Chronological Overview of Pottery from Asyut: A Contribution to the History of Gebel Asyut al-gharbi 3447106212, 9783447106214

Table of contents :
Cover
Title Pages
Imprint
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction:
Or why studying pottery is worthwhile
Chapter One:
Asyutian pottery: general information
Chapter Two: Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: In search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut
Chapter Three:
The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom
Chapter Four:
The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions
Chapter Five: The Middle Kingdom: A local take on classic forms
Chapter Six: The Second Intermediate Period: A reused necropolis
Chapter Seven:
The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom
Chapter Eight:
A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period
Chapter Nine: The Late Period: Arrival of the sacred animals
Chapter Ten: Ptolemaic pottery: Necropoleis for people and sacred animals
Chapter Eleven:
The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes
Summary
List of museum objects and archaeological contexts
Indices
Bibliography
Plates

Citation preview

The Asyut Project 7

The Asyut Project 7

Gebel Asyut al-gharbi, one of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt, is crucial for understanding both the history and culture of this country. Despite a great wealth of remains, our knowledge of Asyut and some historical periods concerning the site is still scant. Contrary to a wide-held belief, activities on the gebel do not date primarily to the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom; the history of the site is much longer and it continues to hide many secrets. The first and most important goal posed by Teodozja I. Rzeuska is to present the lesser known parts of the history of the Asyut necropolis, those that are underrepresented in the texts, as well as those for which the archaeological evidence is insufficient. This is where the ceramic material has proven to be an invaluable source which helped to fill gaps in our knowledge. The second goal is to present the unique character of local pottery from Asyut, especially in comparison with ceramics found in other regions of Egypt.

Rzeuska · Chronological Overview of Pottery from Asyut

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202437-OHV-Rzeuska-Asyut7-UEZ.indd 1

Harrassowitz Verlag

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Chronological Overview of Pottery from Asyut A contribution to the history of Gebel Asyut al-gharbi

Harrassowitz

Teodozja I. Rzeuska is the director of the Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences. She holds a PhD in archaeology (dissertation: ‘Late Old Kingdom pottery and its function in funerary rituals’, 2005) from the University of Warsaw and has been a member of The Asyut Project since 2010.

The Asyut Project 7

28.02.18 11:32

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Asyut Project Edited by Jochem Kahl, UrsulaVerhoeven and Mahmoud El-Khadragy Volume 7

2017 Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Chronological Overview of Pottery from Asyut A contribution to the history of Gebel Asyut al-gharbi

2017 Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Publication of this volume has been made possible by the generous funding of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation).

Cover: Aneta Cedro, vessels from the left to the right: large vessel Cat. 345 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012); globular jars Cat. 160 and Cat. 158 (the second and the third jar respectively, the rest not in the catalogue) and bowl Cat. 305 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012); vessel Cat. 45 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012); stand Cat. 107 and bowl Cat. 99 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012) ); jar Cat. 427 and lid Cat. 426 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Digital processing and DTP: Ewa Czyżewska-Zalewska

Translation: Kasia Olchowska

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2017 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: Printed in Germany ISSN 1865-6250 ISBN 978-3-447-10621-4 e-ISBN PDF 978-3-447-19758-8 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

To my husband Paweł, just for being

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Contents Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Introduction: Or why studying pottery is worthwhile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Chapter One: Asyutian pottery: general information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chapter Two: Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut . . . . . . 27 Chapter Three: The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Chapter Four: The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions. . . . . . 151 Chapter Five: The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Chapter Six: The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Chapter Seven: The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Chapter Eight: A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Chapter Nine: The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Chapter Ten: Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 Chapter Eleven: The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 List of museum objects and archaeological contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

If reconstructing a dinosaur from a single vertebra seems possible, reconstructing a society from a single sherd has always seemed to me a great achievement. Jacques Le Goff

ACknowledgements To start with, it must be said that this book would never have been written without encouragement from Professor Jochem Kahl, Co-Director of the Asyut Project. Therefore it is he, who deserves to be thanked in the first instance: for the inspiration, help, comments during the writing of the manuscript, and most of all for the trust he has given to the author. Furthermore, this book could not have been written without the help from museums where objects from Asyut are stored, and so a massive thank you goes to Dr Eleni Vassilika, Dr Christian Greco the former and the present Directors of Museo Egizio di Torino respectively, Dr Matilde Borla from Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Piemonte e del Museo Antichità Egizie, Dr Guillemette Andreu-Lanoë – Director of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre Museum, Dr Rita E. Freed – Curator of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian and Near Easter Art at the Museum of Fine Arts – Boston and Mrs Susan J. Allen, Research Associate for Egyptian Expedition Archives at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Dr Geneviève Pierrat-Bonnefois – Chief Curator of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre Museum, Mrs Carolin Johansson from the Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm and Dr Neal Spencer – Keeper from the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan in the British Museum, for opening up their treasuries, providing unlimited access to the objects and all their help during recording and analysis of the pottery. I would also like to say a big thank you to the friends from the Asyut Project for the pleasure of sharing inspiring discussions about the stormy history of Asyut and the ‘blank pages’ of its past, during the excavations on the necropolis. I would also like to thank Mrs Aneta Cedro, Mrs Andrea Kilian, Dr Jadwiga Iwaszczuk and Mrs Mariola Orzechowska, for their invaluable help in recording the pottery – without their extraordinary talents, this book would never be so beautifully illustrated. And last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my husband Paweł, Mrs Kasia Olchowska, Dr Claire Malleson and Mrs Ewa CzyżewskaZalewska – without their dedication and work this book would not have been completed so soon. Generous financing of The Asyut Project by DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) enabled me to spend several seasons of fieldwork with the German-Egyptian team of the Asyut Project. Thanks to a research grant from the De Brzezie Lanckoronski Foundation, I was able to work on the pottery in the British Museum. The publication was prepared within the framework of the Harmonia funding scheme, contract number: UMO-2011/01/M/HS3/03423, National Science Centre, Poland. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Introduction

Or why studying pottery is worthwhile

To tell the history of a necropolis through pottery, even without going into great detail, is as ambitious and strenuous a task as it is arrogant and insane – especially if the necropolis in question is the one in Asyut: so crucial in understanding both the history and culture of Egypt, so full of dramatic events and of significant longevity, and so immense (Fig. 1). There has not been a publication in the history of Egyptological studies which has reconstructed the past of an archaeological site from such a broad perspective. Therefore, this book is bound to contain some errors and imperfections – for these the author would like to apologize in advance. Unlike many of their fellow colleagues, Egyptologists are in the privileged position of having an enormous amount of written sources at hand. For this very reason the history of Egyptian civilisation is reconstructed primarily from texts. Although the benefit of having so many written documents is clearly apparent, it

Fig. 1:

Gebel Asyut al-gharbi, view from the east. Entrances to the tombs cut in the rock are visible in the upper part of the hill (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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is also somewhat of a curse: the wealth of one type of source can sometimes also lead to other sources being overlooked. So what can the pottery tell us about the history of Asyut that the texts can not? At first glance, not much as there are great beautiful tombs of impressive size belonging to the nomarchs, rich in relief decoration and texts of historical and biographical nature, dated back to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (Fig. 2). Furthermore, there are numerous stelae, statues, sarcophagi, mummies, papyri, ostraca and many more antiquities that fill up museum storerooms all over the world. Despite such a great wealth of material, our knowledge of the necropolis and some periods at the site still remains scant. Contrary to widely-held belief, activities on the gebel in Asyut do not primarily date to the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom necropolis (Málek/Baines 2000: 121-122); the history of the site is much longer and it continues to hide many secrets. It is still unclear when and where the oldest necropolis emerged, where the inhabitants of Asyut were buried during the Second Intermediate Period, or where the necropoleis of the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period were located. The questions are many and it is impossible to address all of them in this short introduction. It is much easier, however, to say what this publication is not. It definitely does not aspire to be a history of the Asyut necropolis sensu stricto as such a task would

Fig. 2:

Material situated in the upper part of the hill continuously shifts down the hill slope. Concentration of the Late Roman ceramics with visible examples of Late Amphorae 1 and 7 resting on the eastern slope of the gebel (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Or why studying pottery is worthwhile

13

require considerably more extensive studies and the results of which would fill up many volumes. It should rather be seen as a contribution to this history. The first and most important goal posed by the author is to present the lesser known parts of the history of the Asyut necropolis, those that are underrepresented in the texts, as well as those for which the archaeological evidence is insufficient. This is where the ceramic material has proven to be an invaluable source, which helped to fill gaps in our knowledge. Thanks to the extensive study of the ceramics, the picture of this tremendous necropolis is becoming more and more complete. The second goal is to present the unique character of the local pottery in Asyut, especially in comparison with ceramics found in other regions of Egypt. However, this turned out to be possible only for those historical periods which have yielded large quantities of typologically diverse material. Another equally important aim is to prove the continuity of the Gebel Asyut al-gharbi use over a period of more than four thousand years, from the dawn of Egyptian civilisation until the early Middle Ages. And finally, the author greatly hopes she has succeeded in showing what an important and irreplaceable source of information pottery can prove to be.

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter one

AsyutiAn pottery: generAl informAtion

Current stAte of reseArCh

What distinguishes the pottery from the necropolis at Asyut is its great variety in terms of chronology, typology and geographical provenance. Unfortunately, ceramics deriving from the on-going excavations are generally found to be in a poor state of preservation: the diagnostic fragments constitute only a small fraction of the total, and complete vessels are a great rarity. It should be noted that the majority of the material is mixed, secure contexts or vessels found in situ are a rare occurrence (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3:

The deposit of three First Intermediate Period bowls found one inside another in the chapel of Khety I’s Tomb V (M11.1), Cat. 105 and 101, the vessel in the middle is not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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There are several factors behind this situation, the most important being the geographical location of Asyut. The town is situated exactly in the heart of Egypt, at the crossroads of important north-south and east-west routes. Such a location can be both extremely beneficial to trade in the times of peace and stability – clearly confirmed by the ceramics – as well as dangerous and destructive during times of political upheaval and military conflict. Asyut the town and Asyut the necropolis paid a very high price for this central position. Each time the region became a conflict zone, the town was looted and destroyed (Kahl 2007; Kahl 2012: 3-4). A significant factor regarding the condition of the ceramic material is the location of the necropolis on the hill slope: pottery from the upper areas of the gebel continuously slides down and mixes with the ceramics from the lower levels (Fig. 4). Other factors contributing to the poor state of preservation are the long time span during which the gebel was in use, its use as a quarry starting as early as the New Kingdom, and intense archaeological works which have not always been carried out in accordance with generally accepted standards. All these factors have resulted in the complete absence of a complex monograph dedicated to Asyut ceramics. The absence of a monograph does not mean, however, that nothing has been published. The pottery from Asyut appears in both the reports from previous missions (Chassinat/Palanque 1911: Pls. XV.3, XXXIV; Wainwright 1926), catalogues from the museums with rich collections of Asyut ceramics e.g. in Torino cf. (D’Amicone 1988: 88-89; D’Amicone/Pozzi Battaglia 2009a; D’Amicone/Pozzi Battaglia 2009b), Louvre (Desroches Noblecourt/Vercoutter 1981: 133) and the British Museum (Maitland 2012: 57), as well as in publications dedicated to the Asyut necropolis (Ryan 1988; Kanawati 1988; Zitman 2010). The pottery is well-represented in publications of the on-going Asyut Project which is a result of the specific research strategy of giving equal consideration to all groups of objects, including ceramics (Beck 2013; Beckh/Eichner 2010; Czyżewska 2013, Kahl 2007a: 89; Kahl 2008: 200; Kahl 2009: 121; Kahl 2010; Kahl 2014; Kahl/el-Khadragy/Verhoeven 2006: 243-245; Kahl/Engel/Sanhueza-Pino 2012; el-Khadragy 2006; Kilian 2012; Kilian 2013; Rzeuska 2011; Rzeuska 2012a; Yasin 2008; Yasin 2012). At present, there are several ceramic projects focused on, for example, pottery assemblages from the tombs of nomarchs (‘Pottery from Tomb III’ by Teodozja Rzeuska), or discussing the particular chronological periods and problems (‘Local ceramic tradition from the First Intermediate Period to the Middle Kingdom’ by Andrea Kilian, ‘Roman pottery from Asyut’ by Ewa Czyżewska-Zalewska and ‘Imported pottery’ by Teodozja Rzeuska). The present work is the first in a series of soon to be published monographs dedicated to Asyut pottery.

reseArCh frAmework

As mentioned in the introduction, the main goal of the book is to present the history of the Gebel Asyut al-gharbi necropolis through the ceramic material, with a special emphasis on more than 4000 years of continuity in the functioning of the site. It seems crucial to present periods that are lesser known, due to a lack of written sources (textual documentation), objects or monuments. However, this selection is not entirely dictated by the attempt to fill in the gaps in history, © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

17 Fig. 4: Map of the necropolis in Gebel Asyut al-gharbi (© The Asyut Project, Fauerbach/Maschke 2007).

Asyutian pottery: general information

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

but also stems from a very simple principle. By studying the history of the Asyut necropolis, we also reconstruct the life of the local community that inhabited the nearby settlement, and the more information about the functioning of the necropolis during the particular periods that can be collected, the greater our knowledge of ancient Asyut will be. It should not be forgotten that a necropolis was not a separate world (especially not in ancient Egypt) but a mirror that reflected the realities of life – the histories of Asyut the necropolis and Asyut the city are inseparable. Most importantly, all of the chronological periods are represented in the pottery: from the Predynastic Period till the Ottoman era; in this book, however, the pottery analysed has been limited to the timespan from the Predynastic until the Late Roman Period. Despite this continuity some of the periods will be discussed more extensively and analysed more in depth, whilst others will be introduced more generally. This stems from the fact that the pottery representing the particular periods, e.g. the First Intermediate or Late Roman Period, is more numerous than the Early Dynastic or Second Intermediate Period examples. This situation may reflect variations in the intensity of activity on the gebel during different periods, or it may well stem from the state of the archaeological research carried out on the site by various missions for more than a century. It is more than likely that tombs and temples from the less known periods have yet to be discovered, waiting under tonnes of rock debris that have been accumulating on the slopes of the gebel for thousands of years. It is also quite likely that the future works of the Asyut project will yield new data that will Fig. 5: 19th century drawing depicting a water vessel which allow for better insight into the history of this is thought to have been wonderful city and its necropolis. manufactured in the Asyut region (after: Fairholt 1862: It is important to stress the exceptional 173). character of the local pottery and its uniqueness against ceramics from other regions of Egypt. Many of the objects presented in this book are a testimony to the original ideas of the local potters in terms of the manufacturing techniques, choice of shapes, or decoration that has not been found at other archaeological sites. The skilfulness and ingenuity of the potters from Asyut is further attested to by the various accounts of travellers. A relation of a British explorer F.W. Fairholt provides a perfect example: A busier town than Siout is not upon the Nile. Its artisans are all industrious, and there is a quickness about their movements not to be found elsewhere, even in Cairo. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Asyutian pottery: general information

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There is one branch of manufacturing art in which they stand pre-eminent, and this is, ornamental pottery; it is constructed from a fine clay obtained in the immediate neighbourhood, and is worked up into a variety of articles much prized by natives, and equally sought after by travellers. The surface of this pottery is coloured red or black, and receives a fine glaze, giving it a remarkable resemblance to the far-famed red ware of the Romans, popularly known as Samian ware. The most ambitious works of the Siout potteries are water-bottles (Fig. 5) and basins; they are remarkable for the elaboration of their decorations, which is produced partly by mould, but more generally by hand, as in the example we engrave, where ingenious manipulation and a correct eye alone have completed the work. There is a large demand for these and other productions of the Siout potters; and it is sometimes difficult to get good earthenware in the bazaars, now that so many travellers visit the Nile, and the large majority seek to supply themselves with specimens. The potters have latterly taken to imitate European articles of use, such as candlesticks, tumblers, &c., upon which they engraft native ornament; but these things have a strange hybrid look, while their more genuine works have frequently great and peculiar merits. The great staple manufacture, however, is pipe-bowls, which are made in enormous quantities, and have the deserved reputation of being the best in Egypt (Fairholt 1862: 173-174). Even at the beginning of the 20th century it was almost a duty of every selfrespecting tourist visiting the region to purchase the famous and at the time valuable, locally made pottery (Beck 2013; Kubala 2008; Randall-MacIver 1905). Finally, a few comments on the analysis of the material presented here. Despite the emphasis this publication assigns to the chronological aspects of the pottery, readers who are looking for information on fine dating may be disappointed. As already mentioned, the majority of ceramics retrieved during the current excavations come from mixed contexts. Only in a handful of cases has it been possible to date the pottery based on stratigraphy. The overwhelming majority of pieces were dated using the parallels from other sites, particularly those from the local region, as well as the stylistic characteristics of certain vessels. Furthermore, due to the reasons mentioned above, the reader will not find statistical analysis or discussion on the cultural aspects of the ceramics, e.g. the funerary customs or the everyday life of the Coptic hermits and monks.

presentAtion

The ceramic material is presented in accordance with the chronological divisions of the history of Egypt. The chronological pan has been naturally defined by the pottery itself stretching from the Naqada II-Early Dynastic Period, the earliest of the periods identified in the necropolis, to the 7th century AD, when Egypt became an integral part of the newly formed Islamic ummah. The periods are represented only by a selection of material that has been found during excavations, or that is present in collections subjectively chosen by the author, and therefore do not reflect the entire corpus of pottery from the chosen periods. These are the most interesting and best preserved objects that fill some of the gaps in our knowledge of either the history of the necropolis and hence the city or the pottery itself. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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At the end of each chapter there is a catalogue presenting ceramics dated to the particular period. All objects have been described in accordance with a standardised pattern which comprises the following elements: provenance, size, fabric type, manufacture technique, base shaping technique, surface treatment, colour, firing, hardness, and decoration. In order to simplify the description, abbreviations have been used and their full form and meaning can be found below the text. Provenance The overwhelming majority of vessels presented in this book come from the excavations and surveys carried out on the gebel by the Asyut Project since 2003. Every object is described by the number given to the particular assemblage, the so-called ‘study number’ (st. no.) in case of a ceramic group found in one location, or the so-called ‘single number’ (Sing. no.) for the complete or significant vessels. Each number is preceded by the excavation season date, e.g. S04/st275 describes an assemblage number 275 from the year 2004 and S09/2 describes single number 2 found during the 2009 season. An index listing all the numbers can be found at the back of the book. Additionally, many of the vessels discovered during the earlier works, currently stored in different museums in Turin, Paris, Stockholm, Boston and London, have also been included in the book. In order to differentiate these objects the following abbreviation were used: AS – examples found by the on-going Asyut Project B – vessels from the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston BM – vessels from the British Museum in London L – vessels from the Musée de Louvre in Paris MM – vessels from the Medelhavsmuseet (Mediterranean Museum) in Stockholm T – vessels from the Museo Egizio in Torino Clays and wares It is virtually impossible to create a universal classification of clays and wares which would encompass the entire spectrum of ceramic material from the Predynastic Period to the 7th century AD. The main reason behind this is both the magnitude and complexity of the material: every period brings new types while others go out of use and new ones evolve; moreover, the material contains a high number of imports. Work on the classification of clays and wares for the different periods is in progress, and the results will be published in future monographs. A compromise has been proposed as a solution to this problem: where possible, the Vienna System classification has been applied, and where this system could not be used, a description of the fabric type is provided. In the process of describing the fabrics, inclusions, their roundness and sphericity, grain size scale and sorting, the author referred to the grain card from Geo Supplies Ltd., Sheffield, UK. As for the wares, conventional names, long used for the particular epochs, have been adopted, e.g. Blue Painted on Pink Slipped Ware for the New Kingdom, with the meaning of each term explained in the relevant chapters. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Manufacturing techniques Unlike fabrics, techniques applied in pottery manufacture were not especially varied but remained conservative and over the time underwent little change. A small percentage of the vessels were made by hand using techniques: hollowing and pinching, coiling (Fig. 6), and pounding (Fig. 7) (Shepard 1956: 181-224; Holthoer 1977: 31-34; Rice 2005: 113-144). Another small group of vessels were made by moulding – the interior of the pot would be shaped using the convex type model for the interior (patrix) (Fig. 8) and the concave (Fig. 9) type for the exterior (matrix) (Aston D. 1999b: 28-29). However, the majority of ceramics from the necropolis were wheel-turned, using both the simple wheel (from the late Fourth Dynasty to the Second Intermediate Period) and the composite wheel (from the Second Intermediate Period). In the first instance, the wheel marks visible on the walls are shallow and irregular (thrown on the wheel 1) (Fig. 10), in the second, they are deeper, regular

Fig. 6:

Beer jar base made by hollowing and pinching combined with coiling, Cat. 83 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010).

Fig. 7:

Base of a bread – offering(?) tray formed by hand using the pounding method, not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 8:

Bread mould, interior shaped using moulding method, Cat. 66 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 9:

Inside of a vessel with a moulded image of Hathor’s face, Cat. 346 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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and more evenly spaced (thrown on the wheel 2) (Fig. 11) and there is a torsion crack or dimple (in the case of closed forms) (Fig. 12) or a small thickening in the middle of the bottom. As for the base shaping methods, various techniques were used. Though the handmade bases were (by defini-

Fig. 10: Inside of a jar formed on the slow wheel, not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 12: Spiral on the inside of a wheel-turned vessel, not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 11: Late Roman 7 amphora, wheelturned; note the deep and parallel wheel marks, not in the catalogue, not to scale (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 13: Handmade base of beer jar, not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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tion) typical for the handmade vessels (Fig. 13), they were also found in pots entirely wheel-turned or those made using the mixed method in which part of the vessel would be wheel-turned and part handmade. The wheel-turned ceramics could be either flat or round-based. In the first example, a piece would be cut off from the wheel surface (or lump of clay) with a string – this would leave the characteristic marks in the form of concentric lines – a spiral pattern or ‘shell’ pattern – with a small thickening in the middle (=cut with a string) (Fig. 14) – or with a tool, leaving the parallel lines on the flat base (=cut with a tool) (Fig. 15). In the case of round-based vessels, the piece would be cut off from the wheel and subsequently shaped with tools or turned. The base was then scraped if the tool was positioned at a right angle to the surface of the vessel leaving characteristic scrape marks (Fig. 16) or trimmed (Fig. 17), if the tool was at an angle which would result in the planes of trimming being

Fig. 14: Base of a small cup with marks left by cutting it off the wheel with a string, Cat. 431 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). Fig. 16: Base of a carinated bowl finished by scraping method, Cat. 244 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 15: Base of a medium-sized bowl with visible marks left by cutting off the wheel with a tool, Cat. 378 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 17: Base of a carinated bowl finished by trimming method, Cat. 143 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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visible. Occasionally, the bases were further smoothed by hand – the process which would almost entirely conceal the other marks left by shaping (Fig. 18). After having been cut off from the wheel, a large number of vessels would be positioned upside down and overthrown, a process evident from the concentric grooves on the external surface of the bottom (Fig. 19). Some of the ceramics had base rings. This type of base was formed either by pinching the clay at the bottom of the vessel to form the ring (pinched base ring) or by shaping (overthrowing) the bottom of the pot (base ring) (Fig. 20). Vessels with an added handmade or wheelturned footed base were rare (Fig. 21).

Fig. 18: Base of a medium-sized jar finished by smoothing, Cat. 116 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 19: Base of a large jar finished by throwing on the wheel, not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 20: Base ring of a small bowl, not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 21: Fragment of a chalice on high foot, Cat. 257 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

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Surface Treatment The surface could be left natural (untreated) or worked in a specific manner in order to tighten and smooth the walls as well as make the vessel more visually pleasing. An unfired pot could be wet smoothed – smoothed by wet hand leaving characteristic ‘smudges’, giving the impression of being painted. If the surface (or surfaces) was coated in an extra layer of a mixture of water, pigment, binders and occasionally clay prior to firing it makes it slipped and depending on the colour of the pigment used in the mixture it could be, for example, red slipped, pink slipped or white slipped. However, if a mixture was applied after the vessel had been fired, it is known as a wash. Furthermore, the surface could be polished using a soft material, e.g. fabric, or burnished with a hard tool, e.g. a pebble. At this point it should be noted that in the vessels made of certain types of clays (mainly marl and mixed) a thin layer called scum can be observed on the surface. It must not be confused with a surface treatment - it is an entirely natural occurrence during the process of drying. Colour The colour of both the external and internal surfaces of the ceramics has been described in accordance with Munsell Soil Color Charts, Year 2000 Revised Washable Edition. Firing Two firing methods were identified in the corpus: in the oxidized or reduced environment. Oxidization takes place when the clay is fired evenly; a break will appear to be either monochromatic or have a narrow core of a different colour in the middle. The second method can also be observed in a break; either a thick dark core or a uniform grey or black colouring. Some vessels, especially those large in size with varying thickness of the walls, can show evidence of firing in inconstant conditions. Decoration The wide chronological spectrum of the Asyut ceramics is further reflected in its broad range of decoration methods. Painted decoration applied prior to firing appears to have been the most popular, slightly behind that is painted decoration applied after firing. In both cases the decoration was either monochromatic (one colour), dichromatic (two colours), or polychromatic (many colours) on differently treated surfaces: untreated, slipped, and washed. Examples of incised decoration are also present in the material. This was applied with either a singlebladed tool (e.g. piercer) or a multi-bladed tool (e.g. a comb-like instrument, such as a fish fin). Other methods of decoration found in the material are impressed with a knurl or rope pre-firing, carved with a small U-shaped chisel post-firing, cut-out: when a motif is cut out from the wall of the vessel and applied: when the ornamental motif is shaped by hand and applied onto the surface of the vessel. There were a few rare pre-firing decoration methods identified amongst the ceramics from the necropolis: impressed decoration made by impressing a pattern in the wet clay with a special tool, e.g. knurl, and stamped decoration, which © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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involves pressing a stamp on the surface of the vessel. The last of the decoration methods observed amongst the material is moulding, which is when the surface of the vessel is pressed into a matrix in order to create ornaments. Terminology of vessels It is important to note that the terminology used in this book is dictated by the shapes rather than the function of the vessels presented. The starting point is the well-known division into two classes: closed and open forms. The borderline between the two is determined by the AI – Aperture Index, which reflects the ratio between the rim and the largest diameter. If a pot has the AI index greater than 100 it belongs to the closed forms; if the index is equal or lower than 100, it is an open form. Furthermore, the subdivisions within the two classes are described by the VI Vessel Index, i.e. the ratio between the largest diameter of the vessel and its height. The following categories are distinguished within the two classes (Aston B. 1994: 179-181). Closed forms: – slender jar, when VI is lower than 50 – tall jar, when VI falls between 50 and 90 – globular jar, when VI is between 90 and 115 – squat jar, when VI is higher than 115 Open forms: – beaker, when VI is lower than 125 – bowl, when VI falls between 125 and 275 – dish, when VI is between 275 and 500 – plate, when VI is higher than 500 Due to the fact that only a small number of the vessels representing the closed forms are preserved complete enough to permit calculation of the Vessel Index, they are often described only as jars. Nevertheless, some fragments belong to such characteristic vessels that their identification and classification did not present any difficulty. Moreover, due to the specific character of a category of Egyptian pottery that simply cannot be classified into any of the above mentioned classes, it was decided to create two additional groups: non-containers: stands along with covers, and miniature vessels. In several instances commonly adopted names of some vessels which are deeply rooted in specialist literature that refer to the function of the vessel, such as: ‘beer jar’, ‘bread mould’, ‘bread platter’, ‘hemispherical cup’, or ‘amphora’ were used.

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ChApter two

predynAstiC And eArly dynAstiC period: in seArCh of the oldest neCropolis in Asyut

It is rather striking that when looking at a map of archaeological sites representing the Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods the region of Asyut stands out as a blank spot. This part of the Nile Valley appears to have been unoccupied, almost deliberately avoided by the early inhabitants of Egypt. What makes this even more puzzling is the fact that not far from Asyut lie sites such as Matmar, Mostagiddo, Deir Tasa, Badari and Qau el-Kebir, which are all key sites for our knowledge of the dawn of Egyptian history. Immediately, a question arises: does this ‘blank spot’ on the map reflect the real situation and was the region indeed uninhabited? Or, does it result from the state of research in the area? The current work at Asyut has demonstrated that it is the second option that seems to be the answer, and the recently excavated ceramic material proved to be the key for the search for the oldest necropolis on the gebel. The pottery presented here comes from both the collections of the Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm, the Egyptian Museum in Turin, and the fieldwork carried out on the gebel by the Asyut Project. The examples from the museums lack detailed provenance/stratigraphic information, whilst that information is known for the objects deriving from the recent the surveys and excavations, therefore it seems most logical to present the material analysed according to the two assemblages: material from museums and then material from the surveys and excavations.

pottery from the medelhAvsmuseet in stoCkholm

Two examples from Stockholm derive from the antiquities market and despite having been purchased in Asyut their association with the gebel is impossible to prove. The first one, donated to the museum by N. Retting in 1931, is a small jar (Fig. 22) with a distinctive painted decoration in the form of vertical and horizontal wavy lines, dated to Naqada II (George 1975: 64).1 It corresponds with D-Ware (5H) in Petrie’s classification of prehistoric pottery (Petrie 1921: Pl. XXXI). The second vessel (Cat. 1), also dated to Naqada II, is a medium-sized ellipsoid jar with two handles (Fig. 23).2 It comes from the collection of a famous 1 The vessel can be viewed on the museum website: http://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/ 3006059 (accessed October 2014). 2 The vessel can be viewed on the museum website: http://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/ object/3006556 (accessed October 2014). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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British Military Major and art collector, R.G. Gayer-Anderson, and was purchased for the museum in 1934. The object can be classified as P-Ware (80S) of Petrie’s typology (Petrie 1921: Pl. XIII), although its red slipped exterior is not polished.3

Fig. 22: Naqada II jar purchased in Asyut, not in the catalogue (MM 10506; Courtesy of Medelhavsmuseet).

Fig. 23: Squat jar from Naqada II purchased in Asyut, Cat. 1 (© Medelhavsmuseet; Rzeuska 2014).

the pottery from the egyptiAn museum in turin

The group of ceramics from Turin presents a more valuable assemblage, in comparison to the Stockholm objects. It was excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli during his excavations on the gebel in Asyut between 1911 and 1913. Unfortunately, Schiaparelli did not leave any records which could help determine the precise provenance of the ceramics – apart from an enigmatic reference to ‘archaic vessels’ on the inventory list, there is no other information about the group (Kahl 2007b: 28; Zitman 2010: 90, no. 589; Kahl 2012a: 10). The assemblage, formed of a total of 10 objects, comprises eight Predynastic and Early Dynastic vessels that can mainly be classified as Half-polished Ware (P2Ware) and one hemispherical bowl with a round base which can be classified as Red Slipped Ware. Half-polished Ware The vessels representing Half-polished Ware, characterised by the burnished surface, constitute the largest group. Usually, only the interior is entirely treated, while the external surface, apart from the area below the rim, is left unburnished. The distinctive burnish was applied to the surface which had been coated with red 3 According to Petrie’s typology, vessels classified as P-Ware should have their surface polished. Many objects representing this class, however, do not have polished surfaces and sometimes are not red slipped either, cf. Friedman 1994: 94. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 24: Deep conical bowl on a flat base with burnished exterior, Cat. 2 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 25: Close-up of a handmade base of a bowl; note the irregular burnish, Cat. 2 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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slip, which quite often is extremely thin and almost invisible. Examples of this ware from Asyut are found exclusively in this museum collection and thus far none have been identified from the recent survey/excavation. The group has four distinct vessel types. These are deep carinated bowl, deep conical bowl, hemispherical bowl, and shallow plate. Apart from the deep carinated bowl, which falls into the ‘transitional’ category between the closed and open forms, all of the objects are open forms. All of them are made from various types of Nile silts or a fabric, which appears to be a mixture of Nile silt with marl clay. The first type of Half-polished Ware is represented by a deep carinated bowl on a flat base (Cat. 2) (Fig. 24) made from Nile B2 fabric. The entire exterior of this vessel is decorated (Fig. 25), while the interior is left untreated – a diversion from the standard procedure, which may be a result of the somewhat transitional nature of the shape of the vessel between open and closed forms. With only the exterior visible to the user of the bowl, there was no practical reason to decorate the obscured interior as well. This object, similarly to the others, was made by coiling and is characterised by a rather crude execution, apparent from its lack of symmetry.

Fig. 26: Interior of a conical bowl representing Half-polished Ware, decorated with the characteristic radially arranged burnished pattern, Cat. 3 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The second type of Half-polished Ware is represented by conical bowls with flat bases, a rounded rim and straight or gently rounded walls (Cat. 3-5) (Figs. 26-27). The bowls display an identical design to the burnished ornaments: a narrow horizontal band with a radially arranged pattern on the inside and outside – below the rim. In one instance the motif is right and in the other leftrotated. One example bears a pot mark in the form of four short hashes, executed prior to firing (Fig. 28). The third vessel type present in this assemblage is three hemispherical bowls on a rounded or a flat base (Cat. 6-8). The interior of the first bowl was burnished in an unusual manner. The pattern consists of three panels, each decorated with

Fig. 27: Half-polished Ware conical bowl, Cat. 4 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 28: Pot mark in the form of four short hashes, executed prior to firing, Cat. 4 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a polished oblique pattern. The external surface, on the other hand, was left partially untreated and only the upper part of the bowl has a horizontal polish (Fig. 29). The second and the third bowls have the same horizontal burnished pattern which embellishes the entire exterior and the upper part of the outer surface (Figs. 30-31). Additionally, one of the bowls (Cat. 8) has a pot mark immediately at the base in the form of four oblique and short hashes incised on the surface prior to firing (Tab. 1). The fourth type of Half-polished Ware is represented by shallow plates (Cat. 9-10), the interior of which is decorated with the common pattern:

Fig. 29: Bowl with rounded rim, belly and rounded base with burnished design on the interior divided into three panels, Cat. 6 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a narrow horizontal band with another design, arranged either radially or perpendicularly to it, placed below the rim (Fig. 32). Parallels for these bowls and plates have been found in contexts dated to the Predynastic and Early Dynastic times in Buto (Köhler 1998: Pls. 23, 26), Elephantine (Kopp 2006: Pls. 19, 23), Tarkhan (Steinmann 1998: 16-17) and Abu Zaidan (Needler 1984: 222-223).

Fig. 30: Hemispherical bowl on a flat base, Cat. 7 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 31: Close-up of an exterior decorated with burnished horizontal motif, Cat. 7 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 32: Shallow plate with a burnished design on the interior, arranged perpendicularly to the rim, Cat. 9 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Red Spilled Ware The Red Slipped Ware is represented by one hemispherical bowl with a rounded rim on a round base (Cat. 11) (Fig. 33) which in terms of shape resembles the Half-polished Ware hemispherical bowls presented above. A further likeness can be seen with the bowls Cat. 4 and 8, as these examples also bear pot © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 33: Hemispherical bowl representing Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 11 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 34: Pot mark in the form of four short hashes, executed prior to firing, Cat. 11 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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marks in the form of four short hashes, executed prior to firing (Figs. 34 + 37). Although the meaning behind these signs is being studied and has yet to be understood, the fact that they are nearly identical and in both the instances placed in the same area on the vessel (directly by the base) is significant. It remains a question open to future research to answer whether these were ‘brand’ marks similar to signatures on porcelain, signs indicating the place for which they were destined, or perhaps a person for whom they had been made.

Cat. 4

Cat. 8

Cat. 11 Tab.1:

Pre-firing pot marks on Half-polished and Red Slipped Wares (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Beer jars and ovoid jars Apart from the vessels presented above, the museum collections also contained two handmade beer jars Cat. 12-13. The first jar (Cat. 12) (Fig. 35) is fusiform with a narrowing rim. Its thick base was formed by hollowing and pinching, while the external shape was achieved through pressing by the hand, resulting in the asymmetrical shape of the jar (Fig. 36). This technique is evident from the grooves visible on the base. The body was made from coils, joined together by diagonal movement of the hand on the outside and vertical on the inside, creating an effect of diagonal, more or less regular grooves and protrusions on the surface of the jar. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The second jar (Cat. 13) (Fig. 37) differs slightly from the first one in terms of the manufacturing technique, which resulted in a different shape of the vessel: wider and better-defined shoulders and a broader body. The base, just as thick as in the first example, is symmetrical. The body is shaped similarly to the first jar, from coils joined together in the same manner. An extra coil or slab was attached to the body to form the neck. The angular junction between the neck and the body is the feature which gives the vessel its distinctive shape. This is an early type of beer jar, a prototype of

Fig. 35: Early fusiform beer jar with a narrowing rim, Cat. 12 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 36: Close-up of an early beer jar shaped by pressing the clay between the palms of the hands, Cat. 13 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 37: Early handmade beer jar; note the traces left by diagonal shaping of the body, Cat. 13 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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the characteristic Third and early Fourth Dynasty jars with a horizontal groove (German ‘Halskragen’) popular throughout Egypt: from Elephantine through Elkab to the Memphis necropolis. Based on a similar vessels from Naga el-Deir (Reisner: Figs. 28-31) and Elephantine (Raue 1999: 177) a Second–early Third Dynasty – date can be suggested for this presented example. The last object from this collection is a medium-sized jar (Cat. 14) (Fig. 38) made from marl clay with a high content of limestone – most probably an early version of Marl C. It has a rounded, broad rim, concave neck and ovoid body. Its base was made by pinching, while the body was formed by coiling; the neck and rim were formed separately and attached to the rest of the vessel. The joint between the two parts can be seen in the form of a crease below the neck. Additionally, the jar has a pot mark in the shape of a loop with ends pointing downwards, made on the shoulders prior to firing (Fig. 39). Based on the parallels from the Step Pyramid complex, the jar can be dated to the Third Dynasty (Firth/Quibell 1935: Pl. 102.21). Despite the wealth of this collection and its significance for the reconstruction of the beginnings of the necropolis on Gebel Asyut al-gharbi, the lack of provenance information considerably decreases its importance. Although it provides evidence for activity on the gebel as early as Naqada II, it does not provide any information on the localisation of the necropolis to this date.

Fig. 38: Medium-sized jar made by mixed technique with handmade base and wheel-turned body; the joint, in the form of a sharp edge, is visible on the shoulders, Cat. 14 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 39: Loop-shaped pot mark etched on the shoulders of a jar prior to firing, Cat. 14 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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pottery from exCAvAtions And surveys on the gebel

The impossibility of locating an early necropolis based on the pottery from museum collections has made this question one of the main goals of the team currently working on the gebel within the framework of the Asyut Project. Two strategies have been employed: – selective sampling of ceramics retrieved during the current excavations – purposive survey on the gebel, in particular its previously unexplored parts Ceramic material collected during the current excavations contains occasional examples of the early pottery. These are primarily beer jar fragments, which are identical to those from the top of the gebel described below. Particularly noteworthy is a body sherd of a cylindrical vessel illustrating the so-called Blacktopped Ware (Cat. 15) (Fig. 40). Regardless of its poor condition, which prevents a more precise identification of the form, the presence of pottery dated to Naqada I-IIa-b (Kaiser 1957: Pls. 21-22) provides strong evidence of the existence of an early necropolis somewhere on the gebel. The ceramic examples presented here come from redeposited/dump contexts and bear no association with the place of their original deposition e.g. the jar fragment was found in the courtyard of Tomb V and the Blacktopped vessel in the courtyard of Tomb III. Nevertheless, the location of the fragments suggests that they Fig. 40: Mid-section of cylindrical Black-topped originate from the upper regions or vessel of Naqada II, Cat. 15 (© The top of the gebel. Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 41: Rim fragment of a Second Dynasty beer jar, one of many found in abundance on the top of the gebel, Cat. 17 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The ceramics collected during the survey on the gebel outnumber those from excavations or museums, but are less diverse and to date only three types of vessels have been observed. These are beer jar, carinated bowl, and large unidentified jars. Early Dynastic pottery was first identified during the fieldwork carried out on the top of the gebel between the years 2010 and 2012 (Rzeuska 2012a: 224), with the largest concentration recorded on the eastern edge of the hill, in the vicinity of two openings(?) cut in the bedrock – probably grave shafts of the early burials (Rzeuska 2014). If the shafts originally had any superstructures (which is very likely), they have vanished without a trace. This can be easily explained taking into account the high level of activity in this area, especially during the Late Roman period.

Fig. 42: Early, small carinated form, shaped by hand, the prototype of the Old Kingdom ‘Meidum bowls’; note the ripple-marks on both the surfaces attesting to moulding technique in which the body was formed, Cat. 23 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 43: Base fragment of a large jar shaped by hand, Cat. 24 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The first vessel type comprises handmade beer jars. The largest concentration of these vessels was situated by the grave shaft on the north-east edge of the top of the gebel. The jars are made from Nile silt C tempered with organic inclusions, sands and crushed limestone. All of the examples are characterised by thin walls, especially in comparison to the later beer jars. The majority were fired in reduced atmosphere. The dominant group of fragments are rims and upper parts of the jars (Cat. 16-21) (Fig. 41), while the pointy bases with a distinctive dip are rare (Cat. 22). Based on the paralells from Hierakonpolis (Raue 2007: 331), Abydos (Engel 1997: 28) and Elephantine (Raue 1999: 176-177), these beer jars could be dated to the late Second Dynasty. The second type is represented by one fragment of a small bowl (Cat. 23) (Fig. 42), an early form of the carinated bowls which later evolved into the classic carinated – so-called – ‘Meidum bowl’ (see next chapter). The bowl, moulded from medium fine marl clay (similar to A1 in the Vienna System), has red slipped external and internal surfaces. Although vessels of identical shape are common on many Early Dynastic sites, e.g. Qau-Badari (Brunton 1927: Pl. 13), this displays two atypical elements: two horizontal grooves incised prior to firing, encompassing the body at its widest point and a small protrusion on the shoulders, resembling a mark where a spout was attached. Similar examples from Adaïma and Elkab suggest a Second Dynasty date for this object (Op de Beck 2004: 247-248). The third type comprises a large jar of an as-yet unidentified form (Cat. 24) (Fig. 43). Its early date is evident from the manufacture technique: the jar is handmade, with characteristic traces left on the inside. Unfortunately, the fragmentary nature of this example prevents exact identification of the vessel type it belongs to.

summAry

To summarise, the presence of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic ceramics – especially those recovered during the current works – confirms the existence of an early necropolis on the Gebel Asyut al-gharbi from as early as Naqada II – if not Naqada I. The concentration of ceramics from these periods on the top of the hill strongly indicates that this is where the oldest necropolis is most likely located. The presence of such an early cemetery could confirm human habitation in the Asyut area as early as Naqada I or II. In regard to its potential location, the pottery found during the survey of the top of the gebel as well as the sampling suggests we should search for the earliest necropolis on the top of the gebel and its upper regions. It remains a task for future research to determine its exact location.

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CAtAlogue Cat. 1 Medium-sized ellipsoid jar with two handles No.: MM 10980 Ac.: purchased by Gayer-Anderson in Asyut (old numbers E980, G-A14) Clay: probably Marl clay A3, pink version Technique: handmade by pinching Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/4 weak red, inside 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.8 cm; max body diam.: 16.3 cm; height: 9.8 cm Preservation: complete, some fragments of the rim chipped off Remarks: two handmade horizontal dummy handles attached to the belly Cat. 2 Small bowl with straight neck, rounded belly and flat base No.: T 9451 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: outside red slipped and burnished, inside red sipped Colour: inside and outside 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.8 cm; max body diam.: 11.4 cm; base diam.: 4.5; height: 8.1 cm Preservation: almost complete, 340° of the rim

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 1

Cat. 2

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Cat. 3 Bowl with simple rim, flaring wall and flat base No.: T 15445 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside red slipped and partially burnished Colour: inside 10R 5/6 red, 4/3 weak red, outside 10R 5/6 red and 5/2 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.8 cm; base diam.: 6.7 cm; height: 10.6 cm Preservation: almost complete, 350° of the rim Remarks: eroded surface Cat. 4 Bowl with simple rim, slightly rounded body, and flat base No.: T 14965 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside partially red slipped and burnished Colour: inside 10R 5/8 red, outside 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20.4 cm; base diam.: 7 cm; height: 8.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 250° of the rim Remarks: pre-firing pot mark Cat. 5 Bowl with simple rim, flaring wall, and flat base No.: T 15442 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside red slipped and partially burnished Colour: inside 10R 6/4 pale red, outside 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 21.4 cm; base diam.: 7.5 cm; pres. height: 10 cm Preservation: complete

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 3

Cat. 4

Cat. 5

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Cat. 6 Hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: T 14963 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped and burnished Colour: outside and inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20.3 cm; max body diam.: 20.3 cm; height: 8.8 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: outer surface partially eroded

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 6

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Cat. 7 Bowl with rounded rim, hemispherical belly, and flat base No.: T 14964 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped and burnished Colour: 10R /6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15.5 cm; height: 9.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 260° of the rim Cat. 8 Bowl with rounded rim, hemispherical belly, and flat base No.: T 15573 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside red slipped and partially burnished Colour: outside 10R 6/4-6 pale red-light red, inside 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17.2 cm; base diam.: 8.6 cm; height: 10.4 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: pre-firing pot mark

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 7

Cat. 8

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Cat. 9 Shallow plate with simple rim and rounded base No.: T 15438 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside uncoated Colour: inside 10R 6/4 pale red, inside 2.5YR 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 25 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 10 Shallow plate with simple rim and flat base No.: T 15436 Clay: Nile B2 fine version Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside not to establish Colour: inside10R 5/6 red, outside eroded Firing: oxidised with a thin core Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 24.3 cm; height: 4.9 cm Preservation: reconstructed from sherds, complete Cat. 11 Hemispherical bowl with rounded rim No.: T 15574 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: inside and outside red slipped Colour: inside 10R 6/4 pale red, outside 10R 6/4 weak red, 4/3 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.1 cm; max body diam.: 13.3 cm; height: 7.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 350° of the rim Remarks: pre-firing pot mark

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 9

Cat. 10

Cat. 11

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Cat. 12 Beer jar No.: T 14961 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/2 pinkish grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.6 cm; max body diam.: 13.8 cm; pres. height: 30.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 13 Beer jar No.: T 14967 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6-5/4-2 pinkish grey-brown, light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.4 cm; max body diam.: 14.7 cm; height: 28.2 cm Preservation: complete

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 12

Cat. 13

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Cat. 14 Ovoid jar with modelled rim and pointed base No.: T 15072 Clay: probably Marl C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: outside scum Colour: 2.5YR 6/2 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 18 cm; pres. height: 24.8 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: pre-firing pot mark Cat. 15 Fragment of a small cylindrical vessel No.: AS 1100 Ac.: S04/st2A Clay: Nile A Technique: handmade Surface treatment: red slipped and squarely burnished on the outside Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red and black, inside black Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 12.2 cm; pres. height: 2 cm Preservation: body fragment

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 14

Cat. 15

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Cat. 16 Beer jar No.: AS 130 Ac.: S04/st5A Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.2 cm; pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: 25° of the rim Cat. 17 Beer jar No.: AS 412 Ac.: S04/st70A Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.4 cm; pres. height: 10.3 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Cat. 18 Beer jar No.: AS 413 Ac.: S10/st806 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/3 light brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.4 cm; pres. height: 10.9 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 16

Cat. 17

Cat. 18

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Cat. 19 Beer jar No.: AS 417 Ac.: S10/st806 Clay: Nile silt C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/6 yellowish red, inside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.5 cm; pres. height: 9.5 cm Preservation: 85° of the rim Cat. 20 Beer jar No.: AS 541 Ac.: S11/st707 Clay: Nile silt C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4-3 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.7 cm; pres. height: 7.3 cm Preservation: 66° of the rim Cat. 21 Beer jar No.: AS 542 Ac.: S11/st69 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 2.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.1 cm; pres. height: 6.8 cm Preservation: 50° of the rim

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 19

Cat. 20

Cat. 21

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Cat. 22 Base of a beer jar No.: AS 212 Ac.: S11/st603 Clay: Nile silt C Technique: handmade Surface treatment and colour: not to establish, eroded Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: complete bottom Cat. 23 Carinated Meidum bowl with flaring neck No.: AS 200 Ac.: S11/st601 Clay: Nile B1, sandy version Technique: handmade by moulding Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 56 yellowish red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 8.9 cm Preservation: half of the body Remarks: traces of spout in the middle of the body Cat. 24 Base fragment of a large jar No.: AS 320 Ac.: S10/st1493 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Body diam.: 24.1 cm; pres. height: 7.3 cm Preservation: base fragment

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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period: in search of the oldest necropolis in Asyut

Cat. 22

Cat. 23

Cat. 24

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ChApter three

the resurreCted neCropolis of the old kingdom

Despite the fact that written sources referring to the Old Kingdom Asyut are infrequent, tombs dated to this period discovered during recent works by the Asyut Project leave no doubt that the gebel was used as a burial ground during the Old Kingdom (Kahl 2007b: 72; Kahl 2012: 9-11). Although the current excavations at Asyut rarely produce Old Kingdom pottery (Rzeuska 2011a; Kilian 2015), the rich museum collections contain many high quality examples of Old Kingdom ceramics from Asyut, filling the gaps. Both assemblages – from the site and museums – sufficiently complement each other in terms of chronology and typology, therefore a few tentative observations can be made. The pottery in question displays a great variety of forms: all sizes and shapes of storage jars including beer jars, tableware (bowls and plates), vessels used for food preparation: (bread moulds) as well as non-containers (stands). Apart from a few exceptions, all of the objects are made from Nile silt. A handful of vessels are executed in mixed clay, which the author has classified as Mixed clay P.60 at Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 42-44; Rzeuska 2009). Notably, there are no examples of ceramics made from marl clays, neither Marl C from the Memphis – Fayum region, nor the Upper Egyptian Marl A. Therefore, the majority of the vessels seem to be local products, though a number of ceramics from a different region (most likely Memphis) have been observed (see below). The Old Kingdom pottery is presented following a division into three chronological groups: 1. Early Old Kingdom (c. Third–Fourth Dynasty) 2. Late Old Kingdom (c. Fifth–Sixth Dynasty) 3. Terminal Old Kingdom (c. Eighth Dynasty–beginning of the First Intermediate Period) To start with, it must be stressed that such division – though certainly reflective of the evolution of the pottery analysed – is artificial. Seldom does the chronology of ceramics reflect the rigid chronology of dynasties. Hence, certain pottery types can be dated to periods falling in between the dynasties, e.g. late Fourth–early Fifth Dynasty, and theoretically can belong to two phases. Nevertheless, the objects had to be assigned to only one phase for ease of presentation.

eArly old kingdom

Ceramics of the early Old Kingdom retrieved from the excavations are infrequent and comprise predominantly small fragments, usually re-deposited within the © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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later contexts. The only exception are those which were concentrated largely in the upper parts of the gebel – which suggests that the early Old Kingdom necropolis may have been located in this area – a hypothesis yet to be confirmed. Beer jars represent the most numerous vessel type in this material: handmade from highly tempered Nile C fabric with untreated surfaces. A beer jar from Turin (Cat. 25) (Fig. 44) provides a perfect example. The vessel was made, as in the Early Dynastic Period, from three parts: base, middle part, and shoulders with rim. In the early Old Kingdom, however, the manufacturing technique was differed slightly from the one used earlier. Here the base was made using a method known as ‘hollowing and pinching’: held by the potter in one hand and shaped by circular motion of the fingers of the other hand. Thanks to this method the interior bears grooves resembling wheel marks. Additionally, the ‘new’ type of base is thinner and more symmetrical than its predecessor – a result of losing the characteristic asymmetrically twisted ‘tail’. The middle part of the jar was made, similarly to the earlier examples, using coiling technique. The separate coils were subsequently joined applying vertical strokes from the inside and diagonal from the outside, which is evident from the clear marks/hollows on the surface. The ‘diagonal’ forming of the outer surface was very rare amongst the late Old Kingdom beer jars. The third part of the vessel, shoulders with rim, was most probably made in one slab judging by the presence of horizontal marks on the inside and outside of the jar. Similar examples are found from many sites, e.g. Giza (Hawass/Senussi 2008: 104, no. 6), Meidum (Pertrie 1892: 18, Pl. XXI.15), and El Kab, where they have been dated to the early Fourth Dynasty or, in the case of the latter site, the Second to early Fourth Dynasty (Op de Beck 2009: 55, no. 38/4). In addition, vessels with bases similarly shaped inside, but with slightly differently formed upper parts, have been found at El Tarif in Thebes (Eggebrecht 1974: Taf. 50b). The gebel area yielded similar jar fragments (Cat. 26), but particular attention should also be paid to the early Old Kingdom beer jars which are a slightly different shape: with more rounded body compared to with the fusiform example (Cat. 25, 27-28) (Fig. 45). Whereas the outer form of the two vessels is alike, the insides of the bases are different, clearly pointing to different variants of the ‘hollowing and pinching’ technique applied. The first vessel (Cat. 27) has visibly more slender proportions and a less rounded body. The inside of its base is rounded and its walls become gradually thinner upwards. Reading from the marks left on the vessel, it appears the potter would hold a lump of clay in one hand using the fingers of the other to form a roughly hemispherical shape on the inside of the base, applying circular motion. The second vessel (Cat. 28) on the contrary, displays a clearly distinguished flat base and a form resembling a truncated upside down cone. It seems the potter would hold a lump of clay in one hand, while using the thumb of the other to open it; subsequently, keeping the thumb inside the lump and the other fingers on the outside, the potter would shape the inside of the base with circular motion of the thumb. The increasing thickness of the walls results exactly from the position in which the potter would place his thumb. It is not certain whether these two different variants of the ‘hollowing and pinching’ © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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relate to differences in dating for the particular types, though it is highly likely. The distinct shaping methods are certainly reflected in the shapes of the vessels: the first one being more ovoid, the second more rounded. It must be mentioned that the drawings of this type of vessels in older publications tend to be very schematic and do not include any details which could make the identification of the shaping technique applied possible – preventing the identification of this vessel type. Parallel examples, dated to the Fourth Dynasty, are known from, e.g. Giza (Kromer 1978: Pl. 19, 4-5), Dahshur (Alexanian 1999: 137, M64), and El Tarif in Thebes (Arnold Di. 1974: Pl. 43a). Open forms are represented by small fragments of carinated (so-called ‘Meidum’) bowls and bowls with an inner ledge. The carinated bowls – a distinctive tableware form of the Old Kingdom found throughout Egypt (Op de Beck 2004) – constitute a diverse pottery group. Vessels of various shapes are found in this group: with sharp or gentle carination, made from marl clay (Cat. 29), as well as fine Nile silt, (Cat. 30-31). However, the one feature they have in common is the location of the maximum diameter at the shoulders, resulting in a characteristic, slightly ‘spherical’ appearance.

Fig. 44: Beer jar from the early Old Kingdom; note the diagonal shaping of the upper part of the body, Cat. 25 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 45: Fragmentarily preserved beer jar from the early Old Kingdom, Cat. 27 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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The bowls with an inner ledge (Cat. 32) may have also been used as lids for conical bread moulds (Raue 1999: 183; Moeller 2003). And, indeed, the ledge is a perfect fit to the inside of the mould, covering it tightly. Paralells are found from early Old Kingdom sites throughout Egypt, e.g. Abu Rowash (Moeller 2003), Giza (Wodzińska 2009; Hawass/Senussi 2008: 243; Wodzińska 2009: 210), Dahshur (Alexanian 1999: 144-147; Köpp 2009: 65), El-Kab (Op de Beck 2009: 67).

lAte old kingdom

The late Old Kingdom pottery is markedly more numerous than that of the preceding period – a picture reflected both in the museum collections and ceramic material retrieved in the course of excavations. However, the provenance of the majority of the ceramics stored in the museums is difficult or altogether impossible to ascertain. Although numbers assigned to some of the tombs are known, it is not possible to link objects to specific tombs for several reasons. Firstly, every subsequent mission that worked at Asyut introduced its own numbering system for newly discovered tombs, at the same time leaving only a brief description of their location in the area of the gebel. Secondly, the landscape of the area has undergone significant changes during the last hundred years and many of the tombs have become inaccessible, buried under the constantly shifting downhill rock debris. The location of ceramics from the current excavations allows for a conclusion that the necropolis of the late as well as the early Old Kingdom was also situated in the upper part of the gebel. The assemblage is rich and varied in terms of shape and surface treatment, though strikingly uniform when it comes to fabric: the majority of vessels are made from different types of Nile silts. Fine (=Residential) Ware (Pl. 1) Particular attention should be given to a group of excellent quality vessels made from very fine Nile silt A or Nile B1, with a characteristic orange, light red and red, shiny (though not polished), surface. It is likely that the term Fine (Residential) Ware, at least to a certain extent, overlaps in meaning with Meidum Ware, which appears in the literature and is unspecified, but is certainly very useful. The surface treatment of these ceramics does not display characteristics of a typical slip – it does not form a clearly distinct layer, but instead appears to be an integral part of the vessel, a kind of ‘self-slip’. The vessels of Residential Ware appeared already in the early Old Kingdom, but have yet to be identified in the material from Asyut. It is especially noticeable when analysing sherd break under x20 magnification. The actual methods used to achieve this effect remain a mystery, though the excellent quality of the vessels, resembling that of luxury ceramics of the Roman times, is simply astonishing. The technological difference between such ‘self-slip’ of Fine (=Residental) Ware and a more typical red slip is not entirely understood: perhaps the ingredients or firing were differently, e.g. at a higher temperature. Whatever the answer, these two kinds of slip differ so clearly that it is simply impossible to treat them © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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as one and the same group. ‘Self-slipped’ vessels of such high standard are rarely found even from the necropolis in Memphis – though they appear to be a product of the residential (capital) pottery workshops.1 They tend to be associated with tombs of higher class individuals, e.g. of Vizier Merefnebef at Saqqara (Rzeuska 2001b: 31-32), despite the fact that (almost) the only ceramics representing Red Slipped Ware (discussed below) were present in the adjacent tombs. All vessels in the Residential Ware are wheel-turned, with the lower parts of the body and base (though carefully smoothed over) showing signs of shaping with a tool, e.g. knife or spatula. This group is represented by three objects: a perfectly spherical jar with a short and widening rim (Cat. 33), a round jar with a straight broad neck and long spout (Cat. 34) (Fig. 46), and a Hs vase (Cat. 35). The second example is particularly interesting, the spouted jar, which is a part of a washing set – a typical element of funerary goods. Such sets usually consisted of a wide conical bowl with a flat base (Cat. 52) called S‘wtj, used as a container for sand and an ewer, sometimes spouted like the presented object, called Hzmnj, which suggests it was used for storage of natron solution (Balcz 1932: 95-98; Bourriau 1981a: 52). Similar sets are found at different necropoleis throughout Egypt, a good example is from Giza (Allen 1999: 419). A comparative example to the Hzmnj vessel – similar in terms of shape, but made from much poorer quality fabric and with less careful surface treatment – has been found in Giza. It has been dated to the late Fourth Dynasty (Wodzińska 2010: 284, Pl. 18, AB 35). The presence of the Hs vase in the material from Asyut is fairly surprising, given that this form is extremely rare amongst the Old Kingdom ceramics from necropoleis. In addition to the group presented above, there is one other example of a possible ‘residential’ vessel: a partially preserved miniscule juglet with wide shoulders (Cat. 36). Although its exterior has been completely abraded, the inside of the rim still bears traces of the distinctive ‘self-slip’, which shows the same quality and coloration as in the objects described above. Parallels, dated to the Fourth–Fifth Dynasty, are known from Giza (Reisner 1955: 73, Figs. 93, 34; Meisterwerke 1978: Fig. 46: ¡zmnj jar with a long spout, 122-125, no. 145) and Qau-Badari representing the high-quality Fine (Brunton 1928: Pl. LXXXI, 88P (Residential) Ware, Cat. 34 (© Museo and R). Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). 1

Verbal information from Stephanie Vereecken, ceramicist from the Dayr al-Barsha Project (Egyptology Department at Leuven University, Belgium); I would like to thank her for the discussion and sharing her ideas on Residential Ware. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The open-form category is represented by just two bowls. ‘Meidum bowl’ with a gently rounded carination and a narrowing, rolled rim (Cat. 37). Parallels for this bowl have been found from stratigraphically secure contexts dated to the Sixth Dynasty in Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 298-299). The other vessel is most likely a spouted bowl, sometimes called ‘libation bowl’ or ‘libation dish’. The spout, which has not survived, would have been placed immediately below the rim, thus explaining the distinct inwardly rolled upper part of the vessel. With this shape of the rim, it is practically impossible to pour liquid out of the bowl without a spout. A similar vessel, dated to the Sixth Dynasty, has been found in Abydos (Bourriau 1981a: 53). The last object worth mentioning is a fragment of a tall cylindrical stand, of which only the middle part has been preserved (Cat. 38). So far, no parallel examples have been found. The dating of these ceramics is difficult: excluding the ‘Meidum bowls’, there are no close parallels and, furthermore, such precious high-quality vessels like those of the Residential Ware may have been in use over a long period of time. However, taking into consideration the comparative examples, the shape of the vessels, their surface treatment and manufacturing techniques, it can be suggested that both the jars – spherical and spouted – come from the late Fourth–early-mid Fifth Dynasty. The ‘Meidum bowl’, in turn, can be dated to the late Fifth–early Sixth Dynasty – though a slightly later phase cannot be excluded. The presence of the Residential Ware on the gebel in Asyut may indicate that tombs of high state officials and aristocrats of the Old Kingdom Fifth and Sixth Dynasties were situated in this area and if they have not been destroyed by the quarrying, they might still be waiting to be discovered. Red Slipped Ware (Pl. 2) Vessels classified as Red Slipped Ware constitute a distinct ceramic group also of good quality, though certainly not equal to the Residential Ware. This is a typologically diverse assemblage and similarly to the Fine Ware, the vessels are made from Nile silts, primarily B1 and less often B2. The group comprises small juglets, for example, a conical one with a flaring rim, angular shoulders and concave base (Cat. 39) (Fig. 47) and medium-sized biconical jars with broad shoulder (Cat. 40) (Fig. 48). For the former vessel, perfect, identically shaped parallels were found at Qau-Badari, where they have been described as polished and dated to the Fourth–Fifth Dynasty (Brunton 1928: Pl. LXXXI, 88D, E).The biconical jars appear to have been a popular form, for which parallels were also found at Qau-Badari (Brunton 1928: Pl. LXXXI 80L and P). Additionally, another similar example, though of unknown provenance, has been dated slightly earlier i.e. to the Fourth Dynasty (Meisterwerke 1978: 122-125, no. 144). Also worth mentioning is a globular juglet with a long cylindrical neck (Cat. 41) (Fig. 49). Amongst the medium-sized jars, the one that should be mentioned is a partially preserved ovoid jar with a flaring rim (Cat. 42) (Fig. 50). A biconical jar with a round base is yet another form popular during this period (Cat. 43) (Fig.51). The method used for shaping the base of this form © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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of vessel is of particular interest. The lower part of its body has been trimmed to the desired shape with a tool and the traces left by this procedure in the form of diagonal scrape marks are still visible, though only at the level where the body reaches its maximum diameter and slightly below this point. The trimming marks on the lower part of the body were subsequently smoothed over by hand. At this

Fig. 47: Small red slipped conical vessel dated to the late Old Kingdom, with a characteristic slightly convex base, Cat. 39 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 48: Biconical red slipped vessel with broad shoulders, Cat. 40 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 49: Small globular red slipped juglet with a long cylindrical neck, Cat. 41 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 50: Fragment of red slipped ovoid jar with a flaring rim, Cat. 42 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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stage, the vessel would be placed standing upside down on the rim and so the evening out of its shape by circular motion would start at the body and finish at the base. This, in turn, resulted in a spiral-like feature on the base, characteristic for vessels overthrown on the wheel – a much later shaping method, known from the Second Intermediate Period. Red Slipped Ware also includes: the Hs vases (Cat. 44) (Fig. 52) – of nearly identical shape and proportion to the aforementioned vessel categorised as Residential Ware. Also medium (Cat. 45) (Fig. 53) and large-sized ovoid jars (Cat. 46) (Fig. 54). As mentioned above, this type of jar (Hs vases) is practically absent from the Memphis necropolis, but commonly appears in Middle and Upper Egypt. Similar Hs vases have been found in, e.g. Sedment (Petrie/Brunton 1924: Pl. XXXIV, type 84), Akhmim (Hope 2006: Fig. 8, Pl. 3d), Qau-Badari (Brunton 1928: Pl. LXXXVIII, type 95), and Dendera (Petrie 1900: Pl. XVI,

Fig. 51: Medium-sized biconical jar of the late Old Kingdom, with the base treated in such manner that it appears to be wheel-turned, Cat. 43 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 52: Ritual Hs vase from the late Old Kingdom, Cat. 44 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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30). The possibility that such vessels are of Upper Egyptian origin cannot be ruled out and it may also be that in this area they were adopted sooner than in the North.

