amounting to about 2 Tg in 1990 and 4 Tg in 1995, about half of which was allocated to the United States. For domestic and industrial wastewater discharged in city sewers and subsequently treated by municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP), an approach based on per capita organics loading and industrial waste water generation was used, selected by Doorn et al. (1997), since information on domestic wastewater generation rates are very sparse and because it is essentially the same as the default IPCC methodology (IPCC, 1997). Estimates were based on population data from the UN (1999), whereas waste water generation was based on industrial production statistics of the United Nations (1998) combined with waste water generation rates of Doorn et al. (1997). It is well known that in OECD countries, which cover about 60% of this source, a large fraction of the methane generated in municipal WWTPs is generally recovered. Therefore methane recovery for municipal WWTPs in Annex II countries was assumed to be 75%, effectively reducing the total emissions of OECD countries in 1990 by 0.6 Tg. For untreated domestic wastewater handling, treatment and disposal emission factors and other factors were based on Doorn et al. (1999), who distinguished disposal in septic tanks, latrines and sewers. The later was divided into sewage with municipal wastewater treatment and open sewers. Emission factors for CH4 from domestic wastewater in latrines or open pits and septic tanks and from stagnant open sewers (untreated wastewater) were based on Doorn

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

et al. (1999) following the same approach as for domestic WWTPs, but distinguishing national population into three population groups: rural and urban, with urban population further split into high and low income groups. For the each of four municipal wastewater disposal types, region- and country-specific utilisation fractions were estimated for each of these three population categories. The emissions from open sewers are increased by 25% to account for the global amount of industrial wastewater annually discharged in municipal sewers. Globally, according to the assumptions of Doorn et al. (1999) this source of CH4 appears to be as large as emissions from landfills. For N2O from human sewage the default IPCC methodology was used, with protein intake per country for various years from FAO (2000); for the small emissions of N2O from DOC in wastewater from the meat processing industry the emission factor provided by Doorn et al. (1997) was used. In addition, for domestic waste burning (i.e. by households for non-energetic purposes) a fixed amount per capita burned per year by urban households in less developed countries was used. In rural areas of LDC it was assumed that there was no uncontrolled burning in addition to the agricultural residue burning and biofuel use that is already accounted for in other source categories. In contrast, for industrialised countries, it was assumed that domestic waste burning only occurs in rural areas, where waste incineration regulation is less well controlled.

E.

References

Adler, M.J. (1994). International anthropogenic methane emissions: estimates for 1990. EPA, Washington, DC, USA, EPA report no. 230-R-93010, January 1994. AFEAS (1997). Production, sales and atmospheric release of fluorocarbons through 1995. Alternative Fluorcoarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) Program Office, Washington DC, USA. Also see: http://www.afeas.org/production_and_sales.html Aluminium Verlag (1998). Primary Aluminium Smelters and Producers of the World, Vol. 2, Compiled by R. Pawlek. Aluminium Verlag, Düsseldorf, Germany.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.17

Bibler, C.J., Marshall, J.S. and R.C. Pilcher (1998). Status of worldwide coal mine methane emissions and use. Int. J. of Coal Geology, 35, 283-310. Bouwman, A.F., Lee, D.S., Asman, W.A.H., Dentener, F.J., Van Der Hoek, K.W. and J.G.J. Olivier (1997) A Global High-Resolution Emission Inventory for Ammonia, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11:4, 561-587. Denier van der Gon, H. (1999). Changes in CH4 emission from rice fields from 1960 to 1990s 2. The declining use of organic inputs in rice farming. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13, 1053-1062. Denier van der Gon, H. (2000). Changes in CH4 emission from rice fields from 1960 to 1990s 1. Impacts of modern rice technology. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 61-72. Doorn, M.R.J., Strait, R.P., Barnard, W.R. and B. Eklund (1997). Estimates of global greenhouse gas emissions from industrial and domestic waste water treatment. Report no. NRMRL-RTP-086. R 8/18/97. Pechan & Ass., Durham. Doorn, M.J. and D.S. Liles (1999). Quantification of methane emissions and discussion of nitrous oxide, and ammonia emissions from septic tanks, latrines, and stagnant open sewers in the world. EPA, Washington DC, USA. EPA report EPA-600/R-99-089, October 1999. FAO (1993). Forest resources assessment 1990; Tropical countries. FAO, Rome. Report FP-112. FAO (1995). Forest resources assessment 1990; Global analysis. FAO, Rome. Report FP 124. FAO (1998). State of the Worlds Forests 1997. FAO, Rome. FAO (1998b). FAOSTAT Forestry Data. Data downloaded from http://www.apps.fao.org on 12-31998. FAO (2000). FAOSTAT Agricultural Data. Hall D.O., Rosillo-Calle F. and Woods J. (1994). Biomass utilization in households and industry: energy use and development, Chemosphere 29, 1099-1119. IEA/OECD (1997). Beyond 20/20, Release 4.1, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries. Ivation DatasystemsInc. 1997.

IEA/OECD (2002). Beyond 20/20, Release 5.2, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries. Ivation DatasystemsInc. 2002. IISI (1997). 1996 Steel Statistical Yearbook, International Iron and Steel Institute, Brussels. IPCC (1997). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IPCC/OECD/ IEA, Paris. IPCC (2000). Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC-TSU NGGIP, Japan. Kroeze, C. (1994). Nitrous oxide (N2O). Emission inventory and options for control in the Netherlands. RIVM, Bilthoven. Report no. 773001 004. Lerner, J., Matthews, E. and Fung, I. (1988). Methane emission from animals: a global high resolution database, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2, 139156. Mocella, M.T. (1993). Production and Uses of C2F6. Proceedings of the Workshop on Atmospheric effects, origins, and options for control of two potent greenhouse gases: CF4 and C2F6. US EPA, Global Change Division, April 21-22, Washington, D.C. Neue, H.U. (1997). Fluxes of methane from rice fields and potential for mitigation. Soil Use and Management, 13, 258-267. New, M.G., Hulme, M. and P.D. Jones (1999). Representing 20th century space-time climate variability. I: Development of a 1961-1990 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate, 12, 829856. Olivier, J.G.J. and J. Bakker (2000). Historical global emission trends of the Kyoto gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6. Proceedings of “Conference on SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction Strategies”, November 2-3, San Diego. EPA, Washington DC, USA. Conference Proceedings published at http:/www.epa.gov/highgwp1/sf6/partner_resources /proceedings.html Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Van der Maas, C.W.M., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Zandveld, P.Y.J. and Haverlag, J.L. (1996). Description of EDGAR Version 2.0: A set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1ox1o grid. RIVM, Bilthoven, December 1996. RIVM report nr. 771060 002 / TNO-MEP report nr. R96/119.

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III.18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

Olivier, J.G.J., Bouwman, A.F., Berdowski, J.J.M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J.P.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Van der Maas, C.W.M. and P.Y.J. Zandveld (1999). Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1o x 1o. Environmental Science & Policy, 2, 241-264. Olivier, J.G.J., Berdowski, J.J.M., Peters, J.A.H.W., Bakker, J., Visschedijk, A.J.H. and J.P.J. Bloos (2001). Applications of EDGAR. Including a description of EDGAR 3.2: reference database with trend data for 1970-1995. RIVM, Bilthoven. RIVM report 773301 001/NRP report 410200 051. Available online at: www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/410200051.html RIVM (2002). Environmental Compendium 2002. At www.rivm.nl/environmentaldata/index.html Smill, V. (1999). Nitrogen in crop production: an account of global flows. Global Biochemical Cycles, 13, 647-662. Smythe, K. D. (2000). Production and Distribution of SF6 by End-Use Application. Proceedings of “Conference on SF6 and the Environment: Emission Reduction Strategies”, November 2-3, San Diego. EPA, Washington DC, USA. Conference Proceedings published at http:/www.epa.gov/highgwp1/sf6/ partner_resources/proceedings.html

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S&PS (1997). Sales of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) by end-use applications. Annual sales for 1961 through 1996. Sales projections for 1997 through 2000. Washington, USA, March 1997. Science & Policy Services (S&PS), now RAND. SRI (1998). Adipic acid production data 1974-1997. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, USA. Table dated January-1998, received 30-1-1998. Thakur, P. C., H. G. Little and W. G. Karis (1996). Global Coalbed Methane Recovery and Use, in: Riemer, P. and A. Smith (eds.) (1996). Proceedings of the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Options Conference, PergamonElsevier, 789-794. UN (1998). Industrial commodity production statistics 1970-1995. UN Statistical Division, New York. Data file received 30-3-1998. UN (1999). UN World Population Prospects, 1996 Revision. UN Population Division, New York. UN/ECE-FAO [United Nations Economic Commission for Europe & Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations] (1996). Forest Fire Statistics 1993-1995, Timber Bulletin, Vol. XLIX, No. 4, ECE/TIM/BULL/49/4, United Nations, 1996. Veldt C. and Berdowski J.J.M. (1995). GEIA - Note on the combustion of biomass fuels (Emission factors for CO, CH4 and NMVOC). TNO-MW, Delft. TNO Techn. Report R 94/218.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2001 Edition) - III.19

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOR 1990 AND 1995

EMISSIONS DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE POUR 1990 ET 1995

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.20

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Monde * Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe B

Fugitive

20 720.7

233.3

13 558.8 9 871.3 5 255.9 3 314.7 1 300.7 3 687.4 6 512.6

58.7 35.6 12.4 22.9 0.2 23.1 174.6

8 238.2

50.5 -

Total Non-OCDE

9 057.8

194.8

11 013.6

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

Total

570.2 2 377.4

226.0

649.3

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

CH4 Other

277.9 56.1 199.2 41.8 41.3 29.5 112.2 9.7 45.7 2.6 78.7 14.2 292.2 2 321.3

Soutes internat.

