Century Dictionary 9781463211219

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THE

CENTURY DICTIONARY AN E N C Y C L O P E D I C LEXICON OF T H E ENGLISH L A N G U A G E

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W I L L I A M D W I G H T W H I T N E Y , PH.D., L L . D . PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY

V O L U M E II

•A GORGIAS PRESS 2006

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the LTnited States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

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GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Printed in the LTnited States of America

ABBREVIATIONS U S E D IN T H E E T Y M O L O G I E S AND a., adj abbr abl acc accom act adv AF agri AL alg Amer anat anc antiq aor appar Ar. arch archfeol arith art AS astrol astron attrib aug Bav Beiig biol Bohem bot. Braz Bret bryol Bulg carp Cat Cath. caus ceram cf ch Clial cheni Chin chron colloq com comp compar conch conj contr Corn craniol craniom crystal D Dan dat def deriv dial diff dim distrib dram dynam E E eccl., eccles econ e. g. Egypt E. Ind elect embryol Eng

adjective. abbreviation. ablative. accusative. accommodated, accommodation. active. adverb. Anglo-French. agriculture. Anglo-Latin. algebra. American. anatomy. ancient. antiquity. aorist. apparently. Arabic. architecture. archœology. arithmetic. article. Anglo-Saxon. astrology. astronomy. attributive. augmentative. Bavarian. Bengali. biology. Bohemian. botany. Brazilian. Breton. bryology. Bulgarian. carpentry. Catalan. Catholic. causative. ceramica. L. confer, compare. church. Chaldee. chemical, chemistry. Chinese. chronology. colloquial, colloquially. commerce, commercial. composition, compound. comparative. conclwlogy. conjunction. contracted, contraction. Cornish. craniology. craniometry. crystallography. Dutch. Danish. dative. definite, definition. derivative, derivation. dialect, dial t~-¿tal. different. diminutive. distributive. dramatic. dynamics. East. English (usually meaning modem English). ecclesiastical. economy. L. exempli (/ratia, for example. Egyptian. East Indian. electricity. embryology. English.

engin en torn Epis equiv esp Eth ethnog etlmol etym Eur. exclam f., fern F Flem fort freq Fries fut G

Gael. galv gen geog geol geom Goth Gr gram gun Heb her herpct Hind hist hort Hung hydraul. .. hydros Icel

engineering. entomology. Episcopal. equivalent. especially. Ethiopie. ethnography. ethnology. etymology. European. exclamation. feminine. French (usually mecining modern French). Flemish. fortification, frequentative. Fricsic. future. G ermti\\(u8ually meaning New High German). Gaelic. galvanism. genitive. geography. geology. geometry. Greek. grammar. gunnery. Hebrew. heraldry. , . . , herpetology. Hindustani. history. horticulture. Hungarian. hydraulics. hydrostatics.

•meaning Old Icelandic, other aise called Old Norse). ichth .. ichthyology. 1. e . .L .id est, that is. impers .. impersonal. impf .. imperfect. impv . .imperative. improp . .improperly. Ind .. Indian. ind . .indicative. In do-Eur . Indo-European. . indefinite. inf .. infinitive. instr . instrumental. inter] interjection. intr., intrans.. . .intransitive. Ir. .. Irish. irreg . .irregular, irregularly. It . .Italian. Jap . .Japanese. L ..Latin (usually meaning classical Latin). Lett .. Lettish. LG . .Low German. lichcnol . .lichenology. lit .. literal, literally. lit .. literature. Lith . .Lithuanian, litbog . .lithography. lithol .. lithology. LL . .Late Latin. m., masc . .masculine. M ..Middle, mach . .machinery. mammal . .mammalogy. manuf . .manufacturing. math . .mathematics. MD ..Middle Dutch. ME . .Middle English (otherwise called Old English).