Fig. 55: Unique miniature ‘Meidum bowl’, Cat. 47 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). Fig. 53: Medium-sized red slipped ovoid jar with sooted outer surface, Cat. 45 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 54: Large-sized red slipped ovoid jar, with the greater part of the surface left without slip, Cat. 46 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 56: Red slipped bowl called ^awtj, Cat. 52 (© Medelvasmuseet; Rzeuska 2014).

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Unlike the closed forms of red slipped wares, the open shapes are not as varied in terms of shape. The one certainly noteworthy object is a unique miniature ‘Meidum bowl’ (Cat. 47), without any known parallels (Fig. 55). Strikingly, its proportions are exactly the same as in the ‘regular’ sized vessels. In regards to bowls of ‘regular’ size, the assemblage includes, amongst others, ‘Meidum bowls’ (Cat. 44-49), bowls with a bent profile (Cat. 50), and with a rim rolled inward (Cat. 51). Their parallels have been found from a vast number of sites, e.g. Giza, Saqqara (Reisner 1955; Op de Beck 2004; Rzeuska 2006). Another interesting object is a complete bowl (Cat. 52) (Fig. 56) called ^awtj, used as a container for sand; together with an ewer (e.g. Cat. 34), it formed a cosmetic set used for ablutions during offering rituals. Ceramic sets of this kind were a common element of grave good assemblages during the Old Kingdom. All of the vessels are wheel-turned and red slipped – in the case of the open forms both inside and outside, while the closed forms only on the external surfaces. Although the slip is applied well, its quality simply cannot be compared to the excellent quality of that used in Residental Ware. Quite often it appears rubbed off, as seen on a large

Fig. 57: Lower part of the high pot stand, probably X-shaped, Cat. 53 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 58: X-shaped red slippedhigh pot stand, Cat. 54 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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jar (Cat. 46), or separated from the surface in the form of scales/flakes, revealing the original surface, as seen on the Hs jar (Cat. 44). The last category of objects representing Red Slipped Ware typical for the Old Kingdom necropoleis are stands, which in terms of typology are not overly diverse during this period. The shapes identified include slender X-shaped objects (Cat. 53-54) (Figs. 57-58), occasionally decorated with two or three cut-out triangles (Cat. 55) (Fig. 59), and small A-shaped stands (Cat. 56) (Fig. 60). Vessels representing this type are known from many

Fig. 60: Small A-shaped pot stand, Cat. 56 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 59: Small cylindrical pot stand with two cut-out triangles, Cat. 55 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 61: Stand fragment with a rare cut-out decoration in the form of circles and rectangles, Cat. 57 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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sites, e.g. Giza (Reisner 1955: Figs. 129-130) and Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 346-351). Of particular interest is a body sherd of a stand, decorated with cut-out circles and most probably rectangles – only one corner survives, which makes identification impossible. Unlike the stands with a few cut-out triangles, this one was most probably entirely decorated with openwork (Cat. 57) (Figs. 61-62). Stands with such exquisite ornamentation are extremely rare from the Old Kingdom and apart from the Asyut example, only two more are known, both from Dendera (Petrie 1900: Pl. XVI, nos. 28, 100), although in the case of the two parallels, the cut-out pattern is limited exclusively to triangles. Excluding the unique miniature bowl, the majority of objects have known parallels from across Egypt, e.g. from the necropolis at Memphis and Middle and Upper Egypt.

Fig. 62: Reconstruction of a stand, based on a fragment from Asyut, Cat. 57 (J. Iwaszczuk).

Probable imports from the Memphis area (Pl. 2a) As already mentioned, the overwhelming majority of vessels are made from Nile silts and the only other fabric identified from this period is mixed clay. The author classified this clay in the Old Kingdom material retrieved from Saqqara as P.60. Despite the location of the sources of raw mixed clays having yet to be ascertained, the presence of large amounts of mixed clay ceramics and their varied shapes (closed and open forms, miniatures, and stands) recorded at Saqqara speak volumes (Rzeuska 2009: 142). Based on these facts, a hypothesis that pottery workshops manufacturing mixed clay vessels during the Old Kingdom were most likely located in the Memphis region can be formed. Nevertheless, such ceramics – or to be exact, selected closed forms – would be distributed throughout Egypt (Rzeuska 2009). One of the distinctive vessels of this group from Asyut is a wide-mouthed, large, slender jar with a spindle-shaped body and a most often flat (occasionally pointed) base, which has been classified at Saqqara as Form 15 (Rzeuska 2006: 116-117, 389-390). Although such vessels are not overly common for the Memphis necropolis, their presence is noticeable, e.g. at Giza (Junker 1953: 117-118, Fig. 54). There are examples made from the Mixed clay P.60 alongside those made from Nile silt (Fig. 63). The Asyut vessel, made from Nile silt, is slightly different (in terms of shape) to the objects in the Memphis region: its rim is triangular and it has a ‘collar’ in the lower part of the neck. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 63: Slender jar with spindle body and flat base, probably import from Memphite area, Cat. 58 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 64: Medium-sized jar from Mixed clay P.60, most likely an import from the Memphis region, Cat. 60 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 65: Ovoid jar with made of Mixed clay P.60, probably import from Memphis area, Cat. 59 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 66: Large jar from Mixed clay P.60, a probable import from the Memphis region, Cat. 61 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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A perfect example of these imports comes in the form of medium-sized jugs with an ovoid body (Cat. 59-60) (Figs. 64-65), classified at Saqqara as Form 22 (Rzeuska 2006: 132-135, 393-394). Vessels identical to this object, displaying characteristics of the same workshop or even of the same ‘hand’, have been found from several sites of the Old Kingdom: Giza, Saqqara, Dahshur, Meidum, QauBadari, and Edfu (Rzeuska 2009: Pls. XI, XIII). It can be said without a doubt that the jars from Asyut are products of the same workshop. Vessels of this type are dated to the first half of the Sixth Dynasty. Another object made from mixed clay, which also seems to be imported, is a large jar (Cat. 61) (Fig. 66), which represents a shape resembling Saqqara’s Form 18 dated to the Sixth Dynasty (Rzeuska 2006: 122-123, 391-392). White Slipped Ware A group that deserves special attention is ceramics vessels with a white slipped surface, which is most likely to have been an attempt to imitate marl clay ceramics – these are exceptional and rarely found in Old Kingdom assemblages. This type of surface treatment is particularly difficult considering that white pigment was rarely used for slips, due to its sensitivity to high firing temperatures (Noll 1981: 134). A typical form for this ware type is a medium-sized ovoid jar made from Nile silt, which did not require firing at high temperature – making it better suited to the white slip. A jar from Asyut (Cat. 62) (Fig. 67) belongs to exactly this type. It can be dated to the Sixth Dynasty based on comparison to vessels from Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 148-149).

Fig. 67: Fragment of a medium-sized jar with extremely rare white slip; note the inside view where the white slipped area is clearly visible, Cat. 62 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Bread moulds Bread moulds, classified by Helen Jacquet-Gordon as type A2, constitute a group characterised by a considerable variety of shapes (Jacquet-Gordon 1981). Typologically, however, the vessels display little variation: they are all moulded in more or less sandy and/or organic Nile silt, without regards to symmetry and © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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surface treatment. Furthermore, they must have been fired at low temperatures and in a reduced atmosphere, which is attested to by unfired lower parts of the vessels; fragility of the walls; grey or grey black colouration of the surface; and a thick grey or black core visible in the break. A good example from Asyut is a medium-sized conical mould with flat base dated to the Sixth Dynasty (Cat. 63). Identical vessels are found from many sites in Egypt, e.g. in Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 332-333). Additionally, a slightly less common type in Old Kingdom material is a smaller but also conical form (Cat. 64), dated to the Sixth Dynasty. Also present are tiny, almost miniature bread moulds (Cat. 65-66) (Figs. 68-69) made from a clay heavily tempered with organic material, with a triangular rim gently rolled outside, which – judging by the parallels objects from Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 328-329) – appears to date to the Sixth Dynasty. Of particular interest in this category are bread moulds on a thick cylindrical ‘foot’ which are atypical and extremely rarely identified in Old Kingdom material (Cat. 67-68) (Figs. 70-71). These are usually found entirely unfired or partially-fired. Their rims are invariably painted white (Rzeuska 2006: 334337). Considering the size (capacity) of the mould, the bread loaves baked in such vessels must have been relatively small. In Saqqara these objects have been dated to the times of Pepy II, as were identical moulds from Abusir (AriasKytnarová 2011: 87). Therefore, it appears logical to suggest a similar date for the examples found in Asyut. The presence of such functional ceramics in a necropolis may seem rather unusual, as this type of material is usually thought to be associated only with settlement sites. Nevertheless, they are typical for cemeteries, where they were placed in grave shafts as part

Fig. 68: Small bread mould of bDA type, Cat. 65 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 69: Small bread mould of bDA type, Cat. 66 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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of offering deposits and in burial chambers as a part of the grave goods where they served in the mortuary cult (Rzeuska 2006: 443-444, 451-452). They were also sometimes reused as building material for the tomb structures (Arias-Kytnarová 2011: 84, Fig. 6.13).

Fig. 70: Semi-fired shallow bread mould on high foot, dated to Pepy II’s reign, Cat. 67 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 71: Unfired foot of a bread mould from the times of Pepy II’s reign; note the fresh fracture, which displays a high frequency of inclusion – mostly grain bracts, Cat. 68 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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Beer jars One of the most typical and recognizable forms found in great numbers both from necropoleis and settlements of the Old Kingdom are bottles used for beer or, in archaeological terms, ‘beer jars’. They are present at Asyut, although they are not as numerous as one might anticipate. Similarly to the bread moulds, the beer jars constitute a group which is typologically diverse, but remarkably uniform in terms of technology. All beer jars were shaped by hand using Nile silt C and by two basic methods: hollowing as well as pinching and coiling. The external surface was usually left untreated, although there are examples of white washed or red slipped beer jars, but they have yet to be identified at Asyut. Not only does the great variety of shapes reflect chronological differences, but also potentially varied contents – different shapes of jars, chronologically contemporary, might have been used for different kinds of beer, just as it is commonly observed nowadays. Hence, there are in Asyut fragments of jars with a pointed base, most likely ftom the Fifth Dynasty, or fragments with a rounded and thin-walled base (Cat. 69) from the Sixth Dynasty (Rzeuska 2006: 72-77). A particularly interesting example is the only complete mediumsized beer jar from Asyut, which has horizontal grooves below and around the rim (Cat. 70) (Fig. 72). Similar vessels are found in the Sixth Dynasty contexts, from the times of Pepy I (Rzeuska 2006: 78-79) until the end of this dynasty (El-Khouly/Kanawati 1988: Pl. 43), and so the Asyut example can dated to the same period. As with the bread moulds, beer jars are found in different contexts, where they served different functions. They are a typical element of offering deposits in burial shafts or grave goods in burial chambers, and they can also be associated with a mortuary cult or used as building material for the tombs. Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine the original context and therefore functions of the beer jars found at Asyut, because they were all found re-deposited in secondary contexts. One additional vessel type has been Fig. 72: Cylindrical jar with round base dated to the late Old Kingdom, Cat. 70 (© The identified in the material – vessels with British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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clear grooves on the inside and a red slipped surface (Cat. 71). The vessles with such ‘grooving’ display a wide range of sizes and shapes: thick-walled trays with flat bases and more or less rolled-out rims, bowls with bent profile, and hemispherical cups with a rounded base. No matter the shape or size, these vessels frequently have three legs attached to the base. Traces of fire visible on the internal surfaces together with iconographic depictions from the Old Kingdom tombs suggest they were used as portable stoves for cooking or heating up meals (Rzeuska 2006: 194-195).

terminAl old kingdom

The material dated to the end of the Old Kingdom is characterised by a continuation of earlier traditions primarily visible in vessel shapes. Naturally, the types rooted in the preceding phases became modified to a small extent, though these slight changes were accompanied by a worsening quality of tableware, particularly visible in Red Slipped Ware. Hence, some of the types have identical shapes as their predecessors and the only noticeable difference lies in the quality of manufacture and finish. As a result, vessels made from lower-quality fabric and fired in a controlled environment became more numerous. Moreover, surface treatments became comparatively worse: slip is darker in colour, too thin, revealing the natural surface underneath, or on the contrary, so thick that it separates from the vessel. Quite often, only parts of the vessels were slipped – in the case of the open forms on the inside and the rim on the outside. Additionally, the group of Residential Ware ceased to exist – possibly a result of the demise of the Memphis pottery workshops. Red Slipped Ware Red Slipped Ware of the terminal Old Kingdom at Asyut is represented by just two small carinated bowls and plates (Cat. 72-73) (Figs. 73-74) made from Nile B1 fabric. Both the examples are covered with slip inside and outside, but without any care, with parts of the surface left unslipped and with places where the slip has clearly separated from the vessel. Judging from their shape and proportions, they appear to descend from the tradition of ‘Meidum bowls’. Similar vessels have been found at Saqqara (Rzeuska 2010: 215; Rzeuska 2013). This group also includes bowls with a bent profile (Cat. 74-75) (Figs. 75-76). These two examples were made from Nile B2, a fabric variant characterised (like Nile B1), by a high content of fine organic inclusions. Only the internal surfaces of the bowls are entirely coated in a rather thin red slip, with the external surfaces treated partially, the slip reaching to around the level of carination or slightly below it (Rzeuska 2006: 198-203). In respect to the closed (Red Slipped Ware) forms, they are represented by medium-sized jars with a flaring rim, ovoid body, flat base and the shoulders decorated with either one or several horizontal grooves (Cat. 76-77) (Fig. 77). Despite the fact that the slip covers the external surface as a continuous thick layer, it is of a quality sufficiently poor to come off in scales. Similar objects have been found in, e.g. Sedmet (Petrie/Brunton 1924: Pl. XXXIV, type 85). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 73: Small carinated bowl dated to the terminal Old Kingdom, Cat. 72 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 74: Carinated bowl dated to the terminal Old Kingdom, Cat. 73 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Fig. 75: Bowl with bent profile from the terminal Old Kingdom; note the partially red slipped exterior and scraped base, Cat. 74 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 76: Bowl with bent profile from the terminal Old Kingdom; note the partially red slipped exterior and scraped base, Cat. 75 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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Non-containers are also present and the one that should be mentioned is a conical A-shaped stand of a nearly cylindrical form (Cat. 78) (Fig. 78). It is made from two separate parts, joined together in the middle of the body. During this period, the X-shaped stands became replaced by the A-shaped ones, which in turn became gradually more cylindrical – the most common shape of stands in the First Intermediate Period. This evolution of stands can be observed in two other examples: a smaller stand (Cat. 54) and a larger object (Cat. 79) (Fig. 79). The first is made from Nile B1, the other from Nile B2, both are coated in red slip, and their bodies are decorated with the typical Old Kingdom cut-out triangles. Despite the difference in size, the stands are similar, but one important detail sets them apart: in the small stand both the rims end with a round

Fig. 77: Large ovoid jar from the terminal Old Kingdom, Cat. 76 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 78: Large A-shaped stand with both the edges rolled, Cat. 78 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

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roll, while in the large stand only the bottom edge has this feature and the upper edge is closed with a double roll, slightly concave in the middle. Such double rolls on both the edges become a typical feature in stands of the First Intermediate Period. The stand from Asyut is an example of a perfect hybrid, which combines stylistic elements of two periods: the terminal Old Kingdom (A-shaped form, cut-out triangles and rounded bottom edge) and First Intermediate Period (double roll on the upper edge). Probable imports from the Memphis area (Pl. 3b) A medium sized jar with flaring rim, conical neck, and slender body (Cat. 80) is representative of Memphite imports during the terminal Old Kingdom at Asyut (Fig. 80). The shape corresponds with the late Sixth Dynasty, when such vessels are known to have been manufactured, but from Nile silts. The presence of mixed clay jars in Asyut

Fig. 79: Large A-shaped stand with the rolled lower edge and double-rolled upper edge, which became typical for the First Intermediate Period, Cat. 79 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 80: Medium-sized slender jar made from Mixed clay P.60, a possible import from the Memphis region, Cat. 80 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

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attests to the continuity of trade relations with the Memphis region, also during the terminal Old Kingdom. White slipped ware One oval vessel (Cat. 81) (Fig. 81) has a thick layer of white slip – a decoration type rarely found. This is presumably an attempt to imitate marl wares which were rare and highly valued in the region at this time. Beer jars and bread moulds Fragments of fusiform beer jars (Cat. 82-83) (Figs. 82-83) and a complete vessel with characteristically broad shoulders (Cat. 84) dated to the terminal Old Kingdom are also present in the material. They are classified as Form 7 and 8 respectively in Saqqara dated to the second half of the reign of Pepy II and time after his rule (Rzeuska 2006: 84-95). The evolution of beer jar forms between the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom will be discussed in the next chapter. Attention should also be paid to bread moulds described as the bDA type (Cat. 85-88) (Figs. 84-87), which in this period are still conical with

Fig. 81: Jar with a rare white slipped surface – a likely imitation of marl clay ceramics; from the late Old Kingdom, Cat. 81 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 82: Fragment of a fusiform beer jar dated to the terminal Old Kingdom, Cat. 82 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a flat base, but with a more slender, elongated proportion in comparison to their predecessors. Similar vessels have been found in, e.g. Matmar (Brunton 1948: Pl. XXXVIII.4) and Akhmim (Hope 2006: Fig. 2). Despite the undeniable wealth of the Old Kingdom assemblage, it must be remembered that not a single fragment of the miniature vessels so typical for the Memphis necropolis has been found. However, these vessels are usually associated with the royal mortuary complexes, where they served a function in everyday rituals (Bárta 1995; Marchand/Baud 1996), which may provide an explanation for their absence at Asyut. On the other hand, with time they did also became popular in the private tombs (Mалых 2010).

Fig. 84: Conical and slender bread mould from the terminal Old Kingdom; note the evidence of reduced firing, Cat. 85 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 83: Base of a fusiform beer jar from the terminal Old Kingdom, Cat. 83 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 85: Conical and slender bread mould from the terminal Old Kingdom, Cat. 86 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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They can be found in, e.g. Akhim – another site in Middle Egypt (Hope 2006: Fig. 16, Pls. 7, 101-105). Usually, they would be deposited in the burial chamber, immediately by the sarcophagus, serving the role of a three-dimensional list of offerings (Junker 1929: 108-109; Arnold Do. 1999: 492-493; Rzeuska 2010: 219-220). Their absence in the Asyut assemblage does not necessarily mean they were not present at the site; it may simply be that none have been identified/ discovered yet.

Fig. 86: Conical and slender bread mould from the terminal Old Kingdom – early First Intermediate Period; note the evidence of reduced firing, Cat. 87 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Levantine imports Another object which deserves a closer look is a small (just a few centimetres) body fragment of a storage vessel – amphora or pithos – with the external surface bearing decoration in the form of ‘scraped’ horizontal and vertical grooving. It belongs to the Early Bronze III ceramics imported from the Levant, described as Combed Ware, due to the characteristic surface treatment (Cat. 88). The fragment was found in a secondary context, making it impossible to determine its precise date. Combed Ware vessels were distributed over a vast area, stretching from the northern Levant – Byblos – as far as the southern borders of Egypt – Elephantine (Wodzińska 2007: 311-312; Sowada 2009: 155; Forstner-Müller/Raue 2008). To date, approximately one hundred examples, including fragments and complete objects, have been identified at ten sites, predominantly necropoleis: Giza, Saqqara, Edfu, Abydos, and Elephantine (Sowada 2009: 164; Knoblauch 2010). The fragment from Asyut makes it the eleventh location on the map of Egypt, where this type of pottery is present. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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87

Combed Ware jars were used in the transport of luxury products, possibly olive oil (Esse 1991), which resulted in a limited distribution of these vessels amongst the population. (Knoblauch 2010: 257). Considering they are found exclusively in tombs of the wealthy upper class male officials of the Old Kingdom (Bárta 2003: 29; Bárta 2009: 47), it should be assumed that somewhere on the gebel there is an undiscovered or destroyed tomb of a high state official – a vizier(?) – closely associated with pharaoh’s court.

summAry

To summarise the discussion on the Old Kingdom ceramics, it should be stressed that although the assemblage is not very large, it is crucial to understanding the history of development of the necropolis. All phases of this period are represented, though in different proportions. The location of the pottery on the site suggests that the Old Kingdom tombs were situated in the upper parts of the gebel. Importantly, the presence of the Mixed clay P.60 ceramics as well as Residential Ware points to the existence of regular and continuous contact between Asyut and the capital. Furthermore, it may indicate the presence in the area of tombs of high state officials for whom the high-quality ceramics were destined.

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88

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

CAtAlogue Cat. 25 Beer jar No.: T 14955 Clay: Nile B2, limestone particles visible on the surface Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/4 pale red, 10R 5/1 reddish grey Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.4 cm; max body diam.: 13 cm; height: 27.1 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 26 Beer jar No.: AS 410 Ac.: S10/st806 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 6-5/6 reddish yellow-yellowish red, inside 5YR 6/2 pinkish grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 14.4 cm; pres. height: 16.7 cm Preservation: complete base

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 25

Cat. 26

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

89

90

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 27 Beer jar No.: AS 282 Ac.: S04/st18 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 7.5YR 6/4 light red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 15.3 cm; pres. height: 17.4 cm Preservation: lower part of the body Cat. 28 Beer jar No.: AS 31 Ac.: S09/st202A Clay: Nile C, on the surface visible grains and chaff impressions Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/2 pinkish grey, 5YR 6/1 grey, inside 2 Gley 4/5PB bluish grey, 5YR 6/7 light reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 13.4 cm; pres. height: 11.7 cm Preservation: half of the bottom

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 27

Cat. 28

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

91

92

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 29 Rim of a carinated bowl No.: AS 29 Ac.: S09/st1495 Clay: Marl A1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped and polished Colour: outside and inside 5YR 7/2 pinkish grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 22.6 cm; pres. height: 3.2 cm Preservation: 5° of the rim Cat. 30 Shoulder of a carinated bowl No.: AS 30 Ac.: S09/st337 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 19.2 cm; pres. height: 3.4 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 31 Rim of a carinated bowl No.: AS 603 Ac.: S09/st1438 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside and inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: not to establish; pres. height: 3.4 cm Preservation: 10° of the rim

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 29

Cat. 30

Cat. 31

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

93

94

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 32 Plate with inner ledge No.: AS 492A Ac.: S10/st1929 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 2.2 cm Preservation: 5° of the rim Cat. 33 Round jar with flaring neck No.: T 7941 Clay: Nile A Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: outside ‘self-slip’(?), inside untreated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.5 cm; max body diam.: 14 cm; height: 14 cm Preservation: complete, small part of the rim chipped

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 32

Cat. 33

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

95

96

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 34 Ewer with broad neck, rounded body, flat base, and long spout No.: T 14110 Clay: Nile A Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: outside ‘self-slip’(?), inside untreated Colour: outside 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.3 cm; max body diam.: 15 cm; height: 16.8 cm; spout: 5.2 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 35 ¡s vessel No.: T 13728 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: outside ‘self-slip’(?), inside untreated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; max body diam.: 8.5 cm; base diam.: 4.5 cm; pres. height: 16 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 34

Cat. 35

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

97

98

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 36 Small broad-shouldered jar No.: AS 199 Ac.: S11/st610 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside ‘self-slip’(?), inside untreated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/8 light red; inside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 3 cm; pres. height: 2.8 cm Preservation: 200° of the rim Cat. 37 Biconical bowl with rounded rim No.: AS 662 Ac.: S12/st854 Clay: Nile A Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside ‘self-slip’(?) Colour: 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 30.6 cm; max body diam.: 32.6 cm; pres. height: 8.4 cm Preservation: 74° of the rim Cat. 38 Tubular stand No.: AS 119 Ac.: S04/st5A Clay: Nile A Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside ‘self-slip’(?), inside untreated Colour: outside 5YR 7/8 reddish yellow, 5YR 4/3 pink Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 4.9 cm; pres. height: 9.4 cm Preservation: body sherd

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 36

Cat. 37

Cat. 38

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

99

100

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 39 Small jar with flaring neck, conical body, and convex base No.: BM 45225 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.4 cm; base diam.: 10.1 cm; pres. height: 10.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, 200° of the rim Cat. 40 Biconical jar with flat base No.: BM 45226 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 30 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.4 cm; max body diam.: 10.9 cm; base diam.: 6 cm; pres. height: 9.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim Cat. 41 Globular jar with high tubular neck No.: L 11947 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.6 cm; max body diam.: 12.1 cm; height: 15.7 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 39

Cat. 40

Cat. 41

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

101

102

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 42 Upper part of a jar No.: AS 686 Ac.: S10/st1202 Clay: Nile A Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 5YR 7-6/3 pink-light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; max body diam.: 14.2 cm; pres. height: 8.5 cm Preservation: 95 ° of the rim Cat. 43 Biconical jar with rounded rim No.: BM 45219 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 28 Clay: Nile B1 sandy version, near E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped a smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6-5/4 light reddish brown-reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.3 cm; max body diam.: 20.3 cm; pres. height: 19.8 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 42

Cat. 43

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

103

104

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 44 ¡s vessel No.: BM 45276 Ac.: Hogarth tomb 45c Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8.3 cm; max body diam.: 10.7 cm; base diam.: 6.5 cm; height: 19 cm Preservation: almost complete, fragments of the rim chipped off Cat. 45 Medium-sized ovoid jar No.: AS 965 Ac.: S09/st1540 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: no to establish Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10.4 cm; max body diam.: 19.3 cm; height: 28.8 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: large parts of the outside sooted, small pieces of bandages adhered to the outer surface

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 44

Cat. 45

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

105

106

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 46 Ovoid jar with rounded rim No.: L 11939 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6-8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.4 cm; max body diam.: 28.6 cm; height: 34 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 46

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

107

108

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 47 Miniature carinated bowl No.: T 10743 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 5.6 cm; max body diam.: 6.3 cm; height: 3.4 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 48 Carinated bowl No.: T 13726 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped and polished Colour: 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14.9 cm; max body diam.: 16 cm; height: 8 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 49 Rim of a carinated bowl No.: AS 696 Ac.: S09/st1465A Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20.1 cm; max body diam.: 20.9 cm; pres. height: 2.4 cm Preservation: 50° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 47

Cat. 48

Cat. 49

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

109

110

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 50 Carinated bowl No.: T 13668 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 21.1 cm; height: 6.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 330° of the rim Cat. 51 Bowl with rounded rim No.: T 15441 Clay: Nile B1 near B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside red slipped and polished Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20.3 cm; height: 6.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 200° of the rim Cat. 52 Medium-sized conical bowl with flat base No.: MM 10967 Ac.: purchased by Gayer-Anderson in Asyut (old numbers E967, G-A9) Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped and polished Colour: outside and inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 27.5 cm; max body diam.: 27.6 cm; base diam.: 11.3 cm; height: 15.4 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 50

Cat. 51

Cat. 52

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

111

112

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 53 Tall stand No.: AS 716 Ac.: S08/15 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 7YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised with a core Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 13.7 cm; pres. height: 22.6 cm Preservation: complete base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 53

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

113

114

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 54 X-shaped tall stand No.: BM 45221 Ac.: Most probably Hogarth Tomb 6 or 9 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/8 red, 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised with a core Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; base diam.: 21 cm; height: 33.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim and 20° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 54

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

115

116

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 55 Stand No.: BM 47378 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 29 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/8 red, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8.8 cm; base diam.: 12 cm; height: 18.3 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: cut out triangles in the middle on the body Cat. 56 A-shaped stand No.: BM 45271 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 51 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8 cm; base diam.: 13.1 cm; pres. height: 14 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the rim, 320° base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 55

Cat. 56

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

117

118

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 57 Fragment of a stand No.: AS 713 Ac.: S08/st1182 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/8 red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 6.8 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: cut out in the shape of circle and rectangle Cat. 58 Slender jar with wide mouth, spindle body, and flat base No.: AS 968 Ac.: S07/45 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6-5/4 light reddish brown-reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.5 cm; max body diam.: 12.8 cm; base diam.: 3.2 cm; height: 29.2 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 57

Cat. 58

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

119

120

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 59 Ovoid jar with modelled rim No.: AS 951 Ac.: S07/46 Clay: Mixed clay P.60 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside scum, inside scum on the rim and neck, below uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 8/2 white Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.3 cm; max body diam.: 12.6 cm; pres. height: 18.8 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 60 Ovoid jar with modelled rim No.: AS 721 Ac.: S09/st494 Clay: Mixed clay P.60 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface: outside scum, inside sum on the rim and neck, below uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.5 cm; max body diam.: 11.8 cm; height: 17 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, body fragments missing, 220° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 59

Cat. 60

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

121

122

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 61 Ovoid jar with rounded rim No.: BM 45218 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 54 Clay: probably Mixed clay P.60 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim scum, below uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 9.6 cm; max body diam.: 23 cm; pres. height: 31.6 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 61

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

123

124

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 62 Ovoid jar No.: AS 735 Ac.: S10/st1622 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 8/2 pinkish white, inside 10YR 5/2 greyish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Max body diam.: 15 cm; pres. height: 11.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 63 Bread mould No.: AS 399 Ac.: S10/st803 Clay: Nile C Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 9.2 cm; pres. height: 9.5 cm Preservation: complete base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 62

Cat. 63

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

125

126

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 64 Small bread mould No.: AS 405 Ac.: S04/st17A Clay: Nile C Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/4 very pale brown, inside 7.5YR 6/3 light brown Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 18 cm; pres. height: 10.1 cm Preservation: 90° of the base Cat. 65 Small bread mould No.: T 14994 Clay: Nile C Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, inside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, 7.5YR 6/0 grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15.2 cm; base diam.: 8.7 cm; pres. height: 9.6 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 66 Small bread mould No.: AS 90 Ac.: S04/st76 Clay: Nile C Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 7.5YR 7/2-3 pinkish grey-pink Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 17 cm; base diam.: 9.5 cm; pres. height: 10.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 64

Cat. 65

Cat. 66

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

127

128

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 67 Tall shallow bread mould No.: T 15056 Clay: Nile C Technique: base handmade, moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7-6-5/2 light grey-light brownish grey-greyish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/0 and 6-5/1 grey-pale red-weak red Firing: reduced, partially unfired Hardness: soft Rim diam.: 16.3 cm; base diam.: 8 cm; height: 19 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim Cat. 68 Base of a bread mould No.: AS 867 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile C Technique: base handmade, moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 7-6/1 light grey-grey Firing: unfired Hardness: crumbly Base diam.: 6.5 cm; pres. height: 17.6 cm Preservation: base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 67

Cat. 68

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Cat. 69 Beer jar No.: AS 83 Ac.: S10/st1206 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, inside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 10.4 cm Preservation: complete base Cat. 70 Beer jar No.: BM 45278 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.6 cm; max body diam.: 14 cm; height: 20.8 cm Preservation: complete

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 69

Cat. 70

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Cat. 71 Bowl with grooved inner walls No.: AS 693 Ac.: S09/st1255 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 21 cm; pres. height: 2 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Cat. 72 Small carinated plate No.: L 11956 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 5-4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.1 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 73 Small carinated bowl No.: BM 45243 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 38 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.9 cm; height: 4.8 cm Preservation: complete, some rim fragments chipped off

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 71

Cat. 72

Cat. 73

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Cat. 74 Bowl with ledged rim No.: AS 76 Ac.: S10/st1205 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside red slipped rim, below uncoated Colour: inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown (slip) and 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown (unslipped) Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 23.2 cm; pres. height: 5.7 cm Preservation: 190° of the rim Cat. 75 Bowl with ledged rim No.: AS 77 Ac.: S10/st1205 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside red slipped rim, below uncoated Colour: inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, 2.5YR 6/6 light red (slip) and 5YR 5/4 reddish brown (unslipped) Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 5.9 cm Preservation: 85° of the rim

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Cat. 74

Cat. 75

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135

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Cat. 76 Ovoid jar with flaring neck and flat base No.: L 11942 Clay: Nile B2, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.9 cm; max body diam.: 16.3 cm; base diam.: 6.5 cm; height: 26.4 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 77 Bottom of a jar No.: AS 398 Ac.: S10/st803 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 7/6 light red, inside 7.5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: hard Base diam.: 9 cm; pres. height: 8 cm Preservation: complete base

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 76

Cat. 77

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137

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Cat. 78 Tall stand No.: L 11941 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6-8 light red, inside 5YR 6/4-6 light reddish brownreddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard-very hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; base.: 14.4 cm; height: 33.6 cm Preservation: complete

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 78

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139

140

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Cat. 79 Tall pot stand No.: L 11946 Clay: Nile B2, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/8 red, inside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.3 cm; base: 14.7 cm; height: 30.5 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: three triangles cut out in the middle of the body

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 79

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141

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Cat. 80 Ovoid jar with simple rim and flaring neck No.: T 10816 Clay: Mixed clay P.60 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim scum, below uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 8/2 white, inside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 6.1 cm; max body diam.: 10.5 cm; pres. height: 17.5 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: ‘killing’ hole in the middle of the body Cat. 81 Ovoid jar with flaring rim No.: BM 45252 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B2, sandy version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside white, inside 10R 4/3 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; max body diam.: 18.1 cm; pres. height: 27.9 cm Preservation: complete

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 80

Cat. 81

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Cat. 82 Beer jar No.: AS 48A Ac.: S10/st1205 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised with the black core Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.2 cm; max body diam.: 17.4 cm; pres. height: 18.6 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Cat. 83 Beer jar No.: AS 33 Ac.: S10/st806 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 15.3 cm; pres. height: 16 cm Preservation: complete base

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 82

Cat. 83

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Cat. 84 Beer jar No.: AS 211 Ac.: S11/st603 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: not to establish, eroded Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; pres. height: 3.7 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Cat. 85 Bread mould No.: AS 147 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile C Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 7-6/3 light reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 7.2 cm; pres. height: 11.4 cm Preservation: complete base Cat. 86 Bread mould No.: BM 47371 Clay: Nile C Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 3/1 very dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: soft, lower part partially unfired Rim diam.: 12.4 cm; base diam.: 7.3 cm; pres. height: 13.1 cm Preservation: complete profile, restored from sherds, 90° of the rim missing

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 84

Cat. 85

Cat. 86

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Cat. 87 Bread mould No.: AS 213 Ac.: S11/st615 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 2.5YR 5/ reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: soft-medium hard Rim diam.: 11. cm; base diam.: 6.5 cm; height: 14.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 120° of the rim Cat. 88 Fragment of Levantine jar No.: AS 327 Ac.: S10/st1199 Clay: Levantine 1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/3 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: body sherd

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The resurrected necropolis of the Old Kingdom

Cat. 87

Cat. 88

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ChApter four

the first intermediAte period: innovAtive inheritors of the memphite trAditions

Pottery of the First Intermediate Period is numerous, both amongst recently excavated materials from the gebel and also in the collections of museums. Not only is it rich but also generally well-preserved, and importantly – typologically diverse. This wealth of material is almost certainly a consequence of the remarkably high level of activity on the gebel during this period. The large majority of the spectacular tombs of high state officials explored to date (including tombs of nomarchs), are dated to this period. Additionally, the fact that over a hundred years of archaeological work has focused on these First Intermediate Period tombs (which continue to attract researchers), is certainly a contributing factor. There is, however, one problem: for the majority of objects there is no information about their exact place of discovery. Currently, only a part of the ceramics recovered were found in primary contexts, in situ; the majority have been retrieved from secondary contexts. In respect to objects stored in museums, although in many instances the general place of discovery is known (e.g. a tomb), the material cannot be pinpointed topographically in the area – often due to insufficient records. The majority of the examples from the First Intermediate Period assemblage – both from the excavations and museums – are made from different variants of Nile B1 and Nile B2 fabrics: tempered with varying quantities of organic and sandy inclusions. Nile C fabric is less common. Vessels made from fabrics of Upper Egyptian provenance (Marl A group) are absent – which is to be expected, given the two regions were in conflict at the time. Marl C ceramics manufactured in the Memphis-Fayum are also absent. Only one example of Mixed clay P.60 (present in the Old Kingdom material) has been identified. The best preserved are the closed forms, which are represented by a whole range of small and medium-sized jars of different shapes: round, ovoid, cylindrical with a flat base, and sack-shaped. Open form are also well represented comprising various kinds of hemispherical and carinated bowls – though they have not survived as well as the closed forms due to the thinness of their walls. A diverse group of stands are also commonly found and usually well-preserved. Although there are many undeniably interesting aspects of the First Intermediate Period ceramics which deserve a closer look, e.g. the question of precise dating, they extend outside the framework of this book. Nevertheless, it is worth concentrating on some of the equally important and interesting issues regarding the First Intermediate Period pottery. One of them is the evolution of ceramics of this period © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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from the preceding era, defining which of the features were inherited and which appeared during this period. It is not an exaggeration to say that the First Intermediate Period was a traumatic time, which brought to an end the familiar reality of the Old Kingdom not only in the political sphere, but also in the broadly understood cultural sense. Provincial centres detached from the capital, and the inhabitants of Memphis, deprived of guidance and left to their own devices, searched for their own means of expression – thus inevitably forming original and unique local pottery traditions. The remarkable wealth of the First Intermediate Period ceramics from Asyut allows for an insight into the newly emerged local conventions as well as the ingenuity of the now independent potters. As already mentioned, the majority of material from Asyut is from re-deposited dumps, hence striped of its original context and impossible to date precisely. For this reason it is presented according to wares and, where necessary for the clarity of discussion, decoration and types. The first three of the wares presented have been distinguished based on the surface treatment. The first group, Red Slipped Ware, comprises vessels of which the surface is coated with a thick layer of red, occasionally polished, slip; the second, Reddish Slipped Ware, includes vessels which have a very thin nearly transparent slip, through which the natural surface can usually be seen; and the third, Unslipped Ware, is represented by objects of which surfaces are left untreated. Another group, White Dotted and Striped decoration, is distinguished by the characteristic decoration, which was applied after firing on all three backgrounds: red slipped, reddish slipped, as well as untreated. Additionally, two further distinct the so-called groups could be identified: Coarse Ware (including beer jars, bread moulds and so-called offering cones) and vessels with applied decoration, which will be discussed in more detail. The chronological correlations, if any exist, between the particular wares are uncertain. However, it can be concluded that, apart from a few exceptions, certain vessel shapes appear to be exclusively characteristic for certain wares – hence, those that occur in red slipped wares are absent from reddish slipped or unslipped. Although this most likely translates into chronological differences, at the current stage of the research it cannot be proved. Considering that in terms of shape and manufacture technique some of the examples of Red Slipped Ware display archaic tendencies, it may be suggested that Red Slipped Ware is earlier than Reddish Slipped Ware. A conclusion that the particular wares are products of distinct workshops, which although contemporary with one another supplied customers representing different social groups, cannot be excluded.

red slipped wAre (Pl. 5a)

The majority of Red Slipped Ware vessels are wheel-turned from high quality fabrics, Nile silt B1 or B2, and have their surfaces coated with a thick layer of slip, which sometimes was also polished. Although the vessel shapes often invoke earlier traditions, new elements also appear, e.g. a wavy rim in jugs, double-rim © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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in stands, incised decoration in the form of waves and lines, or small impressed semicircles. The repertoire of closed forms is limited to several types, predominantly small and medium-sized jars. The most commonly present form in the material analysed are globular jars with necks that are broad, short and poorly-distinguished from the rest of the vessel, and rounded rims (Cat. 89-90) (Figs. 87-88). Another type identified is represented by a medium-sized slender jar with low-positioned angular shoulders and a flat base (Cat. 91) (Fig. 89). Despite the missing rim, this object may be a Hs vase, judging from the preserved fragments. One Red Slipped Ware fusiform jar with broad shoulders (Cat. 92) (Fig. 90) resembles beer jars of the Old Kingdom, in terms of manufacturing technique, however, it is entirely different. The Old Kingdom beer jars were handmade – though judging from the characteristic marks on the upper parts of the vessels observed in certain types from this group, the rim and shoulders may have been first wheel-turned and then attached to the rest of the vessel (Charvát 1981: 160-161; Rzeuska 2006: 384-385). This jar is a type of hybrid, a transitional form between the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period. Its upper part, approximately 2/3 of the vessel, is wheel-turned and only the base is handmade through hollowing and pinching. The identical rule has been observed in the group of Coarse Ware beer jars discussed below. An identical rule has been observed in the group of Coarse Ware beer jars discussed below: the vessels of archaic shape, which attested to the continuation of Old Kingdom traditions, were manufactured with the use of a technique clearly belonging to the First Intermediate Period. Another interesting Red Slipped Ware vessel is a cylindrical jar with a flaring rim and rounded base. It represents one of the rare examples with known provenance and was found

Fig. 87: Globular jar, medium-sized, representing Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 89 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 88: Globular jar, medium-sized, representing Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 90 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010).

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in the tomb of Nakht (Desroches Noblecourt/Vercoutter 1981: 132). Both its shape and surface treatment indicate a late First Intermediate Period date (Cat. 93) (Fig. 91). One of the most typical and most popular ‘restricted’ forms of the First Intermediate Period are small jugs characterised by a wavy rim. This type of rim is a novelty, which appeared only in the last phase of the Old Kingdom and exclusively in the open forms (see previous Chapter). The jugs are usually spherical, though on occasion their profile is ‘broken-up’ by a horizontal groove at shoulders level, taking away their perfect sphericity (Cat. 94-95) (Figs. 92-93). Additionally, an incised decoration in the form of a horizontal or vertical wavy line is often observed above the indentation. Slightly larger vessels (Cat. 96)(Fig. 94) represent a similar type, having the shoulders decorated with impressed semicircles. Unlike the first two types presented (Cat. 94) and (Cat. 95), this one has a flat base. The open forms of Red Slipped Ware are limited to one general type: different variants of hemispherical bowls. There are medium-sized shallow bowls (Cat. 97) (Fig. 95) and slightly smaller and deeper ones (Cat. 98) with delicately flared or vertical walls, sometimes with a pointed base (Cat. 99). One noteworthy example is a medium-sized bowl (Cat. 100) with a sign in the form of a bird – ostrich(?) (Fig. 96), scratched on the interior of the vessel after firing. Such signs, which

Fig. 89: Incomplete Hs vase representing Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 91 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 90: Fusiform jar with wheel-turned upper part, base shaped by hand by hollowing and pinching, Cat. 92 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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are either incised, scratched or painted after the vessel was fired, are commonly interpreted as a signature of the owner and so this may well be the case for this object. This type of bowl is extremely common and found in great numbers from archaeological sites, stretching chronologically from the First to the Second Intermediate Period throughout Egypt. Thanks to this abundance, it has been possible to carefully trace their evolution – which makes them excellent precise-dating markers (Arnold Do. 1982: 60-65; Arnold

Fig. 92: Small jugs with wavy rim and incised decoration in the form of a vertical wavy line at the shoulders, Cat. 94 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 91: Cylindrical jar from the tomb of Nakht, Cat. 93 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 93: Small jugs with wavy rim and incised horizontal groove at the shoulders, Cat. 95 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Fig. 97: Hemispherical bowl from the chapel of Tomb V (M11.1), Cat. 101 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011).

Fig. 94: Globular vessel on flat base, shoulders decorated with impressed semicircles, Cat. 96 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 98: Hemispherical bowl from the chapel of Tomb V (M11.1), Cat. 102 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011).

Fig. 95: Medium-sized, shallow bowl of Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 97 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). Fig. 99: Hemispherical bowl from the chapel of Tomb V (M11.1), Cat. 103 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011).

Fig. 96: Medium-sized bowl of Red Slipped Ware with scratched sign in the form of a bird – ostrich(?), Cat. 100 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 100: Hemispherical bowl from the chapel of Tomb V (M11.1), Cat. 104 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011).

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Vessel Index

Hemispherical bowls from deposit 2

Number of the vessel Fig. 101: Vessel Index of hemispherical bowls from the chapel of Tomb V (M11.1), oscillating between 217 and 275; it indicates that the measurements of this vessel type were not yet normalised during the late phase of the First Intermediate Period–early Middle Kingdom.

Do. 1988: 140-141). Nevertheless, ceramicists stress that this type of vessel (Seiler 1999: 387) – similarly to the First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom pottery on the whole – evolved differently in different regions and so precise dating markers specific to one site/ region should be used very cautiously for others (Arnold Do. 1968: 39; Brunton 1928: 23). A perfect example of this is a deposit of bowls discovered by the Asyut Project during the 2011 season in the chapel of Khety I’s tomb (M11.1). It comprised of nine intact vessels: eight hemispherical bowls (Cat. 101-105) (Figs. 97-100) and one small bowl with a wavy rim. Three of the bowls were found one inside another and the remaining vessels were immediately next to them (Fig. 3). All of the bowls are wheelturned from Nile B1 – a coarser variant with a high content of fine organic inclusions – and represent Red Slipped

Fig. 102: A-shaped stand of Red Slipped Ware, wheel-turned; note the double rim and base, Cat. 106 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

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Ware. The wavy-rimmed bowl belongs to Unslipped Ware and will be presented below. Technologically and stylistically the bowls show characteristics of being manufactured by one workshop. Their Vessel Index ranges from 217 to 275 and on average falls between 235 and 250 (Fig. 101). The previous studies on this subject in Asyut proved that the Vessel Index for these bowls is between 270-250 during the First Intermediate Period and 250-226 during the reign of Mentuhotep II (Kahl/Engel/Sanhueza-

Fig. 103: Tall tubular stand of Red Slipped Ware, part-wheel-turned and partcoiled; note the double rim and the groove below it, Cat. 107 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 104: Upper part of tall tubular stand with double rim, Cat. 108 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010).

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Pino 2012: 265-266). Although initially such results appear to stand at odds with the data yielded by the deposit, one must take into consideration the lack of evolutionary stability of hemispherical bowls during this period. It seems the ceramic deposit from the chapel of Tomb V provides a perfect example for the case. In the First Intermediate Period material analysed thus far, non-containers, are represented by two types of stands: A-shaped and cylindrical. Out of four examples identified, three display an element characteristic for this period in the form of a double rim. The first example is a medium-sized, A-shaped object, completely wheel-turned (Cat. 106) (Fig. 102), the second and third are tall stands with a near-perfect cylindrical body (Cat. 107-108) (Figs. 103-104). The traces left on both surfaces of the A-shaped object suggest that the lower part was wheel-turned, while the upper part was handmade from two coils or slabs and subsequently overturned. The wavy wall of the stand below the rim is the consequence of using this technique. The coils can be felt under the fingers and are visible in the profile. The vertical scrape marks on the exterior were both a way of structurally strengthening the object and masking the joints between the single coils. The tall stands with cylindrical bodies are only partially preserved and it is impossible to determine beyond doubt which manufacturing technique was used to make them, or what the base was like. Another example, also cylindrical in shape, is a surviving upper part of a stand (Cat. 109) (Fig. 105). If not the entire object, then at least its upper part was formed by hand, using the socalled ‘slab building’ method. This manufacturing technique is evident from the uneven thickness of the walls as well as the fact that excess clay at the top has been folded inwards – this interesting and rarely-seen approach is absent from similar materials in other regions of Egypt and appears to be a purely local invention.

Fig. 105: Upper part of slab-built stand; note the uneven thickness of the walls and excess clay at the top, folded to the inside, Cat. 109 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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To summarise the observations on Red Slipped Ware, it appears that the pottery workshops of the First Intermediate Period continued traditions of the Old Kingdom, to some extent.

reddish slipped wAre (Pls. 5a, 6a)

Pottery representing Reddish Slipped Ware is noticeably less varied and less common than Red Slipped Ware. The majority of examples are the closed forms or stands, while open forms are a rare occurrence. These vessels are made almost exclusively on the wheel and hand-shaping methods were only occasionally used – primarily for the stands. The majority are made from Nile B1 and a small group from Nile B2. The surface is treated – coated with a thin, transparent layer of slip, which, if thicker, has a tendency to scale and break off. Amongst the closed forms of Reddish Slipped Wares, the most typical shapes are cylindrical (Cat. 110-111) (Figs. 106-107), globular and small jars (Cat. 112) (Fig. 108) as well as medium-sized jars with a short neck and rounded rim (Cat. 113-114) (Figs. 109-110). The final type of jugs which should be mentioned for this ware are small spherical examples characterised by a broad wavy rim and a flat or round base (Cat. 115-117) (Figs. 111-112). They

Fig. 106: Cylindrical vessel representing Reddish Slipped Ware, Cat. 110 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 107: Cylindrical vessel representing Reddish Slipped Ware, Cat. 111 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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sometimes have a horizontal indentation on the shoulders and are decorated with semi-circular incisions as seen in the previous instance. The wavy rim, which forms a square, not a circle, on top of the vessel, is a common feature shared by all of these objects. Other shapes present include rare forms such as a cylindrical vessel on a flat base – a possible Hs vase (Cat. 118) (Fig. 113). All of the examples show careful execution and the bases have a smoothed surface.

Fig. 108: Small globular jar of Reddish Slipped Ware, Cat. 112 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 110: Medium-sized jar with short neck and rounded rim, Cat. 114 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 109: Medium-sized jar with short neck and rounded rim, Cat. 113 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 111: Small spherical jar with broad wavy rim and flat base, Cat. 115 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

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The stands are just as numerous as the closed forms. Typologically, they constitute a rather homogenous assemblage – there are A-shaped and cylindrical stands, both in a range of sizes, while in terms of the manufacturing techniques they display a remarkable diversity. This variety should be given close attention as it poses a very interesting question which perhaps could offer, at least to some extent, insight into pottery manufacture during the First Intermediate Period in the Asyut region. Returning to the description of the stands, the first type – A-shaped – is represented by four examples: two small (Cat. 119-120) (Figs. 114-115) and two medium-sized (Cat. 121-122) (Fig. 116) stands. The first (Cat. 119) and third stand (Cat. 121) are wheel-turned in two parts: first, three-quarters of the pot was formed and then, an additional coil of clay was attached to it, from which the upper part of the stand was shaped. The joint is visible on both surfaces: as a smooth-over on the outside and unevenness and a slight protrusion on the inside. In the case of the second stand, the joint was also vertically scraped with a tool. In regards to the remaining two A-shaped stands, despite the difference in size, the objects are similar to each other and were also made in the same manner. The body is conical, with the upper, narrower edge angular and flaring and the lower one straight and rounded. Both the objects are wheel-turned in one piece. During the first stage, the lump of clay would be shaped into a cylinder with a narrow opening inside; next, the upper part of the cylinder would be stretched upwards

Fig. 112: Small spherical jar with broad wavy rim and round base, Cat. 117 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 113: Cylindrical vessel on flat base – possible Hs vase, Reddish Slipped Ware, Cat. 118 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

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and slightly widened – in this way, the lower part of the stand was formed. The second stage involved turning the cylinder upside down and forming the rim. As a result of applying such technique, the stands have a clearly visible thickening (protrusion) of the inner walls in the upper part of the body, and the surface of the thickening shows traces of opening of the lump of clay during the early stage of the shaping process, in the form of diagonal ridges and ripples. Additionally, the remaining parts of the stands, the upper and lower half, show clear horizontal wheel-marks. There are no visible signs of joining of the two parts, which further supports the conclusion they were made from one piece of clay. In the case of the second small and the fourth medium-sized A-shaped stands, they were wheel-thrown in one piece. The second type of stands – tubeshaped – have a more cylindrical or slightly conical body and both the rim Fig. 114: Small A-shaped stand, partially wheelturned and coiled, Cat. 119 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 115: Small A-shaped stand, Cat. 120 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 116: Tall stand, partially wheel-turned and coiled; note the vertical scraping on the outside, Cat. 121 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

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and base have similar diameters. The rims and bases do differ in terms of shape: they can be rounded or double – as previously seen at the end of the Old Kingdom. The examples identified are stands with subtly flared and rounded rims and bases, of which the bodies can be wavy (Cat. 123) (Fig. 117) or convex (Cat. 124) (Fig. 118) in the middle. Despite the likeness in terms of shape, they differ in terms of the manufacturing technique. In the case of the first object (Cat. 123), the traces left on both surfaces indicate that different techniques have been applied: the bottom part was wheel-turned, while the upper was handmade from coils and subsequently lightly wheel-turned. The wavy wall of the stand is the result of using two different techniques for shaping one vessel. The coils can be felt under the fingers and are visible in the profile. The vertical scrape marks on

Fig. 117: Tall stand with wavy midsection of the body, wheel-turned bottom and coiled upper part, the latter additionally overturned; note the vertical scrape marks, Cat. 123 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 118: Tall stand with wavy midsection of the body, made from two separate parts: one wheel-thrown and the other slab-built with the joint in the form of a small protrusion smoothed over, Cat. 124 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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the exterior were both a way of structurally strengthening the object and masking the joints between the single coils. The second object (Cat. 124) was made from two separate parts as well: first its larger part was formed on a wheel and then a slab of clay, from which the upper part was formed, would be added. The joint between these two parts forms a hollow and a small protrusion (step) visible on the inside slightly below the upper edge. The exterior of the stand is smooth, without any scrape marks, as there was no need for smoothing it over. Apart from the stands with straight rims, there are also stands with a double rim and rounded base (Cat. 125-126) (Figs. 119-120) which are characteristic for the First Intermediate Period. Notably, the rims and bases of the two stands are different – the first one being rounded and outwardly flared, the second – straight, round on the outside and triangular on the inside. Both the objects are built from two parts and although in both of the cases the same method has been applied,

Fig. 119: Tall stand with double rim and rounded, outwardly flared base, Cat. 125 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 120: Tall stand with double rim and straight base, round on the outside and triangular on the inside, Cat. 126 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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the final effect is slightly different in terms of the wall thickness. In the case of the first example (Cat. 125), the lower half was formed first and then a lump of clay was attached to it and shaped into the upper part of the stand. It was more difficult to form the upper part when the lower one had already been shaped – as a result, the walls of the upper half are uneven and thicker, especially near the joint between the two halves. Another example (Cat. 127) (Fig. 121) had its lower part, approximately three quarters of the vessel, made in one piece, to which a lump of clay was attached to form the upper half of the stand. Because the upper part of this object is much shorter, equal to approximately one quarter of the entire stand, it was considerably easier to shape. Additionally, the exterior was carefully scraped to smooth over the joint marks. It is highly likely, that the technological differences observed in the stands presented indicate they originated from different pottery workshops. The manufacture of ceramics is an automated process, where once established, a scheme (i.e. manufacture technique applied for a particular vessel type in a particular atelier/group of ateliers) remains unchanged until the change is triggered either by (for example), market demands, at the cost of quality, or a technological innovation, e.g. introducing the potter’s wheel. Furthermore, considering the fact that both types of stands display similarities in terms of quality and are nearly identical (any differences are minor, e.g. in the shape of the edges), Fig. 121: Tall, broad stand, partially wheelturned and coiled; note the scraping it is very likely that they are chronologand smoothing over the joint marks, ically contemporary. To recapitulate, Cat. 127 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). this technological diversity apparent during the First Intermediate Period may point to the existence of several pottery workshops/ group of workshops, which fulfilled the needs of the Asyut necropolis.

unslipped wAre (Pl. 6b)

This is the most common as well as typologically diverse ware, the majority of which are closed forms. In terms of quality, however, it occupies the last place. The majority of the vessels are wheel-turned, primarily from Nile B2 and less often B1. Apart from rare exceptions, they display a lack of care for symmetry and appearance and are often cracked (holey) due to insufficient drying and subsequent © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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uncontrolled firing. The bases are cut off, scraped or trimmed, sometimes additionally smoothed; the surface is crudely finished, with marks from shaping left visible. The poor quality of the vessels combined with their large quantity points to mass production. Furthermore, considering their impractical character, it is possible that they were destined for the necropolis, either as grave goods or objects playing a role in the mortuary cult rituals. As mentioned above, the closed forms constitute a numerous and diverse group that comprises small, medium, and occasionally large-sized vessels. The medium-sized ceramics are represented primarily by spherical (Cat. 128-129) (Figs. 122-124)

Fig. 122: Small rounded jar with broad rim, Unslipped Ware, Cat. 128 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 123: Medium-sized, rounded jar with broad rim, Unslipped Ware, Cat. 129 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 124: Lump made from unfired Nile silt and piece of limestone from the inside of a globular jar, Cat. 129 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 125: Medium-sized ovoid jar with broad rim, Unslipped Ware, Cat. 130 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010).

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or ovoid (Cat. 130) (Fig. 125) forms with a broad rim and elongated shapes with a pointed base (Cat. 131-132) (Figs. 126-127). The ovoid vessels show an interesting manufacturing technique: the entire vessel is wheel-turned apart from the base, which was shaped by hand. This method, reminiscent of the Old Kingdom technique used for beer jars, was present in the First Intermediate Period, but disappeared during the Twelfth Dynasty. Globular jugs with a widening neck are also frequent (Cat. 133-134) (Figs. 128-129) as well as cylindrical jugs (Cat. 135-136) (Figs. 130-131). Other popular, though comparatively less frequently found forms are globular neckless jugs with a wavy rim and occasional ‘step’ at shoulder height – characteristic for this period (Cat. 137) (Fig. 132). Another element distinctive for the First Intermediate Period is a four-angled rim, like the one seen the globular jug on a flat base (Cat. 138) (Fig. 133). Also common are small, more-or-less globular jugs on a flat base (Cat. 139) (Fig. 134). Similar, though not identical, forms can be found amongst Red or Reddish Slipped wares. None of the jugs representing this ware are decorated with incisions which occur in the other two wares: Red Slipped and Reddish Slipped presented above. Open forms of Unslipped Ware are extremely rare and essentially only two types are present: carinated bowls and a plate with a wavy rim.

Fig. 126: Elongated jar with broad rim and pointed base; note the base formed by hand, Cat. 131 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 127: Elongated jar with broad rim and pointed base; note the base shaped by hand, Cat. 132 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Fig. 128: Small globular jug with widening neck, Cat. 133 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 129: Small globular jug with widening neck, Cat. 134 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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In the case of the first type, the walls of the vessels above the carination are outwardly flared, while the bottom part is conical and sometimes trimmed into a point. Based on the shape of the walls and carination, two variants of these bowls have been identified in the material analysed: 1. Bowls with slightly concave walls and sharp carination (Cat. 140141) (Figs. 135-136) 2. Bowls with straight walls and S-shaped carination (Cat. 142143) (Fig. 137) It seems that variant 1 was the earliest and variant 2 the latest, though this conclusion is not based on stratigraphic analysis but purely on observations of variations in the structure of the vessels. Hence, the question of precise dating of the particular variants

Fig. 130: Small cylindrical jug, Cat. 135 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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and/or ascertaining their chronological correlations remains open to future research. At first glance, the ‘pointy-based’ carinated bowls may resemble the classical shape of the Middle Kingdom carinated bowls on flat bases (see next Chapter), but their morphology and the shape of the base indicate an entirely different origin of the two forms. It appears that the prototype of the ‘pointy-based’ bowl could have been a medium-sized bent-sided bowl of the Old Kingdom, which has a more or less pointed base. It has been

Fig. 131: Small cylindrical jug, Cat. 136 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 132: Wavy-rimmed, neckless, globular jug with ‘step’ at the shoulder, Cat. 137 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 133: Globular jug with four-angled rim and flat base, Cat. 138 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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classified as Form 162, dated to the late Old Kingdom (Rzeuska 2006: 262263), of which shape, proportions and manner in which the base was formed – scraping – resemble these bowls. The oldest examples are the largest ones (a), the First Intermediate Period bowls are smaller and unslipped (b), while the smallest ones come from the Middle Kingdom (c) (Fig. 138). Such an impractically shaped base means that the bowl could not stand straight but had to lean sideways, thus making it unsuitable for storage of any liquids/other products. This poses a question over the function of these vessels and suggests a potentially ‘special’ purpose associated with the necropolis, e.g. for offerings. Moreover, this conclusion is further supported by the fact, that although the bowls continued to be present until the Middle Kingdom, they are virtually absent from settlement sites. In the settlement on Elephantine, only a single example has been identified amongst a great abundance of ceramics (Rzeuska 2012b: 348). The second type of open form Unslipped Ware – a miniscule plate with a wavy rim (Cat. 144) was found within a deposit consisting of red slipped bowls, which was discussed as a part of Red Slipped Ware. What makes this object unique is the unusual shape combined with its rareness and the fact that it is of considerably higher quality than of the other vessels in this ware. The closest

Fig. 134: Globular jug on flat base, Cat. 139 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 135: Bowl with slightly concave walls and sharp carination, Cat. 140 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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comparisons in terms of shape come from nearby Qau-Badari (Brunton 1928: Pl. LXXXII; Seidlmayer 1990: 149-151, Fig. 59), while those from the sites located further south, such as Hawawish (Hope 2006: 37) and Thebes (Arnold Do. 1968: 49-50) are slightly different. Whereas the example from Asyut and Qau are thin-walled and have rounded bases, the objects from the southern regions have flat bases and thick walls. It is possible that these differences reflect distinct pottery traditions, as in the case of hemispherical cups. Tomb V also yielded another small bowl, flat-based with a wavy rim (Cat. 145) (Fig. 139). Unlike the first one however, this one is made from the coarse Nile B2 fabric with a high

a

b

c Fig. 138: Diagram representing evolution of round-bottomed bowls, starting from (a) large bowl of the Old Kingdom from Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 262263), through (b) medium-sized bowl of the First Intermediate Period, Cat. 141, to (c) small cup of the Middle Kingdom, Cat. 237.