Total OCDE

Industrial processes

13 951.5 10 148.0 5 339.1 3 459.5 1 349.3 3 803.5 9 300.7

26.5 -

23 901.5

8 541.3

Share of Energy Agricult. Energy in Total 87.7% 2 268.6

Waste

2 821.7 1 098.5

Other

Total

148.5

Share of Energy in Total

6 337.4

35.8%

97.6% 1 355.8 97.6% 660.8 98.7% 502.6 96.5% 117.7 96.4% 40.6 97.6% 695.0 71.9% 912.8

675.2 463.8 167.8 195.3 100.6 211.4 2 146.5

499.0 411.8 255.0 113.0 43.8 87.2 599.5

35.2 25.6 15.3 6.2 4.1 9.6 113.3

2 565.2 1 562.0 940.7 432.2 189.1 1 003.2 3 772.1

52.9% 42.3% 53.4% 27.2% 21.4% 69.3% 24.2%

855.2

426.9

252.6

22.6

1 557.2

54.9%

97.0%

-

-

-

-

-

-

77.9% 1 492.1

2 271.8

634.4

119.9

4 518.2

33.0%

776.5

549.9

464.2

28.6

1 819.2

42.7%

98.5% 86.1% 98.7% 97.9%

35.3 22.9 467.3 525.4

18.7 43.6 149.2 211.5

24.7 27.5 230.3 282.5

4.4 1.8 10.9 17.1

83.0 95.8 857.7 1 036.5

42.5% 23.9% 54.5% 50.7%

59.6 110.9 157.1 51.7 57.1 371.4 985.2 77.4 73.1 2.0 31.1 420.9 10.8 161.9 45.4 350.6 43.3 57.5 221.1 54.5 43.6 140.9 570.9 4 097.9 3 227.7

95.4% 96.7% 97.9% 98.2% 96.3% 95.3% 98.0% 91.2% 96.9% 97.1% 97.4% 95.1% 97.0% 98.8% 98.4% 98.2% 91.4% 96.6% 93.5% 94.0% 93.2% 91.4% 98.7% 96.7% 96.7%

0.9 1.6 12.3 0.4 0.6 10.3 52.2 0.5 6.9 0.0 0.8 4.8 0.1 3.3 2.9 63.5 0.2 3.2 5.8 0.5 0.3 3.9 28.6 203.6 110.6

4.5 2.7 5.5 2.8 5.9 3.9 4.4 0.8 2.5 4.3 35.2 10.3 35.3 21.4 3.1 2.5 4.0 3.3 0.2 0.1 9.3 1.4 19.0 17.7 0.1 9.5 6.3 2.1 2.7 19.3 6.9 3.8 2.7 2.9 1.3 14.6 10.1 3.3 3.8 3.3 1.1 17.8 5.1 21.8 17.0 227.4 128.3 171.9 103.9

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 6.9 6.0

8.2 10.2 22.2 5.7 7.4 56.7 109.9 6.4 14.2 0.3 11.6 42.3 0.2 19.3 7.6 90.0 7.4 7.5 31.6 7.7 4.8 27.0 67.7 566.1 392.4

11.0% 15.4% 55.1% 6.5% 7.4% 18.2% 47.5% 7.9% 48.8% 1.5% 6.9% 11.3% 22.3% 17.3% 37.8% 70.6% 3.2% 42.4% 18.3% 6.8% 6.6% 14.6% 42.2% 36.0% 28.2%

263.5 1 063.0 244.6 22.8 1593.9

98.5% 95.8% 92.5% 98.5% 95.8%

23.2 15.7 6.9 1.7 47.5

1.5 2.6 0.6 0.0 4.7

104.0 57.7 27.4 27.4 216.5

22.3% 27.2% 25.2% 6.2% 21.9%

-

649.3

100.0%

328.4 2 298.1

11 879.1

38.5

241.8

79.3

11 373.1

97%

430.2 292.0 4 825.7 5 548.0

4.4 2.6 8.1 15.0

5.9 12.3 35.4 53.6

0.7 35.2 28.8 64.7

441.2 342.1 4 898.0 5 681.3

56.9 107.2 153.8 50.6 55.0 352.7 964.1 70.6 70.5 1.9 30.3 400.1 10.5 159.8 28.5 344.2 39.6 55.6 206.5 51.2 40.6 128.8 559.9 3 938.7 3 114.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 23.2 6.7

2.4 3.5 3.2 0.8 0.8 13.2 18.9 6.6 2.0 0.1 0.8 20.2 0.3 1.8 0.6 6.2 3.6 1.9 14.0 2.5 2.6 12.1 7.4 125.5 96.8

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.3 4.1 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 10.5 9.3

259.7 1 018.7 226.2 22.3 1 526.9

0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

3.3 42.1 16.9 0.3 62.7

0.6 2.0 1.5 0.0 4.1

70.1 8.0 10.4 22.5 111.0

9.3 31.4 9.5 3.2 53.4

* Total Monde inclue le Total Non-OCDE, le Total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO 2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 3.2 pour les autres émissions.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

III.21

1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

135.3

Agriculture

Industrial processes

2 919.1

224.1

HFCs Other

Total

208.2

Share of Energy in Total

3 486.7

3.9%

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

Total

74.2

33 993.7

80.5

113.4

Share of Energy in Total 68.7%

World *

66.5 52.8 36.1 11.3 5.5 13.7 68.8

1 091.3 826.4 342.3 331.5 152.6 264.9 1 827.8

197.7 167.4 62.1 97.0 8.3 30.3 26.4

75.1 68.4 37.8 26.1 4.5 6.7 133.1

1 430.6 1 115.0 478.4 465.8 170.8 315.6 2 056.1

4.7% 4.7% 7.6% 2.4% 3.2% 4.3% 3.3%

67.6 65.2 34.2 19.8 11.3 2.4 6.7

61.5 41.7 20.5 16.0 5.2 19.8 19.0

84.2 82.9 49.4 20.4 13.1 1.3 29.1

18 160.5 13 014.8 6 862.2 4 413.8 1 738.8 5 145.8 15 183.9

82.8% 81.6% 84.6% 78.5% 77.5% 85.9% 50.5%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

30.7

624.7

141.4

37.9

834.6

3.7%

33.2

46.1

37.2

11 049.7

83.0%

Annex B Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

649.3

100.0%

Internat. Bunkers

78.2

1 973.1

44.2

136.0

2 231.5

3.5%

7.4

36.6

25.7

18 698.5

57.9%

Non-OECD Total

57.1

946.0

180.0

72.2

1 255.2

4.5%

66.8

43.9

87.7

14 645.9

81.2%

OECD Total

2.4 1.2 33.7 37.4

34.3 66.0 308.0 408.3

10.7 0.0 51.4 62.1

1.7 2.1 36.1 40.0

49.2 69.4 429.2 547.8

4.9% 1.8% 7.9% 6.8%

0.5 0.7 33.7 34.9

6.9 0.5 13.5 21.0

5.4 0.6 44.1 50.1

586.1 509.3 6 276.1 7 371.5

80.6% 62.6% 85.0% 83.1%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.2 3.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.8 13.5 10.5

4.7 6.1 8.9 8.1 3.8 59.5 57.0 11.9 8.3 0.4 11.1 27.4 11.0 2.9 25.3 5.9 3.4 31.0 4.7 2.7 43.3 39.9 377.3 282.2

1.6 4.9 2.0 0.1 1.6 25.4 19.7 1.5 2.8 0.1 0.8 5.2 6.2 0.0 6.9 0.9 0.3 3.5 1.0 0.2 0.0 24.3 109.0 96.7

0.1 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 6.1 7.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.5 3.8 27.7 25.3

6.5 12.6 11.7 9.1 6.1 92.2 88.3 13.8 11.6 0.5 12.7 34.1 0.0 19.2 3.3 34.0 7.2 4.5 36.5 6.5 3.2 44.2 69.9 527.6 414.7

2.5% 2.2% 4.4% 2.2% 4.5% 1.3% 4.2% 2.2% 1.8% 1.5% 0.8% 2.8% 46.0% 1.9% 3.2% 4.0% 2.1% 3.6% 2.0% 4.2% 6.8% 0.9% 2.6% 2.6% 2.5%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 2.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 19.8 19.8

1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.5 2.3 4.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 1.2 17.2 10.3

0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.1 6.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.5 2.3 1.6 20.5 16.8

75.5 133.8 191.0 66.7 70.8 531.1 1 194.6 98.4 99.7 3.6 55.5 502.0 11.1 206.4 61.3 475.1 58.1 69.5 293.7 69.6 52.3 215.0 714.4 5 249.1 4 081.6

76.7% 81.5% 87.2% 77.0% 78.8% 68.8% 85.5% 72.6% 78.2% 53.4% 56.2% 80.8% 95.1% 79.3% 77.8% 86.1% 68.8% 84.7% 72.6% 74.6% 78.7% 61.9% 83.1% 79.6% 79.4%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

1.3 4.1 0.8 0.1 6.2

103.9 14.9 7.8 33.8 160.3

0.6 7.7 0.5 8.8

0.3 4.1 0.1 0.0 4.5

106.1 30.8 9.1 33.9 179.9

1.2% 13.3% 8.3% 0.2% 3.5%

0.7 10.6 0.9 0.0 12.1

1.2 3.7 0.5 0.3 5.7

0.7 12.3 4.1 0.1 17.2

476.3 1 178.0 286.5 84.5 2 025.3

59.7% 88.2% 81.6% 28.7% 78.1%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 3.2 database for other emissions.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.22