mech med mensur metal metaph meteor Mex MG-r MEG milit mineral ML MLG mod mycol myth n n., neut. N N N. Amer. nat naut nav NGr NHG NL nom Norm. north Norw numis O obs obstet OBulg

OCat 01) ODan odontog odontol OF OFlem OGaeL OHG Oír. Olt OL OLG 0North OPruss oi'ig ornith OS OSp osteol OSw OTeut p. a paleon part pass pathol perf Pers pers persp Peruv petrog Pg phar Phen philol philos phonog

DEFINITIONS.

mechanics, mechanical. medicine. mensuration. * .metallurgy. metaphysics. meteorology. Mexican. Middle Greek, medieval Greek. Middle High German. military. min eralogy. Middle Latin, medieval Latin. Middle Low German. modem. mycology, mythology. noun. neuter. New. North. North America. natural. nautical. navigation. New Greek, mod ern Greek. New High German (usually simply G., German). New Latin, modern Latin. nominative. Norman. northern. Norwegian. numismatics. Old. obsolete. obstetrics. Old Bulgarian (otherwise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). Old Catalan. Old Dutch. Old Danish. odontography. odontology. Old French. Old Flemish. Old Gaelic. Old High German. Old Irish. Old Italian. Old Latin. Old Low German. Old Northumbrian. Old Prussian. original, originally. ornithology. Old Saxon. Old Spanish. osteology. Old Swedish. Old Teutonic. participial adjective. paleontology. participle. passive. pathology. perfect. Persian. person. perspective. Peruvian. petrography. Portuguese. pharmacy. Phenician. philology. philosophy. phonography.

photog phren phys physiol pl., plur poet polit Pol poss pp ppr Pr

pref prep près prêt priv prob pron pron. prop pros Prot prov psychol q. v refl reg repr rhet Rom Rom Russ S S, Amer se Sc Scand Scrip sculp Serv sing Skt Slav Sp subj superl surg surv Sw syn Syr tcchnol teleg tcratol term Teut theat thcol therap toxicol tr., trans trigon. Turk typog ult v var vet v. i v. t W Wall Wallach W. Ind zoogeog zool zoût

photography. phrenology. physical. physiology. plural. poetical. political. Polish. possessive. past participle. present participle. Provençal (usually meaning Old Provençal). prefix. preposition. present. preterit. privative. probably, probable. pronoun. pronounced, pronunciation. properly. prosody. Protestant. provincial. psychology. L. quod (or pi. quce) vide, which see. reflexive. regular, regularly. representing. rhetoric. Roman. Romanic, Romance (languages). Russian. South. South American. L. scilicet, understand, supply. Scotch. Scandinavian. Scripture. sculpture. Servian. singular. Sanskrit, Slavic, Slavonic. Spanish. subjunctive. superlative. surgery. surveying. Swedish. synonymy. Syriac. technology. telegraphy, teratology. termination. Teutonic. theatrical. theology. therapeutics. toxicology. transitive. trigonometry. Turkish. typography. ultimate, ultimately. verb. valiant. veterinary. intransitive verb. transitive verb. Welsh. . Walloon. Wallachian. West Indian. zoogeography. zoology, zootomy»

KEY T O as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair. bear. aB in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, aa in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. aa in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tubo, duty : see Preface, pp. ix, x).

u u oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: y. 9 9 ill

as as as as

in in in in

prelate, courage, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unacccnted syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). Seo Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a as in errant, republican. S as in prudent, difference, i as in charity, density, o as in valor, actor, idiot, ji as in Persia, peninsula, g as in the book, u as in nature, feature. A mark (•«•) under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

| as in nature, adventure. 4 as in arduous, education. § as in pressure. % as in Beizure. th as in thin. TH as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS.

-f = y

r e a d / r o m ; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived, read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root.

* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, t read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that t h e word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus :

b a c k * (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. T o furnish with a back, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k 2 ! (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k s (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " N o . " for number, " a t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, " 1 . " for line, 1" for paragraph, " f o l . " for folia. T h e method used in indicating tlie subdivisions of books w i l l be understood by reference to the following p l a n :

Section o n l y . . Chapter o n l y .