Fig. 136: Round-bottomed bowl with slightly concave walls and sharp carination, Cat. 141 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 137: Round-bottomed bowl with straight walls and sharp carination, Cat. 143 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 139: Small bowl with flat base and wavy rim, Cat. 145 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

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content of organic inclusions visible as voids in the surface. Both the exterior and the interior of the vessel have been left untreated – though remnants of red paint in two places on the rim indicate that the rim might have been at least partially decorated. This example can be dated with confidence to the terminal phase of the First Intermediate Period, based on its place of discovery in Tomb V from the Tenth Dynasty and similar ceramics known from other sites, e.g. Qau-Badari (Brunton 1928: 8). Whereas the shallow plate presents a certain adherence to the Memphite traditions in terms of its shape and surface treatment (Rzeuska 2012c: 182184), the thick-walled, untreated, flat-based bowl reflects distinct, local/Middle Egyptian pottery trends. The wavy-rimmed plates and bowls, rarely found amongst the First Intermediate Period ceramics, have their roots reaching far back into the Old Kingdom. A good similar example comes from Saqqara, from the necropolis of the Sixth Dynasty nobles (Rzeuska 2012c: 182; Rzeuska 2013). The bowl found there is made from a similar fabric (fine Nile B1), the difference being that both of the surfaces are red slipped. Such similarities in terms of shape and manufacturing technique between these vessels from Asyut and Qau-Badari and the object from Saqqara suggests a continuation of the Memphite pottery tradition. Furthermore, an image of this type of vessel is found depicted in a relief which shows Wahankh Intef II performing offerings (Fig. 140). He is shown holding a round jug in one hand and a bowl with a wavy rim in the other. The bowl depicted in this scene is only slightly different from the wavy-rimmed plate from Asyut, being deeper and having a wavier rim. It is significant that similar objects (Cat. 144, 145) were found in a chapel of Khety I’s tomb – providing a strong indication that such vessels served a function in the Fig. 140: Stela of Wahankh Intef II from his mortuary cult. Theban tomb (Metropolitan Museum 13.182.3) depicts him with round jug No non-container vessels have been of milk and wavy-rimmed bowl of identified in the First Intermediate beer, performing offerings to Re and Period Unslipped Wares. Hathor (drawing J. Iwaszczuk). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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CoArse wAre

Three types are present in this group: beer jars, bread moulds and conical vessels. The group could be distinguished based on the following common characteristics: type of fabric, surface treatment and, to an extent, manufacturing technique. All the examples are made from highly tempered material, with varying quantities of organic and sandy inclusions, which can be classified as Nile B2 and C according to the Vienna System. The surface was left untreated and often shows traces of shaping. Apart from the beer jars, the production of which partially involved using the wheel, the vessels are usually handmade without the wheel, occasionally moulded. A number of pottery forms from the Old Kingdom continued to be produced in the First Intermediate Period. This phenomenon is certainly apparent in the ceramic material from Asyut, where the evolution of many forms can be traced back as early as the Sixth Dynasty. The assemblage of medium-sized beer jars presented below, which are amongst the best preserved vessel types, provide a perfect example allowing for observation of both the evolution and origin of this group (Fig. 141), see below. Once again it must be stressed that in the majority of cases, the ceramics analysed come from secondary re-deposited contexts, and therefore any conclusions drawn are based primarily on observations of stylistic and technological changes, i.e. proportions, shape, size and manufacturing technique, not the context information. A new type of beer jar appeared in the late Old Kingdom during the second half of Pepy II’s reign. It has been classified as Form 8 in the typology of the Saqqara pottery (Rzeuska 2006: 90-91; Rzeuska 2013). It is characterised by a straight rim, short cylindrical neck, round shoulders and conical body ending in a tapered base. Jars of this type, handmade from Nile silt C, were formed in two separate parts: the base was pinched and the remainder of the vessel was coiled. The exterior is either untreated or white washed. Amongst the earliest Sixth Dynasty examples, two variants can be distinguished: those with narrower shoulders (a) and those with wider shoulders (b). Both these variants very often tend to appear alongside each other in the same archaeological context. Vessels that seem to be a development of Form 8 have also been identified in the material analysed. Hence, vessel (c) would represent the next stage in the evolution of this type of beer jar. It is characterised by a shape similar to the Sixth Dynasty objects, but a smaller size and significantly taller neck (Cat. 146) (Fig. 142). Jars (d) (Cat. 147) (Fig. 143) and (e) (Cat. 148) (Fig. 144) represent other variants identified within this group. Both are nearly identical in shape as vessel (c), but their shoulders are narrower, resulting in slightly more slender proportions of the vessels. Similarly, the next jar (f ) (Cat. 149) (Fig. 145) has even narrower shoulders, only twice the width of the neck. Analysing the changes between vessels (a) to (f ), it becomes clearly apparent that with time the jars became smaller, with narrower bodies and higher necks. However, the changing shape was also accompanied by changes in technique of manufacture. The oldest objects (a-b) were formed in two separate parts. The subsequent, First Intermediate Period jar (c) had a hand-formed base and coiled body attached to it, evident both from the clear marks left by shaping and a seam © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 141: Evolution of fusiform beer jars from the late Old to early Middle Kingdom period: (a-b) two jars dated to Pepy II from Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 88-91), (c-f) four jars from the First Intermediate Period from Asyut (Cat. 146-149), (g) jar from time of Mentuhotep II (Steinmann 1998: 122), (h-j) jars from time of Senwosret I (Arnold Do. 1988: 106-108). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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visible on the exterior of the vessel. The top part of the jar, however, appears to have been wheel-turned. The next three vessels (d-f ) were made using yet another shaping method, which still involved the hand-formed base, but the body was entirely wheel-turned. The marks visible on the exterior of the jar make it clearly an example of a mixed technique of production. The use of a rotating device is suggested by horizontal, regular wheel marks on the walls. In regards to the fabric, the inferior Nile silt C used in the Old Kingdom was replaced with Nile B2. The surface still remained natural (untreated), though in some cases the so-called scum was present, giving an impression of being white paint. The latest form of the jars analysed, (g), has been found in the temple of Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari (Steinmann 1998: 122) and in the foundation deposits of Senwosret I at Lisht (h-j) (Arnold Do. 1988: Figs. 52, 54). The vessels are made from Nile B2, wheel-turned, except for their hand-formed bases. Later, this form disappeared altogether. Unfortunately, apart from the first two and last three variants, it is currently impossible to determine a date more precise than the First Intermediate Period. Hopefully, future research should help clarify this question. Archaised beer jars survived until the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, though it seems at that point

Fig. 142: Beer jar with tall neck, broad shoulders and fusiform body, Cat. 146 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 143: Beer jar with tall neck, rounded shoulders and fusiform body, Cat. 147 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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their function was purely symbolic (e.g. as elements of foundation deposits). Later during the early Middle Kingdom, they disappear entirely from both settlements and necropoleis assemblages. Amongst Coarse Ware, forms bread moulds are far less common than beer jars. Quite possibly this is a result of a low-quality firing: the lower parts of the moulds were often unfired and are prone to breaking. Two vessels with complete profiles have been identified in the material from Asyut (Cat. 150-151) (Figs. 146-147). They represent a transitional form between the late Old Kingdom bDA bread moulds (see Chapter 3) and the Middle Kingdom narrow tubular bread moulds discussed in the next Chapter. The examples presented here were made using the same method as the earlier objects: a lump of clay would be placed on a prepared patrix and the external shape would be achieved by hand. Their slender shape, however, brings them closer to the later forms. Despite the uncertainty of their stratigraphic context, they can be dated to the early phase of the First Intermediate Period based

Fig. 144: Beer jar with tall neck and cylindrical body, Cat. 148 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 145: Beer jar with tall neck and cylindrical body, Cat. 149 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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on their shape, proportions and manufacturing technique. Examples from a later phase of this period are made in a slightly different manner; narrower with a characteristic rolled-outwards rim (collar), which disappears before the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. Although Coarse Ware bread moulds have not been included in Helen Jacquet-Gordon’s classification of bread moulds, they can be placed somewhere between ‘Bread Moulds Type A’ of the Old Kingdom and ‘Bread Moulds Type C’ of the Middle Kingdom, most probably corresponding with ‘Bread Moulds Type B’ (which are not Fig. 146: Conical bread mould, example of lowquality firing, Cat. 150 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 147: Conical bread mould showing lowquality firing, Cat. 151 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 148: Medium-sized conical container, the so-called ‘offering cone’; note the imprints of organic inclusions on the surface, Cat. 152 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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really bread moulds, see discussion below). Parallel examples have been found at many sites of the First Intermediate Period, e.g. in Sedment (Seidlmayer 1990: 299). The last type of vessels representing Coarse Ware are medium-sized conical containers, the so-called ‘offering cones’ (Cat. 152-154) (Figs. 148-149). Handformed from Nile B2 or C, they were often confused with bread moulds – even in the Helen Jacquet-Gordon’s typology of Egyptian bread moulds, where they have been classified as ‘Bread Moulds Type B’ (Jacquet-Gordon 1981: Fig. 4). Admittedly, at first glance they are, indeed, very similar to bread moulds. The major difference lies in the use of an entirely different technique of manufacture and hence in their appearance/surface treatment. Noticeably, the inside of the bread mould is smooth, as the result of the use of patrix, whilst the interior of the handmade cones (which are made from separate coils) is uneven, often with clearly visible horizontal grooves. Recent studies on the conical vessels from Abydos North proved that they had most probably been used in cult activities, hence their name ‘offering cones’ (Yamamoto 2011). Two types have been identified in Abydos: A and B. Type A is characterised by a short base, Type B by a long peg-like base. Both types have been observed in Asyut. Comparative objects have be found at many sites, such as, Tod, Dendera, Dra abu el-Naga, Medamud (where they were identified as bread moulds), and in Abydos, where they have been dated from the First Intermediate Period to the Middle Kingdom (Yamamoto 2011: 557-562). Similarly to the other sites, also in Asyut the conical vessels are found accompanied by small conical plugs. Fig. 149: Medium-sized conical container, the Unfortunately the objects presented so-called ‘offering cone’; note the could not be precisely dated and they imprints of organic inclusions on the may have come from the First Intermesurface, Cat. 153 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). diate Period or the Middle Kingdom.

white dotted And striped deCorAtion (Pl. 4b)

The next ceramic group that requires a more detailed description comprises small vessels representing both closed and open forms. All share one common characteristic: white painted decoration in the form of dots and/or stripes executed after firing on various types of surfaces – red slipped, reddish slipped and untreated. Furthermore, all the vessels are wheel-turned from Nile B1. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Pottery with this type of decoration first appeared at the end of the Old Kingdom–beginning of the First Intermediate Period in Upper and Middle Egypt, e.g. in Aswan1 and Dendera (Marchand 2004: Figs. 51-52), and continued to be present through the Second Intermediate Period (Müller 2008: 120, 156, 190-192) at least until the early New Kingdom, e.g. in Thebes and Abydos (Nagel 1938: 103). Although the origin of this decoration is difficult to determine beyond doubt, the quantity of vessels combined with the wealth of types, variety of ornamental motifs and, most of all, their long presence in the material from Asyut stretching from the First Intermediate Period to the Second Intermediate Period suggest that the Middle Egypt region – and Asyut in particular – may have played the key role in the emergence of this decoration style. The symbolic meaning or function of this decoration remains an open question for future research, though given that the majority of the examples come from the necropolis it seems likely that these pots were associated with the funerary or cultic sphere. Moreover, the ‘special’ nature of such ornaments and their probable association with the funerary rites is further supported by the fact that, without exception, all three types of vessels with White Dotted and Striped patterns are also found undecorated. Therefore, it is decoration, not the vessel form itself, that makes these objects ‘special’. As already mentioned, the pottery with White Dotted and Striped decoration is present amongst the Asyut ceramics from the beginning till the end of its existence. However, in terms of frequency, the First Intermediate Period is best represented, while Middle Kingdom examples are less numerous and less diverse, and the Second Intermediate Period objects are rare and generally limited to one form. Each one of these assemblages will be presented in the relevant chapters.

Fig. 150: Small globular jar of Reddish Slipped Ware, with white dots painted afterfiring, Cat. 155 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 151: Small globular jar of Reddish Slipped Ware, with white dots painted afterfiring, Cat. 156 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

1 Museo Egizio di Torino (no. inv. 16455). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Amongst the First Intermediate Period examples, both the closed and open forms are well-represented. In regards to the ornamental elements, five distinct motifs have been identified and they are presented in the table below. What clearly transpires is that only three motifs (1-3) occur in both the closed and open forms, while the remaining two elements (4-5) have been observed exclusively in the closed forms. It should also be mentioned, that the rims occasionally are decorated with a white stripe.

Fig. 152: Small globular jar of Reddish Slipped Ware with white vertical stripes painted after firing, Cat. 158 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 154: Small globular jar with white vertical stripes and dots, Cat. 160 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 153: Small globular jar with white vertical stripes and dots, Cat. 159 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 155: Small globular jar with white horizontal stripes, Cat. 161 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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In regards to the closed forms, in Asyut they display a great diversity. The most popular are jugs with a globular body, a straight or wavy rim and a round base, which can be decorated with various motifs: type 1 with dots (Cat. 155-157) (Figs. 150-151); type 2 with stripes (Cat. 158) (Fig. 152); and type 3 with stripes and dots (Cat. 159-160) (Figs. 153-154). On another equally popular

Fig. 156: Globular jar on flat base with vertical protrusion attached to wavy rim, white dots on the body, Cat. 162 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 158: Wavy-rimmed, small globular jar on flat base, with dots between stripes, Cat. 164 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 157: Wavy-rimmed, small globular jar on flat base, with white vertical stripes on the body, Cat. 163 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 159: Small, globular jar with wavy profile, decorated with hashes, Cat. 165 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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form of jar – sack-shaped, nearly all the motifs can be found. Type 5, with horizontal stripes (Cat. 161), is represented by just one object (Fig. 155). To date, this is the only object with this type of decoration identified in the material analysed. A slightly less popular form is a globular jug on a flat base, which was decorated similarly to type 1 (Cat. 162) (Fig. 156) with dots, type 2 (Cat. 163) (Fig. 157) with stripes or type 4 with dots in-between the stripes (Cat. 164) (Fig. 158). The second example (Cat. 163) deserves closer attention because it also has an incised decoration in the form of a wave on the shoulders and an unusual – though typical for the First Intermediate Period – element in the shape of a vertical ‘bar’ attached below the wavy rim. Apart from the jars described above, which represent the most popular forms, vessels of less common shapes also occur in the material. These are: a jar with a wavy profile decorated with hashes (Cat. 165) (Fig. 159), a small jug on a flat base and with a collar on the neck, decorated with dots (Cat. 166) (Fig. 160), and another small jug, also on a flat base, but with a heavy-set body with a wide cattle-mouth rim, which additionally is wavy (Cat. 167) (Fig. 161). Also frequent, though less diverse in terms of shape, are the open forms. They are limited to four types, of which the most popular are hemispherical cups on a flat (Cat. 168) or rounded

Fig. 160: Small, flat-based jug with collar on the neck decorated with dots, Cat. 166 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 161: Small, flat-based jug with heavy-set body and wide, wavy cattle-mouth rim, Cat. 167 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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Fig. 162: Hemispherical cup on rounded base, with white dots on the inside, Cat. 169 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 163: Hemispherical cup on rounded base, with white dots on the inside, Cat. 170 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 164: Hemispherical cup on rounded base, with white stripes on the inside, Cat. 171 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 165: Small carinated bowl with white dotes on the inside, Cat. 172 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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base (Cat. 169-171) (Figs. 162-164), decorated with dots and less often hashes. Additionally, carinated bowls are present – reminiscent of the beautiful forms of the Old Kingdom ‘Meidum bowls’ (Cat. 172-173) (Figs. 165-166) – and bowls with a slightly flaring rim (Cat. 174) (Fig. 167). Although many questions have yet to be answered, two of them can already be dealt with here. The first one concerns the function of this group of decorated ceramics: were they part of the grave goods deposited in the tomb together with the deceased, or were they used in the mortuary cult? The fact that the majority of these objects were found only in re-deposited secondary contexts is a major barrier to arriving at a definite conclusion. The second issue regards the place where the vessels were painted: was it in the atelier or perhaps somewhere else? Certain suggestions can be made in an attempt to answer this question. The fact that the decoration is observed on various wares and most likely made by different ateliers may indicate that it was made outside the workshops. Whether it took place in specialised workshops preparing grave goods for a particular individual or in workshops/storerooms associated with the mortuary cult, will hopefully become clear when the first question is answered. This description of the White Dotted and Striped decoration style is only an introduction to this fascinating phenomenon in Egyptian pottery, its origin and meaning. Without a doubt, more research must be carried out in order to broaden our knowledge of this subject.

Fig. 166: Small carinated bowl with white dotes on the inside, Cat. 173 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 167: Small bowl with slightly flaring rim and white dotes on the inside, Cat. 174 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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Motif

Closed forms

Open forms

1

More or less randomly distributed dots

2

Vertical stripes below the rim

3

Vertical stripes with dots below them

4

Vertical stripes with dots between them

none

5

Horizontal stripes

none

Tab. 2: Ornamental motifs in White Dotted and Striped decoration during the First Intermediate Period. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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pottery with Applied deCorAtion (Pl. 4a)

One interesting object is a rim fragment with applied decoration (Cat. 175). It was probably a part of a medium-sized, ovoid or globular jar with a straight, somewhat flaring rim, and gently broadening shoulders with a small protuberance and a horizontal coil positioned roughly in the middle. Below the rim, a small, schematic figure of a standing female has been affixed, and next to it there is an opening, part of which extends onto the rim. It is likely that the whole vessel showed a series of female figures and judging from the size of the preserved fragment (roughly one quarter of the total) there may have been four figures separated by four openings in between them. The jar is made from Nile silt B1 and has a red slipped exterior. Although, vessels with applied decoration, especially depicting human forms, are generally rare, for some unknown reason they appear to be popular during the First Intermediate Period and have been found in, e.g. Beni Hassan (Garstang 1907: 195, Pl. XI) and Saqqara (Quibell 1907: Pl. XXXII.2). They are exclusively medium-sized stands with fronts decorated with a human figure, sometimes having an animal counterpart on the opposite side of the vessel (Garstang 1907: Figs. 210-211). The one presented here (at least one of two so far identified on the gebel), is a closed form, and therefore appears to be unique amongst ceramics embellished with human figures. Perhaps, it could be a local specialty. The symbolism and function of these vessels with human figures still remains unclear. It seems certain they were somehow associated with the funerary sphere, considering the fact that all examples have been discovered at the necropolis. Their exact function, however, cannot be determined due to the impossibility of establishing their original location – hence it is unknown whether they were grave goods or vessels used in activities of the mortuary cult. Nevertheless, the presence of the opening(s) suggests that something, perhaps flowers or plants of some kind, were placed inside these objects.

imported CerAmiCs from the memphis region And their loCAl imitAtions (Pl. 3c)

There is a noticeable lack of ceramic material imported to Asyut from other regions during the First Intermediate Period. One important example is a fusiform jar with a broad widening rim, made from Mixed clay P.60 (Cat. 176). Its form appears to originate directly from a spindle-shaped jar of much more slender proportions and a funnel-shaped rim, classified as Form 13 in the typology constructed for West Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006: 112-113). Two distinct types of fabrics were used for the earliest examples from the late Old Kingdom: Marl C1 or Mixed clay P.60 (Fig. 171). During that period they were exported beyond the Memphis region, chiefly to Middle Egypt, where they can be found on several sites, e.g. Sedment (Seidelmayer 1990: Abb. 138). It is feasible that they influenced production of local forms from Nile silts, especially bottles with a funnel-shaped neck – the leading form of the First Intermediate Period–early Middle Kingdom in the Delta and in Middle Egypt (Schiestl 2012a: 504-507). At the same time in the Memphis-Fayum region, fusiform jars from Mixed clay P.60 and Marl C continued to be manufactured, although their evolution took a slightly different course © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Fig. 168: Fusiform jar with flaring neck; note the scrape marks on the body, Cat. 177 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 169: Fusiform jar with flaring neck; note the scrape marks on the body, Cat. 178 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 170: Fusiform jar with flaring neck; note the scrape marks on the body, Cat. 179 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

188 Teodozja I. Rzeuska

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Saqqara Form 13 (Marl C, Mixed clay P.60)

a

d

c b

Memphite Line (Mixed clay P.60)

Middle Egyptian line (Nile silts)

Memphite-Fayum Line (Marl C)

Fig. 171: Evolution of fusiform jars from the late Old to early Middle Kingdom period: (a) the prototype from the late Old Kingdom (Rzeuska 2006: 112-113), (b-c) jars dated to the First Intermediate Period (b) (Cat. 176), (c) not in the catalogue, (d) jars from the late First Intermediate Period–early Middle Kingdom (Bader 2002: 33). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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from that in Middle Egypt. While the ‘Memphis-Fayum’ forms made of Mixed clay P.60 were gradually losing their slenderness, the neck became near-cylindrical, the shoulders wider, and the Marl C jars (also from this region) lost their tall neck to a very short and flaring one, their ‘Nile silt’ counterparts maintained the slimness of the prototypes (Cat. 177-179) (Figs. 168-170). This co-existence of the distinctly different lines of development could explain the presence of different types of the fusiform jars during the First Intermediate Period–early Middle Kingdom.

summAry

In summary, the pottery of the First Intermediate Period, is without a doubt one of the largest assemblages from Asyut, and it should be stressed that this is an era of remarkable changes. On one hand, forms typical for the Old Kingdom are still present, though somewhat degenerated and of a lower quality, attesting to the continuity of the Memphite tradition. Good examples are the carinated bowls, A-shaped stands or plates with a wavy rim. On the other hand, during this time new shapes, new decorative motifs and new manufacturing techniques were introduced, reflecting the uniqueness and ingenuity of the local potters, clearly manifested in the wavy rims of the jars, double-rims of the stands, incised and white painted decoration, not to mention applied ornaments in the shape of human figures. Undoubtedly, this is the formative period of the tradition, which survived until the beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty.

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CAtAlogue Cat. 89 Globular vessel No.: BM 45268 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 23 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside red slipped on the rim, below uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard-hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; max body diam.: 15.3 cm; height: 18 cm Preservation: almost complete, 60° of the rim preserved Cat. 90 Globular jar No.: AS 79 Ac.: S10/st1213 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.9 cm; max body diam.: 14.5 cm; height: 19 cm Preservation: complete, restored from sherds

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 89

Cat. 90

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Cat. 91 Slender vessel with flat base, possible Hs vessel No.: BM 45284 joint with 45270 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 51 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 6.7 cm; base diam.: 6.7 cm; pres. height: 18.2 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, neck and rim missing Cat. 92 Beer jar No.: BM 45269 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 56 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.2 cm; max body diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 27.8 cm Preservation: complete

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 91

Cat. 92

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Cat. 93 Elongated vessel with everted rim and rounded base No.: L 11998 Ac.: Tomb of Nakht Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6-8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.4 cm; max body diam.: 11.4 cm; pres. height: 24.5 cm Preservation: complete

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 93

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Cat. 94 Small globular vessel with wavy rim and flat base No.: L 11948 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off and hand smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6-8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.2 cm; max body diam.: 9.9 cm; base diam.: 4.2 cm; height: 10.5 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form of horizontal wavy and straight lines on the shoulder Cat. 95 Small globular vessel with quatrefoil rim and flat base No.: BM 45228 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/6 red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 7 cm; max body diam.: 9.2 cm; base diam.: 4 cm; height: 10.2 cm Preservation: complete

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 94

Cat. 95

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 96 Small globular vessel with quatrefoil rim and flat base No.: AS 73 Ac.: S11/5 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 5/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 6.7 cm; max body diam.: 10 cm; base diam.: 4.5 cm; height: 10.5 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing in the form of semi-circular incisions Cat. 97 Shallow broad bowl with rounded base No.: BM 45237 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 21 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped, shiny Colour: 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17.6 cm; height: 6.8 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: pencil caption XXI Cat. 98 Shallow bowl No.: BM 45239 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 38 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 14.3 cm; height: 6.2 cm Preservation: complete, restored from the sherds

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Cat. 96

Cat. 97

Cat. 98

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202

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 99 Shallow hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: L 11972 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 16 cm; height: 7 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 100 Shallow hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: AS 718 Ac.: S06/st631 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 5R 5/8 yellowish red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20 cm; height: 6.7 cm Preservation: almost complete; 350° of the rim Remarks: post-firing scratched pottery mark in the form of a bird on the inside

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Cat. 99

Cat. 100

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

203

204

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 101 Small hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: AS 344 Ac.: S11/26 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.9 cm; height: 4.8 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 102 Hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: AS 347 Ac.: S11/29 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 14.3 cm; height: 6.4 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 103 Hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: AS 349 Ac.: S11/31 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: complete

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 101

Cat. 102

Cat. 103

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Cat. 104 Hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: AS 348 Ac.: S11/30 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15.1 cm; height: 5.9 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 105 Shallow hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: AS 342 Ac.: S11/24 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 7/8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15.2 cm; height: 6.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 106 Medium-sized broad A-shaped stand with double rim and base No.: L 11944 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in two parts Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 4/8 red, inside 2.5YR 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; base diam.: 14.2 cm; height: 18.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the base missing

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 104

Cat. 105

Cat. 106

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Cat. 107 Tall cylindrical stand with double rim No.: L 11940 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: made in three parts, partially thrown on the wheel type 1, partially coiled Surface treatment: outside and party inside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.8 cm; base diam.: 18 cm; pres. height: 41.4 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: slip partially peeled off

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 107

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209

210

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 108 Tall cylindrical stand with double rim No.: AS 2 Ac.: S10/17 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped Colour: outside 10R /6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; pres. height: 26.3 cm Preservation: upper part preserved

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 108

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

211

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 109 Cylindrical stand No.: AS 49 Ac.: S04/st14 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 7-6/8 light red, inside 5YR 7/8 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.3 cm; pres. height: 12.8 cm Preservation: upper part preserved Cat. 110 Elongated vessel with ovoid body and flaring neck No.: T 10771 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; max body diam.: 13.4 cm; height: 22.5 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 109

Cat. 110

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

213

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 111 Elongated vessel with cylindrical body and flaring neck No.: BM 45257 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: not to establish, eroded Colour: not to establish, eroded Firing: oxidised with a core Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; max body diam.: 11.9 cm; pres. height: 22.5 cm Preservation: reconstructed from sherds, parts of belly missing Cat. 112 Globular vessel with rounded rim and flat base No.: AS 781 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.6 cm; max body diam.: 13.9 cm; base diam.: 2.5 cm; height: 15.5 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 111

Cat. 112

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

215

216

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 113 Globular vessel with flaring rim No.: AS 780 Ac.: S12/27 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red and 2.5YR 4/6 red, inside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.8 cm; max body diam.: 17 cm; height: 18.1 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: rope impression below the middle of the belly Cat. 114 Medium-sized globular jar with rounded rim No.: BM 45255 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 21 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.7 cm; max body diam.: 16 cm; pres. height: 19.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 113

Cat. 114

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

217

218

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 115 Small vessel with flaring quatrefoil rim, biconical belly, and flat base No.: T 15339 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and hand smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.8 cm; max body diam.: 8.4 cm; base diam.: 2.8 cm; pres. height: 8.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim preserved Cat. 116 Small vessel with flaring quatrefoil rim, biconical belly, and rounded base No.: T 15338 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5-4/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 6.3 cm; max body diam.: 8.9 cm; height: 9.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, some parts of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing in the form of semi-circular incisions

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 115

Cat. 116

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

219

220

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 117 Small vessel with flaring quatrefoil rim, biconical belly, and rounded base No.: T 15342 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.4 cm; max body diam.: 9.1 cm; height: 9.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 118 Small cylindrical vessel with flat base No.: T 15359 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 6.4 cm; base diam.: 4.3 cm; pres. height: 10.9 cm Preservation: complete belly, rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 117

Cat. 118

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

221

222

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 119 Small A-shaped stand No.: BM 45283 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 13 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped (very thin layer) Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.8 cm; base diam.: 12.6 cm; height: 10.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 120 A-shaped stand No.: AS 850 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1 coarser version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and on the upper part inside, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/4 weak red, inside 7.5YR 8/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; base diam.: 14 cm; height: 14 cm Preservation: complete profile, 90° the rim and the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 119

Cat. 120

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

223

224

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 121 Tall A-shaped stand with double rim No.: L 11943 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in two parts, scraped outside Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/3 pink, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; base diam.: 15.8 cm; height: 24.4 cm Preservation: complete, restored from sherds Cat. 122 Medium-sized A-shaped stand No.: AS 257 Ac.: S10/st1507, S10/st1512, S10/st1519 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in parts, joined and scraped on the ouside Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/8 light red, 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8 cm; base diam.: 13.2 cm; height: 20.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 120° of the rim and 180° of the base missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 121

Cat. 122

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

225

226

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 123 Tall tubular stand No.: T 7778 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: lower part thrown on the wheel type 1, upper part coiled and overthrown Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.3 cm; base diam.: 14.8 cm; height: 31 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 124 Tall tubular stand No.: BM 45222 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; height: 33 cm Preservation: almost complete, base missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 123

Cat. 124

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

227

228

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 125 Tall tubular stand No.: BM 45272 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, upper part coiled and overthrown Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/4 pale red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised with a core Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.5 cm; base diam.: 11.8 cm; height: 26.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, 40° of the base missing Cat. 126 Tall A-shaped tubular stand with double rim No.: BM 45273 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in two parts joined in the middle of the body Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside red slipped on the upper part, below uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 10R 6/6 light red slip and 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown unslipped Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8.2 cm; base diam.: 13.3 cm; height: 24.8 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, small fragments of the body and the base missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 125

Cat. 126

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

229

230

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 127 Tall broad A-shaped tubular stand with double rim No.: BM 45274 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in two parts joined in the middle of the body, outer surface scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; base diam.: 16.5 cm; height: 25 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, 40° of the base missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 127

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

231

232

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 128 Medium-sized globular jar No.: BM 45261 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 57 Clay: Nile B1, a lot of limestone particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, trimmed Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink, inside 10R 5/3 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.6 cm; max body diam.: 13 cm; height: 13.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, some fragments of the rim missing Cat. 129 Medium-sized globular jar No.: BM 45267 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; max body diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 20.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 45° of the rim missing Remarks: fragment of unfired mud and a piece of limestone, smoky-blackish patches on the outside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 128

Cat. 129

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

233

234

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 130 Medium-sized bag-shaped jar with flaring neck No.: AS 71 Ac.: S11/2 Clay: Nile B2, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.6 cm; max body diam.: 12.2 cm; base diam.: 2.7 cm; height: 17.2 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 131 Ovoid jar with rounded rim and pointed base No.: BM 45234 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 56 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/8 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.3 cm; max body diam.: 13 cm; height: 22.7 cm Preservation: complete, part of rim chipped off

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 130

Cat. 131

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

235

236

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 132 Ovoid jar with flaring rim and pointed base No.: BM 45266 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: upper part thrown on the wheel type 1, lower part hand-formed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, below uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/8 red, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised, break with a core Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; max body diam.: 13.7 cm; height: 23.8 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, some fragments of the body missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 132

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

237

238

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 133 Small globular vessel with flaring neck No.: AS 223 Ac.: S11/15 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 5.9 cm; max body diam.: 8.7 cm; height: 11 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 134 Small globular vessel with flaring neck No.: BM 45262 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside traces of red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.8 cm; max body diam.: 7.2 cm; height: 9.1 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 135 Small cylindrical vessel with flaring neck No.: AS 6 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 7.5YR 5/1 grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; max body diam.: 8.2 cm; height: 14 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 133

Cat. 134

Cat. 135

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

239

240

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 136 Small cylindrical vessel with flaring neck No.: BM 45224 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 39 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.2 cm; max body diam.: 9 cm; pres. height: 14.9 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 137 Small globular vessel with quatrefoil neck No.: T 15340 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.6 cm; max body diam.: 10.1 cm; height: 9.8 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 136

Cat. 137

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

241

242

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 138 Small globular vessel with quatrefoil neck No.: T 15337 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8-7/2 pinkish white-pinkish grey, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.2 cm; max body diam.: 8.6 cm; height: 8.9 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 139 Medium-sized cylindrical bottle with flaring neck and flat base No.: BM 45277 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 30 Clay: Nile B2, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.1 cm; max body diam.: 10.6 cm; base diam.: 7 cm; height: 18.4 cm Preservation: complete, restored from sherds

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 138

Cat. 139

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

243

244

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 140 Carinated bowl with rounded base No.: AS 12 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 8/3 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.7 cm; height: 6.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 141 Carinated bowl with rounded base No.: T 10892 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10.7 cm; height: 4.9 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 142 Carinated bowl with rounded base No.: AS 170 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 8/2 pinkish white, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max pres. body diam.: 11.5 cm; pres. height: 4.3 cm Preservation: body sherd

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 140

Cat. 141

Cat. 142

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

245

246

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 143 Carinated bowl with rounded base No.: AS 22 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/4 pink, 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: 120° of the rim Cat. 144 Shallow plate with wavy rim No.: AS 350 Ac.: S11/32 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 5/4 brown, inside 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 13.1 cm; height: 3.8 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 143

Cat. 144

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

247

248

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 145 Small vessel with flat base and wavy rim No.: AS 1101 Ac.: S14/5 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 7.5YR 7-6/4 pink-light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium soft Rim diam.: 9.8 cm; base diam.: 3.7 cm; height: 4.6 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: surface eroded

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 145

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

249

250

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 146 Ovoid beer jar with long neck and pointed base No.: AS 38 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 7/2 light grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.8 cm; max body diam.: 12.6 cm; height: 21.9 cm Preservation: almost complete, only rim missing Cat. 147 Ovoid beer jar with long neck and pointed base No.: AS 39 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 7/3 pink and 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5 cm; max body diam.: 11 cm; height: 23.5 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 146

Cat. 147

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

251

252

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 148 Ovoid beer jar with long neck and pointed base No.: BM 45279 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 51 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish grey Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.6 cm; max body diam.: 11 cm; height: 26 cm Preservation: complete, some parts of the rim chipped off Cat. 149 Elongated beer jar with long neck and pointed base No.: AS 40 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 2.5Y 5/0 grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.3 cm; max body diam.: 10.8 cm; pres. height: 23.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, only the base missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 148

Cat. 149

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

253

254

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 150 Conical bread mould No.: AS 470 Ac.: S09/st177 Clay: Nile E2 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/1 reddish grey and 7.5YR 7/5 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/8 light red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 3.8 cm; pres. height: 10.8 cm Preservation: complete base Remarks: thin layers of fine sand on the inside Cat. 151 Conical bread mould No.: AS 214 Ac.: S11/st615 Clay: Nile E2 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, inside 5YR 6/8 reddish yellow Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 4.5 cm; pres. height: 15.7 cm Preservation: almost complete, rim missing Remarks: layers of fine sand on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 150

Cat. 151

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

255

256

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 152 Offering cone with elongated pointed base No.: BM 45281 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 39 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 5/2 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.6 cm; height: 16 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: inside blackish patches Cat. 153 Offering cone with elongated pointed base No.: BM 45280 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 39 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; height: 16 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: inside blackish patches

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 152

Cat. 153

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

257

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Cat. 154 Offering cone with elongated pointed base No.: T 10735 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5-4/3 yellowish red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.9 cm; height: 17 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 155 Small globular jar flaring with quatrefoil rim No.: T 15329 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.6 cm; max body diam.: 9.2 cm; height: 10.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 120° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, painted white dots on the belly

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 154

Cat. 155

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

259

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Cat. 156 Small globular jar with everted rim No.: AS 141 Ac.: S11/12 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 7.1 cm; max body diam.: 11 cm; height: 10.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the belly Cat. 157 Small globular jar with flaring rim No.: T 8865 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.9 cm; max body diam.: 9 cm; height: 9.6 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white painted rim, white dots on the upper part Cat. 158 Small globular jar with flaring rim No.: T 15326 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: 10R 4/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; max body diam.: 10.2 cm; height: 10.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, 160° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted rim, white strips on the outside and white dots on the inside

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 156

Cat. 157

Cat. 158

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Cat. 159 Small globular jar flaring with quatrefoil rim No.: T 10854 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 pale red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.1 cm; max body diam.: 9 cm; base diam.: 3.5 cm; height: 10.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 130° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted rim, white stripes on the inside and outside, white dots on the outside Cat. 160 Small globular jar with flaring rim No.: T 15280 Clay: Nile B1, coarse version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.8 cm; max body diam.: 10 cm; height: 10.1 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white stripes and dots on the outside Cat. 161 Small bag-shaped jar with tall flaring rim No.: T 15320bis Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside untreated Decoration: pre-firing, white painted rim, white horizontal stripes on the belly Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.9 cm; max body diam.: 8.1 cm; height: 10.6 cm Preservation: complete

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 159

Cat. 160

Cat. 161

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Cat. 162 Medium-sized globular jar with flaring quatrefoil rim and flat base No.: BM 45263 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 25 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.2 cm; max body diam.: 12.2 cm; base diam.: 5.4 cm; height: 12.7 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, incised decoration in the form of wavy and straight lines on the shoulder; white painted rim and white dots on the belly Cat. 163 Small globular jar with flaring quatrefoil rim and flat base No.: T 15333 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.8 cm; max body diam.: 8.8 cm; base diam.: 3.5; height: 9 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: pre-firing, white painted vertical strips

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 162

Cat. 163

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

265

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Cat. 164 Small globular jar with flaring rim and flat base No.: AS 72 Ac.: S11/6 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 5.3 cm; max body diam.: 11 cm; base diam.: 4.5 cm; height: 10.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, restored from sherds, 90° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white vertical stripes on the upper part Cat. 165 Small globular jar with wavy profile and flat base No.: T 10826 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.5 cm; max body diam.: 8.9 cm; base diam.: 3.3 cm; height: 9.9 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white painted vertical stripes on the rim Cat. 166 Small globular jar with collar on the neck and flat base No.: T 15362 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel, base cut off and scraped Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.9 cm; max body diam.: 8.3 cm; base diam.: 3.3 cm; height: 9.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim missing Remarks: a hole in the middle of the base Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 164

Cat. 165

Cat. 166

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267

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Cat. 167 Small globular jar with ‘cattle-mouth’, wavy rim, and flat base No.: T 9268 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/2 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7 cm; max body diam.: 8 cm; base diam.: 3.8 cm; height: 8.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, part of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots Cat. 168 Shallow bowl with flat base No.: T 10862 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; base diam.: 4.5 cm; height: 4.6 cm Preservation: almost complete, part of the rim missing Remarks: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside Cat. 169 Shallow bowl with rounded base No.: T 10859 Clay: Nile B1, coarser version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.7 cm; height: 5 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 167

Cat. 168

Cat. 169

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269

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Cat. 170 Hemispherical bowl No.: T 10860 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/8 red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12.3 cm; height: 5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 20° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white pained dots on the inside Cat. 171 Hemispherical bowl No.: T 15543 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 4/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12.3 cm; height: 5.2 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white strips on the inside painted radially Cat. 172 Carinated shallow bowl No.: T 10986 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.9 cm; height: 4.6 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 170

Cat. 171

Cat. 172

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Cat. 173 Carinated shallow bowl No.: T 8134 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: traces of red slip on both surfaces Colour: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12.8 cm; height: 4.1 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside Cat. 174 Hemispherical bowl with slightly everted rim No.: T 15432 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/5-6 weak red-red, inside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.8 cm; height: 5.1 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside Cat. 175 Rim and neck of a globular(?) jar No.: AS 361 Ac.: S09/st441 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.4 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, three-dimensional female figure and a tubular attached to the rim

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The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 173

Cat. 174

Cat. 175

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273

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Cat. 176 Ovoid jar Ac.: T 8671 Clay: Mixed clay P.60 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim scum Colour: 2.5Y 8/2 white Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 9.8 cm; max body diam.: 11.6 cm; height: 23.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 177 Elongated jar with tall flaring neck No.: AS 715 Ac.: S05/st117 Clay: Nile B1, a lot of sandy and limestone particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, lower part scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.:8.2 cm; max body diam.: 12 cm; height: 27.7 cm Preservation: almost complete, restored from sherds, 270° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 176

Cat. 177

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

275

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Cat. 178 Elongated jar with tall flaring neck No.: AS 714 Ac.: S05/st105 Clay: Nile B1, a lot of sandy and limestone particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, lower part scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 11 cm; height: 27.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, some fragments of the belly missing Cat. 179 Elongated jar with short flaring neck No.: BM 45223 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 24 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.7 cm; max body diam.: 10.5 cm; height: 24.5 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The First Intermediate Period: innovative inheritors of the Memphite traditions

Cat. 178

Cat. 179

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© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter five

the middle kingdom: A loCAl tAke on ClAssiC forms

Ceramics of the Middle Kingdom at Asyut constitute an assemblage as large as that from the First Intermediate Period. This applies both to material found in museum collections and examples recovered in the course of the current archaeological works on the gebel. A further similarity to the First Intermediate Period pottery lies in the fact that a large part of the material is fragmentary. The majority of objects are small and medium-sized vessels, predominantly cups and small jars. Large vessels such as beer jars or vats are less frequent. Non-containers are represented primarily by large stands, although censers occur as well. Additionally, a small number of bread moulds are present. Similarly to the previous periods, the vessels are made of Nile silts, marl clays are rare. In terms of chronology, there is a wide range of ceramics representing times from the very beginning up until the end of the Middle Kingdom. Some of the vessel types presented in the previous and the next chapters can be observed during the early and late phases of this period, respectively. Such ‘overlap’ stems from the fact that the division into dynasties and periods rarely corresponds chronologically with the division into ceramic phases, hence some types occur in material from two different periods. The Middle Kingdom assemblage is presented according to the three main categories of pottery: closed forms, open forms and non-containers. Additionally, Coarse Ware, marl clay pottery, vessels with the White Dotted and Striped decoration and miniatures are presented separately due to their specific nature.

Closed forms

The group of vessels in this category varies greatly and is represented by objects of different sizes, shapes, surface treatment and condition. The most numerous and best preserved are small and medium-sized vessels. Large jars, apart from a few exceptions, are preserved only fragmentarily. Small jugs are predominantly vessels characterised by sack-shaped (Cat. 180) (Fig. 172), globular (Cat. 181) (Fig. 173) and biconical bodies (Cat. 182) (Fig. 174). Similar shapes also occur in a slightly larger, medium-sized, variety – though in this case ovoid-shaped bodies are much more popular (Cat. 183-187). Another common type is a globular-bodied jar, occasionally with decorative incisions (Cat. 188-191) (Fig. 175). The majority of the aforementioned forms were already present during the late First Intermediate Period.

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Fig. 174: Small, biconical-bodied juglet, Cat. 182 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 172: Small juglet with sack-shaped body, Cat. 180 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 173: Small, globular-bodied juglet, Cat. 181 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 175: Medium-sized jar with globular body, Cat. 190 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Fig. 176: Lower part of rare, flat-based bottle, Cat. 192 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 177: Hs vase, Cat. 193 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

281

Rarer forms are a type of flat based bottle (Cat. 192) (Fig. 176), Hs vase (Cat. 193) (Fig. 177) and a small birdshaped vessel (Cat. 194) (Fig. 178), made by hand from two halves joined together. Another interesting example is a wavy form (Cat. 195) (Fig. 179). Whereas the function of the Hs vase is well-attested by numerous images of offering scenes and altars, the purpose of the bird-shaped vessel and the wavy form has yet to be understood. Large jars are represented by an upper half of a vessel with a cylindrical neck (Cat. 196) and beer jars which are typical for the time. The latter, apart from one example (Cat. 197) (Fig. 180), have been preserved only as rim (Cat. 198-199) neck (Cat. 200), and base fragments (Cat. 201). The majority of beer jars are a classic type characterised by a widening neck and ovoid body, found abun-

Fig. 178: Small, bird-shaped vessel; side and top view, Cat. 194 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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dantly on Middle Kingdom sites throughout Egypt. In addition, occasional fragments of beer jars from the late phase of the Middle Kingdom are also present – these are defined by markedly thick and heavy bases (Cat. 202).

Fig. 179: Slender, wavy vessel, Cat. 195 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 180: Ovoid-shaped beer jar, characteristic for the late Middle Kingdom; note the so-called ‘killing hole’ in the middle of the body, Cat. 197 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

open forms

Out of the ceramic assemblage of this period, this group is by far the most numerous and best preserved. Typologically it is fairly homogenous, dominated by small hemispherical and carinated cups and bowls, while other types like vats and plates – especially of larger sizes – are less frequent. The latter, plates, are found only in one shape – with a straight rim, widening walls and round base. Large plates are represented by a form with the surface unslipped (Cat. 212); so far, large plates with the red slipped interior, so characteristic for the Middle Kingdom, have not been identified in the material. In regards to small and medium-sized objects, three variants can be distinguished based on varied surface treatment: 1. Both surfaces red slipped, made from a high-quality Nile B1 (Cat. 203-206) (Fig. 181) © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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2. Red slipped interior, untreated exterior, also made from Nile B1 (Cat. 207210) (Fig. 182) 3. Both surfaces left untreated, made from Nile B2 (Cat. 211)

Fig. 181: Hemispherical plate with both surfaces red slipped, Cat. 206 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 182: Hemispherical plate with red slipped interior and untreated exterior, Cat. 207 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Hemispherical cups and bowls Hemispherical cups and bowls are amongst the best represented and best preserved vessel types. Furthermore, they are one of the most important markers of precise dating for the period. The origins of this type reach back to the First Intermediate Period and so the oldest examples have already been introduced in the previous chapter. However, the presentation of the Middle Kingdom ceramics would be neither clear nor understandable without referring to both the earlier and later forms discussed in the previous and next chapters, respectively. The observations of changes in shape and surface treatment combined with the analysis of the Vessel Index of objects found in well-dated archaeological contexts has allowed for a reconstruction of the evolution of such changes in Egypt (Arnold Do. 1988: 140-141). The early red slipped shallow vessels with widening walls gradually became deeper, more closed and their walls more vertical. With time, cups and bowls lost their red slip, which survived covering merely the rim of only the earliest Middle Kingdom examples. The early forms – Eleventh Dynasty–beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty – did not yet comply with any specific standards in terms of the Vessel Index or surface treatment and the best example is the case of the aforementioned deposit of cups from Tomb V. However, some regularity can be seen amongst the later examples, of which the Vessel Index values vary around 200.

Fig. 183: Hemispherical cup with both surfaces red slipped, Cat. 213 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 184: Hemispherical, thin-walled cup with both surfaces red slipped, Cat. 214 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

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Similar tendencies, with additional regional variations, are present in ceramic material from Asyut. The analysis of the form of the entire vessel – rim shape, surface treatment and wall thickness – revealed four types of hemispherical cups in Asyut, and two of the types show two distinct variants. The classification below is a result of the analysis of the intact cups: 1. Cups with both surfaces red slipped, which occur in two distinct variants: a. thick-walled (presented in the previous chapter) b. thin-walled (Cat. 213-215) (Figs. 183-184) 2. Cups with red slipped interior and untreated exterior (Cat. 216-218) (Figs. 185-186)

Fig. 185: Hemispherical cup with red slipped interior and untreated exterior, Cat. 216 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 187: Hemispherical, thick-walled cup with unslipped surfaces, Cat. 219 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 188: Hemispherical, thick-walled cup with unslipped surfaces, Cat. 220 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 186: Hemispherical cup with red slipped interior and untreated exterior, Cat. 217 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 189: Hemispherical, thick-walled cup with unslipped surfaces, Cat. 221 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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3. Cups with both surfaces untreated; this group has two further variants: a. thick-walled (Cat. 219-221) (Figs. 187-189) b. thin-walled (Cat. 222-224) (Fig. 190) 4. Cups with both surfaces untreated, apart from the red-painted rim (Cat. 223-230) (Fig. 191)

Fig. 190: Hemispherical, thin-walled cup with unslipped surfaces, Cat. 224 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 191: Hemispherical cup, unslipped, with red-painted rim, Cat. 228 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Type 1a This type is defined by the walls evenly thickening upwards, which are on occasion vertical in the top part. They are characterised by a similar thickness throughout the entire height of the vessel. At the base the thickness is on average 5-6 mm and approximately 5 mm at the rim. Additionally, there are rare examples with thicker bases, approximately 1 cm, but even in those the thickness of the walls immediately by the base is invariably around 5 mm. Both the inside and outside of the walls are coated with a thick, slightly shiny, well adhering red slip. Type 1a belongs to Red Slipped Ware of the First Intermediate Period/early Middle Kingdom and its Vessel Index in Asyut varies between 274 and 216. Type 1b This type comprises vessels characterised by flaring walls and a rounded rim, which have a high Vessel Index (between 264 and 226), as well as more hemispherical examples with a pointed rim, of which the Vessel Index is low (225-201). Usually, the walls are of even thickness, c. 4 mm, though they can also be thicker at the base, c. 6-7 mm, and gradually thinner towards the top of the vessel, up to c. 3 mm. The red slip is visibly different from that used in Type 1a: it is considerably thinner, often comes off in flakes and, being matte, lacks the characteristic ‘shimmer’ of Type 1a. Type 2 This type is defined by rounded walls, which are vertical towards the top of the vessel. The walls, gradually thinning upwards, are thin and end in a point at the rim. At their thickest by the base, they measure between c. 5-6 mm, maximum 8 mm, and 3 mm immediately below the rim. Only the interior is red slipped, while the exterior is left untreated. The slip is thin, matte and flaky. Some of the © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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examples have a partially red slipped outer edge of the rim, which appears to be a result of the manner in which the interior was slipped rather than a deliberate effect. Most probably, the slip would be poured into the vessel to cover the interior and once this process was complete, the remaining amount of the slip would be poured out. The Vessel Index of the Type 2 examples varies between 230 and 195. Type 3a The walls of the vessels in this type are usually hemispherical, straight in the upper part – less often flaring. Their lower parts are of a significant thickness – between 7 and 13 mm – and they narrow towards the top, down to an average of 4-5 mm. The rim is most often rounded and very occasionally pointed. The surfaces of the vessels are left untreated and their Vessel Index ranges from 240 to 191. Type 3b Type 3b is usually characterised by flaring walls, less often hemispherical, and straight in the upper part of the vessel. They are also markedly thinner in comparison to those of Type 3a, measuring 6-7 mm at the base and 3-4 mm by the rim. The rim can be either rounded or pointed and the vessels are unslipped. The Vessel Index varies between 254 and 191. Type 4 Type 4 comprises hemispherical vessels with untreated surfaces and a pointed rim, which is painted red both inside and out. The Vessel Index varies between 196 and 145. Although the above typology is based on the analysis of complete examples, it should be stressed that in the majority of instances their original context is unknown. For this reason, precise dating of the various types of cups is impossible. However, we can – and certainly should – attempt to make a few tentative remarks, which will shed some light on the question of manufacture and evolution of the cups in the Asyut region. One of the first observations that is apparent in the diagram (Fig. 192) representing the Vessel Index of the particular types, is that there are two lines of development. A high Vessel Index, between 270 and 220, is characteristic for those vessels which display two distinct variants of surface treatment: red slipped and unslipped (Types 1a, 1b, 3a and 3b). They have similar Vessel Index values despite clear differences in surface treatment and, most of all, the rim diameter. The overwhelming majority of the red slipped examples have diameters varying between 12.5 and 15 cm, while the unslipped vessels are smaller, with the diameters measuring between 11 and 13.5 cm. Regarding the fact that a similar Vessel Index may be typical for vessels manufactured during the same time period, it can be suggested that the two cup types, red slipped and unslipped, were chronologically contemporary. Interestingly, cups with a fully red slipped interior and only partially slipped exterior, which are present amongst Upper Egyptian ceramics, e.g. Thebes (Arnold Do. 1971: 42), Elephantine (Rzeuska 2012b), have not been identified in Asyut. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 192: Diagram representing the Vessel Index values of the particular types of hemispherical cups. Note the range between 230 and 190, marking the normalisation of shapes and simultaneous continuation of the various types of surface treatment.

Fig. 193: Four similarly-shaped hemispherical cups, with similar Vessel Index ranging between 190 and 200, but different surface treatment: (a) red slipped on both surfaces, (b) red slipped interior, untreated exterior, (c) unslipped, (d) unslipped with red pained rim. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The thick-walled red slipped vessels (Type 1a) disappear with a Vessel Index value less than 220, while the thin-walled vessels, especially those with the pointed rim (Type 1b) are still present. The vessels of Types 3a and 3b are much more prevalent and continued to be present until the Vessel Index value of 190. Furthermore, looking at the diagram it is noticeable that around the value of 230 a certain change takes place. If we draw a line at this level, it will become clear that all the vessels above it have thick and flaring walls and a rounded base. Moreover, in the vicinity of this line are the cups with thin walls and a pointed rim which display different kinds of surface treatment. This leads to a conclusion that somewhere around the Vessel Index value of 230 a factor came into play (possibly an external influence), which caused standardisation of the cup shapes. It is exactly between the Vessel Index values of 230 and 190 that the thinwalled vessels in three distinct variants occur: red slipped on both the surfaces, red slipped on the inside and unslipped (Types 1b, 2 and 3b). Markedly, the thickwalled unslipped cups are still present at this level. Another type that appeared towards the limit of this compartment/category is the thin-walled vessels left untreated apart from the red painted rim (Type 4). Looking closely at the values ranging between 200 and 190, it is noticeable that there are four different Types: 2, 3a and b, and 4. Three of them, the thinwalled ones, despite the varying surface treatment are identical in appearance and display technological similarities (Fig. 193). Hence, it cannot be entirely excluded that the vessels with the differently surface treatments were manufactured during the same time period – though this hypothesis has yet to be tested. Apart from the cups described above, hemispherical bowls are also present in the material. They are medium-sized, with a diameter above 15 cm and both the surfaces are red slipped (Cat. 231-232) (Figs. 194-195). A small flaring-walled unslipped cup also deserves closer attention (Cat. 233).

Fig. 194: Hemispherical cups, medium-sized, both surfaces red slipped, Cat. 231 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 195: Hemispherical cups, medium-sized, both surfaces red slipped, Cat. 232 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Carinated cups and bowls The next vessel type comprises carinated cups with a round base. Morphologically, this type appears to be a transitional form between the hemispherical bowls and carinated cups, though its actual origin is entirely different. For the sake of chronological clarity, its evolution – starting from the Old Kingdom and throughout the Middle Kingdom – has been discussed in the previous chapter. Nevertheless, it is worth presenting a few examples here, beginning with © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a miniscule, near-hemispherical cup (Cat. 234) (Fig. 196), through the ‘classic’, medium-sized bowls (Cat. 235-237) (Figs. 197-199), and finishing with slightly larger objects (Cat. 238) (Fig. 200). Small carinated cups and bowls on flat bases represent another remarkably numerous ceramic group. In this case it is nearly impossible to apply one term, either cup or bowl, to one vessel, as the forms evolved and changed through time so that bowls could transform into cups and vice versa. Despite this fact, in terms of morphology of the vessels, whether described as cups or bowls, continued to represent one and the same group – which explains why the two terms have had to be interchanged as needed. A number of types could be distinguished according to their shape and surface treatment. The first type Fig. 198: Carinated bowl with rounded base, comprises cups on a flat base, which Cat. 236 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). invariably have both the external and internal surfaces left unslipped.

Fig. 196: Small carinated bowl with rounded base, Cat. 234 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 197: Carinated bowl with rounded base, Cat. 235 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 199: Carinated bowl with rounded base, Cat. 237 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 200: Carinated bowl with rounded base, Cat. 238 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Manufactured from Nile silt that can be classified as a borderline version between Nile B1 and B2. They are somewhat crudely made, without surface treatment, and their bases show noticeable traces of scraping. Additionally, two further subtypes have been identified within this type (with the second one being much more popular): 1. Slender cups characterised by a narrow base and vertical or near-vertical walls above the carination; the height to maximum diameter ratio varies between 1:1.15 and 1:1.5 (Cat. 239-241) (Figs. 201-203) 2. Squat cups with a broad base and concave, occasionally vertical walls above the carination, resulting in the carination appearing to be projecting out of the profile of the vessel; the height to maximum diameter ratio varies between 1:1.15 and 1:2, most often being 1:1.8 (Cat. 242-248) (Figs. 204-208) The next type is represented by carinated bowls on a base ring, which unlike the first type described above are always red slipped both on the exterior and interior. Three subtypes could also be distinguished: 1. Deep bowls, near-hemispherical in the lower part, occasionally decorated with grooves below the rim; the height to maximum diameter ratio is 1:1.15 (Cat. 249-251) (Figs. 209-211)

Fig. 201: Type 1 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 239 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 203: Type 1 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 241 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 202: Type 1 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 240 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 204: Type 2 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 242 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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2. Deep bowls, which differ from the first subtype in being medium-sized; the height to maximum ratio also equals 1:1.5 (Cat. 252) (Fig. 212) 3. Shallow bowls with straight or slightly concave walls above the carination, occasionally with grooves below the rim; the height to maximum diameter ratio varies between 1:1.7-1:1.9 (Cat. 253-256) (Figs. 213-216)

Fig. 208: Type 2 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 248 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Fig. 205: Type 2 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 243 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 209: Type 1 carinated bowl with base ring, Cat. 249 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Fig. 206: Type 2 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 244 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 207: Type 2 carinated cup with flat base, Cat. 246 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 210: Type 1 carinated bowl with base ring, Cat. 250 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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The third type, represented by a carinated chalice on a high foot (Cat. 257) (Fig. 217), has rarely been found intact and most often found only as separate sherds. It is made from two separate parts in two stages: first a cup would be formed and turned upside down to at-

Fig. 211: Type 1 carinated bowl with base ring, decorated with grooves, Cat. 251 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 214: Type 3 carinated bowl with base ring, decorated with grooves, Cat. 254 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 212: Type 2 carinated bowl with base ring, Cat. 252 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 215: Type 3 carinated bowl with base ring Cat. 255 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 213: Type 3 carinated bowl with base ring, Cat. 253 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 216: Type 3 carinated bowl with base ring, Cat. 256 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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tach a lump of clay to its base; the lump of clay would be then shaped into a foot, which bears wheel-marks on its base. The joint between the base of the cup and the foot is carefully smoothed over and almost invisible. Parallel vessels have been recorded on sites in the Delta and Middle Egypt, while in Upper Egypt they are rare, e.g. Elephantine (Rzeuska in preparation a). Deep bowls are present amongst the Middle Kingdom ceramics from Asyut as well, albeit predominantly in the form of small fragments. Furthermore, also present in the material are fragments of small bowls with vertical walls (Cat. 258) and large vats with a cattle-mouth shaped rim, varying between 32 and 47 cm rim diameter (Cat. 259-260), and a flat, scraped base which is so typical of the period (Cat. 261). Although occasionally found in necropoleis, these forms are Fig. 217: Deep, carinated chalice on high foot, Cat. 257 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; primarily associated with settlements. Rzeuska 2011). Square bowls Alongside the hemispherical bowls, square bowls, flat-bottomed and with a wavy rim, have also been identified in the material analysed. Despite their uncanny stylistic and technological similarities to the hemispherical bowls, they have entirely different roots, which are difficult to determine at present. Considering the fact that square vessels are absent from Egyptian ceramics, the Asyut examples are unique. Similar stylistic elements appeared in the First Intermediate Period amongst the closed forms in the shape of square rims and/or necks of jars, already discussed in the previous chapter. These elements continued to be present until the early Middle Kingdom. Hence, it is plausible that the square bowls occurred as a result of applying certain stylistic elements to the open forms. Alternatively, it cannot be excluded that the shape of the bowls was ‘borrowed’ from a different tradition. The most obvious candidate is the Pan Grave culture, where virtually identical vessels are observed. Pan Grave pottery has been found in the vicinity of Asyut, e.g. Cusae and Mostagiddo, but so far not in Asyut itself. Whether the contacts between these two cultures can actually be detected in the ceramic assemblage is beyond the remit of this book and should be left for future research. It is significant that no other sites but Asyut have yielded vessels of this type. Moreover, the fact that they appear fairly numerously and with several variations attests to mass production. This, in turn, is a testimony to the local pottery workshops reacting creatively to the outside impulses – independently of where these arrived from. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Two types of square bowls have been identified: 1. Red slipped – the most ‘classic’ and numerous in the material 2. Bowls with a miniature vessel inside, less frequent than the red slipped variant Additionally, both of the variants occur with decoration classified as White Dotted and Striped and the examples will be discussed below in the relevant paragraph. Variant 1 fairly varied in terms of shape and size: there are smaller bowls, hemispherical with corners folded inwards (Cat. 262) (Fig. 218) and slightly larger ones with a flat base and straight walls, in a range of heights (Cat. 263-265) (Figs. 219-221). There are two examples of variant 2, which have a miniscule jug attached to the inside of the bowl (Cat. 266-267) (Figs. 222-223). Each of the four corners of the bowl has a small opening which was made after the vessel was fired. Both of the examples are coated in red slip and painted with a layer of white wash, which can be quite thick at times. These objects represent the so-called ‘cup-and-saucer’ type of unusual vessels, made of clay or stone and present in Egypt from at least the times of the Third Dynasty until the New Kingdom and sometimes into the Late Period (Müller 2006). The uniqueness of the objects from Asyut lies in the fact that the bowls are square, unlike the round ones from other sites and periods. The function of the ‘cup-and-saucer’ objects has been a subject of many discussions; it has been suggested they served as stands for larger vessels, offering

Fig. 218: Type 1 square bowl with rounded base, Cat. 262 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 219: Type 1 square bowl with flat base, Cat. 263 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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tables, censers, candle holders, lamps or cosmetic containers (Müller 2006: 271273). None of the theories has gained approval as being sufficiently convincing and so the question remains open. However, the Asyut examples have provided new data. The aforementioned layer of white wash could be an important hint. Considering that it was applied onto the red slipped surface of the vessel, it might be evidence of ritual painting possibly associated with purification procedures – which is explained by the fact that the vessels played a role in cultic activities and as such belonged to the sacrum sphere. Objects associated with the mortuary cult displayed identical treatment throughout different periods: in the Old Kingdom (Rzeuska 2003), the Second Intermediate Period (Seiler 2005: 120)1 and the New Kingdom (Hulin 1984). Therefore, it is safe to conclude that the traces of white wash Fig. 220: Type 1 square bowl with flat base, Cat. 264 (© The British Museum; found on the Asyut examples prove Rzeuska 2012). they played a role in cult activities – but it is uncertain if this was the only function these vessels served.

Fig. 221: Type 1 square bowl with flat base, Cat. 265 (© Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 222: Type 2, ‘cup-and-saucer’ vessel, Cat. 266 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 223: Type 2, ‘cup-and-saucer’ vessel, Cat. 267 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

1 Anne Seiler’s interpretation is slightly different suggesting the vessels were thus treated after burning an offering, but before being placed back in the tomb. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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non-ContAiners

Although comparatively less numerous, this group is typologically diverse. The majority of objects are partially preserved stands of types which occur in abundance on the Middle Kingdom sites. There are, however, some unique examples like one pentangular object, either a stand or censer (Cat. 268) (Fig. 224). Two parallels are known from Elephantine (Rzeuska in preparation a). All of the examples are preserved only as fragments and it is uncertain what they were like complete or what their size, rim or base was like. The only characteristic that could be ascertained based on the fragments is their A-shaped form. When analysing such an exceptional object, questions about its origin and function arise. Although these questions cannot be answered due to insufficient data, the technological similarity of all three objects – which lies in the high quality of both the fabric and slip – indicates they might be products of one and the same workshop. Interestingly, both in Asyut and Elephantine they appear to be a ‘foreign element’. Not much can be said about the function of these objects as on each of the two sites they were found, rather unhelpfully, in different contexts: funerary in Asyut and from the settlement in Elephantine. Other, just as unusual, objects are two medium-sized X-shaped stands (Cat. 269-270) (Figs. 225-226). Whilst their shape does not divert from the standard form, they clearly stand out from the other objects in this group in terms of their manufacturing technique and decoration. Both of the

Fig. 224: Pentangular stand or censer, Cat. 268 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 225: Medium-sized, X-shaped(?) stand, Cat. 269 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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examples have an additional element – a narrow tube/pipe attached to the inside of the lower half of each stand (Fig. 227). The purpose of this feature is not clear, perhaps it helped further stabilise the objects in the upright position. In terms of the decoration, each of the stands bears a vertical inscription inside a rectangle, etched on the unslipped surface prior to firing. In both cases the inscription has been preserved only in fragments. The first stand has a standard inscription, of which the bottom half is missing; the inscription on the second stand resembles the one on the first example. The only difference between the two texts lies in different names of gods and their titles (Fig. 228). Due to the incompleteness of the surviving texts, it is impossible to determine for whom these objects were made or from which tomb they originally came. Because the texts have not survived completely, without the name of the deceased it is impossible to determine for whom these objects were made or from which tomb they originally came. They may have been a part of funerary furnishings deposited in the burial chamber with the deceased or played a role in mortuary cult, e.g. be placed by the false door. Another important question is who made the inscriptions? Because they had been etched on leather-dry clay before firing, it is certain that this took place in a pottery workshop. Furthermore, they are unlikely to have been made by the potter himself as potters were usually illiterate. It is impossible to establish whether they were etched by a scribe, but what can be said with certainty is that the person who commissioned these inscriptions was someone who oversaw the assembling and preparing

Fig. 226: Medium-sized, X-shaped(?) stand, Cat. 270 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 227: Detail of stand, Cat. 269, narrow tube attached to lower interior, (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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of the grave goods for the deceased. Following this trail, it could be pointed out that inscriptions on the stands confirm the custom-made character of the objects within grave furnishings, which were created for specific individuals. Not only are the stands with etched inscriptions unique, but they also appear to be a local Middle Egyptian specialty if one considers the only known parallel examples of ceramics come from Qau-Badari (Brunton 1927: Pl. XLI; Brunton 1928: Pl. LXXXII). Also present is a group of mass-produced objects, comprising a range of shapes and sizes. A base of a white painted stand (Cat. 271) is representative of the small forms. Unfortunately, the preserved fragment is insufficient to reconstruct the shape of the stand. More frequent are medium-sized, X (Cat. 272-274) and A-shaped (Cat. 275) stands, alongside their slightly larger and thick-walled variants (Cat. 276-278). A censer (Cat. 279) also belongs to the category of non-containers. It has a tall, solid foot, with a medium-sized bowl attached to it. The foot, formed by hand, has vertical scrapemarks visible on the surface; the partially preserved, wheel-turned bowl has a small dip/ hollow in the middle, most probably for easier, more secure placement of the burnt offering/ incense. Traces of burning have been preserved inside the censer, while its exterior shows evidence of white paint – similar to the ‘cupand-saucer’ vessels, this appears to be associated with ritual purification. An identical example comes from Ernesto Schaparelli’s excavations in Asyut and is currently stored in the Museo Egizio in Turin (Cat. no. 9211, not in the catalogue). Another parallel is a censer from QauBadari (Brunton 1928: Pl. XCII). So far, no lid fragments have been identified in the material analysed, which reflects their rare character Fig. 228: Inscriptions from stands, during this period. Cat. 269-270.