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

9 057.8

194.8

328.4

2 298.1

11 879.1

77.9%

1 492.1

2 271.8

634.4

119.9

4 518.2

33.0%

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique Afrique

54.7 4.1 0.3 2.7 0.7 3.0 2.6 73.3 .. 2.2 1.0 2.7 6.3 26.5 19.6 1.1 .. 28.6 2.1 254.6 5.5 1.7 0.5 12.2 2.6 15.9 16.0 540.8

8.7 2.5 0.2 0.1 3.4 7.2 43.1 0.0 65.1

3.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 7.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.3 2.7 0.0 1.5 0.2 3.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 2.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 25.5

4.2 13.8 2.6 16.6 9.0 157.0 5.4 4.2 0.3 12.1 23.3 9.8 4.8 0.2 2.0 10.4 1.6 34.7 3.3 8.9 29.5 23.0 1.7 0.8 18.4 4.2 79.1 481.2

70.8 20.5 3.1 19.6 9.7 160.5 8.3 84.6 0.3 14.5 27.8 12.9 11.9 35.3 24.4 11.5 1.6 107.9 5.7 266.8 35.1 25.0 2.4 15.2 21.2 20.6 95.6 1 112.7

89.6% 31.9% 8.3% 13.6% 7.2% 2.0% 31.8% 86.7% .. 15.3% 15.9% 21.0% 53.3% 95.5% 80.6% 9.4% .. 66.5% 37.3% 95.4% 15.7% 6.8% 22.5% 80.4% 12.3% 77.2% 16.8% 54.5%

11.4 2.9 0.4 2.1 1.3 2.9 1.0 7.8 0.2 3.7 1.5 0.7 3.0 6.9 0.6 1.6 0.2 28.2 0.2 27.4 8.5 5.7 0.3 1.0 0.8 2.4 12.1 134.9

3.6 9.0 1.6 6.0 0.5 11.9 2.7 9.1 1.6 30.6 0.2 2.3 13.9 1.0 5.2 5.8 3.9 20.2 4.2 16.3 27.5 17.8 1.0 1.6 7.1 7.1 82.6 294.5

3.4 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.3 4.2 1.5 6.4 0.3 4.4 0.1 1.8 2.5 0.8 3.2 1.5 0.2 10.6 0.9 8.2 2.6 2.6 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.2 12.1 74.2

0.2 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.5 8.8 0.2 0.0 0.4 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.2 3.6 22.2

18.6 13.6 2.7 10.5 2.7 27.7 5.4 23.2 2.1 39.1 3.1 5.3 19.4 8.7 9.1 9.4 4.3 59.7 5.6 52.3 39.8 26.9 1.8 3.7 9.8 10.8 110.4 525.8

61.2% 21.5% 16.0% 20.2% 48.1% 10.4% 18.8% 33.4% 11.0% 9.3% 46.6% 13.8% 15.7% 79.1% 6.2% 17.5% 3.7% 47.3% 4.5% 52.4% 21.4% 21.3% 18.3% 26.3% 8.2% 22.2% 10.9% 25.7%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

11.7 159.0 57.0 33.6 9.2 20.0 6.4 10.7 14.0 169.1 31.0 40.9 6.3 568.8

21.8 8.0 1.3 1.4 1.8 14.5 4.1 2.0 54.9

7.2 6.5 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.1 6.0 1.5 1.6 0.4 26.4

0.0 7.2 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.5 11.2

11.7 195.2 72.4 35.0 10.3 21.8 7.3 12.1 15.9 190.2 37.6 44.7 7.2 661.4

99.8% 92.6% 89.7% 95.9% 89.4% 97.8% 87.9% 99.5% 99.1% 96.5% 93.3% 96.1% 87.8% 94.3%

1.5 27.1 4.9 0.1 0.1 6.3 0.1 1.4 2.0 35.2 1.5 18.5 1.1 99.9

0.0 17.9 3.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.8 2.4 0.3 1.9 28.7

0.1 9.4 3.2 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 2.7 1.8 0.3 1.6 21.5

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.6 54.7 11.1 1.0 1.1 6.8 0.7 2.0 2.2 39.7 5.8 19.1 4.6 150.6

93.0% 49.6% 44.1% 7.4% 11.4% 92.8% 11.6% 71.4% 91.3% 88.6% 26.1% 97.0% 23.9% 66.4%

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

6.3 75.2 3.9 0.2 2.3 166.9 131.8 .. .. 9.2 12.5 .. 386.5

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.3 2.4 0.6 4.7 3.6 0.1 1.3 0.3 0.6 1.4 11.6

0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.4

6.8 77.7 4.4 0.2 2.3 172.1 136.2 0.1 1.6 9.7 13.1 1.6 399.7

92.4% 96.8% 87.3% 100.0% 100.0% 97.0% .. .. 0.0% 94.6% 95.1% 12.8% 96.8%

0.4 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 3.8 0.3 1.5 0.2 0.3 1.5 31.3

1.5 4.7 0.1 0.0 14.1 14.5 1.3 1.5 0.6 1.0 10.1 35.0

0.3 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.9 3.1 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.4 1.2 9.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5

2.2 9.6 0.3 0.0 0.1 42.3 21.7 2.0 4.0 1.2 1.7 12.9 76.2

18.5% 31.7% 3.4% 7.2% 3.3% 56.8% 17.5% 15.1% 39.1% 18.9% 16.6% 11.3% 41.1%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

III.23

1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of Energy in Total

78.2

1 973.1

44.2

136.0

2 231.5

3.5%

7.4

36.6

25.7

18 698.5

57.9%

Non-OECD Total

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 2.7 0.1 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.7 11.9

8.0 4.1 1.9 7.1 0.2 8.5 2.0 15.0 1.3 49.7 0.2 3.8 21.3 2.8 14.2 2.1 4.1 24.7 6.0 23.3 37.1 21.3 1.9 3.7 3.5 8.0 96.9 372.6

0.4 0.0 0.5 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.1 4.1

0.2 0.9 0.1 1.0 0.6 10.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.2 4.3 26.8

8.8 5.1 2.1 8.3 0.8 19.4 2.5 15.6 1.3 50.7 1.9 4.5 21.8 2.9 14.8 2.9 4.2 29.1 6.4 25.9 39.4 23.3 2.0 4.5 4.9 9.0 103.1 415.4

2.3% 2.9% 2.9% 1.9% 4.0% 2.1% 6.5% 3.5% 2.8% 1.2% 1.8% 2.6% 2.2% 3.3% 0.7% 8.5% 0.6% 9.2% 0.9% 5.4% 2.4% 4.9% 2.6% 1.8% 2.9% 2.6% 1.7% 2.9%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.8 1.4 0.2 0.1 2.5

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7

98.4 39.2 7.9 39.2 13.2 207.6 16.1 125.7 3.8 104.3 32.7 22.9 53.1 47.0 48.3 23.9 10.1 196.9 17.7 346.4 114.3 75.2 6.2 23.5 35.9 40.5 309.0 2 059.0

76.2% 24.5% 9.5% 12.6% 15.2% 3.1% 23.6% 65.0% .. 6.2% 18.0% 15.5% 18.6% 86.7% 42.1% 12.5% .. 52.2% 13.8% 81.8% 13.1% 11.4% 14.9% 56.6% 9.9% 45.9% 9.7% 36.6%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0

0.0 47.3 6.3 1.5 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.2 7.8 7.5 0.8 5.0 79.3

0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 1.7

0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

0.1 48.5 6.6 2.2 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.2 9.1 7.8 0.9 5.1 83.4

49.3% 1.4% 3.7% 5.0% 3.5% 25.8% 4.3% 2.9% 9.1% 4.7% 1.9% 9.4% 1.1% 2.3%

0.0 0.0

1.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.0

0.0 2.1 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.9

15.3 300.5 90.5 39.0 12.5 29.1 8.7 15.0 18.3 241.2 51.2 64.9 16.9 903.3

86.6% 69.4% 77.5% 86.5% 74.7% 95.2% 74.4% 90.2% 97.2% 90.9% 71.7% 94.8% 44.2% 80.3%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.2

2.3 9.5 0.5 0.0 19.2 13.2 1.1 2.3 0.8 1.0 8.0 44.8

0.4 4.7 0.0 3.7 2.2 1.3 0.9 11.0

0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.8

2.7 14.6 0.6 0.0 0.1 23.6 16.2 1.1 3.8 0.9 1.1 9.3 57.7

1.5% 1.4% 3.0% 100.0% 17.2% 1.6% 3.4% 4.9% 2.5% 6.2% 4.4% 3.2% 2.1%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.5 2.0 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.3 3.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

11.7 101.8 5.3 0.2 2.4 239.5 176.2 3.7 10.0 11.8 16.5 24.1 537.1

57.4% 77.0% 73.8% 97.1% 94.6% 79.9% 77.4% .. .. 80.1% 77.6% .. 78.0%

Albania Bulgaria Cyprus Gibraltar Malta Romania Former Yugoslavia Bosnia-Herzegovina Croatia FYR of Macedonia Slovenia FR of Yugoslavia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.24

-

CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 344.8

0.5 0.1 1.1 0.0 22.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 24.8

0.7 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.2 4.1 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.1 41.4 0.5 0.5 11.3 3.2 68.1