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter ~ Part and chapter Book and line Book and page A c t and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part, book, and chapter Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or If Volume, part, and section or • [ . . . Book, chapter, and section or IT..

I I . 34, I V . iv. II. iv. 12. II,. iv. 12. vii. § o r l i 3. I. i. § o r f 6 . I. i. I or If 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II., I I I . , etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following. or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. W h e n usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and[Z. c.]for "lowerc a s e " are used to indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair. bear. aB in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, aa in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. aa in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tubo, duty : see Preface, pp. ix, x).

u u oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: y. 9 9 ill

as as as as

in in in in

prelate, courage, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unacccnted syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). Seo Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a as in errant, republican. S as in prudent, difference, i as in charity, density, o as in valor, actor, idiot, ji as in Persia, peninsula, g as in the book, u as in nature, feature. A mark (•«•) under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

| as in nature, adventure. 4 as in arduous, education. § as in pressure. % as in Beizure. th as in thin. TH as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS.

-f = y

r e a d / r o m ; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived, read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root.

* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, t read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that t h e word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus :

b a c k * (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. T o furnish with a back, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k 2 ! (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k s (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " N o . " for number, " a t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, " 1 . " for line, 1" for paragraph, " f o l . " for folia. T h e method used in indicating tlie subdivisions of books w i l l be understood by reference to the following p l a n :

Section o n l y . . Chapter o n l y .

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter ~ Part and chapter Book and line Book and page A c t and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part, book, and chapter Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or If Volume, part, and section or • [ . . . Book, chapter, and section or IT..

I I . 34, I V . iv. II. iv. 12. II,. iv. 12. vii. § o r l i 3. I. i. § o r f 6 . I. i. I or If 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II., I I I . , etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following. or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. W h e n usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and[Z. c.]for "lowerc a s e " are used to indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair. bear. aB in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, aa in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. aa in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, few (also new, tubo, duty : see Preface, pp. ix, x).

u u oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: y. 9 9 ill

as as as as

in in in in

prelate, courage, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unacccnted syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). Seo Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a as in errant, republican. S as in prudent, difference, i as in charity, density, o as in valor, actor, idiot, ji as in Persia, peninsula, g as in the book, u as in nature, feature. A mark (•«•) under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

| as in nature, adventure. 4 as in arduous, education. § as in pressure. % as in Beizure. th as in thin. TH as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS.

-f = y

r e a d / r o m ; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived, read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root.

* read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, t read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that t h e word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus :

b a c k * (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. T o furnish with a back, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k 2 ! (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k s (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " N o . " for number, " a t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, " 1 . " for line, 1" for paragraph, " f o l . " for folia. T h e method used in indicating tlie subdivisions of books w i l l be understood by reference to the following p l a n :

Section o n l y . . Chapter o n l y .

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter ~ Part and chapter Book and line Book and page A c t and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part, book, and chapter Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or If Volume, part, and section or • [ . . . Book, chapter, and section or IT..

I I . 34, I V . iv. II. iv. 12. II,. iv. 12. vii. § o r l i 3. I. i. § o r f 6 . I. i. I or If 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II., I I I . , etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following. or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. W h e n usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and[Z. c.]for "lowerc a s e " are used to indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h the present usage of scientific writers.

Celticize Celticize, Kelticize (scl% kcrti-sw), v. t, ; prêt. and. pp. Cettitized, Eel ticked, ppr. Eclticising, [< Celtic, Keltic, + 4ze.] Celtic.

Celtieizing, To render

The ISorse element in the upper end of the island has been thoroughly Celticized in speech and social habits.