CoArse wAre Vessels representing Coarse Ware are made from fabrics Nile C and Nile E. This is not a diverse ceramic group and only a few types of vessels have been identified. Apart from a handful of examples in museums, the objects have been preserved only fragmentarily. Their poor condition comes as a result of crude production and firing at low temperatures resulting in fragility of the vessels. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The group is represented by two types of vessels: deep vessels with vertical walls and narrow, conical bDA bread moulds. Deep vessels with vertical walls come in three sizes: very small (Cat. 280) (Fig. 229), small (Cat. 281-283) (Figs. 230-231) and large (Cat. 283) (Fig. 232). Despite their homogeneity in terms of shape, they present different manufacturing techniques. Due to their size, the small objects have been fully wheel-turned and have cut-off bases. Large vessels have bases formed separately by hand using the paddle and anvil method; the walls have been built from slabs or coils, attached to the base and subsequently wheel-turned. The function of such vessels as bread moulds is a commonly accepted interpretation. However, it cannot be excluded that at least some of them were a kind of tagine, used for roasted and stewed meals, just as it can be observed nowadays in modern Arabic and Nubian cuisines – a function further supported by the large size of some of the forms, their fragility and a considerable height of the walls, which would make them inconvenient as bread moulds. The inner surfaces of the vessels are dusted with many, clearly visible, layers of very fine sand. An identical treatment has also been observed in the narrow cylindrical bread moulds as well (see below). Although the function of sand-dusting has yet to be fully understood, it is possible it was used to prevent the bread and meals from sticking to the walls of the form and facilitate removing the contents.

Fig. 229: Small bread mould(?), Cat. 280 (© Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 230: Small, shallow cooking vessel, side and bottom view, Cat. 281 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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Fig. 231: Small, shallow bread mould(?), side and bottom view, Cat. 282 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 232: Large, cylindrical bread mould, profile and interior view; note the layers of sand on the interior, Cat. 283 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 233: bDA bread mould, Cat. 284 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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The next type of bread moulds are elongated vessels known as the bDA bread moulds. Forms from this period represent the next evolutionary stage of the vessels known from the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period (see previous chapters). On comparison, they are noticeably longer and more slender in proportions. The early Middle Kingdom examples retained the conical shape and the decidedly broader rim than the base, but the marks left on them by shaping indicate a slightly different manufacture technique has been used. The late Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period examples were formed on a vertically positioned patrix (core), onto which a lump of clay was placed; the clay was then pressed to the patrix thus creating a uniformity in the size/shape of the interior of the bread mould, the external shape being formed by hand-pressing on the mould. Such a method, however, was not suitable for the slender bread moulds as the patrix was too narrow and could not remain in a vertical position without support. The patrix had to be held in the hand and the clay would be wrapped around it. Alternatively, the mould was pressed into a lump of clay. This technique is evident from the lateral grooves, a perfect fit for the fingers, visible on the surface of the vessels. Additionally, a dip on the narrow base confirms that in the course of the shaping process the remaining clay at this end of the vessel was pressed into the mould by a finger; the flat rim suggests the vessel may have been placed rim-down during drying (Cat. 284) (Fig. 233). In regards to the later Middle Kingdom forms, they became even narrower, almost tube-shaped (Cat. 285-286). Both the bDA and tagine-like bread moulds are relatively infrequent amongst the ceramics recovered from the necropolis of the Middle Kingdom at Asyut, especially when compared to the hemispherical and carinated bowls and cups. This should not come as a surprise given the association of these objects with the sphere of the living rather than the dead. This group of Coarse Ware ceramics also includes tall jars – wheel-turned with a straight rim and flat edge. Their lack of symmetry, crude execution and untreated surface are clear signs of mass production (Figs. 234-235). The jars come in two sizes, small (Cat. 287288) and large (Cat. 289), and can be found mainly from necropoleis or temples, seldom in association with settlements. It is highly likely they were manufactured specifically to meet the needs of cultic rituals. Similar vessels come from, amongst others, Saqqara (Yoshimura, Kawai, Kashiwagi 2005: 387, 401), Hawara, Abydos and Edfu Fig. 234: Rough jar, manufactured most (Schiestl 2012: 538-541). probably for cultic purposes, Cat. 288 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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Fig. 235: Cultic(?) jars, manufactured in small and large sizes, Cat. 287-288 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

mArl ClAy vessels Ceramics made from marl clays are rare in Asyut, just as they were in the preceding periods. To date, no diagnostic fragments of pottery executed in Marl C fabric have been identified, though undiagnostic sherds are present. Unfortunately, it is impossible to associate them with any particular period – they are just as likely to come from the Old and Middle Kingdom, as from the Second Intermediate Period. Vessels made from Upper Egyptian Marl clay A3 are also present: they are fragmentarily preserved, large, ovoid or less globular storage jars (Rzeuska 2012a). Jars of this type, most probably used for transport and/or storage of grain, © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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occur in abundance on many sites of Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia and are remarkably rare anywhere outside these regions (Rzeuska 2011b). Hence their presence in the material analysed confirms that sometime by the end of the Eleventh or beginning of the Twelfth Dynasty Asyut established an economic relationship with the capital of the re-united state, Thebes. The second type of marl clay ceramics present in the assemblage is represented by a small jar with a wavy rim (Cat. 290) (Fig. 236). Similar examples, usually made from Nile silt, are found throughout Egypt.

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Fig. 236: Small, marl clay vessel with wavy rim, Cat. 290 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

white dotted And striped deCorAtion (Pl. 7) Vessels with the characteristic, white painted decoration comprising dots and/or stripes are still present in the Middle Kingdom assemblage. Just as was observed in the First Intermediate Period, the motifs are executed post-firing. However, in this case, they appear exclusively on a red slipped surface. In terms of quality, the slip resembles that of Reddish Slipped Ware of the First Intermediate Period. All of the vessels are wheel-turned from Nile B1. As already mentioned, on comparison with the previous period, ceramics dating from the Middle Kingdom are less common and less typologically diverse,

Fig. 237: Small, globular-bodied jar, decorated with white dots, Cat. 292 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 238: Small, flat-bottomed jar, decorated with white dots, Cat. 293 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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but are, however, equally varied when it comes to the ornamental motifs. Five distinct decorative elements have been identified in the material and are presented in Table 3. There are no major developments from the previous period, though the horizontal stripes are absent and a new feature in the form of a painted cross appears. Only type 1 motif (dots) occurs on both the open and closed forms, while motifs types 2 – 5 are characteristic either only for the closed forms or exclusively for the open forms. Occasionally, the rims have an additional white stripe. In regards to the closed forms, they display little variety. The most common are small jars with a globular belly, gently flaring rim and a round base, which are decorated with the dots of motif type 1 (Cat. 291-292) (Fig. 237). Another form is a juglet but on a flat base, which can be observed in different sizes: miniscule (Cat. 293) (Fig. 238), (Cat. 294-295) (Fig. 239), and slightly larger (Cat. 296) (Fig. 240). The miniscule and small juglets are decorated with dots, while the slightly larger one with vertical stripes.

Fig. 239: Small, flat-bottomed vessel, decorated with white dots, Cat. 295 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 240: Medium-sized, flat-bottomed jar, decorated with white dots, Cat. 296 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 241: Square bowl decorated with white stripes and dots motif, Cat. 298 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Less frequent are squat, almost biconical small vessels with a rounded rim and round base (Cat. 297), the walls of which are decorated with motif type 3. The open forms, on the other hand, are slightly more diverse. The most common shapes are square bowls, which can be decorated with two different motifs: either motif 3 – stripes with dots (Cat. 298-299) (Fig. 241) or type 5 – cross (Cat. 300) (Fig. 242). They also occur as a ‘cup-and-saucer’ and the middle part of this type has been preserved in the form of a miniscule juglet (Cat. 301) (Fig. 243) with vertical stripes decorating its walls. Amongst the popular forms are hemispherical cups and bowls (Cat. 302) decorated with dots and with a painted white stripe on the rim. One of the examples (Cat. 303) (Figs. 244-245) deserves a closer look. It has a small half-circular dip impressed below the rim. Although the vessel is thick-walled, immediately by the base its walls are remarkably thin. The small dip below the rim is

Fig. 243: Fragmentarily preserved ‘cup-andsaucer’ vessel, decorated with white stripes, Cat. 301 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 242: Square bowl decorated with white cross motif, Cat. 300 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 244: Hemispherical cup decorated with white dots motif and white band on the rim, Cat. 303 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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a perfect fit for a finger and most likely this is how it has been made. What remains uncertain is the function of the dip, although considering the careful execution of this example, it is unlikely that it was made accidentally. This type of vessel is decorated exclusively by motif type 1 (dots). Another, equally popular type, is a bell-shaped bowl on a flat base (Cat. 304) (Fig. 246), also decorated with dots. Occurring less frequently in the material analysed are other forms, such as a deep, carinated bowl on a flat base (Cat. 305-306) (Fig. 247). On the outside it is decorated with vertical stripes, on the inside with dots or plain. The material presented above confirms that the popularity of the White Dotted and Striped decoration ceramics continued into the Middle Kingdom. On comparison with the previous period they are less common and less typologically diverse, though the different motifs are still present. Although White Dotted and Striped decoration ceramics have been identified on other sites, already in the First Intermediate Period, they only appear in such numbers and with such variety during the Middle Kingdom in Asyut. Fig. 246: Bell-shaped bowl on flat base, decorated with dots motif, profile and top view, Cat. 304 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 245: Close-up of rim with small, semicircular impression, Cat. 303 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 247: Carinated bowl with a spout and painted white decoration, Cat. 306 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

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Motif

Closed forms

Open forms

1

More or less randomly dispersed dots

2

Vertical stripes below the rim

none

3

Vertical stripes with dots below

none

4

Verictal stripes with dots in between

none

5

Cross

none

Tab. 3: Ornamental motifs of White Dotted and Striped decoration in the Middle Kingdom. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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miniAture vessels Miniature vessels constitute a separate, typologically varied group. The subject of miniature ceramics and models and their role in the private and royal funerary sphere has been approached on many occasions (Bárta 1995; Marchand/Baud 1996; Allen 2006). Avoiding a detailed discussion on the meaning behind this term – whether it should describe tiny (vessels of a few centimetres) or miniscule vessels that are miniature copies of large objects (models) – for the purpose of this publication the term applies to both these groups of small vessels less than 10 cm in height. The primary reason behind such choice, is that it is not always possible to clearly assign an object into one group or the other. Firstly, a complete typology of a given chronological period is rarely available and so it is not always possible to compare the objects with their probable prototypes. Secondly, some of the miniature vessels are miniature by nature, meaning that they never occurred in large size. Moreover, the miniature vessels can have such universal shapes, that it simply cannot be assumed that their large-sized counterparts must be their Fig. 248: Round kohl container, Cat. 307 prototypes. (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 249: Miniature globular juglet with long neck and rounded base, Cat. 308 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 250: Miniature globular juglet with long neck and rounded base, Cat. 309 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Fig. 251: Miniature globular juglet with long neck and flat base, Cat. 310 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 252: Miniature globular juglet with long neck and flat base, Cat. 311 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 253: Miniature fusiform juglet, Cat. 314 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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A perfect example of such a vessel is a small, round container for black eye-paint, kohl (Cat. 307) (Fig. 248). It is clear that the function of these vessels dictates their small size, given the fact that they contained a precious commodity. However, their shape is hardly unique and it occurs in large sizes as well. The situation is different in the case of four miniature jars with long necks: two with round bases (Cat. 308-309) (Figs. 249-250) and two with flat bases (Cat. 310-311) (Figs. 251-252). Both of the variants have full-sized counterparts and appear to be copies of the large vessels. The same can be said about miniature spindle-shaped jars, which are highly likely to be the copies of full-sized beer jars (Cat. 312-314) (Figs. 253-255). This is also true for miniature hemispherical cups (Cat. 315-316) (Fig. 256) and a carinated bowl (Cat. 317) (Fig. 257). However, another miniature bowl, conical and on a flat base (Cat. 318) (Fig. 258), does not appear to be a miniature copy of a full-sized vessel.

Fig. 255: Miniature fusiform juglet, Cat. 314 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 254: Miniature fusiform juglet, Cat. 313 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 256: Miniature hemispherical cup, Cat. 315 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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311

Miniature vessels occurred during the Middle Kingdom in private tombs and occasionally even accompanied royal burials, as seen in the case of Princess Nefer in Dahshur (Allen 2006: 21-24) and Princess Neferwptah in Hawara (Iskander 1965). They were part of the grave furnishings, hence it is very likely this was also their role in Asyut.

Fig. 257: Miniature carinated bowl, Cat. 317 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 258: Miniature conical bowl on flat base, Cat. 318 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

summAry

The typological diversity of the vessels presented in this chapter, some of which are unique and unknown beyond Asyut, attests to the creative ingenuity of the local potters. The presence of Upper Egyptian marl clay ceramics reveals the existence of trade relations between Asyut and the southern part of the country. It must be stressed that the assemblage presented here is only the proverbial tip of an iceberg – a small fraction of the material needed to fully illustrate the Middle Kingdom pottery in Asyut, which is a remarkably vast corpus that deserves a separate study. The selective nature of the material presented has resulted in a selective discussion. The primary objectives were to illustrate the high intensity of funerary activity on the gebel, where possible to present the typological diversity, to trace the evolution of the individual forms, and to signal the presence of vessels of atypical shapes and/or decoration.

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CAtAlogue Cat. 180 Small jar with ovoid body and flaring rim No.: AS 3 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5 cm; max body diam.: 6 cm; height: 10.8 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 181 Small globular jar with flaring neck No.: AS 783 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 8/2 very pale brown and 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.7 cm; max body diam.: 9.2 cm; height: 9.8 cm Preservation: complete, restored from sherds Cat. 182 Globular jar with flaring neck No.: BM 45230 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 13 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 5.5 cm; max body diam.: 8.9 cm; height: 7.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 180

Cat. 181

Cat. 182

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Cat. 183 Upper part of a jar with flaring rim No.: AS 260 Ac.: S10/st1519 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6 cm; pres. height: 10.5 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Cat. 184 Upper part of elongated jar No.: AS 231 Ac.: S10/st338 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 7/4 pale red, inside 2.5YR 7-6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 11.4 cm; pres. height: 10 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 185 Upper part of elongated jar No.: AS 205 Ac.: S11/st611 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/3 weak red, inside 2.5YR 4/2 weak red Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 5.8 cm; max body diam.: 10.7 cm; pres. height: 10 cm Preservation: 180° of the rim

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 183

Cat. 184

Cat. 185

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Cat. 186 Ovoid jar No.: AS 206 Ac.: S11/st611 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/1 very pale brown and 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 12.9 cm; pres. height: 15.4 cm Preservation: complete base, belly partially preserved, rim missing Cat. 187 Upper part of ovoid jar No.: AS 458 Ac.: S11/st572 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.8 cm; pres. height: 6.3 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Cat. 188 Shoulders of ovoid jar No.: AS 259 Ac.: S10/st1507 Clay: Mixed clay Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/3 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body pres. diam.: 12.4 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form square cuts

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 186

Cat. 187

Cat. 188

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317

318

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 189 Globular jar with flaring rim No.: AS 414 Ac.: S10/st802 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6-5/3 pale red-weak red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.3 cm; max body diam.: 14.8 cm; height: 18 cm Preservation: complete base, partially preserved belly and 10° of the rim Cat. 190 Globular jar with flaring rim No.: AS 81 Ac.: S10/st1206 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.4 cm; max body diam.: 12.8 cm; pres. height: 15.6 cm Preservation: complete upper part, the base missing

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 189

Cat. 190

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Cat. 191 Upper part of a globular jar No.: AS 117 Ac.: S04/st5A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max pres. body diam.: 13.3 cm; pres. height: 5.7 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 192 Biconical jar No.: AS 268 Ac.: S10/st1507, S10/st1512 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped on the upper part, uncoated on the lower part, outside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red (slip) and 5YR 7/4 pink (uncoated), inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 14.9 cm; pres. height: 12.8 cm Preservation: belly part

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 191

Cat. 192

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321

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 193 ¡s vessel No.: BM 45275 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 13 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.9 cm; max body diam.: 11.4 cm; base diam.: 6.8 cm; pres. height: 20.2 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 194 Bird-shaped vessel No.: T 11001 Clay: Nile B1, near B2 Technique: handmade from a slab Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Length: 12.5 cm; body diam.: 6 cm; height: 6.5 cm Preservation: complete belly with the tail, the head missing

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 193

Cat. 194

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 195 Wavy vessel with flat base No.: T 15603 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 7.2 cm; base diam.: 3 cm; pres. height: 17 cm Preservation: almost complete, only the rim missing Cat. 196 Upper part of a jar with flaring neck and cylindrical neck No.: AS 886 Ac.: S09/st1277 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 7/2 light grey, inside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.8 cm; pres. height: 16 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 195

Cat. 196

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325

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 197 Beer jar No.: T 15060 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 4/2 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.8 cm; max body diam.: 29.4 cm; height: 44.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 230° of the rim Remarks: rope impressions in the middle of the belly; ‘killing hole’ on the belly

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 197

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Cat. 198 Rim of a jar No.: AS 237 Ac.: S10/st362 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 6/8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.6 cm; pres. height: 2.1 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Cat. 199 Rim of a beer jar No.: AS 653 Ac.: S12/st860 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.3 cm; pres. height: 8 cm Preservation: 94° of the rim Cat. 200 Neck of a beer jar No.: AS 275 Ac.: S10/st1512 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 14.5 cm; pres. height: 7.9 cm Preservation: neck fragment

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 198

Cat. 199

Cat. 200

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Cat. 201 Base of beer jar No.: AS 171 Ac.: S05/st387 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/2 light red, inside 5Y 5/1 grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 3.9 cm Preservation: half of the base Cat. 202 Base of beer jar No.: AS 426 Ac.: S11/st548 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade(?), base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 10YR 5/2 greyish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 9.7 cm Preservation: 220° of the base Cat. 203 Shallow plate No.: AS 452 Ac.: S11/st471 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: soft Rim diam.: 13.1 cm; pres. height: 3.8 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim

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The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 201

Cat. 202

Cat. 203

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Cat. 204 Deep plate No.: AS 293 Ac.: S10/st1507 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 5YR 7/4 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14.3 cm; pres. height: 2.2 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim Cat. 205 Deep bowl No.: AS 454 Ac.: S11/st415 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 16 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: 32° of the rim Cat. 206 Shallow, hemispherical bowl with rounded base No.: BM 45238 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 9 or 6 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5-4/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 16.2 cm; height: 6.2 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 204

Cat. 205

Cat. 206

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Cat. 207 Shallow plate No.: BM 45244 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 24 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: outside uncoated, inside red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/3 weak red, inside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 16.6 cm; height: 4.3 cm Preservation: restored from sherds; almost complete, 355° of the rim Cat. 208 Shallow plate No.: AS 93 Ac.: S04/st3A Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 7/4 light reddish, inside 2.5YR 8/4 brown pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 16.7 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Cat. 209 Shallow plate No.: AS 692 Ac.: S09/st71 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 7/2 pale red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 19.2 cm; pres. height: 4.2 cm Preservation: 100° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 207

Cat. 208

Cat. 209

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Cat. 210 Shallow plate No.: AS 97 Ac.: S04/st406 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 8/2 pinkish white, inside 2.5YR 7/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 19.2 cm; pres. height: 2.3 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Cat. 211 Shallow plate No.: AS 23 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15.9 cm; height: 4 cm Preservation: 150° of the rim Cat. 212 Large, deep plate No.: AS 87 Ac.: S04/st21A Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/1 white, inside 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 24.5 cm; pres. height: 7.9 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 210

Cat. 211

Cat. 212

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337

338

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 213 Hemispherical cup No.: L 11966 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.7 cm; height: 4 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: ‘milky’ band on the rim, which seems to be naturally formed lime incrustation Cat. 214 Hemispherical cup No.: L 11951 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; height: 6.1 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 215 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 11 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12.3 cm; height: 5.7 cm Preservation: almost complete, 260° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 213

Cat. 214

Cat. 215

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

339

340

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 216 Hemispherical cup No.: L 11973-3 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped, trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: outside uncoated, inside red slipped Colour: outside 7.5YR 5/4-6 brown-strong brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15.2 cm; height: 6.6 cm Preservation: almost complete, some parts of the rim missing Cat. 217 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 10 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/2 pinkish grey, inside 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 13m; height: 5.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 340° of the rim Cat. 218 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 20 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 13.3 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 200° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 216

Cat. 217

Cat. 218

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

341

342

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 219 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 7 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/4 pink, inside 6YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: almost complete, 350° of the rim Cat. 220 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 222 Ac.: S11/17 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red and 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.7 cm; height: 5.7 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 221 Hemispherical cup No.: BM 45242 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12.5 cm; height: 6.6 cm Preservation: restored from sherds; almost complete, 355° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 219

Cat. 220

Cat. 221

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

343

344

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 222 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 67 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.8 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, c. 250° of the rim missing Cat. 223 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 500 Ac.: S11/st724 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.1 cm; height: 6.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, c. 270° of the rim missing Cat. 224 Hemispherical cup No.: BM 45289 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 51 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; height: 6.3 cm Preservation: restored from sherds; almost complete, 340° of the rim Remarks: covered with white powder

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 222

Cat. 223

Cat. 224

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

345

346

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 225 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 453 Ac.: S11/st742 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.9 cm; height: 6.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, 160° of the rim missing Decoration: red painted rim Cat. 226 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 448 Ac.: S11/st742 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 6.1 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Decoration: red painted rim Cat. 227 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 450 Ac.: S11/st742 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Decoration: red painted rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 225

Cat. 226

Cat. 227

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

347

348

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 228 Hemispherical cup No.: BM 45248 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 34 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; height: 7 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: red painted rim Cat. 229 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 309 Ac.: S10/st1500 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Decoration: red painted rim Cat. 230 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 247 Ac.: S11/st1001 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 12.4 cm; height: 6.1 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim missing Decoration: red painted rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 228

Cat. 229

Cat. 230

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

349

350

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 231 Hemispherical bowl No.: L 11949b Clay: Nile B1 organic Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5-4/8 red, inside 10R 5/6-8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15.4 cm; height: 7.1 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 232 Medium-sized hemispherical bowl No.: L 11969 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18 cm; height: 7.1 cm Preservation: almost complete, 350° of the rim Cat. 233 Hemispherical cup No.: AS 501 Ac.: S11/st724 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, inside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; height: 7.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, 260° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 231

Cat. 232

Cat. 233

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

351

352

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 234 Carinated cup with rounded base No.: AS 9 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 10° of the rim missing Cat. 235 Carinated cup with rounded base No.: AS 865 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 6-5/6 yellowish brown-brownish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim missing Cat. 236 Carinated cup with rounded base No.: AS 778 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6-5/4 light reddish brown, 5YR5/3 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 234

Cat. 235

Cat. 236

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

353

354

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 237 Carinated cup with rounded base No.: L 11965 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; height: 7.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 238 Carinated cup with rounded base No.: BM 45290 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B1, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10.6 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: restored from sherds; base and profile complete, 350° of the rim Cat. 239 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 864 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow, 10YR 5-4/6 yellowish brown-dark yellowish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8 cm; base diam.: 2.8 cm; height: 6.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 237

Cat. 238

Cat. 239

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

355

356

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 240 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 779 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B2, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off and scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; base diam.: 3.5 cm; height: 6.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 116° of the rim missing Cat. 241 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 863 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; base diam.: 3.7 cm; height: 7.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 240° of the rim missing Cat. 242 Carinated cup with flat base No.: BM 45249 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 51 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.2 cm; base diam.: 3.4 cm; height: 7.4 cm Preservation: base and profile complete, 270° of the rim Remarks: covered with whitish substance

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 240

Cat. 241

Cat. 242

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

357

358

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 243 Carinated cup with flat base No.: L 11973-1 Clay: Nile B1, very organic Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 5/4 brown, inside 5YR 5/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.8 cm; base diam.: 3.2 cm; height: 6.8 cm Preservation: complete, restored from sherds Cat. 244 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 14 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1, very organic Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; base diam.: 4.2 cm; height: 6.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 245 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 19 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 9.9 cm; base diam.: 2.3 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 243

Cat. 244

Cat. 245

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

359

360

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 246 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 15 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; base diam.: 2.8 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 247 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 862 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 4/6 dark yellowish brown, inside 10YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.4 cm; base diam.: 3 cm; height: 6.1 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing Cat. 248 Carinated cup with flat base No.: AS 777 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/6 red and 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm; base diam.: 3.6 cm; height: 6.1 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 246

Cat. 247

Cat. 248

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

361

362

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 249 Deep carinated cup with base ring No.: AS 607 Ac.: S09/st1097 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, the base scraped and smoothed, the base ring added Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; base diam.: 6.2 cm; height: 9 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the rim preserved Remarks: whitish substance covering the both substance Cat. 250 Deep carinated cup with base ring No.: T 10876 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped, the ring added and probably overthrown Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 4/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; base diam.: 4.3 cm; height: 7.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 251 Deep carinated cup with base ring No.: T 15397 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped, the ring added and overthrown Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 4/1 dark reddish grey Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.5 cm; base diam.: 4.3 cm; height: 7.3 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 249

Cat. 250

Cat. 251

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

363

364

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 252 Medium-sized deep carinated cup with base ring No.: L 11950 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in two parts joined in the middle, base scraped, base ring added and overthrown Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/8 red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14.8 cm; base diam.: 5.7 cm; height: 9.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, 350° of the rim Cat. 253 Shallow carinated cup with base ring No.: L 11964 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 in two parts joined in the middle, base scraped, base ring added and overthrown Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 4/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; base diam.: 5.4 cm; height: 7.5 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing incised horizontal grooves under the rim Cat. 254 Shallow carinated cup with base ring No.: BM 45286 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base ring attached Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14.3 cm; base diam.: 6.4 cm; height: 8.2 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: inner surface eroded

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 252

Cat. 253

Cat. 254

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

365

366

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 255 Shallow carinated cup with base ring No.: BM 45241 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base ring added Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 13.2 cm; base diam.: 5.8 cm; height: 7.2 cm Preservation: complete, restored from sherds Remarks: covered with white substance, inner surface eroded Cat. 256 Shallow carinated cup with base ring No.: BM 45287 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 39 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base ring attached Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14.8 cm; base diam.: 6 cm; height: 8.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 345° of the rim Remarks: inner surface eroded Cat. 257 Chalice No.: T 10889 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, the foot thrown separately Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 4/4 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; base diam.: 6.5 cm; height: 12.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, small fragments of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 255

Cat. 256

Cat. 257

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

367

368

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 258 Small deep bowl No.: AS 314 Ac.: S10/st1507 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/3 pink, inside 5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.2 cm; pres. height: 5.2 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim Cat. 259 Large bowl with rounded rim No.: AS 381 Ac.: S05/st381A Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: outside Gley 1 4N dark grey, inside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 33 cm; pres. height: 3.8 cm Preservation: 15° of the rim Cat. 260 Large bowl with rounded rim No.: AS 228 Ac.: S10/st370 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: inside 10R 6/6 light red, outside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 47 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: 10° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 258

Cat. 259

Cat. 260

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

369

370

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 261 Flat base of a large bowl No.: AS 387 Ac.: S05/st319 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, the base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 10.2 cm; pres. height: 5.8 cm Preservation: 200° of the base Cat. 262 Square bowl No.: T 15589 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max rim diam.: 11.5 cm; height: 4.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing Cat. 263 Square bowl No.: T 10869 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim: 10x10 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: complete, restored from two parts

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 261

Cat. 262

Cat. 263

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

371

372

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 264 Square bowl No.: BM 45296 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 38 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 10R 5/3 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim: 11.2x11.2 cm; base diam.: 4.4 cm; height: 4.8 cm Preservation: restored from sherds; almost complete, 180° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing white painted stripes on the inside Cat. 265 Square bowl No.: L 11970 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim: 12x12 cm; base diam.: 4 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 230° of the rim Cat. 266 Square ‘cup-and-saucer’ vessel No.: T 9274 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim: 10.3x10.8 cm; height: 10.8 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: a hole in each corner pierced post-firing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 264

Cat. 265

Cat. 266

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

373

374

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 267 Square ‘cup-and-saucer’ vessel No.: BM 45297 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 47 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim: 9.7x9.7 cm; base diam.: 4.2 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: complete bowl, inner vessel partially preserved Remarks: covered with white substance, a hole at each corner pierced pre-firing Decoration: pre-firing white painted dots on the inside Cat. 268 Pentangular stand or censer No.: T 9288 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, the outline shaped with a tool Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.5-7.4 cm; pres. height: 9.6 cm Preservation: middle part

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 267

Cat. 268

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

375

376

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 269 Medium-sized X-shaped stand No.: T 9198 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, inner part moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: hard Pres. height: 13.7 cm Preservation: middle part Remarks: pre-firing incised hieroglyphic inscription Cat. 270 Medium-sized X-shaped stand No.: T 9199 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, middle part moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 14 cm Preservation: middle part Remarks: pre-firing incised hieroglyphic inscription Cat. 271 Lower part of a stand No.: AS 376 Ac.: S05/st171 Clay: Nile B1, sandy version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside white wash, inside natural Colour: outside 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown and white wash, inside 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 8.5 cm; pres. height: 2.3 cm Preservation: 30° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 269

Cat. 270

Cat. 271

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

377

378

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 272 Upper part of stand No.: AS 303 Ac.: S10/st1493 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 5/8 red Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 10 cm; pres. height: 3.9 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Cat. 273 Middle part of a tubular stand No.: AS 256 Ac.: S10/st1424 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Diam.: 5-5.7 cm; pres. height: 7.5 cm Preservation: middle part Cat. 274 Lower part of stand No.: AS 261 Ac.: S10/st1493 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 56 red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 12.3 cm; pres. height: 8.3 cm Preservation: 160° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 272

Cat. 273

Cat. 274

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

379

380

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 275 Lower part of stand No.: AS 238 Ac.: S11/st1001 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, outside scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 14 cm Preservation: 90° of the base Cat. 276 Lower part of stand No.: AS 274 Ac.: S10/st1482, S10/st1519 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 16.9 cm; pres. height: 8 cm Preservation: 90° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 275

Cat. 276

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

381

382

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 277 Lower part of stand No.: AS 91 Ac.: S04/st5A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR light reddish brown, inside 7.5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 16.4 cm; pres. height: 20.9 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, 90° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 277

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

383

384

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 278 Middle part of a stand No.: AS 84 Ac.: S10/st805 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, inside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Diam.: 7.3-12 cm; pres. height: 27.6 cm Preservation: middle part

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 278

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

385

386

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 279 Lower part of a censer No.: AS 135 Ac.: S05/st1444, S05/st1163 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: bowl thrown on the wheel type 1, foot hand-formed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5 YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 6.7 cm; pres. height: 16.2 cm Preservation: complete food Remarks: traces of firing on the inside Cat. 280 Small bread mould(?) No.: B 04.1896 (S. 2560) Clay: Nile silt B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off with a string Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; base diam.: 5.5 cm; height: 4.3 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: inside remains of brown substance

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 279

Cat. 280

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

387

388

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 281 Small, shallow bread mould or tagine No.: T 15595 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade, base pounded, walls coiled Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6-5/0 grey and 8/1 white Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.9 cm; base diam.: 9 cm; height: 4.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim Remarks: soot(?) on the inside Cat. 282 Small, shallow bread mould or tagine No.: T 15597 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; base diam.: 10 cm; height: 5.7 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 283 Medium-sized, shallow bread mould or tagine No.: AS 466 Ac.: S11/st438 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade, the base pounded, the wall coiled or slabed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 5/4 brown and 10YR 7/2 light grey, inside 7.5YR 7/6 reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20 cm; base diam.: 17.8 cm; height: 7.2 cm Preservation: 70° of the rim and the base Remarks: layers of fine sand on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 281

Cat. 282

Cat. 283

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

389

390

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 284 Conical bread mould No.: BM 45282 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 6.6 cm; height: 17.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 285 Upper part of conical bread mould No.: AS 395 Ac.: S05/st580 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 4/2 dark greyish brown and 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown, inside 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.9 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 284

Cat. 285

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

391

392

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 286 Upper part of conical bread mould No.: AS 506 Ac.: S11/st514 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.9 cm; pres. height: 4.4 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Cat. 287 Jar with elongated belly and flat base No.: T 10837 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7-6/4 pink-light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.5 cm; max body diam.: 8.3 cm; base diam.: 6.3 cm; height: 15.2 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: a crack in the bottom

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 286

Cat. 287

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

393

394

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 288 Jar with elongated belly and flat base No.: AS 221 Ac.: S11/16 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, the base cut off with a tool Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 7/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 5.8 cm; max body diam.: 9.5 cm; base diam.: 9.5 cm; height: 14.9 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 288

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

395

396

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 289 Jar with elongated belly and flat base No.: T 15140 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 6/3 pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 10 cm; max body diam.: 13 cm; height: 24.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 289

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

397

398

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 290 Small globular jar with quatrefoil rim No.: T 15247 Clay: Marl A3 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 7/2 light grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Max rim diam.: 5.7 cm; max body diam.: 7.4 cm; pres. height: 8.3 cm Preservation: almost complete, 110° of the rim missing Cat. 291 Small globular jar with flaring rim and rounded base No.: T 8870 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; max body diam.: 9.2 cm; height: 9.2 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing white painted dots on the belly Cat. 292 Small globular jar with flaring, rounded rim and rounded base No.: T 8053 Clay: Nile B2, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, below the rim uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.8 cm; max body diam.: 9.5 cm; height: 10.4 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing white painted dots on the belly

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 290

Cat. 291

Cat. 292

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

399

400

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 293 Small globular jar with flaring rim and flat base No.: BM 45232 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside on the rim 10R 5/3 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.9 cm; max body diam.: 6.8 cm; base diam.: 6.8 cm; height: 7.1 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, almost complete, some fragments of the rim missing Remarks: blackish substance on the base Decoration: pre-firing white painted in the form of dots on the belly Cat. 294 Small globular jar with flaring rim and flat base No.: T 9282 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/4 pale red and 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.8 cm; max body diam.: 9 cm; base diam.: 3.8 cm; height: 10.6 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing white painted in the form of dots on the belly Cat. 295 Small globular jar with flaring rim and flat base No.: T 15335 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.5 cm; max body diam.: 7.5 cm; base diam.: 4.2 cm; height: 9.2 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing white painted dots on the belly and a band on the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 293

Cat. 294

Cat. 295

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

401

402

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 296 Small globular jar with rounded rim and flat base No.: T 9272 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6 cm; max body diam.: 10.5 cm; base diam.: 4.7 cm; height: 11.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing white painted vertical strips below the rim and two incised shallow grooves on the shoulder Cat. 297 Small biconical jar with flaring rim and rounded base No.: T 8052 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.8 cm; max body diam.: 10.8 cm; height: 9.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 180° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing white painted vertical strips and dots below the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 296

Cat. 297

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

403

404

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 298 Square bowl No.: BM 45235 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36(?) Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, cut off Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6-5/4 pale red-weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim: 9.9x10.1 cm; base diam.: 3.4 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: complete, some parts of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots and stripes on the inside Cat. 299 Square bowl No.: T 10865 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim: 10x11.2 cm; base diam.: 2.9 cm; height: 6.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 25° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted stripes and dots on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 298

Cat. 299

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

405

406

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 300 Square bowl No.: T 8837 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim: 10.6x11 cm; base diam.: 3 cm; height: 5.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, small fragment of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted band on the rim and stripes on the outside Cat. 301 ‘Cup-and-saucer’ vessel No.: T 15371 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.2 cm; base: 4.4x4.4 cm; pres. height: 7.5 cm Preservation: complete base with the vessel, rim of the bowl missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted stripes on the outside of the jar

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 300

Cat. 301

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

407

408

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 302 Hemispherical cup No.: T 9370 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.4 cm; height: 5.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside Cat. 303 Hemispherical cup No.: T 10861 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 6/6-8 light red-red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm; height: 5.2 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: small half-circular dip impressed below the rim Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside Cat. 304 Bell-shaped bowl with flat base No.: T 15434 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.6 cm; base diam.: 5.5 cm; height: 4.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 330° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 302

Cat. 303

Cat. 304

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

409

410

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 305 Carinated bowl with flat base No.: T 9371 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 4/8 red, inside 10R 4/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.6 cm; max body diam.: 11.9 cm; base diam.: 5.5 cm; height: 6.4 cm Preservation: almost complete, 350° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, white painted dots on the inside, white painted rim and stripes on the outside Cat. 306 Carinated bowl with a spout and rounded base No.: AS 967 Ac.: S08/4 bis Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6-5/4 light reddish brown-reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.5 cm; max body diam.: 13.4 cm; height: 8.2 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 307 Miniature kohol pot No.: T 15608 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped and polished, uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4 cm; max body diam.: 5.5 cm; height: 4.9 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 308 Miniature globular vessel with long neck No.: BM 45233 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/3 weak red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 3.4 cm; max body diam.: 6 cm; height: 7.1 cm Preservation: complete © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 305

Cat. 306

Cat. 307

Cat. 308

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

411

412

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 309 Small globular vessel with flaring neck and rounded base No.: BM 45262 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 36 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.3 cm; max body diam.: 7.2 cm; height: 9.1 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 310 Small globular vessel with flaring neck and flat base No.: AS 400 Ac.: S10/st1202 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, cut off Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 5YR 5/1 grey Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.5 cm; max body diam.: 7 cm; base diam.: 3.7 cm; height: 8.2 cm Preservation: 180° of the rim and the base Cat. 311 Small globular vessel with flaring neck and flat base No.: AS 329 Ac.: S08/st1508 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 7 cm; base diam.: 6.5 cm; height: 8.8 cm Preservation: complete

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 309

Cat. 310

Cat. 311

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

413

414

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 312 Miniature fusiform jar No.: T 9200 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: scum Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 2.1 cm; max body diam.: 2.4 cm; height: 4.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 313 Small fusiform jar No.: T 9102 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base smoothed Surface treatment: natural Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 4.2 cm; max body diam.: 6.3 cm; height: 12.3 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 314 Small fusiform jar No.: BM 45264 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed and smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 5.2 cm; max body diam.: 6.5 cm; pres. height: 11 cm Preservation: complete base and profile, 180° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 312

Cat. 313

Cat. 314

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

415

416

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 315 Miniature hemispherical bowl No.: T 9396 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 6 cm; height: 2.6 cm Preservation: almost complete, 340° of the rim Cat. 316 Miniature hemispherical bowl No.: T 9397 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base trimmed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 6/8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 7.5 cm; height: 3.2 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 317 Miniature carinated bowl No.: BM 45291 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 9 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated, outside wet smoothed Colour: outside 5YR 4/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.8 cm; pres. height: 6.7 cm Preservation: complete, some parts of the rim missing Remarks: covered with white substance Cat. 318 Miniature conical bowl No.: BM 45293 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 51 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 1, base cut Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; base diam.: 3.7 cm; height: 4.6 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Middle Kingdom: a local take on classic forms

Cat. 315

Cat. 316

Cat. 317

Cat. 318

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ChApter six

the seCond intermediAte period: A reused neCropolis Without a doubt, the Second Intermediate Period represents one of the most enigmatic periods in the history of the site. Not only are there no written sources dated to this period which could fill gaps in our knowledge, but also, both the previous and current projects failed to find any tomb structures, the presence of which would confirm that the inhabitants of Asyut continued to bury their dead on the gebel in this period as well (Kahl 2012: 15). This is one of the situations in which the importance of pottery simply cannot be overestimated – for it is the presence of the Second Intermediate Period ceramics that provides vital evidence for the continuity of activity in the area. The Second Intermediate Period ceramic assemblage identified by the Asyut Project is rather limited in number, comprising just a few dozen sherds and one (almost completely reconstructed) Canaanite amphora. Although ceramics of this period from Asyut are rare in the museum collections – especially when compared to the wealth of material from the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom – they perfectly complete the assemblage recovered through excavation. In Asyut, the pottery of the Second Intermediate Period is difficult to distinguish: not only because there have not been any structures found so far, but also because it is rather hard to define. The Second Intermediate Period is a less clearly defined era than others, the phrase should be seen as a political term, which translated into material culture, pottery in particular, in different regions of Egypt to varying degrees. Hence, in the Eastern Delta region, for example, which was predominantly under the influence of Asian migrants (Aston D. 2004), the material culture differed significantly from that in Upper Egypt, e.g. Thebes (Seiler 2005), where it developed as a direct and natural consequence of the Middle Kingdom tradition (Bourriau 2010). What the Second Intermediate Period pottery of the Middle Egypt region was like – whether it was more similar to ceramics from the Delta, more like those from Upper Egypt, or perhaps an altogether separate individual tradition – is at present impossible to determine. There is insufficient material and beyond Deir el-Bersha (Bourriau/De Meyer/Op de Beeck/Vereecken 2005) and QauBadari (Bourriau 2010: 25-28) little is known about the pottery of this period in Middle Egypt. Therefore, its characteristics can only be extrapolated through comparison with late Middle Kingdom–Second Intermediate Period ceramics from the other areas. Such a method, however, has a margin of error stemming from the aforementioned regionalisation of pottery of this period. The overwhelming majority of vessels which could be identified as Second Intermediate Period objects are made from Nile silts; marl clays are represented © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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solely by the Marl C fabric, with the complete absence of Upper Egyptian clays of the Marl A and Marl B groups. This, in turn, may indicate that the Asyut region was, in terms of the material culture, closer to the Delta and Memphis than the South. This hypothesis appears to be further supported by the nearly complete Canaanite amphora above mentioned, found in the 2011 season, which reached Asyut most probably via the Delta. Due to the scarcity of the material and consequent inability to divide it into chronological phases, it will be presented in three groups according to the type of fabric: – Nile silt ceramics – Marl C ceramics – Levatine imports

nile silt CerAmiCs

The Second Intermediate Period ceramics made from Nile silts are the most numerous and varied of the three groups. In regards to the open forms, bowls and cups of different sizes and shapes are present; the closed forms are represented exclusively by fragments of beer jars, while the non-containers are represented by small stands and censers. It has been possible to observe the surface treatment which is characteristic for this period in the form of burnishing, as well as incised decoration. Worth a mention are medium-sized bowls with a base ring, red slipped and with burnished interior (Cat. 319-320) (Fig. 259). Exact parallels are known from Deir el-Ballas (Bourriau 1990: Fig. 4.2). Markedly, there are no other vessel types represented in this ware, such as the Hs vases, stands or ellipsoidal bottles, which were found in Second Intermediate Period necropoleis, e.g. in Thebes (Rzeuska/Orzechowska 2005; Seiler 2005), Deir el-Ballas (Bourriau 1990) and Deir el-Bersha (Bourriau/ De Meyer/Op de Beeck/Vereecken 2005). Other open forms that deserve a mention are small cups and bowls: hemispherical with a base ring (Cat. 321)

Fig. 259: Medium-sized bowl with a base ring, red slipped and with burnished interior, Cat. 319 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 260: Hemispherical bowl, part of a double vessel, with incised decoration in the form of a wavy line bordered by horizontal lines, Cat. 321 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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(Fig. 260) and carinated on a flat base or with a base ring (Cat. 322-324) (Figs. 261-263). Also present are shallow bowls with a rim folded inwards (Cat. 325326) (Fig. 264). The external surfaces of cups and medium and small-sized bowls bear incised ornaments in the form of horizontal straight and wavy lines. Parallel examples are known, e.g. from Tell el-Dab’a (Aston D. 2004: 46) and QauBadari (Bourriau 2010: 25) What distinguishes this decoration, otherwise stylistically resembling the incised ornaments of the Middle Kingdom, is that it was executed with a singleblade instrument, e.g. a pick, and not with a multi-bladed comb-shaped tool (see: Chapter 5). A rare object in this assemblage is a hemispherical cup on a base ring (Cat. 321). This cup is only a part of the original object, which consisted of two or more vessels with interconnected walls arranged in a row. Here, too, the rim is decorated with the incised wavy and horizontal lines. A stylistically similar motif can be observed on a carinated bowl, the form of which originates from the Middle Kingdom tradition. The decoration is more complex than seen earlier and consists of two wavy lines crossed and framed by three horizontal lines (Cat. 327) (Fig. 265). The fragmentarily preserved base may have had a ring, though it is more likely to have had a foot and be a type of chalice. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that the fragment in question is simply too narrow and its walls too thick to have formed a base ring. Fig. 261: Carinated footed bowl with incised Another decorative style, which decoration in the form of a wavy line continued into the Second framed by horizontal lines, Cat. 322 Intermediate Period, is the White (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 262: Hemispherical bowl with incised decoration in the form of a wavy line underlined by a horizontal one, Cat. 324 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 263: Carinated bowl with a base ring, with incised decoration in the form of a wavy line framed by horizontal lines, Cat. 324 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

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Dotted and Stripped decoration. Noticeably, it is present only on one type of vessels – miniscule bowls/plates – where it consists of just dots scattered on the internal surface in a haphazard manner (Cat. 328-329) (Fig. 266). Parallel examples are known from Thebes (Seiler 2005: 80-81). The description of the Second Intermediate Period ceramic forms would not be complete without mentioning the two most common types of this era: hemispherical cups, commonly referred to as ‘drinking cups’, and beer bottles. The first type is represented by a U-shaped vessel typical for this period, with near-vertical walls and red painted rim (Cat. 330). Thanks to the existing Vessel Index for these types, when complete, these objects can be precisely dated – unfortunately, it is

Fig. 264: Shallow base ring bowls with a rim folded inwards, Cat. 326 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). Fig. 266: Miniscule vessel with white dots scattered on the internal surface, Cat. 338 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 265: Carinated bowl, probably footed, with two wavy lines crossed and framed by three horizontal lines, Cat. 327 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 267: Rim and a long neck of a beer bottle, Cat. 332 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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impossible in the case of the examples from Asyut as the profiles are incompletely preserved. Assuming that the reconstruction of the first example (Cat. 330) is correct, its Vessel Index would be approximately 120, placing it in the late phase of the Middle Kingdom–early Hyksos Period (Bietak 1991: 50; Seiler 2012a: 84-87). In regards to the beer bottle, the Second Intermediate Period form is characterised by a long neck with a cattle-mouth shaped rim (Cat. 331-333) (Fig. 267) and thick walled base, the external surface of which is crudely formed by scraping, with no attention to either the shape nor appearance of the vessel (Szafrański 1997). As for the non-containers, two partially preserved censers (Cat. 334-335) (Fig. 268) and a narrow stand (Cat. 336) (Fig. 269) deserve a closer look. In the narrow stand, the lower edge shows a manner of shaping typical for the period, which looks as though after cutting the object off the wheel the remaining excess of clay was folded under the edge and pressed into the inner part of the stand. The final result of such procedure was a triangular lower edge, not round

Fig. 268: Footed censer with traces of fire on the inside, Cat. 334 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 269: Small, narrow stand with folded and scraped base, Cat. 336 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

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like the upper one, and a horizontal groove visible just above the fold of excess clay inside the stand. Parallel examples are known from Tell el-Dab’a (Fuscaldo 2000: 76-77; Müller 2008: 137).

mArl C CerAmiCs

The group of imports from the Memphis-Fayum region comprises only three objects: two fragments of large storage vessels – zirs, and one bowl with incised decoration. The first two vessels (Cat. 337-338), (Fig. 270) correspond with type 57e in Betina Bader’s typology of Marl C ceramics, dated from the end of the Twelfth/beginning of the Thirteenth to the early Fifteenth Dynasty (Bader 2001: 166-178) and comparative to David Aston’s Group 68d (Aston D. 2004: 100-101), as well as Form 339, Type 4 Zir in Karin Kopetzky’s classification (Kopetzky 2010: 165-167). The closest parallel to the examples presented comes from Tell el-Dab’a, which was dated to the end of Thirteenth–early Fifteenth Dynasty, that is, the final phase of the Middle Kingdom and beginning of the Second Intermediate Period (Bader 2001: 175, 177). Importantly, the presence of these vessels in Asyut is significant, for it suggests that while the Middle Kingdom had practically come to its demise, Asyut maintained trade relations

Fig. 270: Fragment of Marl C zir from the Memphis-Fayum region, Cat. 328 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 271: Part of the ‘fish dish’ with incised decoration, Cat. 339 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

with the Memphis-Fayum region (Bourriau 2010: 11). The third imported examples is a fragment of a so-called ‘fish dish’ (Cat. 339) (Fig. 271): an oval or shipshaped bowl, always decorated, most frequently with fish motifs. In Bettina Bader’s classification such vessels correspond with Type 25 (Bader 2001: 79-98; Aston D./Bader 2009: 41-52). The fragment is admittedly small and the identification of its

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ornaments is not entirely certain, nevertheless it appears to show a part of a fish motif sufficiently preserved to suggest it represents type 2 decoration, characterised by the images of fish and other animal figures. Interestingly, these ceramics are thought to be associated primarily with settlements (Bader 2001: 83) and finding an example within the necropolis indicates they may have served another function linked to funerary activities. Both the bowl and zir fragments are dated to the late Middle Kingdom–beginning of the Second Intermediate Period.

levAntine imports (Pl. 8)

The last group of Second Intermediate Period pottery is so far represented by one object – a nearly complete Canaanite amphora (Cat. 340) dated from between the late Middle Kingdom to the Second Intermediate Period. Judging by the fabric, it originates from the Mediterranean region between Akko in Israel and Akkar in Lebanon (Cohen/Weinberger 2004: 74).1 To date, no other imports, either from Nubia or regions of the eastern Mediterranean have been identified amongst the ceramics of this period.

summAry

Despite its limited size, the assemblage presented confirms a continuity in funerary activities within the necropolis. Although the majority of the objects recovered from the current excavations come from secondary contexts, the location of concentrations of these ceramics – on the upper parts of the gebel and in the burial chamber of burial shaft no. 2 in Tomb V (Khety I, M11.1) – must be stressed. Whereas in the first instance the interpretation of the objects is problematic due to insufficient numbers and scattered spatial distribution, the pottery from the burial chamber paints an entirely different picture. Here the objects identified suggest with high certainty that the tomb must have been reused during the Second Intermediate Period (Rzeuska 2012a). Furthermore, a similar observation was made in the case of Tomb IV (Khety II, N12.2),2 suggesting that the inhabitants of Second Intermediate Period Asyut reused the already existing tombs. To answer the question as to why this was happening is impossible. Perhaps during this period there was an issue with free space, finding means to afford the labour costs, and/or time to cut the new tombs in the bedrock; perhaps it was down to the high social status of the original tomb owners, which new generations found appealing. One more important factor must be taken into consideration, perhaps the most significant one: only a fraction of the gebel has been investigated by the previous expeditions as well as the current mission, hence it is entirely possible that somewhere on the hill, in its hidden, inaccessible parts, lies an undiscovered cemetery of this era. These might be at least some of the reasons explaining the absence of tomb structures dated to the Second Intermediate Period. 1 2

I would like to thank Dr Karin Kopetzky (Austrian Academy of Sciences) for help in identification. Information courtesy of Mrs Andrea Kilian (the Asyut Project), ceramologist who worked on the pottery from this tomb. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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CAtAlogue Cat. 319 Shallow bowl on base ring No.: AS 175 Ac.: S10/st801 Clay: Nile B1 sandy version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside red slipped Colour: 10R 6-7/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15.3 cm; base diam.: 4.4 cm; height: 5.1 cm Preservation: complete, base and 130° of the rim Cat. 320 Shallow plate No.: AS 131 Ac.: S04/st1A Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside red slipped and burnished, outside uncoated Colour: inside 10R 6/6 light red, outside 10R 7/4 pale Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 17.9 cm; pres. height: 3.1 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 321 Hemispherical bowl with base ring, a part of a double vase No.: T 9300 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; base diam.: 4.1 cm; pres. height: 6.8 cm Preservation: complete vessel Remarks: remains of a joint on the body Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form of horizontal wavy line bordered with a straight one

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 319

Cat. 320

Cat. 321

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Cat. 322 Carinated bowl with base ring No.: T 9203 Clay: Nile B1, organic version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base scraped base ring attached Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard-hard Rim diam.: 14 cm; base diam.: 4 cm; height: 6.2 cm Preservation: complete Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form of horizontal wavy line bordered with two straight lines Cat. 323 Small carinated bowl No.: T 15584 Clay: Nile B1 very organic version near B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.7 cm; base diam.: 2.8 cm; height: 5.7 cm Preservation: almost complete, 310° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form of horizontal wavy line bordered with a straight one Cat. 324 Medium large-sized carinated bowl with base ring No.: BM 45246 Ac.: Hogarth Tomb 28 Clay: Nile B1 with visible limestone particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base scraped and base ring attached Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.5 cm; max body diam.: 13.1 cm; base diam.: 5.8 cm; height: 5.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 270° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form of horizontal wavy line bordered with two straight lines

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 322

Cat. 323

Cat. 324

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Cat. 325 Bowl with incurved rim No.: AS 481 Ac.: S11/st438 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15 cm; max body diam.: 16.9 cm; pres. height: 3.2 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, incised in the form of horizontal wavy lines on the rim Cat. 326 Shallow, wide bowl with base ring No.: T 8107 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 4/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 16 cm; max body diam.: 17 cm; base diam.: 6.3 cm; height: 7 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, almost complete, 90° of the rim Decoration: incised, pre-firing in form of horizontal wavy line bordered by two straight ones Cat. 327 Carinated bowl with base ring or chalice No.: AS 866 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base scraped and smoothed, base rind or steam attached Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 6-5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.9 cm; base diam.: 3.8 cm; pres. height: 7.7 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim Decoration: incised, pre-firing in form of alternating horizontal 3 wavy and 2 straight lines

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 325

Cat. 326

Cat. 327

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Cat. 328 Small plate No.: AS 80 Ac.: S10/st803 Clay: Nile B1 organic Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.4 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Decoration: post-firing, white painted decoration in form of dots Cat. 329 Rim of a small bowl No.: AS 255 Ac.: S10/st1424 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 13.2 cm; pres. height: 1.1 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim Decoration: post-firing, white painted decoration in form of dots Cat. 330 Hemspherical deep bowl No.: AS 386 A+B Ac.: S05/st319 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base trimmed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; height: 7.8 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim Decoration: red painted rim

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 328

Cat. 329

Cat. 330

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Cat. 331 Rim and neck of a beer jar No.: AS 290 Ac.: S10/st1512 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 6/8 light red Firing: oxidised with a core Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.3 cm; pres. height: 5.7 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Cat. 332 Rim and neck of a beer jar No.: AS 363 Ac.: S05/st381A Clay: Nile B2 with a lot of limestone particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown, inside 2.5Y 5/4 light olive brown and 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.6 cm; pres. height: 9.8 cm Preservation: 360° of the rim Cat. 333 Rim and neck of a beer jar No.: AS 364 Ac.: S05/st319 Clay: Nile B2 near NC Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.7 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: 220° of the rim

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 331

Cat. 332

Cat. 333

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Cat. 334 Censer (incense burner) No.: BM 45285 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: bowl thrown on the wheel type 2, base hand-finished Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6-5/2 pinkish grey-pinkish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 18.5 cm; base diam.: 12.3 cm; pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: complete, 180° of the rim Remarks: blackish patches on the inside Cat. 335 Censer (incense burner) No.: AS 401 Ac.: S04/st70A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: bowl probably thrown on the wheel type 2, foot hand-formed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR light reddish brown, 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 9.2 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 336 Small stand No.: T 15046 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base folded and scraped Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; base diam.: 9.4 cm; height: 7.4 cm Preservation: complete

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 334

Cat. 335

Cat. 336

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Cat. 337 Upper part of a large zir No.: AS 139 Ac.: S04/st393 Clay: Marl C2 Technique: rim made of a slab and overthrown, body handmade by coiling Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim scum, below uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 8/3 pale yellow, inside 2.5Y 8/4 Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 20.2 cm; pres. height: 9.8 cm Preservation: 15° of the rim Cat. 338 Upper part of a large zir No.: AS 252 Ac.: S05/st1305 Clay: Marl C2 Technique: rim made of a slab and overthrown, body handmade by coiling Surface treatment: outside and inside on the rim scum, below uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 8/6 reddish yellow, 10R 5/6 red Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 29.9 cm; pres. height: 9.7 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Cat. 339 ‘Fish dish’ No.: AS 215 Ac.: S11/st602 Clay: Mar C2 very sandy Technique: handmade Surface treatment: scum Colour: 7.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 8.2 cm Preservation: fragment the rim Decoration: pre-firing, incised decoration

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 337

Cat. 338

Cat. 339

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439

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Cat. 340 Canaanite amphora No.: AS 329A Ac.: S10/st1475, S10/st1493, S10/st1500, S10/st1507, S10/st1507A, S10/ st1512, S10/st1519, S10/st1532 Clay: Canaanite 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 in two parts joined below the handles part of the body, base moulded Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised-reduced with the core Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 30 cm; base diam.: 6.4 cm; pres. height: 52.2 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, neck and rim missing

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The Second Intermediate Period: a reused necropolis

Cat. 340

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

441

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter seven

the hidden neCropolis And temples of the new kingdom

Despite a wealth of evidence attesting to the use of the gebel during the New Kingdom, such as: numerous statues, stelae, small finds, e.g. ushabtis (Moje 2013), and especially inscriptions, it is paradoxically still unknown where the New Kingdom necropolis and temples were located (Verhoeven 2013; Kahl 2012: 15-16; Verhoeven 2012; DuQuesne 2009). The pottery from this period is scarce in the material analysed and very fragmentarily preserved. Likewise, it is a rarity in museums – there are only a handful of examples, though these are undeniably of great quality and value. Following the New Kingdom pottery classification into 4 phases proposed by Janine Bourriau (Bourriau 1981a: 72): 1. early Eighteenth Dynasty; 2. middle Eighteenth Dynasty, 3. late Eighteenth– early Nineteenth Dynasty; 4. late Nineteenth–the end of the New Kingdom. It has been possible to identify the presence of ceramics representing all of the phases, with phase 3 being the best represented.

CerAmiCs of phAse 1

Phase 1 is represented by two jars similar in shape: biconical on a flat base and with a flat rim. The first example, made from Nile silt, has a perfectly polished, shiny surface (Cat. 341) (Fig. 272) while the second jar, made from Marl B, has its surface left untreated (Cat. 342) (Fig. 273). Whereas the former may be a product of the local workshops, the fabric type of the latter makes it decidedly of Upper Egyptian origin. The phase 1 ceramic types appeared during the

Fig. 272: Biconical jar from Nile silt with erd slipped and polished surface, Cat. 341 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 273: Biconical jar from Upper Egyptian marl clay with untreated surface, Cat. 342 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

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Second Intermediate Period and remained popular till the reign of Thutmose III (Bourriau 1981b: 29-39). The jars presented appear to be from the early New Kingdom rather than the Second Intermediate Period. Importantly, the presence of the Marl B jar in the material suggests that during the early phase of the Eighteenth Dynasty Asyut had trade contacts with Upper Egypt.

CerAmiCs of phAse 2 (Pl. 10d)

This period is represented by a body sherd of a large jar fragment (Cat. 343) of a medium-sized jug (Cat. 344) (Fig. 274). The first sherd is the only example of a marl clay vessel from this era with painted decoration. The decoration in black and blue was executed pre-firing on the exterior, covered with whitish slip.1 The lines are c. 2 mm thick and form an image of a semi-closed lotus flower and a partially preserved was sceptre(?). The contour lines of the flower are accentuated in black; the three outer petals are painted in black vertical stripes, the two petals in between them in blue, while the remaining four are sketched only as lines. The tips of the petals are finished with short strokes, perpendicular to the petals. To the left of the blue-painted sceptre, which is left without outline, there is a small fragment of another motif – possibly another lotus flower. This fragment allows the suggestion that it was not a horror vacui decoration, so characteristic for the Blue Painted pottery of phase 3 from Amarna and Malkata. The shoulder/body panel most likely consisted of single vertical floral motifs and hieroglyphs painted in a minimalist, though elegant style. The lotus flower was one of the preferred decorative motifs of the period. Garlands made of single petals were particularly fashionable (Hope 1991: 67-70), while whole flowers appear to have been slightly rarer. They can be found on objects of phase 3 from Giza (Hope 1997: 282), Saqqara (Takaimya 2007: 1763-1765), Gurna (Guidotti 2003, 107, 126, 154) and Amarna (Hope 1991: 66-67; Rose 2007: 22). The flowers were depicted with an odd number of petals (from 5 to 9) and were sketched alike, but varied in details. The object from Asyut is an isolated find and thus far has no parallels. As already mentioned, this fragment is the only example of Fig. 274: Mid-Eighteenth Dynasty jar with Brown and Red Painted decoration, the Blue Painted pottery made from Cat. 344 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; marl clay at Asyut – the other ceramics Rzeuska 2012). 1

There is natural scum on the external surface, which was then covered with whitish slip. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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decorated in this style are made from various Nile silt fabrics. As a rule, decorated marl clay vessels are less frequent in the material than objects made from Nile silts. Theban and Memphite decorative motifs are stylistically different. In the latter, the central part of the decoration often comprises vertical floral elements separated by signs and symbols such as the ankh sign or the was sceptre – just as seen on the fragment presented from Asyut. Considering the stylistic resemblance to the Memphite ceramics and the fact that the fragment is made from the same material as the Memphite specimens, it is highly likely that it was imported to Asyut from the Memphis region. In regard to the dating of the fragment, similarly decorated ceramics from Giza suggest it comes from the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. Amenhotep II– Thutmose IV). The second object from this period is decorated in the Brown and Red Painted Style characteristic for this period (Arnold Do. 1993: 99-100; Hope 1987: 109). This type of decoration can be dated to as early as the Second Intermediate Period and most likely evolved as a result of the presence of Bichrome Ware from Cyprus and Syro-Palestine (for the discussion and literature see Holthoer 1977: 92). The jug is made from marl clay and has a cream slipped surface. The painted decoration consists of red and black, straight and wavy lines. The flat edge of the rim bears a motif in the form of three parallel short lines positioned perpendicular to the rim: red line in the middle with two black ones on the either side. Two motifs are preserved – originally there were most likely four. The same combination of one red and two black lines is visible twice more: at the base and top of the neck, though unlike before, in both instances it is arranged horizontally. The vertical motifs run along the entire body from the bottom register to the base of the vessel. The group of ‘one red – two black lines’ is depicted fourtimes,arrangedintotwogroupsoppositeeachother.Oneofthepairsisseparated in the middle by the vertical handle. The central part of the body is decorated with a pattern consisting of three black straight lines altering with two red wavy lines. The same motif is repeated on both sides of the body. According to Roscislav Holthoer’s typology of the New Kingdom ceramics, the jug represents type Ordinary Jug 1 (JU1). The decorative elements correspond with rim-thickening: type 5, body: structure of exterior design type 7 and with the patterns A2 and B2 (Holthoer 1977: 92). The handle is not preserved and it is impossible to Fig. 275: Mid-Eighteenth Dynasty jar (Hatshepknow how it was decorated. It was, sut/Thutmose III) with traces of resin in however, possible to establish that its the form of small pellets, which to this day give off a pleasant, though slightly lower part consisted of two elements ‘smoky’, odour, Cat. 344 (© Museo attached to the body, which were Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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joined into one higher up. It is believed that vessels of this type were used as tableware as well as cosmetic containers (Bourriau 1981a: 79). Indeed, the object presented had once been filled with a sort of a resinous substance, preserved at the bottom of the jug in the form of small, brown black, sticky and still fragrant drops (Fig. 275). A part of the substance spilled onto the exterior of the vessel when it got broken, which indicates that at the time the substance had still been either liquid or sticky. The fabric (marl clay) points to the Upper Egyptian origin of this object (Arnold Do. 1993: 99-100).