0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 9.0 0.3 0.2 2.7 1.1 15.5

0.9 1.4 1.4 0.6 0.5 5.3 0.9 0.6 2.0 1.4 72.9 0.8 1.0 14.3 4.4 3 453.3

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97.6%

1.9 9.5 6.3 1.0 2.6 29.4 0.4 1.3 3.3 2.0 473.7 0.4 30.0 94.7 27.7 684.2

0.7 4.0 11.2 1.3 2.4 23.0 3.8 2.4 3.8 2.1 98.7 2.7 2.7 40.6 11.5 210.9

0.5 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.8 2.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 51.9 0.6 0.5 9.6 2.4 74.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 1.5 9.0

3.1 14.5 19.2 2.6 5.8 55.3 4.7 4.3 7.7 4.8 631.4 3.7 33.2 146.4 41.6 978.4

60.5% 65.5% 32.5% 36.6% 44.7% 53.2% 8.0% 31.2% 42.1% 42.5% 75.0% 10.3% 90.4% 64.7% 66.6% 69.9%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

97.8 5.4 193.2 30.3 44.7 2.6 31.7 7.6 12.6 2.2 3.3 0.9 2.1 7.2 2.9 1.8 2.5 1.9 19.2 10.9 3.7 102.6 9.2 596.3

5.3 0.8 2.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 0.4 2.5 7.5 21.6

1.8 0.3 12.9 1.1 3.2 0.3 1.8 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 3.0 1.1 30.0

27.5 74.0 465.1 9.5 50.0 7.0 3.9 3.3 33.9 0.8 12.9 0.5 10.7 2.9 0.0 21.6 11.9 18.7 47.3 0.5 0.3 83.5 8.1 894.0

132.3 80.5 673.4 41.2 98.7 9.9 37.5 11.5 49.0 3.3 16.7 1.5 13.0 10.3 2.9 23.5 14.5 20.8 67.9 14.2 4.3 196.6 18.4 1 541.8

77.9% 7.7% 29.0% 74.4% 46.1% 26.3% 84.6% 66.6% 29.1% 65.7% 19.9% 62.6% 16.5% 69.6% 99.2% 7.8% 16.9% 9.3% 28.8% 94.7% 86.6% 56.0% 49.9% 40.1%

7.3 0.6 9.3 2.5 6.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.5 2.0 0.1 14.3 0.5 48.8

63.0 9.4 204.8 5.9 31.4 2.6 6.8 3.4 6.5 1.5 2.9 1.7 3.3 0.5 0.0 2.5 1.7 9.5 7.5 0.1 12.9 15.9 2.3 396.2

10.2 1.3 44.8 5.3 8.6 0.6 2.7 1.5 2.2 1.0 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.9 5.6 0.4 1.1 6.5 2.0 99.9

1.6 4.2 26.8 0.5 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.7 1.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.4 50.6

82.1 15.6 285.7 14.2 49.2 3.7 9.9 5.3 12.2 2.7 5.9 2.9 5.0 1.2 0.1 4.7 3.0 11.7 17.3 2.5 14.1 41.5 5.2 595.6

8.9% 3.7% 3.2% 17.7% 13.0% 3.9% 2.2% 3.5% 13.1% 8.8% 12.3% 7.7% 6.5% 2.1% 34.8% 4.8% 3.4% 2.9% 8.7% 77.6% 0.7% 34.4% 10.4% 8.2%

Bangladesh Brunei Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Taipei chinois Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie Asie

13.7 3.2 583.4 134.6 198.6 47.4 3.9 0.9 59.0 36.0 28.8 3.7 114.0 77.9 18.0 8.0 1 331.1

0.1 10.0 7.7 3.1 0.0 2.4 1.0 0.0 24.3

0.2 23.0 8.0 8.0 2.9 0.2 0.1 3.7 3.2 0.9 0.3 9.0 1.3 0.4 61.2

18.8 0.6 102.3 217.9 2.4 93.2 75.8 9.7 19.4 64.0 4.1 1.9 42.6 29.1 86.1 767.9

32.7 3.9 718.7 368.3 208.9 146.6 80.0 10.7 84.6 103.2 29.7 8.1 115.8 129.5 49.3 94.5 2 184.4

41.9% 83.4% 82.6% 38.7% 95.0% 34.4% 4.9% 8.3% 72.7% 34.9% 96.9% 46.2% 98.4% 60.1% 38.5% 8.5% 62.0%

8.9 1.6 82.3 63.8 2.0 8.8 3.4 2.8 10.7 4.8 0.1 1.2 1.9 3.5 5.5 3.5 204.8

58.8 0.0 425.8 78.3 4.6 4.9 27.0 28.1 55.8 21.9 0.0 6.6 55.3 37.2 27.2 831.6

13.8 0.0 116.6 27.3 3.1 2.7 5.7 2.6 16.0 9.0 0.6 2.4 3.3 7.8 9.2 5.2 225.1

0.1 0.0 0.8 10.8 0.1 4.9 4.0 0.3 0.3 3.2 0.1 0.2 2.3 1.2 5.2 33.6

81.6 1.6 625.4 180.2 9.8 21.3 40.2 33.8 82.8 38.8 0.7 10.3 5.4 68.9 53.0 41.1 1 295.1

10.9% 94.5% 13.2% 35.4% 20.3% 41.5% 8.6% 8.4% 12.9% 12.3% 11.8% 11.5% 35.9% 5.1% 10.3% 8.5% 15.8%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

2 256.5 33.0 2 289.5

3.9 3.9

104.6 0.9 105.5

126.9 0.0 126.9

2 491.9 33.9 2 525.8

90.7% 97.3% 90.8%

288.1 0.0 288.2

474.9 0.0 474.9

128.8 1.1 129.9

3.5 3.5

895.4 1.2 896.5

32.2% 2.7% 32.1%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

III.25

1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1990 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of Energy in Total

0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 7.6 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.2 12.1

0.8 3.9 11.5 1.4 2.6 22.6 4.1 2.5 3.8 3.0 114.6 3.1 3.9 53.3 14.0 245.3

4.3 3.3 3.3 0.9 0.2 12.0

0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 4.9

0.9 4.1 16.5 1.6 2.7 23.6 4.2 2.7 4.2 3.3 128.6 3.1 7.3 57.2 14.4 274.4

6.4% 2.9% 2.6% 10.7% 2.1% 2.8% 1.6% 3.6% 6.8% 4.8% 5.9% 1.3% 1.1% 3.7% 1.3% 4.4%

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4

0.2 15.8 0.1 0.1 16.1

0.0 1.2 1.2

4.9 20.2 37.1 4.8 9.0 84.2 9.8 7.6 13.9 9.4 852.3 7.7 41.5 218.0 60.4 4 725.8

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86.0%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.2 0.0 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.6

62.9 9.2 188.0 7.3 17.4 2.8 12.4 3.9 6.4 2.0 3.8 2.4 2.8 1.0 0.0 2.2 1.7 8.7 10.8 0.3 15.1 15.8 3.8 380.5

0.1 4.0 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 6.1

1.9 5.1 33.8 0.6 3.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.8 1.2 3.1 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.4 62.4

65.1 14.3 227.8 8.1 21.2 3.9 13.9 4.1 8.8 2.1 4.8 2.5 3.6 1.2 0.0 3.8 2.5 10.0 14.4 0.3 15.2 21.7 4.5 453.8

0.3% 0.3% 0.9% 2.9% 1.8% 1.2% 2.1% 1.6% 1.1% 3.3% 3.2% 1.8% 2.4% 2.0% 44.6% 1.6% 1.1% 0.8% 1.6% 3.5% 0.2% 0.8% 5.4% 1.0%

0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5

1.5 3.2 0.6 0.3 5.5

0.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 2.0

281.4 110.4 1 192.1 63.5 169.3 17.6 61.3 20.9 70.0 8.1 27.4 6.8 21.6 12.7 3.0 32.0 20.0 42.5 99.6 17.0 33.6 261.1 28.3 2 600.2

39.3% 6.2% 17.3% 52.6% 30.9% 15.9% 52.6% 37.8% 22.8% 30.5% 15.3% 17.7% 11.8% 56.7% 96.6% 6.6% 12.9% 5.6% 21.4% 90.3% 11.5% 47.7% 35.1% 25.8%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.7 0.0 12.5 3.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.6 26.4

20.6 0.0 211.0 43.4 8.5 4.8 9.0 4.8 52.8 13.1 0.1 2.0 0.0 18.1 11.6 27.3 427.0

2.1 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.0 4.3

0.1 0.0 0.6 13.0 0.0 5.9 4.8 0.3 0.4 3.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.8 1.4 5.6 38.9

22.4 0.1 226.2 60.2 9.2 11.6 14.4 5.7 56.1 18.8 0.2 2.4 0.6 21.3 13.9 33.6 496.7

7.5% 11.8% 5.5% 6.0% 8.0% 8.3% 4.2% 9.2% 2.9% 6.1% 69.7% 9.4% 94.9% 2.4% 6.8% 1.8% 5.3%

0.8 0.0 0.8

1.7 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.3

0.0 0.0 5.5 1.2 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.9 12.6

136.7 5.6 1 578.3 610.1 228.2 180.4 134.6 50.2 224.2 160.9 31.0 20.8 121.9 221.4 116.3 171.4 3 991.9

17.7% 85.8% 43.6% 34.4% 88.2% 33.4% 5.9% 8.5% 32.9% 26.1% 93.4% 24.8% 95.6% 37.0% 21.9% 7.1% 39.7%

Bangladesh Brunei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

19.8 0.2 20.0

423.5 0.0 423.6

4.8 4.8

1.8 0.0 1.8

449.9 0.2 450.2

4.4% 84.2% 4.4%

2.8 2.8

4.6 4.6

1.2 0.0 1.2

3 845.9 35.3 3 881.2

66.8% 94.0% 67.0%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.26

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Monde * Parties de l’Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe II Amérique du Nord Europe Pacifique Annexe I EET Parties non Annexe I Parties de l’Annexe B

Fugitive

21 809.4

251.8

13 124.8 10 289.3 5 569.9 3 313.9 1 405.5 2 835.5 7 983.1

66.6 56.1 16.2 39.6 0.3 10.5 185.3

7 520.9

54.3 -

Total Non-OCDE

9 578.1

191.9

11 529.9

Autriche Belgique République tchèque Danemark Finlande France Allemagne Grèce Hongrie Islande Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Norvège Pologne Portugal République slovaque Espagne Suède Suisse Turquie Royaume-Uni OCDE Europe Union européenne Australie Japon Corée Nouvelle-Zélande OCDE Pacifique

Total

716.1 2 195.7

182.6

701.4

Canada Mexique Etats-Unis OCDE Amérique du N.