The American, IX, 101. C e l t i s (sel'tis), n. [NL., < L. celtis, an African species of lotus.] A genus of t r e e s of several species, n a t u r a l order Urticaceœ, nearly related to the elm, but bearing a small ileshy edible drupe instead of a winged samara, c. av*traiu, the nettle-tree or tree-lotus, is a native of the Mediterranean region. The principal American species is C. occidental^', the haekberry. Several species occur in northern

Asia. Sec nettle-tire and hackOcrrif. Celtish, K e l t i s h (sel'-, kel'tish), a. [< Celfl, Kelt, +-isti1.] Celtic, [Rare.]' Oeltism, K e l t i s m (sel'-, kel'tizm), n. [< Celt*, Kelt, 4- -ism.'] Same as Celticism. Oeltist, K e l t i s t (sel'-, kel'tist), n. [< CeltK Kelt, + -tel.] One engaged or versed in the study of Celtic language, literature, antiquities, ete-._

Oeltomania, Keltomania (sel-, kei-tô-mâ'-1

ni-a), n. [ = F . celtomanie, < L. Celtœ (see Celt ) + mania, m a d n e s s . ] A strong tendency to exaggerate the antiquity a n d importance of Celtic civilization, language, and literature, and to derive the words of various languages f r o m Celtic originals. C e l t o - R o m a n (sel tô-rô'man), a. Relating to the mixed population of Celts and Romans in southern a n d 2western Europe, 2

celuret, celer t, celler t, n. [Early. mod. E.

also cellar (also cillerie, cilery, q. v.), < ME. cclurc, cylurcf seler, sylure, < OF. *celeiire, < L. cœlatura, ML. also celatura (> ME. celature: see celature) and celura, carving in relief, later sculptured or p a i n t e d decoration, < cœlare, ML. also cet are, carve in relief, later of other ornamental work, < cad am, a chisel, graver, < cœdere, c u t : connected with ceil, n. a n d v., and ceiling, in which are confused the notious of ornament a l carving or vaulted work (ult. < L. ca'lnm, a chisel) and ornamental hanging or canopy (ult. < L. cœlum, the sky): see ceil and ceiling.] 1. Carved work in relief; sculptured decoration for the walls or ceiling of a r o o m ; wainscoting. Sylure of valle [var.. of a wallel or of a nother thynge, celatura, celamen. Prompt. Parv., p. 456.

2 . A c a n o p y ; a ceiling. Vnder a seh-r of sylke with dayntethis di^te.

.-1/iho's of Arthur, st. 27.

Hur bedc «'as off aszuve, With testur atul eel are, With a b r y j t borilure Compasyd ful elene. Sir Deorevant, 1.1474.

c e l u r e d t , a. [< ME. *celure F .2 encensoir),i incensare, burn incense : 2