CerAmiCs of phAse 3 (Pls. 9, 10a-c)

As mentioned above, the pottery of phase 3, i.e. late Eighteenth–early Nineteenth Dynasty, is much better represented in the material. In this group the Blue Painted ceramics are naturally the most prominent. It is an interesting assemblage comprising various vessels decorated with a diversity of variants of this style: Blue Painted on Uncoated, Blue Painted on White/Cream/Pink Slipped, as well as the particularly rare Blue Painted on Red Slipped. In terms of types, the closed forms are dominant, with the open forms represented only by a single rim sherd. All of the examples are made from Nile silts: sandy E, less often organic Nile B1 or B2, and none from marl clays. The overwhelming majority are preserved only fragmentarily, though in several cases it has been possible to reconstruct and recognise the shape of the vessel.. The first example is a nearly completely preserved large jar, currently stored in the British Museum (Cat. 345). Both its shape and decoration leave no doubt that this is a typical product of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. It represents a jar shape classic for this period with a rolled rim, wide neck and piriform body. A foot was most likely attached with a peg to the base – its upper part projects on the inside and outside of the base (Fig. 276). Its exterior is cream slipped and has a polychrome decoration in blue, red and black. The decoration is arranged horizontally, with the top part having the front and the back, which suggests that the vessel would be positioned in such way that the decorated part would face a person who was intended to appreciate it. The upper register, which covers the entire neck of the vessel, bears an image of a kneeling god Heh protected by falcons flanking both of his sides. Each figure is placed upon the hieroglyphic sign neb. The god has a wig on his head, is dressed in a short skirt and wears jewellery in the form of a broad necklace decorating his chest and bracelets on him arms and forearms. The sticks decorated with shen signs, which he is holding in both his hands, can be considered hieroglyphic signs meaning ‘years’; the ankh sign is hanging off his right arm. Above the god’s shoulders there are the wadjet eyes inside the neb signs. Both the falcons are spreading their wings. The back side of the neck is decorated with the stylised images of long petals with ends pointing upwards. A collar that separates the neck from the body is embellished with short, vertical lines. Decoration below the collar consists of two horizontal panels. The narrow upper panel shows alternating style flowers, while the lower panel, which almost reaches to the base, shows large stylised flower petals, probably lotus, divided by the smaller ones. This part of the decoration resembles a large flower, giving the © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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impression of encasing the entire bottom part of the jug, with the foot (at present only a fragment) imitating the stem. Judging from the high quality of the vessel as well as the religious symbolism of both the shape of the jar alone and the images of the main scene, it is highly likely the object is a product of the royal workshops in Thebes associated with the royal jubilee, Sed, of Amenhotep III. This object does not have parallels for the decoration or the shape (footed base). It may very well have been the pharaoh’s gift to one of his subjects, whose tomb was located in Asyut. Another pot in the British Museum with interesting decoration, which was very popular during this period, is a neck fragment with a moulded face of Hathor (Cat. 346). The surface treatment of the fragment – cream slipped and blue painted exterior, untreated interior – as well as its shape, indicate beyond doubt that this was a closed form, a large funnel-necked jar with a collar between the neck and the body (Nagel 1938: 30), possibly a handled amphora (Hope 1991: Fig. 14.f, Pl. 15c). Vessels with similar decoration bave been found throughout Egypt, e.g. in Saqqara (Aston B. 2011: 242-245; Bourriau/Aston D./Raven/Van Walsem 2005: 52-55), Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 400-401), Malkata (Hope 1982: 99; Arnold Do. 1993: 88, 92), Gurna (Guidotti 2003: 62, 93) and Deir el-Medina (Nagel 1938: 37). In Amarna alone over 800 fragments have been found (Hope 1991: 36, 40; Rose 2007: 95, 234; Bourriau 1981a: 38-39). They appear to be associated with the cult of Hathor (Guidotti 1978). The presence of a vessel with Hathor’s image in Asyut should not be surprising since Hathor, Lady of Medjeden, played an important role in the Asyut pantheon and had a temple dedicated to her (Verhoeven 2012: 54; Verhoeven 2013). Other types of vessels from phase 3 are also represented. The first group comprises (judging by the wall thickness, shape of the preserved fragments and specific ornaments) medium and large-sized jars with straight necks and round bodies. Also the so-called funnel necked jars (Cat. 347-348) (Fig. 277). The exterior is cream or pink slipped and blue painted. The decoration is simple and consists of black and red horizontal lines and a motif showing petals with ends pointing up and downwards. Again, these jars are found throughout Egypt, e.g. from the tomb of Horemheb Commander in Chief of Tutankhamun (Bourriau/

Fig. 276: Lower part of a jar with fragmentarily preserved foot (a) and the inside of a vessel (b) with visible peg inserted into the jar through the opening in the base, Cat. 345 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Aston D./Raven/Van Walsem 2005: 47-50; Aston B. 2011: 245-248) and the tomb of Iniuia (Aston B. 2012: 150-151) both in Saqqara, and from Amarna (Rose 2007: 84, 222-223). The other type is medium-sized globular jars represented by one small fragment of the belly (Cat. 349). The decoration consists of petals upon a row of small red dots. A parallel comes from the tomb of Iniua at Saqqara (Aston B. 2012: 154-156). The next type, well-represented in the material analysed, is a medium-sized slender jar with a simple rim, ovoid body and rounded base (Cat. 350-352). Decoration in the form of bands is painted on the cream slipped surface. The motifs are limited to horizontal blue panels divided and/or bordered by black and red horizontal and vertical lines (Fig. 278). In the case of at least some vessels, it is certain that the decoration had a front and back side as the main panel covers only a part of the body; perhaps in the centre there used to be a figural or floral image. Vessels of identical shape and decoration have been found in Thebes (Guidotti 2003: 114) and Saqqara (Bourriau/Aston D. 1985: Pl. 35, 42; Aston B. 2012: 181-182; Bourriau/Aston D./Raven/Van Walsem 2005: 45-46). Objects identical in shape to the Asyut jar are known from Amarna (Rose 2007: 230). Another group that draws attention is several types of vessels bearing extremely rare appliqué and blue painted decoration. One of the examples found in the material from Asyut is a fragment of a closed form, most probably a neck or body, with very interesting incised ornaments in the form of vertical scorings, also known as ‘fluting’ (Cat. 353). The object is made from Nile E fabric, its exterior is cream slipped and blue painted, and the upper part above the fluting has a black painted band, perpendicular to the fluting. To date, several ceramic types bearing similar decoration have been identified. These are: – an amphora with a tall neck and piriform or ovoid body – a funnel necked jar – a large goblet

Fig. 277: Fragments of a jar with Blue Painted on Cream Slipped decoration, Cat 347 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The first type includes the beautiful vessels of unknown provenance from the collection in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and fragments from Amarna and Malkata (inv. no 64.9, Hope 1991: Pl. 22a;2 Hope 1982: 89-90, Fig. 70). The amphora is decorated in an intricate and beautiful manner: apart from the fluting on the neck and middle part of the body, it is painted in blue, red and black and decorated with animal figures on the lid and shoulders. Vessels of the second type were found in Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 414417), while those representing the third, in Saqqara (Aston B. 1988: 3; Aston D. 1999a: 414). This makes Asyut the forth archaeological site where decorated pottery in this style has been discovered. Hence, a question about the provenance and dating of the ceramics discussed is re-opened. Before the discovery of the ceramics from Qantir and Saqqara, Amarna and Malkata had been considered the only pottery centres using this type of decoration – which explains why the object from Boston had been automatically thought to ‘most probably’ be the product of the workshops in Amarna and dated to the Amarna Period. The finds from Saqqara and particularly from Qantir brought about a shift in both the geographical localisation of the workshops from Middle Egypt further towards the north, as well as the dating, now considered to be the end of the Eighteenth– beginning of the Nineteenth Dynasty (Aston D. 1999b: 414). The discovery from Asyut, which is most likely a fragment of the funnel necked jar, suggests the existence of a larger number of centres manufacturing this type of pottery, both

Fig. 278: Fragments of a jar with Blue Painted decoration, Cat. 352 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska/ Cedro 2012). 2 It seems that captions of plate 22 are wrong. Description of the jar on page 60 and figure 22a are indeed of the jar depicted on plate 22b. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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in the Delta and Middle Egypt. It also sheds more light on the question of the provenance of ceramics with such decoration, as until now it has been an uncontested belief that these vessels are a product of the Amarna Period workshops: in Amarna, Malkata (Hope 1991), or in Qantir. The next fragment worth mentioning is part of a medium-sized ovoid jar with an interesting decoration (Cat. 354). It is in the form of the altering blue, vertical papyrus(?) stems and narrow black stems with red flowers of pomegranate(?). Such decoration is very rare, and only a handful of examples have been identified to date: from Deir el-Bahari (Rzeuska 2001a: 308), East Karnak (Werner 1983: 225), a jar in Louvre most likely from Amarna (Hope 1991: 51), from Sedment (Petrie/Brunton 1924: Pl. LXII, No. 115), and Giza (Hope 1997: Figs. 10-11, JE 48180). Another noteworthy fragment (Cat. 355) has an applied decoration in the form of rounded panels – discs(?). The exterior is cream slipped and blue painted with the interior untreated. This fragment may represent a rare type known from Amarna, classified as an ornament bowl (Hope 1991: 29-30) or a large basin with applied decoration (Rose 2007: 87-88, 227), though these have red slipped surfaces. It could be, after all, an entirely different type of vessel, e.g. a funnel necked jar. The final piece of Blue Painted pottery is a sherd of a small, thin-walled cup/ bowl with a simple rim and narrowing walls. Both its exterior and interior are cream slipped and only the interior is blue painted (Cat. 356). Unfortunately, no parallels could be found and so it is possible this object is a local product. As for the remaining types characteristic for this period, they are represented only by a limited number of objects and those are primarily storage vessels. It is worth mentioning a medium-sized, unslipped plate with a red painted band on the out-curved rim (Cat. 357). Similar objects have been found throughout Egypt, e.g. from Saqqara (Bourriau/Aston D./Raven/Van Walsem 2005: 24-25; Aston B. 2011: 205-206; Aston B. 2012: 164-165), Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 214-217), and Thebes (Nagel 1938: 40-43; Loyrette/Fikri 1991: 15). The next (late Eighteenth Dynasty) example is a large egg-shaped storage vessel that was reconstructed from fragments found in different parts of Tomb III (Cat. 358). This wheel-thrown object, made from Upper Egyptian fabric Marl A4, bears an impression of a rope at the widest point of the body, which would protect the vessel from deformation during the drying process. It has a very characteristic thick rim and just as characteristically shaped round bottom, with a small base ring attached to it. The base ring is indeed so tiny that the round bottom projects from underneath. This vessel clearly could not stand on its own but needed to be placed on a stand or pressed/dug into the ground. The closest parallels can be found in Amarna, although they are shorter and, effectively, more squat (Rose 1984: 137; Rose 2007: 136, 284; Peet/Woolley 1923: Pl. LII), and in Herakleopolis Ehnasya el-Medina (López Grande/Quesada Sanz 1995: Pl. L).3 The largest example found in Amarna was 39 cm high and 39.6 cm in diameter, while the vessel from Asyut shows 3 The analogies have been dated to the Late Period. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a preserved height of 45 cm, plus the missing part, and a maximum body diameter of 40.4 cm. If the reconstruction is correct, it would be the fourth largest example, alongside the three smaller and squatter ones identified in Amarna. The small and medium-sized jars are painted; there are no traces of decoration preserved on the object from Asyut. The fact that it is made from marl clay indicates the Upper Egyptian origin, which could provide an explanation to why this type rarely occurs outside the Amarna ceramic material, e.g. in Qantir only one fragment has been identified (Aston D. 1999b: 446-447). Another late Eighteenth dynasty example is a rim fragment (Cat. 359) of a storage vessel also executed in marl clay. The similar objects from Amarna (Peet/Woolley 1923: Pl. LIII; Rose 2007: 129-130, 274-276), Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: 20-21), Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 438-445), and particularly from Thebes (Aston D. 2008: 336-337) suggest this is a fragment of a large jar, known as the ‘meat jar’. A noteworthy object in the group of non-containers is a bottom part of a large red slipped stand (Cat. 360). Similar vessels can be found on other sites of this period, such as Saqqara in the tomb of Horemheb (Bourriau/Aston D./ Raven/Van Walsem 2005: 28-29) and in the tomb of Iniuia (Aston B. 2012: 177) as well as in the Workmen’s Village in Amarna (Hulin 1984: 173). These objects served a ritual function in a cultic context, which explains their treated surface, with additional white paint most likely in order to give the vessel a more ‘ritual’, hence ‘pure’, appearance. The tradition of painting ritual vessels in white emerged in Egypt as early as during the Old Kingdom (Rzeuska 2003). Dated to the same period are the so-called ‘fire dogs’ regarded as stands for cooking pots (Aston D. 1989). Although some of the examples show traces of fire, e.g. one from Saqqara (Aston B. 2011: 220-221), and one other from Saï (Miellé 2012: 178-179), none of the objects from Asyut (Cat. 361) or Amarna (Rose 2007: 49-51, 194), shaw similar traces or even sooting/charring

Fig. 279: ‘Fire dog’ found on the top of the gebel in Asyut, view of the outside (left) and inside (right), Cat. 361 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

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(Fig. 279). This supports the hypothesis that the fire dogs, apart from being used in cooking, served a different purpose as well. A beer jar stored in Turin is the best preserved example representing ceramics dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty (Cat. 362). Thanks to its characteristic shape: with a straight and slightly flaring rim, ovoid body and finger-indented base, it could be quite precisely dated to the first half of the Nineteenth Dynasty (Fig. 280). This form is present throughout Egypt: Saqqara (Aston B. 2011: 217-220), Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 184-187), Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: 24-25), and even Nubia (Holthoer 1977: Pl. 18). Another noteworthy vessel is a fragmentarily preserved marl clay amphora with a cream slipped and burnished surface (Cat. 363), which beyond doubt points to the Upper Egyptian provenance (Hope 1977: 72-74). Judging by the characteristic straight (not rounded) shoulders and carinated base, it probably dates to the times of Ramesses II. According to Colin Hope’s typology, it corresponds with type 1A described as amphorae with vertical handles (Hope 1989: 92-93). The shoulders bear a partially preserved inscription in black ink (Fig. 281). Although parallels can be traced throughout Egypt: Deir el-Medina (Nagel 1938: 19), Saqqara (Bourriau/Aston D./Raven/Van Walsem 2005: 62-63; Aston B. 2012: 207) and Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 472-475), the common occurance of Marl D objects in the Eastern Delta and Memphis-Fayum regions may indicate its origin in these areas (Aston D./Aston B. 2001: 51). The fourth phase of the New Kindom, which includes the last phase of the Nineteenth Dynasty, will be presented together with the Third Intermediate Period.

Fig. 280: Beer jar dated to the first half of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Cat. 362 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 281: Shoulder fragment of an amphora with partially preserved black inscription, Cat. 363 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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summAry

As it has already been mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, despite the significant number of artefacts from the New Kingdom, the necropolis of this period has yet to be discovered. In regards to this assemblage, one important observation should be made. There are two groups of pottery from different locations on the gebel. The first came from the survey of the top and upper areas of the gebel in seasons 2011 and 2012. The location suggests the possible location of the New Kingdom necropolis or some evidence of other activity. Numerous objects dated to the New Kingdom which were found on the top of the gebel during a survey in 2012 – fragments of steles, statues and inscribed blocks, including some with a cartouche of Ramesses II – indicate a nearby presence of a structure, possibly a temple (Verhoeven 2013). The pottery of the second group – better represented and better preserved – is from the secondary, mixed contexts, mainly in Tomb III and IV. In the case of the former structure, it appears that it might also have been utilised as a tomb during the New Kingdom.4 As far as the contents of the second tomb, Tomb IV, are concerned, there is a strong indication that at least a part of it, in particular the so-called ‘Hogarth Deposit’, had been moved there by archaeologists working on the gebel in the late 19th–early 20th century (Kilian 2012). It seems that the vessels were left behind at the end of the early excvations due to their incomplete preservation. In this case, it is impossible to establish their original location – it is highly unlikely they can be connected with the tombs in which they were found.5 It also must be emphasised, that the pottery of this period (in particular of the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Dynasty), no matter how fragmentarily preserved, is of an exquisite quality and so must have come from a tomb or tombs belonging to high state officials. At present, it is impossible to determine whether the objects analysed (especially those with the Blue Painted decoration) were products of the potters from Asyut or the royal workshops in Amarna or Malkata. The fact that all are made from Nile silts strongly supports the local origin hypothesis. There is no doubt, however, that the presence of ceramics made from Upper Egyptian marl clays attests to the existence of trade relations between the South and Asyut in the New Kingdom.

4 Information courtesy of Professor Jochem Kahl, the Co-Director of the Asyut Project. 5 After this publication was already completed, during the 2014 season in Asyut, a ceramic deposit from the end of the New Kingdom was discovered in the funerary shaft no.10, in vicinity of Tomb I (P.10.1). Although the shaft was plundered, the amount of pottery (39 objects), its condition (several complete vessels and a greater part possible to reconstruct) leaves no doubt that the Middle Kingdom structure has been re-used a few centuries later. The deposit was published in the Asyut Project report, 2014, in: Studies zur altägyptischen Kultur. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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CAtAlogue Cat. 341 Biconical vessel with flaring rim and flat base No.: T 8991 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped and shiny polished, inside untreated Colour: outside 10R 4/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.2 cm; max body diam.: 12.3 cm; base diam.: 4.4 cm; height: 8.5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 342 Biconical vessel with flaring rim and flat base No.: T 15381 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base scraped and smoothed Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 8/0 white Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 12.6 cm; base diam.: 5 cm; height: 10.8 cm Preservation: complete, some parts of the rim chipped off Cat. 343 Fragment of a jar No.: AS 1501 Ac.: S06/st323 Clay: Marl B Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside scum (self-slip), inside natural Colour: outside 2.5YR 8/2 pinkish white, inside 5Y 8/2 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted decoration

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Cat. 341

Cat. 342

Cat. 343

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Cat. 344 Medium-sized jug with flat rim, broad cylindrical neck, rounded body, two vertical handles and base ring. No.: T 8889 Clay: Marl A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside polished scum Decoration: bichrom black and red geometric painted decoration executed prior to firing Colour: outside 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 14.5 cm; base diam.: 4.8; height: 19.1 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, partially preserved rim, neck and belly, missing handles Remarks: coated with blackish resinous substance inside and outside, inside small black granules still smelling

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 344

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

457

458

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 345 Large vessel with rolled rim, wide, slightly flaring neck, piriform belly and partially preserved stem foot No.: BM 47380 Clay: Nile E1, fine version with medium amount of sandy particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 in two parts joined in the middle of the body, foot executed separately and attached through the hole in the base of the vessel Surface treatment: outside cream slipped, painted decoration executed in blue, red and black, inside uncoated Colour: inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 27 cm; max body diam.: 27.6 cm; pres. height: 44 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, some parts of the body reconstructed, foot missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 345

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

459

460

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 346 A sherd of large jar with partially preserved face of Hathor No.: BM 47382 Clay: Nile E2, medium coarse variant with abundant sandy and few organic inclusions visible on the surfaces Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the head of Hathor moulded Surface treatment: outside blue painted on pinkish-orange slip, inside uncoated Colour: inside 10R 5/5 red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 11.5 cm; neck diam.: 20.5 cm Preservation: fragment of the neck Cat. 347 Ovoid jar No.: AS 1393 Ac.: S04/st291, S04/st292 Clay: Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: inside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 12 cm Preservation: body sherds Decoration: Blue Painted on White Slipped Cat. 348 Fragment of a jar No.: AS 217 Ac.: S11/st611 Clay: Nile E1 fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside blue painted on pink slipped, inside uncoated Colour: inside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max pres. diam.: 23 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: body sherd

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The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 346

Cat. 347

Cat. 348

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461

462

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 349 Fragment of a globular jar No.: AS 420 Ac.: S08/st944 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside blue painted on pink slipped, inside uncoated Decoration (from top): black petals pointed upwards upon horizontal black line and row of red dots Colour: outside (slip) 5YR 7/4 pink, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: body sherd of the upper part of the belly Cat. 350 Rim of a drop beaker No.: AS 353 Ac.: S05/st10A, S04/st101 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside blue painted on pink slipped, inside uncoated Decoration (from top): blue band framed by black line ended with short vertical stroke, below second blue panel partially preserved and framed with from the top with black line Colour: outside (slip) 5YR 8/4 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: reduced with black core visible in the break Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14 cm; height: 8 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim Remarks: inside thin layer of greyish silt, remains of false filling(?) Cat. 351 Rim of a drop beaker No.: AS 354 Ac.: S05/st10A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside blue painted on pink slipped, inside rim pink slipped, below uncoated Colour: outside (slip) 5YR 8/4 pink, inside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 19.5 cm; pres. height: 2.5 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 349

Cat. 350

Cat. 351

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

463

464

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 352 Middle and lower part of a drop beaker No.: AS 351 + AS 352 Ac.: S04/st10, S05/st10A, S04/st81, S04/st101, S04/st133A, S04/st304A Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside pink slipped with blue painted in the frontal panel, inside uncoated Decoration: frontal blue panel divided by three thin black and one red lines Colour: outside (slip) 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow, inside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised with a grey core in the middle of the break Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 19 cm; pres. height: 36.8 cm Preservation: middle part of the body restored from sherds

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 352

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

465

466

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 353 Fragments of a large vessel No.: AS 360 Ac.: S04/st291+S04/st299 Clay: Nile E1, fine variant Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside blue painted on red slipped, inside uncoated Decoration: black band upon the incised (fluted) decoration in the form of vertical grooves, below petals framed with horizontal black lines Colour: inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced with the black core in the break Hardness: hard Max pres. diam.: 26 cm; pres. height: 19.5 cm Preservation: fragments of shoulder and belly Cat. 354 Fragment of a medium large globular jar No.: AS 733 Ac.: S04/188 Clay: Nile E2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside blue painted on pink slipped, inside uncoated Decoration: row of altering blue, vertical papyrus(?) stems and narrow, black stems ended with red flowers of pomegranate(?) Colour: inside 10R 6/3 pale red, outside 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised with a core Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 22 cm; pres. height: 4.7 cm Preservation: body sherd of the the upper part of the belly Cat. 355 Body sherd of an open vessel with applied decoration No.: AS 856 Ac.: S04/st310A Clay: Nile E1, fine version Technique: Thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside uncoated, outside pink slipped and blue painted Colour: inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 5.6 cm Preservation: body sherd

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The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 353

Cat. 354

Cat. 355

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

467

468

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 356 Small cup No.: AS 218 Ac.: S11/st612 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside blue painted on pink slipped, outside pink slipped Colour: outside 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidise Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; pres. height: 1.5 cm Preservation: 25° of the rim Cat. 357 Medium-sized plate No.: AS 404 Ac.: S10/st1206 Clay: Nile B2 fine version, a lot of small and medium-sized organic inclusions Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated, red painted band on the rim inside and partially on the outside Colour: outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 and 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 23.5 cm; max body diam.: 25 cm; pres. height: 2.5 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Cat. 358 Large egg-shaped jar with simple rim and base ring No.: AS 341 Ac.: S04/st1A, S04/st21A, S04/st70A Clay: Marl A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring attached and overthrown Surface treatment: scum Colour: outside 2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow, 10YR 7/2 light grey Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 21 cm; max diam.: 40.4 cm; base diam. 12 cm; pres. height: 45 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, 180° of the rim, complete base Remarks: rope impressions around the belly

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The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 356

Cat. 357

Cat. 358

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

469

470

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 359 Rolled rim of a storage vessel No.: AS 262 Ac.: S05/st387 Clay: Marl D Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: scum Colour: outside 10R 8/4 very pale brown, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 32 cm; pres. height: 2.3 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim Cat. 360 Lower part of a large pot stand No.: AS 871 Ac.: S12/st862 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised with black core visible in the break Hardness: hard Stand base diam.: 22 cm; pres. height: 12.5 cm Preservation: 45° of the stand base Remarks: judging by irregular smudges of the slip visible on the outside it was applied with a piece of cloth Cat. 361 Fire dog No.: AS 669 Ac.: S12/st869 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: body thrown on the wheel type 2, feet executed separately and attached to the bottom, one hole pierced prior to firing in the middle of the body Surface treatment: inside uncoated, outside traces of red on the body Colour: outside 2.5YR 8/3 pale yellow, 5Y 2.5/1 black, 2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown, 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 5YR 4/3 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm; max body diam.: 13 cm; pres. height: 14.2 cm Preservation: almost complete, some part of the rim and feet missing Remarks: some blackish patches (not soot) near the feet

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The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 359

Cat. 360

Cat. 361

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471

472

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 362 Beer jar with slightly flaring rim, ovoid body and flat base No.: T 15119 Clay: Nile E1, fine version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off with a string Surface treatment: uncoated on both surfaces Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, 2.5YR 6/5 light red, inside 2.5YR 6/5 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; max body diam.: 17.3 cm; base diam.: 7 cm; height: 27 cm Preservation: almost complete, restored from sherds, 180° of the rim Remarks: firing spots-stains, one in the middle of the body, the other near the base, deep grooves left by the potter’s fingers while moving the vessel from the wheel Cat. 363 Amphora No.: AS 338 + AS 339 Ac.: S04/st82, S04/st133A Clay: Marl D Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base is moulded Surface treatment: cream slipped on the outside, the neck and shoulder bear traces of burnishing while the bottom seems to be polished, untreated inside Colour: outside 2.5Y 8/2 white, 8-7/4 pale white, inside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown, 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Neck diam.: 11 cm; pres. height of the neck and shoulder: 14 cm; base diam.: 2.5 cm; pres. height of the base: 5 cm Preservation: parts of the neck and shoulder, body and base Remarks: black dockets on the upper part of the shoulder

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The hidden necropolis and temples of the New Kingdom

Cat. 362

Cat. 363

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

473

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter eight

A quest for the neCropolis of the third intermediAte period

Just as it was the case of the First and Second Intermediate Periods, it is nearly impossible to determine the exact moment in which the changes caused by the political deterioration of the Egyptian state first become noticeable in the ceramic material. This, in turn, is reflected in the fact that pottery of the late Ramesside (Bourriau’s phase 4 of the New Kingdom) and the early Third Intermediate Periods (Twenty-First Dynasty) are often treated as one chronological unit when dealing with ceramics (Aston D. 1996: 14; Aston D. 1999b: 541). These ceramics are indeed so homogenous when it comes to style, that dividing them into separate groups is both virtually problematic and inadvisable. Like the pottery of the Second Intermediate Period, ceramics dating from the Third Intermediate Period are not well-represented in Asyut. The current research being carried out on the gebel has yielded only a few dozen fragments, all found in secondary contexts. Unfortunately, this situation does not look much better when it comes to museum collections where only a mere handful of complete examples are stored. However, one should keep in mind that the picture may well be distorted by the fact that studies of the ceramic material of this period from Asyut have only just begun and at present the data is simply insufficient. It may be the case that more pottery of this period does exist, but has yet to be identified as such. Furthermore, the identification of these ceramics is problematic, not only due to the very fragmentary nature of the corpus but also – and perhaps more importantly – due to the fact that the well dated assemblages come either from the Delta regions (Tanis and Qantir) or Upper Egypt (Thebes and Elephantine) (Aston D. 1996: 15-21). On top of this, Middle Egypt still presents itself as a terra incognita, perhaps with an exception of Herakleopolis Magna (López Grande/Quesada Sanz 1995). The most interesting object from the transition between the New Kingdom and the early Third Intermediate Period is without doubt a body fragment of a medium-sized vessel made from Nile silt B2. Judging from the fragment, the vessel was cylindrical in shape (Cat. 364) (Fig. 282, Pl.11a). The exterior is unslipped and has a central panel painted in white after firing, bordered with a brown line. Inside the panel there is a fragmentarily preserved image of a man, painted in red and also bordered with a brown line. The man is dressed in a short skirt and his preserved arm was most likely embellished with a broad bracelet (here the decoration is partially damaged and illegible). This object is one-of-a© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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kind, having no parallels in terms of the decorative images. The image appears to be a fragment of a larger scene depicting the Court of Osiris, which is seen on numerous papyri. It is rather unlikely that it shows the adoration scene, given that the hands – or at least the one preserved hand – are not raised, but rest along the body. There was probably a figure of Anubis to the right, holding the deceased man’s left (not preserved) hand and leading him towards Osiris (Fig. 283). Considering the shape of the vessel, it could have functioned as a canopic jar or a container for ushabtis. The other interesting fragments are also likely to be from tomb furnishings – the canopic jars. Amongst these fragments there are bases and walls of small containers (Cat. 365-366, Pl. 11b) with a vertical band of black inscription painted on the yellow background, as well as lids with a red and yellow decorative motif on the white background (Cat. 367, Pl. 11c). The decoration was done after firing. Similar examples have been found at different sites throughout Egypt, e.g. Abydos (Randall-Maciver/Mace1902: 78). The pottery presented above may prove that embalming workshops of the late New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period started developing their own style of vessel decoration. Another example which appears to be dated to this period is a group of small beakers (Cat. 368-369) (Figs. 284-285) with straight, slightly narrowing walls and a rounded base. The broadest diameter is near the lower portion of the body, giving the vessel a somewhat stout appearance. One of the beakers has a small pot mark incised before firing just below the rim (Fig. 286). Despite the absence of an exact

Fig. 282: Fragment of the vessel with partly preserved human figure, Cat. 364 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2013).

Fig. 283: Reconstruction of the human figure depicted on the cylindrical vessel, possible shabti container, Cat. 364 (Iwaszczuk 2013).

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analogical match, in terms of shape the vessel seems to be a ‘shorter’ version (i.e. with shorter walls) of the funnel necked jar, typical for the late Twentieth and early Twenty-First Dynasty. These jars have been classified by David Aston into phase I of the late New Kingdom and beginning of the Third Intermediate Period, as group 26 (Aston D. 1996: 66, 297). They are most often made from Nile silt B with a red slipped exterior and scraped base and can be found throughout Egypt, e.g. Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: 30-32). Unlike them, the beaker from Asyut is made from the sandy variant of Nile silt, most probably E1, has an untreated surface and wheel-thrown base. The latter element appears to be characteristic for the slightly later date. Perhaps the Asyut beaker is not just a contemporary local variant of the funnel necked jars, but a chronologically later version. The next noteworthy example – which appears to be deeply rooted in the Ramesside tradition – is a carintated bowl (Cat. 370). This type is classified into phase 1, group 14: carinated bowls with rounded bases (Aston D. 1996: 61, 292). The early forms are far more stout and with a more emphasized carination, as seen in examples from Qantir (Aston D. 1999b: 576-577) or the temple of Merenptah in Thebes (Aston D. 2008: 212-214, 221-222). Usually, the vessels of this type are made from marl clays, though there are several known examples made from Nile silt and red slipped. The closest analogy comes from Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: 143-144), where it is dated to the Libyan Period. Another typical vessel from the end of the period is a globular jar, classified into phase I, group 31 (Aston D. 1996: 63). It is represented by a rim fragment made from Nile silt and with a cream slipped surface (Cat. 371). Similar vessels

Fig. 284: Small beaker from the Third Intermediate Period, Cat. 368 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 285: Small drop-shaped beaker made from Nile silt, Cat. 369 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

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from Qantir come from the transition between the Twentieth and Twenty-First Dynasties (Aston D. 1999b: 546-547), while those from Elephantine date from the end of the New Kingdom (Aston D. 1999a: 36-37) as well as the Libyan Period (Aston D. 1999a: 79-81). An example typical for the later (third) phase of the Third Intermediate Period is a rim fragment of a carinated plate (Cat. 372). It represents group 32 in phase III in the chronological classification for Upper Egypt (Aston D. 1996: 77, 325). The vessels of this type are made from marl clays, though the object presented is made from Nile silt, which may attest to its local provenance. Rim fragments of wide-mouthed storage jars (Cat. 373-377) are rare examples of large-sized ceramics. Similar objects known from the royal necropolis at Mendes were possibly decorated with red and sometimes cream slip (Hummel/

Fig. 286: Close-up of the small drop-shaped beaker made from Nile silt with a pre-firing pot mark, Cat. 369 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 287: Fragmentarily preserved beaker from the Third Intermediate Period. The foot has been attached separately, Cat. 378 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Shubert 2004: 157); these vessels also had handles, examples have been found at Herakleopolis Magna (López Grande/Quesada Sanz 1995: 66). A beaker fragment (Cat. 378) (Fig. 282) also dates from the late Third Intermediate Period. Beakers were extremely popular, especially in necropoleis, during this period, and the origin of the form reaches back to the late New Kingdom (Nagel 1938: 116; Aston D. 1999b: 159). They occur on various sites throughout Egypt (Defernez/Isnard 2000: 181). During the period under discussion, they may have a noticeable dip in the middle of the base and just above it clearly visible wheel marks. The slightly protruding edge of the base, forming a sort of a small foot, was often attached as a separate piece of clay around the bottom of the beaker. The base was not completely flat, but slightly convex, which would have made the vessel unstable.

summAry

The small number of ceramics and the secondary nature of the archaeological contexts in which they have been found make it almost impossible to come to any real conclusions about this period. Despite the fact that to date no architectural remains have been found, human activity at Asyut is clearly attested to by the objects presented (pottery and ushabtis) (Kahl 2012: 17). Therefore, to find the necropolis of this period, we must be armed with patience.

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

CAtAlogue Cat. 364 Fragment of a cylindrical vessel, ushabtis container(?) No.: AS 25 Ac.: S04/st411 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: Thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside uncoated and partially white washed, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 7/6 yellow, inside 2.5Y 4/3 olive brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 20 cm; pres. height: 9 cm Preservation: fragment of the body Remarks: post-firing decoration, white painted panel framed with a dark brown line, inside partially preserved depiction of a man wearing short kilt Cat. 365 Small canopic jar(?) No.: AS 933 Ac.: S04/st341 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white washed, inside uncoated Colour: outside and inside 7.5YR 4/4 brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 6.5 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: post-firing inscription, painted two columns of vertical black inscription on yellow ground framed two black horizontal lines, on the right fragmentary preserved hieroglyph on the white washed ground Cat. 366 Small canopic jar(?) No.: AS 934 Ac.: S04/st330A Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white washed except the base, inside untreated Colour: outside (except the base) 7.5YR 4/3 brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 light olive brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 6 cm; pres. height: 2 cm Preservation: 120° of the base Remarks: post-firing inscription painted two black horizontal lines of black vertical inscription framed by two columns of vertical black lines painted on yellow ground © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period

Cat. 364

Cat. 365

Cat. 366

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

481

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 367 Cover (lid) No.: AS 26 and AS 27 Ac.: S04/st161A, S04/st133A and S04/st72 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: Thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white washed, inside uncoated Colour: inside 7.5YR pink, 5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 16.7 cm; max body diam.: 17.2 cm; reconstructed height: 3.9 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim, body sherd Decoration: on white ground post-firing painted yellow circle bordered with red line and two red and one yellow perpendicular short lines pointing the rim Cat. 368 Small cup No.: T 15648 Clay: Nile B1 near Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, 2.5YR 4/0 dark grey Firing: oxidised, partially reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.2 cm; max body diam.: 8.7 cm; height: 9 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: blackish patches on the bottom outside and inside – traces of usage(?) Cat. 369 Beaker No.: AS 986 Ac.: S12/st1532 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: natural Colour: outside wet smoothed, inside natural Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 10.3 cm; pres. height: 12.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, rim missing Remarks: a pot mark below the rim incised before firing

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A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period

Cat. 367

Cat. 368

Cat. 369

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

483

484

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 370 Carinated bowl No.: AS 491 Ac.: S11/st687 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised, partially reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14 cm; max body diam.: 15 cm; pres. height: 5.9 cm Preservation: 42° of the rim Cat. 371 Jar No.: AS 288 Ac.: S10/st1512 Clay: Nile B1 with some limestone inclusions Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: white slipped on the outside and inside on the rim, below untreated (natural) Colour: slipped outside and inside creamy (not present in Munsell charts), inside (untreated) 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.6 cm; pres. height: 2.1 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim Remarks: white slipped largely vanished Cat. 372 Carinated plate No.: AS 460 Ac.: S11/st531 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: Thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, 5YR 6/1 grey, inside 5YR 7/1 light grey, 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.8 cm; max diam.: 19 cm; height: 3.3 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim

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A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period

Cat. 370

Cat. 371

Cat. 372

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

485

486

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Cat. 373 Wide-mouthed jar No.: AS 369 Ac.: S05/st265 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: inside and outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: 70° of the rim Cat. 374 Wide-mouthed jar No.: AS 103 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, inside 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.5 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 25° of the rim Cat. 375 Wide-mouthed jar No.: AS 104 Ac.: S04/st72 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: inside and outside 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 19 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim

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A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period

Cat. 373

Cat. 374

Cat. 375

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487

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Cat. 376 Wide-mouthed jar No.: AS 370 Ac.: S05/st171 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated (natural) Colour: outside 5YR 5/6 yellowish red, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 19 cm; pres. height: 6.2 cm Preservation: 70° of the rim Cat. 377 Wide-mouthed jar No.: AS 102 Ac.: S04/st5A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: outside and inside 5YR 8/3-4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14 cm; pres height: 3.9 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim Cat. 378 Beaker No.: AS 149 Ac.: S10/st1206 Clay: Nile B2 (fine version) Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: red slipped outside except the base left untreated, inside uncoated (natural) Colour: slipped 2.5YR 7/3 light reddish brown, uncoated 5YR 7/6 reddish brown, 6YR 6-5/3 light reddish brown-reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 7.4 cm; pres. height: 5.8 cm Preservation: complete base

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A quest for the necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period

Cat. 376

Cat. 377

Cat. 378

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489

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter nine

the lAte period: ArrivAl of the sACred AnimAls Although the Late Period pottery is not as numerous as the ceramic material from the Middle Kingdom or Roman times, it constitutes an assemblage sufficiently rich to confirm the existence of both funerary and cultic activity on the gebel during this period. It is primarily associated with the vast necropoleis of sacred animals situated in the area and, to a lesser extent, with human burials. Nearly all of the objects from Asyut dating to this period derive from recent excavations carried out by the Asyut Project, while the museum examples are rather scarce. The majority are fragmentarily preserved, and although a few complete or nearly complete objects do exist, they are mostly reconstructed. There is little typological diversity and the vessels associated with the vast animal necropolis(eis) Animal Necropolis Ware form the largest group. There are also more than a dozen other vessel types, amongst which large storage vessels are predominant, while the open forms and non-containers are less frequent. A small assemblage of imported ceramics is also present.

AnimAl neCropolis wAre

Pottery associated with the animal necropolis(eis), referred to as Animal Necropolis Ware (ANW), is the most common and hence the best known out of all of the Late Period pottery groups in Asyut. The group comprises ceramic vessels that served as containers for the mummified bodies of the sacred animals. Although so far Asyut has not yielded any complete examples with intact contents (and markedly neither of these objects have been found in situ), many such vessels are known both from the numerous museum collections as well as other animal necropoleis, e.g. at Tuna el-Gebel. Comparing the examples from Asyut with these analogies, there is no doubt that they represent Animal Necropolis Ware. All of the vessels are wheel-turned and made from Nile silt, which is characterized by a considerable content of organic inclusions (Nile B2). Their crude execution, untreated surface, uncontrolled firing in a reduced atmosphere, and their ubiquity, all clearly point to mass production. Furthermore, it appears that these containers were made somewhere on the gebel, which is evident from the fragments of unfired examples of Animal Necropolis Ware discovered during the 2012 season (Fig. 288). At present, the Animal Necropolis Ware group comprises six basic types of vessels, only three of which (ANW 1-3) are well-attested: ANW type 1: Large or medium-sized jars with more or less cylindrical body and characteristic rim with an internal ledge, which helped to keep the lid in place (Cat. 379-387) (Fig. 289) © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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ANW type 2: Shallow plate-like lids with flat handle (Cat. 378-396) (Fig. 290) ANW type 3: Medium-sized bowls with straight walls and slightly convex base used as lids (Cat. 397-398) ANW type 4: Medium-sized bowls with straight walls and flat base used as lids (Cat. 399-400) (Fig. 291) ANW type 5: Shallow lids with knob-like handle (Cat. 401) (Fig. 292) ANW type 6: Cylindrical container with flat base (Cat. 402) Differences between the types listed above are sometimes very minimal. The most commonly represented are jars and lids; bowls constitute the smallest group; while the cylindrical jar is represented by just one example. Based on the known parallels, mainly from Tuna el-Gebel, a typical set included a jar closed with a lid (Steinmann 2003, 120, Figs. 9-10). It is quite likely that a bowl placed upside down atop the jar would be used as a lid as well. It has been possible to observe at least three distinct methods of closing and sealing the vessels. Some of the objects show traces of a white substance; others are covered with a black resinous material. Furthermore, in certain cases a greyish white substance mixed with ash has been identified. Due to the fragmentary state of the vessels and the fact they come from secondary contexts, it is impossible to establish whether a particular method of closing a jar corresponded with its contents (Fig. 293). The current situation presents itself as fairly unusual because the original location of a considerable number of these ceramics (which would provide valuable information) is unknown. Surprisingly, only a very small number of Animal Necropolis Ware comes from the Tomb of the Dogs, discovered by the Asyut

Fig. 288: Fragments from various vessels representing Animal Necropolis Ware (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 291: Medium-sized bowl representing ANW type 4, used as lid, Cat. 400 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Fig. 289: Fragments of large jars representing ANW type 1; note the traces of whitish substance on the outside, Cat. 385 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 290: Shallow, plate-like lid representing ANW type 2, Cat. 391 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

Fig. 292: Lid with knob-like handle representing ANW type 5, Cat. 401 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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Project on the gebel, which seemed the most obvious location for this material. It should be noted, however, that even though several thousand fragmented mummified animals have been found in the tomb, not a single one was placed

Fig. 293: Lids and rims of jars with traces of various substances used for sealing: a), c) and f) whitish grey, coarse mixture with distinct limestone inclusions, b) white powdery substance, possibly ground limestone, d) calcareous mixture with ash additive, e) soil – mud and ash mixture; b) Cat. 399, c) Cat. 392, e) Cat. 384, f) Cat. 382, a) and d) not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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in a container. Considering the fact that the examples from Tuna el-Gebel were used as containers for mummified birds, not dogs, it may have been likewise in Asyut (Fig. 294). Therefore, it is very much a possibility that somewhere on the gebel lays an undiscovered necropolis of sacred birds, e.g. ibises. Furthermore, it is also possible that such a necropolis could be a part of the Tomb of the Dogs, given that only a small portion of the tomb has been explored. It is possible that further inside animal burials in jars may be found intact. One thing, however, is certain: the inhabitants of the gebel still had access to this necropolis in the Late Roman Period. This is firmly confirmed by the largest assemblage of Animal Necropolis Ware, which came from inside Tomb III, where it had been used as a levelling material, representing a phase of repairs to the floor. The cylindrical jar (Cat. 402) with a lid (Cat. 396) most likely constituted a similar ceramic set. This hypothesis is strongly supported by the fact that the objects were found together, and that they were both covered with a thick layer of identical-looking powdery white substance (Fig. 295).

Fig. 294: Jar used for mummies of sacred birds, reconstruction (© Iwaszczuk 2013).

Fig. 295: Base and lid fragments, probably part of one set; possibly for mummified sacred animal; note the thick layer of white wash coating the surface of both vessels, Cat. 396 and 402 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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In terms of the dating of the Animal Necropolis Ware ceramics, parallel examples from Tuna el-Gebel represent the time span from the Macedonian or early Ptolemaic to Roman Period (Steinmann 1998: 104; Driesch von den/ Kessler/Steinmann/Berteaux/Peters 2005: 208-209). Storage vessels Although the Tomb of the Dogs did not yield a large number of the Animal Necropolis Ware ceramics, another type of pottery was discovered in this vast structure – storage jars. A deposit consisting of three large vessels, found in situ close by the entrance inside the tomb is particularly interesting. One of the objects (Cat. 403) (Fig. 297) is complete, apart from the missing rim, the other two, found broken, have been reconstructed (Cat. 404-405) (Figs. 296, 298). All three are different shapes: the first one is cylindrical, the second is bag-like and the third is ovoid. All are wheel-turned from Nile silt tempered with organic inclusions, which corresponds with Nile B2 of the Vienna System. Furthermore, all of the vessels have wet-smoothed exteriors. They can be dated only based on the similar objects from other sites, as they were found within a layer of tafla, which was sterile of any other finds. Two close parallels could be found for the first vessel (Cat. 403): a marl clay jar from a tomb in Herakleopolis Magna dated to the Third Intermediate Period (López Grande/Quesada Sanz 1995: 90) and a Nile silt jar from the Late Period Amarna (French 1986: Fig. 9). The second jar (Cat. 404) has its closest parallel from Medinet Habu: a vessel

Fig. 296: The first of the three large vessels found in the deposit near the entrance to the Tomb of the Dogs; note the ‘killing holes’, the large one on the belly and the small one on the base, Cat. 404 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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nearly identical in shape with similar deep wheel marks clearly visible on the exterior (Hölscher 1954: Pl. 75; Aston D. 1996: 54). Unfortunately, it could not be dated more precisely than to a period between the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. The other parallels, this time more closely dated, are: a similar jar with a slightly different rim from Asasif, dated to the times of the Twenty-Fifth–Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Budka 2010a: 693) and another one from Amarna, dated to approvimately the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Aston D. 1996: 43). The rim is missing from a third of the analyzed objects (Cat. 405) and the ovoid shape of the body is not indicative of a precise date. To summarise, the deposit comes from the Late Period, most probably from the time of the TwentyFifth –Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, though a slightly later date cannot be completely ruled out. An interesting feature shared by the first two vessels (the cylindrical and the bag-like one) is the so-called ‘killing hole’. The first vessel has a small hole in the centre of the base, while the second, a round opening, c. 8 cm in diameter, in the lower part of the body; in both of the cases, the holes were made post-firing. The custom of deliberate piercing of vessels associated with necropoleis appears as early as the late Middle Kingdom–

Fig. 297: The second of the three large vessels found in the deposit near the entrance to the Tomb of the Dogs; note the ‘killing hole’ at the bottom, Cat. 403 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011).

Fig. 298: The third of the three large vessels found in the deposit near the entrance to the Tomb of the Dogs, Cat. 405 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011).

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early Second Intermediate Period (Seiler 2005: 83). It is commonly interpreted as a way of preventing re-use of the vessel in the profanum once it has been used in the sphere of sacrum. It is difficult to explain the presence of this deposit in the Tomb of the Dogs – it is possible the vessels were associated with ritual activities, which could be suggested by the ‘killing holes’. In regards to embalming caches, the presence of typical TwentySixth–Twenty-Seventh Dynasty large storage vessels in the material is not a surprise. They are long and narrow and occasionally attenuated at the midbody level, which explains why they are commonly referred to as ‘sausage jars’ (Cat. 406-408) (Fig. 299). The jars are made from Nile silt tempered with sands

Fig. 299: Two large, fragmentarily preserved ‘sausage jars’, Cat. 406 and Cat. 408 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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and crushed limestone. Although the surface is left untreated, the vessels show signs of controlled drying and marks left by a rope are often visible in the lower part of the body. The correct selection of inclusions added to the fabric and, despite appearances, careful production method, resulted in a high hardness and damage resistance, making these jars excellent containers. It is no wonder that in Asyut this vessel type has survived in good condition, especially in comparison to other large ceramics. Similar examples are found amongst embalming caches particularly from Thebes (Arnold Do. 1966: 90; Myśliwiec 1987: 56; Rzeuska 2001a: 319-320; Budka 2010b: 34-35). Although original contents have not been preserved in any of the objects from Asyut, their existence cannot be ruled out – they may have fallen out due to partial breaking. This hypothesis can be confirmed by dark brown stains inside one of the examples (Cat. 408). Another type of large storage vessels, resembling the ‘sausage jars’, is represented by the lower part of a vessel that had an attenuated mid-body and carinated base (Cat. 409). Amongst the storage vessels, it is also worth taking a closer look at the objects made from Marl clay A4 (Cat. 410-411) (Fig. 300), which most likely originate from the vicinity of Thebes. Only rim fragments have been preserved and some of them have characteristic small vertical handles that appear out of proportion in relation to the large, pear-shaped vessel. On one of the rims, small incisions in the form of two parallel hashes crossed by the third one have been observed. Similar examples are very common throughout Egypt, particularly in the South e.g. Tod (Pierrat-Bonnefois 2000: nos. 231-235), Dendera (Marchand 2000: nos. 71-74), Thebes (Myśliwiec 1987: 60, no. 399), and Elephantine (Aston D. 2007: 427). They have been dated from the Persian Period to the 4th century BC (Arnold Do. 1993: 82-93, Fig. 96c; Aston D. 2007: 427). The examples found in Asyut appear to date to the times between the late 5th and early 4th century BC, based on the similar vessels from Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: 231, nos. 2040-2041, Pl. 72). Another type of Upper Egyptian large marl clay jar has been identified in the material (Cat. 412-413). Likewise made from Marl A4, the examples are characterised by short cylindrical necks with a deep groove below Fig. 300: Rim fragments of large Marl clay storage vessels; note the incised pot the rim, with a disproportionately mark on the rim, Cat. 410-411 enormous ovoid or pear-shaped body (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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with two miniscule handles. Despite being made from a hard marl fabric, their thin walls made them easily prone to breaking and so they are preserved only in small fragments. Parallel examples can be found from many Upper Egyptian sites, e.g. Thebes (Myśliwiec 1987: 67) and Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: 193) – in the latter they are referred to as ‘tall storage jars with grooved rims’. The presence of Upper Egyptian marl clay storage vessels in Asyut is significant in terms of the distribution of this type of ceramics and products that were transported in them. The vessels were mass-produced in the period between the end of the 8th century BC until at least the Persian Period. They were manufactured in workshops located somewhere in Upper Egypt, possibly in Thebes or the surrounding areas (Aston D. 1999a: 181). The vessels are found primarily in the southern parts of the country and Nubia. Importantly, their presence on the gebel in Asyut and other sites of the Middle Egypt region, such as Amarna (French 1986: 183) and Hermopolis (Spencer 1993: Pls. 52-53), attests to the widespread distribution. Also significant is the absence of any open forms made from marl clays in Asyut. Despite this being argumentum ex silentio, it seems to confirm the hypothesis that it was the products these vessels carried, not the vessels themselves, which were the primary object of distribution – otherwise the marl clay open forms would also be present in Middle Egypt. Apart from the large storage vessels, fragments of cylindrical bottles have been identified as well. They are medium-sized objects, made from Nile silt and characterised by a narrow and short neck (Cat. 414-415). Their rims are similar in shape to each other, but differ in terms of surface treatment. The first vessel has a red slipped exterior, while the second one has its outer surface painted white. In addition, small-sized jars, like a cylindrical example with a convex base (Cat. 416) (Fig. 301), have occasionally been found. One of these objects has a red slipped exterior, which has also Fig. 301: Small, cylindrical jar with red slipped and white painted outer surface, been decorated with a white band, Cat. 416 (© The Asyut Project; painted on the vessel after firing. Rzeuska 2012). Open forms and non-containers Vessels representing the open forms and non-containers are less frequent in comparison to the closed forms. The first group comprises primarily medium and small-sized objects, for the most part different types of beakers and bowls, while examples large in size are rare. The beakers are vessels with a conical body and ledged base (Cat. 417-418) (Figs. 302-303). The earlier beakers of the Third Intermediate Period (see previous Chapter) had slightly convex and trimmed bases formed from a separate piece of clay. The Late Period examples, on the other hand, are made from a single lump of clay and have flat bases trimmed with © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a tool. Similar beakers are found on many sites throughout Egypt, e.g. Thebes (Myśliwiec 1987: 58-59; Budka 2010b: 33), and Elephantine (Aston D. 1999). They may have been used as offering vessels and/or censers, which is evident from traces of black resinous substance and charcoals (Rzeuska 2001a: 321324; Budka 2010b: 52-53). The bowls are shallow with straight walls (Cat. 419). The external surface in this vessel type is often red slipped, which on occasion was additionally painted with a white wash after firing – just as seen in the case of small cylindrical jar presented above. Large-sized vessels are represented by thick-walled bowls with a profiled rim (Cat. 420) and large vats (Cat. 421). Both of these forms are found throughout Egypt, from Saqqara to Elephantine (Aston D. 2011; Aston D. 1999a). Other notable objects are two deep bowls with vertical walls and a round base, wheel-made from Nile silt B2 fabric. The smaller of the two has

Fig. 302: Red slipped conical beaker with cutoff base; traces of usage in the form of blackish spots on the inside, Cat. 417 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 303: Untreated conical beaker with cut off base, Cat. 418 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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a pointed rim (Cat. 422)(Fig. 304) and the larger – a modelled one (Cat. 423) (Fig. 305). The larger is occasionally called a ‘goldfish bowl’ (Dietze 1992) or a ‘cooking pot’ (SmolÁrikovÁ 2009: 79-88, 100). The surface of the smaller bowl is untreated, whereas the larger one has been covered with an extremely thin layer of reddish slip – although the burnish, which is occasionally seen on parallel vessels at other sites (Aston D. 2011: 50), is missing. Both the external and internal surfaces in the first bowl bear traces of a black substance (resin?), while the other bowl contains a thick layer of a white paste and has smudges on its exterior. Comparative ceramics are found throughout Egypt from Late Period contexts, suggesting a similar date for the Asyut examples. The bowls attest to the continued use of the gebel as a burial ground. At the Memphis necropolis this type of ceramics is a staple element of embalming cachettes (Aston D. 2011: 79). Given the remnants of the resinous substance and the white paste in both of these Fig. 304: Small Nile silt bowl with traces of black vessels, it is highly likely that they resinous substance, Cat. 422 (© The were used during mummification Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014). process. Furthermore, it is possible

Fig. 305: Large Nile silt ‘goldfish bowl’ with traces of white plaster in and on it, Cat. 423 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

Fig. 306: Small, multifunctional vessel, used either as a bowl or a lid, Cat. 425 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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that once this process had been completed, the bowls were deposited as a part of a cachettes – a custom observed during the period throughout entire Egypt. In regards to the group of non-containers, here the most typical example is a small lid (Cat. 424). Also present in the material are small-sized objects, bowllids (Cat. 425) (Fig. 306), which – due to their universal and multifunctional nature – cannot be easily classified. Their function can only be ascertained from the context in which they have been found – one example being an object from the Tomb of the Dogs. It is a small jar, covered with another small vessel, which acts as a lid (Cat. 426-427) (Pl. 12). Both examples are crudely wheel-thrown from Nile B2 and have untreated surfaces. The jar, of which the upper part has not survived, has a gently rounded body ending in a flat base and a small protrusion preserved at the mid-height level – probably a handle. The small lid with a straight rim is characterised by a remarkably narrow and thin base. The dating of the objects is problematic, as neither the context in which they have been discovered nor the known parallels point to a date more specific than the Late Period. Moreover, this ceramic set – similarly to the deposit of jars presented above – is difficult to interpret: it may be evidence of cultic activities, but it cannot be excluded that it is a part of grave goods. A similar ceramic assemblage, though dated to the Third Intermediate Period, has been found at Assasif (Budka 2010a: 324). Phoenician amphorae The description of Late Period ceramics would not be complete without presenting the imports. To date, one type of pottery imported from beyond Egypt has been identified: the so-called ‘torpedo amphorae’, of the Cypro-Phoenician tradition. Small diagnostic fragments have survived at Asyut – these are predominantly handles, occasionally with shoulder fragments (Cat. 428-430). The characteristic broad and angular shoulders leave no doubt that they correspond with type 6 in Antonio G. Sagona’s classification – a vessel typical for the Persian Period (Sagona 1982: 80-81), as well as type A8 in Elizabeth Bettles’s typology (Bettles 2003: 115). The precise fabric identification (and so the exact origin of the amphorae) is a question open to future research.

summAry

To summarise, despite their relatively small number, the Late Period ceramics attest to the presence of human activity on the gebel during this time, particularly in association with the functioning of the animal necropolis(eis). Although infrequent, the identified fragments of Upper Egyptian jars testify to the distribution of goods from Upper to Middle Egypt. Furthermore, the presence of imported vessels, so far limited to Phoenician amphorae, confirms the existence of trade between Asyut and Phoenicia.

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CAtAlogue Cat. 379 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 505 Ac.: S11/st514 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/4 very pale brown, inside 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 16 cm; max pres. body diam.: 21.8 cm; pres. height: 11.1 cm Preservation: 10° of the rim Cat. 380 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 101 Ac.: S04/st406 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17.7 cm; pres. height: 4.6 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim Remarks: white plaster on the outside and the inside Cat. 381 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 92 Ac.: S04/st75A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 4/2 weak red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20.3 cm; pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim

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The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 379

Cat. 380

Cat. 381

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505

506

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Cat. 382 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 547 Ac.: S09/st1076 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 19 cm; pres. height: 7.6 cm Preservation: 12° of the rim Remarks: thick layer of white plaster on the outside around the rim and the neck Cat. 383 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 100 Ac.: S04/st340 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6-5/4 light reddish brown-reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 4/2 weak red Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 20.1 cm; pres. height: 6.5 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Remarks: white painted band with traces of mud sealing below the rim on the outside Cat. 384 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 382 Ac.: S05/st171 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 3/1 very dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20 cm; pres. height: 6.1 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim Remarks: thick layer of the greyish substance on the outside

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The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 382

Cat. 383

Cat. 384

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507

508

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 385 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 78 Ac.: S04/st406 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 21.6 cm; max pres. body diam.: 31 cm; pres. height: 13.2 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Remarks: traces of white plaster with ashes on the outside Cat. 386 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 55 Ac.: S04/st361 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 4/1 dark grey, inside 5YR 5/1 grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 7.3 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Cat. 387 Upper part of ANW jar, type 1 No.: AS 464 Ac.: S11/st401 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/8 reddish yellow, inside 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 25.2 cm; max body diam.: 30.2 cm; pres. height: 17.6 cm Preservation: 85° of the rim Remarks: traces of blackish substance on the outside and the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 385

Cat. 386

Cat. 387

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

509

510

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 388 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 114 Ac.: S05/st237 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/1 grey - 3/1 very dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15.8 cm; base diam.: 4.8 cm; height: 4 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim and top Cat. 389 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 143 Ac.: S05/st562 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 4/0 dark grey Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 19.2 cm; base diam.: 7.8 cm; height: 3.8 cm Preservation: complete top, 70° of the rim Remarks: traces of white substance on the outside Cat. 390 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 390 Ac.: S05/st171 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 4/1 dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18 cm; base diam.: 5.4 cm; height: 4.3 cm Preservation: complete top, 50° of the rim Remarks: traces of blackish substance on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 388

Cat. 389

Cat. 390

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

511

512

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 391 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 88 Ac.: S04/st75A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/1 grey, inside 2.5YR 3/0 very dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 20.2 cm; base diam.: 5.9 cm; height: 4.8 cm Preservation: complete top, 90° of the rim Cat. 392 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 96 Ac.: S04/st75A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown and 4/1 dark grey, inside 5YR 4/1 dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 19.5 cm; base diam.: 5.6 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: complete top, 90° of the rim Remarks: thick layer of white-greyish substance on the outside Cat. 393 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 95 Ac.: S04/st340 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 4/1 dark grey and 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 5YR 3/1 very dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 21.7 cm; base diam.: 7 cm; height: 6.2 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim and the top

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 391

Cat. 392

Cat. 393

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

513

514

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 394 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 389 Ac.: S05/st171 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown and 10YR 4/1 dark grey, inside 7.5R 4/2 brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.5 cm; base diam.: 5 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim and top Remarks: blackish, resinous substance on the inside and the outside Cat. 395 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 120 Ac.: S05/st95A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/3-4 pink, inside 2.5YR 7/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 20 cm; base diam.: 7 cm; height: 4.9 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim and the top Remarks: thick layer of white substance on the outside Cat. 396 Lid of ANW, type 2 No.: AS 98 Ac.: S04/st94A, 94B Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 21.5 cm; base diam.: 6.8 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim and the top Remarks: white substance on both surfaces with black resinous inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 394

Cat. 395

Cat. 396

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

515

516

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 397 Medium-sized bowl of ANW, type 3 No.: AS 372 Ac.: S05/st265 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside black Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.8 cm; pres. height: 5.6 cm Preservation: 10° of the rim Remarks: blackish substance on the inside and the outside Cat. 398 Medium-sized bowl of ANW, type 3 No.: AS 435 Ac.: S11/st422 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/4-6 pink-reddish yellow, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.9 cm; pres. height: 5.6 cm Preservation: 75° of the rim Cat. 399 Medium-sized bowl of ANW, type 4 No.: AS 126 Ac.: S04/st352 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: not to establish Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 14.5 cm; base diam.: 6.2 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: complete top Remarks: entirely covered with white powdery substance

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 397

Cat. 398

Cat. 399

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

517

518

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 400 Medium-sized bowl of ANW, type 4 No.: AS 598 Ac.: S10/st821 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 4/1 dark grey, 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown and 5Y 8/3 pale yellow Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 16 cm; base diam.: 5.2 cm; height: 7.7 cm Preservation: 290° of the rim, complete base Cat. 401 Shallow lid with knob-like handle of ANW, type 5 No.: AS 548 Ac.: S09/st1076 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR reddish brown, inside 2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15 cm; handle diam.: 2.6 cm; height: 4 cm Preservation: 70° of the rim, complete top Remarks: very thick layer on the inside Cat. 402 Cylindrical container ANW, type 6 No.: AS 99 Ac.: S04/st94A, S04/st94B Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: not to establish Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 15 cm; pres. height: 7.7 cm Preservation: 340° of the base Remarks: both surfaces covered with thick layer of white substance

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 400

Cat. 401

Cat. 402

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

519

520

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 403 Large storage jar with cylindrical belly and two vertical handles No.: AS 330 Ac.: S11/st666 Clay: Nil B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 5/1 reddish grey and 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 51.2 cm; pres. height: 87.6 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, complete body without the rim Remarks: small ‘killing hole’ pierced at the bottom

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 403

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

521

522

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 404 Large storage jar with pear-shaped belly and two vertical handles No.: AS 331 Ac.: S11/st665 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/1-3 grey pinkish-grey-light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9x14.4 cm; max body diam.: 26.8 cm; height: 49.6 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, some fragments missing Remarks: two ‘killing holes’, the smaller at the bottom, the larger at the belly

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 404

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

523

524

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 405 Large ovoid jar No.: AS 511 Ac.: S11/st667 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7-6/4 pink-light reddish brown, iside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 26 cm; pres. height: 34.6 cm Preservation: belly without the rim and the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 405

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

525

526

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 406 Large storage ‘sausage jar’ with elongated belly No.: AS 85 Ac.: S10/st806 Clay: Nile B1 with a lot of limestone inclusions Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 5/3 weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 13.4 cm; pres. height: 40 cm Preservation: restored from sherds, fragment of the rim and lower part missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 406

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

527

528

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 407 Large storage ‘sausage jar’ with elongated belly No.: AS 609 Ac.: S10/st279 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 4/3 reddish brown and 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 20.4 cm; pres. height: 38.8 cm Preservation: belly

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 407

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

529

530

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 408 Large storage ‘sausage jar’ with elongated belly No.: AS 177 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile B1 with limestone inclusions Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 27.4 cm; pres. height: 42.4 cm Preservation: belly, restored from sherds

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 408

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

531

532

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 409 Large storage jar with elongated belly and carinated base No.: AS 901 Ac.: S09/st192 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/6 yellow, inside 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 28 cm; pres. height: 31.6 cm Preservation: belly with partially preserved base, restored from sherds

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 409

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

533

534

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 410 Upper part of a large storage jar No.: AS 884 Ac.: S11/st572, S11/st579, S11/st675 Clay: Marl A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 7/3 pale yellow Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 13.2 cm; pres. height: 8.7 cm Preservation: 290° of the rim Remarks: pot mark on the rim incised pre-firing Cat. 411 Upper part of a large storage jar No.: AS 887 Ac.: S11/st687 Clay: Marl A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5Y 6/4 yellow, inside 7.5Y 6/4 yellow and 6/6 brownish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 13.4 cm; pres. height: 9.4 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 410

Cat. 411

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

535

536

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 412 Rim of a storage jar No.: AS 34 Ac.: S10/st1209 Clay: Marl A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: scum Colour: 10YR 6/2 light brown grey Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 8.5 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 110° of the rim Cat. 413 Rim of a cylindrical jar No.: AS 561 Ac.: S09/st1076 Clay: Marl A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 7/2 light grey, inside 5YR 7/4 light reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: 8° of the rim Cat. 414 Rim of a jar No.: AS 392 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside red slipped on the rim, below uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.1 cm; pres. height: 4.6 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 412

Cat. 413

Cat. 414

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

537

538

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 415 Upper part of a storage jar No.: AS 487 Ac.: S11/st687 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; pres. height: 6.5 cm Preservation: 130° of the rim Remarks: white washing on the upper part of the outside Cat. 416 Cylindrical jar with carinated base No.: AS 489 Ac.: S11/st687 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 8.4 cm; pres. height: 6.6 cm Preservation: 160° of the base Remarks: white painting on the upper part Cat. 417 Conical beaker with flat base No.: AS 510 Ac.: S11/st594 Clay: Nile E2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/3 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 6.7 cm; pres. height: 7.7 cm Preservation: 270° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 415

Cat. 416

Cat. 417

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

539

540

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 418 Conical beaker with flat base No.: AS 148 Ac.: S10/st1202 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 7.5YR 6-5/3 light brown-brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm; base diam.: 8 cm; height: 9.3 cm Preservation: 100° of the rim, complete base Remarks: black spots on the inside Cat. 419 Shallow bowl with carinated base No.: AS 490 Ac.: S11/st687 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 2.5YR reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 8° of the rim Remarks: white painting on the outside Cat. 420 Bowl with a profiled rim No.: AS 492 Ac.: S11/st579 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 29 cm; pres. height: 6.2 cm Preservation: 24° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 418

Cat. 419

Cat. 420

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

541

542

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 421 Large vat No.: AS 425 Ac.: S10/st833 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 14.6 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Cat. 422 Hemispherical bowl No.: AS 1179 Ac.: S07/st412 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: mixed Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.5 cm; max body diam.: 13.8 cm; pres. height: 9.4 cm Preservation: 210° of the rim Remarks: traces of blackish substance on the surface Cat. 423 Medium-sized bowl – ‘goldfish bowl’ with profiled rim No.: AS 1178 Ac.: S07/st513 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel, base overthrown Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 6/4 light yellowish brown, inside 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: reduced-oxidised Hardness: medium hard-hard Rim diam.: 20.5 cm; max body diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 14 cm Preservation: almost complete, some fragment of the body missing, 270° of the rim preserved Remarks: thick layer of the whitish substance on the inside, traces on the outside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 421

Cat. 422

Cat. 423

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

543

544

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 424 Small lid with knob-like handle No.: AS 504 Ac.: S11/st514 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut and pinched with the fingers Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8.8 cm; handle diam.: 1.9 cm; height: 4.2 cm Preservation: 112° of the rim Cat. 425 Small hemispherical lid No.: AS 224 Ac.: S11/21 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.1 cm; base diam.: 3.2 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: complete Cat. 426 Small hemispherical lid No.: AS 226 Ac.: S11/22A Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/3 pink and 5/3 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.2 cm; handle diam.: 1.9 cm; height: 4.1 cm Preservation: compete with some parts of the rim chipped Remarks: Found along with the vessel Cat. 415

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 424

Cat. 425

Cat. 426

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

545

546

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 427 Ovoid jar with flat base, little knob-like handle attached to the upper part of the belly No.: AS 225 Ac.: S11/22 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 6/3 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 12.3 cm; pres. height: 12.3 cm Preservation: complete belly and base, upper part missing Remarks: inside traces of ash, found together with the lid Cat. 414 Cat. 428 Phoenician amphora handle No.: AS 890 Ac.: S11/st154 Clay: Phoenician 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, handle hand handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/6 yellow, inside 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Handle.: 5.4 cm; pres. height: 7.1 cm Preservation: handle with part of the belly

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 427

Cat. 428

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

547

548

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 429 Shoulder of a Phoenician amphora No.: AS 891 Ac.: S09/st1212 Clay: Phoenician 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 7/6 and 10YR 7/6 yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 17.5 cm; pres. height: 8.2 cm Preservation: fragment of the shoulder with the handle Cat. 430 Shoulder of a Phoenician amphora No.: AS 321 Ac.: S10/st1192 Clay: Phoenician 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: reduced Hardness: very hard Max body diam.: 20 cm; pres. height: 2.7 cm Preservation: shoulder with partly preserved handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Late Period: arrival of the sacred animals

Cat. 429

Cat. 430

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

549

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter ten

ptolemAiC pottery: neCropoleis for people And sACred AnimAls

Prior to the work of The Asyut Project, the region of Middle Egypt between Fayum and Thebes was almost a blank space on the map of Ptolemaic sites (Ballet 2001: 114). This is why it is even more important to not only signal the presence of Ptolemaic pottery in Asyut, but also show its variety. The pottery of Ptolemaic date forms a medium sized ceramic group in the material retrieved during current excavations, similar (in terms of frequency) with that from the Late Period, but much more diverse. It has been found most often in the area of the Tomb of Dogs, which may be explained both by the high level of activity within the Necropolis of Sacred Animals, and the appearance of a human cemetery in its vicinity at the time. There are no Ptolemaic ceramics from Asyut in museum collections. Until recently, the pottery of this period was one of the most poorly understood and the most difficult to identify in Egypt. This situation is primarily a result of a lack of research at Ptolemaic sites and the subsequent lack of publications. It is only thanks to the excavations of the last 30 years – especially in Alexandria (Harlaut 2002), Buto, Tell Atrib (Myśliwiec 2009), Tell el-Herr, Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012), Thebes (Jacquet-Gordon 2012; Budka 2010a; Budka 2010b; Schreiber 2003) and Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a) – that Ptolemaic pottery has become better known, revealing an astounding wealth and eclectic character, so typical for the art of the period (Ballet 2001). As might be expected, the repertoire of forms and decorations were enriched with designs inspired by Greek art. The period was marked by the appearance of innovatory forms such as unguentaria, lekythoi, oinochoe, lagynos, echinus bowls, and, most of all, an abundance of ‘classical’ amphorae. Furthermore, the Ptolemaic era saw the arrival of vessels with beautiful painted and relief decorations of floral and geometric patterns (Ballet 2002), as well as excellent quality ceramics imitating Attic Black Gloss (Jacquet-Gordon 1997; Gill 2012). All of these new forms are present in the ceramic material from Asyut. The majority of the vessels are made from Nile silts, which seem to be of local origin – judging by the homogeneity of the group. It appears appropriate that the Ptolemaic pottery identified thus far should be presented in two groups: Egyptian and imported.