CH4 Other

241.4 60.0 199.7 44.8 43.6 31.4 107.3 10.1 48.8 3.3 41.7 15.1 474.6 2 135.8

Soutes internat.

Total OCDE

Industrial processes

13 492.7 10 589.9 5 661.1 3 470.9 1 457.9 2 902.9 10 778.8

28.4 -

24 973.0

7 786.1

Share of Energy Agricult. Energy in Total 88.3% 2 202.9

Waste

2 816.0 1 168.9

Other

Total

152.5

Share of Energy in Total

6 340.3

34.7%

97.8% 1 179.0 97.7% 642.2 98.7% 501.6 96.6% 97.0 96.4% 43.6 98.0% 536.9 75.8% 1 023.9

600.9 451.0 178.3 177.3 95.4 149.9 2 215.2

487.4 397.4 241.3 110.5 45.6 90.0 681.6

50.1 45.9 36.9 5.2 3.8 4.2 102.4

2 317.3 1 536.4 958.0 390.0 188.4 780.9 4 023.1

50.9% 41.8% 52.4% 24.9% 23.1% 68.7% 25.5%

687.0

352.2

255.1

43.9

1 338.3

51.3%

97.3%

-

-

-

-

-

-

79.1% 1 455.0

2 290.8

711.8

103.7

4 561.3

31.9%

747.9

525.3

457.1

48.8

1 779.1

42.0%

98.7% 88.2% 98.7% 98.1%

44.0 22.8 457.5 524.4

20.5 41.8 157.8 220.0

25.9 32.3 215.4 273.6

32.2 1.5 4.7 38.4

122.6 98.4 835.4 1 056.5

35.9% 23.2% 54.8% 49.6%

61.1 117.8 128.2 59.7 58.5 367.6 892.3 80.0 60.8 2.0 33.4 430.4 8.6 176.7 65.9 339.3 52.6 43.2 249.6 55.9 43.2 172.1 543.4 4 042.6 3 187.7

96.1% 96.4% 98.0% 97.5% 96.4% 96.8% 97.6% 91.5% 96.8% 98.0% 97.7% 95.9% 95.7% 98.9% 98.5% 97.8% 92.6% 96.4% 94.3% 96.1% 94.1% 90.3% 98.9% 96.8% 97.0%

1.0 1.1 8.9 0.6 0.5 8.3 40.4 0.5 6.4 0.0 0.7 5.4 0.1 3.7 5.1 60.3 0.2 2.8 5.2 0.5 0.3 3.3 20.2 175.4 88.3

4.2 2.9 5.5 3.0 3.6 3.5 4.3 0.9 2.1 4.5 32.7 8.6 27.6 23.8 3.1 2.7 2.4 3.4 0.2 0.1 9.7 1.5 15.6 18.6 0.1 8.9 5.6 2.1 2.9 14.6 7.6 3.6 2.9 1.7 1.3 13.7 11.3 3.2 3.9 3.2 1.2 16.5 5.5 21.2 10.6 199.6 126.2 155.3 100.8

0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 5.7 5.0

8.2 9.9 16.2 5.7 7.3 50.1 92.6 6.5 12.2 0.3 11.9 40.1 0.2 18.3 10.1 82.7 7.5 5.9 31.0 7.7 4.7 25.5 52.3 507.0 349.4

11.9% 11.3% 55.0% 9.7% 7.4% 16.5% 43.6% 8.2% 52.5% 1.5% 6.1% 13.5% 30.8% 20.1% 50.3% 72.9% 2.0% 47.4% 16.8% 6.8% 7.4% 13.0% 38.6% 34.6% 25.3%

284.1 1 147.6 400.3 26.2 1858.2

98.6% 95.9% 92.5% 98.2% 95.6%

25.2 16.6 4.5 1.9 48.1

1.3 2.5 0.9 0.0 4.7

101.5 60.6 27.3 26.3 215.7

24.8% 27.3% 16.5% 7.1% 22.3%

-

701.4

100.0%

463.5 2 117.9

12 351.4

59.9

252.6

77.8

11 920.2

97%

461.2 312.6 5 108.7 5 882.4

4.0 3.5 12.2 19.8

5.2 12.6 38.4 56.2

0.9 29.6 30.5 61.0

471.4 358.4 5 189.7 6 019.5

58.8 113.6 125.7 57.9 56.4 354.5 870.0 73.2 58.6 2.0 32.7 412.9 8.2 174.5 32.7 331.9 48.8 41.7 235.3 53.7 40.7 155.4 532.6 3 871.8 3 083.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.2 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 32.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 39.9 7.4

1.9 4.0 2.4 1.3 0.5 9.9 20.0 6.5 1.4 0.0 0.7 16.8 0.4 1.7 0.8 6.9 3.7 1.5 13.6 1.0 2.0 16.5 5.9 119.6 88.0

0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.6 2.0 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 11.3 9.2

280.0 1 099.9 370.2 25.6 1 775.6

0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3

3.3 45.1 28.0 0.3 76.8

0.8 2.4 2.1 0.1 5.5

65.6 8.1 10.3 21.7 105.6

9.4 33.5 11.7 2.7 57.3

* Total Monde inclue le Total Non-OCDE, le Total OCDE ainsi que les soutes internationales. Sources: AIE, méthode sectorielle pour les émissions de CO 2 dues à la combustion d'énergie. Base de données EDGAR 3.2 pour les autres émissions.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

III.27

1995 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

144.5

Agriculture

Industrial processes

2 985.2

HFCs Other

223.1

Total

210.6

Share of Energy in Total

3 563.4

4.1%

Total

SF6

PFCs

Industrial processes

120.1

98.6

Total

143.5

Share of Energy in Total

35 239.0

69.3%

World *

66.5 56.9 38.0 12.4 6.5 9.5 78.0

973.7 820.4 369.3 314.3 136.9 153.3 2 011.5

193.5 167.0 70.4 88.4 8.3 26.4 29.6

91.5 88.8 57.3 27.3 4.1 2.7 119.1

1 325.2 1 133.2 535.0 442.4 155.9 192.0 2 238.2

5.0% 5.0% 7.1% 2.8% 4.2% 5.0% 3.5%

110.5 105.3 55.4 31.9 18.0 5.1 9.6

79.4 54.7 26.8 14.0 14.0 24.7 19.2

111.9 103.4 58.4 25.6 19.5 8.6 31.6

17 437.0 13 522.9 7 294.6 4 374.7 1 853.5 3 914.2 17 100.5

82.8% 81.7% 84.0% 79.2% 78.5% 86.7% 54.2%

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Pacific Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

28.6

507.6

129.9

39.4

705.5

4.1%

54.9

58.5

57.4

10 000.7

82.9%

Annex B Parties

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

701.4

100.0%

Internat. Bunkers

83.2

2 059.2

42.7

118.8

2 303.9

3.6%

12.1

40.9

36.5

19 306.1

58.6%

Non-OECD Total

61.2

926.0

180.3

91.8

1 259.4

4.9%

108.0

57.7

107.0

15 231.4

81.4%

OECD Total

2.5 1.3 35.5 39.3

41.1 61.0 328.2 430.3

12.2 0.0 58.2 70.4

6.3 2.1 51.1 59.4

62.1 64.4 472.9 599.3

4.1% 2.0% 7.5% 6.6%

1.4 0.9 54.0 56.3

7.7 0.3 19.1 27.1

6.2 0.5 52.2 58.9

671.3 522.9 6 623.4 7 817.6

76.2% 65.1% 84.8% 82.7%

Canada Mexico United States OECD N. America

0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.3 3.7 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.9 14.4 11.5

4.5 6.3 5.4 6.6 3.4 58.8 50.0 12.0 5.8 0.4 12.2 27.2 0.4 10.7 3.0 22.2 5.9 2.3 28.4 4.8 2.6 38.2 38.9 350.0 270.1

1.7 4.1 1.9 0.0 1.5 23.2 19.2 1.4 1.3 0.1 0.9 4.2 3.7 0.0 7.5 0.8 0.3 3.1 1.0 0.1 1.6 21.6 99.4 86.5

0.1 1.6 0.2 0.8 0.5 6.5 5.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 3.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 3.9 28.2 26.4

6.5 12.3 7.8 7.6 5.7 89.7 78.0 14.0 7.4 0.4 13.9 33.0 0.5 16.8 3.5 31.5 7.4 2.8 36.0 6.7 3.1 40.8 66.3 492.0 394.6