cenogamous, cœnogamous (sê-nog'a-mus), a. see incense , and e l cense .] 1. A vessel in cesna, dinner, supper, the principal meal of the [< cenogamy, cœnogamy, + -o«f&] Pertaining to which incense is burned before an altar, censers are now usually made of metal in the shape of a cup Romans.] The act of dining or supping. Sir or characterized by cenogamy. with a perforated cover, and contain burning charcoal or T. Browne. Also carnation. [Rare.] cenogamy, cœnogamy (së-nog'a-mi), n. [< other material capable of producing sufficient heat to b u m cenatory (sen'a-to-ri), a. [< L. cenatorius, < Gr. KOLVÔÇ, common. 4- yâfioç, marriage.] The t h e fragrant gums used as incense. The censer is swung cenare, dine: see cenation.'} Pertaining to din- state of having husbands or wives in common ; in the hand i»y chains. In ancient Roman usage incense was carried to the altar in a square box called an acerra, ner or supper. [Rare.] a community of husbands or wives, such as from which it was taken and sprinkled on the lianie. A The Romans washed, were anointed, and \v< >re a cenatory exists among certain primitive tribes, similar practice prevailed among the Greeks. The ecclegarment. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. (3. cenogonous (së-nog'ô-nus), a. [< Gr. KOLVÔÇ, siastical term for a censer is thurible. The only distinct prccepts regarding the use of the censer are found common, 4- yôvoç, generation.] In entom., a biblical cenchri, n. Plural of cenchrus. in Num. iv. 14 and Lev. xvi. 12. According to Bingham, Cenchrina ( s e n g - k r i ' n a ) , n. pi. [NL., < Cen- term applied to certain insects which are ovip- neither incense nor censcrs were used in the Christian chris 4- -ina%.] A group of American venomous arous at one season of the year and ovovivip- church during the first three centuries. They are now serpents, of the family Crotalidce, taking name arous or viviparous at another, as the Aphides. used in the Greek Church, the Roman Catholic Church, cenosity (se-nos'i-ti), n. [< LL. cœnosita(t-)s, the Catholic Apostolic Church, and iti some Anglican and from the genus Cenchris. other churches. Cenchris (seng'kris), n. [L., < Or. aeyxpis, also < L. cœnosus, filtliy, < cœnum, dirt, filth.] Filthineyxpiac, niyxpog, Keyxpivyg, a serpent with millet- ness. [Rare.] Ther be also iij grett Sensv.rys of gold as bye as the Chalys ys. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 11. like protuberances, < aeyxpoc, a kind of millet cenosphsera (sen-ô-sfë'ra), n. ; pl. cenosphœrœ gave piety in bis money, like a lady with a (Holcus sorghum) J] I n herpct.: (a) A g e n u s of (-rë). [NL., < Gr. ksvoç, empty, 4- .] Same as clout-nail, 3 i n g Clough, a barge with scrapers attached, which, driven [< clouts, n, Cf. F . douter, by the tide or current, rakes up the silt and sand over clout (klout), v, t stud.] To stud or fasten with nails. which it passes, that it may be removed by the current.

c l o u g h 2 , u.

S e e cloff.

clough-arch (kluf'aTch), n, hole.

clour1 (klor), A field.

n.

Same as paddle-

[E. dial., < ME.

clovore,

With his knopped shon [buckled shoesl clouted full thykke. Piers Plowman's Crede, I. 424. 1

clouted (klou'ted),_p. a. [Pp. of clout\ v.] 1. a field.] Patched; mended with clouts; mended or put together clumsily; cobbled: as, clouted shoes.

He seytlie a pulter [poulterer] that sellytlic a fatte swanne For a gosselyng, that grasethe on bareyne cloivrys. Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. SI.

clour 2 (klor),

v. t. [Sc. Cf. Icel. Mora = Norw. More, scratch, scrawl.] 1. To inflict a blow on. —2. To make a dent or bump on. Clour2 (klor), n. [Sc., < dour2, v. Cf. Icel. Môr, a scratching.] 1. À blow. I'rae words and aiths to clours and nicks. Burns, To William Simpson.

2. An indentation produced by a blow, or a raised lump resulting from a blow on the person. clout 1 (klout), n. [< ME. clout, clut, a patch, shred, < AS. dût, a patch, a plate (of metal) (> Icel. Mûtr, a kerchief, = Sw. Mat = Dan. Mud, a rag, clout), < W. chot = Ir. Gael, dud = Manx clooid, a clout, patch.] 1. A patch; a piece of £loth, leather, etc., used to mend something.

A clouted, cloak about him was, That held him frae the cold. Robin Hood and the Beggar (Child's Ballads, V. 188).

2. Clothed or covercd with clouts or patched garments; ragged: as, a clouted beggar. clouted2 (klou'ted), j». a. [Pp. ot' clouts r.] Studded, strengthened, or fastened with cloutnails. I thought he slept; and put My clouted brogues from off my feet. Shak., Cymbeline, iv, 2, The dull swain Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon. Milton, Comus, 1. 635.