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egyptiAn pottery

Some of the pottery observed in the Late Period displays continuity (in terms of form) into the Ptolemaic Period. For example, in the case of the Animal Necropolis Ware ceramics (discussed in the previous chapter), the shape, apart from some minor details, remained unchanged. Also present in the Ptolemaic Period are small-sized cups and bowls (Cat. 431-432) (Fig. 307), all of which were produced using in medium quality Nile silts. They were crudely made, with no attention to shape (many are bent) or surface treatment, indicating mass production. One of the vessels (Cat. 432) (Fig. 308) has its interior decorated with a white motif in the form of straight lines running along the walls to the base. Some of the examples bear signs of burning and/or sooting, though this

Fig. 307: Small Ptolemaic cups with cut off feet, Cat. 431-432 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 308: Small Ptolemaic bowl with white painted decoration of the interior in the form of concentric lines joined up at the base, Cat. 432 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 309: Ptolemaic bread tray made from Nile silt highly tempered with organic inclusions, Cat. 434 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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cannot be traced to a particular activity. Identical vessels found in Thebes can be dated to the 4th–3rd century BC (Budka 2010b: Figs. 9-10, Reg. 64). Bread trays – dokkas – occur frequently (Cat. 434-435) (Fig. 309) and hardly differ from the similar trays from the previous periods. Parallel examples have been found on many sites throughout Egypt, amongst others, in Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012) and Tell Atrib (Myśliwiec 2009). However, alongside the forms from the previous period, numerous new forms and decoration styles appeared in the ceramic material of the Ptolemaic era in Asyut, especially table and kitchenware objects. A similar phenomenon has been observed on an Upper Egyptian site, Tod (Pierrat-Bonnefois 2002). The new ceramic forms are represented by vessels used for cooking, the so-called caccabai – round forms with horizontal or vertical handles (Cat. 436-437). The most commonly found tableware forms are bowls of different shapes and sizes, e.g. with straight Fig. 310: Ptolemaic echinus bowl with flat walls (Cat. 438), with round walls base, Cat. 439 (© The Asyut Project; and a flat base – so called echinus bowls Rzeuska 2012). (Cat. 439-441) (Figs. 310-311) or

Fig. 311: Ptolemaic bowl with evidence of secondary sooting on the inside and outside; side and top view, Cat. 440 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 312: Medium-sized Ptolemaic bowl with a base ring and secondary hole in the base, Cat. 442 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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with a base ring (Cat. 442) (Fig. 312). Just as frequent are the bowls with carinated profile which are so characteristic for this period (Cat. 443) and medium-sized plates with rim rolled inwards and a base ring (Cat. 444-445) (Fig. 313). Other, noteworthy examples of the new forms are the one-handled jars typical for this period (Cat. 446). Comparative examples have been found on many sites throughout Egypt, amongst others, in Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012) and Tell Atrib (Myśliwiec 2009). In regards to the vessels made from marl clays, they constitute a much smaller group, though typologically more varied, in comparison to those made from Nile silts. Some forms are represented only by isolated objects, a handful of examples for each at best. The objects worth mentioning are thin-walled small cups (Cat. 447) and globular jars (Cat. 448) (Fig. 314). Due to their outstanding typological and/or ornamental diversity or the unique character, some of the pottery groups of Ptolemaic times demand a closer look. They are presented below.

Fig. 313: Typical Ptolemaic plate, crudely made, with no attention to symmetry or surface treatment; numerously represented in the material from Asyut, Cat. 445 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 314: Medium-sized globular jar with one handle, made from marl clay, Cat. 448 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Egyptian amphorae Amphorae form a large ceramic group amongst the pottery of Ptolemaic date. The origin of their production in Egypt, undoubtedly influenced by the Greek and Levantine pottery, reaches back to the early 3rd century BC. Before local workshops started mass-producing the ‘Egyptian’ version of amphorae (see below), they had been manufacturing imitations of © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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the imported vessels (Dixneuf 2011: Figs. 57-60). Examples of such vessels, made from various clays: silts or marls, have also been identified amongst the ceramics from Asyut. Bases are especially common and their great variety in shape suggests that they may have come from many different ateliers. It almost appears that they could have been used as ‘testers’ – products made in order to recognize, understand and meet the tastes of the local market, creating the most desired amphora(e) shape(s). A variety of types of Egyptian Ptolemaic amphorae have been identified in the ceramic material retrieved from the current excavations. The first type is classified in the general typology of Egyptian amphorae as Egyptian amphora type 1 (= AE1, Dixneuf 2011: Fig. 2). Vessels of this type, inspired by the imports from Rhodes and/or Knidos, were manufactured from the mid-3rd to the 2nd century BC in the western Delta, e.g. in the Mareotis region, and in the Fayum. They are characterised by a rolled rim, long cylindrical neck, horizontal handles with an oval cross-section, conical body and a solid spike (toe) (Dixneuf 2011: 82). Although amphorae of this type are found throughout Egypt – from Alexandria, to Tebtunis, Karnak, Berenike, as far as Elephantine (Marangou/Marchand 2007: 264, nos. 120-121; Dixneuf 2011: 84) – Middle Egypt presents itself as a ‘blank space’ on the map. Apart from Amarna (Faiers 2005: 182, Fig. 3.2 (7)), Asyut is the only Middle Egyptian site where this type of amphorae has been identified so far. The material presented lacks complete vessels, the examples from Asyut in the form of rim fragments (Cat. 449), bases (Cat. 450) (Fig. 315 a) and handles. Another type of Ptolemaic amphorae observed in Asyut is Egyptian amphora type 2 (=AE2, Dixneuf 2011: 87-90, Fig. 2). They have a straight rim, long

Fig. 315: Different types of toes of the Ptolemaic amphorae made from Nile silt, Cat. 450 (a), 454455 (b-c) (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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cylindrical neck, vertical handles with an oval cross-section, ovoid body and a toe. These amphorae, dated to the 2nd century BC, were manufactured in workshops located on the coast of the Mareotis Lake in the eastern Delta (Majcherek/ Shennawi 1992) and the Fayum (Dixneuf 2011: 88-90). Only rim fragments (Cat. 451-453), bases (Cat. 454-455) (Fig. 315 b-c) and handles (Cat. 456-457) are present in the material from excavations. Similar to the Egyptian amphora type 1 examples (AEZ), these vessels have been found throughout Egypt (Dixneuf 2011: 90-94). A noteworthy fragment is a rim (Cat. 451) (Fig. 316) with incisions on the edge (ribbing), of an unknown function. It is possible that the incisions indicated the subsequent (secondary) filling of the amphora. Comparative rim features have been identified amongst ceramics from the earlier periods, e.g. Middle Kingdom Elephantine (Rzeuska 2011b: 503, Figs. 21x, 22a-c, 23a-b). Both of the types of vessels described above are made from different kinds of Nile silt, which may be compared to clays A1, 2 and 4 in Dephine Dixneuf ’s classification (Dixneuf 2011: 31-32). Their presence on the gebel proves that between the 3rd and 2nd century BC wine (evident from the characteristic resination on some fragments), as well as other kinds of produce transported in these amphorae, were imported to Asyut from Delta and Fayum. Apart from the Nile silt amphorae from the north, fragments of vessels classified as type Egyptian amphora type 2 (AE2), but from Upper Egypt have been observed. These are represented by rim (Cat. 458) and base (Cat. 459) fragments made from marl clay, which correspond with the C2 fabric in Dixneuf ’s classification (Dixneuf 2011: 28, 95, Fig. 74). Their presence attests to the existence Fig. 316: Fragment of a Ptolemaic amphora of trade relations between Asyut and with incisions on the rim, Cat. 451(© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Upper Egypt. Ptolemaic Black Ware (Pl. 13) Another ceramic group, very characteristic for the Ptolemaic era, is the so-called Black Ware, sometimes also known as Memphis Black Ware. This pottery was already present at the end of the Late Period in Egypt, undoubtedly influenced by the Attic Black Gloss, and continued to appear in the assemblage until the Byzantine Period (Ballet 2003: 91). Although it has been found at many sites in Egypt, from Alexandria to Qasr Ibrim (Gill 2012: 20-23), until very recently its production centre was unknown. Today, at least two of these centres have been identified: one in Buto (Ballet 2003), the other in Tell Atrib (Myśliwiec/ Południkiewicz 2003). The Black Ware ceramics in Asyut consist of a group of over a hundred objects, an assemblage which presents a significant diversity: both in terms of shapes, decoration, and the quality of manufacture. The dominant shapes are typically Ptolemaic open forms: echinus and carinated bowls. All but one example © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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are made from Nile silts. The varying quality of Nile silt fabrics and surface treatment allow for the identification of two distinct classes: fine ware and medium fine ware. The first class is represented almost exclusively by closed forms: various types of jars and juglets, including those with a characteristic ‘buckle’ handle (Cat. 460) (Fig. 317). The fine ware vessels are made from fabric classified as Nile B1 silt. Their surface is either burnished or very carefully polished, and in the case of open forms, both the exterior and interior are thus treated. A noteworthy example is an excellent quality, minuscule, ovoid, and footed juglet (Cat. 461). Its body, reminiscent of Greek amphoriskos or lekythos, is decorated with a burnished, vertically-arranged pattern. Other objects worth a mention are a body fragment of a slightly larger jar (Cat. 462) (Fig. 318), which is decorated with a specific vertical ribbing, and an upper part of jug with one handle decorated with incised pattern (Cat. 463). Such surface treatment suggests that the jar may belong to one of two types of the Hellenistic jars originating from the Greek tradition: pelike or oinochoe. Another jar, the shape of which could not be reconstructed, is represented by a thin-walled base with a ring (Cat. 464). Also noteworthy are body fragments of two thin-walled juglets (Cat. 465-466). Their shoulders bear decorations in the form of an impressed horizontal pattern of geometric motifs borrowed from the Greek tradition, e.g. Ionic kymation. A rare ceramic type with moulded relief decoration is represented by a fragment of a globular goblet with a base ring (Cat. 467). The bottom, just above the base, is decorated with a rosette of four alternating oak (?) and ivy leaves, with the tips pointing upwards. The interior of the bottom shows clearly that it was hand-moulded. In other, better preserved, vessels of this type, a figural decoration is seen on the body, immediately above the floral motif. Usually, it occurs in the form of metopes with the images of gods or their protomes (e.g. Amon, Isis, Hathor, Harpokrates), accompanied by floral elements and/or

Fig. 317: Characteristic for the Ptolemaic Period ‘buckle’ type handle of a small juglet representing Ptolemaic Black Ware, Cat. 460 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 318: Body fragment of a juglet with horizontal ridging, Ptolemaic Black Ware, Cat. 462 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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protomes of animals, e.g. bulls. Pottery decorated in this manner, which is a result of merging Greek and Egyptian traditions, is known primarily from the Ptolemaic times, however some Roman examples have also been identified (Hayes 1976: Pl. 21, Cat. 70). Small goblets with comparative floral ornaments and images of gods have been found on various archaeological sites, e.g. Tell Atrib (Myśliwiec 2009: 50-51) and some are held in museum collections (Albersmeier 2007: 370-371, nos. 9.77-9.78; Kreuzer 2011: 76-77, nos.106-107; Seif el-Din 2006: 310). Another example of a new ceramic form which arrived with the Ptolemaic times is a ‘lentoid flask’ (Cat. 468). Just one example, made from marl clay and representing Black Ptolemaic Ware, has been identified so far in the material. Only a rim and neck fragment together with a small portion of the body has been preserved. The body bears a partially preserved decoration in the form of a border around a central rosette. Despite its small size, it is one of the rare examples for which the exact original location is known. The majority of these objects have unknow provenance and came into museum collections from the antiquities market. Those from excavations with known provenance come primarily from Alexandria, Delta (Tell Atrib, Mendes, Naucratis) and the Memphis-Fayum region (Seif el-Din 2006). As mentioned above, the fine ware ceramics are almost entirely devoid of open forms. One of the rare exceptions is a carinated bowl (Cat. 469). In regards to medium fine ware, the vessels are made from fabric which corresponds with Nile B2, though with frequent but very fine organic and sandy inclusions. The surface treatment is markedly lower in quality on comparison with fine wares: quite often only prominent parts of the vessel are polished or burnished. However, this class is certainly more common, though it is typologically very homogenous and limited to just a few types, each occurring in different sizes (Fig. 319). The forms present at Asyut are: echinus bowls (Cat. 470-471), carinated bowls (Cat. 472), bowls with prolonged rim (Cat. 473), and plates with inward-rolled or straight rim (Cat. 474-475). Analysing the frequency of the Black Ware ceramics, it becomes clear that, apart from a few exceptions, on the majority of the sites they are scattered, isolated finds (Gill 2012). With this in mind, the assemblage from Asyut, comprising over a hundred objects, stands out significantly. Furthermore, the large number

Fig. 319: Selection of vessels from medium fine group of Ptolemaic Black Ware (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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of fragments identified during only one season and the homogenous character of the medium fine wares, indicate that Asyut may very well have been a centre of manufacture for Ptolemaic Black ware. Painted pottery (Pls. 14-16) Painted pottery constitutes yet another large portion of the ceramic assemblage from Asyut dated to Ptolemaic times. The overwhelming majority are fragments of vessels made from Nile silt classified as Nile B2, while the smaller group are those made from Nile B1 and Nile C. In regards to marl clays, only a few sherds have been observed up to now. Although no complete objects have been preserved, the fragments found allow shape identification. Out of the various decoration styles of the Ptolemaic times, three have been identified so far in the material. The first, and the simplest, is the Simple Linear B Style. The repertoire of motifs is limited to straight, horizontal black bands and/or lines (Schreiber 2003: 44), usually painted on the bodies of small juglets (Cat. 476-478) (Figs. 320-322) or medium-sized jars (Cat. 479) (Fig. 323). The second of the identified styles is the so called Advanced Floral A, sometimes referred to as White Ground. Out of the three styles of decoration, this one is clearly the most popular one, observed on the highest number of the identified objects. The monochromatic (black) or dichromatic (black and red) decoration was applied to white/pink/cream painted surface (Schreiber 2003: 47-48). The best represented and most frequently found form are large storage vessels with a straight, broad rim, ovoid or biconic body, broad shoulders and round base occasionally in form of a base ring. The white

Fig. 320: Medium-sized globular jar with painted decoration in the form of bands (Simple Linear B Style), Cat. 476 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 321: Medium-sized globular jar with painted decoration in the form of bands (Simple Linear B Style), Cat. 476 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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washed exterior bears decorative motifs applied in black paint. The repertoire of ornamental elements includes palm, grape vine, and ivy leaves (Cat. 480-484). One rim of a particularly large vessel (50 cm in diameter) deserves special attention (Cat. 485) (Fig. 224). Unlike the other examples, its interior has also been decorated, suggesting it was used as a krater – a large vat, which in the Greek tradition was used during banquets for mixing wine with water. Apart from the krater, hydria is another type of vessel of Greek origin. Fragments of large hydriai with black and red painted geometric and floral decoration have been identified amongst the ceramics from Asyut. The first of the fragments, made from high-quality Nile silt, has its external surface coated in light pink slip. The post-firing painted decoration consist of alternating red and black vine leaves, with grape bunches in between them (Cat. 486). A fragment of lekythos, which had been imported in the Late Period from Greece found in Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012: 290), bears an identical pattern, leaving no doubt in regards to the origin of this motif. A hydria with the similar decoration was found in Tebtunis and can be dated to the 3rd century BC (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: 104). The second fragment, from a vessel wall with thicker than the

Fig. 324: Rim fragment of a krater decorated with floral and geometric motifs inside and on the rim, Cat. 485 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Fig. 322: Medium-sized jar with painted decoration in the form of bands (Simple Linear B Style), Cat. 478 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 323: Fragment of a large jar with painted decoration in the form of bands (Simple Linear B Style), Cat. 479 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 325: Ptolemaic, red slipped lagynos, Cat. 505 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014).

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previous, is made from medium-quality Nile silt. The exterior is coated in a thick layer of white slip, which serves as the background for the ornaments painted post-firing. Unfortunately, the small size of the fragment prevented reconstruction of the motif. A particularly interesting example is a fragment of a large jar, which presents a characteristic Ptolemaic Period shape: with a flat rim, flaring neck and biconic body (Cat. 487). Although this shape reaches back to the Third Intermediate Period tradition (Schreiber 2003: 32), the decoration is purely Ptolemaic. The upper part of the jar bears black and red painted decoration. Three black and one red band are situated on the neck, and below it there are two bands of triangles, the points of which are directed towards one another. The triangles in the lower band are red, while the upper black ones are made up of black diagonal hashes inside the black contour line of the triangle. These two bands of triangles are enclosed from the top and bottom with two thin black lines. Below, on the shoulders, there is a painted line of fine red dots, followed by a black band, of which the upper edge is a zigzag – the ‘teeth’ of the zigzag point up towards the line of red dots. Beneath the band, a central floral motif can be seen: a red painted grape vine with black leaves. Similar jars, thought to be manufactured in Thebes, are well represented at many sites in Egypt: Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: 144-146), Thebes (Myśliwiec 1987: 81-82; Schreiber 2003: 32), and Elephantine (Aston D. 1999a: no. 2553). It is thought that this commonly found decoration with motifs of a grape vine may indicate the function of the vessel as a container for wine or other fermented drinks (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: 145). The third decoration style present in the material analysed is the Advanced Floral B (Schreiber 2003: 50-52). The black painted decoration is executed on red slipped surface, hence the other name for it: Red Ground Style. It is certainly a rare occurrence in Asyut and to date a mere handful of examples have been identified, e.g. a neck of a jar decorated with bands and leaves (Cat. 488). Interestingly, this style was particularly common for vessels made from marl clays. Lekythoi Lekythoi form another group of Ptolemaic vessels which deserves a closer look. The examples from Asyut are made from good quality Nile silt (Nile B1) or pink kaolin clay (Cat. 489-493). They usually bear bichrome painted decoration in red and black representing Advanced Floral A. The patterns involve horizontal floral (stylised branches with leaves) and/or geometric motifs (bands, stylised triangles and bands with frayed edges). The comparative examples from Tebtunis suggest a date between the 2nd and 1st century BC (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: Pl. 60). Unguentaria (Pl. 17a) Unguentaria constitute another group of ceramics characteristic of the Hellenic Period. They are small vessels, only a few centimetres in size, also known as scent bottles or lacrimaria, which are associated with the funerary sphere. Most likely, they served various functions: possibly used as containers for scent, oil, wine, © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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or honey – the substances used in funerals and/or mortuary cult activities; they also may have been a part of the grave goods (Anderson-Stojanović 1987: 115-116). In terms of shape, unguentaria found in Asyut form a homogenous group, with all the examples displaying a more or less similar fusiform shape. The differences observed lie primarily in fabric, surface treatment, and ever so slightly in size, which may point to their varied provenance and/or date. The most commonly occuring are miniscule unguentaria made from marl clay of pink coloration and fine or medium fine grained. They are characterised by a triangular, slightly recurved rim, sometimes with a small groove on the inside, and a full, globular body with flat base (Cat. 494-497). Another group comprises examples made from green marl clay of slightly lower quality than the pink fabric (Cat. 498-499). These are somewhat smaller than the ‘pink’ ones and differ from them in terms of shape. Their rim is also triangular, but narrower, the body is less rounded and it is closed by a base with a characteristic knob in the middle. Considering the general absence of marl clay ceramics in Asyut, it appears likely that both the groups are imports, possibly from Upper Egypt. This material also includes vessels made from mixed clay (Cat. 500-501), which resemble the pink marl clay examples in terms of shape and size. Despite the questionable provenance of mixed clay deposits, based on the similarities with P.60 clay known to the author from the Saqqara region, they may have originated from the Memphis area. Another distinct assemblage is the large-sized unguentaria made from Nile silt B1. Two variants have been identified on the basis of different surface treatments: red slipped (made from fine clay) and natural (from medium fine clay). The former are thin-walled and similar in shape to the ‘pink’ marl clay unguentaria (Cat. 502-503). The latter have thick walls and resemble the ‘green’ marl clay vessels (Cat. 504). This group might turn out to be of local provenance, though paradoxically objects in this category are the least frequently occurring type in the assemblage. Marks in the form of diagonal folds observed on the inside of the walls, suggest that these vessels were made by using a mould. All of the above discussed unguentaria represent two variants of type 1, globular and slender fusiform, common throughout the Mediterranean, including Egypt, from the 3rd to 1st century BC. Similar unguentaria have been found in (among others) Thebes (Budka 2010a: 571), Tod (Pierrat-Bonnefois 2000), and Armant (Myers/Fairman 1931). Aryballos One fragment of a small aryballos (Cat. 505) (Fig. 325) with a red slipped exterior made from the Nile B1 fabric is the only example of this form found in Asyut to date. The vessel has a wheel-turned body, while the neck and the vertical handle have been shaped separately by hand and attached. Similarly to the other Greek vessel types, this form was most likely adopted by Egyptian pottery workshops during the Ptolemaic Period – however, aryballos appear to be rare and paral© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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lels have been found at just few sites, e.g. in Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: nos. 553-560). Unfired ceramics Amongst the ceramics of Ptolemaic date, a group of unfired pottery has been distinguished. These are primarily open forms: bowls (Cat. 506-507) (Fig. 326) and cups (Cat. 508). Despite the rather ordinary appearance, they provide a significant evidence for the presence of pottery workshops on the gebel as unfired pots are kept near the pottery kilns.

a

c

b

Fig. 326: Fragments of unfired Nile silt vessels; their presence provides the evidence for existence of pottery workshops on the gebel during the Ptolemaic era, a-b: Cat. 506-507, c: not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

imported CerAmiCs (Pls. 18-19)

Amphorae from Rhodes Amphorae of Rhodian provenance form a distinctive group amongst the imported amphorae of the Hellenistic Period (Kahl 2007b: 119, Pl. 9b; Rzeuska 2012a: 223, Fig. 30). Although no complete examples have been found at Asyut so far, the characteristic clay and diagnostic fragments – like rims, bases (Cat. 509) and, most of all, stamped handles – point beyond doubt to the Rhodian provenance of these vessels. Two types of fabric from which the Hellenistic amphorae are made have been identified: Rhodian 1 and Rhodian 2, which correspond with Rhodian Fabric Class 1 and Rhodian Fabric Class 2, respectively (Whitbread 1995: 60-66). The majority of the vessels are made from the first type of clay and only a handful from the second. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Thanks to the presence of the stamps on the Rhodian amphorae, they are a well-dated ceramic group. Usually, both of the handles were stamped: one by the eponym, the other by the producer (Grace 1979; Empereur/Hesnard 1987: 60-61). In Asyut, both types of stamps are present: three with the names of eponyms (Cat. 510-512) and two with the names of producers (Cat. 513-514). All stamps are rectangular and so far no examples of the round stamps of the so-called monetary type most typical for Rhodes have been identified (Finkielsztejn 2001: 53-55). The first stamp with the name of the eponym (Cat. 510) has three lines of text inside the rectangle: ʼΕπὶ Καλλικρατίδα Πανάμου’

This can be translated as: ‘eponym Kallikratidas in the (Rhodian) month of Panamos’. There were two eponyms bearing this name: Kallikratidas I, who resided in office around the year 220 BC, which corresponds with phase IIa of the Rhodian amphorae stamps (Finkielsztejn 2001: 191, Tab.18), and Kallikratidas II, who was an eponym a little later, around 175–173 BC, that is, during phase IIId (Finkielsztejn 2001: 192). The stamp from Asyut is dated to the latter Kallikratidas. Amphorae with his stamps can be found over a vast area of the Mediterranean, from Sicily to Tars, and also by the Black Sea (Sztetyłło 2010: 55-56). In Egypt the comparative objects come from Tanis (Le Roy 1984: 11) and Alexandria (Sztetyłło 1975: 80-81; Breccia 1921: 37). Another stamp (Cat. 511) also bears a three-line inscription: ʼΕπὶ ʼΑσ[τυ]μή δευς ʼΑρταμιτίου’

Which translates as: ‘eponym Astymedes in the (Rhodian) month of Artamitios’ Like before, there were two eponyms named Astymedes, but the one in question is Astymedes II, who took office around 144 BC (phase Va) (Finkielsztejn 2001: 195). His stamps have been identified on vessels found from Tell Atrib (Sztetyłło 1963: no. 166; Sztetyłło 2000: no. 20) and Akoris (Kawanishi/ Suto 2005: nos. 32-34). The third of the stamps (Cat. 512) bears a two-line inscription: ʼΕπὶ ʼΑλε[ξ]ιά δα ʼΑρταμιτίου’

This means: ‘eponym Alexiadas in the (Rhodian) month Artamitios.’ Alexiadas was an eponym in the first half of the 2nd century BC, i.e. in the phase Va (Finkielsztejn 2001: 195, Tab. 21). Stamps with his name have been found in Akoris (Kawanishi/Suto 2005: no. 4). When it comes to those stamps which show the producer’s name (Cat. 513), the first example bears only a name: © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

565

Άριστίωνο[ς]

Aristionos His products are dated to phase IIc-IIIa i.e. the end of the 3rd–beginning of the 2nd century BC. Amphorae with his name are commonly found throughout the entire Mediterranean Basin – from Sicily to the Black Sea coast (Sztetyłło 2010: 88-89). In Egypt they have been found in Alexandria (Sztetyłło 1975: 159-235; Sztetyłło 1992), Tanis (Le Roy 1984; Chaby 2009: 6), and Tell Atrib in Lower Egypt (Sztetyłło 1963: 338; Sztetyłło 2000: 94), in Tell el-Farama in the Sinai (Carrez-Maratray/Wagner/El-Taba’i/El-Gindi 1996: 182), and in Akoris in Middle Egypt (Kawanishi/Suto 2005). The second stamp (Cat. 514) bears a fragmentarily preserved name of the producer and in the lower part, a rose, which is the symbol of Rhodes. Παυ[δανία]

Pausanias There were two manufactures with this name, but the one in question is Pausanias, who was active between 210–175 BC (Sztetyłło 2000: 110). His stamps have been found throughout many regions, in Egypt in Tell Atrib (Sztetyłło 2000). Apart from the stamped handles, another noteworthy object is a neck of an amphora with a preserved red dipinto (Cat. 515). It shows a monogram consisting of three Greek letters, APT, perhaps short for a name, e.g. Άριστίωνος or one of the Rhodian months, Αρταμίτιος. Monograms of this kind were used in the so-called ‘secondary’ Rhodian stamps (Finkielsztejn 2001: 217), the function of which has yet to be fully understood. Most probably, they were a form of a control mark (Finkielsztejn 2001: 116) and that may very well be the function of the above described dipinto. Generally speaking, Rhodian stamps are the best represented amongst the stamps in Egyptian ceramics of the Ptolemaic Period. This hardly comes as a surprise given the close geographical and political connections between Egypt and Rhodes; both were part of the Ptolemaic Empire. Hence, this is an example of an import from ‘inside’ the Empire. Nevertheless, the presence of these stamped amphorae in Asyut from phases II-V, that is, from the mid-3rd to the end of the 2nd century BC, allows a conclusion that trade relations between Asyut and Rhodes were steady during the Ptolemaic Period. Amphorae from Kos Another group of the imported amphorae, slightly less common than the ceramic material from Rhodes, comes from the Greek island of Kos (Empereur/Hesnard 1987: 22-23). Similarly to the Rhodian assemblage, there are no complete examples, fragments of rims and shoulders have been preserved with the double barrelled handles that are so characteristic for these vessels (Cat. 516-517). All of the fragments identified to date are made from clays classified as Coan Fabric Class 1 and 3 (Whitbread 1995: 86-91). The fragmentary nature of the objects and the absence of the stamped handles prevented a more precise dating than from around 3rd–2nd century BC. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

566

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Asia Minor fine ware (Pl. 17b) From the pottery workshops in Asia Minor, Knidos or Pergamon comes a fragment of a thin-walled open form with a base ring. Due to the fragmentary nature of the object, it is impossible to determine exactly what type of vessel it represents, though it is likely to be a kantharos or a bowl (Cat. 518). It was wheel-turned using excellent quality clay and its surfaces are slipped: red on the inside and black on the outside, apart from the very base of the vessel, which is untreated. Parallels found in Alexandria have been dated to the 2nd–1st century BC (Elaigne 2012: 109-111).

summAry

To summarise, the Ptolemaic Period ceramics from Asyut form a vast and diverse group, which further confirms the high level of activity on the gebel, at the necropolis for both human burials and sacred animals. The wealth of new forms and decoration styles taken from Greek tradition and presented here only briefly, make this assemblage worthy an in-depth analysis. Furthermore, the presence of unfired vessels is quite significant, providing solid evidence for the existence of workshops, either in the area or on the gebel itself. The most important aspect of this assemblage is the presence of vessels imported from Upper Egypt, the Greek islands and Asia Minor, attesting to the important position of Asyut on the trade map of the Hellenistic world.

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

568

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

CAtAlogue Cat. 431 A small cup No.: AS 482 Ac.: S11/st438 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: inside and outside uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8 cm; max body diam.: 8.6 cm; base diam.: 5 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: almost complete and base, ca. 90° of the rim missing Cat. 432 A small cup No.: AS 557 Ac.: S09/st1076 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5-6/6 light olive brown-olive yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.5 cm; max body diam.: 7.8 cm; base diam.: 3.8 cm; height: 5.1 cm Preservation: complete base, 90° of the rim preserved Cat. 433 Lower part of rounded bowl No.: AS 474 Ac.: S11/st438 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off and overthrown Surface treatment: inside and outside red slipped Colour: inside 10R 6/6 light red, 10R 7-5/4 pale red-weak red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 3.5 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: complete base Decoration: post-firing painted in white on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 431

Cat. 432

Cat. 433

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

569

570

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 434 Bread tray No.: AS 112 Ac.: S05/st237 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade by pounding, then overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside 10YR 6/2 and 5/1 light brownish gray and gray, outside 7.5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 26 cm; max body diam.: 27.5 cm; height: 3 cm Preservation: 110° of the rim and the base Remarks: parts of the inner surface covered with dark patches – overfired(?) Cat. 435 Bread tray No.: AS 113 Ac.: S05/st237 Clay: Nile C Technique: handmade by pounding Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 28 cm; max body diam.: 29.2 cm; base diam.: 25 cm; height: 2.8 cm Preservation: 50° of the rim and the base Cat. 436 Cooking vessel No.: AS 513 Ac.: S11/st415 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 4/6 and 3/1 red and dark reddish red, outside 2.5YR 4/6 red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; pres. height: 5.3 cm Preservation: 42° of the rim Remarks: the outside sooted

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 434

Cat. 435

Cat. 436

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

571

572

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 437 Cooking vessel No.: AS 514 Ac.: S11/st415 Clay: Nile E1, medium fine Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: inside and outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 17.5 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim Cat. 438 A small bowl No.: AS 496 Ac.: S11/st724 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised, base reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.8 cm; max body diam.: 14 cm; base diam.: 4.5 cm; height: 6 cm Preservation: 42° of the rim Cat. 439 A bowl No.: AS 17 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; max body diam.: 12.8 cm; base diam.: 4 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: complete base, 100° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 437

Cat. 438

Cat. 439

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

573

574

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 440 A small bowl No.: AS 220 Ac.: S11/14 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 10.5 cm; max body diam.: 11.5 cm; base diam.: 5 cm; height: 6.5 cm Preservation: complete, small fragments of the rim chipped off Cat. 441 Shallow bowl with rounded rim and flat base No.: AS 129 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: inside: red slipped and polished, outside red slipped Colour: inside 2.5YR 6/8 light red, outside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 23 cm; max body diam.: 24 cm; base diam.: 16 cm; pres. height: 6.1 + x cm Preservation: 135° of the rim, 40° of the base Cat. 442 Echinus bowl No.: AS 74 Ac.: S11/1 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: inside and outside red slipped Colour: 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15 cm; max body diam.: 16 cm; base diam.: 6 cm; height: 7.4 cm Preservation: complete Remarks: a hole in the middle of the bottom pierced post-firing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 440

Cat. 441

Cat. 442

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

575

576

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 443 Small carinated bowl No.: AS 490 Ac.: S11/st687 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; max body diam.: 9.5 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 8° of the rim Cat. 444 Plate with rounded rim No.: AS 167 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside and outside uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 19 cm; max body diam.: 20.2 cm; pres. height: 2.5 cm Preservation: 15° of the rim Cat. 445 A plate with round rim and base ring No.: AS 461 Ac.: S11/st485A, S11/st531 Clay: medium fine, sandy Nile Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside uncoated Colour: inside and outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 16 cm; max body diam.: 17.8 cm; base diam.: 5.5 cm; height: 4 cm Preservation: compete, base, 90° of the rim missing Remarks: asymmetrical, inside the surface overfired

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 443

Cat. 444

Cat. 445

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

577

578

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 446 A jug with one handle No.: AS 815 Ac.: S09/st1212 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: outside whitish slip, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/2 pale red and 2.5YR 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: part of the neck with a handle Decoration: pre-firing, painted in dark brown Cat. 447 Small cup with flaring wall No.: AS 797 Ac.: S09/st1491 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 6/4 and 2.5Y 7/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.8 cm; max body diam.: 12 cm; base diam.: 3.5 cm; height: 5.4 cm Preservation: 52° of the rim and base Cat. 448 Globular jar with one handle No.: AS 512 Ac.: S11/st579 Clay: marl near to A2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: inside and outside 10YR 2/3 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.2 cm; max body diam.: 11.5 cm; height: 11 cm Preservation: almost complete, 52° of the rim missing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 446

Cat. 447

Cat. 448

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

579

580

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 449 Rim of an amphora No.: AS 742 Ac.: S09/st1465A Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.5 cm; pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: 64° of the rim Remarks: resinous remains covering the inside surface CAt. 450 Toe of an amphora No.: AS 632 Ac.: S09/st1642 Clay: Nile silt B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 11 cm Preservation: complete toe Cat. 451 Rim and neck of an amphora No.: AS 597 Ac.: S10/st1690 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13 cm; pres. height: 9.5 cm Preservation: 186° of the rim Remarks: cuts on the rim incised post-firing

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 449

Cat. 450

Cat. 451

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

581

582

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 452 Rim and neck of an amphora No.: AS 620 Ac.: S09/st1255 Clay: Nile fabric Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/3 light brow Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 9 cm Preservation: 134° of the rim Remarks: the inside covered with resinous substance Cat. 453 Rim and upper part of an amphora No.: AS 622 Ac.: S11/st594 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.5 cm; pres. height: 17.5 cm Preservation: 86° of the rim Cat. 454 Toe of an amphora No.: AS 635 Ac.: S09/st1642 Clay: marl fabric, Mareotic? Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 7.8 cm Preservation: complete toe Remarks: inside black resinous substance

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 452

Cat. 453

Cat. 454

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

583

584

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 455 A toe of amphora No.: AS 639 Ac.: S09/st197 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 11.5 cm Preservation: complete toe Remarks: resinous substance inside Cat. 456 Handle of amphora No.: AS 744 Ac.: S09/st96 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 19 cm Preservation: handle Cat. 457 Handle of amphora No.: AS 916 Ac.: S12/st1419 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 4/6 yellowish red Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 15 cm Preservation: handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 455

Cat. 456

Cat. 457

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

585

586

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 458 Rim of an amphora No.: AS 190 Ac.: S04/st94B Clay: pinkish marl fabric, similar to A4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside scum Colour: outside 2.5Y 7/2 light grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 8 cm; pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim Remarks: the inside covered with black resin Cat. 459 Toe of an amphora No.: AS 601 Ac.: S11/st542 Clay: marl fabric with some crushed limestone Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: complete toe Cat. 460 Buckle handle of a jug of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 655 Ac.: S12/st860 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade and attached Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: dark grey-black Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.5 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: 10° of the rim Decoration: in form of parallels hatches incised on the handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 458

Cat. 459

Cat. 460

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

587

588

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 461 Small ovoid jar with flat, prolonged base of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 365 Ac.: S05/st319 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: outside black slipped and vertically burnished, inside uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 2 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: complete lower part of the vessel Cat. 462 A globular jar (oinochoe?) of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 355 Ac.: S09/st1428 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside black slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 4.9 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: gouged in the form of vertical incisions Cat. 463 Part of a jug of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 789 Ac.: S09/st1236 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: the neck thrown on the wheel type 2, the body moulded, the handle handmade and attached Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: dark grey-blackish Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 7.5 cm; pres. height: 9.2 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim, one handle and part of the neck and shoulders Decoration: in the form of parallel cuts incised on the handle(s)

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 461

Cat. 462

Cat. 463

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

589

590

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 464 Rim and neck of a pilgrim flask of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 790 Ac.: S09/st976 Clay: marl clay Technique: handmade and joined to the moulded body Surface treatment: black slipped Colour: black Firing: oxidised Hardness: reduced Rim diam.: 3 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Decoration: horizontal floral moulded motif on the joint between the neck and the body Cat. 465 Fragment of pilgrim flask of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 575 Ac.: S09/st1618 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: moulded Surface treatment: outside black slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Pres. height: 2.3 cm Preservation: body sherds Decoration: moulded on the shoulder Cat. 466 Fragment of pilgrim flask of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 576 Ac.: S09/st966 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: moulded Surface treatment: outside black slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 15 cm; pres. height: 5.3 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: moulded on the shoulder

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 464

Cat. 465

Cat. 466

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

591

592

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 467 Lower part of a goblet of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 571 Ac.: S09/st1409 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: moulded Surface treatment: outside black slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 4 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: complete base Decoration: moulded around the base Cat. 468 Base ring of globular vessel of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 570 Ac.: S11/st415 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 4 cm; pres. height: 2.2 cm Preservation: compete base Cat. 469 Carinated bowl with base ring of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 569 Ac.: S11/st514 Clay: fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: dark red-blackish slip, polished Colour: reddish-dark black Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 8 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 45° of the base Remarks: probably misfired with too much access of oxygen

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 467

Cat. 468

Cat. 469

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

593

594

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 470 Echinus bowl of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 366 Ac.: S05/st1065A Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside and outside uncoated and burnished Colour: blackish Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 15.5 cm; max body diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Cat. 471 Large echinus bowl of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 583 Ac.: S09/st1097 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside and inside black slipped Colour: outside and inside black Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 21.5 cm; max body diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 5.4 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim Cat. 472 Carinated bowl with base ring of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 568 Ac.: S11/st514 Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: black slipped and polished Colour: black Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 6 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: 180° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 470

Cat. 471

Cat. 472

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

595

596

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 473 Bowl with horizontally modelled rim of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 585 Ac.: S11/st428 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside black slipped and burnished, outside uncoated Colour: outside black, inside dark grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18 cm; max body diam.: 21 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: 22° of the rim Cat. 474 Plate with rounded rim of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 581 Ac.: S09/st1097 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: blackish Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 15 cm; max body diam.: 16 cm; pres. height: 2 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim Cat. 475 Plate with rounded rim of Black Ptolemaic Ware No.: AS 584 Ac.: S11/st647 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside black slipped and burnished, inside uncoated Colour: outside and inside black Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 21 cm; max body diam.: 22.2 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 473

Cat. 474

Cat. 475

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

597

598

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 476 Small globular vessel No.: AS 428 Ac.: S11/st427 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: outside pink slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink, inside 7.5YR 5/4 brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 11.2 cm; base diam.: 5 cm; pres. height: 9.5 cm Preservation: complete lower part of the vessel Decoration: painted pre-firing in black on the outside Cat. 477 Jug with globular body and base ring No.: AS 966 Ac.: S08/3 Clay: Nile B1, sandy version Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/4 pale red Firing: mixed Hardness: medium hard-hard Max body diam.: 12.5 cm; base diam.: 5.8 cm; pres. height: 15.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, only rim missing Decoration: painted, three black, broad horizontal bands on the belly, one thin on the shoulders Cat. 478 Medium-sized jar No.: AS 805 Ac.: S11/st154 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 2.5-4/2, inside 2.5YR 5/6 Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.4 cm; pres. height: 5.2 cm Preservation: 88° of the rim Decoration: painted pre-firing in dark brown-blackish

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 476

Cat. 477

Cat. 478

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

599

600

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 479 Shoulder of a globular jar No.: AS 248 Ac.: S11/st1001 Clay: Mixed clay (?) Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside natural Colour: outside 1.5YR 5/6 red, inside 5YR 5/6 yellowish red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 20 cm; pres. height: 7.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black on the shoulders Cat. 480 Shoulder of a large storage jar No.: AS 586 Ac.: S11/st524 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped on the shoulder, below uncoated, inside uncoated Colour: outside slip 2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow, 10YR 5/4 yellowish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 37 cm; pres. height: 14 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: painted pre-firing in black Cat. 481 Fragment of a large storage jar No.: AS 587 Ac.: S11/st524 Clay: Nile B2 large organic inclusions Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5Y 8/2 pale yellow, inside 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 39 cm; pres. height: 8 cm Preservation: body sherds Decoration: painted pre-firing in black on the shoulders

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 479

Cat. 480

Cat. 481

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

601

602

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 482 Rim and neck of a storage jar No.: AS 923 Ac.: S09/st1212 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside and inside red slipped, the rim on the outside white washed Colour: outside 5Y 8/2 pale yellow (white paint), 5Y 2.5/1 black (black paint), 5YR 5/3 reddish brown, inside 5YR 7-6/8 reddish yellow Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing painted in black on the outside Cat. 483 Shoulder of a large vessel No.: AS 588 Ac.: S09/st86 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, inside 5YR 6/4light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black Cat. 484 Shoulder of a large jar No.: AS 939 Ac.: S11/st506 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/2 light grey, inside 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: body sherds of the shoulder Decoration: painted post-firing in black

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 482

Cat. 483

Cat. 484

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

603

604

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 485 Rim of a large krater No.: AS 941 Ac.: S11/st514 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside and outside red slipped, inside additionally white slipped Colour: inside 10YR 8/2 very pale brown, outside 2.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 27 cm; max body diam.: 30.5 cm; pres. height: 3.5cm Preservation: 25° of the rim Decoration: painted post-firing in black on the inside and on the rim Cat. 486 Fragment of a globular jar No.: AS 731 Ac.: S731/st1397 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside pink slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 8/4 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black and red Cat. 487 Upper part of a large storage jar No.: AS 852 Ac.: S09/st1397 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside and inside the neck pinkish-white slipped, inside below the neck uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 8/3 pale yellow, inside 7.5YR 8/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17.5 cm; pres. height: 19 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim and a fragment shoulders without the joint Decoration: painted pre-firing in black and red

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 485

Cat. 486

Cat. 487

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

605

606

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 488 Neck of a small jar No.: AS 524 Ac.: S09/st1618 Clay: marl clay with limestone inclusion Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/8 light red, inside 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 3.7 cm Preservation: neck sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black Cat. 489 Upper part of a lekythos No.: AS 358 Ac.: S09/st39 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: outside and inside 5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 4.5 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 100° of the rim Decoration: painted pre-firing in black and red Cat. 490 Middle part of lekythos No.: AS 359 Ac.: S09/st1220 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside pink slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 8/4 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 4.4 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black and red

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 488

Cat. 489

Cat. 490

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

607

608

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 491 Middle part of lekythos No.: AS 730 Ac.: S09/st1397 Clay: marl near A2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside pink slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 5.2 cm; pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black and red Cat. 492 Body part of lekythos No.: AS 868 Ac.: S11/st401 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 4/6 yellowish red, inside 5YR 4/2-3 dark reddish grey-reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 6 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black on the outside Cat. 493 Middle part of a large lekythos (?) No.: AS 929 Ac.: S09/st966 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white-pinkish slip, inside uncoated Colour: outside whitish, inside 5YR 7/2 pinkish grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 8.8. cm; pres. height: 6.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: painted pre-firing in black and red

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 491

Cat. 492

Cat. 493

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

609

610

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 494 Upper part of an unguentarium No.: AS 334 Ac.: S09/st1248 Clay: marl fabric near Marl A4 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 3.5Y 7/2 light grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1 cm; pres. height: 2 cm Preservation: complete rim and neck Cat. 495 Upper part of unguentarium No.: AS 335 Ac.: S09/st942 Clay: medium fine, sandy marl, A4? Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: outside scum, inside natural Colour: outside 2.5Y 8/4 pale yellow, inside 5Y 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1.4 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: complete rim and neck Remarks: spots of red slip(?) on the outside Cat. 496 Unguentarium No.: AS 336 Ac.: S09/st27 Clay: marl A2 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/4 pink, inside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1.4 cm; max body diam.: 3.7 cm; pres. height: 6.5 cm Preservation: complete upper part

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 494

Cat. 495

Cat. 496

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

611

612

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 497 Upper part of unguentarium No.: AS 844 Ac.: S09/St71 Clay: yellow-pinkish marl clay, similar to Marl A3 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5Y 7/3 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1.4 cm; pres. height: 3.6 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim Cat. 498 Unguentarium No.: AS 332 Ac.: S09/st1182 Clay: marl fabric, similar to A4 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 8/2 white Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 2.4 cm; pres. height: 6.5 cm Preservation: complete lower part Cat. 499 Upper part of an unguentarium No.: AS 843 Ac.: S09/st1047 Clay: marl fabric, greenish Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated (natural) Colour: inside and outside 5Y 7/3 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1.4 cm; pres. height: 2.6 cm Preservation: complete rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 497

Cat. 498

Cat. 499

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

613

614

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 500 Upper part of an unguentarium No.: AS 333 Ac.: S09/st1221 Clay: yellowish pink, fine marl, similar to A4 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 8/6 yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1.4 cm; pres. height: 3.2 cm Preservation: complete rim and neck Cat. 501 Upper part of unguentarium No.: AS 337 Ac.: S09/st1300 Clay: yellowish marl, similar to A4 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 8-7/2 white-light grey, inside 10YR 7/2 light grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 4.7 cm; pres. height: 3 cm Preservation: body sherd Cat. 502 Unguentarium No.: AS 479 Ac.: S11/st618 Clay: Nile B1, sandy Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/8 red, inside 5YR 5/3 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 2.2 cm; max body diam.: 4.5 cm; pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: lower part

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 500

Cat. 501

Cat. 502

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

615

616

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 503 Upper part of an unguentarium No.: AS 846 Ac.: S09/st1047 Clay: Nile silt B1 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: inside red slipped, uncoated red slipped on the rim, below uncoated Colour: 5YR 4/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 1.4 cm; pres. height: 2.1 cm Preservation: complete rim Cat. 504 Lower part of an unguentarium No.: AS 478 Ac.: S09/st1138 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: moulded(?) Surface treatment: outside traces of red slip, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 1.9 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: complete bottom Cat. 505 Lagynos No.: AS 1281 Ac.: S14/st1869 Clay: Nile silt, fine and sandy Technique: moulded(?), handle handmade Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red, inside 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 3 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: upper part, handle and 90° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 503

Cat. 504

Cat. 505

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

617

618

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 506 A small unfired cover or plate No.: AS 531 Ac.: S11/st647 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: greyish Hardness: crumble Rim diam.: 10 cm; max body diam.: 10.4 cm; height: 2.2 cm Preservation: complete profile, 115° of the rim and the base Cat. 507 An unfired cover or a bowl No.: AS 529 Ac.: S09/st971 Clay: Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, top cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: greyish Hardness: crumble Rim diam.: 18 cm; max body diam.: 19 cm; pres. height: 5.8 cm Preservation: complete top, 60° of the rim Cat. 508 Lower part of an unfired globular bowl No.: AS 534 Ac.: S11/st594 Clay: medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: greyish Hardness: crumble Base diam.: 4.2 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: complete base Cat. 509 Rhodian amphora No.: AS 186 Ac.: S04/st9A Clay: Rhodian 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside and outside 10YR 8/4 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 8.3 cm Preservation: complete toe © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 506

Cat. 507

Cat. 508

Cat. 509

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

619

620

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 510 Handle of a Rhodian amphora No.: AS 724 Ac.: S04/st307 Clay: Rhodian 1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. length: 8 cm Remark: a rectangular stamp impressed in the handle Cat. 511 Handle of a Rhodian amphora No.: AS 725 Ac.: S09/st1426 Clay: Rhodian 1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 8/6-8 yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. length: 9.5 cm Remarks: a stamp impressed on the handle Cat. 512 Rhodian amphora No.: AS 726 Ac.: S09/st1455 Clay: Rhodian 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.5 cm: pres. height: 8.7 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim, one handle partially preserved Remarks: a stamp on the handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 510

Cat. 511

Cat. 512

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

621

622

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 513 Rhodian amphora No.: AS 144 Ac.: S11/9 Clay: Rhodian 1 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside and inside 5YR 8/2 pinkish white and 7.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 11 cm, pres. height.: 8 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim, one handle partially preserved Remarks: Stamped handle Cat. 514 Rhodian amphora No.: AS 727 Ac.: S09/st1029 Clay: Rhodian 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: inside an outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 8.5 cm Preservation: 65° of the rim, one handle partially preserved Cat. 515 Rhodian amphora No.: AS 527 Ac.: S08/st889 Clay: Rhodian 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, inside 2.5Y 3/1 very dark grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Neck diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 13 cm Preservation: complete neck Remarks: a red dipinto

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 513

Cat. 514

Cat. 515

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

623

624

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 516 Coan amphora No.: AS 892 Ac.: S09/st1255 Clay: Coan Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5Y 8/4 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; pres. height: 8 cm Preservation: 15° of the rim, one handle partially preserved Cat. 517 Handle of a Coan amphora No.: AS 904 Ac.: S10/st833 Clay: Coan Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5Y 8/3 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: middle fragment of the handle Cat. 518 Base ring of an open form – kantharos(?) No.: AS 803 Ac.: S09/st958 Clay: very fine, light brown (Knidnian or Pergammonian) Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the base ring overthrown Surface treatment: inside red slipped, outside black slipped Colour: inside 2.5YR 4/6 red; outside 7.5YR reddish yellow (natural), 5Y 2.5/1 dark Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Base diam.: 6.2 cm; pres. height: 1.5 cm Preservation: 125° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Ptolemaic pottery: necropoleis for people and sacred animals

Cat. 516

Cat. 517

Cat. 518

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

625

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

ChApter eleven

the romAno-byzAntine period:

in the heArt of the CArAvAn routes

Alongside ceramics dated to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom, the pottery of the Romano-Byzantine era is one of the most numerous as well as diverse groups in the material retrieved from the gebel, both in terms of typology and provenance. The objects discovered during the current excavations are particularly rich and are characterised by a remarkable variety of types. In the museum collections, on the contrary, this period is represented by very few ceramics, though admittedly of the finest quality and unique character. The entire range of functional groups is present: storage and transport vessels (amphorae, silos, vats, zirs, kegs and qawadiis), tableware (cups, plates, bowls, jars), and ceramics used for food preparation – ‘kitchenware’ (cooking pots and bread trays). Although the overwhelming majority originate from Egypt, both from Asyut and other regions of the country, imported ceramics are wellrepresented coming from all corners of the Mediterranean. These are primarily vessel fragments as not many of these objects survived intact. Nevertheless, some of the examples are very interesting and definitely should be paid attention. The foremost objective of this chapter is to offer an insight into the astounding diversity of Romano-Byzantine pottery in Asyut, while demonstrating the significant role Asyut played not only as a religious centre, but also as a trade hub, which mediated the exchange of goods between the provinces of the Roman Empire. The exceptionally high level of human activity on the gebel during this period is also evident from the many architectural remains, for example the ruins of two monastery complexes, Deir el-Azzam and Deir el-Maitin, burials, and a wealth of small finds (Kahl 2012: 19-20). Due to the vast amount of material and the existence of a separate project focused entirely on the ceramics of the Romano-Byzantine Period, only a small selection of the material is presented here. For the purpose of the book, the author would like to propose the following division of the analysed material into three groups: 1. The Early Roman (Imperial) – from the second half of the 1st century BC till the mid-3rd century AD 2. The Late Roman (Byzantine) – from the mid-3rd to 7th century AD 3. Imported ceramics, including pottery from the oases © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

628

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

the eArly romAn (imperiAl) period

The pottery dated to the Early Roman ‘Imperial’ Period is noticeably less numerous and far less diverse in comparison with ceramics from the Late Roman era. Generally, the material is dominated by amphorae, while vessels representing other types are less frequent and, therefore, worth attention. Fine wares (Pl. 20a) Fine ware is represented by fragments of bowls and cups and one object in particular deserves a closer look – a beautifully painted cup with floral motifs. For many years, vessels with such decoration had been thought to date to the Late Roman Period and it is only the studies in recent years that have placed them in the correct chronological position i.e. early Roman Period (Rodziewicz 2005: 50). It is a small, thin-walled hemispherical cup with a rounded rim, made from very fine pink marl clay, most likely from Aswan (Cat. 519). Both its exterior and interior bear painted decoration. The decoration on the external surface is modest and comprises a 1.5 cm wide black band, below which there is a black narrow line. The decoration of the interior is, however, far more complex. Below the rim there is a red band, of which the lower edge is in the form of a zigzag. It is additionally divided into two parts by a similar-looking black panel. Beneath it, there is a floral motif in the form of two intertwining branches with heartshaped leaves of ivy/convolvulous(?) and red elements – probably flowers or buds – placed in between them. The motif is closed with a black narrow line at the bottom. Another motif is placed below this line, but it is so poorly preserved that it could not be reconstructed. This type of decoration belongs to the non-figural Silhouette Style, which is characterised by the use of three colours – black, red, and white – and the repertoire of motifs limited to bands, lines and floral elements. The beginnings of this style can be traced back to the early Ptolemaic Period (Aston D. 1990: 236-242; Aston D. 1999a: 247). Two parallel, nearly identical objects – one from Elephantine (Rodziewicz 2005: 223-224) and one from Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 34-35) both date to the reign of Hadrian (117–138 AD), thus it is likely that this example from Asyut can also be dated to this time. Pseudo-Knidian cup (Pl. 20b) An interesting example of pottery is a wall fragment, which belonged to a moulded cup with straight walls and relief ornaments (Cat. 520). The preserved upper register of decoration shows images of large vine leaves, which run horizontally around the body of the vessel. Although only a small fragment of the lower decoration can be seen, it is large enough to determine that it showed different elements. The surface of the vessel, now largely eroded, was originally covered with red slip. It is thought that cups with this type of decoration, dated from the 2nd to 3rd century AD, were meant to imitate silver vessels from Knidos or Pergamon, usually in the shape of skyphos with looped handles (Hayes 1972: 411-412). The fragment from Asyut is unlikely to have belonged to a skyphos with horizontal handles, but it cannot be ascertained beyond doubt one way or the © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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other. The fabric is unquestionably Egyptian clay, making this a local product, whether it was made in Asyut has not yet been ascertained. Comparative object with similar decoration was found in the Dakhleh oasis (Hope 1999: 233-234; Patten 2000: 253-254). Unguentarium Unlike the Ptolemaic examples, Roman unguentarium of bulbous type (with the characteristic pear-shaped body, flat base and long neck) have rarely been found in Asyut (Anderson-Stojanović 1987: 110), just one example to date, which happens to be intact (Cat. 521) (Fig. 327). It probably dates to the 1st century AD – later on this type of vessel was replaced by glass containers (Hayes 1997: 86). Fig. 327: Early Roman unguentarium of bulbous type, Cat. 521 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Amphorae Amphorae of the Early Roman Period have been identified in the ceramics analysed, especially in the highest regions of the gebel. They represent Egyptian amphorae 3 (AE3) in general typology of amphorae (Empereur/Picon 1998: Fig. 4; Dixneuf 2011: 97-128). The material is fragmentary and the best preserved elements are the upper parts of the vessels: rims with cylindrical necks and two short handles. The cross section of the handles is either round or ellipsoidal, and in the case of the latter, the handles sometimes bear elongated grooves. Apart from one object (Cat. 523) (Fig. 331) executed in calcareous clay, all are made from Nile silt, medium coarse and sandy. Whereas the examples made from Nile silt may have a local Middle Egyptian provenance further confirmed by the presence of the pottery workshops in the area (Bailey 1998: 128), the vessel made from calcareous fabric most likely originates from the Mareotis region (Empereur/Picon 1998). Several amphora rim fragments, the typological diversity of which suggests a range of dates, should be given special attention. Firstly, a stretched rim with a groove on the inside and slight underline with a groove on the outside (Cat. 522-523), secondly, a rim (Cat. 524-525) (Fig. 328), and finally a triangular rim (Cat. 526-527) (Fig. 329). The first two sherds represent subtype a (=EA3a), dated from the end of the reign of Augustus to the times of Trajan, while the triangular rim is subtype b (=EA3b) and dates from the period between the reign of Hadrian and the end of the 3rd century AD (Tomber 2007). The stretched rim deserves a closer look. It is decorated with a wavy line incised prior to firing (Fig. 330). Amphorae of this type are thought to have been used to transport wine, which is evident from a resin layer and holes on the neck designed to facilitate fermentation. They must have been used for transport of other goods as well, for many of the objects do not have the resins or fermentation holes. A particularly significant piece of information is that the holes were made post© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Fig. 328: Early Roman amphora neck with interior coated in resin, which also partially covers the outside of the rim, Cat. 524 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 329: Early Roman amphora neck with a small fermentation hole below the handle, Cat. 526 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 330: Fermentation hole in Early Roman amphora neck executed post-firing as well as a layer of resin coating the inner surface: (a) the outside view, (b) and the inside view, showing a large chip (Cat. 524) (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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firing by a strike of a sharp tool to the neck so powerful, that a large chip broke off from the exterior and it is likely that sometimes the entire vessel may have been easily broken. This may indicate that the purpose of the amphora was not decided at the time of its manufacture, otherwise the holes would be made prior to firing. Another object which represents the Early Roman Period is a low stand of a type which was very popular at the time (Cat. 528) (Fig. 332). Parallel examples have been found from, amongst others, Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: Pl. 106).