3.9% 2.9% 5.0% 3.3% 5.0% 1.4% 4.7% 2.6% 2.3% 1.7% 0.9% 3.5% 7.1% 2.9% 4.1% 4.3% 2.4% 3.6% 2.4% 5.2% 9.0% 1.2% 2.8% 2.9% 2.9%

0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 3.3 6.9 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 4.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 5.6 32.6 31.6

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.9 3.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.6 1.9 14.9 9.6

0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.2 10.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.4 2.4 25.7 22.7

76.5 140.7 152.5 73.5 72.0 516.4 1 082.7 101.6 81.0 2.8 59.6 511.2 9.2 217.8 83.9 454.3 67.8 52.0 322.8 71.8 52.0 240.4 671.9 5 114.6 3 995.5

78.4% 81.8% 88.5% 80.2% 79.6% 70.7% 84.5% 73.0% 80.8% 69.7% 56.3% 82.1% 89.6% 82.2% 83.5% 86.6% 72.4% 85.6% 74.8% 76.1% 79.4% 66.2% 83.2% 80.2% 79.8%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe European Union

1.7 4.7 1.0 0.1 7.5

92.0 13.7 8.9 31.2 145.8

0.5 7.8 2.3 10.6

0.3 3.8 0.1 0.0 4.3

94.6 29.9 12.3 31.4 168.1

1.8% 15.8% 8.3% 0.3% 4.5%

1.4 16.4 1.1 0.1 19.1

1.2 12.4 1.8 0.3 15.7

1.0 18.3 3.0 0.1 22.5

483.8 1 285.4 445.7 84.4 2 299.3

63.4% 87.2% 84.3% 32.8% 79.7%

Australia Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Pacific

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international bunkers. Sources: IEA, Sectoral Approach for CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion. EDGAR 3.2 database for other emissions.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.28

-

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

9 578.1

191.9

463.5

2 117.9

12 351.4

79.1%

1 455.0

2 290.8

711.8

103.7

4 561.3

31.9%

Algérie Angola Bénin Cameroun Congo Rép. dém. du Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypte Erythrée Ethiopie Gabon Ghana Kenya Libye Maroc Mozambique Namibie Nigéria Sénégal Afrique du Sud Soudan Rép. unie de Tanzanie Togo Tunisie Zambie Zimbabwe Autres pays d’Afrique Afrique

59.3 4.0 0.2 2.5 0.5 2.1 3.2 76.8 0.8 2.3 1.3 3.3 7.3 34.6 25.4 1.1 1.8 35.7 2.5 276.8 4.6 1.6 0.6 14.3 2.0 14.8 17.4 596.8

15.6 2.5 0.2 0.1 4.6 3.4 51.5 0.3 78.2

3.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 7.1 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.1 3.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 3.7 0.1 0.4 0.2 2.5 0.1 0.5 0.5 26.5

3.5 16.0 2.5 17.2 10.2 158.8 2.4 4.6 0.4 14.5 20.1 9.2 5.2 0.3 1.3 10.1 1.6 38.0 3.4 5.1 26.6 22.3 1.6 0.8 15.4 4.1 81.7 476.7

81.4 22.7 2.9 20.0 10.8 161.1 5.8 88.5 1.1 17.2 26.1 13.2 13.2 39.5 29.9 11.3 3.4 126.1 6.1 285.6 31.3 24.3 2.4 17.8 17.6 19.4 99.6 1 178.2

91.9% 28.7% 7.5% 12.5% 4.9% 1.4% 55.0% 86.8% 66.7% 13.7% 22.9% 25.0% 54.8% 96.4% 85.0% 10.1% 53.7% 69.2% 40.0% 96.9% 14.6% 6.6% 24.9% 81.6% 11.7% 76.3% 17.5% 57.3%

12.5 3.2 0.5 1.8 1.4 3.4 1.2 9.2 0.3 4.2 1.9 0.8 3.4 7.0 0.7 1.9 0.2 32.1 0.3 29.0 9.2 6.6 0.4 1.1 0.9 2.7 13.0 148.9

3.5 9.1 1.8 6.2 0.5 12.0 2.9 10.9 1.6 31.9 0.2 3.0 13.1 0.8 4.8 5.8 3.7 24.5 4.7 15.6 29.2 18.5 1.0 1.9 7.4 5.9 84.1 304.8

3.9 1.2 0.6 1.8 0.4 5.1 1.8 7.1 0.3 5.3 0.2 2.1 3.0 1.0 3.6 1.9 0.2 12.8 1.1 8.8 3.0 3.1 0.5 1.3 1.0 1.4 13.9 86.5

0.2 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.6 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.1 3.7 21.2

20.2 14.4 3.0 10.8 2.9 29.3 5.9 27.3 2.2 41.9 3.5 6.5 19.5 8.7 9.1 10.1 4.1 70.0 6.2 53.6 42.4 28.8 1.9 4.3 10.1 10.0 114.6 561.4

62.2% 22.4% 16.0% 16.8% 48.2% 11.7% 20.2% 33.6% 11.4% 10.1% 56.2% 12.9% 17.5% 79.7% 7.2% 19.3% 4.3% 45.8% 4.6% 54.0% 21.7% 23.0% 19.3% 26.3% 8.7% 26.6% 11.4% 26.5%

Bahrein Rép. islamique d'Iran Irak Israël Jordanie Koweit Liban Oman Qatar Arabie saoudite Syrie Emirats arabes unis Yémen Moyen-Orient

11.6 223.6 69.1 47.1 12.1 51.7 12.6 15.6 28.0 206.3 42.2 53.9 8.3 782.2

17.3 0.1 1.0 0.9 1.8 20.0 4.5 0.7 46.2

8.0 9.0 2.4 1.7 1.0 1.7 0.3 7.9 2.2 3.0 0.5 37.7

0.0 7.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.6 11.6

11.6 255.9 79.2 49.5 14.1 53.8 14.9 16.5 30.1 234.9 50.1 57.8 9.4 877.8

99.8% 94.1% 87.4% 95.1% 86.1% 98.0% 84.1% 99.6% 99.0% 96.4% 93.4% 94.5% 88.0% 94.4%

1.6 36.5 2.3 0.1 0.2 6.9 0.1 1.8 2.5 45.5 2.1 25.6 1.8 127.0

0.0 19.4 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 2.1 2.2 0.3 1.9 30.3

0.1 11.2 3.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 3.2 2.1 0.4 2.1 25.4

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

1.7 67.3 8.7 1.1 1.4 7.4 0.9 2.4 2.8 50.7 6.4 26.3 5.8 183.0

92.3% 54.1% 26.4% 8.4% 12.2% 93.7% 12.6% 72.7% 91.1% 89.7% 32.6% 97.2% 31.7% 69.4%

Albanie Bulgarie Chypre Gibraltar Malte Roumanie ex-Yougoslavie Bosnie-Herzégovine Croatie ex-RY de Macédoine Slovénie RF de Yougoslavie Europe Non-OCDE

1.9 54.8 5.1 0.4 2.2 116.9 83.4 4.0 15.9 8.8 13.0 41.7 264.7

0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 1.0 0.5 3.4 2.9 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.8 8.0

0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.8

2.2 56.0 5.6 0.4 2.2 121.0 87.2 4.0 17.1 9.4 14.0 42.7 274.6

86.6% 97.8% 90.8% 100.0% 100.0% 96.6% 95.7% 98.1% 92.9% 94.2% 92.9% 98.0% 96.4%

0.2 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.8 3.6 0.5 1.5 0.3 0.3 1.2 22.3

1.8 2.0 0.1 0.0 9.1 10.5 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.9 7.1 23.6

0.4 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.9 3.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.3 9.5

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

2.3 6.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 29.0 17.4 1.4 3.4 1.4 1.6 9.6 55.6

8.7% 40.0% 3.7% 11.7% 3.5% 54.5% 20.8% 34.0% 42.7% 18.2% 17.3% 12.1% 40.0%

Total Non-OCDE

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

III.29

1995 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

Total

Share of Energy in Total

83.2

2 059.2

42.7

118.8

2 303.9

3.6%

12.1

40.9

36.5

19 306.1

58.6%

Non-OECD Total

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 3.0 0.1 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.8 13.4

7.8 4.3 2.2 7.6 0.2 8.9 2.4 18.9 1.4 51.7 0.3 6.0 19.7 2.1 13.3 2.1 3.6 27.9 7.2 21.1 40.1 22.2 1.9 4.2 3.8 6.4 97.6 384.6

0.4 0.0 0.5 1.8 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.2 5.1

0.1 1.0 0.1 1.1 0.7 10.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.2 4.4 25.6

8.6 5.5 2.4 8.8 0.9 19.9 2.6 19.5 1.4 52.9 1.7 6.7 20.2 2.3 14.0 2.9 3.7 33.5 7.9 23.5 42.2 24.3 2.1 4.6 4.9 7.7 104.0 428.7

2.7% 3.1% 2.9% 2.0% 4.0% 2.5% 7.1% 3.0% 2.9% 1.3% 2.2% 2.0% 2.7% 5.4% 0.9% 10.0% 0.7% 9.1% 0.9% 6.7% 2.4% 5.4% 2.9% 1.9% 3.2% 3.2% 1.8% 3.1%

0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.5

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3

110.3 42.5 8.4 40.2 14.7 210.3 14.4 136.7 4.8 112.0 31.2 26.4 53.0 50.7 53.0 24.3 11.2 229.6 20.2 364.2 115.8 77.4 6.4 26.8 32.6 37.1 318.2 2 172.6