[Some regard the word clouted in the above passages as clouted1, patched or mended.] clouted3 (klou'ted), p . a. A variant of clotted. [Prov. Eng.] One that 'noints his nose with clouted cream and pomatum. Chapman, May-Day, ii. 2.

Branch of t h e Clove-tree {Eugenia caryophyllata'], u n o p e n e d bud.

with

o r d e r Myrtacca', o r i g i n a l l y of t h e M o l u c c a s , b u t now cultivated in Zanzibar, the W e s t Indies, B r a z i l , a n d o t h e r t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s . The tree is a handsome evergreen, from 15 to 80 feet high, with large, elliptic, smooth leaves and numerous purplish flowers on jointed stalks. Every part of the plant abounds in the

1060

clove

cloy

volatile oil for which the flower-buds arc prized. Cloves are very largely used as a spice, and in medicine for their stimulant and aromatic properties. Biron.

Beshrew me, he clowns it properly indeed. B. Jon-son, Every Man out of his Humour, v. 2.

A lemon. S t u c k w i t h cloves.

Long.

clown (kloun), v. i. [< clotvn, n.] T o act or behave as a clown; play the clown.

Shak.,

L . L . L . , v . 2.

clownaget ( k l o u ' n a j ) , n. The manners of a eiown.

2. The tree which bears cloves.— 3. [ F . clou, a nail: see etym.] A l o n g spike-nail.—Mother

clove 5 (klov), n. [Origin uncertain.] In England, a weight of cheese, etc. A statute of 1430

makes the clove equal to 7 pounds. The word is still used in Suffolk and Essex for a weight of 8 pounds of cheese or wool, as a division of the wey.

clove-bark, clove-cinnamon (klov'bark, -sin//a-mon), n. Same as clove-cassia (which see, under cassia). clove-gillyflower (klov'jiV'i-flou-er), n. [ME. clowe gilofre, etc.. clove; in mod. sense a new comp. of clove* 4- gillyflower: see clove* and gillyflower.'] I f . Same as clove*, 1. In that countree growen many trees that beren clowegilofres and notemuges. Mandeviile, Travels.

2. One of the popular names of Dianthus Caryophyllus, given especially to the clove-scented, double-flowered, whole-colored varieties, clove-hitch (klov'hich), n. See hitch, 6. clove-hook (klov'huk), n. Naut., same as sister-hook.

clovel (klo'vel), n. Cloven (klo'vn), p. pp. o f cleofan,

a.

[E. dial.] Same as [< ME. cloven, < AS.

c l e a v e : see cZeare 2 .]

parted; split; riven.

back-bar. dofe-n,

1. D i v i d e d ;

She did confine thee . . . Into a cloven pine. Shah., Tempest, i. 2. 2. I n her. S e e sarceUed.—Cloven hoof. See hoof. —To show the cloven hoof, to show that one has designs of an evil or diabolic character, the devil being commonly represented with cloven hoofs.

cloven-berry (klo'vn-ber''!), n. A shrub of tho West Indies, Samyda serrulata, which bears a dehiscent fleshy fruit. cloven-footed (klo'vn-fut'-'ed), a. [ME. clovef o t c ; < cloven + f o o t + -ei?2.] 1. Having the foot divided into parts; cloven-hoofed; fissiped.—2. In ornith., having the webs of a palmate foot deeply incised, so that the foot is almost semipalmate, as in a tern of the genus Hydrochelidon, the Larus flssipes or cloven-footed gull of early authors, cloven-hoofed (klo'vn-hdft), a. Having the hoof divided into two parts, as the ox. clove-pink (klov'pingk), n. A variety of pink the flowers of which smell like cloves, clover (klo'ver), n. [E. dial, claver, clavver. Sc. claver, cldfre, Maveren, MoJ'ver (chlew-),

claiver; < M E . clover, e a r l i e r claver, < A S . u s u a l l y dee/re = D . klaver=. M L G . Merer, L G - . Mever, klewer = D a n . Mover = Sw. = (in shorter form) OHG. chleo, chle MHG-. kW(Mew-), G. Idee, clover. Root