Fig. 331: Close-up of an Early Roman amphora rim decorated with an incised wavy pattern prior to firing, Cat. 523 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 332: Early Roman short stand, Cat. 528 (© The Asyut Project 2007; Rzeuska 2012).

the lAte romAn (byzAntine)

The Late Roman assemblage represents typical settlement pottery, which does not come as a surprise considering the presence of at least two known monastery complexes on the gebel. Fine wares Despite Egyptian fine wares being infrequent – especially when compared with the amphorae – it has been possible to identify three groups of pottery from different regions. Egyptian Red Slip Ware A (=Group O) (Pl. 21) Imports from the Aswan region (Gempeler 1992), referred to as Group O or ERSW A (Rodziewicz 1976: 54-60), constitute a small though typologically diverse assemblage. The infrequency of the objects points to a rather haphazard and irregular relationship between Asyut and the southern limits of Egypt. Small fragments of Aswanian amphorae and kegs are present. The latter represent an identical type to the kegs from the Western Oases, also presented in this chapter. Additionally, some examples of fine ware have been identified. Four objects deserve a closer look: two large plates and miniscule bowls, all made from clay classified in Elephantine as IA (Gempeler 1992: 20). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The first example is a plate with an elongated and outward-bent rim and a small base ring (Cat. 529), the surface of which is red slipped. The inner surface of the base is decorated with a small stamped rosette. This vessel belongs to Type 216 frequently seen in Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 69), which imitates the North African type Hayes 6B. The second large plate (Cat. 530), which probably had a tall base ring (unpreserved), represents another type commonly observed in Elephantine, form 226a (Gempeler 1992: 72), which imitates Hayes form 104. The third object, a miniscule bowl (Cat. 531), has a natural (untreated) surface, apart from the rim, which is red slipped on the inside and outside. It represents Elephantine Typ 324a, which imitates the North African type Hayes 99 (Gempeler 1992: 96). The fourth example is a small carinated cup/bowl (Cat. 532) with straight walls decorated with roulette motifs in the form of vertical grooving. Despite the unquestionable Aswanian provenance of this vessel, no parallels are present in Elephantine but have been found in (for example) Amarna (Faiers 2005: 71-72). Egyptian Red Slip Ware B (= Group K) (Pls. 22a) Apart from the pottery presented above (Aswanian imports), fine wares are represented predominantly by ceramics which belong to the ERSW B family, also known as Group K (Rodziewicz 1976: 50-53). The development of this group of vessels, made from characteristic brown or red Nile silt, was influenced by African Red Slipped Ware (Hayes 1972: 397-399). The most common forms are plates (Cat. 533) and bowls, e.g. small flanged bowls, which imitate their prototype – African Red Slipped Ware Type Hayes 91 (Cat. 534). An interesting example of ERSW is a body fragment of a medium-sized jar (Cat. 535). It is made from high-quality Nile silt and has a red slipped exterior. The body bears an appliqué decoration in the form of a schematic human figure, which most likely depicts Bes. The fragment most likely belongs to a piriform jug, which imitates the North African type 171 (Hayes 1972: 193-195). This type of a jug was usually decorated with two figures placed on opposite sides of the body, accompanied by three vertical palm branches, also applied. It seems that such objects are rare; one parallel vessel is stored in the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto (Hayes 1976: 22). Egyptian Red Slip Ware H (= Hermopolis Magna Ware) (Pl. 22b) Another ceramic group is the ERSW H, characterised by pinkish fabric, which appears to be a mixed clay. In regards to its origin, it is most likely the local, Middle Egyptian variant of fine ware from pottery workshops in Hermopolis Magna (el-Ashmunein) (Bailey 1990: 4-5; Faiers Fig. 333: Late Roman cup with white ornaments painted on red slip, Cat. 537 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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2005: 95). Their presence can be easily explained considering the proximity of the two sites to each other as well as the occurrence of this ware in Middle Egypt, e.g. at Amarna (Faiers 2005: 95-99). It is represented by, for example, a base of a plate decorated with impressed decoration in the form of small squares (Bailey 1990: 25) (Cat. 536). In regards to other fine wares, one example also should be paid attention. It is a small cup decorated with a white-painted line of herringbone pattern (Fig. 333), comprising elongated and narrow slant hashes (Cat. 537). Painted pottery Painted ceramics constitute a distinct and typologically diverse group. Two variants of Nile silts were used in making these vessels: of higher (fine) and lower (coarse) quality, which roughly correspond with Nile B1 and Nile B2, respectively. The group is represented predominantly by small sherds, which does not allow for reconstruction of either the original form or the complete decorative motifs. Furthermore, diagnostic or large fragments are infrequent. There are, however, a few noteworthy objects. A light coloured, slipped surface is a characteristic shared by all vessels in this group. It can be white, cream, or pale pink. In the case of open forms, both the exterior and interior were treated, while in closed forms, only the exterior. A correlation can be observed between the fabric quality and the surface treatment: the higher the quality of clay, the thicker and more careful coating with slip. Similarly, the vessels made from worse quality material are covered with worse quality, thinner slip, through which the natural surface shows. It seems that the vessels treated in such manner were intended to imitate marl clay ceramics. An identical method of preparing the background for painted decoration has been recorded in other regions, e.g. Tell Atrib (Górecki 1990: 35). The decoration tends to be so unique that it is simply impossible to find exact parallels, though many of the elements are present amongst ceramics from other sites. Fine Painted Pottery (Pls. 23-25) The first form is a deep bowl, a shape, which occurs in Asyut in several types. The first example is a small fragment of a wide rim with a slight dip (Cat. 538). Judging from the preserved part, the body narrowed towards the base. The edge of the rim is coated with an additional layer of red slip which serves as a background for black painted bands on the inner and outer sides, which are separated by a row of black dots. Similar objects, though made from lesser quality fabric, dated to between the 5th and 7th century AD, have been recovered from Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 93) and Tod (Pierrat 1996: 202). In the case of the second object, both rim and body fragments have been preserved, allowing for reconstruction of a considerable part of the vessel. It has a flaring rim and nearly vertical walls, resulting in a shape that resembles a barrel (Cat. 539). The white slipped interior has an additional layer of red slip. The exterior, also white slipped, is decorated with red painted horizontal stripes, forming a band decoration consisting of alternating white and red bands, © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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separated by horizontal lines. Furthermore, the bands are decorated with black painted elements: hashed rhombuses separated by lines of diagonal dots on the highest white band, horizontal row of dots on the red band, and fine crisscrossing on the second white band. A vessel, similar in shape but made from poorer quality fabric with simpler decoration, has been found in Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 93, K31, Pl. 56). Painted decoration is also found on flagons. An upper part of a medium-sized jar with two handles is stored in the British Museum (Cat. 540). The shoulders and body are light pink slipped and beautifully decorated in two colours: red and dark brown-black. The upper part of both the sides of the jar shows images of birds, while the areas beneath the handles, floral motifs. A horizontal guilloche pattern (twisted cord) encloses the figural scenes, simultaneously separating them from decoration on the lower part of the vessel, which are too incomplete to be reconstructed. Additionally, two red stripes divided by black horizontal lines have been painted on the neck and handles. The decoration is executed with the highest regard to detail, such as eyes, plumage and colour. The contour lines of the bird figures and floral motifs, which are thin and darker in colour, are completed by broader orange lines, giving the images both softness and depth, while enhancing their clarity. The scene on the shoulders and body, placed between the handles, shows a bird figure (doves?) with spread wings, looking behind its back, and a flower (lily?) placed in front of it in an upright position. The opposite scene is more complex: it depicts two symmetrically arranged birds (doves?), with closed wings

Fig. 334: Late Roman jar with black painted decoration on double, white and cream slip, Cat. 541 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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and heads pointed towards the centre of the scene. The central part has an image of a triangular two-handled vessel/basket, with another triangle on top of it – this may be interpreted as goods arranged in a triangle-shaped heap or some sort of a triangular lid. Additionally, two flowers project diagonally (lilies?) from the sides of the vessel/basket. In regards to the shape, the vessel is very typical and is frequently found on many sites, e.g. Karanis (Johnson 1981: 34). However, its decoration is absolutely unique, with no parallels found, although comparative elements can be observed on other vessels. A fragment of a similar-shaped vessel with identically arranged decoration on the neck and both handles is known from Amarna (Faiers 2005: 140-142) and another example is a jar stored in the Coptic Museum (index no. 2677). One side shows a bird figure, arranged similarly to that on the object from the British Museum presented above, and the bottom of the scene is closed with guilloche. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to reconstruct the images on the opposite side of the vessel. Further, motifs showing two birds can be found on other items: one example is a plate in the Coptic Museum (index no. 6720). In this instance, however, the decoration is fairly crude with no attention to detail. Another jar worth a mention resembles the above described flagon, but without the handles. The exterior of its preserved upper part (stored in the British

Fig. 335: Close-up of a Late Roman painted cup with and image of the head of a giraffe, Cat. 542 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Museum) (Cat. 541) is covered in two layers of slip: the base pink layer and red outer coat. Black painted decoration covers the top half of the body (Fig. 334). The central motif comprises a rosette encircled by semicircular lines, braided pattern, band of diagonal hashes, and dots. Furthermore, four horizontal hashes decorate the neck. This decoration resembles relief decoration seen on pilgrim flasks of the Ptolemaic era – the only difference lies in that the painted decoration is limited exclusively to the top part of these vessel. It is quite likely it was the inspiration behind the presented example. Vessels showing identically composed decoration and very similar in shape – but with handles – have been recovered from many sites, e.g. Karanis (Johnson 1981: 34). Also beautifully decorated is a fragment of a medium-sized and cylindrical jar from the British Museum (Cat. 542). As seen in other examples, the exterior is coated in two layers of slip: white below cream. The decoration is bucolic in character and shows animals, of which a nearly complete giraffe (Fig. 335) and fragmentarily preserved donkey (back and head) were possible to identify. Another third animal can be seen towards the top of the scene, but only a small part has been preserved and it could not be reconstructed. The decoration is carefully executed. The contour lines of the animals and details of their coats are painted in dark brown lines, while the inside parts of the figures are filled in with red paint. Additionally, the spaces between the animals are occupied by floral elements. This vessel is yet another absolutely unique object, for which no parallels can be found. The most striking image is the giraffe – an exotic animal from the ancient Egyptian perspective, rarely depicted in Egyptian art. The next example is a medium sized jar, perhaps a fragment of a gargoulette (Cat. 543). It has a white slipped exterior, on which two orange bands have been painted. They are additionally divided by four dark brown lines. A wavy line occupies the area between the bands, while a vertical motif has been placed beneath the second band. It consists of orange diagonal stripes, which from one side are bordered by vertical, slightly wavy lines. A fragment showing a somewhat similar decoration is known from Ashmunein (Bailey 1996: 96). And finally, another intriguing object is a type of a miniature cylinder closed on one side, of which the external surface is pinkslipped (Cat. 544). It has been decorated with a geometric motif of triangles with short vertical hashes inside them (Fig. 336). The object has not been preserved sufficiently well to determine whether it was a decorative Fig. 336: Late Roman piece of threedimensional decoration(?) element of a vessel, for example, the foot of from a painted vessel, Cat. a chalice. 544 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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Coarse painted pottery (Pl. 26) Amongst the vessels made from the poorly-sorted Nile silt, a noteworthy example is a jar stored in the British Museum (Cat. 545), which apart from the missing rim, is intact. It has a tall neck and globular, nearly ellipsoidal, body and a base ring. Its surface has been coated in light coloured slip, providing the background for the decoration on the shoulders and the centre of the body. The decoration comprises geometric motifs, such as, vertical rows of small circles and thin lines that enclose the central and largest element of intertwining circles, which are ‘threaded’ on a horizontal string. Large dots occupy the spaces between the band and the individual circles. Furthermore, the inside areas of the central motif are filled in with red paint, while the lines and all remaining elements are painted in dark brown. Another interesting example is a large deep bowl (Cat. 546). Black geometric motifs have been painted on the white slipped surface. They consist of semicircular concentric bands painted in red, filled in with crisscrossing, and bordered with dots (Fig. 337). Additionally, fragments of bands have been preserved. These are separated by a motif of three vertical lines, also on a red band. Inside the concentric bands, another motif can be observed, but it is impossible to identify.

Fig. 337: Late Roman deep bowl with black painted geometric decoration, Cat. 546 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Pottery with incised, carved and impressed decoration To date, several dozen pottery fragments with incised and impressed decoration have been identified in Asyut. They represent one of the most intriguing and rare Late Roman ceramic groups. The striking decoration, referred to as ‘unusual technique’ (Whitcomb 1982: 62), certainly draws attention. The finds are usually isolated examples, apart from sites like Abu Mena and Marea, where rich deposits of small juglets have been discovered (presented below). However, there is a lack of systematic knowledge and no formal typology as yet, which would © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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allow for the correct identification and classification of these ceramics. Only sporadic and brief descriptions of the fragments occur in publications. There are various ways in which the technique used to create this decoration is described: ‘gouged’ (Johnson 1981: 44), ‘groove and incised’ (Whitcomb 1982: 62), ‘à cannelures excise’ (Ballet 2003: 174; Egloff 1977: E227), and ‘décor de fouillage imprimée en creux ou en chevron’ (Ballet 2003: 185). Some references include allocating ware types to these vessels, e.g. ‘Abou Mina Buff Ware Jug’ (Johnson 1981: 44), while others offer more descriptive names, related to the actual motifs, such as, ‘fish-bone pattern’, ‘herring-bone pattern’ (Faiers 2005: 159), ‘Kerbschnittverzierte Ware’ (Kaminski-Menssen 1996: 266). ‘Mareotic incised ware’ (Rodziewicz 1986) refers to the Mareotis Lake region, where these ceramics appear to be most numerous. Such confusion in regards to just the name of the group further highlights the incomplete nature of our knowledge of these vessels, which seem to share solely one characteristic: decoration which is unusual and difficult to classify. Without a doubt, this is an assemblage that displays an extreme typological and technological diversity. There is a wide range of sizes: from miniature to very large. In terms of shape, the vessels represent typical closed forms: jars, juglets, less often Late Roman 5/6 amphorae. Open forms, like pithoi, vats, bowls, bread moulds, and non-containers, such as stands and lamps, though present, are very rare. The vessels are made from different fabrics – Nile silts, marl clays, and calcareous clays. Furthermore, they display various surface treatments; natural (untreated) or slipped. As stated above, the only element these ceramics have in common is the remarkable decoration. The decoration displays a great deal of variety, particularly in terms of motifs. Nevertheless, it has been possible to distinguish three distinct techniques: – incised prior to firing – carved post-firing – impressed Both the incised and impressed designs were made on the surface of the vessel before firing, but after the clay had become leather hard. Examples of the postfiring carved decoration are rare (Rzeuska in preparation b). Very occasionally, two types of design – incised and impressed – can both be seen on one vessel (Cat. 547). Incised decoration (Pl. 27) Out of the three, incised decoration is better known and described in the literature. The rounded section of the grooves suggests that the designs were made with a narrow rounded chisel. The repertoire consists of predominantly geometric motifs: straight vertical and diagonal lines, which are usually arranged into triangles. Wavy lines, floral and animal motifs are much rarer (Rodziewicz 1986: nos. 6-7). Sometimes the carved designs can accompany painted decoration, which is most commonly found on jars (Kaminski-Menssen 1996: 266). This combination of ornamental techniques is present on the surface of a large jar © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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(Cat. 547). The shoulders bear an impression of vertical chevrons, while the remaining exterior is red slipped and has a three-colour painted pattern: in orange, brown-black, and white. Alternating white and black stripes cover the insides of the impressed chevrons. Beneath, there is a pattern of geometric elements: a ladder-shaped vertical motif accompanied by flowers. Additionally, white and brown black dots are scattered randomly on the surface. Pottery decorated with incised patterns occurs primarily in the Western Delta: Marea (Majcherek 2001; Majcherek 2008; Drzymuchowska 2012), Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984; Rodziewicz 1986), Huwaryia (Rodziewicz 1986), Abu Mena (Kaufmann 1908; Kaminski-Menssen 1996), and Kellia (Egloff 1977; Kasser 1983; Ballet 2003). Incised decoration is typically found on small juglets, only 240-600 cm3 in volume (Kaminski-Menssen 1996: 266), with round bodies and one handle, made from calcareous clay characteristic for the Mareotis Lake region. They have been classified as types E227 and E228 in the typology from Kellia (Egloff 1977). Their bodies were incised prior to firing with vertical and/or diagonal oblong grooves, sometimes accompanied by inscriptions and painted patterns. Such vessels are recovered in great numbers primarily from sites, which had a significant place in the Byzantine church, e.g. Abu Mena (Kaminski-Menssen 1996: 266-268, 299-303), and Marea (Drzymuchowska 2012). Invocations to St Menas ‘τοῦ ἀγίου Μηνᾶ’ (Kaminski-Menssen 1996: 259) found on the juglets from Abu Mena are clear evidence of their association with the cult of St Menas and their function as containers for holy water (Kaufmann 1907: Fig. 25). Fragments of such juglets have been recovered from Asyut (Cat. 548-549). These are a shoulder and part of a base, of which the central part is concave (Fig. 338). The fabric is identical to that used for the juglets from Abu Mena, leaving no doubt as to their Mareotic Lake origin. Therefore, a question – which

Fig. 338: Fragments of water juglets with characteristic incised decoration, most likely from Abu Mena: (a) base fragment, Cat. 548 (© Museuo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012) and (b) shoulder fragment, Cat. 549 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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has yet to be answered – is: how and why these ceramics found their way to the gebel: were they pilgrimage souvenirs brought by the local monks? The distribution of the pottery with incised decoration seems to be rather limited (Rodziewicz 1986: 312) and, indeed, the examples are seldom found outside the Delta. Apart from Asyut, they have also been found at Karanis (Johnson 1981: 44). Carved decoration The pottery with carved decoration is not common at all and only a single sherd has been found in Asyut. The design, carved with a small U-shaped chisel, resembles fish scale patterns (Fig. 339). This design is found on the body of a large, marl clay jar (Cat. 550). Impressed decoration The next decorated type is, impressed decoration, made with a knurl or rope. It produced a pattern which resembles chevrons or ‘herring bone’. The size of the tool varied in respect to the size of the decorated vessel: the smaller the vessel, the smaller the knurl/rope used, and vice versa. This technique was, understandably, much more popular than carved decoration, considering it involved a far less laborious process. Amongst the examples recovered from Asyut, a small marl clay juglet (Cat. 551) deserves a closer look. It bears a vertically arranged pattern

Fig. 339: Fragment of a vessel with carved decoration in the form of a fishscale-like pattern, Cat. 550 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 340: Fragments of small closed forms with ornaments incised prior to coating with red slip, a. Cat. 555, b. Cat. 552, c. Cat. 553 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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and was found with a rope tied around its base. This may be a preserved fragment of a fitting which would attach the vessel to a strap or perhaps a part which would hold a lid on the juglet. A small amount of a dark residue inside the vessel suggests it may have been used for storing ointments or incense. Small red slipped juglets found at Asyut, made from fine Nile silt (Fig. 340), were also embellished using this technique (Cat. 552-555). Although the reconstruction of their original shape proved impossible, based on the preserved pieces, it is safe to conclude the vessels had a very similar form to the juglets with incised decoration from Abu Mena. It cannot be excluded that they are the local, Middle Egyptian, imitations of the Lower Egyptian juglets for holy water. The other notable examples are four jars: one large with a handle (or handles?) and three medium-sized cylindrical vessels. The first jar is preserved only in small fragments. Although the full reconstruction of its shape has not been possible, it could be ascertained beyond doubt that it was a large and ovoid form, with one or more handles, potentially representing a type of an amphora (Cat. 556). Its exterior is orange slipped and slightly polished. The decoration has been partially reconstructed from the preserved fragments – the motifs are arranged in horizontal bands, which are separated by horizontal lines. The upper band shows vertical lines and below it there are at least two more bands consisting of triangles. The vessel is made from a fabric similar to Nile silt, with frequent calcites and slightly less frequent sand and organic inclusions. Three medium large cylindrical vessels are similar in terms of shape, their decoration is, however, different. The first medium-sized jar, made from Nile silt, was decorated with impressed designs arranged in horizontal bands (Cat. 557). The topmost band consists of semicircles, the middle has square meanders, while the lowest has vertical lines. The vessel, fired in reduced atmosphere, has a dark surface which significantly enhances the clarity of the patterns. Three medium-sized cylindrical vessels are similar in terms of shape; their decoration, however, is different. The second medium-sized vessel, also made from Nile silt, has a red slipped exterior. It displays the combined decoration techniques: the impressed motifs Fig. 341: Fragment of cylindrical body with impressed decoration, Cat. 559 (© are situated on the upper half, while the The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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lower half of the jar has carved designs (Cat. 558). In both cases, the elements are arranged into triangles and the two parts (impressed and carved) are separated by two carved horizontal lines. The third medium-sized jar, also made from Nile silt, is cylindrical-bellied and has a vertical handle (or handles), partially preserved on the shoulders (Cat. 559) (Fig. 341). The unslipped exterior was decorated on the entire body, but despite the fairly large size of the preserved fragment, it is difficult to determine any specific pattern. Although similar vessels are present throughout Egypt, they appear to have been particularly popular in Middle Egypt and Asyut is no exception. Moreover, no site other than Asyut has yielded such a remarkable wealth of patterns of this decoration style and forms on which they appear. The objects presented seem to be unique as no parallels have been found. Ceramics with the impressed decoration are rarely found in the Delta, but do appear at Kelia (Egloff 1977: Pls. 87.3, 88.4; Ballet 2003: 185, 194), and are noticeably more common in Middle Egypt. Examples can be found in Quseir el-Kadim (Whitcomb 1982: 102-103), Ashmunein (Bailey 1982: Fig. 81.9; Bailey 1998: Pl. 72), Karanis (Johnson 1981: Pls. 76-77), and in Amarna (Faiers 2005: 158-161, 194-195). To summarise, in regards to the distribution of ceramics representing the three decoration techniques, it is rather striking that the vessels with incised decoration appear to be more common in the Delta, while those with the impressed designs, in Middle Egypt. This ‘typological’ and ‘technological’ variety, as well as the relatively small number found in Egypt, suggest that the vessels were manufactured in different workshops and, with the exception of the Abu Mena juglets (for St Menas’s water), were not mass-produced. The origin of the incised, carved and impressed decoration poses an interesting question. It is rather obviously a non-Egyptian tradition. It has been pointed out that the incised designes are similar to decorations observed on imported glass vessels, which were brought to Egypt from Cyprus and North Africa between the 5th and 8th century AD (Rodziewicz 1986: 314). According to Pascal Ballet, incised decoration became popular in Egypt thanks to the small, marl clay, holy water juglets from Abu Mena (Ballet 2003: 174). However, in respect to the pottery with carved and impressed decoration, the study material available is still too small to make any definitive conclusions. Coarse Ware The Coarse Ware group is well-represented in the material. The vessels are made from the strongly-tempered Nile silt and do not have the additional coat. The repertoire of forms includes, amongst others, jars, bowls, and vats. Several objects deserve a closer look. Some interesting examples are small cylindrical vessels (Cat. 560-561), which were most probably used as tagine or bread moulds (Fig. 342). They appeared during the Imperial Period and are present on many of the Late Roman sites, e.g. Ashmunein (Bailey 1996: 76), and Tod (Pierrat 1991: 155). Another example from the Coarse Ware group is a large bowl (Cat. 562). It is a type of vat, with wide shoulders and base ring. Such vessels are known © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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to have been used in bread baking, which most likely took place in one of the monasteries on the gebel. Its parallel comes from Tod, which was dated to the end of the 4th–5th century AD (Pierrat 1996: 195, Pl. 4, Fig. 49). Finally, a thick-walled bowl also belongs to this group. It has a base ring and bears characteristic rope impressions on the external surface – a sign of rope binding to prevent deformation during the drying process (Cat. 563). The rope was bound around the entire vessel, which, given the weight of the thick walls,

Fig. 342: Examples of small bread moulds, possibly a type of tagine, Cat. 560-561 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 343: Large thick-walled bowl, with numerous impressions of a rope, which stabilised the vessel shape during the drying process, Cat. 563 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

was necessary (Fig. 343). Egyptian amphorae (Pl. 28) Egyptian amphorae classified as type Late Roman 7 = LR 7 (Egloff 173-174) and Type B in the typology from Ashmunein (Bailey 1986: Fig. 35; Bailey 1998: Pls. 79-84) form the largest of all ceramic assemblages identified on the site, which is, found in nearly all archaeological contexts. In the course of just one season, 2012, over a tonne of the fragments were retrieved (Czyżewska 2013). Made from poorly-tempered, slightly sandy Nile silt, the amphorae present such © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a vast diversity of types, that it almost appears more appropriate to talk about a family of amphorae of type LR7. This striking diversity may point both to manufacture in workshops located in different regions of Egypt and the long-lasting popularity of LR7 amphorae resulting in the prolonged production – from the 5th to the 8th century AD (Bailey 1998: 129). Out of the many identified production centres, the majority are situated in Middle Egypt – thus explaining, at least to some extent, the extremely high number of examples. A considerable number of the vessels representing LR7 were used for

Fig. 345 Bottom part of a Late Roman 7 amphora, Cat. 566 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 344: Upper part of a Late Roman 7 amphora, Cat. 565 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012).

Fig. 346 Shoulder fragment of a Late Roman 7 amphora with an interesting three-dimensional decoration in the form of a wave, Cat. 569 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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wine. This is evident from the thick coating in a layer of black resin on the interior. The amphorae in which the resin is absent may have been used as containers for other products, e.g. grain or simply water. Some of the examples bear inscriptions in black or red ink. Out of the several hundreds of objects, several examples are worth a mention (Cat. 564-566) (Figs. 344-345), including those with red (Cat. 567) and white painted decoration (Cat. 568). Additionally, special attention should be paid to a round shoulder fragment (Cat. 569) with an applied decoration in the shape of a wave (Fig. 346). Another type of Egyptian amphorae, Late Roman 5/6 (Egloff 187-190), manufactured in the Mareotis region, rarely appears in the material from Asyut. Just a few dozen fragments have been identified so far (Cat. 574). Such evident disproportion further confirms the local origin of the LR7 amphorae. Kitchen pottery Apart from the amphorae, numerous kitchen and tablewares are present. The former are represented by the fine cookware: thin-walled cooking pots with a wavy formed rim and round body with well-defined horizontal ridging and a slightly rounded base (Cat. 575).They are made from sandy Nile silt and are occasionally red slipped. The exterior is covered in a layer of soot – also a sign of their function – while the base and walls are sometimes also burnt (Fig. 347). On one hand, this group is characterised by an unusual homogeneity with all the vessels nearly identical in appearance, apart from minor differences in size (and therefore capacity). On the other hand, the group displays a large variety of rim decorations in the form of various incisions, grooves, or waves. Both the shape of the vessels – open form, thin walls – and the thick layer of soot covering nearly the entire lower half of the pots indicate that the food prepared in them involved a short cooking time on a high flame, and the vessels were suspended over the fire. It is

Fig. 347: Late Roman cooking pot with a decorated rim, Cat. 575 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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quite likely that apart from the dishes cooked rapidly, the pots were also used for boiling or heating up water. A fragment of a globular vessel with horizontal handles (Cat. 576) represents a similar and just as common group of cooking pots, which like the one above also comprises thin-walled globular pots. Parallel examples can be found throughout Egypt, e.g. in Thebes (Myśliwiec 1987: 149-150) or Ashmunein (Bailey 1982: Fig. 61). It is also worth giving attention to a large, globular, thin-walled jar (Cat. 577), which resembles a type of cooking pot known as marmite (Fig. 348). These vessels are characterised by handles placed on their shoulders and it seems that the object presented also may have had similar handles: around 25% of the shoulders are preserved, allowing for the assumption that the handles were placed on the missing part. The red slipped exterior bears painted decoration: a row of small circles and below it a wavy line. The lack of traces of fire on the vessel may indicate the vessel was used as a storage container. An object of similar form and nearly identical decoration (but much smaller in size) was found at Karanis (Johnson 1981: 83, Pl. 71). Another object, a handmade thick-walled cooking-stove (Cat. 578), is a rare example of such objects in the ceramic material from Egypt. Four trian-

Fig. 348: Late Roman storage vessel with white ornaments, Cat. 577 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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gles have been carved out from its walls in such a manner that the remaining parts form four corners. The walls are red slipped and decorated. In the centre of each triangle a applied element has been placed. It is in the form of a vertical roll with small balls attached to both its sides and the identical balls are present on the external edges. The base and the internal walls show traces of fire (Fig. 349). Similar objects were discovered in Ashmunein (Bailey 1984: Pl. 35; Bailey 1998: Pl. 72) and Tebtunis (Ballet/Południkiewicz 2012: Pls. 109-110).

imported CerAmiCs

As would be expected of a market located at the crossroads of the major trade routes, Asyut received an abun- Fig. 349: Late Roman cooking stove with threedimensional decoration, Cat. 578 dance of merchandise from different (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). corners of the world. Indeed, the ceramic material presented certainly reflects this, and imported pottery is not only plentiful but, most significantly, diverse both in the terms of provenance and typology. It would be a mistaken to expect to find just vessels used for transport (e.g. amphorae and kegs) within this group of objects: there is a varied corpus of luxurious tableware present, which is represented by all kinds of slipped ware. Fragments representing transport vessels do, however, dominate the assemblage. It should be noted that these are the early days for the research of imported ceramics from Asyut and so the list of imports is currently incomplete. Nevertheless, it is worth presenting preliminary results here to demonstrate some promising results and draw some tentative conclusions. Due to the incomplete identification process and hence an incomplete typological classification, the author will refer to the existing typologies from other sites. Ceramics of the Oases Pottery objects from the oases, Dakhleh and/or Kharga, form a separate ceramic group, clearly distinct from the rest of the imported material analysed (Hope 2000; Patten 2000; Marchand 2007b: 491-492). In terms of quantity, ceramics from this group are the third most commonly found type of imports so far identified amongst ceramics from Asyut, immediately following amphorae LR1 and amphorae LR4. Fragments from this group are not only numerous but also interesting in terms of typology. Most of the oases objects found from archaeological sites in the Nile Valley are either so-called water kegs and/or flasks (Fig. 350). The Asyut material, however, contains one additional type of vessels unknown from © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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other Nile Valley sites, a medium-sized jar with one handle, an egg-shaped body and a base ring. Ceramics from the oases are made from three types of fabrics classified in the local typology as Oasis 1, 2 and 3. These types are very much alike, one being exceptionally hard and, at a first glance, closely resembling Marl C fabric (for similar observation see Aston D. 1999a: 5; Aston D. 2007: 441). All display a high content of sub-rounded, rounded and well rounded limestone fragments. Small particles (below 1 mm), occur most frequently while medium and large fragments (above 1 mm) are less frequent, though better visible on the surface. The smaller inclusions are visible primarily in sherd breaks, while the larger ones are mostly on the surface of the vessel. There is a clear presence of quartz/feldspar in the form of numerous angular dark grains of varied size and a smaller number of amorphic concretions, most probably iron compounds. In the first two types, the clay is homogenous and well or medium-well stored; the third is poorly sorted. The break in vessels fired in oxidising atmosphere is uniform and red, while in vessels fired in reduced conditions it is either red with a distinct thick grey or black core or entirely dark grey with the surface of reddish grey or virtually grey colour. The types appear to only be variants of the same Coarse Ferruginous Fabric (Eccleston 2000: 211-213). Oasis 2 clay is much harder, fired at a higher temperature and in reduced atmosphere, with distinctive traces of vitrification clearly visible in fracture.

Fig. 350: Rims of sigas from the Oases identified up to now in Asyut (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Identification of the Oasis fabrics found in Asyut with the clays noted in the Oases assemblages carries a certain risk, as it is based utterly on comparison of the descriptions of the clays, not the clays themselves. Nevertheless, it appears likely that Oasis 1 and Oasis 3 correspond with, respectively, types A1 and A29 of Colin Hope’s classification of the Dakhleh ceramics (Hope 2000: 194). No other clay types from the Oases (the so-called Shale Fabric (Eccleston 2000: 211)) have been identified in the material analysed to date. Water kegs (at present called siga) are large barrel-shaped storage vessels with cylindrical necks and rounded ends (Cat. 570-572) (Fig. 351), which are a typical product of the pottery workshops of the Dakhleh and Kharga oases from the Late Period till the present day (Hope 2000: 189; Patten 2000: 130-132, 237). Kegs constitute the most commonly occurring group of vessels in the ceramic material from the oases. To date, about sixty complete necks with rims and several dozen of the ends fragments have been identified, which is a considerable number in comparison to other archaeological sites in the Nile Valley e.g. Elephantine (Hope 2000; Aston D. 2007: 441-442; Aston D. 1999a: nos. 2089-2091). The ends are invariably rounded, while the necks and rims present a wide range of shapes. Although most of the fragments are wheel-turned, some appear to be formed by hand. The necks also vary in terms of shape: some are tall, measuring between 7 and 10 cm, while others very short, just from 3 to 5 cm. The rims can be trimmed flat, diagonally, or have a groove in the middle. Additionally, there are rims with a round edge and rims with a collar, as well as those with the edge folded out and smoothed over on the outside of the neck. One common feature of the different rims and necks is the manner in which they were attached to the rest of the vessel. An opening would be made in the wall of the body through which a finished rim was inserted and the joint was smoothed over. This variety of rims is a result of the chronological diversity (Hope 1981: 236). The oldest

a

b Fig. 351: Fragments of siga type storage vessels from the Oases, a. Cat. 571, b. not in the catalogue (© The Asyut Project; Czyżewska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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objects from Asyut – the long-necked vessels – seem to date back to the end of the Late Period, while the short-necked examples, especially those with the distinct ridges on the rim, appear in the Nile Valley during the Ptolemaic-Roman times (Hope 2007: 442). It is commonly believed that the kegs were most likely used as containers for water and perhaps wine (Hope 2000: 190). Some of the Asyut examples show traces of a dark grey or black substance inside the vessel, which appears to be a layer of resination typical in vessels used for wine. One example, however, has its interior covered with a thick smooth layer of a distinct white substance closely adhering to the walls. Furthermore, a number of vessels bear traces of sooting on the exterior walls. It is difficult to say exactly what these white traces may represent, residue analysis would help answer that. According to workmen from the Quft area, who worked with us during the excavations, vessels of this type are still used in the present day for butter making. In the course of this process, the kegs filled with milk are suspended and then rhythmically shaken in the horizontal plane. Once butter is formed, the buttermilk is poured out and the butter stays inside the vessel. If it is difficult to remove from the keg, to avoid breaking the vessel it may be slightly heated up to melt the butter, which could explain the traces of fire on some of the fragments. In the present day, the sega type vessels are used in Dakhleh as containers for water – garret al-mayya, cheese – garret al-mesh and for milk – garret al-laban. The garret el-laban are also used as butter churns (Henein 1997: 161-166, 214). One keg fragment bears a pot mark, incised post-firing. It consists of two straight lines, vertical and diagonal, which join together at a 45 degree angle. Their ends become fork-like V-shaped signs and in the case of the diagonal line there are an additional two short lines: one is located inside the V and the other, diagonally below the V (Rzeuska in press). Oasis ceramics is also represented by a medium-sized jar with a straight rim, shoulders decorated with incised concentric lines, and a base ring (Cat. 573) (Fig. 352). Since the base was found separate from the ring, there can be no doubt that the ring would be attached to the base rather than being an integrally formed part of Fig. 352: Fragments of a jar from the Western the vessel. Two other fragments within Oases, Cat. 573 (© The Asyut Project; Czyżewska 2012). the material analysed are an upper part © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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and a base, most likely from the same vessel. A parallel example is a jar with a handle, found from a tomb in Dakhleh and dated to the Ptolemaic-Roman Period, (Hope 1980: Fig. XXIV, a; Hope 1985: 119, Fig. 4, r; Patten 2000: 95-97, Pl. 24, form 105). It is made from fabric which, according to description, is remarkably similar to the Oasis 1 fabric: plain brown-fired ware, coarsely tempered with numerous types of inclusions (Hope 1980: 298). The only difference is that unlike the object from Asyut, the Dakhleh example has an additional cream slip on the exterior. All vessels are wheel-turned, with clearly visible wheel-marks. The kegs, judging by the marks left on the walls, were made using an identical method to the one still used nowadays in the manufacture of the similar vessels in the workshops of al-Qasr in Dakhleh (Henein 1997: 120-125). This method is based on forming a large cylindrical lump of clay, which is then turned on the wheel. One end of the lump is opened and half of a keg is shaped. Subsequently, the lump is turned upside down with the already-formed end placed on a special stand and the un-worked part on top, ready for shaping. The unformed end is opened and the other half of the vessel is prepared. The final result is a closed barrel, shaped from a single piece of clay. The next step is cutting an opening in the wall in order to insert the neck. It also should be noted that this method has been experimentally reconstructed based on ethnoarchaeological observations and analysis of the vessel fragments (Patten 2000: 63-65). All of the vessels from the oases found in Asyut are un-slipped, with red or reddish brown surface, sometimes additionally coated on the outside with a white or grey scum. In many kegs, the exterior shows characteristic smudges or smoothing marks. The vessel fragments which display identical external surface treatment (but made from Nile silt B fabric) are most probably a local imitation of ceramics (kegs?) from the oases. Without petrographic analysis, it is virtually impossible to unequivocally determine the provenance of the pottery presented due to the fact that ceramics from both the oases, Dakhleh and Kharga, are nearly identical in terms of shapes, manufacturing technique, and fabric (Hope 2000: 190). Both the clays from which the vessels found in Asyut have been made are so alike that these objects can be considered products originating from one region. However, Dakhleh appears to be the more likely source, especially bearing in mind the fact that it is closer to Asyut and most of all, the pottery centre identified in ‘Ein el-Azizi (Dakhleh), which mass-produced the kegs (Hope 1999: 232; Hope 2000: 192193). Asyut, connected with the southern oases by the ancient caravan routes, Darb el-Arba’een and Darb el-Tawil, was without a doubt one of the most, if not the most, important places of trade, and considering the significant quantity of the material already analysed, it may have been a redistribution centre for merchandise imported from the oases to the Nile Valley. The large quantity of the material and the technological uniformity alongside the typological variety of kegs attest to continuous and intense trade relations between the oases and Asyut from the Late Period to the Roman times. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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The ceramics presented certainly give Asyut its righteous place on the trade map between the oases and the Nile Valley. IMPORTED CERAMICS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION

eArly romAn period

Knidian Relief Ware from Caria (Pl. 29a) One interesting example from this group comes in the form of an upper body fragment of a small jug with relief decoration in the form of a vine entwined around the belly (Cat. 579). The relief is clear, with well defined individual heartshaped leaves and clusters of grapes. The vessel is moulded in fine orange clay. Its exterior is rather crudely covered with red slip around the area with relief only – otherwise the surface is untreated. This type of decoration is typical for the ceramics workshops in Asia Minor (Semeraro 2003: 86), dating around the 1st half of the 3rd century AD. Both the decoration and the fabric indicate that is probably from Knidos i.e. Knidian Relief Ware (Baldoni 2003: 1-16) – though this question cannot be resolved at present. Amphorae from Pamphylia (Pl. 30a) Amongst the Early Roman Period ceramics, closer attention should be given to fragments of globular amphorae (Cat. 580-581). They have a triangular rim and flat edge with one small depression located close to the mouth and another on the upper part of the neck, just above the place where the handles are attached to the vessel. The short handles are ovoid on the inner face and double-grooved on the outer; they start immediately below the rim and end on the shoulders. The amphorae are made from hard, beige-orange, homogenous clay. The fracture is uniform with a moderate amount of sandy inclusions. The interior is coated with resin, indicating that the vessel was used for the transport of wine. Additionally, on the shoulders of the first example (Cat. 580), in the area between the handles, there is a fragmentarily preserved wavy line or inscription(?) partially covered by another pattern formed from a dark resin, which coats the inside of the vessel. It is possible that the other pattern (dark resin) is an illegible inscription. This type of amphora is rare in Egypt and its provenance has yet to be determined – it may have originated from the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, possibly from Pamphylia in Asia Minor (Grace 1973). The nearest parallels known are from Alexandria (Grace 1973: 186-187; Empereur 1998: 396), Quseir el-Qadim, (Whitcomb 1982: 57), Mons Porphyrites, Berenike, and Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 170-171). The examples from Mons Claudianus have been dated to the times of Trajan. Campanian amphora (Pl. 29b) A notable and rare example representing Italian imports in Egypt (from the Campania region/the Gulf of Naples) is an amphora (Cat. 582) classified as Dressel type 2-4, which corresponds with Peacock and Williams’s Class 10, dated to the 1st century AD (Peacock/Williams 1991: 105-106). It is a fragment of © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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a rim with a bifid handle, made from clay very characteristic for its high content of dark sandy inclusions, which gave it its name: Campanian ‘Black Sand’ fabric (Peacock/Williams 1991: 87-88).

lAte romAn (byzAntine) period

Late Roman ceramic assemblages from the East Mediterranean Basin are usually dominated by amphorae. The examples present in the material analysed represent three types; Carthage Late Roman 1 (LR1), which at Asyut seems to be more numerously represented than on any other site; Carthage Late Roman 4 (LR4); and Carthage Late Roman 3 (LR3). Although none of the objects are completely preserved, the quantity of diagnostic fragments identified to date (predominantly rims), leaves no doubt that the vessels were mass-imported – at least in the case of LR1 and LR4. LR1 fragments occur most frequently, LR4 less frequently, while LR3 is represented only by a handful of examples. Late Roman 1 amphorae The first amphora type, LR1 (Dressel 34), which originates from many areas, (Cilicia, Cyprus, Rhodes, and Pieria in continental Greece (Ballet/Picon 1987: 26; Ballet 2003: 14; Pieri 2005: 80)), is common on many sites throughout the whole Mediterranean including Egypt (Pieri 2005: 69-76). The fragments observed in the material are made from different clays, which clearly points to varied origin and/or dating. Groudmass presents a range of colours, from light cream, through pale yellow, pink, to light green, resulting from either differential firing or a varied chemical content. At least two different types of fabrics could be distinguished based on the differences in frequency of sandy inclusions, their size, and their roundness: – Type 1: more sandy, including dark and red angular grains, calcites, quartz, and red concretions – Type 2: less sandy, finer, with similar but less frequent inclusions They represent distinct chronological variants of the jars: the early ones (Cat. 583) have long narrow necks and date from the end of the 4th–5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 168-169). The transitory variants (Cat. 584) date to the late 5th– early 6th, and the later ones dating from 6th to mid-7th century AD (Cat. 584) have broad necks (Egloff 164) (Pieri 2005: 71, Fig. 25). Many of the sherds bear fragmentarily preserved red dipinti in Greek, the socalled tituli picti (Cat. 586-587), Fig. 353: Fragment of an imported Late Roman 1 amphora. Please note the fragmentarily invocations that placed the ship and preserved red dipinto and traces of its cargo under divine protection lead sealing or repair, Cat. 588 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). (Pieri 2002: 126; Pieri 2005: 78© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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79). Some also bear traces of a grey substance (lead?), possibly sealing material on the neck (Cat. 588), (Fig. 353). No traces of resin – so characteristic for the wine amphorae – could be detected on the fragments from Asyut. However, dipinti found on LR1 amphorae from Ballana and Kustul attest to the usage of these vessels in transport of wine from Rhodes (Kirwan 1938: 403). It is also likely they were used to carry grain and olive oil (Kirwan 1938: 402). To date, no Egyptian imitations of LR1 amphorae, which are known from sites like Kellia (Ballet 2003: 152-153, 164) and Saqqara (Ghaly 1992: 168, 16a-b), have been identified in Asyut. The presence of a wide range of forms in the material analysed, from the earliest to the latest, indicates that trade relations were constant, merchandise from the eastern part of the Mediterranean Basin reached Asyut on a regular basis from the 4th to the 7th century AD. Late Roman 3 amphora (Pl. 30b) Another type identified in the material from Asyut is Late Roman 3 Amphora. Although its prototype had been manufactured during the Imperial Period, the classical version appeared only at the end of the 4th century and circulated in some of the regions of the Mediterranean until the 7th century AD (Pieri 2005: 95-98). The exact location of the workshops producing these vessels has yet to be ascertained, but the most likely locations are Asia Minor, either in the area of Halikarnas or Sardes (Peacock/Williams 1991: 188). Amphorae of this type are relatively rare in Egypt. Examples are known from Kellia, where they have been classified as Egloff 181 (Egloff 1977: Pl. 60, 2) and Kysis in the Kharga Oasis (Ballet 2007: Fig. 7). A handful of LR3 fragments have been identified in Asyut. Amongst the noteworthy examples is a neck fragment with partially preserved handles (Cat. 589). It is made from fabric typical for LR3 (Pieri 2005: 100), with a smoothed surface, which is soapy to the touch. The neck bears a red inscription in Greek: ‘ερ’. In Dominique Pieri’s typology, this example represents subtype A3 (Pieri 2005: 95, Fig. 57, Pl. 28.7). Due to the small capacity (7 litres) of LR3 amphorae (one of the smallest of all amphorae) and infrequent examples, it is thought that they were used for transport of valuable merchandise, e.g. garum or unguents. However, a black resinous substance found inside the fragment described (Pieri 2005: 100) suggests that, at least in this case, the product was wine. Furthermore, it appears that it was a specific kind of thick wine known as caroenum Maeonum, originating from the area near Aphrodisias in Karia and mentioned by the Edict of Diocletian – Edictum Diocletiani de pretiis rerum venalium (Panella 1993: 663, 2.13). Late Roman 4 amphora (Pl. 30c) Late Roman 4 Amphora is another type of imported amphorae, well represented in Asyut. It originates from Palestine and is also known as Gazan Amphora. This type dates from between the early 4th and early 8th century AD (Pieri 2005: 103). Although to date no complete examples have been found on the gebel at © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Asyut, the identified diagnostic fragments allowed for some observations. As with LR1, the group is varied both in terms of shape and clay. This again, is an indication of the broad chronological span and diverse provenance of the vessels. The fragments identified so far belong primarily to Type 3 and Type 4 in the classification of ceramics from Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria (Majcherek 1995: 175-177), which correspond with, respectively, types B1 and B2 in the general typology of LR3 (Pieri 2005: Fig. 66). Apart from these two types, another distinct group of ceramics has been observed in the material. It may represent an older form of LR4, namely Type 2 of Alexandrian typology, which corresponds with Type A2 of the general classification. In terms of fabric, two variants have been observed: medium coarse and medium fine, both sandy, medium hard and sometimes prone to scaling. It is difficult to establish an exact ratio between the occurrence frequencies of both the types, but it seems that Type 3 occurs slightly more frequently in the material than Type 4. Type 3, dated to the period between the mid-5th and beginning of 6th century AD (Majcherek 1995: 168), is represented primarily by fragments of rims and shoulders with small handles with an ellipsoidal cross-section (Cat. 590-592), which rest on a band of ridging on the shoulders (Fig. 354). Slightly less common are narrow bases, either flat or slightly convex, also ridged (Cat. 593-594). Type 4 dates later than Type 3, to the period between 6th and 7th century AD. The fragments identified include rims with flat and thick edges and characteristic accretions below the edge (Cat. 595-596), and conical bases with ridging (Cat. 597-599) (Fig. 355). Some vessels have the rim and the interior coated with resin, indicating their use for transport of the famous white wine from Gaza.

Fig. 354: Fragment of a rim with handle from an imported Late Roman 4 amphora, Cat. 591 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

Fig. 355: Base fragment from an imported Late Roman 4 amphora, Cat. 598 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012).

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The remaining examples with no resin may have been used for the transport of fish, cereals, olive and sesame oils (Pieri 2005: 110-114, Faiers 2005: 167). Amongst the amphorae representing LR4, there are fragments with dipinti, body sherds with partially preserved red inscriptions (Cat. 600) ΠΟV. Interestingly, the ratio between the quantities of LR4 and LR1 amphorae in Asyut is exactly the opposite of that observed in Alexandria, where LR4 type is much more common (Majcherek 1995: 168), unlike in Asuyt where it is infrequent and where LR1 vessels are the dominant type. It appears that the monks inhabiting the gebel at the time had slightly different needs for imported goods than inhabitants of Alexandria.

north AfriCAn imports

North-African ceramics are also represented in the material from Asyut. These are both fine wares, such as African Red Slip and amphorae. The first group comprises a dozen examples and apart from two vessels (currently stored in the Egyptian Museum in Turin), the majority derive from excavations by the Asyut Project. The amphorae are more abundant and there are over one hundred fragments, though the majority are non-diagnostic body sherds, only less than twenty are parts of rims, bases or handles. African Red Sipped Ware (Pl. 31) The African Red Slip Ware (ARSW) is represented exclusively by fragments of open forms, in particular Hayes’s Forms 82 and 84 (Hayes 1972: 128-133). The first object, a plate classified as Form 82A (Cat. 601), is fragmentarily preserved, but its profile is complete. It has two grooves on the heavy triangular rim, its interior is decorated with two circular grooves, in between which there is a narrow band of stamped decoration in the form of images of partridges (Hayes 1972: 254-256, type 185). The underside is decorated with ‘feather-rouletting’, which is typical for this form. Another plate represents the same Form 82, but unlike the first one, it belongs to type B (Cat. 602). It is a base fragment with a cross-monogram in the middle with dotted decoration and surrounded by a band of grooves as well as a set of rouletting (Hayes 1972: 272-275, type 301). Its underside bears decoration in the form of ‘feather-rouletting’. The stamped designs on both the vessels are classified as style D. The other Hayes’s category identified in the material, Form 84 – deep dish (Cat. 603), is a small rim fragment with three grooves and ‘feather-rouletting’ on the external surface. One additional and noteworthy object is a decorated base, which probably belongs to Form 67 (Cat. 604). Its centre bears a stamped decoration in the form of six radially arranged palm branches with a double central rib (Type 4). Between the branches, there are concentric circles with dot-fringes (Type 30). Both the motifs bear decorations classified as Type A. Comparative examples with similar designs have been found at different sites at Egypt: in Coptos, Medamud, Kom el-Ahmar (Hayes 1972: 257), Ashmunein (Bailey 1986: Fig. 36), as well as in Karanis (Johnson 1981: Pl. 40). It should be noted, that Forms 82 and 84 themselves are not that common in the Nile Valley © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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and prior to the discoveries at Asyut, were only known from Ashmunein (Bailey 1982: 13). In general, the African Red Slip Ware is relatively rare in Egypt, especially in Middle Egypt. Apart from the assemblage from Ashmunein of nearly two hundred vessel fragments (Bailey 1996: 78-79), the group from Asyut appears to be one of the more interesting. Although not especially frequently found, the value of African Red Slip Ware fragments lies in the evidence they provide for the continuity of trade relations of Asyut with the area of the present-day Tunisia, from the middle of the 4th until the end of the 5th century AD. African amphorae (Pl. 32) In regards to the North African amphorae, all of objects identified belong to the Late Roman Period. Accordingly, they are presented following Michael Bonifay’s division into two groups: 1. Amphorae made in Greco-Roman tradition 2. Amphorae made in Punic tradition Examples of the first group are considerably more numerous than the second. The first group is represented by several fragments of a small amphora described as spatheion (=Keay 26), characterised by a narrow cylindrical body and pointed base (Bonifay 2004: 124-129). These fragments found at Asyut (Cat. 605-606) show a specific manner of working the external surface, which involves applying long vertical strokes with a tool, leaving vertical smoothing marks covering the length of the vessel from the shoulder just below the handle to the base. The fragments most probably belong to a family, which Michel Bonifay classifies as amphora type 33; the rim would correspond with variant C and the base, with variant A. Large sized amphorae are also present in the form of a great number of body fragments. These are made from various clay types and often bear tool marks similar to those observed on the spatheia, which attest to the same shaping method having been employed. Diagnostic fragments are poorly preserved and therefore an attempt at their precise classification may prove somewhat risky. Cat. no. Bonnifay Type

Origin

Product

Dating

588-589

33 (=Keay 26) spatheia

Zeugitana, Byzacena

wine or garum

End of the 6th– 7th century AD

590

37 (=Keay 59)

Southern Byzacena

olive oil(?)

End of the 4th–middle of the 5th century AD

591-592

46 (=Keay 62)

Sahel, Nabeul

?

6th century AD

593-594

53(=Keay 34)

Southern Byzacena

olive oil(?)

End of the 6th– 7th century AD

595

10 (=Hammamet 3)

Gulf of wine(?) Hammamet

5th–7th century AD

Tab. 4: North African imports in Asyut (interpretation after Bonifay 2004: 22). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Nevertheless, fragments: rim (Cat. 607) and rim and a handle (Cat. 608-609) appear to represent, respectively, Keay’s type 59 = Bonifay’s type 37 (Bonifay 2004: 131-132), and Keay’s type 62 = Bonifay’s type 46 (Bonifay 2004: 137138). Rim (Cat. 610) and handle (Cat. 611), which are made from a nearly identical clay, most likely belong to Keay’s type 34 = Bonifay’s type 53, variant A (Bonifay 2004: 143-144). Another noteworthy object is a large cylindrical body (Cat. 612) with marks left by vertical smoothing, which cannot be precisely classified (it is possibly Keay’s type 28). The second group, comprising the amphorae made in Punic tradition, is represented by only a single fragment identified so far: a shoulder fragment with a completely preserved grooved handle (Cat. 613). It corresponds with Bonifay’s type 10 – Hammamet 3, variant A (Bonifay 2004: 93-97). Whereas the parallels for the first group of vessels, Greco-Roman, have been found at many sites in Egypt, e.g. Alexandria (Bonifay/Leffy 2002: 4851), Marea (Majcherek 2005), Quseir el Qadim (Whitcomb 1982: 80-81), Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: Pl. 76), al-Zarqa near Coptos (Brun 1994: 12-13), Bahariya (Bonifay 2007), Kharga (Ballet 2007: 484-485), and Dakhleh (Hope/ Ross 2007: 468-471), the amphorae of the second group are much more rare. One amphora fragment of the Punic tradition has been identified in Dakhleh. It represents Sabratha amphorae, type 3b (Hope/Ross 2007: 471). A brief analysis of the North African amphorae from Asyut leads to the same conclusion as the analysis of the African Red Slip Ware: trade relations between Asyut and North Africa lasted for nearly three centuries, from the end of the 4th till the end of the 7th century AD. Alongside the Dakhleh and Bahariya oases, Asyut is another site with such a noticeable presence of North African imports. Their great typological and chronological diversity stands witness to the uninterrupted trading relations. Interestingly, in Dakhleh the number of ceramics imported from North Africa is larger than those from the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, i.e. the Late Roman 1 amphorae (Hope/Ross 2007: 474). A compelling picture emerges, suggesting that the North African merchandise reached the Nile Valley (e.g. Asyut) through the Oases. summAry To summarise, the remarkable wealth and diverse provenance of Roman Imperial and Byzantine Period ceramics at Asyut is a testimony to the high level of human activity on the gebel – both the funerary and settlement. The imported pottery is an invaluable source of information about the flow of merchandise in the Roman and Byzantine world, knowledge which can seldom be obtained from other sources. Having briefly presented only a small fraction of the material, a clear picture has emerged: of Asyut as an important centre for the distribution of foreign goods from North Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, the Southern Oases and Upper Egypt. Ceramics from the north and west (i.e. LR1 and LR4 amphorae, kegs from the Western Oases, and fine ware from North Africa (ARSW)) occur more numerously than those from the South, © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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(i.e. the workshops in Aswan and Thebes). The major disproportion between these two assemblages allows for a conclusion that the main direction of the trade led from the north and west to the south. More significantly, imports from Upper Egypt are generally rarely found on the gebel throughout all periods.