79.4% 23.2% 9.2% 11.1% 13.5% 3.0% 31.9% 63.4% 22.2% 6.5% 25.5% 16.1% 21.2% 88.9% 49.4% 13.9% 18.0% 53.3% 14.0% 84.4% 12.7% 12.3% 16.1% 58.8% 9.5% 47.8% 10.1% 38.5%

Algeria Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

0.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.2

0.0 51.3 5.7 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.3 7.6 7.8 1.3 4.8 83.8

0.3 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.9

0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

0.1 52.7 5.9 2.2 1.5 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.3 9.0 8.2 1.4 4.9 88.3

43.2% 1.4% 4.3% 7.0% 3.6% 27.3% 5.3% 2.8% 6.8% 5.2% 2.1% 7.3% 1.5% 2.5%

0.1 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5

0.0 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 4.5

13.6 377.4 94.2 53.6 16.9 61.8 16.9 19.9 33.3 296.1 64.7 85.9 20.1 1 154.3

97.4% 73.7% 76.1% 88.3% 72.9% 96.6% 75.6% 91.9% 97.4% 92.0% 75.7% 93.5% 50.6% 83.0%

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 1.3

1.9 4.1 0.5 0.1 12.3 10.7 0.6 2.0 1.1 1.0 5.9 29.6

0.3 4.0 0.1 4.5 1.7 1.2 0.6 10.7

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

2.2 8.6 0.6 0.0 0.1 17.3 13.1 0.6 3.4 1.2 1.1 6.8 41.9

1.2% 4.1% 3.2% 100.0% 15.1% 1.7% 4.2% 8.0% 4.8% 5.5% 4.4% 3.3% 3.0%

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3

1.3 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 2.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

6.7 71.2 6.5 0.4 2.4 168.6 118.7 6.2 24.3 12.0 17.0 59.3 374.5

31.3% 81.1% 78.3% 98.5% 93.8% 78.9% 73.9% 72.2% 72.3% 76.3% 78.5% 72.9% 77.0%

Albania Bulgaria Cyprus Gibraltar Malta Romania Former Yugoslavia Bosnia-Herzegovina Croatia FYR of Macedonia Slovenia FR of Yugoslavia Non-OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.30

-

CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

1995 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 millions de tonnes d'équivalent CO 2 selon le PRC-100

CO2 Fuel Comb.

Fugitive

Industrial processes

CH4 Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

Energy

Agricult.

Waste

Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

Arménie Azerbaïdjan Bélarus Estonie Géorgie Kazakhstan Kirghizistan Lettonie Lituanie République de Moldavie Russie Tadjikistan Turkménistan Ukraine Ouzbékistan Ex-URSS

3.4 31.0 59.8 15.5 2.2 165.7 4.6 9.1 14.3 11.0 1 588.9 5.3 34.0 389.3 97.5 2 431.7

1.5 0.1 0.9 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 13.1

0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 18.2 0.0 0.2 3.8 1.7 26.5

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 10.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.5 14.0

3.6 32.8 60.7 15.8 2.4 167.6 4.9 9.5 15.0 11.1 1 627.4 5.5 34.5 394.5 100.0 2 485.4

94.5% 99.2% 98.7% 97.9% 92.4% 99.4% 94.7% 95.9% 95.6% 98.8% 98.2% 96.9% 99.1% 98.7% 97.8% 98.4%

0.6 5.5 6.0 0.5 0.7 17.9 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.3 371.4 0.5 15.6 58.6 31.5 512.3

0.6 3.4 8.8 0.8 1.6 21.5 3.1 1.0 2.1 1.8 70.1 2.6 3.1 31.8 10.9 163.1

0.5 1.0 1.9 0.4 0.8 2.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 53.9 0.6 0.6 9.8 2.8 77.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.7 3.6

1.7 9.9 16.6 1.6 3.1 42.1 4.1 2.2 4.0 3.6 498.1 3.8 19.2 100.9 45.2 756.3

33.7% 55.7% 35.9% 28.4% 22.8% 42.4% 11.3% 30.6% 30.6% 34.4% 74.6% 13.7% 81.0% 58.1% 69.7% 67.7%

Argentine Bolivie Brésil Chili Colombie Costa Rica Cuba République dominicaine Equateur El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaïque Antilles néerlandaises Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Pérou Trinité-et-Tobago Uruguay Vénézuela Autres Amérique Latine Amérique latine

111.4 8.2 238.8 37.5 57.9 4.4 25.6 11.4 15.3 4.7 6.0 0.9 3.9 8.3 3.1 2.5 4.1 3.4 23.7 11.2 4.5 115.6 8.8 711.2

6.6 1.9 2.3 0.3 0.7 2.0 0.0 1.6 12.3 27.8

2.7 0.4 14.1 1.6 4.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.9 0.3 0.3 3.4 1.0 36.0

13.3 71.1 369.0 6.2 41.1 6.2 3.6 2.8 29.5 1.1 13.1 0.5 10.2 2.1 0.0 23.9 11.9 16.6 41.5 0.4 0.3 75.2 7.8 747.5

134.0 81.6 624.2 45.7 104.4 11.1 29.9 14.9 48.0 6.3 19.7 1.5 14.2 10.7 3.1 26.6 16.3 20.3 67.2 13.4 5.1 206.5 17.6 1 522.5

88.0% 12.4% 38.6% 82.7% 56.2% 40.1% 85.4% 76.2% 36.1% 74.8% 30.5% 61.2% 27.3% 77.9% 99.3% 9.4% 25.1% 16.7% 35.4% 94.9% 88.7% 61.9% 49.9% 48.5%

10.3 0.7 9.2 1.9 7.9 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.6 2.2 0.1 19.6 0.6 59.1

63.6 9.9 217.4 6.5 33.2 2.2 5.4 3.5 7.7 1.6 2.6 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.0 2.6 1.7 9.4 8.3 0.1 15.3 17.5 2.7 416.4

11.9 1.6 53.6 7.8 10.4 0.8 2.8 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.6 1.1 6.5 0.6 1.2 8.0 2.2 119.9

0.8 4.1 21.4 0.3 2.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.1 1.3 0.7 0.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.3 42.3

86.6 16.3 301.6 16.4 53.7 3.4 8.6 5.6 14.1 3.1 5.8 3.2 4.7 1.3 0.1 5.0 3.1 11.7 18.7 2.9 16.7 49.4 5.7 637.7

11.9% 4.4% 3.0% 11.5% 14.8% 2.0% 2.8% 3.9% 14.6% 12.5% 13.0% 7.7% 7.1% 2.4% 35.8% 5.1% 3.6% 2.7% 8.4% 75.5% 0.6% 39.7% 9.9% 9.3%

Bangladesh Brunei Inde Indonésie Rép. pop. dém. de Corée Malaisie Myanmar Népal Pakistan Philippines Singapour Sri Lanka Taipei chinois Thailande Viêt-Nam Autres pays d’Asie Asie

22.2 4.5 787.9 190.7 182.2 75.5 6.6 1.7 80.1 59.5 37.8 5.5 158.7 136.2 25.8 6.9 1 781.8

0.7 3.0 7.8 5.4 0.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 22.4

0.2 33.4 11.5 8.5 5.3 0.3 0.1 3.9 5.3 1.6 0.4 17.0 2.6 0.2 90.3

18.0 0.8 101.9 207.5 2.6 94.4 75.0 10.4 20.0 58.9 3.8 1.9 32.2 29.9 101.4 758.6

40.4 5.9 926.1 417.5 193.2 180.7 81.8 12.3 106.6 123.7 39.4 9.8 160.6 185.4 61.2 108.5 2 653.1

55.0% 87.2% 85.4% 47.5% 94.3% 44.8% 8.1% 14.2% 77.5% 48.1% 95.9% 56.4% 98.8% 73.5% 47.0% 6.4% 68.0%

9.9 1.9 94.4 85.5 1.9 11.3 3.9 3.2 12.3 5.1 0.4 1.2 2.4 4.9 6.8 4.2 249.2

59.7 0.0 431.8 86.8 4.7 5.1 35.6 27.7 61.3 26.5 0.0 6.8 58.1 41.0 28.2 873.3

15.0 0.1 128.7 32.3 3.4 3.0 6.2 2.9 18.6 10.0 0.7 2.5 3.7 8.4 10.2 6.3 252.0

0.0 0.0 0.5 10.1 0.1 4.9 3.9 0.3 0.3 2.8 0.1 0.2 1.7 1.2 6.1 32.3

84.6 2.0 655.5 214.7 10.0 24.4 49.6 34.1 92.5 44.5 1.1 10.7 6.2 73.1 59.1 44.8 1 406.9

11.6% 94.7% 14.4% 39.8% 18.8% 46.5% 7.8% 9.5% 13.3% 11.5% 35.1% 11.6% 38.0% 6.7% 11.4% 9.4% 17.7%

Rép. populaire de Chine Hong Kong, Chine Chine

2 973.8 35.8 3 009.6

4.1 4.1

237.5 1.0 238.4

107.6 0.0 107.6

3 323.0 36.8 3 359.8

89.6% 97.3% 89.7%

336.2 0.0 336.3

479.1 0.0 479.1

140.0 1.3 141.3

3.6 3.6

958.9 1.3 960.2

35.1% 2.8% 35.0%

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition)

-

III.31

1995 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions de gaz à effet de serre pour 1995 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalent using GWP-100