unknown.] 1. A name of various common species of plants of the genus Trifolium, natural order Leguminosa',. They are low herbs, chiefly found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. There are about 200 species, of which about 60 are natives of the United States, chicfly west of tho Rocky Mountains. Many are valuable forage-plants. The red, purple, or incadow clover, T. prate use, is extensively cultivated for fodder and as a fertilizer. The white or Dutch clover, T. repens, is common in pastures. The A Is ike clover, T. hybridum. and the Italian, carnation, or crimson clover, T. incamdtum, are sometimes cultivated. Other species, mostly weeds of little value, are the yellow or hop clover, T. agrarkim; the stone, hare's-foot, or rabbit-foot clover, T. arveivw; the strawberry clover, T. fragiferum; the buffalo clover, T. redexurn ; the zigzag clover* T. medium, etc. The above are all natives of Europe, though several are widely naturalized.

as sweet clover and Bokhara or tree clover. Bui-- or heartclover is Medicago maculata ; Calvary clover, the spinyfruited Medi'-ago Echinus; bush-clover, species of Lezpedeza;

b i r d ' s - f o o t c l o v e r , Lotus

cornicidatnn

and

Trlgomlla

onutho/Hnlioidex; prairie clover, species of Petabyte nam, etc.—Clover-hay worm, the larva of the pyralhl moth, Asopia contain (Fabricins). I t occurs all ovt-V the Tinted States and Canada, and was probably brought from Europe ; it feeds exclusively upon stored clover, matting it together with silk filled with excremcntal pellets, and utterly spoiling it as food for stock. It makes its cocoon either at the borders of the hay-mow or stack, or entirely away from it, under a board or other shelter. There arc two or three annual generations, and the insect hibernates as a larva. See cut in next column. - Clover-root borer. See borer.—To be or live i n Clover, to be like a cow in aclover-field — that is, in most comfortable or enjoyable circumstances ; live luxuriously or in abundance.

cloivn

+

-age.]

clownery (klou'ner-i), n. [< clown + -cry.] 1. The condition or character of a clown; ill-breeding; rustic behavior; rudeness of manners.

C l o v e r - h a y W o r m ( A s o f i a cos talis),

clovered (klo'vérd), ered with clover.

a.

[
E. dial, cletch, clitch , cleach) or cleken (> E. Mine. D'Arblay, Diary, IV. 272. stomatous or malacopterygian fishes, supposed dial, cleak, deck, cleik, click2) (pret. cleygt, cliht, clunchy (kltm'chi), a. [< clunch1 -1- -y1.] Char- to be intermediate between Clupeidce and Eso- etc.), with noun cteche, a claw. Origin doubtcidce, and made to contain the genera Chiroacterized by or containing clunch. ful; AS. ge-laiccan (see latch, v.) corresponds in cluilg (klung). I^reterit and past participle of centrus, Xotopterus, Osteoglosswm, Keterotis, and meaning, but not, initially, in form.] I. trails. Arapaima, which in modern systems mostly ding. 1. To grasp tightly or firmly; seize, clasp, or belong to different families. clung (klung), j?. a, [Pp. of cling, v. t., 2.] 1. Clupesocidae (klo-pe-sos'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < grip strongly: as, to clutch a dagger. Shrunken ; emaciated; wasted to leanness; Clupea 4- Esocidcc.] A family of malacoptery- The stronge strok of the stonde strayned his ioyntes, shrunk. gian fishes: same as Clupesoces, Sir J. Rich- His cues [knees] cachche to close & cluchches his hommes, But whenne thair [almonds'] fruyte is ripe, as take it ynue, ardson. & he with plattyng his paumes displayes his let's. And that is when thaire huske is drie and clonge. Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1541. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. X. S.), p, 55. Clusia (klo'si-a), n. [NL., after Clusius, LatThey foot and clutch their prey.