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660

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

CAtAlogue Cat. 519 Hemispherical bowl No.: AS 357 Ac.: S08/st850, S09/1220 Clay: very fine pinkish marl clay Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/3 pink, inside 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.2 cm; pres. height: 5 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, painted bichrom – red and black floral and geometric motifs on the inside and outside of the vessel Cat. 520 Small cup No.: AS 854 Ac.: S09/st1397 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 6.5 cm; pres. height: 4 cm Preservation: 10° of the rim Decoration: moulded Cat. 521 Bulbous ungentarium No.: AS 719 Ac.: S09/11 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the base cut off and smoothed Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/3 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 2.9 cm; max body diam.: 4.7 cm; base diam.: 1.9 cm; height: 10 cm Preservation: compete

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 519

Cat. 520

Cat. 521

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661

662

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 522 Amphora No.: AS 629 Ac.: S09/st1138 Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, inside 7.5YR 2.5/1 black Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.1 cm; pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: 60° of the rim Remarks: black resinous substance on the inside Cat. 523 Amphora No.: AS 630 Ac.: S09/st1097 Clay: calcareous fabric, from Mareotis(?) Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.7 cm; pres. height: 7.3 cm Preservation: 118° of the rim Remarks: wavy incision on the rim Cat. 524 Amphora No.: AS 627 Ac.: S12/st856 Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 4/1 dark grey and 5YR 5/3 reddish brown, inside 2.5Y 4/1 dark grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.2 cm; pres. height: 25 cm Preservation: complete neck and the rim Remarks: black resinous substance on the inside and on the upper part of the outside; a hole pierced post-firing in the neck

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 522

Cat. 523

Cat. 524

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

663

664

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 525 Amphora No.: AS 621 Ac.: S09/st1129 Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.2 cm; pres. height: 8.8 cm Preservation: 82° of the rim Cat. 526 Amphora No.: AS 626 Ac.: S12/st856 Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 6/3 light brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10.7 cm; pres. height: 23.4 cm Preservation: 360° of the rim Cat. 527 Amphora No.: AS 618 Ac.: S12/st43 Clay: medium fine sandy Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/3 light brown, inside 7.5YR 3/1 very dark grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.7 cm; pres. height: 9.2 cm Preservation: 132° of the rim

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 525

Cat. 526

Cat. 527

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665

666

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 528 Stand No.: AS 508 Ac.: S11/st475 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/6 and 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 17.5 cm; base diam.: 20.3 cm; height: 7.3 cm Preservation: 100° of the rim and the base Cat. 529 ERSW A plate No.: AS 661 Ac.: S12/st858 Clay: Aswan 1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 5-6/6 light red-red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 26 cm; base diam.: 10.5 cm; height: 3.8 cm Preservation: 132° of the rim and the base Decoration: stamped on the bottom Cat. 530 ERSW A plate No.: AS 473 Ac.: S10/st833 Clay: Aswan 1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour:10R 6/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 32.8 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: 75° of the rim

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 528

Cat. 529

Cat. 530

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

667

668

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 531 ERSW A bowl No.: AS 793 Ac.: S08/st1158 Clay: Aswan 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated with red slipped rim Colour: 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow and 2.5YR 4/3 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.5 cm; base diam.: 3.2 cm; pres. height: 3.2 cm Preservation: 70° of the base and 30° of the rim Cat. 532 ERSW A bowl No.: AS 477 Ac.: S09/st689 Clay: Aswan 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 7/8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 10 cm; pres. height: 4.2 cm Preservation: 45° of the rim Cat. 533 ERSW B plate No.: AS 523 Ac.: S09/st1437 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 2.5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Body sherd meas.: 6.4x7 cm Preservation: part of the base Decoration: stamped on the inside

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 531

Cat. 532

Cat. 533

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

669

670

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 534 ERSW B bowl No.: AS 878 Ac.: S11/st154 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 7.5YR 5/4 brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Base diam.: 17.6 cm; pres. height: 4.7 cm Preservation: 80° of the rim Cat. 535 ERSW B jar No.: AS 932 Ac.: S09/st1071 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 13.2 cm; pres. height: 4.9 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: appliqué Cat. 536 ERSW H plate No.: AS 522 Ac.: S08/st898 Clay: Pink marlish – mixed(?) clay Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 10.6 cm; pres. height: 1.2 cm Preservation: part of the base Decoration: stamped decoration on the inside

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 534

Cat. 535

Cat. 536

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

671

672

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 537 Small cup No.: AS 476 Ac.: S11/st1138 Clay: fine Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside and inside below the rim red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 8/4 very pale brown and 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown, inside 7.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 9.1 cm; pres. height: 5.3 cm Preservation: 86° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing, white painted Cat. 538 Large bowl No.: AS 940 Ac.: S09/st136 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside white slipped, outside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/3 reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/8 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 23.2 cm; pres. height: 1.7 cm Preservation: 23° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing bichrom red and black painted decoration Cat. 539 Cylindrical jar No.: AS 948 Ac.: S09/st1076 Clay: fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: inside white slipped (background) and red slipped on it, on the outside white slipped Colour: inside 7.5YR 7/4 pink and 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 18.7 cm; pres. height: 13.2 cm Preservation: 30° of the rim, fragments of the belly Decoration: painted pre-firing, red horizontal, broad bands and black geometrical motifs

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 537

Cat. 538

Cat. 539

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673

674

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 540 Globular jar with flaring rim, cylindrical neck and two handles No.: BM 47389 Clay: Nile B1 near B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside pinkish slip, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7-6/8 reddish yellow, inside 5YR 4/2 dark reddish grey Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.2 cm; max body diam.: 18.8 cm; pres. height: 21.3 cm Preservation: upper part, restored from sherds Decoration: pre-firing bichrom dark brown and red painted decoration on the neck, handles and the belly

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 540

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

675

676

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 541 Ovoid jar with cylindrical neck No.: BM 47385 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside double slipped pink and red, polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/3 pink slip and 10R 5/6 red, inside 10R 3/1 dark reddish grey Firing: reduced Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 145 cm; pres. height: 17.2 cm Preservation: upper part without the rim Decoration: pre-firing black painted Cat. 542 Jar with elongated belly No.: BM 47387 (1907-5-11-277) Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside: cream slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 8/2 pinkish white, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 11.8 cm; pres. height: 13 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: pre-firing painted, bichrom dark brown and red

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 541

Cat. 542

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

677

678

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 543 Ovoid jar No.: AS 736 Ac.: S10/st1622 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside white and 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, inside 5Y 2.5/1 grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 21 cm; pres. height: 14 cm Preservation: fragment of the belly and shoulder Remarks: blackish substance on the inside Decoration: pre-firing bichrom black and red Cat. 544 Tubular handle(?) closed form No.: AS 70 Ac.: S05/st1265A Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside pink slip, inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. diam.: 2.9-4 cm; pres. height: 6.1 cm Preservation: middle part of the handle(?) Remarks: pre-firing red painted decoration

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The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 543

Cat. 544

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

679

680

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 545 Jar with nearly biconical belly, cylindrical neck and base ring No.: BM 47388 Clay: coarse Nile B1 near B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish grey Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 16.5 cm; base diam.: 8.8 cm; pres. height: 16.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, the rim missing Remarks: blackish substance on the inside Decoration: painted decoration pre-firing bichrom – blackish-brown and red Cat. 546 Large vessel No.: AS 665 Ac.: S12/st853 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside white slipped, inside partially white slipped and uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown, 2.5Y 4/1 dark grey and 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, inside 2.5YR 5/4 and 2.5Y 8/2 Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 32.4 cm; pres. height: 9.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: post-firing black painted Cat. 547 Large biconical jar No.: AS 178 Ac.: S09/st1679 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/7 light red, inside 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Max body diam.: 34 cm; pres. height: 15.3 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: pre-firing incised and painted red and black

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 545

Cat. 546

Cat. 547

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

681

682

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 548 Bottom of a jug No.: T 15367 Clay: Mareotic Marl Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/6 yellow, inside 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Base diam.: 5 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: complete base Decoration: pre-firing incised Cat. 549 Upper part of a jug No.: AS 919 Ac.: S12/st123 Clay: Mareotic Marl Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5Y 7/4 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 11.5 cm; pres. height: 3.3 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: pre-firing incised Cat. 550 Body sherd of a jar No.: AS 723 Ac.: S06/st701 Clay: imported(?) Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/2 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Sherd meas.: 6.3x4 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: thick layer on the inside Decoration: post-firing carved

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 548

Cat. 549

Cat. 550

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

683

684

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 551 Lower part of a jug with the base ring No.: AS 853 Ac.: S04/st160 Clay: fine Marl Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 4.6 cm; pres. height: 12.5 cm Preservation: 270° of the base Remarks: inside thick layer of resinous black substance, a rope tied around the base Decoration: pre-firing incised Cat. 552 Upper part of a jar No.: AS 918 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 4/4 reddish brown, inside 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 8.8 cm; pres. height: 3.3 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: pre-firing impressed Cat. 553 Fragment of a jar No.: AS 908 Ac.: S11/st707 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/6 red, inside 7.5YR 7/3 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Sherd meas.: 4.2x2.6 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: pre-firing impressed

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 551

Cat. 552

Cat. 553

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

685

686

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 554 Body sherd of a jar No.: AS 909 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/8 reddish yellow Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Sherd meas.: 2.7x2.5 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: traces of resin on the inside Decoration: pre-firing impressed Cat. 555 Lower part of a jar No.: AS 855 Ac.: S09/st1397 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 8.9 cm; pres. height: 1.7 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: resinous substance on the inside Decoration: pre-firing impressed Cat. 556 Large ovoid (amphora?) with two handles No.: AS 250A Ac.: S04/st94B, S04/st244, S04/st416, S05/st170, S05/st220, S05/st237, S05/st1287 Clay: Import(?) Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated, polished Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/3-4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 28.5 cm; pres. height: 33.1 cm Preservation: fragments of the belly and handles Remarks: the inside covered with black resinous substance Decoration: pre-firing impressed © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 554

Cat. 555

Cat. 556

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

687

688

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 557 Jar with elongated belly No.: T 9193 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside uncoated and polished, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/6 light red, inside 10R 5/4 weak red Firing: reduced with the core Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 17.6 cm; pres. height: 12.7 cm Preservation: body fragment Decoration: pre-firing impressed Cat. 558 Jar with cylindrical belly No.: T 9194 Clay: Marl, very fine with a lot of limestone particles Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 4/2 dark reddish grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 17 cm; pres. height: 12.5 cm Preservation: body fragment Remarks: thick resinous layer on the inside Decoration: pre-firing incised and impressed

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 557

Cat. 558

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

689

690

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 559 Slender jar with a handle No.: AS 1200 Ac.: S14/st1499 Clay: Nile B1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6-5/4 light brown-brown, inside 7.5YR 5/4 brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 10 cm; pres. height: 16.2 cm Preservation: large body fragment Decoration: pre-firing impressed

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 559

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

691

692

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 560 Small cylindrical bread mould – tagine(?) No.: AS 5 Ac.: S10/st874 Clay: Nile E2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/4 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.7 cm; base diam.: 5.9 cm; height: 5.5 cm Preservation: almost complete, restored from sherds, 180° of the rim missing Cat. 561 Small cylindrical bread mould – tagine(?) No.: AS 328 Ac.: S08/st1551 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the base cut off Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; base diam.: 8 cm; height: 6.8 cm Preservation: almost complete, 90° of the rim missing Cat. 562 Large vat No.: AS 340 Ac.: S04/st162 Clay: Nile C Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 in two parts, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: outside: white washed, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white, inside 7.5YR 5/3 brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 44 cm; base diam.: 17.6 cm; pres. height: 33.2 cm Preservation: large part of the belly, 30° of the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 560

Cat. 561

Cat. 562

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

693

694

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 563 Bowl with base ring No.: AS 69 Ac.: S10/st1201 Clay: Nile B2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base ring overthrown Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised-reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 32.4 cm; base diam.: 10.4 cm; height: 10.8 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim and the base Remarks: rope impressions on the outside Cat. 564 Egyptian amphora LR7 No.: AS 613 Ac.: S10/st1622 Clay: Nile silt similar to fine Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/2 light grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 19 cm; pres. height: 45.8 cm Preservation: complete middle part

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 563

Cat. 564

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

695

696

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 565 Egyptian amphora LR7 No.: AS 643 Ac.: S12/st861 Clay: Nile silt similar to fine Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 5/3 and 10R 5/4 weak red, inside 2.5YR 4/3 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 6.2 cm; max body diam.: 19.2 cm; pres. height: 33.6 cm Preservation: almost complete upper part, 60° of the rim preserved Remarks: a hole pierced post-firing in the neck Cat. 566 Egyptian amphora LR7 No.: AS 612 Ac.: S10/st1622 Clay: Nile silt similar to fine Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/2 light grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 19.6 cm; pres. height: 38 cm Preservation: complete lower part, restored from sherds Remarks: the inside covered with thin, transparent blackish layer

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 565

Cat. 566

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

697

698

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 567 Egyptian amphora LR7 No.: AS 931 Ac.: S12/st1419 Clay: Nile silt similar to fine Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/3 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 23.6 cm; pres. height: 25 cm Preservation: upper part of the belly, the rim missing Remarks: blackish substance on the inside, red painting on the neck and patches of black substance – resine(?) Cat. 568 Egyptian amphora LR7 No.: AS 616 Ac.: S10/st1622 Clay: Nile silt similar to fine Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 5/4 reddish brown and 10YR 8/3 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 16.3 cm; pres. height: 19.1 cm Preservation: upper part of the belly Remarks: blackish substance on the inside, white post-firing painting on the outside Cat. 569 Egyptian amphora LR7 No.: AS 565 Ac.: S10/st1234 Clay: Nile silt similar to fine Nile E Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 4/3 brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 22.4 cm; pres. height: 10.1 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: a three-dimensional horizontal wave applied to the shoulder

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 567

Cat. 568

Cat. 569

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

699

700

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 570 Siga No.: AS 969 Ac.: S11/st561 Clay: Oasis 1 Technique: body thrown on the wheel type 2, rim handmade Surface treatment: outside scum (self-slip), inside uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 7/3 pink, inside 2.5 YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 6.8 cm; pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: complete rim Cat. 571 Siga No.: AS 988 Ac.: S09/st1047 Clay: Oasis 3 Technique: handmade, belly rim thrown on the wheel Surface treatment: outside scum (self-slip), inside uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 6/3 pale brown, inside 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 6.4 cm; pres. height: 13.2 cm Preservation: complete rim and part of the belly Cat. 572 Siga or flask No.: AS 945 Ac.: S09/st165 Clay: Oasis1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside scum (self-slip), inside uncoated Colour: outside not to establish, inside 5YR 6/3 light reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 5.5 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: complete rim Remarks: soot on the outside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

701

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 570

Cat. 571

Cat. 572

0

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

3 cm

702

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 573 Jar with a handle and base ring No.: AS 973 Ac.: S09/st1294 Clay: Oasis 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, base added and overthrown, the handle handmade Surface treatment: outside scum (self-slip), inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown, inside 10R 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 6.8 cm; max body diam.: 10.3 cm; pres. height: 9+x+4.5 cm Preservation: complete rim and base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 573

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

703

704

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 574 Egyptian amphora LR5/6 No.: AS 926 Ac.: S09/st1255 Clay: Medium fine Nile silt Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 5/3 brown Firing: oxidised with the core Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 19.8 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: body sherd with one handle Cat. 575 Shallow cooking pot No.: AS 472 Ac.: S10/st833 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 5YR 5/4 reddish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 24.2 cm; pres. height: 8.4 cm Preservation: 106° of the rim Remarks: soot on the outside Cat. 576 Cooking pot No.: AS 913 Ac.: S12/st1419 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10R 4/3 weak red, inside 10YR 4/2 dark greyish brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.4 cm; pres. height: 4.9 cm Preservation: 34° of the rim Remarks: soot on the outside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 574

Cat. 575

Cat. 576

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

705

706

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 577 Large vessel with broad mouth and slightly concave base No.: AS 671 Ac.: S12/st853 Clay: Nile E1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside red slipped, inside uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/3 reddish brown, 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow and 2.5Y 8/3 light red, inside 2.5Y 4/1 dark reddish grey and 7.5YR 5/3 brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 21.8 cm; max body diam.: 31.8 cm; base diam.: 11; height: 25 cm Preservation: complete base, partially preserved the belly, 20° of the rim Decoration: pre-firing white painted Cat. 578 Large cooking stove No.: AS 670 Ac.: S12/st859A Clay: Nile C Technique: base pounded, walls handmade Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow and 7.5YR 6/2 pinkish grey, inside 7.5YR 6/4 light brown Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 28.4 cm; base diam.: 26 cm; height: 22 cm Preservation: 90° of the base Decoration: three-dimensional in the form balls

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 577

Cat. 578

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

707

708

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 579 Small ovoid jar of Knidian(?) Relief Ware No.: AS 937 Ac.: S08/st746 Clay: Knidian(?) Technique: moulded Surface treatment: outside red slipped on the decoration, below uncoated, inside uncoated Colour: outside 10R 6/4 pale red – red slip and 2.57/3 light reddish brown, 2.5YR 6/1 reddish grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 9.9 cm; pres. height: 6.1 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: moulded relief Cat. 580 Pamphylian amphora No.: AS 675 Ac.: S12/st856 Clay: Pamphylian 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 13.2 cm; pres. height: 13.4 cm Preservation: complete rim, neck and one handle Remarks: partially preserved red dipinto(?) and resinous blackish sealing(?) Cat. 581 Pamphylian amphora No.: AS 187 Ac.: S04/st387 Clay: Pamphylian 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment and colour: not to establish, secondary fired Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.4 cm; pres. height: 10.2 cm Preservation: complete rim, neck and shoulders, one and half handles

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 579

Cat. 580

Cat. 581

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

709

710

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 582 Campanian amphora (Dressel 2-4) No.: AS 188 Ac.: S11/st603 Clay: ‘Black Sands’ Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/4-6 light reddish brown-reddish yellow, inside 5YR 5/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Neck diam.: 12.5 cm; pres. height: 7 cm Preservation: fragment of the neck with part of the handle Cat. 583 Amphora LR1 No.: AS 677 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR1 clay 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9 cm; pres. height: 10.1 cm Preservation: 360° of the rim Cat. 584 Amphora LR1 No.: AS 906A+B Ac.: S12/st861 Clay: LR1 clay 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5Y 8/4 pale yellow and 5Y 8/2 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.9 cm; max body diam.: 29.8 cm, pres. height: 29.3 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim, neck, one handle and part of the belly Remarks: traces of red pigment on the belly

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 582

Cat. 583

Cat. 584

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

711

712

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 585 Amphora LR1 No.: AS 682 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR1 clay 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: no to establish, secondary fired Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.5 cm; pres. height: 26 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim with a complete handle Cat. 586 Amphora LR1 No.: AS 326 Ac.: S12/st876 Clay: LR1 clay 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max pres. body diam.: 24 cm; pres. height: 3.7 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: black dipinto on the outside Cat. 587 Amphora LR1 No.: AS 520 Ac.: S07/st22 Clay: LR1 clay 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max body diam.: 26.1 cm; pres. height: 6.8 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: red dipinto on the outside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 585

Cat. 586

Cat. 587

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

713

714

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 588 Amphora LR1 No.: AS 674 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR1 clay 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handles handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.7 cm; pres. height: 10.3 cm Preservation: complete rim and neck with partially preserved handles Remarks: lead sealing(?), fragmentary preserved red dipinto Cat. 589 Amphora LR3 No.: AS 666 Ac.: S12/st856 Clay: LR3 clay 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handles handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/4 very pale brown and 10R 4/6 dark yellowish brown, inside 10YR 3/1very dark grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 8.5 cm; pres. height: 18.2 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim, complete neck and parts of two handles Remarks: blackish resinous substance on the inside, red inscription on the neck Cat. 590 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 760 Ac.: S09/st96 Clay: LR4 clay 4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 22.3 cm; pres. height: 9 cm Preservation: body sherd with one handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 588

Cat. 589

Cat. 590

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

715

716

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 591 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 755 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR4 clay 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/3, inside 10YR 2/1 Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 9.4 cm; max body diam.: 18.3 cm; pres. height: 10 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim, the shoulder with one handle Remarks: thick layer of black, resinous substance on the inside Cat. 592 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 764 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR4 clay 3 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2, the handle handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 10YR 3/1 very dark grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 23.3 cm; pres. height: 11.1 cm Preservation: a fragment of the belly with a handle Cat. 593 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 757 Ac.: S10/st601 Clay: LR4 clay 3 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10R 7/3 pale red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 3.3 cm; pres. height: 3.6 cm Preservation: complete base Remarks: thick layer inside the base

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 591

Cat. 592

Cat. 593

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

717

718

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 594 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 762 Ac.: S11/st594 Clay: LR4 clay 3 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Base body diam.: 5.5 cm; pres. height: 1.8 cm Preservation: complete base Cat. 595 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 753 Ac.: S09/st1212 Clay: LR4 clay 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow, inside 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow and 7.5YR 4/2 dark reddish grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Rim diam.: 11 cm; pres. height: 6.5 cm Preservation: 290° of the rim Remarks: traces of resinous substance on the inside Cat. 596 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 758 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR4 clay 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 11.6 cm; pres. height: 9.5 cm Preservation: 34° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 594

Cat. 595

Cat. 596

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

719

720

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 597 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 761 Ac.: S09/st1622 Clay: LR4 clay 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 5/6 red, 7.5YR 2.5/1 black, inside 2.5Y 2.5/1 black Firing: reduced Hardness: hard Base diam.: 3.4 cm; pres. height: 6.9 cm Preservation: complete base Remarks: pre-firing mark in the form of two incisions on the base Cat. 598 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 765 Ac.: S12/st1272 Clay: LR4 clay 3 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 5YR 7/4 pink Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Pres. height: 11.2 cm Preservation: complete base Remarks: traces of resinous substance on the inside Cat. 599 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 767 Ac.: S12/st601 Clay: LR4 clay 4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 5Y 8/3 pale yellow, inside 5Y 5/1 grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: medium hard Max pres. body diam.: 16.9 cm; pres. height: 13.2 cm Preservation: fragment of the lower part Remarks: layer of resinous blackish substance on the inside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 597

Cat. 598

Cat. 599

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

721

722

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 600 Amphora LR4 No.: AS 549 Ac.: S11/st708 Clay: LR4 clay 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 6/4 strong brown, inside 7.5YR 4/1 dark grey Firing: oxidised Hardness: soft-medium hard Max body diam.: 27 cm; pres. height: 10.7 cm Preservation: body sherd Remarks: red inscription on the outside Cat. 601 ARSW plate No.: T 9433 Clay: ARSW clay 1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 36.6 cm; base diam.: 24.2 cm; pres. height: 4.2 cm Preservation: 70° of the base, 20° of the rim Decoration: inside pre-firing stamped, roulette on the outside Cat. 602 ARSW plate No.: T 15667 Clay: AFRSW clay 1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Base diam.: 18 cm; pres. height: 2 cm Preservation: 30° of the base Remarks: roulette and stamped decoration on the inside; roulette on the outside

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 600

Cat. 601

Cat. 602

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

723

724

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 603 ARSW deep dish No.: AS 528 Ac.: S12/st21 Clay: ARSW clay 1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 6/8 Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 33 cm; pres. height: 2.2 cm Preservation: 20° of the rim Decoration: roulette below the rim Cat. 604 ARSW plate No.: AS 667 Ac.: S12/st852 Clay: ARSW clay 1 Technique: moulded Surface treatment: red slipped Colour: 10R 5/8 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Sherd meas.: 5.4x3.6 cm Preservation: body sherd Decoration: stamped Cat. 605 Spatheion No.: AS 191 Ac.: S10/st1205 Clay: African 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Pres. height: 6 cm Preservation: complete toe

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 603

Cat. 604

Cat. 605

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

725

726

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 606 Spatheion No.: AS 391 Ac.: S05/st171 Clay: African 1 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 12 cm; pres. height: 5.5 cm Preservation: 90° of the rim Cat. 607 African amphora Keay 59 No.: AS 515 Ac.: S12/st32 Clay: African 4 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: outside scum, inside uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 8/4 pink, inside 10R 7/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 12.5 cm; pres. height: 3.5 cm Preservation: 40° of the rim Cat. 608 African amphora Keay 62 No.: AS 737 Ac.: S09/st1409 Clay: African 5 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Rim diam.: 14.7 cm; pres. height: 5.8 cm Preservation: 52° of the rim

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 606

Cat. 607

Cat. 608

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

727

728

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 609 African amphora Keay 62 No.: AS 738 Ac.: S09/st1212 Clay: African 5 Technique: handmade Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 7/4 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Pres. length.: 7.3 cm; pres. height: 4.5 cm Preservation: part of the handle Cat. 610 African amphora, probably Keay 34 No.: AS 545 Ac.: S09/st1047, S09/st1277 Clay: African 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 7.5YR 7/4 pink, inside 2.5YR 5/6 red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Rim diam.: 14.2 cm; pres. height: 7.6 cm Preservation: 130° of the rim Cat. 611 African amphora, probably Keay 34 No.: AS 194 Ac.: S04/st101 Clay: African 2 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 10YR 7/4 very pale brown, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: very hard Neck diam.: 11.5 cm; pres. height: 8.5 cm Preservation: fragment of the neck with the partially preserved handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 609

Cat. 610

Cat. 611

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

729

730

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Cat. 612 African amphora, possibly Keay 28 No.: AS 195 Ac.: S10/st1205 Clay: African 3 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: outside 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown and 5YR 7/3 pink, inside 2.5YR 6/6 light red Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max body diam.: 37.2 cm; pres. height: 39.4 cm Preservation: belly of the amphora Cat. 613 African amphora, Bonifay’s 10 No.: AS 947 Ac.: S12/st857 Clay: African 6 Technique: thrown on the wheel type 2 Surface treatment: uncoated Colour: 2.5Y 8/2-3 pale yellow Firing: oxidised Hardness: hard Max pres. body diam.: 38 cm; pres. height: 7.6 cm Preservation: part of the body with one handle

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

The Romano-Byzantine Period: in the heart of the caravan routes

Cat. 612

Cat. 613

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

731

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

summAry

The material presented in this publication constitutes only a small fraction of the pottery from Asyut, subjectively selected by the author just as the questions which are discussed in a publication of any ceramic material are subjectively chosen. The main research objectives in this instance were to demonstrate the unbroken continuity of the use of the gebel, primarily as a burial ground and less as a settlement, and to present the unique character of pottery from the region – in short, adding a few ‘building blocks’ to the existing knowledge of the history of this immensely fascinating archaeological site. Many issues had to be left out of the discussion, as they stretched beyond the framework of the book – hopefully they can be presented in a future work. In regards to filling the gaps in the history of Asyut, even this small selection of material has helped to demonstrate the near four thousand year-long continuous use of Gebel Asyut al-gharbi, starting as early as the Naqada II and lasting until the Byzantine times. All chronological periods have been identified in the material and, as would be expected, materials of some periods are present in greater quantities than others. Some phases of history are exceptionally well represented, others less so. This can be interpreted in various ways. Perhaps during the less ‘ceramically-wealthy’ periods the gebel was not as intensively used? Another explanation, just as plausible and certainly more tempting, could be proposed: many of the regions of the gebel still remain unexplored, hence it cannot be excluded that this is where finds from the less well-represented periods are hidden. What also transpires from the material is that the gebel did not always function only as a necropolis and both the nature and intensity of its use changed, undoubtedly, triggered by the changing needs of the local inhabitants. In terms of the pottery itself, the overwhelming majority of the ceramics analysed are various Nile silt vessels, which – judging from their technical and typological homogeneity – are highly likely to have been manufactured in local workshops. The presence of unfired pottery in the corpus, dated to the Late Period - Ptolemaic times, points to the existence of pottery workshops and kilns on the gebel. The small number of marl clays ceramics, both from the MemphisFayum area and Upper Egypt, suggests rather limited contact with these regions. However, the funerary character of much of the material has to be emphasised here, as that can easily distort the nature of an assemblage – not providing a reflection of day-to-day reality of life at a site. Moreover, pottery from some of the periods – namely the First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, Ptolemaic and Romano-Byzantine – deserves separate studies to fully demonstrate its wealth. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Another question which certainly demands further research is the imported pottery. Imports appeared in Asyut as early in the Old Kingdom and became increasingly frequently occurring in the assemblage, culminating during the Romano-Byzantine era, which saw a great abundance of imported vessels – especially kegs from the Oases and amphorae from the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa – attesting to the vital role of Asyut in international trade. Many issues have only been touched upon in this publication, and it is difficult to summarise many of these points, additionally, many questions are impossible to answer at this stage. Hopefully, future seasons of work on the gebel will bring the answers.

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

list of museums objeCts And ArChAeologiCAl Contexts

museum of fine Arts in boston No. 04.1896 (S. 2560) Cat. 280 british museum in london EA 45218 Cat. 61 EA 45219 Cat. 43 EA 45221 Cat. 54 EA 45222 Cat. 124 EA 45223 Cat. 179 EA 45224 Cat. 136 EA 45225 Cat. 39 EA 45226 Cat. 40 EA 45228 Cat. 95 EA 45230 Cat. 182 EA 45232 Cat. 293 EA 45233 Cat. 308 EA 45234 Cat. 131 EA 45235 Cat. 298 EA 45237 Cat. 97 EA 45238 Cat. 206 EA 45239 Cat. 98 EA 45241 Cat. 255 EA 45242 Cat. 221 EA 45243 Cat. 73 EA 45244 Cat. 207 EA 45246 Cat. 324 EA 45248 Cat. 228 EA 45249 Cat. 242 EA 45252 Cat. 81 EA 45255 Cat. 114 EA 45257 Cat. 111 EA 45261 Cat. 128 EA 45262 Cat. 134 EA 45262 Cat. 309 EA 45263 Cat. 162 EA 45264 Cat. 314

EA 45266 Cat. 132 EA 45267 Cat. 129 EA 45268 Cat. 89 EA 45269 Cat. 92 EA 45271 Cat. 56 EA 45272 Cat. 125 EA 45273 Cat. 126 EA 45274 Cat. 127 EA 45275 Cat. 193 EA 45276 Cat. 44 EA 45277 Cat. 139 EA 45278 Cat. 70 EA 45279 Cat. 148 EA 45280 Cat. 153 EA 45281 Cat. 152 EA 45282 Cat. 284 EA 45283 Cat. 119 EA 45284 joint with EA 45270 Cat. 91 EA 45285 Cat. 334 EA 45286 Cat. 254 EA 45287 Cat. 256 EA 45289 Cat. 224 EA 45290 Cat. 238 EA 45291 Cat. 317 EA 45293 Cat. 318 EA 45296 Cat. 264 EA 45297 Cat. 267 EA 47371 Cat. 86 EA 47378 Cat. 55 EA 47380 Cat. 345 EA 47382 Cat. 346 EA 47385 Cat. 553 EA 47387 Cat. 554 EA 47388 Cat. 557 EA 47389 Cat. 552

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

736

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

the louvre in pAris (musée du louvre) E 11939 Cat. 46 E 11940 Cat. 107 E 11941 Cat. 78 E 11942 Cat. 76 E 11943 Cat. 121 E 11944 Cat. 106 E 11946 Cat. 79 E 11947 Cat. 41 E 11948 Cat. 94 E 11949b Cat. 231 E 11950 Cat. 252 E 11951 Cat. 214 E 11956 Cat. 72 E 11964 Cat. 253 E 11965 Cat. 237 E 11966 Cat. 213 E 11969 Cat. 232 E 11970 Cat. 265 E 11972 Cat. 99 E 11973-1 Cat. 243 E 11973-3 Cat. 216 E 11998 Cat. 93 mediterrAneAn museum in stoCkholm (medelhAvsmuseet) MM 10980 Cat. 1 MM 10967 Cat. 52 MM 10506 not in the catalogue egyptiAn museum in torino (museo egizio di torino) Suppl. 7778 Cat. 123 Suppl. 7941 Cat. 33 Suppl. 8052 Cat. 297 Suppl. 8053 Cat. 292 Suppl. 8107 Cat. 326 Suppl. 8134 Cat. 173 Suppl. 8671 Cat. 176 Suppl. 8837 Cat. 300 Suppl. 8865 Cat. 157 Suppl. 8870 Cat. 291 Suppl. 8889 Cat. 344

Suppl. 8991 Suppl. 9102 Suppl. 9193 Suppl. 9194 Suppl. 9198 Suppl. 9199 Suppl. 9200 Suppl. 9203 Suppl. 9268 Suppl. 9272 Suppl. 9274 Suppl. 9282 Suppl. 9288 Suppl. 9300 Suppl. 9370 Suppl. 9371 Suppl. 9396 Suppl. 9397 Suppl. 9433 Suppl. 9451 Suppl. 10735 Suppl. 10743 Suppl. 10771 Suppl. 10816 Suppl. 10826 Suppl. 10837 Suppl. 10854 Suppl. 10859 Suppl. 10860 Suppl. 10861 Suppl. 10862 Suppl. 10865 Suppl. 10869 Suppl. 10876 Suppl. 10889 Suppl. 10892 Suppl. 10986 Suppl. 11001 Suppl. 13668 Suppl. 13726 Suppl. 13728 Suppl. 14110 Suppl. 14955 Suppl. 14961

Cat. 341 Cat. 313 Cat. 557 Cat. 558 Cat. 269 Cat. 270 Cat. 312 Cat. 322 Cat. 167 Cat. 296 Cat. 266 Cat. 294 Cat. 268 Cat. 321 Cat. 302 Cat. 305 Cat. 315 Cat. 316 Cat. 601 Cat. 2 Cat. 154 Cat. 47 Cat. 110 Cat. 80 Cat. 165 Cat. 287 Cat. 159 Cat. 169 Cat. 170 Cat. 303 Cat. 168 Cat. 299 Cat. 263 Cat. 250 Cat. 257 Cat. 141 Cat. 172 Cat. 194 Cat. 50 Cat. 48 Cat. 35 Cat. 34 Cat. 25 Cat. 12

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

List of museums objects and archaeological contexts

Suppl. 14963 Cat. 6 Suppl. 14964 Cat. 7 Suppl. 14965 Cat. 4 Suppl. 14967 Cat. 13 Suppl. 14994 Cat. 65 Suppl. 15046 Cat. 336 Suppl. 15056 Cat. 67 Suppl. 15060 Cat. 197 Suppl. 15072 Cat. 14 Suppl. 15119 Cat. 362 Suppl. 15140 Cat. 289 Suppl. 15247 Cat. 290 Suppl. 15280 Cat. 160 Suppl. 15320bis Cat. 161 Suppl. 15326 Cat. 158 Suppl. 15329 Cat. 155 Suppl. 15333 Cat. 163 Suppl. 15335 Cat. 295 Suppl. 15337 Cat. 138 Suppl. 15338 Cat. 116 Suppl. 15339 Cat. 115 Suppl. 15340 Cat. 137 Suppl. 15342 Cat. 117 Suppl. 15359 Cat. 118 Suppl. 15362 Cat. 166 Suppl. 15367 Cat. 548 Suppl. 15371 Cat. 301 Suppl. 15381 Cat. 342 Suppl. 15397 Cat. 251 Suppl. 15432 Cat. 174 Suppl. 15434 Cat. 304 Suppl. 15436 Cat. 10 Suppl. 15438 Cat. 9 Suppl. 15441 Cat. 51 Suppl. 15442 Cat. 5 Suppl. 15445 Cat. 3 Suppl. 15543 Cat. 171 Suppl. 15573 Cat. 8 Suppl. 15574 Cat. 11 Suppl. 15584 Cat. 323 Suppl. 15589 Cat. 262 Suppl. 15595 Cat. 281 Suppl. 15597 Cat. 282 Suppl. 15603 Cat. 195

Suppl. 15608 Suppl. 15648 Suppl. 15667

737

Cat. 307 Cat. 368 Cat. 602

ArChAeologiCAl Contexts exCAvAtions of the Asyut projeCt (Completed by A. kiliAn) S04/st1A Tomb III S04/st2A Tomb III S04/st3A Tomb III S04/st5A Tomb III S04/st9A Tomb IV Hogarth’s Depot S04/st14 Tomb III S04/st17A Tomb III S04/st18 Tomb IV, Hogarth’s Depot S04/st21A Tomb III S04/st70A Tomb III S04/st72 Tomb III S04/st75A Tomb III S04/st76 Tomb III S04/st81 Tomb III S04/st82 Tomb III S04/st94A Tomb III S04/st94B Tomb III S04/st101 Tomb III S04/st133A Tomb III S04/st160 Tomb III S04/st161A Tomb III S04/st162 Tomb III S04/188 Tomb III S04/st244 Tomb III S04/st291 Tomb IV S04/st292 Tomb IV S04/st304A Tomb III S04/st307 Tomb III S04/st310A Tomb III S04/st330A Tomb III S04/st340 Tomb III S04/st341 Tomb III S04/st352 Tomb III S04/st361 Tomb III S04/st387 Tomb III

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

738 S04/st393 S04/st406 S04/st411 S04/st416 S04/st801 S04/st948 S05/st10A S05/st95A S05/st105 S05/st117 S05/st170 S05/st171 S05/st220 S05/st237 S05/st265 S05/st319 S05/st381A S05/st562 S05/st580 S05/st1065A S05/st1163 S05/st1265A S05/st1287 S05/st1305 S05/st1444 S06/st323 S06/st631 S06/st701 S07/st22 S07/st412 S07/st513 S08/st746 S08/st850 S08/st889 S08/st898 S08/st944 S08/st1158 S08/st1182 S08/st1508 S08/st1551 S09/st27 S09/st39 S09/st69 S09/st71

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb III Tomb IV Tomb IV Tomb IV Tomb III N13.1 Tomb N13.1 Tomb V Tomb N13.1 Tomb N13.1 Tomb N13.1 Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb below Deir el-Azzam Tomb V Tomb V Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area

S09/st86 S09/st96 S09/st136 S09/st165 S09/st177 S09/st192 S09/st196 S09/st197 S09/st202A S09/st337 S09/st441 S09/st494 S09/st942 S09/st958 S09/st966 S09/st971 S09/st976 S09/st1029 S09/st1294 S09/st1047 S09/st1071 S09/st1076 S09/st1097 S09/st1129 S09/st1138 S09/st1182 S09/st1212 S09/st1220 S09/st1221 S09/st1236 S09/st1248 S09/st1255 S09/st1277 S09/st1300 S09/st1397 S09/st1409 S09/st1426 S09/st1428 S09/st1437 S09/st1438 S09/st1455 S09/st1465A S09/st1491 S09/st1495 S09/st1540

Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb V Tomb V Level 7 Level 7 Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb V Above Tomb V

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

List of museums objects and archaeological contexts

S09/st1618 S09/st1622 S09/st1642 S09/st1679 S09/st1397 S10/st279 S10/st338 S10/st362 S10/st370 S10/st601 S10/st802A S10/st803 S10/st805 S10/st806 S10/st821 S10/st833 S10/st874 S10/st1192 S10/st1199 S10/st1201 S10/st1202 S10/st1205 S10/st1206 S10/st1209 S10/st1213 S10/st1234 S10/st1424 S10/st1475 S10/st1482 S10/st1493 S10/st1500 S10/st1507 S10/st1507A S10/st1512 S10/st1519 S10/st1532

Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs 10 m south of Tomb III Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs, O11.15 Tomb of Dogs, O11.15 Tomb of Dogs, O11.15 Tomb V Tomb M10.1 L10.findspot 3, survey G11.findspot 1, survey J12.findspot 1, survey Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb V Tomb V Tomb P13.4, survey J12.findspot 4, survey L11.findspot 1, survey K11.findspot 1, survey I12.findspot 1, survey O13.findspot 2, survey Tomb of Dogs area Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V

S10/st1622 S10/st1690 S10/st1929 S11/st69 S11/st154 S11/st401 S11/st415 S11/st422 S11/st427 S11/st428 S11/st438 S11/st485A S11/st471 S11/st475 S11/st506 S11/st514 S11/st524 S11/st531 S11/st542 S11/st548 S11/st561 S11/st572 S11/st579 S11/st594 S11/st601 S11/st602 S11/st603 S11/st610 S11/st611 S11/st612 S11/st615 S11/st618 S11/st647 S11/st665 S11/st666 S11/st667 S11/st675 S11/st687

739

Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs No such number Tomb H11.1 Tomb H11.1 Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs area Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs G14, findspot 1, survey J14, findspot 1, survey H13, findspot 2, survey N14, findspot 1, survey K12, findspot 1, survey L12, findspot 1, survey N15, findspot 2, survey Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

740 S11/st707 S11/st708 S11/st724 S11/st1001 S12/st21 S12/st32 S12/st43 S12/st123 S12/st601 S12/st852 S12/st853 S12/st854 S12/st856 S12/st857 S12/st858 S12/st859A S12/st860 S12/st861 S12/st862 S12/st869 S12/st876 S12/st1272 S12/st1419 S12/st1532 S12/st1532 S14/st1869 S14/st1499

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Tomb of Dogs, O11.24, main room Tomb of Dogs, O11.24, main room Tomb of Dogs, O11.24, main room findspot 15, survey H11.1 H11.1 H11.1 Tomb H11.1 Level 7, M12.3 survey survey survey survey survey survey survey survey survey survey M12, findspot 4, survey survey Tomb H11.1 J14, findspot 4, survey Tomb of Dogs Tomb of Dogs P10.1 Level 7

single

numbers of the

jeCt

S07/45 S07/46 S08/3 S08/4

S08/15 S09/11 S10/17 S11/1 S11/2 S11/5 S11/6 S11/9 S11/12 S11/14 S11/15 S11/16 S11/17 S11/21 S11/22 S11/22A S11/24 S11/26 S11/29 S11/30 S11/31 S11/32 S12/27 S14/5

Asyut pro-

Tomb N13.1 Tomb N13.1 Tomb below Deir el-Azzam Upper layer from Abu Tug Tomb V Tomb V Tomb of Dogs Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb of the Dogs Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb of the Dogs Tomb of the Dogs Tomb of the Dogs Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V Tomb V P13.1 findspot 2, survey Tomb V

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

indiCes index of deities Amon 557 Anubis 476 Bes 786, 632 Harpokrates 557 Hathor 173, 447, 460, 557, 780 Heh 446, 780 Isis 557 Osiris 476, 781 Re 173 index of kings Amenhotep II 445 Amenhotep III 447 Diocletian 654 Hatshepsut 445 Horemheb 448, 451 Intef II 173 Mentuhotep II 158, 175, 176 Merenptah 447 Pepy I 79 Ramesses II 452, 453 Senwosret I 175, 176 Thutmose III 444, 445 Thutmose IV 445 Tutankhamun 448 index of AnCient nAmes Alexiadas 564, 565, 785 Aristionos 565, 785 Astymedes 564, 785 Astumedes II 564 Iniuia 448, 451 Kallikratidas I 564, 785 Kallikratidas II 564 Khety I 425 Khety II 425 Merefnebef 67 Nakht 153, 155, 196 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

742

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Neferwptah 311 Pausanias 485, 565 index of modern nAmes Aston, D. 477, 424 Bader, B. 424 Bettles, E. 503 Bourriau, J. 443, 424 Fairholt, F.W. 18 Gayer-Anderson, R.G. 27, 42, 110 Hogarth, D.G. 100, 114, 116, 122, 192, 194, 200, 216, 230, 232, 234, 238, 240, 242, 252, 256, 264, 276, 312, 322, 332, 334, 342, 344, 348, 354, 356, 366, 372, 374, 404, 410, 412, 416, 428, 453, 737 Holthoer, R. 445 Jacquet-Gordon, H. 77, 178, 179 Kilian, A. 16, 425 Kopetzky, K. 424, 425 Petrie, W.M.F. 27 Retting, N. 27 Sagona, A.G. 503 Schiaparelli, E. 28 Vereecken, S. 67 index of topogrAphiC terms ‘Ein el-Aziz 651 Abu Mena 637, 639, 640, 642 Abu Zaidan 32 Abu Rowash 66 Abusir 78 Abydos 41, 68, 86, 179, 180, 301, 476 Adaïma 41 Aphrodisias 654 Akhmim 70, 85 Akkar 425, 779 Akko 425, 779 Akoris 564, 565 Al-Qasr 651 Al-Zarqa 658 Alexandria 551, 555, 556, 558, 564–566, 639, 652, 654–656 Amarna 444, 447–453, 497, 500, 555, 632, 658, 635, 642 Armant 562 Asasif 497 Ashmunein 632, 633, 634, 636, 642, 643, 646, 647, 657, 658 Asia Minor 652, 654, 566, 785, 790, 791 Aswan 180, 628, 631, 658, 666, 668, 786 Asyut: Dei el-Azzam 627, 738, 740 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Indices

743

Deir el-Maitin 627 Tomb I 453 Tomb III 17, 39, 450, 453, 495, 737, 738 Tomb IV 425, 453, 737, 738 Tomb V 15, 39, 450, 453, 495, 737, 738 Tomb of Dogs 494–498, 503, 551, 738, 739, 740, 777–779 Badari 27 Bahariya 658 Ballana 654 Beni Hassan 187 Berenike 555, 652 Black Sea 564, 565 Boston 9, 20, 299, 449, 735 Buto 32, 551, 556 Byblos 86 Cairo 19 Campania 652 Cilicia 653 Coptos 657, 658 Cusae 293 Cyprus 445, 642, 653 Dahshur 65, 66, 75, 311 Dakhleh 648–651, 658 Darb el-Arb‘een 651 Darb el-Tawil 651 Deir el-Bahari 176, 450 Deir el-Ballas 420 Deir el-Bersha (Dayr al-Bersha) 67, 419, 420 Deir el-Medineh 447, 452 Deir Tasa 27 Delta 187, 293, 419, 420, 450, 452, 475, 555, 556, 558, 639, 640, 642 Dendera 70, 74, 179, 180, 306, 449 Dra Abu el-Naga 179 Edfu 75, 86, 301 Elephantine 32, 37, 38, 41, 86, 171, 296, 451, 452, 475, 477, 499–501, 551, 555, 561, 628, 631 El Kab 64, 66 El Tarif 64, 65 Fayum 63, 151, 187, 190, 424, 551, 555, 556, 558, 773 Gaza 655 Giza 64, 65, 66, 67, 72–75, 86, 444, 445, 450 Greece 560, 653 Gurna 444, 447 Halikarnas 654 Hawara 301, 311 Hawara: tomb of Neferwptah 311 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

744

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Hawawish 171 Herakleopolis Ehnasya el-Medina 451 Herakleopolis Magna 475, 478, 496 Hermopolis 500, 632 Hierakonpolis 41 Huwaryia 639 Israel 425, 779 Karia 655 Karnak East 450 Kellia 639, 654 Kharga Oasis 649, 654 Knidos 555, 566, 628, 652, 784, 790 Kom el-Ahmar 657 Kom el-Dikka 654 Kos 565 Kustul 654 Levant 86 Lebanon 425, 779 Leuven 67 Lisht 176 London 20, 735 Malkata 444, 447, 449, 450, 453 Marea 637, 639, 658 Mareotis Lake 556, 638, 639, 645 Matmar 27, 85 Medamud 170, 657 Medinet Habu 497 Meidum 64, 65, 75 Memphis 37, 63, 66, 70, 74–76, 80, 83–85, 131, 152, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 190, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 241, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 420, 424, 445, 452, 502, 556, 558, 562, 733, 776 Mendes 478, 558 Middle Egypt 86, 180, 187, 190, 293, 419, 450, 475, 500, 503, 551, 555, 565, 632, 642, 644 Mons Claudianus 628, 652 Mons Porphyrites 652 Mostagiddo 27, 293 Naga el-Deir 37 Naples 652 Naucratis 558 North Africa 642, 658, 734, 792 Nubia 303, 425, 452, 500 Pamphylia 652, 792 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Indices

745

Pan Grave 293 Paris 20, 735 Pergamon 556, 628, 790 Pieria 653 Phoenicia 503 Qantir 447, 449, 450–452, 475, 477 Qasr Ibrim 556 Qau 172 Qau el-Kebri 27 Qau-Badari 41, 68, 70, 75, 171, 173, 298, 419, 421 Quseir el-Qadim 652 Rhodes 555, 563, 564, 565, 653, 654, 785 Saï 451 Saqqara 63, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 84, 86, 172–175, 187, 301, 444, 447– 501, 562, 654 Sardes 654 Sedment 70, 178, 187, 450 Sheffield 20 Sicily 564, 565 Stockholm 9, 20, 27, 28, 736, 775 Sudan 9 Syro-Palestine 445 Tanis 475, 564, 565 Tarkhan 32 Tars 564 Tebtunis 551, 553–555, 561, 563, 630, 647 Tell Atrib 551, 553, 554, 556, 558, 564, 565, 633 Tell el-Dab’a 424 Tell el-Farama 565 Tell el-Herr 551 Thebes 64, 65, 171, 180, 303, 419, 420, 422, 447, 448, 450, 451, 475, 477, 499, 500, 501, 551, 553, 561, 562, 646, 658 Tod 179, 499, 553, 562, 633, 642 Toronto 632 Tuna el-Gebel 491, 492, 495, 496 Turin (Torino) 20, 27,28, 64, 298, 452, 637, 656, 775, 776, 778, 779, 789, 791 Upper Egypt 70, 74, 293, 303, 419, 424, 444 index of CerAmologiCAl terms (wAres, deCorAtion, types of vessels) Advanced Floral A Style 559, 561 Advanced Floral B Style 561 African Red Slipped Ware (ARSW) 632, 656–658 amphoriskos 557 Animal Necropolis Ware (ANW) 491–493, 552 Attic Black Gloss 551, 556 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

746

Teodozja I. Rzeuska

bDA (bread mould) 21, 26, 63, 66, 79, 77–79, 84–86, 124, 126, 128, 146, 148, 152, 174, 177–179, 254, 279, 299–301, 386, 388, 390, 392 Bichrome Ware 445 Black-topped Ware 39 Blue Painted on Red Slipped 446 Blue Painted 444–450, 453, 460, 462, 464, 466, 780 Blue Painted on Cream Slipped 446, 448 Blue Painted on Pink Slipped Ware 21, 446, 460, 462, 466, 468 Blue Painted on Uncoated 446 Blue Painted on White Slipped 446, 460 Brown and Red Painted 444, 445 bulbous (unguentarium) 551, 562, 610, 612, 614, 616, 629, 660, 789 caccabai (sing. caccabus) 553 Campanian ‘Black Sand’ fabric 653, 710, 790 Coarse Ware 152, 153, 173, 177–179, 279, 298, 301, 642 Combed Ware 86, 87 ‘cup-and-saucer’ 294, 295, 298, 305, 347, 406 dokkas 553 D-Ware 27 echinus (bowl) 551, 553, 554, 556, 558, 574, 594, 746 Egyptian Red Slip Ware A (ERSA = Group O) 631 Egyptian Red Slip Ware B (ERSB = Group K) 632 Egyptian Red Slip Ware H (ERSH = Hermopolis Magna Ware) 632 ‘fire dog’ 451, 452 ‘fish dish’ 424, 438 ‘goldfish bowl’ 502, 542 Half-polished Ware 28, 30–32 Hs (vase) 67, 70, 153–154, 161–162, 281, 420 hydria (pl. hydriai) 560 Hzmnj (jar) 67 kohl (pot) 308, 310 ‘killing hole(s)’ 142, 282, 326, 496, 497, 498, 520, 522 Knidian Relief Ware 652, 708 krater 560, 604 lacrimaria 562 lekythos (pl. lekythoi) 551, 557, 560, 561, 606, 608, 783, ‘lentoid flask’ 558 marmite 646 ‘meat jar’ 451 ‘Meidum bowl’ 41, 67, 68, 71 Meidum Ware 66 Memphis Black Ware 556 oinochoe 351, 557, 588 P2-Ware 28 pelike 557 Ptolemaic Black Ware 556–559, 782 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Indices

747

P-Ware 27 qadus (pl. qawadiis) 627 Red Ground Style 561 Red Slipped Ware 28, 32, 36, 67, 68, 70, 73, 80, 152–154, 156, 157, 158– 160, 171, 285, 632, 775 Reddish Slipped Ware 152, 160–162, 180, 181, 303 Residential Ware 66–68, 70, 80, 87, 775 ‘sausage jar’ 526, 528, 530 siga 649, 700 Silhouette Style 628 Simple Linear B Style 559, 560 spatheion (pl. spatheia) 657, 724, 726, 747, 792, 656, 657 ^awtj (bowl) 61, 71, 72, 775 tagine 229, 301, 388, 642, 643, 692, 747 ‘torpedo amphora’ 747 unguentarium (pl. unguentaria) see bulbous Unslipped Ware 152, 157, 167, 168 White Dotted and Striped decoration 152, 180, 185, 186, 279, 294, 303, 306, 307, 776, 779 White Ground Style 482, 559 zir 424, 425, 438

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© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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ject: Eighth Season of Fieldwork (2010), in: Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 40, 2011, 199–209. Rzeuska 2011b: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, Grain, water and wine. Remarks on the Marl A3 TransportStorage Jars from Middle Kingdom Elephantine, in: Cahiers de la Céramique Egyptienne 9, 2011, 461–530. Rzeuska 2012a: Teodozja Rzeuska, Pottery, Asyut 2011, in: Jochem Kahl/Mahmoud El-Khadragy/Ursula Verhoeven/Mohamed Abdelrahiem/Michael van Elsbergen/Hesham Fahid/Andrea Kilian/Chiori Kitagawa/Teodozja Rzeuska/Monika ZöllerEngelhardt, The Asyut Project: Ninth Season of Fieldwork (2011), in: Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 41, 2012, 209–233. Rzeuska 2012b: Teodozja Rzeuska, Elephantine – A Place of an End and a Beginning, in: Robert Schiestl/Anne Seiler (eds.), Handbook of Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. II: The Regional Volume (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Bd. LXXII, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, Vol. XXXI, Manferd Bietak/Hermann Hunger (eds.), Wien 2012) 329–359. Rzeuska 2012c: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, Saqqara 2009, The Pottery 2008–2009, in: Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXI (Research 2009), 2012, 175–192. Rzeuska 2013: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, The Pottery, in: Fabian Welc/Maria Kaczmarek/Iwona Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin/Agnieszka Kowalska/Teodozja I. Rzeuska/Zbigniew Godziejewski with Contribution by Władysław Weker, Old Kingdom Structures Between the Step Pyramid Complex and the Dry Moat, Part 2: Geology, Athropology, Finds, Conservation (Saqqara V, Warsaw 2013) 477–532. Rzeuska 2014: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, In the shadow of Wepwawet – An early Necropolis on the Gebel Asyut al-gharbi, in: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 18, 2014, 83– 100. Rzeuska in preparation a: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, Middle Kingdom Pottery from Elephantine. Rzeuska in preparation b: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, Incised, Carvedand Impressed: Remarks on a Particular Decorated Egyptian Late Roman Pottery. Rzeuska, in press: Teodozja I. Rzeuska, Ceramics of the Southern Oases from Asyut Gebel al-gharbi. Preliminary remarks, in: Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne 11. Rzeuska/Orzechowska 2005: Teodozja I. Rzeuska/Mariola Orzechowska, Pharaonic Pottery from Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, in: Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XVI (Reports 2004), 2005, 248–253. Sagona 1982: Anton G. Sagona, Levantine Storage jars of the 13th to 4th Century B.C., in: Opuscula Atheniensia XIV: 7, 1982, 73–110. Saïd 1998: Dorreya Saïd, Recent discoveries in the Hadra Necropolis, in: Jean-Yves Empereur (ed.), Commerce et artisant dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romain (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique Supplement 33, Paris 1998) 5–13.

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Schiestl 2012a: Robert Schiestl, Miniature and Model Vessels. Closed Vessels, in: Robert Schiestl/ Anne Seiler (eds.), Handbook of Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. I: The Corpus Volume (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Bd. LXXII, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, Vol. XXXI, Manfred Bietak/Hermann Hunger (eds.), Wien 2012) 367–701. Schiestl 2012b: Robert Schiestl, Miniature and Model Vessels. Closed Vessels, in: Robert Schiestl/ Anne Seiler (eds.) Handbook of Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. I: The Corpus Volume (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Bd. LXXII, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, Vol. XXXI, Manfred Bietak/Hermann Hunger (eds.), Wien 2012) 936–1061. Schreiber 2003: Gábor Schreiber, Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic Painted Pottery from Thebes (4th–2nd c. BC) (Dissertationes Pannonicae, Ser. III. vol. 6, Budapest 2003). Seidlmayer 1990: Stephane J. Seidlmayer, Gräberfelder aus dem Übergang vom Alten zum Mittleren Reich. Studien zur Archäologie der Ersten Zwischenzeit (Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 1, Heidelberg 1990). Seif el-Din 2006: Mervat Seif el-Din, Die reliefierten hellenistisch-römischen Pilgerflaschen (Études Alexandrines 11, Le Caire 2006). Seiler 1999: Anne Seiler, Ein Kultkeramikensamble aus dem Mittleren Reich, in: Daniel Polz/ Wiliam E. Gordon, Andreas Nerlich/Aldo Piccato/Ute Rummel/Anne Seiler und Susanne Vossin, Bericht über 6., 7., und 8. Grabungskampagne in der Nekropole von Dra‘ Abu el-Naga/Theben-West, in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 55, 1999, 377–390. Seiler 2005: Anne Seiler, Tradition & Wandel. Die Keramik als Spiegel der Kulturentwicklung in der Zweiten Zwischenzeit (Sonderschriften des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 32, Mainz am Rhein 2005). Seiler 2010: Anne Seiler, The Second Intermediate Period in Thebes: Regionalism in Pottery Development and its Cultural Implications, in: Marcel Marée (ed.), The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth – Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Research, Future Prospects (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 192, Leuven-Paris-Walpole, Massachusetts 2010) 39–53. Seiler 2012a: Anne Seiler, Open Vessels, in: Robert Schiestl/Anne Seiler (eds.) Handbook of Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. I: The Corpus Volume (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Bd. LXXII, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, Vol. XXXI, Manfred Bietak/Hermann Hunger (eds.), Wien 2012) 55–366. Seiler 2012b: Anne Seiler, Vessels for Production and Specific Household Use, in: Robert Schiestl/Anne Seiler (eds.) Handbook of Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. I: The Corpus Volume (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Bd. LXXII, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean, Vol. XXXI, Manfred Bietak/Hermann Hunger (eds.), Wien 2012) 703–837. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Sztetyłło 1992: Zofia Sztetyłło, Timbres céramiques des fouilles polonaises à Alexandrie (1979– 1982), in: Études et Travaux XVI, 1992, 157–177. Sztetyłło 2000: Zofia Sztetyłło, Pottery Stamps, in: Karol Myśliwiec/Zofia Sztetyłło, Tell Atrib 1985–1995, vol. I, Rescue Excavations. Pottery Stamps (Warsaw 2000) 53–264. Sztetyłło 2010: Zofia Sztetyłło, Pottery Stamps from Nea Paphos (Excavations in 1990–2006) (Nea Paphos VI, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean Monograph Series vol. 2, Warsaw 2010). Takaimya 2007: Izumi H. Takaimya, Blue-Painted Pottery from a New Kingdom Site at North Saqqara: A Preliminary Report of the Waseda University Expedition, in: Jean Claude Goyon/Christine Cardin (eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists, vol. II (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 150, LeuvenParis-Walpole, Massachusetts 2007) 1757–1768. Tomber 2006: Roberta Tomber, The Pottery, in: Roberta Tomber/Kathryn Knowles/Donald Bailey/Ross Thomas with contribution by Hélèn Couvigny, Survey and Excavation, Mons Claudianus 1987, vol. III, Ceramic vessels & related objects (Le Caire 2006) 1–236. Tomber 2007: Roberta Tomber, Early Roman Egyptian Amphorae from the Easter Desert of Egypt: a Chronological Sequence, in: Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne 8, 2007, 525–536. Verhoeven 2012: Ursula Verhoeven, The New Kingdom Graffiti in Tomb N13.1: An Overview, in: Jochem Kahl/Mahmoud El-Khadragy/Ursula Verhoeven/Andrea Kilian (eds.), Seven Seasons at Asyut. First Results of the Egyptian-German Cooperation in Archaeological Fieldwork, Proceedings of an International Conference at the University of Sohag, 10th–11th of October 2009 (The Asyut Project 2, Wiesbaden 2012) 47–58. Verhoeven 2013: Ursula Verhoeven, New Kingdom temple remains and other religious objects from the mountain plateau, in: Jochem Kahl/Mahmoud El-Khadragy/Ursula Verhoeven/Mohamed Abdelrahiem/Ewa Czyżewska, The Asyut Project: Tenth Season of Fieldwork (2012), in: Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 42, 2013, 126– 138. Wainwright 1926: Gerald A. Wainwright, A subsidiary burial in Hap-zefi’s tomb at Assiut, in: Annales du Services des Antiquites Égyptiennes 26, 1926, 160–166. Werner 1983: Edward K. Werner, A Fragmentary Blue-Painted Vase from East Karnak, in: Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 13/4, 1983, 225–227. Whitbread 1995: Ian K. Whitbread, Greek Transport Amphorae. A Petrological and Archaeological Study (The British School at Athens Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 4, Athenes 1995). Whitcomb 1982: Donald S. Whitcomb, Roman Pottery, in: Donald S. Whitcomb/Janet H. Johnson, Quseir el-Qadim 1980. Preliminary Report (American Research Center in Egypt Reports 7, Malibu 1982) 51–132. © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Wodzińska 2007: Anna Wodzińska, Domestic and Funerary/Sacral Pottery from the Fourth Dynasty Giza, in: Mark Lehner/Wilma Wetterstrom (eds.), Project History, Survey, Ceramics, and Main Street and Gallery III.4 Operation (Giza Reports, The Giza Plateau Mapping Project. vol. I, Boston 2007) 283–324. Wodzińska 2009: Anna Wodzińska, Preliminary Ceramic Report, in: Teodozja I. Rzeuska/Anna Wodzińska (eds.), Studies on Old Kingdom Pottery (Warsaw 2009) 209–224. Wodzińska 2010: Anna Wodzińska, Egyptian Pottery of the end of the Fourth Dynasty from Giza (site and cemetery) (Updated PhD unpublished Thesis, University of Warsaw 2010). Yamamoto 2011: Key Yamamoto, Offering cones from Middle Kingdom North Abydos, in: Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne 9, 2011, 555–566. Yasin 2008: Abd el-Naser Yasin, Islamic Pottery Findings, in: Jochem Kahl/Mahmoud El-Khadragy/Ursula Verhoeven with contribution by Abd el-Naser Yasin, The Asyut Project: Fifth Season of Fieldwork (2007), in: Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 37, 2008, 206–207 and 217–218. Yasin 2012: Abd el-Naser Yasin, An Overview of Islamic Pottery, in: Jochem Kahl/ Mahmoud El-Khadragy/Ursula Verhoeven/Andrea Kilian (eds.), Seven Seasons at Asyut. First Results of the Egyptian-German Cooperation in Archaeological Fieldwork, Proceedings of an International Conference at the University of Sohag, 10th-11th of October 2009 (The Asyut Project 2, Wiesbaden 2012) 119–128. Yoshimura/Kawai/Kashiwagi 2005: Sakuji Yoshimura/Nozomu Kawai/Hiroyuki Kashiwagi, A Sacred Hillside at Northwest Saqqara: A Preliminary Report on the Excavation 2001–2003, in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 61, 2005, 361–402. Zitman 2010: Marcel Zitman, The Necropolis of Assiut. A Case Study of Local Egyptian Funerary Culture from the Old to the End of the Middle Kingdom I–II (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 180, Leuven-Paris-Walpole, Massachusetts 2010).

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

© 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

plAtes Plate 1

a

c b Plate 2

a

c b Plate 1.

a: Old Kingdom globular jar, Residential Ware, Cat. 33 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011); b: Old Kingdom spouted jar, Residential Ware, Cat. 34 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011); c: Old Kingdom Hs vase, Residential Ware, Cat. 35 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011). Plate 2. a: Late Old Kingdom ‘Meidum bowl’, Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 48 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011); b: Late Old Kingdom bent-profiled bowl, Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 50 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2011); c: Late Old Kingdom bowl called ¥awtj, Red Slipped Ware, Cat. 52 (© Mediterraean Museum, Stockholm; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 3

a

b

c

Plate 4

a

b

Plate 3. Jars made from Mixed clay P.60, possible imports from Memphis region: a: Cat. 60; dated to Old Kingdom (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Cat. 80, dated to Old Kingdom (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); c: Cat. 176, from First Intermediate Period (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 4. a: Jar fragment, First Intermediate Period, decorated three-dimensional with female figure and small tube, Cat. 175 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: First Intermediate Period small globular jars with White Dotted and Striped decoration, Cat. 160, 158 (respectively the third and the fourth jar from the left, the rest not in the catalogue) (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 5

a

b Plate 5. a: First Intermediate Period ceramics – stand, Cat. 107, bowl, Cat. 99 and jar with incised wavy motif, Cat. 96 (©Musée du Louvre; Rzeuska 2012); b: First Intermediate Period ceramics – three out of nine bowls from cache found in chapel of Tomb V; bowl on the left – Cat. 101, on the right – Cat. 102; one in the middle is absent from catalogue 21 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 6

a

b

Plate 6. a: Juglet with a four-cornered, wavy rim, decorated with semicircular incisions, Cat. 116 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012); b: Small plate with a wavy rim, Cat. 144, part of pottery cache from Tomb V (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Plates

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Plate 7

Plate 8

Plate 7. Deep carinated bowl with White Dotted and Striped decoration, Middle Kingdom, Cat. 305 (© Museo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 8. Amphora, Levantine import from region between Akko in Israel and Akkar in Lebanon, from burial chamber of Tomb V, Cat. 340 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 10

Plate 9

a

c

b

d Plate 9. Vessel from the late Eighteenth Dynasty, with unique representation of kneeling god Heh, Cat. 345 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 10. a: Close-up of the upper part of a large jar with representation of kneeling god Heh framed by falcons, Cat. 345 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012); b: Fragment of a large vessel with the moulded face of Hathor, Cat. 346 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012); c: Fragment of Blue Painted medium-sized jar with rare floral motifs, Cat. 354 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); d: Fragment of marl clay jar with with Blue Painted decoration (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2014). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Plates

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Plate 11

a Plate 12

b

c

Plate 11. a: Fragment of a container, probably for ushabti figurines, from the late New Kingdom/ early Third Intermediate Period, Cat. 364. The painted scene is a fragment of the Court of Osiris (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010); b: Fragments of ceramic canopic jars from the late New Kingdom/early Third Intermediate Period, Cat. 365-366 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); c: Fragments of canopic jars lids from the late New Kingom/early Third Intermediate Period, Cat. 367 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2010). Plate 12. Ceramic set comprising jar (Cat. 427) and lid (Cat. 426), probably an offering, found in the Tomb of the Dogs (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 13

b

a

c Plate 14

a

b c

Plate 13. a: Walls of pilgrim flasks of Ptolemaic Black Ware with decoration in the form of Greekinspired geometric motifs, Cat. 465-466 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska/Cedro 2012); b: Base of Ptolemaic moulded goblet with floral motifs in the form of oak(?) and ivy leaves, Cat. 467 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 14. a: Upper part of Ptolemaic storage jar with floral motifs representing grape vine leaves painted on white background, Cat. 480 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Wall of Ptolemaic jar with black painted floral motifs in the form of ivy(?) and palm leaves on white background, Cat. 483 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); c: Wall of Ptolemaic jar with black painted floral motifs in the form of ivy(?) and palm leaves on white background, Cat. 484 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

783

Plates

Plate 15

a

b (2)

b (1)

b (3)

b (4)

Plate 15. a: Fragment of a vessel with the Greek-inspired red and black painted decoration, Cat. 486 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Fragments of Ptolemaic lekythoi with painted geometric and floral motifs, Cat. 489 (1), 480 (2), Cat. 491 (3), Cat. 493 (4) (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 16

Plate 17

a

b

Plate 16. Frgaments of a large Ptolemaic storage jar with painted geometric and floral motifs, Cat. 487 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 17. a: Ptolemaic unguentaria made from different fabrics: Marl clays and Nile silts (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012); b: Vessels imported from Asia Minor, probably Knidos(?), with characteristic two-colours surface: red interior and black exterior, Cat. 518 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Plates

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Plate 18

Plate 19

Plate 18. Three handles from Ptolemaic amphorae from Rhodes with stamps of eponyms: Kallikratidas (top), Astymedes (middle) and Alexiadas (bottom), Cat. 510-512 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 19. Two handles of Ptolemaic amphorae from Rhodes with stamps of the manufacturers: Aristionos (top), Pausanias (middle); neck of Rhodian amphora with a red dipinto ‘APT’, Cat. 513-515 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 20

a a

b b

c c Plate 20. a: Early Roman thin-walled hemispherical cup made from marl clay, Cat. 519 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Early Roman moulded cup with decoration of large three-part leaves of the grape vine, Cat. 520 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); c: Small ERSW A jug with appliqué decoration representing a male figure (Bes?), Cat. 535 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 21. a: Aswan ERSW A plate decorated on the inside with rosette, Cat. 529 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). b: Small Aswan ERSW A bowl slipped only on the rim, Cat. 531 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). c: Small Aswan ERSW A cup with vertical grooving-roulette on the outside, Cat. 532 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

787

Plates

Plate 22

a

b Plate 23

a

b

c Plate 22. a: Fragment of ERSW B plate with stamped decoration in the form of circles, Cat. 533 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Fragment of ERSW H plate with stamped decoration in the form of rectangles, Cat. 536 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 23. a: Late Roman plate with painted decoration on slipped surface, Cat. 538 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Late Roman closed form with painted decoration on slipped surface, Cat. 539 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); c: Late Roman white-slipped jar with painted motifs, Cat. 543 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 24

Plate 25

Plate 24. Jar with painted decoration in the form of two doves(?) framing a vessel or basket on one side and a dove(?) with spread wings on the other side, Cat. 540 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 25. Medium-sized cylindrical jar, coated with two layers of slip – white and cream – which serves as a background for a rare scene depicting animals amongst which a giraffe and donkey can be identified, Cat. 542 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

789

Plates

Plate 26

Plate 27

a

a

b

b

c

Plate 26. a: Late Roman jar with painted geometric motifs on the belly, Cat. 545 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012); b: Late Roman jar decorated with impressed and painted geometric motifs, Cat. 546 (© The British Museum; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 27. a: Small juglet decorated with motifs impressed with a knurling tool, with a preserved piece of string around the base, which may have been used to tie the vessel e.g. to the belt, Cat. 551 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Small jar with decoration impressed with a knurling tool as well as incised motifs, Cat. 558 (© Museuo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012); c: Small jar with motifs impressed with a knurling tool, Cat. 557 (© Museuo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Plate 28

a

b

Plate 29

a

b

Plate 28. a: Body of a Late Roman 7 amphora with partially preserved red marking/decoration(?) and evidence of reparation of the fissure along the wall using resin, Cat. 567 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Body of a Late Roman 7 amphora with fragmentarily preserved white decoration/ marking, Cat. 568 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). Plate 29. a: Fragment of a small moulded juglet from Asia Minor (Pergamon or Knidos) with floral decoration, Early Roman Period, Cat. 579 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012); b: Fragment of handles of a Campanian ‘Black Sand’ Dressel 2-4 amphora from Italy, Early Roman Period, Cat. 582 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2011). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

Plates

791

Plate 30

Plate 31

a

a

b b

c

c

Plate 30. a: Fragment of the Early Roman imported amphora from Pamphylia region (Asia Minor). Note fragmentary preserved dipinto or marking with black resin on the shoulder, Cat. 580 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012); b: Fragment of imported Late Roman 3 amphora from Asia Minor. Note fragment of red dipinto EP on the neck, Cat. 589 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012); c: Fragment of imported Late Roman 4 amphora from Palestine region. Note fragment of black dipinti ΠΟV on the neck, Cat. 600 (© The Asyut Project; Cedro 2012). Plate 31. a: Late Roman ARSW plate with stamped images of partridges, type Hayes 185, Cat. 601 (© Museuo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012); b: Late Roman ARSW plate with stamped cross-monogram, type Hayes 185, Cat. 602 (© Museuo Egizio di Torino; Rzeuska 2012); c: Late Roman ARSW plate with six stamped, radially arranged, palm branches with a double central rib, type Hayes 67, Cat. 604 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8

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Teodozja I. Rzeuska

Plate 32

a d

b

c

e

f

h

g

i

Plate 32. Fragments of amphorae imported form North Africa: a-b: spatheia (= Keay 26), Cat. 605-606; c: Keay type amphora 59, Cat. 607; d-e: amphorae representing type Keay 62, Cat. 608-609; f-g: amphorae representing Keay 34 type Cat. 610-611; h: a possible Keay 28 type amphora, Cat. 612; i: Hammamet 3 amphora(?), Cat. 613 (© The Asyut Project; Rzeuska 2012). © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10621-4 — ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19758-8