N2 O Energy

Agriculture

Industrial processes

HFCs Other

Total

Share of Energy in Total

PFCs

Total

SF6

Industrial processes

0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.2 8.0

0.5 2.8 7.7 0.7 1.3 17.5 3.0 1.1 1.8 2.3 56.6 2.3 3.7 30.3 10.2 141.8

3.3 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.0 6.6

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.7

0.5 3.1 11.3 0.8 1.3 18.3 3.1 1.1 1.9 2.4 64.1 2.3 4.6 32.7 10.5 158.1

3.5% 9.5% 1.6% 10.0% 1.5% 3.9% 0.9% 5.2% 3.8% 1.7% 7.7% 1.1% 1.0% 4.1% 1.8% 5.1%

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 4.6

0.0 21.9 0.1 0.1 22.1

0.3 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 5.3

66.0 10.1 207.0 8.6 18.0 2.8 7.7 4.0 7.8 1.9 4.1 2.5 2.7 1.0 0.0 2.3 1.8 8.8 11.9 0.2 16.4 17.5 3.8 407.0

0.1 6.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 7.7

0.9 4.9 28.4 0.3 2.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.8 1.1 2.7 0.0 0.0 5.2 0.4 53.5

67.3 15.0 243.8 9.2 21.3 3.5 9.1 4.2 9.9 2.2 5.1 2.6 3.5 1.2 0.0 4.0 2.6 9.9 15.0 0.3 16.5 22.8 4.5 473.5

0.4% 0.3% 0.9% 3.2% 2.3% 1.0% 2.2% 1.8% 1.1% 4.9% 3.2% 1.9% 2.5% 3.4% 51.3% 1.7% 1.5% 0.9% 1.7% 4.9% 0.2% 1.0% 6.1% 1.1%

0.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.1

1.8 0.0 14.3 3.9 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.8 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.7 29.7

27.5 0.0 240.5 50.4 7.8 5.3 10.5 5.4 65.2 13.9 0.0 2.3 0.0 20.9 18.0 34.7 502.6

1.9 0.1 1.1 1.6 0.7 0.0 5.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 12.1 0.0 5.9 4.7 0.3 0.3 3.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.0 1.4 6.6 37.0

29.3 0.1 256.7 66.6 8.4 12.3 15.8 6.3 68.4 20.1 0.9 2.7 0.8 23.7 20.5 42.1 574.7

6.1% 16.9% 5.6% 5.9% 7.1% 8.9% 4.1% 9.5% 2.7% 6.2% 17.1% 9.1% 92.2% 3.0% 5.2% 1.8% 5.2%

23.2 0.2 23.4

509.7 0.0 509.7

5.4 5.4

0.2 0.0 0.2

538.5 0.2 538.7

4.3% 93.8% 4.3%

Total

-

Share of Energy in Total

0.0 8.4 8.4

5.9 45.8 88.8 18.3 6.8 228.1 12.1 12.9 20.9 17.2 2 223.8 11.6 58.4 528.5 155.9 3 434.9

68.2% 83.6% 74.4% 87.8% 43.5% 81.2% 42.4% 76.6% 74.7% 71.2% 88.8% 50.3% 85.3% 85.0% 83.1% 86.3%

Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former USSR

0.1 2.9 0.3 0.1 3.4

0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.7

288.4 112.9 1 174.7 71.3 179.6 18.0 47.7 24.8 72.0 11.5 30.6 7.2 22.4 13.2 3.3 35.6 22.1 41.9 101.0 16.6 38.3 279.9 28.0 2 640.8

44.6% 9.6% 21.5% 56.1% 37.4% 25.3% 54.5% 47.2% 27.1% 45.1% 22.6% 16.6% 19.2% 63.7% 96.8% 7.9% 19.3% 9.0% 25.4% 89.9% 12.2% 52.8% 34.4% 30.4%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Latin America Latin America

1.0 0.1 0.0 1.0

1.5 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.3 3.4

0.0 0.0 4.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 2.0 10.8

154.4 8.0 1 845.3 699.8 212.4 217.9 147.3 52.7 268.0 188.6 42.2 23.1 167.6 283.1 140.9 198.7 4 649.9

21.9% 88.5% 48.7% 41.1% 86.9% 42.9% 7.5% 10.6% 36.1% 34.9% 90.9% 30.3% 96.5% 50.1% 26.0% 6.0% 44.8%

Bangladesh Brunei India Indonesia DPR of Korea Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Asia

3.4 3.4

8.1 8.1

8.4 0.3 8.7

4 840.3 38.6 4 879.0

68.9% 93.3% 69.1%

People’s Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

III.32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION, (2002 Edition)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ENERGY STATISTICS DIVISION POSSIBLE STAFF VACANCIES The Division is responsible for statistical support and advice to the policy and operational Divisions of the International Energy Agency. It also produces a wide range of annual and quarterly publications complemented by a data service on microcomputer diskettes. For these purposes, the Division maintains, on a central computer and an expanding network of microcomputers, extensive international databases covering most aspects of energy supply and use. Vacancies for statistical assistants occur from time to time. Typically their work includes: •

Gathering and vetting data from questionnaires and publications, discussions on data issues with respondents to questionnaires in national administrations and fuel companies.

•

Managing energy databases on a mainframe computer and microcomputers in order to maintain accuracy and timeliness of output.

•

Preparing computer procedures for the production of tables, reports and analyses. Seasonal

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

adjustment of data and analysis of trends and market movements. •

Preparing studies on an ad-hoc basis as required by other Divisions of the International Energy Agency.

Nationals of any OECD Member country are eligible for appointment. Basic salaries range from 2 450 to 3 250 Euros per month, depending on qualifications. The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and experience. Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant qualifications and experience. Applications in French or English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should be sent to: Ms. Beth Hunter Head of Administrative Unit IEA, 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE [email protected]

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2002 Edition) - III.33

AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE DIVISION DES STATISTIQUES DE L’ENERGIE VACANCES D’EMPLOI EVENTUELLES La Division est chargée de fournir une aide et des conseils dans le domaine statistique aux Divisions administratives et opérationnelles de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie. En outre, elle diffuse une large gamme de publications annuelles et trimestrielles complétées par un service de données sur disquettes pour micro-ordinateur. A cet effet, la Division tient à jour, sur un ordinateur central et un réseau de plus en plus étendu de micro-ordinateurs, de vastes bases de données internationales portant sur la plupart des aspects de l'offre et de la consommation d'énergie. Des postes d'assistant statisticien sont susceptibles de se libérer de temps à autre. Les fonctions dévolues aux titulaires de ces postes sont notamment les suivantes : •

•

Rassembler et valider les données tirées de questionnaires et de publications, ainsi que d'échanges de vues sur les données avec les personnes des Administrations nationales ou des entreprises du secteur de l’énergie qui répondent aux questionnaires. Gérer des bases de données relatives à l'énergie sur un ordinateur central et des microordinateurs en vue de s'assurer de l'exactitude et de l'actualisation des données de sortie.

•

Mettre au point des procédures informatiques pour la réalisation de tableaux, rapports et analyses. Procéder à l'ajustement saisonnier des données et analyses relatives aux tendances et aux fluctuations du marché.

•

Effectuer des études en fonction des besoins des autres Divisions de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie.

Ces postes sont ouverts aux ressortissants des pays Membres de l'OCDE. Les traitements de base sont compris entre 2 450 to 3 250 euros par mois, suivant les qualifications. Les candidats possédant les qualifications et l'expérience appropriées se verront offrir des perspectives de promotion. Les demandes de renseignements sur les postes susceptibles de se libérer qui émanent de personnes dotées des qualifications et de l'expérience voulues seront les bienvenues. Les candidatures, rédigées en français ou en anglais et accompagnées d'un curriculum vitae, doivent être envoyées à l'adresse suivante : Ms. Beth Hunter Head of Administrative Unit IEA, 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE [email protected]

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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On-Line Data Services In early 2001, the International Energy Agency launched its longawaited on-line data service. Users can now instantly access not only all the data published in this book but also all the time-series used for preparing this publication and all the other statistics publications of the IEA. The data are available on-line, either through annual subscription or pay-per-view access. More information on this new service can be found on our website: http://data.iea.org/.

NINE ANNUAL PUBLICATIONS Coal Information 2001 Issued annually since 1983, this publication provides comprehensive information on current world coal market trends and long-term prospects. Compiled in cooperation with the Coal Industry Advisory Board, it contains thorough analysis and current country-specific statistics for OECD Member countries and selected non-OECD countries on coal prices, demand, trade, production, productive capacity, emissions standards for coal-fired boilers, coal ports, coal-fired power stations and coal data for non-OECD countries. This publication is a key reference tool for all sectors of the coal industry as well as for OECD Member country governments. Caution: this publication is not being updated in 2002. However, new data are available on CD ROM and in our on-line service. Published August 2001. Electricity Information 2002 This publication brings together in one volume the IEA’s data on electricity and heat supply and demand in the OECD. The report presents a comprehensive picture of electricity capacity and production, consumption, trade and prices for the OECD regions and individual countries in over 20 separate tables for each OECD country. Detailed data on the fuels used for electricity and heat production are also presented. Published September 2002. Natural Gas Information 2002 A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand, covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world. Contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book, however, concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed gas supply and demand balance for each individual country and for the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination. Published September 2002. Oil Information 2002 A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. The first part of this publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. The second part gives a more detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination. Published August 2002. Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 1999-2000 No other publication offers such in-depth statistical coverage. It is intended for anyone involved in analytical or policy work related to energy issues. It contains data on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, combustible renewables/wastes and products derived from these primary fuels, as well as for electricity and heat. Data are presented for the two most recent years available in detailed supply and consumption tables. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. Published June 2002.

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